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+Unnamed: 0,disease,main_link,Diagnosis_treatment_link,Doctors_departments_link,Overview,Symptoms,When to see a doctor,Causes,Risk factors,Complications,Prevention,Diagnosis,Treatment,Coping and support,Preparing for your appointment,Lifestyle and home remedies,updated
+0,Atrial fibrillation,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-fibrillation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350624,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-fibrillation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350630,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-fibrillation/doctors-departments/ddc-20350632,"Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is an irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm. An irregular heart rhythm is called an arrhythmia.AFibcan lead to blood clots in the heart. The condition also increases the risk of stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications.
+During atrial fibrillation, the heart's upper chambers — called the atria — beat chaotically and irregularly. They beat out of sync with the lower heart chambers, called the ventricles. For many people,AFibmay have no symptoms. ButAFibmay cause a fast, pounding heartbeat, shortness of breath or light-headedness.
+Episodes of atrial fibrillation may come and go, or they may be persistent.AFibitself usually isn't life-threatening. But it's a serious medical condition that needs proper treatment to prevent stroke.
+Treatment for atrial fibrillation may include medicines, therapy to shock the heart back to a regular rhythm and procedures to block faulty heart signals.
+A person with atrial fibrillation also may have a related heart rhythm problem called atrial flutter. The treatments forAFiband atrial flutter are similar.","Symptoms ofAFibmay include:
+Feelings of a fast, fluttering or pounding heartbeat, called palpitations.
+Chest pain.
+Dizziness.
+Fatigue.
+Lightheadedness.
+Reduced ability to exercise.
+Shortness of breath.
+Weakness.
+Some people with atrial fibrillation (AFib) don't notice any symptoms.
+Atrial fibrillation may be:
+Occasional, also called paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.AFibsymptoms come and go. The symptoms usually last for a few minutes to hours. Some people have symptoms for as long as a week. The episodes can happen repeatedly. Symptoms might go away on their own. Some people with occasionalAFibneed treatment.
+Persistent.The irregular heartbeat is constant. The heart rhythm does not reset on its own. If symptoms occur, medical treatment is needed to correct the heart rhythm.
+Long-standing persistent.This type ofAFibis constant and lasts longer than 12 months. Medicines or a procedure are needed to correct the irregular heartbeat.
+Permanent.In this type of atrial fibrillation, the irregular heart rhythm can't be reset. Medicines are needed to control the heart rate and to prevent blood clots.","If you have symptoms of atrial fibrillation, make an appointment for a health checkup. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist.
+If you have chest pain, seek immediate medical help. Chest pain could mean that you're having a heart attack.","To understand the causes of atrial fibrillation (AFib), it may be helpful to know how the heart typically beats.
+The heart has four chambers:
+The two upper chambers are called the atria.
+The two lower chambers are called the ventricles.
+Inside the upper right heart chamber is a group of cells called the sinus node. The sinus node makes the signals that starts each heartbeat.
+The signals move across the upper heart chambers. Next, the signals arrive at a group of cells called theAVnode, where they usually slow down. The signals then go to the lower heart chambers.
+In a healthy heart, this signaling process usually goes smoothly. The resting heart rate is typically 60 to 100 beats a minute.
+But in atrial fibrillation, the signals in the upper chambers of the heart are chaotic. As a result, the upper chambers tremble or shake. TheAVnode is flooded with signals trying to get through to the lower heart chambers. This causes a fast and irregular heart rhythm.
+In people withAFib, the heart rate may range from 100 to 175 beats a minute.","Things that can increase the risk of atrial fibrillation (AFib) include:
+Age.The risk ofAFibincreases as you grow older.
+Caffeine, nicotine or illegal drug use.Caffeine, nicotine and some illegal drugs — such as amphetamines and cocaine — can cause your heart to beat faster. Use of these substances may lead to the development of more-serious arrhythmias.
+Drinking too much alcohol.Drinking too much alcohol can affect the electrical signals in the heart. This can increase the risk of atrial fibrillation.
+Changes in the level of body minerals.Minerals in the blood called electrolytes — such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium — help the heart beat. If these substances are too low or too high, irregular heartbeats may occur.
+Family history.An increased risk of atrial fibrillation occurs in some families.
+Heart problems or heart surgery.Coronary artery disease, heart valve disease and heart problems present at birth increase the risk ofAFib. A history of heart attack or heart surgery also makes a person more likely to get the condition.
+High blood pressure.Having high blood pressure increases the risk of getting coronary artery disease. Over time, high blood pressure may cause part of the heart to become stiff and thick. This can change how heartbeat signals travel through the heart.
+Obesity.People who have obesity are at higher risk of developing atrial fibrillation.
+Other long-term health conditions.You may be more likely to getAFibif you have diabetes, chronic kidney disease, lung disease or sleep apnea.
+Some medicines and supplements.Some prescription medicines and certain cough and cold remedies bought without a prescription can cause irregular heartbeats.
+Thyroid disease.Having an overactive thyroid gland can raise the risk of irregular heartbeats.","Blood clots are a dangerous complication of atrial fibrillation (AFib). Blood clots can lead to stroke.
+The risk of stroke fromAFibincreases as you grow older. Other health conditions also may increase the risk of a stroke due toAFib. These conditions include:
+High blood pressure.
+Diabetes.
+Heart failure.
+Some types of heart valve disease.
+Blood thinners are commonly prescribed to prevent blood clots and strokes in people with atrial fibrillation.","Healthy lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of heart disease and may prevent atrial fibrillation (AFib). Here are some basic heart-healthy tips:
+Control high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
+Don't smoke or use tobacco.
+Eat a diet that's low in salt and saturated fat.
+Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week unless your health care team says not to.
+Get good sleep. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.
+Maintain a healthy weight.
+Reduce and manage stress.","You may not know you have atrial fibrillation (AFib). The condition may be found when a health checkup is done for another reason.
+To diagnoseAFib, the health care provider examines you and asks questions about your medical history and symptoms. Tests may be done to look for conditions that can cause irregular heartbeats, such as heart disease or thyroid disease.","The goals of atrial fibrillation treatment are to reset and control the heartbeat and prevent blood clots.
+Treatment depends on:
+How long you've hadAFib.
+Your symptoms.
+The cause of the irregular heartbeat.
+Atrial fibrillation treatment may involve:
+Medicine.
+Therapy to reset the heart rhythm, called cardioversion.
+Surgery or catheter procedures.
+Together, you and your health care team discuss the best treatment option for you. It's important to follow your atrial fibrillation treatment plan. IfAFibisn't well controlled, it may lead to other complications, including stroke and heart failure.",,"If you have an irregular or pounding heartbeat, make an appointment for a health checkup. IfAFibis found early, treatment may be easier, and it may work better. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases. This type of provider is called a cardiologist.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.","Following a heart-healthy lifestyle can help prevent or treat conditions that can lead to atrial fibrillation (AFib). The following changes are recommended to improve heart health:
+Eat healthy foods.Choose plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit sugar, salt and saturated fats.
+Exercise and stay active.Regular physical activity helps control diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure — all risk factors for heart disease. Try to get 30 to 60 minutes of physical activity most days of the week. Talk to your health care team about the amount and type of exercise that's best for you.
+Don't smoke.Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease. If you need help quitting, talk to your health care team.
+Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight increases the risk of heart disease. Talk with your care provider to set realistic goals for weight.
+Control blood pressure.Get your blood pressure checked at least every two years if you're 18 and older. If you have risk factors for heart disease or are over age 40, you may need more-frequent checks. If you have high blood pressure, follow your treatment plan as directed.
+Get your cholesterol checked.Ask your health care team how often you need a cholesterol test. Lifestyle changes and medicines may be recommended to control high cholesterol.
+Limit alcohol.Binge drinking (having five drinks in two hours for men or four drinks for women) can increase the risk of atrial fibrillation. In some people, even lower amounts of alcohol can triggerAFib.
+Practice good sleep habits.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other chronic conditions. Adults should aim to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily.
+It's also important to have regular health checkups. Tell your health care team if yourAFibsymptoms get worse.","fatigue, weakness, pounding, chest pain, palpitations, atrial fibrillation, lightheadedness, dizziness, afib, shortness of breath"
+1,Hyperhidrosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperhidrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20367152,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperhidrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20367173,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperhidrosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20367288,"Hyperhidrosis (hi-pur-hi-DROE-sis) is excessive sweating that's not always related to heat or exercise. You may sweat so much that it soaks through your clothes or drips off your hands. Heavy sweating can disrupt your day and cause social anxiety and embarrassment.
+Hyperhidrosis treatment usually helps. It often begins with antiperspirants. If these don't help, you may need to try different medications and therapies. In severe cases, your health care provider may suggest surgery to remove the sweat glands or to disconnect the nerves related to producing too much sweat.
+Sometimes an underlying condition may be found and treated.","The main symptom of hyperhidrosis is heavy sweating. This goes beyond the sweating from being in a hot environment, exercising, or feeling anxious or stressed. The type of hyperhidrosis that usually affects the hands, feet, underarms or face causes at least one episode a week when you're awake. And the sweating usually happens on both sides of the body.","Sometimes excessive sweating is a sign of a serious condition.
+Seek immediate medical attentionif you have heavy sweating with dizziness, pain in the chest, throat, jaw, arms, shoulders or throat, or cold skin and a rapid pulse.
+See your health care provider if:
+Sweating disrupts your daily routine
+Sweating causes emotional distress or social withdrawal
+You suddenly begin to sweat more than usual
+You experience night sweats for no apparent reason","Sweating is the body's mechanism to cool itself. The nervous system automatically triggers sweat glands when your body temperature rises. Sweating also occurs, especially on your palms, when you're nervous.
+Primary hyperhidrosis is caused by faulty nerve signals that trigger eccrine sweat glands to become overactive. It usually affects the palms, soles, underarms and sometimes the face.
+There is no medical cause for this type of hyperhidrosis. It can run in families.
+Secondary hyperhidrosis is caused by an underlying medical condition or by taking certain medications, such as pain relievers, antidepressants, and some diabetes and hormonal medications. This type of hyperhidrosis may cause sweating all over the body. Conditions that might cause it include:
+Diabetes
+Menopause hot flashes
+Thyroid problems
+Some types of cancer
+Nervous system disorders
+Infections","Risk factors for hyperhidrosis include:
+Having a blood relative, such as a parent, sibling or grandparent, who sweats heavily
+Taking medicines or supplements that cause sweating
+Having a medical condition that causes sweating","Complications of hyperhidrosis include:
+Infections.People who sweat a lot are more prone to skin infections.
+Social and emotional effects.Having clammy or dripping hands and sweat-soaked clothes can be embarrassing. Your condition may affect your pursuit of work and educational goals.",,Diagnosing hyperhidrosis may start with your health care provider asking about your medical history and symptoms. You may also need a physical exam or tests to further evaluate the cause of your symptoms.,"Treating hyperhidrosis may start with treating the condition causing it. If a cause isn't found, treatment focuses on controlling heavy sweating. If new self-care habits don't improve your symptoms, your health care provider may suggest one or more of the following treatments. Even if your sweating improves after treatment, it may recur.","Hyperhidrosis can be the cause of discomfort and embarrassment. You may have trouble working or enjoying recreational activities because of wet hands or feet or wet stains on clothing. You might feel anxious about your symptoms and become withdrawn or self-conscious. You may be frustrated or upset by other people's reactions.
+Talk about your concerns with your health care provider, a counselor or a medical social worker. Or you may find it helpful to talk with other people who have hyperhidrosis.","You may start by seeing your primary care provider. You may then be referred to a specialist in diagnosing and treating conditions of the hair and skin (dermatologist). If your condition is not responding to treatment, you may be referred to a specialist in the nervous system (neurologist) or a surgeon.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","The following suggestions may help control sweating and body odor:
+Use antiperspirant.Antiperspirants containing 6% to 20% aluminum chloride (Drysol, Xerac AC, others) can temporarily block sweat pores. This reduces the amount of sweat that reaches the skin. This type of product may help with minor hyperhidrosis. Apply it to dry skin before going to bed and wash it off when you wake.
+Choose shoes and socks made of natural materials.Shoes made of natural materials, such as leather, allow your feet to breath, which helps prevent sweaty feet. Wear moisture-wicking athletic socks when you're active. In the store, you can tell which socks are moisture wicking by reading the packaging.
+Keep your feet dry.Change socks or hose one or two times a day. Dry your feet each time. If you wear pantyhose, try the type with cotton soles. Use shoe insoles and foot powder to help absorb sweat. Wear sandals or go barefoot when you can. Or at least slip out of your shoes now and then.
+Choose clothing to suit your activity.When you can, wear natural fabrics, such as cotton, wool and silk. These allow your skin to breathe. When you're very active, you might prefer fabrics designed to wick moisture away from your skin.","heavy sweating, stressed, hyperhidrosis, anxious"
+2,Bartholin's cyst,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bartholin-cyst/symptoms-causes/syc-20369976,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bartholin-cyst/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369981,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bartholin-cyst/doctors-departments/ddc-20369982,"The Bartholin's (BAHR-toe-linz) glands are located on each side of the vaginal opening. These glands secrete fluid that helps lubricate the vagina.
+
+Sometimes the openings of these glands become obstructed, causing fluid to back up into the gland. The result is relatively painless swelling called a Bartholin's cyst. If the fluid within the cyst becomes infected, you may develop a collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue (abscess).
+
+A Bartholin's cyst or abscess is common. Treatment of a Bartholin's cyst depends on the size of the cyst, how painful the cyst is and whether the cyst is infected.
+
+Sometimes home treatment is all you need. In other cases, surgical drainage of the Bartholin's cyst is necessary. If an infection occurs, antibiotics may be helpful to treat the infected Bartholin's cyst.","If you have a small, noninfected Bartholin's cyst, you may not notice it. If the cyst grows, you might feel a lump or mass near your vaginal opening. Although a cyst is usually painless, it can be tender.
+
+A full-blown infection of a Bartholin's cyst can occur in a matter of days. If the cyst becomes infected, you may experience:
+
+A Bartholin's cyst or abscess typically occurs on only one side of the vaginal opening.","Call your doctor if you have a painful lump near the opening of your vagina that doesn't improve after two or three days of self-care — for instance, soaking the area in warm water (sitz bath). If the pain is severe, make an appointment with your doctor right away.
+
+Also call your doctor promptly if you find a new lump near your vaginal opening and you're older than 40. Although rare, such a lump may be a sign of a more serious problem, such as cancer.","Experts believe that the cause of a Bartholin's cyst is a backup of fluid. Fluid may accumulate when the opening of the gland (duct) becomes obstructed, perhaps caused by infection or injury.
+
+A Bartholin's cyst can become infected, forming an abscess. A number of bacteria may cause the infection, including Escherichia coli (E. coli) and bacteria that cause sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea and chlamydia.",,A Bartholin's cyst or abscess may recur and again require treatment.,"There's no way to prevent a Bartholin's cyst. However, safer sex practices — in particular, using condoms — and good hygiene habits may help to prevent infection of a cyst and the formation of an abscess.","To diagnose a Bartholin's cyst, your doctor may:
+
+If cancer is a concern, your doctor may refer you to a gynecologist who specializes in cancers of the female reproductive system.","Often a Bartholin's cyst requires no treatment — especially if the cyst causes no signs or symptoms. When needed, treatment depends on the size of the cyst, your discomfort level and whether it's infected, which can result in an abscess.
+
+Treatment options your doctor may recommend include:
+
+Surgical drainage.You may need surgery to drain a cyst that's infected or very large. Drainage of a cyst can be done using local anesthesia or sedation.
+
+For the procedure, your doctor makes a small incision in the cyst, allows it to drain, and then places a small rubber tube (catheter) in the incision. The catheter stays in place for up to six weeks to keep the incision open and allow complete drainage.
+
+Rarely, for persistent cysts that aren't effectively treated by the above procedures, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove the Bartholin's gland. Surgical removal is usually done in a hospital under general anesthesia. Surgical removal of the gland carries a greater risk of bleeding or complications after the procedure.",,Your first appointment will likely be with either your primary care provider or a doctor who specializes in conditions that affect women (gynecologist).,,"abscess, pain, tender, infection, lump, mass"
+3,Infant reflux,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-acid-reflux/symptoms-causes/syc-20351408,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-acid-reflux/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351412,,"Infant reflux is when a baby spits up liquid or food. It happens when stomach contents move back up from a baby's stomach into the esophagus. The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
+Reflux happens in infants many times a day. If your baby is content and growing well, reflux is not a cause for concern. Sometimes called gastroesophageal reflux, also called GER, the condition becomes less common as a baby gets older. It's unusual for infant reflux to continue after age 18 months.
+Rarely, infant reflux leads to weight loss or growth that lags behind that of other children of the same age and sex. These symptoms may mean that your baby has a medical issue. This issue could be an allergy, a blockage in the digestive system or gastroesophageal reflux disease, also called GERD. GERD is a form of GER that causes serious health issues.","Most of the time, infant reflux isn't a cause for concern. It's not usual for stomach contents to have enough acid to irritate the throat or esophagus and cause symptoms.","See a healthcare professional if a baby:
+Isn't gaining weight.
+Consistently spits up forcefully, causing stomach contents to shoot out of the mouth. This is called projectile vomiting.
+Spits up green or yellow fluid.
+Spits up blood or stomach contents that look like coffee grounds.
+Refuses to feed or eat.
+Has blood in the stool.
+Has difficulty breathing or a cough that won't go away.
+Begins spitting up at age 6 months or older.
+Is very irritable after eating.
+Doesn't have much energy.
+Some of these symptoms may mean serious but treatable conditions. These include GERD or a blockage in the digestive tract.","In infants, the ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach is not yet fully developed. This muscle is called the lower esophageal sphincter, also known as LES. When the LES is not fully developed, it allows stomach contents to flow back up into the esophagus. Over time, the LES typically matures. It opens when a baby swallows and remains tightly closed at other times, keeping stomach contents where they belong.
+Some factors that contribute to infant reflux are common in babies and often can't be avoided. These include lying flat most of the time and being fed an almost completely liquid diet.
+Sometimes, infant reflux can be caused by more-serious conditions, such as:
+GERD.The reflux has enough acid to irritate and damage the lining of the esophagus.
+Pyloric stenosis.A muscular valve allows food to leave the stomach and enter the small intestine as part of digestion. In pyloric stenosis, the valve thickens and becomes larger than it should. The thickened valve then traps food in the stomach and blocks it from entering the small intestine.
+Food intolerance.A protein in cow's milk is the most common trigger.
+Eosinophilic esophagitis.A certain type of white blood cell builds up and injures the lining of the esophagus. This white blood cell is called an eosinophil.
+Sandifer syndrome.This causes tilting and rotation of the head that are not usual and movements that look like seizures. It's a rare complication of GERD.","Infant reflux is common. But some things make it more likely that a baby will have infant reflux. These include:
+Premature birth.
+Lung conditions, such as cystic fibrosis.
+Conditions that affect the nervous system, such as cerebral palsy.
+Previous surgery on the esophagus.","Infant reflux usually gets better on its own. It rarely causes problems for babies.
+If your baby has a more serious condition such as GERD, your baby's growth may lag behind that of other children. Some research suggests that babies who have frequent episodes of spitting up might be more likely to develop GERD later in childhood.",,"To diagnose infant reflux, a healthcare professional typically starts with a physical exam and asks questions about a baby's symptoms. If a baby is growing as expected and seems content, then testing usually isn't needed. In some cases, however, a healthcare professional might recommend:
+Ultrasound.This imaging test can detect pyloric stenosis.
+Lab tests.Blood and urine tests can help find or rule out possible causes of poor weight gain and vomiting that happens often.
+Esophageal pH monitoring.To measure the acidity in a baby's esophagus, the health professional places a thin tube through the baby's nose or mouth and into the esophagus. The tube is attached to a device that monitors acidity. A baby might need to stay in the hospital while being monitored.
+X-rays.These images can detect problems in the digestive tract, such as a blockage. A baby may be given a contrast liquid with a bottle before the test. This liquid is usually barium.
+Upper endoscopy.An upper endoscopy uses a tiny camera on the end of a flexible tube called an endoscope to visually examine the upper digestive system. Tissue samples may be taken for analysis. For infants and children, endoscopy usually is done under general anesthesia. General anesthesia causes a sleeplike state before surgery or other medical procedures.","For most babies, making some changes to feeding eases infant reflux until it gets better on its own.",,"You may start by seeing your baby's primary healthcare team. Or you may be referred to a specialist in children's digestive diseases, called a pediatric gastroenterologist.","To minimize reflux:
+Feed your baby in an upright position.Then, hold your baby in a sitting position for 30 minutes after feeding. Gravity can help stomach contents stay where they belong. Be careful not to jostle or jiggle your baby while the food is settling.
+Try smaller, more frequent feedings.Feed your baby a little bit less than usual if you're bottle-feeding, or cut back a little on nursing time.
+Take time to burp your baby.Frequent burps during and after feeding can keep air from building up in your baby's stomach.
+Put baby to sleep on the back.Most babies should be placed on their backs to sleep, even if they have reflux.
+Keep in mind that infant reflux is usually little cause for concern. Just keep plenty of burp cloths handy as you wait for your baby's reflux to stop.","reflux, throat, irritate the throat, irritate the esophagus"
+4,Hidradenitis suppurativa,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/symptoms-causes/syc-20352306,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352311,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/doctors-departments/ddc-20352315,"Hidradenitis suppurativa (hi-drad-uh-NIE-tis sup-yoo-ruh-TIE-vuh), also known as acne inversa, is a condition that causes small, painful lumps to form under the skin. The lumps usually develop in areas where your skin rubs together, such as the armpits, groin, buttocks and breasts. The lumps heal slowly, recur, and can lead to tunnels under the skin and scarring.
+Hidradenitis suppurativa tends to start after puberty, usually before age 40. It can persist for many years and worsen over time. It can affect your daily life and emotional well-being. Combined medical and surgical therapy can help manage the disease and prevent complications.
+Women are three times more likely to develop hidradenitis suppurativa, though this ratio can differ by location around the world. Also, Black people are more likely to develop this disease than people of other races. This could be attributed to genetic factors.","Hidradenitis suppurativa can affect one or several areas of the body. Signs and symptoms of the condition include:
+Blackheads.Blackheads appear in small, pitted areas of skin, often appearing in pairs.
+Painful pea-sized lumps.The condition usually starts with a single, painful lump under the skin that persists for weeks or months. More bumps may form later, usually in areas where you have more sweat and oil glands or where the skin rubs together, such as the armpits, groin, buttocks and breasts.
+Leaking bumps or sores.Some bumps or sores get bigger, break open and drain pus with an odor.
+Tunnels.Over time, tunnels might form under the skin, connecting the lumps. These wounds heal slowly, if at all, and drain blood and pus.
+Some people with this condition experience only mild symptoms. The course of the disease is highly variable. Excess weight and being a smoker are associated with worse symptoms, but people who are thin and don't smoke can experience severe disease.","Early diagnosis of hidradenitis suppurativa is key to effective treatment. See your dermatologist if your condition:
+Is painful.
+Makes it difficult to move.
+Doesn't improve in a few weeks.
+Returns within weeks of treatment.
+Appears in several locations.
+Flares often.
+Your dermatologist can create a treatment plan for you.
+Hidradenitis suppurativa is not just a boil, and many people with this condition also have related conditions. People with hidradenitis suppurativa benefit from a health care team with medical and surgical dermatologists at the core. Other specialists are involved as needed.","Hidradenitis suppurativa develops when hair follicles become blocked, but why this blockage occurs isn't known. Experts think it could be connected to hormones, genetic predisposition, cigarette smoking or excess weight.
+An infection or being unclean does not cause hidradenitis suppurativa, and it can't be spread to other people.","Factors that increase your chance of developing hidradenitis suppurativa include:
+Age.The risk of hidradenitis suppurativa is higher for people in their teens and 20s.
+Sex.Females are more likely to develop hidradenitis suppurativa than males.
+Race.Ethnicity or race might affect risk level. The condition occurs most in Black people, possibly due to genetic factors.
+Family history.A tendency to develop hidradenitis suppurativa can be inherited.
+Certain conditions.Hidradenitis suppurativa is more common and severe in people who are overweight. It also has an association with severe acne, arthritis, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
+Smoking.Smoking tobacco has been linked to hidradenitis suppurativa.","Persistent and severe hidradenitis suppurativa can cause complications, including:
+Infection.Secondary infection is possible in the affected area, but the presence of pus is common in hidradenitis suppurativa and doesn't necessarily mean infection.
+Scars and skin changes.The wounds may heal but leave ropelike scars or pitted skin.
+Restricted movement.Sores and scar tissue can cause limited or painful movement, especially when the disease affects the armpits or thighs.
+Skin cancer.Squamous cell carcinoma has been reported with long-term hidradenitis suppurativa, particularly in people whose condition involves the perianal area. This area consists of the tissues around the anus.
+Swelling in the arms, legs or genitals.The most common sites for hidradenitis suppurativa also contain many lymph nodes. Scar tissue can interfere with the lymph drainage system, which can cause the arms, legs or genitals to swell.
+Psychological effects and social isolation.The location, drainage and odor of the sores can cause embarrassment and reluctance to go out in public, leading to anxiety or depression.
+Lifelong pain.This pain is much worse than diseases such as psoriasis.",,"Hidradenitis suppurativa can be mistaken for pimples or acne. For many people, it takes years to receive a correct diagnosis.
+Your health care provider will base a diagnosis on your signs and symptoms, skin appearance, and medical history. You might be referred to a health care provider who specializes in skin conditions, also known as a dermatologist. Hidradenitis suppurativa can be difficult to diagnose and requires specialized care.
+No laboratory test is available to diagnose hidradenitis suppurativa. But if pus or drainage is present, your health care provider might take a sample for lab testing.","Treatment with medicines, surgery or both can help control symptoms and prevent complications of hidradenitis suppurativa. Talk with your health care provider about the risks and benefits of the treatment options and how to develop an approach that's right for you.
+Expect to have regular follow-up visits with your dermatologist. Some people might need the comprehensive care provided by a health care team with members from multiple medical specialties.","Hidradenitis suppurativa can be a challenge to your emotional health and well-being. Painful sores might affect your sleep, ability to move or sex life. Or the sores might drain pus with an odor, which might make you feel anxious, embarrassed, angry, self-conscious or depressed. The ongoing, persistent nature of the disease and its treatment challenges add to the burden.
+Try to find support among your family and friends. The concern and understanding of other people with hidradenitis suppurativa also might be comforting. Ask for help with your mental health and coping strategies. Your health care provider can refer you to a mental health professional or provide the contact information for a support group.","You'll likely first see your primary care provider. You might then be referred to a health care provider who specializes in diagnosing and treating skin diseases, also known as a dermatologist. Depending on the severity of your condition, your care also might involve specialists in colorectal surgery, plastic surgery or gastroenterology.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Mild hidradenitis suppurativa can sometimes be effectively controlled with self-care measures. Self-care is also an important complement to medical treatment.
+These suggestions might relieve discomfort, speed healing or prevent flare-ups:
+Follow a daily skin care routine.Gently wash your body with a cleanser that is not soap. It can sometimes be helpful to use an antiseptic wash such as chlorhexidine 4% or benzoyl peroxide wash when showering. Try it once a week at first and then increase use to once daily if your skin tolerates it well. Pat dry. When washing, avoid using washcloths, loofahs or other such items on affected areas, as they can irritate skin. Don't squeeze pimples and sores. And avoid shaving or using hair-removing, or depilatory, creams.
+Manage your pain.Gently applying a warm compress can reduce swelling and ease pain. Ask your health care provider about an appropriate pain reliever and how to care for your wounds at home.
+Try to keep or achieve a healthy weight and stay active.Not being at a healthy weight can worsen the symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa. Talk with your health care team to develop a plan. Try to find activities that don't irritate your skin.
+Consider altering your diet.Diets that include dairy, red meat and foods with a high glycemic index might worsen hidradenitis suppurativa symptoms. If your diet includes these foods, talk with a dietitian about the benefits of eliminating them.
+Quit smoking.If you smoke, try to quit. Stopping smoking can ease the symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa.","pain, blackheads, sores, painful lump under the skin, tunnels, smoke, painful lumps, hidradenitis suppurativa, leaking bumps"
+5,HIV/AIDS,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/symptoms-causes/syc-20373524,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373531,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/doctors-departments/ddc-20373532,"Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is an ongoing, also called chronic, condition. It's caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, also called HIV.HIVdamages the immune system so that the body is less able to fight infection and disease. IfHIVisn't treated, it can take years before it weakens the immune system enough to becomeAIDS. Thanks to treatment, most people in the U.S. don't getAIDS.
+HIVis spread through contact with genitals, such as during sex without a condom. This type of infection is called a sexually transmitted infection, also called an STI.HIValso is spread through contact with blood, such as when people share needles or syringes. It is also possible for a person with untreatedHIVto spread the virus to a child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.
+There's no cure forHIV/AIDS. But medicines can control the infection and keep the disease from getting worse. Antiviral treatments forHIVhave reducedAIDSdeaths around the world. There's an ongoing effort to make ways to prevent and treatHIV/AIDSmore available in resource-poor countries.",The symptoms ofHIVandAIDSvary depending on the person and the phase of infection.,"If you think you may have been infected withHIVor are at risk of contracting the virus, see a healthcare professional as soon as you can.","HIVis caused by a virus. It can spread through sexual contact, shooting of illicit drugs or use of shared needles, and contact with infected blood. It also can spread from parent to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.
+HIVdestroys white blood cells called CD4 T cells. These cells play a large role in helping the body fight disease. The fewer CD4 T cells you have, the weaker your immune system becomes.","Anyone of any age, race, sex or sexual orientation can haveHIV/AIDS. However, you're at greatest risk ofHIV/AIDSif you:
+Have unprotected sex.Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every time you have sex. Anal sex is riskier than is vaginal sex. Your risk ofHIVincreases if you have more than one sexual partner.
+Have anSTI.ManySTIscause open sores on the genitals. These sores allowHIVto enter the body.
+Inject illicit drugs.If you share needles and syringes, you can be exposed to infected blood.",HIVinfection weakens your immune system. The infection makes you much more likely to get many infections and certain types of cancers.,"There's no vaccine to preventHIVinfection and no cure forHIV/AIDS. But you can protect yourself and others from infection.
+To help prevent the spread ofHIV:
+Consider preexposure prophylaxis, also called PrEP.There are twoPrEPmedicines taken by mouth, also called oral, and onePrEPmedicine given in the form of a shot, called injectable. The oral medicines are emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada) and emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Descovy). The injectable medicine is called cabotegravir (Apretude).PrEPcan reduce the risk of sexually transmittedHIVinfection in people at very high risk.PrEPcan reduce the risk of gettingHIVfrom sex by about 99% and from injecting drugs by at least 74%, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Descovy hasn't been studied in people who have sex by having a penis put into their vaginas, called receptive vaginal sex.Cabotegravir (Apretude) is the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approvedPrEPthat can be given as a shot to reduce the risk of sexually transmittedHIVinfection in people at very high risk. A healthcare professional gives the shot. After two once-monthly shots, Apretude is given every two months. The shot is an option in place of a dailyPrEPpill.Your healthcare professional prescribes these medicines to preventHIVonly to people who don't already haveHIVinfection. You need anHIVtest before you start taking anyPrEP. You need to take the test every three months for the pills or before each shot for as long as you takePrEP.You need to take the pills every day or closely follow the shot schedule. You still need to practice safe sex to protect against otherSTIs. If you have hepatitis B, you should see an infectious disease or liver specialist before beginningPrEPtherapy.
+Use treatment as prevention, also called TasP.If you haveHIV, takingHIVmedicines can keep your partner from getting infected with the virus. If your blood tests show no virus, that means your viral load can't be detected. Then you won't transmit the virus to anyone else through sex.If you useTasP, you must take your medicines exactly as prescribed and get regular checkups.
+Use post-exposure prophylaxis, also called PEP, if you've been exposed toHIV.If you think you've been exposed through sex, through needles or in the workplace, contact your healthcare professional or go to an emergency room. TakingPEPas soon as you can within the first 72 hours can greatly reduce your risk of gettingHIV. You need to take the medicine for 28 days.
+Use a new condom every time you have anal or vaginal sex.Both male and female condoms are available. If you use a lubricant, make sure it's water based. Oil-based lubricants can weaken condoms and cause them to break.During oral sex, use a cut-open condom or a piece of medical-grade latex called a dental dam without a lubricant.
+Tell your sexual partners you haveHIV.It's important to tell all your current and past sexual partners that you'reHIVpositive. They need to be tested.
+Use clean needles.If you use needles to inject illicit drugs, make sure the needles are sterile. Don't share them. Use needle-exchange programs in your community. Seek help for your drug use.
+If you're pregnant, get medical care right away.You can passHIVto your baby. But if you get treatment during pregnancy, you can lessen your baby's risk greatly.
+Consider male circumcision.Studies show that removing the foreskin from the penis, called circumcision, can help reduce the risk of gettingHIVinfection.","HIVcan be diagnosed through blood or saliva testing. Tests include:
+Antigen-antibody tests.These tests most often use blood from a vein. Antigens are substances on theHIVvirus itself. They most often show up in the blood within a few weeks after being exposed toHIV.The immune system makes antibodies when it's exposed toHIV. It can take weeks to months for antibodies to show up in blood. You may not show a positive result on an antigen-antibody test until 2 to 6 weeks after exposure toHIV.
+Antibody tests.These tests look for antibodies toHIVin blood or saliva. Most rapidHIVtests are antibody tests. This includes self-tests done at home. You may not show a positive result on an antibody test until 3 to 12 weeks after you've been exposed toHIV.
+Nucleic acid tests (NATs).These tests look for the virus in your blood, called viral load. They use blood from a vein.If you might have been exposed toHIVwithin the past few weeks, your healthcare professional may suggestNAT.NATis the first test to become positive after exposure toHIV.
+Talk with your healthcare professional about whichHIVtest is right for you. If any of these tests are negative, you may need a follow-up test weeks to months later to confirm the results.","There's no cure forHIV/AIDS. Once you have the infection, your body can't get rid of it. But there are medicines that can controlHIVand prevent complications.
+Everyone diagnosed withHIVshould take antiretroviral therapy medicines, also called ART. This is true no matter what stage the disease is in or what the complications are.
+ARTis usually a mix of two or more medicines from several classes. This approach has the best chance of lowering the amount ofHIVin the blood. There are manyARToptions that mix more than oneHIVmedicine into a single pill, taken once daily.
+Each class of medicines blocks the virus in different ways. Treatment involves mixing medicines from different classes to:
+Account for medicine resistance, called viral genotype.
+Keep from creating new medicine-resistant strains ofHIV.
+Suppress the virus in the blood as much as possible.
+Two medicines from one class, plus a third medicine from another class, are most often used.
+The classes of anti-HIVmedicines include the following:
+Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)turn off a protein needed byHIVto make copies of itself.Examples include efavirenz, rilpivirine (Edurant) and doravirine (Pifeltro).
+Nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)are faulty versions of the building blocks thatHIVneeds to make copies of itself.Examples include abacavir (Ziagen), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread), emtricitabine (Emtriva), lamivudine (Epivir) and zidovudine (Retrovir). Retrovir is no longer suggested for routine use in the U.S. because of high rates of toxic effects.Mixes of medicines also are available, such as emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada) and emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Descovy).
+Protease inhibitors (PIs)makeHIVprotease inactive.HIVprotease is another protein thatHIVneeds to make copies of itself.Examples include atazanavir (Reyataz), darunavir (Prezista) and lopinavir-ritonavir (Kaletra).
+Integrase inhibitorsstop the action of a protein called integrase.HIVuses integrase to put its genetic material into CD4 T cells.Examples include bictegravir sodium-emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Biktarvy), raltegravir (Isentress), dolutegravir (Tivicay) and cabotegravir (Vocabria).
+Entry or fusion inhibitorsblockHIV'sentry into CD4 T cells.Examples include enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) and maraviroc (Selzentry). Newer medicines include ibalizumab-uiyk (Trogarzo) and fostemsavir (Rukobia).","Getting a diagnosis of any life-threatening illness can cause distress. The emotional, social and financial effects ofHIV/AIDScan make coping with this illness very hard for you and for those close to you.
+But there are many services and resources for people withHIV. MostHIV/AIDSclinics have social workers, counselors or nurses who can help you or put you in touch with people who can help you.
+They may be able to:
+Arrange transportation to and from medical appointments.
+Help with housing and child care.
+Assist with employment and legal issues.
+Provide support during financial crises.
+It's important to have a support system. Many people withHIV/AIDSfind that talking with someone who knows about their disease gives them comfort.","If you think you might have anHIVinfection, you're likely to start by seeing your family healthcare professional. You may be sent to an infectious disease specialist who focuses on treatingHIV/AIDS.","Besides getting medical treatment, you need to take an active role in your own care. The following may help you stay healthy longer:
+Eat healthy foods.Fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein help keep you strong, give you more energy and support your immune system. Eat enough calories to keep your weight stable.
+Avoid raw meat, eggs and more.Foodborne illnesses can be severe in people who are infected withHIV. Cook meat until it's well done. Don't use dairy products that aren't treated for bacteria, called pasteurized. Don't eat raw eggs and raw seafood such as oysters, sushi or sashimi. Don't drink water you don't know is safe.
+Get the right vaccinations.These may prevent common infections such as pneumonia, influenza,COVID-19and mpox. Your healthcare professional also may suggest other vaccinations, including those forHPV, hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Vaccines that don't have live viruses mostly are safe. But most vaccines with live viruses are not safe because of your weakened immune system.
+Take care with pets.Some animals may carry parasites that can cause infections in people who areHIVpositive. Cat stool can cause toxoplasmosis, reptiles can carry salmonella, and birds can carry cryptococcus or histoplasmosis. Wash hands thoroughly after handling pets or emptying litter boxes.","infection, none"
+6,Acute myelogenous leukemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-myelogenous-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20369109,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-myelogenous-leukemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369115,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-myelogenous-leukemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20369117,"Acute myelogenous leukemia, also called AML, is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft matter inside bones where blood cells are made.
+The word ""acute"" in acute myelogenous leukemia means the disease tends to get worse quickly. It's called myelogenous (my-uh-LOHJ-uh-nus) leukemia because it affects cells called the myeloid cells. These typically develop into mature blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
+AML is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults. The other type is acute lymphoblastic leukemia, also called ALL. Although AML can be diagnosed at any age, it is less common before age 45. AML also is called acute myeloid leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
+Unlike other cancers, there are no numbered stages of acute myelogenous leukemia.","Symptoms of acute myelogenous leukemia may include:
+Fever.
+Pain. Common places for pain include the bones, back and stomach.
+Feeling very tired.
+Paleness or change in skin color.
+Frequent infections.
+Easy bruising.
+Bleeding with no clear cause, such as in the nose or gums.
+Shortness of breath.","Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have ongoing symptoms that worry you. Acute myelogenous leukemia symptoms are like those of many more-common conditions, such as infections. The healthcare professional may check for those causes first.","It's often not clear what causes acute myelogenous leukemia.
+Healthcare professionals know that it starts when something causes changes to the DNA inside cells in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the spongy material inside bones. It's where blood cells are made.
+The changes that lead to acute myelogenous leukemia are thought to happen in cells called myeloid cells. Myeloid cells are bone marrow cells that can turn into the blood cells that circulate through the body. Healthy myeloid cells can become:
+Red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the body.
+Platelets, which help stop bleeding.
+White blood cells, which help fight infections.
+Every cell in the body contains DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. But when the DNA changes happen in the myeloid cells, the changes give different instructions. The myeloid cells start to make a lot of extra cells, and they don't stop.
+The DNA changes cause the myeloid cells to make a lot of immature white blood cells, called myeloblasts. The myeloblasts don't work right. They can build up in the bone marrow. They can crowd out healthy blood cells. Without enough healthy blood cells, there might be low oxygen levels in the blood, easy bruising and bleeding, and frequent infections.","Factors that may increase the risk of acute myelogenous leukemia, also called AML, include:
+Older age.Acute myelogenous leukemia is most common in adults age 65 and older.
+Prior cancer treatment.People who've had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy may have a greater risk of AML.
+Radiation exposure.People exposed to very high levels of radiation, such as a nuclear reactor accident, have an increased risk of developing AML.
+Dangerous chemical exposure.Certain chemicals, such as benzene, are linked to a greater risk of AML.
+Smoking cigarettes.AML is linked to cigarette smoke, which contains benzene and other known cancer-causing chemicals.
+Other blood disorders.People who've had another blood disorder, such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera or thrombocythemia, are at greater risk of AML.
+Genetic disorders.Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of AML.
+Family history.People with a close blood relative, such as a sibling, parent or grandparent with a blood or bone marrow disorder are at higher risk for AML.
+Many people with AML have no known risk factors, and many people who have risk factors never develop the cancer.",,,"Acute myeloid leukemia diagnosis often begins with an exam that checks for bruising, bleeding in the mouth or gums, infection, and swollen lymph nodes. Other tests include blood and lab tests, bone marrow biopsy, lumbar puncture, and imaging.
+Tests and exams to diagnose acute myelogenous leukemia, also called AML, include:","Many types of treatment exist for acute myelogenous leukemia, also called AML. Treatment depends on several factors, including the subtype of the disease, your age, your overall health, your prognosis and your preferences.
+Treatment usually has two phases:
+Remission induction therapy.This first phase aims to kill the leukemia cells in your blood and bone marrow. But it doesn't usually destroy all the leukemia cells. You will need further treatment to keep the disease from coming back.
+Consolidation therapy.This phase also is called post-remission therapy or maintenance therapy. It aims to kill the remaining leukemia cells. Consolidation therapy is crucial to helping lower the risk of relapse.
+Treatments include:
+Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy treats cancer with strong medicines. Most chemotherapy medicines are given through a vein. Some come in pill form. Chemotherapy is the main type of remission induction therapy. It also may be used for consolidation therapy.
+People with AML usually stay in the hospital during chemotherapy treatments because the medicines kill many healthy blood cells while destroying leukemia cells. If the first chemotherapy cycle doesn't cause remission, it can be repeated.
+Side effects of chemotherapy depend on the medicines you're given. Common side effects are nausea and hair loss. Serious, long-term complications may include heart disease, lung damage, fertility problems and other cancers.
+Targeted therapy.Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Your leukemia cells will be tested to see if targeted therapy may be helpful for you. Targeted therapy may be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy during induction therapy.
+Bone marrow transplant.A bone marrow transplant, also called a bone marrow stem cell transplant, involves putting healthy bone marrow stem cells into the body. These cells replace cells hurt by chemotherapy and other treatments. A bone marrow stem cell transplant may be used for both remission induction and consolidation therapy.
+Before a bone marrow transplant, you receive very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy your leukemia-producing bone marrow. Then you receive infusions of stem cells from a compatible donor. This is called an allogeneic transplant.
+There is an increased risk of infection after a transplant.
+Clinical trials.Some people with leukemia choose to enroll in clinical trials to try experimental treatments or new combinations of known therapies.","Acute myelogenous leukemia is a fast-growing cancer that requires quick decision-making. The following tips and resources may help you cope:
+Learn enough about acute myelogenous leukemia to make decisions about your care.The term leukemia can be confusing because it refers to a group of cancers that aren't all that alike except that they all affect the bone marrow and blood.You can waste a lot of time researching information that doesn't apply to your kind of leukemia. To avoid that, ask your doctor to write down as many details as possible about your specific disease. Then narrow your search to that disease.Look for information at your local library and on the internet. You can start your information search with the National Cancer Institute and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.
+Lean on family, friends and others.Having a support system can help you cope. Get support from people close to you, a formal support group or others coping with cancer.
+Take care of yourself.It's easy to get caught up in tests, treatments and procedures. But it's important to take care of yourself, not just the cancer. Try to make time for cooking, watching sports or other favorite activities. Get plenty of sleep, see friends, write in a journal and spend time outside if you can.
+Stay active.Receiving a diagnosis of cancer doesn't mean you have to stop doing the things you enjoy. If you feel well enough to do something, do it. Check with your healthcare professional about starting any exercise program.","Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in blood cell diseases. This type of doctor is called a hematologist.
+Appointments can be brief, and there's a lot of information to discuss. It's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready:",,"pain, fever, bleeding, tired, infections, paleness, shortness of breath, bruising, acute myelogenous leukemia"
+7,Guillain-Barre syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20362793,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20363006,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20363037,"Guillain-Barre (gee-YAH-buh-RAY) syndrome is a condition in which the body's immune system attacks the nerves. It can cause weakness, numbness or paralysis.
+Weakness and tingling in the hands and feet are usually the first symptoms. These sensations can quickly spread and may lead to paralysis. In its most serious form, Guillain-Barre syndrome is a medical emergency. Most people with the condition need treatment in a hospital.
+Guillain-Barre syndrome is rare, and the exact cause is not known. But two-thirds of people have symptoms of an infection in the six weeks before Guillain-Barre symptoms begin. Infections can include a respiratory or a gastrointestinal infection, includingCOVID-19. Guillain-Barre also can be caused by the Zika virus.
+There's no known cure for Guillain-Barre syndrome. Several treatment options can ease symptoms and help speed recovery. Most people recover completely from Guillain-Barre syndrome, but some serious illnesses can be fatal. While recovery may take up to several years, most people are able to walk again six months after symptoms first began. Some people may have lasting effects, such as weakness, numbness or fatigue.","Guillain-Barre syndrome often begins with tingling and weakness starting in the feet and legs and spreading to the upper body and arms. Some people notice the first symptoms in the arms or face. As Guillain-Barre syndrome progresses, muscle weakness can turn into paralysis.
+Symptoms of Guillain-Barre syndrome may include:
+A pins and needles feeling in the fingers, toes, ankles or wrists.
+Weakness in the legs that spreads to the upper body.
+Unsteady walk or not being able to walk or climb stairs.
+Trouble with facial movements, including speaking, chewing or swallowing.
+Double vision or inability to move the eyes.
+Severe pain that may feel achy, shooting or cramplike and may be worse at night.
+Trouble with bladder control or bowel function.
+Rapid heart rate.
+Low or high blood pressure.
+Trouble breathing.
+People with Guillain-Barre syndrome usually experience their most significant weakness within two weeks after symptoms begin.","Call your healthcare professional if you have mild tingling in your toes or fingers that doesn't seem to be spreading or getting worse. Seek emergency medical help if you have any of these serious symptoms:
+Tingling that started in your feet or toes and is now moving up your body.
+Tingling or weakness that's spreading quickly.
+Trouble catching your breath or shortness of breath when lying flat.
+Choking on saliva.
+Guillain-Barre syndrome is a serious condition that requires immediate hospitalization because it can worsen quickly. The sooner treatment is started, the better the chance of a complete recovery.","The exact cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome isn't known. It usually appears days or weeks after a respiratory or digestive tract infection. Rarely, recent surgery or vaccination can trigger Guillain-Barre syndrome.
+In Guillain-Barre syndrome, your immune system — which usually attacks only invading organisms — begins attacking the nerves. InAIDP, the nerves' protective covering, known as the myelin sheath, is damaged. The damage prevents nerves from transmitting signals to your brain, causing weakness, numbness or paralysis.
+Guillain-Barre syndrome may be triggered by:
+Most commonly, an infection with campylobacter, a type of bacteria often found in undercooked poultry.
+Influenza virus.
+Cytomegalovirus.
+Epstein-Barr virus.
+Zika virus.
+Hepatitis A, B, C and E.
+HIV, the virus that causesAIDS.
+Mycoplasma pneumonia.
+Surgery.
+Trauma.
+Hodgkin lymphoma.
+Rarely, influenza vaccinations or childhood vaccinations.
+COVID-19virus.","Guillain-Barre syndrome can affect all age groups, but the risk increases as you age. It's also slightly more common in males than females.","Guillain-Barre syndrome affects your nerves. Because nerves control your movements and body functions, people with Guillain-Barre syndrome may experience:
+Trouble breathing.Weakness or paralysis can spread to the muscles that control your breathing. This can potentially be fatal. Up to 22% of people with Guillain-Barre syndrome need temporary help from a machine to breathe within the first week when they're hospitalized for treatment.
+Residual numbness or other sensations.Most people with Guillain-Barre syndrome recover completely or have only minor, residual weakness, numbness or tingling.
+Heart and blood pressure problems.Blood pressure fluctuations and irregular heart rhythms are common side effects of Guillain-Barre syndrome.
+Pain.One-third of people with Guillain-Barre syndrome experience nerve pain, which may be eased with medicine.
+Trouble with bowel and bladder function.Sluggish bowel function and urine retention may result from Guillain-Barre syndrome.
+Blood clots.People who are not mobile due to Guillain-Barre syndrome are at risk of developing blood clots. Until you're able to walk independently, you may need to take blood thinners and wear support stockings to improve blood flow.
+Pressure sores.You may be at risk of developing bedsores, also known as pressure sores, if you're not able to move. Changing your position often may help avoid this problem.
+Relapse.A small percentage of people with Guillain-Barre syndrome have a relapse. A relapse can cause muscle weakness even years after symptoms ended.
+When early symptoms are worse, the risk of serious long-term complications goes up. Rarely, death may occur from complications such as respiratory distress syndrome and heart attacks.",,"Guillain-Barre syndrome can be hard to diagnose in its earliest stages. Its symptoms are similar to those of other conditions and may vary from person to person.
+Your healthcare professional starts with a medical history and thorough physical exam.
+Your healthcare professional may then recommend:
+Spinal tap, also known as a lumbar puncture.A small amount of fluid is withdrawn from the spinal canal in your lower back. The fluid is tested for a type of change that commonly occurs in people who have Guillain-Barre syndrome.
+Electromyography.Thin-needle electrodes are inserted into the muscles to measure nerve activity.
+Nerve conduction studies.Electrodes are taped to the skin above your nerves. A small shock is passed through the nerve to measure the speed of nerve signals.","There's no cure for Guillain-Barre syndrome. But two types of treatments can speed recovery and reduce symptoms:
+Plasma exchange, also known as plasmapheresis.Plasma is the liquid portion of part of your blood. In a plasma exchange, plasma is removed and separated from your blood cells. The blood cells are then put back into your body, which makes more plasma to replace what was removed. Plasmapheresis may work by ridding plasma of certain antibodies that contribute to the immune system's attack on the peripheral nerves.
+Immunoglobulin therapy.Immunoglobulin containing healthy antibodies from blood donors is given through a vein. High doses of immunoglobulin can block the damaging antibodies that may contribute to Guillain-Barre syndrome.
+These treatments are equally effective. Mixing them or using one after the other is no more effective than using either method alone.
+You are also likely to be given medicine to:
+Relieve pain, which can be severe.
+Prevent blood clots, which can develop if you're not mobile.
+People with Guillain-Barre syndrome need physical help and therapy before and during recovery. Your care may include:
+Movement of your arms and legs by caregivers before recovery, to help keep your muscles flexible and strong.
+Physical therapy during recovery to help you cope with fatigue and regain strength and proper movement.
+Training with adaptive devices, such as a wheelchair or braces, to give you mobility and self-care skills.","A diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome can be emotionally hard. Although most people eventually recover fully, the condition is generally painful and requires hospitalization and months of rehabilitation. People with Guillain-Barre syndrome must adjust to limited mobility and fatigue.
+To manage the stress of recovery from Guillain-Barre syndrome, consider these suggestions:
+Maintain a strong support system of friends and family.
+Contact a support group, for yourself or for family members.
+Discuss your feelings and concerns with a counselor.","You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the brain and nervous system, known as a neurologist.",,"pain, unsteady walk, achy, low blood pressure, weakness, severe pain, double vision, trouble breathing, rapid heart rate, tingling, muscle weakness, paralysis, high blood pressure, guillain-barre syndrome, tingling and weakness, pins and needles feeling, trouble with bladder control, trouble with facial movements"
+8,Acute kidney injury,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20369048,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-failure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369053,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-failure/doctors-departments/ddc-20369054,"Acute kidney injury happens when the kidneys suddenly can't filter waste products from the blood. When the kidneys can't filter wastes, harmful levels of wastes may build up. The blood's chemical makeup may get out of balance.
+Acute kidney injury used to be called acute kidney failure. Acute kidney injury is most common in people who are in the hospital, mostly in people who need intensive care.
+Acute kidney injury ranges from mild to severe. If severe, ongoing and not treated, it can be fatal. But it also can be reversed. People in otherwise good health may get back typical or nearly typical use of their kidneys.","Symptoms of acute kidney injury may include:
+Less urine output.
+Fluid buildup, which can cause shortness of breath and swelling in the legs, ankles or feet.
+Tiredness.
+Confusion or fogginess.
+Nausea.
+Pain in the belly or in the side below the rib cage.
+Weakness.
+Irregular heartbeat.
+Itching.
+Loss of appetite.
+Chest pain or pressure.
+Seizures or coma in severe cases.
+Sometimes acute kidney injury causes no symptoms. Then it may be found through lab tests done for something else.",See your healthcare professional right away or seek emergency care if you have symptoms of acute kidney injury.,"Acute kidney injury can happen when:
+You have a condition that slows blood flow to your kidneys.
+You have damage to your kidneys.
+Your kidneys' urine drainage tubes, called ureters, get blocked.","Acute kidney injury almost always is linked to another medical condition or event. Conditions that can increase your risk of acute kidney injury include:
+Ongoing kidney disease, also called chronic kidney disease.
+Older age, but it does happen to children.
+Being in the hospital, most often for a serious condition that needs intensive care.
+Blockages in the blood vessels in your arms or legs, called peripheral artery disease.
+Diabetes, especially if it's not controlled.
+High blood pressure.
+Heart failure.
+Liver diseases.
+Certain cancers and their treatments.","Complications of acute kidney injury may include:
+Fluid buildup.A buildup of fluid in your lungs can cause shortness of breath.
+Chest pain.The lining that covers your heart, called the pericardium, can get inflamed. This can cause chest pain.
+Muscle weakness.This can result from the body's fluids and minerals in the blood called electrolytes being out of balance.
+Permanent kidney damage.Sometimes, acute kidney injury causes lifelong loss of the use of the kidneys, called end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need either lifelong treatments to remove waste from the body, called dialysis, or a kidney transplant to survive.
+Death.Acute kidney injury can cause the kidneys to stop working.","You might cut your risk of acute kidney injury by taking care of your kidneys. Try to:
+Get treated quickly for bad infections.
+Work with your healthcare team to manage kidney and other ongoing conditions.Kidney disease, diabetes or high blood pressure increases your risk of acute kidney injury. If you have one of these, do what your healthcare team tells you to manage your condition.If you have risk factors for kidney disease, check with your healthcare team to be sure that prescription medicines you take are safe for your kidneys.
+Read labels when taking pain medicines available without a prescription.Do what the label says when taking medicines such as aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). Taking too much of these medicines may increase your risk of kidney injury. This is especially true if you already have kidney disease, diabetes or high blood pressure.
+Live a healthy lifestyle.Be active and eat a healthy, balanced diet. If you drink alcohol, drink only in moderation.","You might have the following tests to diagnose acute kidney injury:
+Blood tests.A sample of your blood may show fast-rising levels of urea and creatinine. This helps show how your kidneys are working.
+Urine output measures.Measuring how much urine you pass in 24 hours may help find the cause of your kidney failure.
+Urine tests.A sample of your urine may show something that suggests a condition that might explain kidney failure. This is called urinalysis.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests such as ultrasound and CT scans can show your kidneys.
+Removing a sample of kidney tissue for testing.Your healthcare professional may suggest removing a small sample of your kidney tissue for lab testing. This is called a biopsy. A needle put through your skin and into your kidney removes the sample.",Treatment for acute kidney injury most often means a hospital stay. Most people with acute kidney injury are already in the hospital. How long you'll stay in the hospital depends on the reason for your acute kidney injury and how quickly your kidneys recover.,,"Most people are in a hospital when they get acute kidney injury. If you aren't in the hospital and have symptoms of kidney failure, make an appointment with your family healthcare professional right away. You may be referred to a specialist in kidney disease, called a nephrologist.
+Before your appointment, write down questions. Consider asking:
+What's the most likely cause of my symptoms?
+Have my kidneys stopped working? What could have caused my kidney failure?
+What tests do I need?
+What are my treatment choices, and what are the risks?
+Do I need to go to the hospital?
+Will my kidneys recover or will I need dialysis?
+I have other health conditions. How can I best manage these conditions together?
+Do I need to eat a special diet? If so, can you refer me to a dietitian to help me plan what to eat?
+Do you have printed materials about acute kidney injury that I can have? What websites do you suggest?","During your recovery from acute kidney injury, a special diet can help support your kidneys and limit the work they must do. Your healthcare team may send you to a dietitian. A dietitian can look at what you eat and suggest ways to make your diet easier on your kidneys.
+Your dietitian may suggest that you:
+Choose foods lower in potassium.These include apples, peaches, carrots, green beans and white bread and white rice. Eat them instead of foods higher in potassium. These include potatoes, bananas, tomatoes, oranges, beans and nuts.
+Don't eat foods with added salt.This includes many packaged foods, such as frozen dinners, canned soups and fast foods. Other foods with added salt include salty snack foods, canned vegetables, and processed meats and cheeses.
+Limit phosphorus.Phosphorus is a mineral found in foods, such as dark-colored sodas, milk, oatmeal and bran cereals. Too much phosphorus in your blood can weaken your bones and cause your skin to itch.
+As your kidneys get better, you may no longer need a special diet. But healthy eating still is important.","nausea, less urine output, swelling, pain in the side, shortness of breath, acute kidney injury, fogginess, tiredness, loss of appetite, itching, pain in the belly, loss of appetite., coma, fluid buildup, seizures, pain, weakness, chest pain, irregular heartbeat, confusion"
+9,Acute lymphocytic leukemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20369077,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369083,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20369085,"Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made.
+The word ""acute"" in acute lymphocytic leukemia comes from the fact that the disease progresses rapidly and creates immature blood cells, rather than mature ones. The word ""lymphocytic"" in acute lymphocytic leukemia refers to the white blood cells called lymphocytes, whichALLaffects. Acute lymphocytic leukemia is also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
+Acute lymphocytic leukemia is the most common type of cancer in children, and treatments result in a good chance for a cure. Acute lymphocytic leukemia can also occur in adults, though the chance of a cure is greatly reduced.","Signs and symptoms of acute lymphocytic leukemia may include:
+Bleeding from the gums
+Bone pain
+Fever
+Frequent infections
+Frequent or severe nosebleeds
+Lumps caused by swollen lymph nodes in and around the neck, armpits, abdomen or groin
+Pale skin
+Shortness of breath
+Weakness, fatigue or a general decrease in energy","Make an appointment with your doctor or your child's doctor if you notice any persistent signs and symptoms that concern you.
+Many signs and symptoms of acute lymphocytic leukemia mimic those of the flu. However, flu signs and symptoms eventually improve. If signs and symptoms don't improve as expected, make an appointment with your doctor.","Acute lymphocytic leukemia occurs when a bone marrow cell develops changes (mutations) in its genetic material or DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. Normally, the DNA tells the cell to grow at a set rate and to die at a set time. In acute lymphocytic leukemia, the mutations tell the bone marrow cell to continue growing and dividing.
+When this happens, blood cell production becomes out of control. The bone marrow produces immature cells that develop into leukemic white blood cells called lymphoblasts. These abnormal cells are unable to function properly, and they can build up and crowd out healthy cells.
+It's not clear what causes the DNA mutations that can lead to acute lymphocytic leukemia.","Factors that may increase the risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia include:
+Previous cancer treatment.Children and adults who've had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other kinds of cancer may have an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia.
+Exposure to radiation.People exposed to very high levels of radiation, such as survivors of a nuclear reactor accident, have an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia.
+Genetic disorders.Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia.",,,"Tests and procedures used to diagnose acute lymphocytic leukemia include:
+Blood tests.Blood tests may reveal too many or too few white blood cells, not enough red blood cells, and not enough platelets. A blood test may also show the presence of blast cells — immature cells normally found in the bone marrow.
+Bone marrow test.During bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, a needle is used to remove a sample of bone marrow from the hipbone or breastbone. The sample is sent to a lab for testing to look for leukemia cells.Doctors in the lab will classify blood cells into specific types based on their size, shape, and other genetic or molecular features. They also look for certain changes in the cancer cells and determine whether the leukemia cells began from B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes. This information helps your doctor develop a treatment plan.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests such as an X-ray, a computerized tomography (CT) scan or an ultrasound scan may help determine whether cancer has spread to the brain and spinal cord or other parts of the body.
+Spinal fluid test.A lumbar puncture test, also called a spinal tap, may be used to collect a sample of spinal fluid — the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The sample is tested to see whether cancer cells have spread to the spinal fluid.","In general, treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia falls into separate phases:
+Induction therapy.The purpose of the first phase of treatment is to kill most of the leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow and to restore normal blood cell production.
+Consolidation therapy.Also called post-remission therapy, this phase of treatment is aimed at destroying any remaining leukemia in the body.
+Maintenance therapy.The third phase of treatment prevents leukemia cells from regrowing. The treatments used in this stage are usually given at much lower doses over a long period of time, often years.
+Preventive treatment to the spinal cord.During each phase of therapy, people with acute lymphocytic leukemia may receive additional treatment to kill leukemia cells located in the central nervous system. In this type of treatment, chemotherapy drugs are often injected directly into the fluid that covers the spinal cord.
+Depending on your situation, the phases of treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia can span two to three years.
+Treatments may include:
+Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy, which uses drugs to kill cancer cells, is typically used as an induction therapy for children and adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Chemotherapy drugs can also be used in the consolidation and maintenance phases.
+Targeted therapy.Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Your leukemia cells will be tested to see if targeted therapy may be helpful for you. Targeted therapy can be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy for induction therapy, consolidation therapy or maintenance therapy.
+Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy uses high-powered beams, such as X-rays or protons, to kill cancer cells. If the cancer cells have spread to the central nervous system, your doctor may recommend radiation therapy.
+Bone marrow transplant.A bone marrow transplant, also known as a stem cell transplant, may be used as consolidation therapy or for treating relapse if it occurs. This procedure allows someone with leukemia to reestablish healthy bone marrow by replacing leukemic bone marrow with leukemia-free marrow from a healthy person.A bone marrow transplant begins with high doses of chemotherapy or radiation to destroy any leukemia-producing bone marrow. The marrow is then replaced by bone marrow from a compatible donor (allogeneic transplant).
+Engineering immune cells to fight leukemia.A specialized treatment called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy takes your body's germ-fighting T cells, engineers them to fight cancer and infuses them back into your body.CAR-T cell therapy might be an option for children and young adults. It might be used for consolidation therapy or for treating relapse.
+Clinical trials.Clinical trials are experiments to test new cancer treatments and new ways of using existing treatments. While clinical trials give you or your child a chance to try the latest cancer treatment, the benefits and risks of the treatment may be uncertain. Discuss the benefits and risks of clinical trials with your doctor.","Treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia can be a long road. Treatment often lasts two to three years, although the first months are the most intense.
+During maintenance phases, children can usually live a relatively normal life and go back to school. And adults may be able to continue working. To help you cope, try to:
+Learn enough about leukemia to feel comfortable making treatment decisions.Ask your doctor to write down as much information about your specific disease as possible. Then narrow your search for information accordingly.Write down questions you want to ask your doctor before each appointment, and look for information in your local library and on the internet. Good sources include the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.
+Lean on your whole health care team.At major medical centers and pediatric cancer centers, your health care team may include psychologists, psychiatrists, recreation therapists, child-life workers, teachers, dietitians, chaplains and social workers. These professionals can help with a whole host of issues, including explaining procedures to children, finding financial assistance and arranging for housing during treatment. Don't hesitate to rely on their expertise.
+Explore programs for children with cancer.Major medical centers and nonprofit groups offer numerous activities and services specifically for children with cancer and their families. Examples include summer camps, support groups for siblings and wish-granting programs. Ask your health care team about programs in your area.
+Help family and friends understand your situation.Set up a free, personalized webpage at the nonprofit website CaringBridge. This allows you to tell the whole family about appointments, treatments, setbacks and reasons to celebrate — without the stress of calling everyone every time there's something new to report.","Make an appointment with your family doctor if you or your child has signs and symptoms that worry you. If your doctor suspects acute lymphocytic leukemia, you'll likely be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the blood and bone marrow (hematologist).
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from the doctor.",,"pain, frequent infections, fatigue, weakness, nosebleeds, fever, frequent or severe nosebleeds, acute lymphocytic leukemia, infections, pale skin, bone pain, bleeding from the gums, shortness of breath, shortness of breath
+weakness, lumps"
+14,Radiation sickness,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/radiation-sickness/symptoms-causes/syc-20377058,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/radiation-sickness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377061,,"Radiation sickness is damage to the body caused by a large dose of radiation often received over a short time. This is called acute radiation sickness. The amount of radiation absorbed by the body, called the absorbed dose, determines how bad the illness will be.
+Radiation sickness also is called acute radiation syndrome or radiation poisoning. Radiation sickness is not caused by common medical imaging tests that use low-dose radiation, such as X-rays, CT scans and nuclear medicine scans.
+Although radiation sickness is serious and often fatal, it's rare. Since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, during World War II, most cases of radiation sickness have occurred after nuclear industrial accidents, such as the 1986 fire that damaged the nuclear power plant at Chernobyl, Ukraine.","The severity of radiation sickness symptoms depends on how much radiation you've absorbed. How much you absorb depends on the strength of the radiated energy, the time of your exposures, and the distance between you and the source of radiation.
+Symptoms also are affected by the type of exposure, such as total or partial body. The severity of radiation sickness also depends on how sensitive the affected tissue is. For instance, the gastrointestinal system and bone marrow are highly sensitive to radiation.","An accident or attack that causes radiation sickness would lead to a lot of attention and public concern. If such an event happens, listen to radio, television or online reports to learn about emergency instructions for your area.
+If you know you've been overexposed to radiation, seek emergency medical care.","Radiation sickness is caused by being exposed to a high dose of radiation. Radiation is the energy released from atoms as either a wave or a tiny particle of matter.
+Radiation sickness happens when high-energy radiation damages or destroys certain cells in the body. Areas of the body most at risk of being affected by high-energy radiation are the bone marrow cells and the lining of the intestinal tract.","Being exposed to a source of high-dose radiation increases the risk of radiation sickness. Sources of high-dose radiation include:
+An accident at a nuclear industrial facility.
+An attack on a nuclear industrial facility.
+A small radioactive device going off.
+An explosive device that sends out radioactive material. This is called a dirty bomb.
+A nuclear weapon going off.","Having radiation sickness can contribute to both short-term and long-term mental health problems, such as grief, fear and anxiety about:
+Experiencing a radioactive accident or attack.
+Mourning friends or family who haven't survived.
+Dealing with the uncertainty of a mysterious and potentially fatal illness.
+Worrying about the eventual risk of cancer due to radiation exposure.","In the event of a radiation emergency, listen to the radio or watch television to hear what protective actions local, state and federal authorities recommend. Those actions depend on the situation, but you will be told to either stay in place or evacuate your area.","When a person has experienced known or probable exposure to a high dose of radiation from an accident or attack, medical personnel take a number of steps to determine the absorbed radiation dose. This information is essential for determining how serious the illness is likely to be, which treatments to use and whether a person is likely to survive.
+Information important for determining an absorbed dose includes:
+Known exposure.Details about distance from the source of radiation and duration of exposure can help provide a rough estimate of the severity of radiation sickness.
+Vomiting and other symptoms.The time between radiation exposure and when vomiting starts is a fairly accurate screening tool to estimate absorbed radiation dose. The shorter the time before vomiting starts, the higher the dose. The severity and timing of other symptoms also may help medical personnel determine the absorbed dose.
+Blood tests.Frequent blood tests over several days enable medical personnel to look for drops in disease-fighting white blood cells and unusual changes in the DNA of blood cells. These factors indicate the degree of bone marrow damage, which is determined by the level of an absorbed dose.
+Dosimeter.A device called a dosimeter can measure the absorbed dose of radiation but only if it was exposed to the same radiation event as the affected person.
+Survey meter.A device such as a Geiger counter can be used to test people to see where in the body radioactive particles are located.
+Type of radiation.A part of the larger emergency response to a radioactive accident or attack would include identifying the type of radiation exposure. This information would guide some decisions for treating people with radiation sickness.","The treatment goals for radiation sickness are to prevent further radioactive contamination; treat life-threatening injuries, such as from burns and trauma; reduce symptoms; and manage pain.",,,,"exposures, radiation sickness"
+17,ARDS,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ards/symptoms-causes/syc-20355576,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ards/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355581,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ards/doctors-departments/ddc-20355584,"Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when lung swelling causes fluid to build up in the tiny elastic air sacs in the lungs. These air sacs, called alveoli, have a protective membrane, but lung swelling damages that membrane. The fluid leaking into the air sacs keeps the lungs from filling with enough air. This means less oxygen reaches the bloodstream, so the body's organs don't get the oxygen they need to work properly.
+ARDS usually occurs in people who are already critically ill or have major injuries. People usually are severely short of breath — the main symptom of ARDS — within a few hours to a few days after the injury or infection that caused ARDS.
+Many people who get ARDS don't survive. The risk of death gets higher with age and how severe the illness is. Of the people who survive ARDS, some fully recover. But others have lasting lung damage.","The seriousness of ARDS symptoms can vary depending on what's causing them and whether there is underlying heart or lung disease. Symptoms include:
+Severe shortness of breath.
+Labored and rapid breathing that is not usual.
+Cough.
+Chest discomfort.
+Fast heart rate.
+Confusion and extreme tiredness.","ARDS usually follows a major illness or injury, and most people who have ARDS are already in a hospital. But if you have symptoms of ARDS and are not in a medical facility, go to the nearest emergency department right away or call 911 or your local emergency number for help.","Causes of ARDS include:
+Sepsis.The most common cause of ARDS is sepsis, a serious and widespread infection of the bloodstream.
+Severe pneumonia.Severe cases of pneumonia usually affect all five lobes of the lungs.
+Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).People who have severe COVID-19 may get ARDS. Because COVID-19 mainly affects the respiratory system, it can cause lung injury and swelling that can lead to COVID-19-related ARDS.
+Head, chest or other major injury.Accidents, such as falls or car crashes, can damage the lungs or the portion of the brain that controls breathing.
+Breathing in harmful substances.Breathing in a lot of smoke or chemical fumes can lead to ARDS, as can breathing in vomit. Breathing in water in cases of near-drownings also can cause ARDS.
+Other conditions and treatments.Swelling of the pancreas (pancreatitis), massive blood transfusions and severe burns can lead to ARDS.","Most people who get ARDS already are in a hospital for another condition. Many are critically ill. People are especially at risk if they have an infection, such as sepsis or pneumonia. They're also at higher risk if they have COVID-19, especially if they also have metabolic syndrome.
+People who have alcohol use disorder or who use recreational drugs or smoke ― lifestyle habits that can harm the lungs ― are at higher risk of getting ARDS. Having a history of alcohol, drug or tobacco use also raises the risk of ARDS.","ARDS can cause other medical problems while in the hospital, including:
+Blood clots.Lying still in the hospital while you're on a ventilator can make it more likely that you'll get blood clots, particularly in the deep veins in your legs. If a clot forms in your leg, a portion of it can break off and travel to one or both of your lungs, where it can block blood flow. This is called a pulmonary embolism.
+Collapsed lung, also called pneumothorax.In most people with ARDS, a breathing machine called a ventilator brings more oxygen into the body and forces fluid out of the lungs. But the pressure and air volume of the ventilator can force gas to go through a small hole in the very outside of a lung and cause that lung to collapse.
+Infections.A ventilator attaches to a tube inserted in your windpipe. This makes it much easier for germs to infect and injure your lungs.
+Scarred and damaged lungs, known as pulmonary fibrosis.Scarring and thickening of the tissue between the air sacs in the lungs can occur within a few weeks of the start of ARDS. This makes your lungs stiffer, and it's even harder for oxygen to flow from the air sacs into your bloodstream.
+Stress ulcers.Extra acid that your stomach makes because of serious illness or injury can irritate the stomach lining and lead to ulcers.
+Thanks to better treatments, more people are surviving ARDS. But many survivors end up with potentially serious and sometimes lasting effects:
+Breathing problems.After having ARDS, many people get most of their lung function back within several months to several years, but others may have breathing problems for the rest of their lives. Even people who do well usually have shortness of breath and fatigue and may need extra oxygen at home for a few months.
+Depression.Most ARDS survivors also report going through a period of depression, which can be treated.
+Problems with memory and thinking clearly.Sedatives and low levels of oxygen in the blood can lead to memory loss and learning problems after ARDS. In some people, the effects may get better over time. But in others, the damage may last for the rest of their lives.
+Tiredness and muscle weakness.Being in the hospital and on a ventilator can cause your muscles to weaken. You also may feel very tired after treatment.",,"There's no specific test for ARDS. Healthcare professionals base the diagnosis on physical exams, chest X-rays and oxygen levels. It's also important to rule out other diseases and conditions, such as certain heart problems that can lead to similar symptoms.","The first goal in treating ARDS is to improve the levels of oxygen in your blood. Without oxygen, your organs can't work properly.","Recovery from ARDS can take time, and you're likely to need plenty of support. Although everyone's recovery is different, being aware of common challenges that others with the condition have had can help.
+Consider these tips:
+Ask for help.Be sure you have help with everyday tasks until you know what you can manage on your own. This is particularly important when you come home from the hospital.
+Join a support group.There are support groups for people with lifelong lung problems. Discover what's available in your community or online and consider joining others with similar experiences.
+Seek professional help.If you have symptoms of depression, such as hopelessness and loss of interest in your usual activities, tell your healthcare professional or contact a mental health professional. Depression is common in people who have had ARDS, and treatment can help.",,"If you're recovering from ARDS, these suggestions can help protect your lungs:
+Quit smoking.If you smoke, seek help to quit. Also, stay away from secondhand smoke whenever you can.
+Get vaccinated.Getting the flu, also called influenza, shot every year, as well as the pneumonia vaccine as often as recommended, can lower your risk of lung infections.
+Attend pulmonary rehabilitation.Many medical centers now offer pulmonary rehabilitation programs that include exercise training, education and counseling to help you learn how to get back to your usual activities and get to your ideal weight.","tiredness, rapid breathing, labored, labored breathing, chest discomfort, fast heart rate, extreme tiredness, confusion, ards, cough, shortness of breath"
+18,Acute sinusitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-sinusitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351671,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-sinusitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351677,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-sinusitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351680,"Acute sinusitis causes the spaces inside the nose, known as sinuses, to become inflamed and swollen. Acute sinusitis makes it hard for the sinuses to drain. Mucus builds up.
+Acute sinusitis can make it hard to breathe through the nose. The area around the eyes and the face might feel swollen. There might be throbbing face pain or a headache.
+The common cold is the usual cause of acute sinusitis. Most often, the condition clears up within a week to 10 days unless there's also an infection caused by bacteria, called a bacterial infection. Home remedies might be all that's needed to treat acute sinusitis. Sinusitis that lasts more than 12 weeks even with medical treatment is called chronic sinusitis.","Acute sinusitis symptoms often include:
+Thick, yellow or greenish mucus from the nose, known as a runny nose, or down the back of the throat, known as postnasal drip.
+Blocked or stuffy nose, known as congestion. This makes it hard to breathe through the nose.
+Pain, tenderness, swelling and pressure around the eyes, cheeks, nose or forehead that gets worse when bending over.
+Other signs and symptoms include:
+Ear pressure.
+Headache.
+Aching in the teeth.
+Changed sense of smell.
+Cough.
+Bad breath.
+Tiredness.
+Fever.","Most people with acute sinusitis don't need to see a health care provider.
+Contact your health care providerif you have any of the following:
+Symptoms that last more than a week.
+Symptoms that get worse after seeming to get better.
+A fever that lasts.
+A history of repeated or chronic sinusitis.
+See a health care provider immediatelyif you have symptoms that might mean a serious infection:
+Pain, swelling or redness around the eyes.
+High fever.
+Confusion.
+Double vision or other vision changes.
+Stiff neck.","Acute sinusitis is an infection caused by a virus. The common cold is most often the cause. Sometimes, sinuses that are blocked for a time might get a bacterial infection.","The following can raise the risk of getting sinusitis:
+Hay fever or another allergythat affects the sinuses.
+A common coldthat affects the sinuses.
+A problem inside the nose,such as a deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps or tumors.
+A medical conditionsuch as cystic fibrosis or an immune system disorder such as HIV/AIDS.
+Being around smoke,either from smoking or being around others who smoke, known as secondhand smoke.","Acute sinusitis doesn't often cause complications. Complications that might happen include:
+Chronic sinusitis.Acute sinusitis can be a flare-up of a long-term problem known as chronic sinusitis. Chronic sinusitis lasts longer than 12 weeks.
+Meningitis.This infection affects the membranes and fluid around the brain and spinal cord.
+Other infections.It's not common. But an infection can spread to the bones, known as osteomyelitis, or to skin, known as cellulitis.
+Vision problems.If the infection spreads to the eye socket, it can reduce vision or cause blindness.","Take these steps to help lower your risk of getting acute sinusitis:
+Stay well.Try to stay away from people who have colds or other infections. Wash your hands often with soap and water, such as before meals.
+Manage allergies.Work with your health care provider to keep symptoms under control.
+Avoid cigarette smoke and polluted air.Tobacco smoke and other pollutants can irritate lungs and inside the nose, known as nasal passages.
+Use a machine that adds moisture to the air, known as a humidifier.If the air in your home is dry, adding moisture to the air may help prevent sinusitis. Be sure the humidifier stays clean and free of mold with regular, complete cleaning.","A health care provider might ask about symptoms and do an exam. The exam might include feeling for tenderness in the nose and face and looking inside the nose.
+Other ways to diagnose acute sinusitis and rule out other conditions include:
+Nasal endoscopy.A health care provider inserts a thin, flexible tube, known as an endoscope, into the nose. A light on the tube allows the provider to see inside the sinuses.
+Imaging studies.A CT scan can show details of the sinuses and nasal area. It's not usually used for simple acute sinusitis. But imaging studies might help rule out other causes.
+Nasal and sinus samples.Lab tests aren't often used to diagnose acute sinusitis. But if the condition doesn't get better with treatment or gets worse, tissue samples from the nose or sinuses might help find the cause.",Most cases of acute sinusitis get better on their own. Self-care is usually all that's needed to ease symptoms.,,Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.,"These steps can help relieve sinusitis symptoms:
+Rest.Rest helps the body fight infection and speed recovery.
+Drink fluids.Keep drinking plenty of fluids.
+Use a warm compress.A warm compress on the nose and forehead might help lessen pressure in the sinuses.
+Keep sinuses moist.Breathing in the steam from a bowl of hot water with a towel over the head might help. Or take a hot shower, breathing in the warm, moist air. This will help ease pain and help mucus drain.
+Rinse the inside of the nose.Use a specially designed squeeze bottle (Sinus Rinse, others) or neti pot. This home remedy, called nasal lavage, can help clear sinuses.","pain, cough, throat, headache, postnasal, swelling, tiredness, congestion, pressure, fever, ear pressure, aching, postnasal drip, acute sinusitis symptoms, bad breath, tenderness, runny nose, changed sense of smell"
+19,Autoimmune epilepsy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20576892,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576912,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/doctors-departments/ddc-20576934,"Autoimmune epilepsy is a type of epilepsy where seizures are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking brain cells. It can occur with conditions that affect the immune system, especially autoimmune encephalitis.
+Autoimmune epilepsy also is known as autoimmune associated epilepsy and acute symptomatic seizures secondary to autoimmune encephalitis.
+The immune system protects the body from viruses, bacteria and other substances that can cause illnesses. Antibodies are proteins that are part of the immune system. In autoimmune epilepsy, antibodies mistakenly target receptors in the brain. This leads to swelling in the brain, also known as inflammation, and seizures.
+Antiseizure medicines usually don't do enough to manage seizures in people with autoimmune epilepsy. Instead, immunotherapy medicines help reduce the immune response on the brain.
+When immunotherapy is started early, it can reduce inflammation and improve seizures. For some people, treatment can stop seizures completely. For others, seizures may continue after treatment.","Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include:
+Focal seizures.These are the most common type of seizure in autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes focal seizures cause a change or loss of awareness. The seizures may cause the person to stare and not respond to the environment. Other types of focal seizures don't cause a change in awareness. These seizures cause different symptoms depending on which part of the brain causes them. Focal seizures may cause one part of the body to shake. Or they may cause a feeling that his has happened before, known as déjà vu. Focal seizures also may cause nausea or vision symptoms, such as flashing lights.
+Faciobrachial dystonic seizures.These seizures cause muscle contractions on one side of the face and in an arm, both on the same side of the body.
+Symptoms related to seizures include:
+Seizures that happen several times a day.
+Seizures that don't go away with antiseizure medicines.
+Seizures that last more than five minutes or that occur close together without the person regaining consciousness, known as status epilepticus.
+Autoimmune epilepsy symptoms also may include:
+Memory loss and trouble with thinking.
+Personality and behavior changes.
+Involuntary movements or clumsy movements.
+Irregular eye movements.
+Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and other automatic functions.","Get emergency medical care if you or someone you are with has a seizure that lasts more than five minutes or if seizures occur one after another with a loss of consciousness. Also seek emergency medical care for high fevers or trouble breathing.
+See your healthcare professional right away if you have had a seizure for the first time or if you have other symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy.","Autoimmune epilepsy is caused by the immune system attacking brain cells and leading to seizures. Antibodies are part of the immune system. They usually protect the body from viruses and infections. But in autoimmune conditions, the immune system attacks healthy cells. More recently, research has concluded that epilepsy can be an autoimmune disease.
+Autoimmune epilepsy causes may include:
+Autoimmune encephalitis.Autoimmune encephalitis (en-sef-uh-LIE-tis) is a group of conditions that causes swelling in the brain. This happens because the immune system mistakenly attacks brain cells. Autoimmune encephalitis causes a variety of symptoms, including seizures. It is the most common cause of autoimmune epilepsy. Certain types of autoimmune encephalitis are commonly linked to autoimmune epilepsy and are associated with antibodies that target NMDA-receptors, LGI1, CASPR2 and GAD65.
+Rasmussen syndrome.In this condition, immune cells known as T cells cause inflammation and brain damage that lead to seizures. People with autoimmune epilepsy due to Rasmussen syndrome may continue to have seizures after treatment.
+Cancer.Sometimes tumors trigger the immune system to attack healthy brain cells, known as paraneoplastic syndrome. This can lead to epilepsy.","The risk of autoimmune epilepsy is low, but it can occur in both adults and children. Risk factors include:
+Having another autoimmune disease. These may include rheumatoid arthritis, Graves' disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis or lupus.
+Having a history of cancer.
+Having a parent, sibling or child with an autoimmune disease.","Autoimmune epilepsy complications can include serious seizures that last more than five minutes or occur one after another. The person isn't conscious in between the seizures. These serious seizures are known as status epilepticus. They need emergency medical attention.
+Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don't stop with treatment.","You may not be able to prevent autoimmune epilepsy. But getting cancer screenings can help your healthcare professional find tumors and treat them early. This could prevent autoimmune encephalitis triggered by cancers, which can be a cause of epilepsy. Talk with your healthcare professional about your cancer risk and if you should get screened for certain cancers.","An autoimmune epilepsy diagnosis begins with a physical exam and a review of your symptoms.
+Testings for autoimmune epilepsy includes lab tests, brain imaging and testing the electrical activity in the brain.","Autoimmune epilepsy treatment differs from the treatment used for other types of epilepsy. Healthcare professionals use immunotherapy to reduce the immune system activity and treat seizures.
+If cancer is the cause of autoimmune epilepsy, treating the cancer is an important part of treatment.",,"If your symptoms are serious, you might need emergency medical care.
+If your symptoms are less serious, you may start by seeing your healthcare professional. Or you may be referred right away to a doctor who specializes in nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist.",,"nausea, autoimmune epilepsy symptoms, involuntary movements, autoimmune epilepsy, seizure, memory loss, stare, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+fever, muscle contractions, status epilepticus, vision symptoms, clumsy movements, faciobrachial dystonic seizures, nausea or vision symptoms, antiseizure, blood pressure, seizures, behavior changes, shaking, trouble with thinking, loss of awareness, personality changes, fever, irregular eye movements, flashing lights, changes in heart rate"
+20,Alcohol use disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20369243,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369250,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20369252,"Alcohol use disorder is a pattern of alcohol use that involves problems controlling your drinking, being preoccupied with alcohol or continuing to use alcohol even when it causes problems. This disorder also involves having to drink more to get the same effect or having withdrawal symptoms when you rapidly decrease or stop drinking. Alcohol use disorder includes a level of drinking that's sometimes called alcoholism.
+Unhealthy alcohol use includes any alcohol use that puts your health or safety at risk or causes other alcohol-related problems. It also includes binge drinking — a pattern of drinking where a male has five or more drinks within two hours or a female has at least four drinks within two hours. Binge drinking causes significant health and safety risks.
+If your pattern of drinking results in repeated significant distress and problems functioning in your daily life, you likely have alcohol use disorder. It can range from mild to severe. However, even a mild disorder can escalate and lead to serious problems, so early treatment is important.","Alcohol use disorder can be mild, moderate or severe, based on the number of symptoms you experience. Signs and symptoms may include:
+Being unable to limit the amount of alcohol you drink
+Wanting to cut down on how much you drink or making unsuccessful attempts to do so
+Spending a lot of time drinking, getting alcohol or recovering from alcohol use
+Feeling a strong craving or urge to drink alcohol
+Failing to fulfill major obligations at work, school or home due to repeated alcohol use
+Continuing to drink alcohol even though you know it's causing physical, social, work or relationship problems
+Giving up or reducing social and work activities and hobbies to use alcohol
+Using alcohol in situations where it's not safe, such as when driving or swimming
+Developing a tolerance to alcohol so you need more to feel its effect or you have a reduced effect from the same amount
+Experiencing withdrawal symptoms — such as nausea, sweating and shaking — when you don't drink, or drinking to avoid these symptoms
+Alcohol use disorder can include periods of being drunk (alcohol intoxication) and symptoms of withdrawal.
+Alcohol intoxicationresults as the amount of alcohol in your bloodstream increases. The higher the blood alcohol concentration is, the more likely you are to have bad effects. Alcohol intoxication causes behavior problems and mental changes. These may include inappropriate behavior, unstable moods, poor judgment, slurred speech, problems with attention or memory, and poor coordination. You can also have periods called ""blackouts,"" where you don't remember events. Very high blood alcohol levels can lead to coma, permanent brain damage or even death.
+Alcohol withdrawalcan occur when alcohol use has been heavy and prolonged and is then stopped or greatly reduced. It can occur within several hours to 4 to 5 days later. Signs and symptoms include sweating, rapid heartbeat, hand tremors, problems sleeping, nausea and vomiting, hallucinations, restlessness and agitation, anxiety, and occasionally seizures. Symptoms can be severe enough to impair your ability to function at work or in social situations.","If you feel that you sometimes drink too much alcohol, or your drinking is causing problems, or if your family is concerned about your drinking, talk with your health care provider. Other ways to get help include talking with a mental health professional or seeking help from a support group such as Alcoholics Anonymous or a similar type of self-help group.
+Because denial is common, you may feel like you don't have a problem with drinking. You might not recognize how much you drink or how many problems in your life are related to alcohol use. Listen to relatives, friends or co-workers when they ask you to examine your drinking habits or to seek help. Consider talking with someone who has had a problem with drinking but has stopped.","Genetic, psychological, social and environmental factors can impact how drinking alcohol affects your body and behavior. Theories suggest that for certain people drinking has a different and stronger impact that can lead to alcohol use disorder.
+Over time, drinking too much alcohol may change the normal function of the areas of your brain associated with the experience of pleasure, judgment and the ability to exercise control over your behavior. This may result in craving alcohol to try to restore good feelings or reduce negative ones.","Alcohol use may begin in the teens, but alcohol use disorder occurs more frequently in the 20s and 30s, though it can start at any age.
+Risk factors for alcohol use disorder include:
+Steady drinking over time.Drinking too much on a regular basis for an extended period or binge drinking on a regular basis can lead to alcohol-related problems or alcohol use disorder.
+Starting at an early age.People who begin drinking — especially binge drinking — at an early age are at a higher risk of alcohol use disorder.
+Family history.The risk of alcohol use disorder is higher for people who have a parent or other close relative who has problems with alcohol. This may be influenced by genetic factors.
+Depression and other mental health problems.It's common for people with a mental health disorder such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder to have problems with alcohol or other substances.
+History of trauma.People with a history of emotional trauma or other trauma are at increased risk of alcohol use disorder.
+Having bariatric surgery.Some research studies indicate that having bariatric surgery may increase the risk of developing alcohol use disorder or of relapsing after recovering from alcohol use disorder.
+Social and cultural factors.Having friends or a close partner who drinks regularly could increase your risk of alcohol use disorder. The glamorous way that drinking is sometimes portrayed in the media also may send the message that it's OK to drink too much. For young people, the influence of parents, peers and other role models can impact risk.","Alcohol depresses your central nervous system. In some people, the initial reaction may feel like an increase in energy. But as you continue to drink, you become drowsy and have less control over your actions.
+Too much alcohol affects your speech, muscle coordination and vital centers of your brain. A heavy drinking binge may even cause a life-threatening coma or death. This is of particular concern when you're taking certain medications that also depress the brain's function.","Early intervention can prevent alcohol-related problems in teens. If you have a teenager, be alert to signs and symptoms that may indicate a problem with alcohol:
+Loss of interest in activities and hobbies and in personal appearance
+Red eyes, slurred speech, problems with coordination and memory lapses
+Difficulties or changes in relationships with friends, such as joining a new crowd
+Declining grades and problems in school
+Frequent mood changes and defensive behavior
+You can help prevent teenage alcohol use:
+Set a good example with your own alcohol use.
+Talk openly with your child, spend quality time together and become actively involved in your child's life.
+Let your child know what behavior you expect — and what the consequences will be for not following the rules.","You're likely to start by seeing your primary health care provider. If your provider suspects that you have a problem with alcohol, you may be referred to a mental health provider.
+To assess your problem with alcohol, your provider will likely:
+Ask you some questions related to your drinking habits.The provider may ask for permission to speak with family members or friends. However, confidentiality laws prevent your provider from giving out any information about you without your consent.
+Perform a physical exam.Your health care provider may do a physical exam and ask questions about your health. There are many physical signs that indicate complications of alcohol use.
+Suggest lab tests and imaging tests.While there are no specific tests to diagnose alcohol use disorder, certain patterns of lab test results may strongly suggest it. And you may need tests to identify health problems that may be linked to your alcohol use. Damage to your organs may be seen on tests.
+Complete a psychological evaluation.This evaluation includes questions about your symptoms, thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. You may be asked to complete a questionnaire to help answer these questions.","Treatment for alcohol use disorder can vary, depending on your needs. Treatment may involve a brief intervention, individual or group counseling, an outpatient program, or a residential inpatient stay. Working to stop alcohol use to improve quality of life is the main treatment goal.
+Treatment for alcohol use disorder may include:
+Detox and withdrawal.Treatment may begin with a program of detoxification — withdrawal that's medically managed. Sometimes called detox, this generally takes 2 to 7 days. You may need to take sedating medications to prevent withdrawal symptoms. Detox is usually done at an inpatient treatment center or a hospital.
+Learning new skills and making a treatment plan.This process usually involves alcohol treatment specialists. It may include goal setting, behavior change techniques, use of self-help manuals, counseling and follow-up care at a treatment center.
+Psychological counseling.Counseling and therapy for groups and individuals help you better understand your problem with alcohol and support recovery from the psychological aspects of alcohol use. You may benefit from couples or family therapy — family support can be an important part of the recovery process.
+Oral medications.A drug called disulfiram may help prevent you from drinking, although it won't cure alcohol use disorder or remove the urge to drink. If you drink alcohol while taking disulfiram, the drug produces a physical reaction that may include flushing, nausea, vomiting and headaches.Naltrexone, a drug that blocks the good feelings alcohol causes, may prevent heavy drinking and reduce the urge to drink. Acamprosate may help you combat alcohol cravings once you stop drinking. Unlike disulfiram, naltrexone and acamprosate don't make you feel sick after taking a drink.
+Injected medication.Vivitrol, a version of the drug naltrexone, is injected once a month by a health care professional. Although similar medication can be taken in pill form, the injectable version of the drug may be easier for people recovering from alcohol use disorder to use consistently.
+Continuing support.Aftercare programs and support groups help people recovering from alcohol use disorder to stop drinking, manage relapses and cope with necessary lifestyle changes. This may include medical or psychological care or attending a support group.
+Treatment for psychological problems.Alcohol use disorder commonly occurs along with other mental health disorders. If you have depression, anxiety or another mental health condition, you may need talk therapy (psychotherapy), medications or other treatment.
+Medical treatment for health conditions.Many alcohol-related health problems improve significantly once you stop drinking. But some health conditions may warrant continued treatment and follow-up care.
+Spiritual practice.People who are involved with some type of regular spiritual practice may find it easier to maintain recovery from alcohol use disorder or other addictions. For many people, gaining greater insight into their spiritual side is a key element in recovery.","Many people with alcohol problems and their family members find that participating in support groups is an essential part of coping with the disease, preventing or dealing with relapses, and staying sober. Your health care provider or counselor can suggest a support group. These groups are also often listed on the web.
+Here are a few examples:
+Alcoholics Anonymous.Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is a self-help group for people recovering from alcoholism. AA offers a sober peer group and is built around 12 steps as an effective model for achieving total abstinence.
+Women for Sobriety.Women for Sobriety is a nonprofit organization offering a self-help group program for women who want to overcome alcoholism and other addictions. It focuses on developing coping skills related to emotional and spiritual growth, self-esteem, and a healthy lifestyle.
+Al-Anon and Alateen.Al-Anon is designed for people who are affected by someone else's alcoholism. Alateen groups are available for teenage children of those with alcoholism. In sharing their stories, family members gain a greater understanding of how the disease affects the entire family.
+Celebrate Recovery.Celebrate Recovery is a Christ-centered, 12-step recovery program for people struggling with addiction.
+SMART Recovery.SMART Recovery offers mutual support meetings for people seeking science-based, self-empowered addiction recovery.","Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your health care provider or mental health provider.
+Consider your drinking habits. Take an honest look at how often and how much you drink. Be prepared to discuss any problems that alcohol may be causing. You may want to take a family member or friend along, if possible.
+Before your appointment, make a list of:
+Any symptoms you've had,including any that may seem unrelated to your drinking
+Key personal information,including any major stresses or recent life changes
+All medications,vitamins, herbs or other supplements that you're taking and their dosages
+Questions to askyour provider
+Some questions to ask include:
+Do you think I drink too much or show signs of problem drinking?
+Do you think I need to cut back or quit drinking?
+Do you think alcohol could be causing or worsening my other health problems?
+What's the best course of action?
+What are the alternatives to the approach that you're suggesting?
+Do I need any medical tests for underlying physical problems?
+Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can have? What websites do you recommend?
+Would it be helpful for me to meet with a professional experienced in alcohol treatment?
+Don't hesitate to ask any other questions.","As part of your recovery, you'll need to focus on changing your habits and making different lifestyle choices. These strategies may help:
+Consider your social situation.Make it clear to your friends and family that you're not drinking alcohol. Develop a support system of friends and family who can support your recovery. You may need to distance yourself from friends and social situations that impair your recovery.
+Develop healthy habits.For example, good sleep, regular physical activity, managing stress more effectively and eating well all can make it easier for you to recover from alcohol use disorder.
+Do things that don't involve alcohol.You may find that many of your activities involve drinking. Replace them with hobbies or activities that are not centered around alcohol.","poor judgment, nausea, brain damage, restlessness, blackouts, disorder, problems sleeping, inappropriate behavior, unstable moods, nausea, sweating, anxiety, slurred speech, alcohol, death, sweating, hand tremors, agitation, vomiting, coma, rapid heartbeat, poor coordination, seizures, shaking, problems with attention or memory, alcohol intoxication, hallucinations, tremors"
+21,Compulsive gambling,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/compulsive-gambling/symptoms-causes/syc-20355178,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/compulsive-gambling/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355184,,"Compulsive gambling, also called gambling disorder, is the uncontrollable urge to keep gambling despite the toll it takes on your life. Gambling means that you're willing to risk something you value in the hope of getting something of even greater value.
+
+Gambling can stimulate the brain's reward system much like drugs or alcohol can, leading to addiction. If you have a problem with compulsive gambling, you may continually chase bets that lead to losses, use up savings and create debt. You may hide your behavior and even turn to theft or fraud to support your addiction.
+
+Compulsive gambling is a serious condition that can destroy lives. Although treating compulsive gambling can be challenging, many people who struggle with compulsive gambling have found help through professional treatment.","Signs and symptoms of compulsive gambling (gambling disorder) can include:
+
+Most casual gamblers stop when losing or set a limit on how much they're willing to lose. But people with a compulsive gambling problem are compelled to keep playing to recover their money — a pattern that becomes increasingly destructive over time. Some people may turn to theft or fraud to get gambling money.
+
+Some people with a compulsive gambling problem may have periods of remission — a length of time where they gamble less or not at all. But without treatment, the remission usually isn't permanent.",,"Exactly what causes someone to gamble compulsively isn't well understood. Like many problems, compulsive gambling may result from a combination of biological, genetic and environmental factors.","Although most people who play cards or wager never develop a gambling problem, certain factors are more often associated with compulsive gambling:","Compulsive gambling can have profound and long-lasting consequences for your life, such as:","Although there's no proven way to prevent a gambling problem, educational programs that target individuals and groups at increased risk may be helpful.
+
+If you have risk factors for compulsive gambling, consider avoiding gambling in any form, people who gamble and places where gambling occurs. Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent gambling from becoming worse.","If you recognize that you may have a problem with gambling, talk with your health care provider about an evaluation or seek help from a mental health professional.
+
+To evaluate your problem with gambling, your health care provider or mental health provider will likely:","Treating compulsive gambling can be challenging. That's partly because most people have a hard time admitting they have a problem. Yet a major part of treatment is working on acknowledging that you're a compulsive gambler.
+
+If your family or your employer pressured you into therapy, you may find yourself resisting treatment. But treating a gambling problem can help you regain a sense of control — and possibly help heal damaged relationships or finances.
+
+Treatment for compulsive gambling may include these approaches:
+
+Treatment for compulsive gambling may involve an outpatient program, inpatient program or a residential treatment program, depending on your needs and resources. Self-help treatments such as structured internet-based programs and telephone visits with a mental health professional may be an option for some people.
+
+Treatment for substance misuse, depression, anxiety or any other mental health issue may be part of your treatment plan for compulsive gambling.","These recovery skills may help you to resist the urges of compulsive gambling
+
+Family members of people with a compulsive gambling problem may benefit from counseling, even if the gambler is unwilling to participate in therapy.","If you've decided to seek help for compulsive gambling, you've taken an important first step.",,"gambling disorder, losing, theft, fraud"
+22,Nicotine dependence,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nicotine-dependence/symptoms-causes/syc-20351584,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nicotine-dependence/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351590,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nicotine-dependence/doctors-departments/ddc-20351594,"Nicotine dependence happens when your body craves nicotine and you can't stop using it. Nicotine is the chemical in smoked tobacco that causes the urge to smoke. The chemical brings on pleasant feelings, but these effects are short-lived. So you have another cigarette, cigar or pipe bowl.
+The more you use smoked tobacco, the more nicotine you need to feel good. When you try to stop, you go through mental and physical changes that aren't pleasant. These are symptoms of nicotine withdrawal.
+For some people, using any amount of smoked tobacco can quickly lead to nicotine dependence. But no matter how long you've used nicotine, stopping can improve your health. It isn't easy, but you can break your dependence on nicotine. There are treatment options. Ask your healthcare professional for help.","Symptoms of nicotine dependence can include the following:
+You can't stop smoking.You've made one or more serious attempts to stop without long-term success.
+You smoke within 30 minutes of waking up.The sooner you start smoking after waking and the more cigarettes you smoke during the day, the more dependent on nicotine you are.
+You have nicotine withdrawal symptoms when you try to stop.Your attempts at stopping have caused physical and mood-related symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms can include strong cravings, anxiety, irritable mood, restlessness, trouble focusing or sleeping, depression, frustration, anger, increased hunger, and constipation.
+You keep smoking despite health conditions.Even though you've developed health conditions linked to smoking, you haven't been able to stop.
+You give up social activities.You may stop going to smoke-free restaurants or stop socializing with family or friends because you can't smoke in these situations.","Talk with your healthcare professional if you've tried to stop smoking but haven't been able to stop for good. Most people who smoke make many attempts to stop smoking before they're able to quit long-term.
+A treatment plan that includes medicine and counseling with a tobacco treatment specialist can boost your chances of success. Ask your healthcare team for a treatment plan that works for you. Or ask where to get help with stopping smoking.","Nicotine is the chemical in tobacco that keeps you smoking tobacco. Nicotine reaches the brain within seconds of taking a puff. In the brain, nicotine increases the release of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. These brain chemicals help control mood and behavior.
+When you're using nicotine, the reward center in your brain releases a neurotransmitter called dopamine. Dopamine causes feelings of pleasure and improved mood.
+The more you smoke, the more nicotine you need to feel good. Nicotine quickly becomes part of your daily routine and affects your habits and feelings.
+Common situations that trigger the urge to smoke include:
+Drinking coffee or taking breaks at work.
+Talking on the phone.
+Drinking alcohol.
+Driving your car.
+Spending time with friends.
+To overcome your nicotine dependence, you need to become aware of your triggers and make a plan for dealing with them.","Anyone who smokes or uses other forms of tobacco is at risk of becoming dependent. Factors that influence who is likely to use tobacco include:
+Age.Most people begin smoking during childhood or the teen years. The younger you are when you begin smoking, the greater the chance of nicotine dependence.
+Genetics.The genes passed from parents to children may play a role in the chance of a person becoming dependent on nicotine.
+Parents and peers.Children who grow up with parents who smoke are more likely to smoke. Children with friends who smoke also are more likely to try it.
+Depression or anxiety.Some people who have mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety try to get relief by smoking. But smoking cigarettes doesn't help relieve symptoms of these conditions.
+Substance use.People who use alcohol and illicit drugs are more likely to smoke.","Tobacco smoke has hundreds of harmful chemicals in it. At least 69 of those chemicals can cause cancer. Even ""all-natural"" or herbal cigarettes have harmful chemicals.
+People who smoke cigarettes are much more likely to develop and die of certain diseases than are people who don't smoke. But smoking can cause many different health issues, including:
+Lung cancer and lung disease.Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer deaths in countries such as the United States. Smoking also causes lung diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Smoking makes asthma worse too.
+Other cancers.Smoking raises the risk of many types of cancer. Some examples include cancer of the mouth, throat, also called the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, bladder, pancreas, kidney and cervix and some types of leukemia. Overall, smoking causes 30% of all cancer deaths in the United States.
+Heart and blood vessel conditions.Smoking raises the risk of dying of heart and blood vessel diseases including heart attack and stroke. If you have a heart or blood vessel disease, smoking makes it worse.
+Diabetes.Smoking raises the risk of type 2 diabetes. If you have diabetes, smoking can lead to other health concerns such as kidney disease and eye conditions.
+Eye conditions.Smoking can raise the risk of serious eye issues such as cataracts and loss of eyesight from macular degeneration.
+Infertility.Smoking can make it harder to start a pregnancy.
+Complications during pregnancy.Pregnant people who smoke have a higher risk of miscarriages and preterm deliveries. Their babies have a higher risk of having medical conditions present at birth and lower birth weights.
+Cold, flu and other illnesses.People who smoke are more prone to respiratory infections such as colds, the flu and bronchitis.
+Tooth and gum disease.Smoking is linked to a higher risk of gum disease and tooth loss.
+Smoking also poses health risks to those around you. Partners of people who smoke have a higher risk of lung cancer and heart disease compared with people who don't live with someone who smokes. Children whose parents smoke are more likely to get bronchitis, pneumonia, ear infections and colds. And if a child has asthma, secondhand smoke can make it worse.","The best way to prevent nicotine dependence is to not start using tobacco.
+The best way to keep children from smoking is to not smoke yourself. Children whose parents do not smoke or who successfully quit smoking are much less likely to take up smoking.","Your healthcare professional may ask you questions or have you fill out a questionnaire to see how dependent you are on nicotine. Knowing your degree of dependence helps your healthcare professional figure out the right treatment plan for you. The more cigarettes you smoke each day and the sooner you smoke after waking up, the more dependent you are.","Like most people who smoke, you've probably made at least one serious attempt to stop. But it's rare to stop smoking on your first attempt — especially if you try to do it without help. You're much more likely to be able to stop smoking if you use medicines and counseling. Both of these treatments work, especially if you use them together.","Social support is key to leading a stable and solid smoke-free life. Ask your family, friends and co-workers to support and encourage you. Be direct and let them know what would help you most.
+Also think about trying these resources:
+Support groups.Support groups offer coaching and support from others trying to quit. You can often attend at little or no cost. For example, in the United States, Nicotine Anonymous groups can be found in many locations.
+Telephone counseling.Quit lines offer convenient access to trained counselors. In the U.S., call800-QUIT-NOW(800-784-8669) to connect directly to your state's quit line.
+Text messaging and mobile apps.Services can send reminders and tips to your mobile phone.
+Web-based programs.Sites such as BecomeAnEX provide free personalized support, interactive guides and tools, and discussion groups to help you quit.","You're likely to start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your doctor.",,"anger, constipation, increased hunger, strong cravings, anxiety, trouble sleeping, nicotine, restlessness, depression, smoke, trouble focusing, frustration, irritable mood"
+23,Mesenteric lymphadenitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mesenteric-lymphadenitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353799,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mesenteric-lymphadenitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353803,,"Lymphadenitis is a condition in which the small round or bean-shaped clusters of cells, called lymph nodes, become swollen and inflamed. The swelling can affect the lymph nodes in the membrane that connects the bowel to the wall around the stomach area, called the mesentery. Then the condition is called mesenteric lymphadenitis (mez-un-TER-ik lim-fad-uh-NIE-tis).
+An infection in the intestines, such as a virus, is the usual cause of mesenteric lymphadenitis. Also called mesenteric adenitis, the condition mainly affects children and teens.
+Mesenteric lymphadenitis can act like appendicitis or a condition in which part of the intestine slides into another part of the intestine, called intussusception. Unlike appendicitis or intussusception, mesenteric lymphadenitis usually clears up on its own.","Possible symptoms of mesenteric lymphadenitis include:
+Pain in the stomach area, often on the lower right side, but the pain can be more spread out.
+General tenderness of the stomach area.
+Fever.
+Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes.
+Depending on what's causing the condition, symptoms also might include:
+Diarrhea.
+Nausea and vomiting.","Pain in the stomach area is common in children and teens. So it can be hard to know when to seek medical advice.
+Call a healthcare professional right away for a child who has:
+Sudden, severe pain in the stomach area.
+Stomach area pain with fever.
+Stomach area pain with diarrhea or vomiting.
+Tenderness to touch of the stomach area.
+Bloody or maroon-colored stool.
+Also, call a healthcare provider for a child who has pain in the stomach area that doesn't get better in a short time and who also:
+Has a change in bowel habits.
+Has a loss of appetite.
+Is not able to sleep.","The most common cause of mesenteric lymphadenitis is a viral infection, such as gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is often called stomach flu. This infection causes inflammation and swelling in the lymph nodes in the thin tissue that attaches the intestine to the back of the wall around the stomach area, called mesentery.
+Other causes of mesenteric lymphadenitis include bacterial infection, inflammatory bowel disease and lymphoma.","Any infection that causes inflammation and swelling in the lymph nodes in the tissue that attaches the bowel to the abdominal wall increases the risk of mesenteric lymphadenitis.
+Conditions that raise the risk of mesenteric lymphadenitis include:
+Viral or bacterial gastroenteritis.
+Inflammatory bowel disease.
+Lymphoma.",,,"Diagnosing mesenteric lymphadenitis involves taking a medical history and doing an exam. Tests might include:
+Blood tests.Certain blood tests can help show if there's an infection and what type of infection it is.
+Imaging studies.An ultrasound of the stomach area is often used to diagnose mesenteric lymphadenitis. ACTscan of the stomach area also might be used.","Mild cases of mesenteric lymphadenitis and those caused by a virus usually go away on their own. Full recovery can take four weeks or more.
+For treatment of fever or pain, consider giving your child infants' or children's over-the-counter fever and pain medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others). They're safer than aspirin.
+Use caution when giving aspirin to children or teenagers. Though aspirin is approved for use in children older than age 3, children and teenagers recovering from chickenpox or flu-like symptoms should never take aspirin. This is because aspirin has been linked to Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially life-threatening condition, in such children.
+Antibiotics might be prescribed for a moderate to severe bacterial infection.",,"If your child has symptoms of mesenteric lymphadenitis, make an appointment with a healthcare professional. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","For symptoms of mesenteric lymphadenitis, have your child:
+Get plenty of rest.Enough rest can help your child recover.
+Drink fluids.Liquids help prevent loss of body fluids, called dehydration, from fever, vomiting and diarrhea.
+Apply moist heat.A warm, moist washcloth applied to the stomach area can help ease discomfort.
+Eat a liquid diet in small amounts.For example, eat broth or chicken noodle soup.","pain, nausea, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, mesenteric lymphadenitis, pain in the stomach area, general tenderness, tenderness"
+24,Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350889,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350895,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/doctors-departments/ddc-20350899,"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, also called ADHD, is a long-term condition that affects millions of children. It often continues into adulthood. ADHD includes a mix of ongoing problems. These can include having a hard time paying attention, being hyperactive and being impulsive.
+Children with ADHD also may have low self-esteem and troubled relationships and do poorly in school. Symptoms sometimes lessen with age. Some people never completely outgrow their ADHD symptoms but they can learn strategies to be successful.
+While treatment won't cure ADHD, it can help a great deal with symptoms. Besides giving education about ADHD, treatment can involve medicines and behavior therapies. Early diagnosis and treatment can make a big difference in results.","The main features of ADHD include not paying attention and being hyperactive and impulsive. ADHD symptoms usually start before age 12. In some children, they can be seen as early as 3 years of age. ADHD symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe. Symptoms need to be seen in two or more settings, such as at home and at school. The symptoms cause problems with development and daily life and may continue into adulthood.
+ADHD occurs more often in boys than in girls. Behaviors can be different in boys and girls. For example, boys may be more hyperactive and girls may tend to quietly not pay attention.
+There are three types of ADHD:
+Predominately inattentive.In this type, most symptoms fall under inattention. This means having trouble focusing and staying on a task. It also includes trouble getting and staying organized.
+Predominately hyperactive and impulsive.In this type, most symptoms involve being hyperactive and impulsive. Hyperactive means being too active and having too much energy. It may include disruptive behavior. Being impulsive means acting without thinking ahead about the results or effects of behavior.
+Combined.This type is a mix of inattentive symptoms and hyperactive and impulsive symptoms. The person meets the criteria for both predominately inattentive and predominately hyperactive and impulsive types of ADHD.","If you're concerned that your child shows signs of ADHD, see your pediatrician or family healthcare professional. Your healthcare professional can do a medical evaluation to check for other causes of your child's symptoms. Then if needed, your child may be referred to a specialist, such as a developmental-behavioral pediatrician, psychologist, psychiatrist or pediatric neurologist.","While the exact cause of ADHD is not clear, research efforts continue. Factors that may be involved in the development of ADHD include genetics, the environment or central nervous system conditions at key moments in development.","Risk factors for ADHD may include:
+Having a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with ADHD or another mental health condition.
+Being around environmental toxins such as lead, which is found mainly in paint and pipes in older buildings.
+Being born to a parent who used recreational drugs, alcohol or tobacco during pregnancy.
+Being born too early, also called premature birth.
+Although many people seem to believe that sugar causes hyperactivity, there's no proof of this. Many issues in childhood can lead to trouble paying attention, but that's not the same as ADHD.","ADHD can make life hard for children. Children with ADHD:
+Often have trouble in the classroom, which can lead to failing grades and being judged by other children and adults.
+Tend to have more accidents and injuries of all kinds than do children who don't have ADHD.
+Tend to have poor self-esteem.
+Are more likely to have trouble interacting with and being accepted by peers and adults.
+Are at higher risk of alcohol and drug misuse and other behavior that can cause problems with the law.
+Have a higher risk of suicidal thoughts and suicide.
+Have sleep disorders.","To help lower your child's risk of ADHD:
+During pregnancy,avoid anything that could harm your baby's development before birth. For example, don't drink alcohol, use drugs or smoke cigarettes.
+Protect your child from exposure to pollutants and toxins,including cigarette smoke and lead paint.
+Limit screen time.Although still not proved, it may be a good idea for young children to limit TV, video games and other screen time.","In general, a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is made if the core symptoms of ADHD start early in life — before age 12 — and create major problems at home and at school on an ongoing basis.
+There's no specific test for ADHD. An evaluation can help find out whether symptoms are related to ADHD or another problem. Making a diagnosis will likely include:
+A medical exam.This can help rule out other possible causes of symptoms.
+Information gathering.This includes reviewing any current medical conditions, personal and family medical history, and school records.
+Interviews or surveys.These may include information from family members, teachers or other people who know your child well, such as caregivers, babysitters and coaches. This information can show how your child behaves in different situations.
+ADHD rating scales.These help collect and evaluate information about your child.","Standard treatments for ADHD in children include medicines, behavior therapy, counseling and education services. These treatments can lessen many of the symptoms of ADHD, but they don't cure it. Treatment also can help prevent some complications caused by ADHD. It may take some time to find what works best for your child.","Caring for a child with ADHD can be challenging for the whole family. Caregivers may be distressed by their child's behavior as well as by the way other people respond. The stress of dealing with ADHD can lead to conflict in a marriage or partnership. These problems can be made worse by the financial burden that ADHD can place on families.
+Siblings of a child with ADHD also may have a hard time. They can be affected by a sibling who is demanding or aggressive. They also may get less attention because the child with ADHD requires so much of a parent's time.","You're likely to start by taking your child to a pediatrician or family healthcare professional. Depending on the results of the evaluation, your healthcare professional may refer you to a specialist, such as a developmental-behavioral pediatrician, psychologist, psychiatrist or pediatric neurologist.","Because ADHD is complex and each person with ADHD is different, it's hard to make recommendations that work for every child. But some of the following suggestions may help create an environment in which your child can succeed.","having too much energy, disruptive behavior, trouble getting and staying organized, acting without thinking ahead, staying on a task, inattentive symptoms, trouble focusing, predominately hyperactive, adhd, hyperactive, being too active"
+25,Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350878,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-adhd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350883,,"Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental health disorder that includes a combination of persistent problems, such as difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. AdultADHDcan lead to unstable relationships, poor work or school performance, low self-esteem, and other problems.
+Though it's called adultADHD, symptoms start in early childhood and continue into adulthood. In some cases,ADHDis not recognized or diagnosed until the person is an adult. AdultADHDsymptoms may not be as clear asADHDsymptoms in children. In adults, hyperactivity may decrease, but struggles with impulsiveness, restlessness and difficulty paying attention may continue.
+Treatment for adultADHDis similar to treatment for childhoodADHD. AdultADHDtreatment includes medications, psychological counseling (psychotherapy) and treatment for any mental health conditions that occur along withADHD.","Some people withADHDhave fewer symptoms as they age, but some adults continue to have major symptoms that interfere with daily functioning. In adults, the main features ofADHDmay include difficulty paying attention, impulsiveness and restlessness. Symptoms can range from mild to severe.
+Many adults withADHDaren't aware they have it — they just know that everyday tasks can be a challenge. Adults withADHDmay find it difficult to focus and prioritize, leading to missed deadlines and forgotten meetings or social plans. The inability to control impulses can range from impatience waiting in line or driving in traffic to mood swings and outbursts of anger.
+AdultADHDsymptoms may include:
+Impulsiveness
+Disorganization and problems prioritizing
+Poor time management skills
+Problems focusing on a task
+Trouble multitasking
+Excessive activity or restlessness
+Poor planning
+Low frustration tolerance
+Frequent mood swings
+Problems following through and completing tasks
+Hot temper
+Trouble coping with stress","If any of the symptoms listed above continually disrupt your life, talk to your doctor about whether you might haveADHD.
+Different types of health care professionals may diagnose and supervise treatment forADHD. Seek a provider who has training and experience in caring for adults withADHD.","While the exact cause ofADHDis not clear, research efforts continue. Factors that may be involved in the development ofADHDinclude:
+Genetics.ADHDcan run in families, and studies indicate that genes may play a role.
+Environment.Certain environmental factors also may increase risk, such as lead exposure as a child.
+Problems during development.Problems with the central nervous system at key moments in development may play a role.","Risk ofADHDmay increase if:
+You have blood relatives, such as a parent or sibling, withADHDor another mental health disorder
+Your mother smoked, drank alcohol or used drugs during pregnancy
+As a child, you were exposed to environmental toxins — such as lead, found mainly in paint and pipes in older buildings
+You were born prematurely","ADHDcan make life difficult for you.ADHDhas been linked to:
+Poor school or work performance
+Unemployment
+Financial problems
+Trouble with the law
+Alcohol or other substance misuse
+Frequent car accidents or other accidents
+Unstable relationships
+Poor physical and mental health
+Poor self-image
+Suicide attempts",,"Signs and symptoms ofADHDin adults can be hard to spot. However, core symptoms start early in life — before age 12 — and continue into adulthood, creating major problems.
+No single test can confirm the diagnosis. Making the diagnosis will likely include:
+Physical exam,to help rule out other possible causes for your symptoms
+Information gathering,such as asking you questions about any current medical issues, personal and family medical history, and the history of your symptoms
+ADHDrating scales or psychological teststo help collect and evaluate information about your symptoms","Standard treatments forADHDin adults typically involve medication, education, skills training and psychological counseling. A combination of these is often the most effective treatment. These treatments can help manage many symptoms ofADHD, but they don't cure it. It may take some time to determine what works best for you.","While treatment can make a big difference withADHD, taking other steps can help you understandADHDand learn to manage it. Some resources that may help you are listed below. Ask your health care team for more advice on resources.
+Support groups.Support groups allow you to meet other people withADHDso that you can share experiences, information and coping strategies. These groups are available in person in many communities and also online.
+Social support.Involve your spouse, close relatives and friends in yourADHDtreatment. You may feel reluctant to let people know you haveADHD, but letting others know what's going on can help them understand you better and improve your relationships.
+Co-workers, supervisors and teachers.ADHDcan make work and school a challenge. You may feel embarrassed telling your boss or professor that you haveADHD, but most likely he or she will be willing to make small accommodations to help you succeed. Ask for what you need to improve your performance, such as more in-depth explanations or more time on certain tasks.","You're likely to start by first talking to your primary care provider. Depending on the results of the initial evaluation, he or she may refer you to a specialist, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist or other mental health professional.","BecauseADHDis a complex disorder and each person is unique, it's hard to make recommendations for all adults who haveADHD. But some of these suggestions may help:
+Make a list of tasksto accomplish each day. Prioritize the items. Make sure you're not trying to do too much.
+Break down tasksinto smaller, more manageable steps. Consider using checklists.
+Use sticky padsto write notes to yourself. Put them on the fridge, on the bathroom mirror, in the car or in other places where you'll see the reminders.
+Keep an appointment bookor electronic calendar to track appointments and deadlines.
+Carry a notebook or electronic device with youso that you can note ideas or things you'll need to remember.
+Take time to set up systems to file and organize information,both on your electronic devices and for paper documents. Get in the habit of using these systems consistently.
+Follow a routinethat's consistent from day to day and keep items, such as your keys and your wallet, in the same place.
+Ask for helpfrom family members or other loved ones.","anger, poor time management, frequent mood swings, difficulty focusing, disorganization, trouble multitasking, low frustration tolerance, outbursts, outbursts of anger, restlessness, trouble coping with stress, poor planning, difficulty paying attention, excessive activity, hot temper, impulsiveness, impatience, mood swings"
+26,Frozen shoulder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frozen-shoulder/symptoms-causes/syc-20372684,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frozen-shoulder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372690,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frozen-shoulder/doctors-departments/ddc-20372691,"Frozen shoulder, also called adhesive capsulitis, involves stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint. Signs and symptoms typically begin slowly, then get worse. Over time, symptoms get better, usually within 1 to 3 years.
+Having to keep a shoulder still for a long period increases the risk of developing frozen shoulder. This might happen after having surgery or breaking an arm.
+Treatment for frozen shoulder involves range-of-motion exercises. Sometimes treatment involves corticosteroids and numbing medications injected into the joint. Rarely, arthroscopic surgery is needed to loosen the joint capsule so that it can move more freely.
+It's unusual for frozen shoulder to recur in the same shoulder. But some people can develop it in the other shoulder, usually within five years.","Frozen shoulder typically develops slowly in three stages.
+Freezing stage.Any movement of the shoulder causes pain, and the shoulder's ability to move becomes limited. This stage lasts from 2 to 9 months.
+Frozen stage.Pain might lessen during this stage. However, the shoulder becomes stiffer. Using it becomes more difficult. This stage lasts from 4 to 12 months.
+Thawing stage.The shoulder's ability to move begins to improve. This stage lasts from 5 to 24 months.
+For some people, the pain worsens at night, sometimes disrupting sleep.",,"The shoulder joint is enclosed in a capsule of connective tissue. Frozen shoulder occurs when this capsule thickens and tightens around the shoulder joint, restricting its movement.
+It's unclear why this happens to some people. But it's more likely to happen after keeping a shoulder still for a long period, such as after surgery or an arm fracture.",Certain factors may increase the risk of developing frozen shoulder.,,"One of the most common causes of frozen shoulder is not moving a shoulder while recovering from a shoulder injury, broken arm or stroke. If you've had an injury that makes it difficult to move your shoulder, talk to your health care provider about exercises that can help you maintain your ability to move your shoulder joint.","During the physical exam, a health care provider might ask you to move your arm in certain ways. This is to check for pain and see how far you can move your arm (active range of motion). Then you might be asked to relax your muscles while the provider moves your arm (passive range of motion). Frozen shoulder affects both active and passive range of motion.
+Frozen shoulder can usually be diagnosed from signs and symptoms alone. But imaging tests — such as X-rays, ultrasound or MRI — can rule out other problems.",Most frozen shoulder treatment involves controlling shoulder pain and preserving as much range of motion in the shoulder as possible.,,"You might first see your primary care provider. In some cases, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating bones and muscles (orthopedist or physiatrist).",Continue to use the shoulder and arm as much as possible given your pain and range-of-motion limits. Applying heat or cold to your shoulder can help relieve pain.,"pain, limited movement, stiffness, worsened at night, difficulty using, disrupting sleep"
+27,Childhood schizophrenia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-schizophrenia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354483,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-schizophrenia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354489,,"Childhood schizophrenia is an uncommon but severe mental disorder in which children and teenagers interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia involves a range of problems with thinking (cognitive), behavior or emotions. It may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs your child's ability to function.
+Childhood schizophrenia is essentially the same as schizophrenia in adults, but it starts early in life — generally in the teenage years — and has a profound impact on a child's behavior and development. With childhood schizophrenia, the early age of onset presents special challenges for diagnosis, treatment, education, and emotional and social development.
+Schizophrenia is a chronic condition that requires lifelong treatment. Identifying and starting treatment for childhood schizophrenia as early as possible may significantly improve your child's long-term outcome.","Schizophrenia involves a range of problems with thinking, behavior or emotions. Signs and symptoms may vary, but usually involve delusions, hallucinations or disorganized speech, and reflect an impaired ability to function. The effect can be disabling.
+In most people with schizophrenia, symptoms generally start in the mid- to late 20s, though it can start later, up to the mid-30s. Schizophrenia is considered early onset when it starts before the age of 18. Onset of schizophrenia in children younger than age 13 is extremely rare.
+Symptoms can vary in type and severity over time, with periods of worsening and remission of symptoms. Some symptoms may always be present. Schizophrenia can be difficult to recognize in the early phases.","It can be difficult to know how to handle vague behavioral changes in your child. You may be afraid of rushing to conclusions that label your child with a mental illness. Your child's teacher or other school staff may alert you to changes in your child's behavior.
+Seek medical care as soon as possible if you have concerns about your child's behavior or development.","It's not known what causes childhood schizophrenia, but it's thought that it develops in the same way as adult schizophrenia does. Researchers believe that a combination of genetics, brain chemistry and environment contributes to development of the disorder. It's not clear why schizophrenia starts so early in life for some and not for others.
+Problems with certain naturally occurring brain chemicals, including neurotransmitters called dopamine and glutamate, may contribute to schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies show differences in the brain structure and central nervous system of people with schizophrenia. While researchers aren't certain about the significance of these changes, they indicate that schizophrenia is a brain disease.","Although the precise cause of schizophrenia isn't known, certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering schizophrenia, including:
+Having a family history of schizophrenia
+Increased immune system activation, such as from inflammation
+Older age of the father
+Some pregnancy and birth complications, such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins or viruses that may impact brain development
+Taking mind-altering (psychoactive) drugs during teen years","Left untreated, childhood schizophrenia can result in severe emotional, behavioral and health problems. Complications associated with schizophrenia may occur in childhood or later, such as:
+Suicide, suicide attempts and thoughts of suicide
+Self-injury
+Anxiety disorders, panic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
+Depression
+Abuse of alcohol or other drugs, including nicotine
+Family conflicts
+Inability to live independently, attend school or work
+Social isolation
+Health and medical problems
+Being victimized
+Legal and financial problems, and homelessness
+Aggressive behavior, although uncommon","Early identification and treatment may help get symptoms of childhood schizophrenia under control before serious complications develop. Early treatment is also crucial in helping limit psychotic episodes, which can be extremely frightening to a child and his or her parents. Ongoing treatment can help improve your child's long-term outlook.","Diagnosis of childhood schizophrenia involves ruling out other mental health disorders and determining that symptoms aren't due to alcohol or drug use, medication or a medical condition. The process of diagnosis may involve:
+Physical exam.This may be done to help rule out other problems that could be causing symptoms and to check for any related complications.
+Tests and screenings.These may include tests that help rule out conditions with similar symptoms, and screening for alcohol and drugs. The doctor may also request imaging studies, such as an MRI or CT scan.
+Psychiatric evaluation.This includes observing appearance and demeanor, asking about thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns, including any thoughts of self-harm or harming others, evaluating ability to think and function at an age-appropriate level, and assessing mood, anxiety and possible psychotic symptoms. This also includes a discussion of family and personal history.
+Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia.Your doctor or mental health professional may use the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association.","Schizophrenia in children requires lifelong treatment, even during periods when symptoms seem to go away. Treatment is a particular challenge for children with schizophrenia.","Coping with childhood schizophrenia can be challenging. Medications can have unwanted side effects, and you, your child and your whole family may feel angry or resentful about having to manage a condition that requires lifelong treatment. To help cope with childhood schizophrenia:
+Learn about the condition.Education about schizophrenia can empower you and your child and motivate him or her to stick to the treatment plan. Education can help friends and family understand the condition and be more compassionate with your child.
+Join a support group.Support groups for people with schizophrenia can help you reach out to other families facing similar challenges. You may want to seek out separate groups for you and for your child so that you each have a safe outlet.
+Get professional help.If you as a parent or guardian feel overwhelmed and distressed by your child's condition, consider seeking help for yourself from a mental health professional.
+Stay focused on goals.Dealing with childhood schizophrenia is an ongoing process. Stay motivated as a family by keeping treatment goals in mind.
+Find healthy outlets.Explore healthy ways your whole family can channel energy or frustration, such as hobbies, exercise and recreational activities.
+Make healthy lifestyle choices.Maintaining a regular schedule that includes sufficient sleep, healthy eating and regular physical activity is important to mental health.
+Take time as individuals.Although managing childhood schizophrenia is a family affair, both children and parents need their own time to cope and unwind. Create opportunities for healthy alone time.
+Begin future planning.Ask about social service assistance. Most individuals with schizophrenia require some form of daily living support. Many communities have programs to help people with schizophrenia with jobs, affordable housing, transportation, self-help groups, other daily activities and crisis situations. A case manager or someone on the treatment team can help find resources.","You're likely to start by first having your child see his or her pediatrician or family doctor. In some cases, you may be referred immediately to a specialist, such as a pediatric psychiatrist or other mental health professional who's an expert in schizophrenia.
+In rare cases where safety is an issue, your child may require an emergency evaluation in the emergency room and possibly admission for psychiatric care in a hospital.","Although childhood schizophrenia requires professional treatment, it's critical to be an active participant in your child's care. Here are ways to get the most out of the treatment plan.
+Follow directions for medications.Try to make sure that your child takes medications as prescribed, even if he or she is feeling well and has no current symptoms. If medications are stopped or taken infrequently, the symptoms are likely to come back and your doctor will have a hard time knowing what the best and safest dose is.
+Check first before taking other medications.Contact the doctor who's treating your child for schizophrenia before your child takes medications prescribed by another doctor or before taking any over-the-counter medications, vitamins, minerals, herbs or other supplements. These can interact with schizophrenia medications.
+Pay attention to warning signs.You and your child may have identified things that may trigger symptoms, cause a relapse or prevent your child from carrying out daily activities. Make a plan so that you know what to do if symptoms return. Contact your child's doctor or therapist if you notice any changes in symptoms, to prevent the situation from worsening.
+Make physical activity and healthy eating a priority.Some medications for schizophrenia are associated with an increased risk of weight gain and high cholesterol in children. Work with your child's doctor to make a nutrition and physical activity plan for your child that will help manage weight and benefit heart health.
+Avoid alcohol, recreational drugs and nicotine.Alcohol, recreational drugs and nicotine can worsen schizophrenia symptoms or interfere with antipsychotic medications. Talk to your child about avoiding drugs and alcohol and not smoking. If necessary, get appropriate treatment for a substance use problem.","delusions, hallucinations, schizophrenia, disorganized speech"
+28,Benign adrenal tumors,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-adrenal-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20356190,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-adrenal-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20567035,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-adrenal-tumors/doctors-departments/ddc-20356192,"Benign adrenal tumors are masses that aren't cancer. They form in the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system. These glands make hormones that send messages to nearly every organ and tissue in the body.
+There are two adrenal glands, one above each kidney. Each gland has two types of tissue: the cortex and the medulla. Benign adrenal tumors that grow in the cortex are called adrenal adenomas. Those that grow in the medulla are called pheochromocytomas (fee-o-kroe-moe-sy-TOE-muhs).
+Most benign adrenal tumors cause no symptoms and don't need treatment. But sometimes these tumors make high levels of some hormones that can cause problems. Hormones from the cortex control metabolism, blood pressure and certain body features, such as hair growth. Hormones from the medulla control the body's response to stress.","Symptoms depend on whether the tumor makes hormones, what hormone it makes and how much it makes. But many benign adrenal gland tumors don't cause symptoms because they don't make hormones.
+The most common type of benign adrenal tumor, called adenoma, comes from the adrenal cortex. This type of tumor might cause symptoms such as:
+Weight gain.
+Easy bruising.
+High blood pressure, also called hypertension.
+Diabetes.
+Depressed mood.
+Tiredness.
+Muscle weakness or cramping.
+A type of benign adrenal tumor from the medulla is called pheochromocytoma. It might cause the following symptoms:
+High blood pressure, also called hypertension.
+Fast heartbeat.
+Sweating.
+Tremors.
+Headache.",,The cause of benign adrenal tumors often is not known.,"The following might raise the risk of developing a benign adrenal tumor:
+A family history of benign adrenal tumors.
+Certain syndromes passed through families, called genetic syndromes, that make benign adrenal tumors more likely.
+A history of having an adrenal tumor surgically removed.",,,Benign adrenal tumors often are found by chance on imaging that's done for another reason. A healthcare professional then looks at how likely the tumor is to be cancer and whether it's making too much hormone.,"Benign adrenal tumors often don't need treatment. Treatment depends on how likely the tumor is to become cancer. Treatment also might depend on whether the tumor is making hormones, the type of hormone it makes and how much it's making.
+Treatment for small benign adrenal tumors that aren't making hormones might involve watching the tumor. There might be repeat imaging tests 3 to 6 months after diagnosis, and then every one or two years. Watching also might involve testing hormones every year for five years.
+If the tumor is getting bigger or causing symptoms, the symptoms might be treated with medicines. Medicines also might be used to treat symptoms such as high blood pressure before surgery.
+Surgery to remove the adrenal gland, called adrenalectomy, might be used to treat a benign adrenal tumor. The surgery may be done laparoscopically if the tumor is small and not likely to be cancer.",,"You might start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Or you might be sent to a specialist in the endocrine system, called an endocrinologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"hypertension, headache, adrenal gland tumors, muscle weakness, tiredness, cramping, sweating, weight gain, tumor, depressed mood, diabetes, pheochromocytoma, adrenal tumor, adenoma, easy bruising, fast heartbeat, tremors, high blood pressure, bruising"
+29,Autoimmune encephalitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20576380,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576406,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20576425,"Autoimmune encephalitis (en-sef-uh-LIE-tis) is a group of conditions that causes swelling in the brain. This happens because the immune system mistakenly attacks brain cells. Autoimmune encephalitis symptoms can vary but may include memory loss, changes in thinking, changes in behavior and seizures.
+Autoimmune encephalitis is different from encephalitis caused by viral or bacterial infections, known as infectious encephalitis. Infectious encephalitis isn't caused by an immune reaction, and it's treated with different medicines. Research has found that the number of people with autoimmune encephalitis is comparable to the number of people with infectious encephalitis.
+Experts don't know what causes autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE. For some people, AE is triggered by certain cancers or infections. Autoimmune encephalitis also may be triggered by medicines. People with an autoimmune disease or a family history of autoimmune disease may be more likely to get AE. Healthcare professionals use several tests to diagnose autoimmune encephalitis.
+Without treatment, autoimmune encephalitis can cause serious complications, including death. But treatments can lead to recovery. Many people with AE make a full recovery, but some can have lasting symptoms.","Autoimmune encephalitis symptoms can vary from person to person. But symptoms can occur in a pattern that is predictable depending on the type of autoimmune encephalitis. Many people have a headache, fever and other symptoms of an infection followed by:
+Psychiatric symptoms that may include anxiety, panic attacks, changes in behavior, agitation, hallucinations, delusions and trouble organizing thoughts.
+Trouble with memory.
+Trouble with language, such as talking less or repeating words or phrases.
+Movements that are not voluntary.
+Seizures.
+Changes in consciousness.
+Less sleep at the beginning of the disease followed by excess sleep during recovery.
+Sometimes AE causes serious seizures that need emergency care, known as status epilepticus. These seizures last more than five minutes or occur one after another while the person is not conscious.
+Autoimmune encephalitis symptoms can get worse over time. This disease course is known as progressive. Symptoms also might alternate between getting better and getting worse. This course is known as relapsing-remitting. These are similar to the disease courses people experience with multiple sclerosis.","Get emergency medical care if you or someone you're with has serious symptoms of AE. This includes having seizures that last more than five minutes or that happen one after another with a loss of consciousness. Also seek emergency medical care for high fevers or trouble breathing.
+See your healthcare professional right away if you have any other symptoms of autoimmune encephalitis. AE can become serious quickly if not treated.","Autoimmune encephalitis causes are not known. Autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, happens when the immune system mistakenly attacks heathy brain cells.
+Antibodies are part of the immune system. They help protect the body from viruses, bacteria and other substances that can cause illnesses. But in autoimmune encephalitis, the antibodies target and attack certain receptors in the brain. This leads to swelling in the brain, also known as inflammation, and other symptoms.
+AE may be triggered by:
+Certain cancers. When this happens, it's known as paraneoplastic AE.
+Infections, such as from the herpes simplex virus.
+Certain medicines, such as monoclonal antibodies and medicines to suppress the immune system after a transplant.
+Autoimmune encephalitis is more likely to occur in people who have an autoimmune disease or who have a strong family history of autoimmune disease.","Risk factors for autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, include:
+Having had AE in the past, especially if it wasn't treated.
+Having had herpes simplex virus encephalitis.
+Taking monoclonal antibodies or medicines to suppress the immune system after a transplant.
+Having a tumor, especially small-cell lung cancer.
+Researchers are studying whether certain genes may be related to autoimmune encephalitis.","Serious autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, can lead to complications such as:
+Seizures that need emergency care, known as status epilepticus.The immune system's attack on the brain during AE can lead to seizures and a condition called autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes the seizures may last more than five minutes or occur one after another. The person isn't conscious in between the seizures. These serious seizures are known as status epilepticus.
+Not enough air entering the lungs, known as respiratory failure.People with respiratory failure may need treatment with a machine that helps them breathe, known as mechanical ventilation.
+Trouble with heart rate and blood pressure.AE can affect heart rate, blood pressure, digestion and urination. These are known as autonomic functions.
+Fevers.People with AE may have high fevers.
+Another possible complication is that the condition may come back after recovery. This is known as a relapse. A relapse is more likely in people who had anti-LGI1 limbic encephalitis or anti-CASPR2 associated encephalitis.","Autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, can't always be prevented. But getting cancer screenings can help your healthcare professional find tumors and treat them early. This could prevent autoimmune encephalitis that is triggered by cancers. Talk with your healthcare professional about your cancer risk and if cancer screening is recommended.","Autoimmune encephalitis diagnosis involves a review of your symptoms, a physical exam and several tests. It's important to get an accurate diagnosis because autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, can be mistaken for other diseases.
+Experts have created autoimmune encephalitis criteria to help healthcare professionals diagnose people with AE. Healthcare professionals look for patterns of symptoms that signal AE. They also test for signs that antibodies are attacking receptors in the brain to cause AE.
+Tests also help rule out other possible causes of your symptoms, such as infections or other autoimmune conditions.
+Sometimes people are incorrectly diagnosed with autoimmune encephalitis. It's important for healthcare professionals to consider all potential conditions when making a diagnosis.","Autoimmune encephalitis treatment focuses on the immune system, which is mistakenly attacking brain cells. If a tumor is causing autoimmune encephalitis, the first step is to diagnose and treat the tumor.",,"Autoimmune encephalitis can cause serious symptoms that need emergency medical care. Your healthcare team includes specialists, including doctors who specialize in the brain and nervous system, known as neurologists.
+If your symptoms aren't as serious, you might start by seeing your regular healthcare professional. Your healthcare professional may refer you to a neurologist or another specialist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"headache, panic, multiple sclerosis, trouble with language, excess sleep, autoimmune encephalitis symptoms, changes in consciousness, anxiety, movements that are not voluntary, status epilepticus, changes in behavior, less sleep, agitation, trouble with memory, panic attacks, delusions, infection, trouble organizing thoughts, seizures, autoimmune encephalitis, fever, hallucinations"
+30,Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-flaccid-myelitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20493046,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-flaccid-myelitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20493060,,"Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a rare but serious condition that affects the spinal cord. It can cause sudden weakness in the arms or legs, loss of muscle tone, and loss of reflexes. The condition mainly affects young children.
+
+Most children have a mild respiratory illness or fever caused by a viral infection about one to four weeks before developing symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis.
+
+If you or your child develops symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis, seek immediate medical care. Symptoms can progress rapidly. Hospitalization is needed and sometimes a ventilator is required for breathing support.
+
+Since experts began tracking acute flaccid myelitis following initial clusters in 2014, outbreaks in the United States have occurred in 2016 and 2018. Outbreaks tend to occur between August and November.","The most common signs and symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis include:
+
+Other possible signs and symptoms include:
+
+Uncommon symptoms might include:
+
+Severe symptoms involve respiratory failure, due to the muscles involved in breathing becoming weak. It's also possible to experience life-threatening body temperature changes and blood pressure instability.","If you or your child has any of the signs or symptoms listed above, seek medical care as soon as possible.","Acute flaccid myelitis might be caused by an infection with a type of virus known as an enterovirus. Respiratory illnesses and fever from enteroviruses are common — especially in children. Most people recover. It's not clear why some people with an enterovirus infection develop acute flaccid myelitis.
+
+In the United States many viruses, including enteroviruses, circulate between August and November. This is when acute flaccid myelitis outbreaks tend to occur.
+
+The symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis can look similar to those of the viral disease polio. But none of the acute flaccid myelitis cases in the United States have been caused by poliovirus.",Acute flaccid myelitis mainly affects young children.,Muscle weakness caused by acute flaccid myelitis can continue for months to years.,"There's no specific way to prevent acute flaccid myelitis. However, preventing a viral infection can help reduce the risk of developing acute flaccid myelitis.
+
+Take these steps to help protect yourself or your child from getting or spreading a viral infection:","To diagnose acute flaccid myelitis, the doctor starts with a thorough medical history and physical exam. The doctor might recommend:
+
+Acute flaccid myelitis can be hard to diagnose because it shares many of the same symptoms as other neurological diseases, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. These tests can help distinguish acute flaccid myelitis from other conditions.","Currently, there is no specific treatment for acute flaccid myelitis. Treatment is aimed at managing symptoms.
+
+A doctor who specializes in treating brain and spinal cord illnesses (neurologist) might recommend physical or occupational therapy to help with arm or leg weakness. If physical therapy is started during the initial phase of the illness, it might improve long-term recovery.
+
+The doctor might also recommend treatment with immunoglobulin that contains healthy antibodies from healthy donors, drugs that lower inflammation in the body (corticosteroids) or antiviral drugs. Or the doctor might recommend a treatment that removes and replaces blood plasma (plasma exchange). However, it's not clear whether these treatments have any benefits.
+
+Sometimes nerve and muscle transfer surgeries are done to improve limb function.",,"If you have symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis, seek immediate medical care.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"weak muscles, acute flaccid myelitis, life-threatening body temperature changes, breathing difficulty, respiratory failure, blood pressure instability"
+31,Dry macular degeneration,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-macular-degeneration/symptoms-causes/syc-20350375,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-macular-degeneration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350381,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-macular-degeneration/doctors-departments/ddc-20350384,"Dry macular degeneration is an eye condition that causes blurred vision or reduced central vision. It is caused by the breakdown of a part of the retina known as the macula (MAK-u-luh). The macula is responsible for central vision. This condition is common among people over 50.
+Dry macular degeneration may start in one eye then develop in the other eye. It also may develop in both eyes at the same time. Over time, vision may worsen and affect the ability to do things, such as read, drive and recognize faces. But having dry macular degeneration doesn't mean you'll lose all your sight. Vision loss is typically central, and people retain their side vision. Some people have only mild central vision loss. In others, it can be more severe.
+Early detection and self-care measures may delay vision loss caused by dry macular degeneration.","Dry macular degeneration symptoms usually develop gradually and without pain. They may include:
+Visual distortions, such as straight lines seeming bent.
+Reduced central vision in one or both eyes.
+The need for brighter light when reading or doing close-up work.
+Increased difficulty adapting to low light levels, such as when entering a dimly lit restaurant or theater.
+Increased blurriness of printed words.
+Difficulty recognizing faces.
+A well-defined blurry spot or blind spot in the field of vision.
+Dry macular degeneration can affect one or both eyes. If only one eye is affected, you may not notice any changes in your vision. This is because your good eye may compensate for the affected eye. And the condition doesn't affect the side vision, so it does not cause total blindness.
+Dry macular degeneration is one of two types of age-related macular degeneration. It can progress to wet macular degeneration, which is when blood vessels grow and leak under the retina. The dry type is more common, but it usually progresses slowly over years. The wet type is more likely to cause a relatively sudden change in vision resulting in serious vision loss.","See your eye care professional if:
+You notice changes, such as distortion or blind spots, in your central vision.
+You lose the ability to see fine detail.
+These changes may be the first sign of macular degeneration, particularly if you're over age 60.","No one knows exactly what causes dry macular degeneration. Research suggests that it may be a combination of genes and other factors, including smoking, obesity and diet.
+The condition develops as the eye ages. Dry macular degeneration affects the macula. The macula is the area of the retina that's responsible for clear vision in the direct line of sight. Over time, tissue in the macula may thin and lose cells responsible for vision.","Factors that may increase the risk of macular degeneration include:
+Age.This disease is most common in people over 50.
+Family history and genetics.This disease has a hereditary component, meaning it runs in families. Researchers have identified several genes linked to the condition.
+Race.Macular degeneration is more common in white people.
+Smoking.Smoking cigarettes or being exposed to tobacco smoke on a regular basis greatly increases the risk of macular degeneration.
+Obesity.Research suggests that obesity may increase the chance that early or intermediate macular degeneration will progress to the more serious form of the disease.
+Cardiovascular disease.If you have heart or blood vessel disease, called cardiovascular disease, you may be at higher risk of macular degeneration.","People whose dry macular degeneration has progressed to central vision loss have a higher risk of depression and social isolation. With profound loss of vision, people may see visual hallucinations. This condition is called Charles Bonnet syndrome. Dry macular degeneration may progress to wet macular degeneration, which can quickly cause complete vision loss if left untreated.","It's important to have routine eye exams to identify early signs of macular degeneration. The following measures may help reduce the risk of developing dry macular degeneration:
+Manage all medical conditions.For example, if you have cardiovascular disease or high blood pressure, take your medicine and follow your healthcare team's instructions for controlling the condition.
+Don't smoke.People who smoke are more likely to develop macular degeneration than are people who don't smoke. Ask a healthcare professional for help stopping smoking.
+Maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly.If you need to lose weight, reduce the number of calories you eat and increase the amount of exercise you get each day.
+Choose a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.These foods contain antioxidant vitamins that reduce your risk of developing macular degeneration.
+Include fish in your diet.Omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in fish, may reduce the risk of macular degeneration. Nuts such as walnuts also contain omega-3 fatty acids.","An eye care professional may diagnose dry macular degeneration by reviewing medical and family history and doing a complete eye exam. Other tests may be done, including:
+Examination of the back of the eye.An eye doctor puts drops in the eyes to dilate them and uses a special tool to examine the back of the eye. The eye doctor looks for a mottled appearance that's caused by yellow deposits that form under the retina, called drusen. People with macular degeneration often have many drusen.
+A test for changes in the center of the vision field.An Amsler grid may be used to test for changes in the center of the vision field. If you have macular degeneration, some of the straight lines in the grid may look faded, broken or distorted.
+Fluorescein angiography.During this test, an eye doctor injects a dye into a vein in the arm. The dye travels to and highlights the blood vessels in the eye. A special camera takes pictures as the dye travels through the blood vessels. The images may show retinal or blood vessel changes.
+Indocyanine green angiography.Like fluorescein angiography, this test uses an injected dye. It may be used alongside a fluorescein angiogram to identify specific types of macular degeneration.
+Optical coherence tomography.This noninvasive imaging test displays detailed cross sections of the retina. It identifies areas of thinning, thickening or swelling. These can be caused by fluid buildup from leaking blood vessels in and under the retina.","For now, there's no way to reverse damage from dry macular degeneration. However, there are many clinical trials in progress. If the condition is diagnosed early, you can take steps to help slow its progression, such as taking vitamin supplements, eating healthy and not smoking.","These tips may help you cope with your changing vision:
+Get your eyeglass prescription checked.If you wear contacts or glasses, be sure your prescription is up to date. If new glasses don't help, ask for a referral to a low vision specialist.
+Use magnifiers.A variety of magnifying devices can help you with reading and other close-up work, such as sewing. Such devices include hand-held magnifying lenses or magnifying lenses you wear like glasses.You also may use a closed-circuit television system that uses a video camera to magnify reading material and project it on a video screen.
+Change your computer display and add audio systems.Adjust the font size in your computer's settings. And adjust your monitor to show more contrast. You also may add speech-output systems or other technologies to your computer.
+Use electronic reading aids and voice interfaces.Try large-print books, tablet computers and audiobooks. Some tablet and smartphone apps are designed to help people with low vision. And many of these devices now come with voice recognition features.
+Select special appliances made for low vision.Some clocks, radios, telephones and other appliances have extra-large numbers. You may find it easier to watch a television with a larger high-definition screen, or you may want to sit closer to the screen.
+Use brighter lights in your home.Better lighting helps with reading and other daily activities, and it may reduce the risk of falling.
+Consider your transportation options.If you drive, check with your doctor to see if it's safe to continue doing so. Be extra cautious in certain situations, such as driving at night, in heavy traffic or in bad weather. Use public transportation or ask family members to help, especially with night driving. Or use local van or shuttle services, volunteer driving networks, or ride-sharing.
+Get support.Having macular degeneration can be difficult, and you may need to make changes in your life. You may go through many emotions as you adjust. Consider talking to a counselor or joining a support group. Spend time with supportive family members and friends.",You likely will need a dilated eye exam to check for macular degeneration. Make an appointment for a complete eye exam with a doctor who specializes in eye care — an optometrist or an ophthalmologist.,"Even after receiving a diagnosis of dry macular degeneration, these steps may help slow vision loss.
+Don't smoke.If you smoke, ask a healthcare professional for help quitting.
+Choose a healthy diet.The antioxidant vitamins in fruits and vegetables contribute to eye health. Kale, spinach, broccoli, squash and other vegetables have high levels of antioxidants, including lutein and zeaxanthin. These nutrients may benefit people with macular degeneration.Eating foods with high levels of zinc also may be helpful for people with macular degeneration. These include high-protein foods, such as beef, pork and lamb. Nonmeat sources include milk, cheese, yogurt, whole-grain cereals and whole-wheat bread.Another good choice is healthy unsaturated fat, such as in olive oil. And research studies have shown that a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as in salmon, tuna and walnuts, may lower the risk of advanced age-related macular degeneration. But the same benefit is not shown from taking omega-3 supplements, such as fish oil pills.
+Manage your other medical conditions.If you have cardiovascular disease or high blood pressure, for example, take your medicine and follow your healthcare team's instructions for controlling the condition.
+Maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly.If you need to lose weight, reduce the number of calories you eat and increase the amount of exercise you get each day.
+Have routine eye exams.Ask your eye doctor about the recommended schedule for follow-up exams. In between checkups, you can do a self-assessment of your vision using an Amsler grid. These steps will help tell you if your condition develops into wet macular degeneration, which can be treated with medicines.","blindness, difficulty recognizing faces, dry macular degeneration symptoms usually develop gradually and without pain, increased difficulty adapting to low light levels, blurry spot or blind spot in field of vision, dry macular degeneration, reduced central vision, visual distortions, need for brighter light, blurriness of printed words"
+32,"Macular degeneration, wet",https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wet-macular-degeneration/symptoms-causes/syc-20351107,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wet-macular-degeneration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351113,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wet-macular-degeneration/doctors-departments/ddc-20351115,"Wet macular degeneration is an eye condition that causes blurred vision or reduced central vision. It is a type of age-related macular degeneration where blood vessels leak fluid or blood into part of the retina known as the macula (MAK-u-luh). The macula is responsible for central vision.
+Wet macular degeneration is one of two types of age-related macular degeneration. The other type, dry macular degeneration, is more common and less severe. The wet type always begins as the dry type.
+Early detection and treatment of wet macular degeneration may help reduce vision loss. In some instances, early treatment may recover vision.","Wet macular degeneration symptoms usually appear suddenly and worsen quickly. They may include:
+Visual distortions, such as straight lines that seem to be bent.
+Reduced central vision in one or both eyes.
+The need for brighter light when reading or doing close-up work.
+Difficulty adjusting to low light levels, such as when entering a dimly lit restaurant or theater.
+Increased blurriness of printed words.
+Difficulty recognizing faces.
+A well-defined blurry spot or blind spot in the field of vision.
+Macular degeneration doesn't affect side vision, so it doesn't cause total blindness.","See your eye care professional if:
+You notice changes in your central vision.
+You lose the ability to see fine detail.
+These changes may be the first sign of macular degeneration, particularly if you're older than age 60.","No one knows the exact cause of wet macular degeneration, but it develops in people who have dry macular degeneration. Of all people with age-related macular degeneration, about 20% have the wet form.
+Wet macular degeneration can develop in different ways:
+Vision loss caused by irregular blood vessel growth.Sometimes new blood vessels grow from the choroid under and into the macula. This growth isn't typical, and when it happens it's known as choroidal neovascularization. The choroid is the layer of blood vessels between the retina and the outer, firm coat of the eye, called the sclera. These blood vessels may leak fluid or blood, affecting the retina's function and leading to vision loss.
+Vision loss caused by fluid buildup in the back of the eye.When fluid leaks from the choroid, it can collect between the thin cell layer called the retinal pigment epithelium and the retina or within the layers of the retina. This may cause irregularities in the macula layers, resulting in vision loss or distortion.","Factors that may increase the risk of macular degeneration include:
+Age.This disease is most common in people over 50.
+Family history and genetics.This disease has a hereditary component, meaning it can run in families. Researchers have identified several genes linked to the condition.
+Race.Macular degeneration is more common in white people.
+Smoking.Smoking cigarettes or being exposed to tobacco smoke on a regular basis greatly increases the risk of macular degeneration.
+Obesity.Research suggests that obesity may increase the chance that early or intermediate macular degeneration will progress to a more severe form of the disease.
+Cardiovascular disease.If you have diseases that affect your heart and blood vessels, you may be at higher risk of macular degeneration.","People whose wet macular degeneration has progressed to central vision loss have a higher risk of depression and social isolation. With profound loss of vision, people may see visual hallucinations. This condition is known as Charles Bonnet syndrome.","It's important to have routine eye exams to identify early signs of macular degeneration. The following measures may help reduce the risk of developing wet macular degeneration:
+Manage all other medical conditions.For example, if you have cardiovascular disease or high blood pressure, take your medicine and follow your healthcare team's instructions for controlling the condition.
+Don't smoke.People who smoke are more likely to develop macular degeneration than are people who don't smoke. Ask a healthcare professional for help stopping smoking.
+Maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly.If you need to lose weight, reduce the number of calories you eat and increase the amount of exercise you get each day.
+Choose a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.These foods contain antioxidant vitamins that reduce your risk of developing macular degeneration.
+Include fish in your diet.Omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in fish, may reduce the risk of macular degeneration. Nuts such as walnuts also contain omega-3 fatty acids.","To diagnose wet macular degeneration, an eye doctor typically reviews medical and family history and does a complete eye exam. To confirm a diagnosis of macular degeneration, an eye doctor may suggest other tests, including:
+Examination of the back of the eye.An eye doctor puts drops in the eyes to dilate them and uses a special tool to examine the back of the eye. The eye doctor looks for a mottled appearance that's caused by yellow deposits that form under the retina, called drusen. People with macular degeneration often have many drusen.
+A test for changes in the center of the vision field.An Amsler grid may be used to test for changes in the center of the vision field. In macular degeneration, some of the straight lines in the grid may look faded, broken or distorted.
+Fluorescein angiography.During this test, an eye doctor injects a dye into a vein in the arm. The dye travels to and highlights the blood vessels in the eye. A special camera takes pictures as the dye travels through the blood vessels. The images may show leaking blood vessels or retinal changes.
+Indocyanine green angiography.Like fluorescein angiography, this test uses an injected dye. It may be used to confirm the findings of a fluorescein angiography or to identify problem blood vessels deeper in the retina.
+Optical coherence tomography.This noninvasive imaging test displays detailed cross sections of the retina. It identifies areas of thinning, thickening or swelling. This test also is used to help monitor how the retina responds to macular degeneration treatments.
+Optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography.This noninvasive imaging test displays detailed cross sections of the retina. It identifies areas of thinning, thickening or swelling. These can be caused by fluid buildup from leaking blood vessels in and under the retina.","Treatments are available that may help slow disease progression and preserve existing vision. If started early enough, treatment may recover some lost vision.","Vision loss from macular degeneration can affect the ability to do things such as read, recognize faces and drive. These tips may help to cope with changing vision:
+Get your eyeglass prescription checked.If you wear contacts or glasses, be sure your prescription is up to date. If new glasses don't help, ask for a referral to a low vision specialist.
+Use magnifiers.A variety of magnifying devices can help you with reading and other close-up work, such as sewing. Such devices include hand-held magnifying lenses or magnifying lenses you wear like glasses.You also may use a closed-circuit television system that uses a video camera to magnify reading material and project it on a video screen.
+Change your computer display and add audio systems.Adjust the font size in your computer's settings. And adjust your monitor to show more contrast. You also may add speech-output systems or other technologies to your computer.
+Use electronic reading aids and voice interfaces.Try large-print books, tablet computers and audiobooks. Some tablet and smartphone apps are designed to help people with low vision. And many of these devices now come with voice recognition features.
+Select special appliances made for low vision.Some clocks, radios, telephones and other appliances have extra-large numbers. You may find it easier to watch a television with a larger high-definition screen, or you may want to sit closer to the screen.
+Use brighter lights in your home.Better lighting helps with reading and other daily activities, and it may reduce the risk of falling.
+Consider your transportation options.If you drive, check with your doctor to see if it's safe to continue doing so. Be extra cautious in certain situations, such as driving at night, in heavy traffic or in bad weather. Use public transportation or ask a friend or family member to help, especially with night driving. Or use local van or shuttle services, volunteer driving networks, or ride-sharing.
+Get support.Having macular degeneration can be difficult, and you may need to make changes in your life. You may go through many emotions as you adjust. Consider talking to a counselor or joining a support group. Spend time with supportive family members and friends.","You likely will need a dilated eye exam to check for macular degeneration. Make an appointment with a doctor who specializes in eye care, such as an optometrist or an ophthalmologist. An eye doctor can perform a complete eye exam.","Even after you get a diagnosis of wet macular degeneration, you can take some steps that may help slow vision loss.
+Don't smoke.If you smoke, ask a healthcare professional for help quitting.
+Choose a healthy diet.The antioxidant vitamins in fruits and vegetables contribute to eye health. Kale, spinach, broccoli, squash and other vegetables have high levels of antioxidants, including lutein and zeaxanthin. These nutrients may benefit people with macular degeneration.Eating foods with high levels of zinc also may be helpful for people with macular degeneration. These include high-protein foods, such as beef, pork and lamb. Nonmeat sources include milk, cheese, yogurt, whole-grain cereals and whole-wheat bread.Another good choice is healthy unsaturated fat, such as in olive oil. And research studies have shown that a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as in salmon, tuna and walnuts, may lower the risk of advanced macular degeneration. But the same benefit is not shown from taking omega-3 supplements, such as fish oil pills.
+Manage your other medical conditions.If you have cardiovascular disease or high blood pressure, for example, take your medicine and follow your healthcare team's instructions for controlling the condition.
+Maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly.If you need to lose weight, reduce the number of calories you eat and increase the amount of exercise you get each day.
+Have routine eye exams.Ask your eye doctor about the recommended schedule for follow-up exams. In between checkups, you can do a self-assessment of your vision using an Amsler grid.","blindness, difficulty recognizing faces, difficulty adjusting to low light levels, reduced central vision, visual distortions, need for brighter light, blurriness of printed words, blind spot, blurry spot"
+33,Myelofibrosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myelofibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355057,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myelofibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355062,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myelofibrosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20355064,"Myelofibrosis is a kind of bone marrow cancer. Bone marrow is the soft matter inside the bones where blood cells are made. Myelofibrosis causes scarring in the bone marrow. This makes it hard for the bone marrow to make healthy blood cells.
+Myelofibrosis sometimes happens on its own. This is called primary myelofibrosis. Sometimes it's caused by another blood cell condition. When this happens, it's called secondary myelofibrosis.
+Some people with myelofibrosis have no symptoms and might not need treatment right away. Others with more-serious forms of the disease might need treatment. Treatment for myelofibrosis typically focuses on relieving symptoms.
+Myelofibrosis belongs to a group of cancers called myeloproliferative neoplasms. These cancers cause the body to make too many blood cells that don't work right. Myelofibrosis and the other myeloproliferative neoplasms can lead to different types of leukemia. Leukemia is cancer that affects the blood-forming tissues in the body.","Myelofibrosis signs and symptoms may include:
+Feeling tired, weak or short of breath.
+Pain or fullness below the ribs on the left side.
+Easy bruising.
+Easy bleeding.
+Sweating a lot while sleeping, so that you wake feeling covered in sweat.
+Fever.
+Bone pain.
+Feeling full after eating a small amount of food.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"It's often not clear what causes myelofibrosis. This cancer happens in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft matter inside the bones where blood cells are made.
+The bone marrow makes cells called blood stem cells that can become other kinds of cells. When needed, these stem cells can turn into the blood cells that circulate through the body. Blood stem cells can become:
+Red blood cells that carry oxygen to the body.
+White blood cells that help fight infections.
+Platelets that help stop bleeding.
+Myelofibrosis starts when blood stem cells in the bone marrow develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy blood stem cells, the DNA gives instructions to turn into blood cells in a controlled way.
+In myelofibrosis, the DNA changes give different instructions to the blood stem cells. The changes tell the blood stem cells to make more blood cells than the body needs. The blood cells don't work like healthy blood cells.
+Myelofibrosis also causes scarring in the bone marrow. The scarring makes it hard for the bone marrow to make healthy blood cells.
+The extra blood cells that don't work right and the bone marrow scarring both can cause too few healthy blood cells in the body. This leads to the symptoms of myelofibrosis. For example, feeling weak and tired can happen if there are too few red blood cells to carry oxygen in the blood.
+Healthcare professionals have discovered some genetic changes in the DNA that can cause myelofibrosis, including changes to the:
+Janus kinase 2 gene, also called JAK2.
+Calreticulin gene, also called CALR.
+Thrombopoietin receptor gene, also called MPL.
+Your healthcare team might test your cancer cells to see if these changes are present. The results can impact your prognosis and your treatment options.","Although the cause of myelofibrosis often isn't known, healthcare professionals have found some things that might raise the risk. Risk factors include:
+Increasing age.Myelofibrosis can affect anyone, but it's most often diagnosed in people older than 50.
+Another blood cell condition.A small portion of people with myelofibrosis develop the condition as a complication of essential thrombocythemia or polycythemia vera.
+Exposure to benzene.Myelofibrosis has been linked to high levels of exposure to the industrial chemical benzene.
+Exposure to radiation.People exposed to very high doses of radiation have an increased risk of myelofibrosis.",Complications that may result from myelofibrosis include:,,Myelofibrosis diagnosis often starts with a physical exam. Other tests that can help diagnose this bone marrow cancer include blood tests and imaging tests. A healthcare professional may take a sample of your bone marrow for testing.,"Treatments for myelofibrosis include blood transfusions and medicines, such as chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Other treatments include surgery to remove the spleen, radiation therapy and bone marrow transplant, also called stem cell transplant.
+The goal of treatment for most people with myelofibrosis is to provide relief from symptoms of the disease. For some, a bone marrow transplant, also called a stem cell transplant, may provide a chance for a cure. This treatment can be very hard on the body, and it might not be an option for many people.
+To find out which myelofibrosis treatments are most likely to benefit you, your healthcare professional may use one or more formulas to assess your condition. These formulas take into account many aspects of your cancer and your overall health. A healthcare professional may assign a risk category that indicates how serious your condition is.
+A lower risk myelofibrosis might grow slowly. Treatment might not be needed right away, or treatment might focus on controlling any symptoms. A higher risk myelofibrosis might be getting worse quickly. People with higher risk myelofibrosis might consider stronger treatments, such as a bone marrow transplant.","A myelofibrosis diagnosis can cause strong feelings. Some people say they felt shocked, scared or sad when they got their diagnosis. With time, each person finds a way to cope with these feelings. Until you find what works for you, here are some ideas to help you cope.","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your healthcare professional thinks that you have myelofibrosis, that person may refer you to a specialist. Often, this is a doctor who specializes in blood diseases, called a hematologist.
+Appointments can be short and being prepared can help. Here's some information that may help you get ready.",,"pain, fullness, weak, fever, bleeding, tired, short of breath, bone pain, feeling full, sweating, myelofibrosis signs and symptoms, bruising"
+37,Alcoholic hepatitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcoholic-hepatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351388,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcoholic-hepatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351394,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcoholic-hepatitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351395,"Alcoholic hepatitis is swelling, called inflammation, of the liver caused by drinking alcohol. Drinking alcohol destroys liver cells.
+Alcoholic hepatitis most often happens in people who drink heavily over many years. But the link between drinking and alcoholic hepatitis isn't simple. Not all heavy drinkers get alcoholic hepatitis. And some people who drink much less get the disease.
+If you're diagnosed with alcoholic hepatitis, you must stop drinking alcohol. People who keep drinking alcohol have a high risk of serious liver damage and death.","The most common sign of alcoholic hepatitis is yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, called jaundice. The yellowing of the skin might be harder to see on Black and brown people.
+Other symptoms include:
+Loss of appetite.
+Nausea and vomiting.
+Belly tenderness.
+Fever, often low grade.
+Tiredness and weakness.
+People with alcoholic hepatitis tend to be malnourished. Drinking large amounts of alcohol keeps people from being hungry. And heavy drinkers get most of their calories from alcohol.
+Other symptoms that happen with severe alcoholic hepatitis include:
+Fluid buildup in the belly, called ascites.
+Being confused and acting oddly due to a buildup of toxins. The healthy liver breaks these toxins down and gets rid of them.
+Kidney and liver failure.","Alcoholic hepatitis is a serious, often deadly disease.
+See a healthcare professional if you:
+Have symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis.
+Can't control your drinking.
+Want help cutting back on your drinking.","Alcoholic hepatitis is caused by damage to the liver from drinking alcohol. Just how alcohol damages the liver and why it does so only in some heavy drinkers isn't clear.
+These factors are known to play a role in alcoholic hepatitis:
+The body's way of breaking down alcohol makes highly toxic chemicals.
+These chemicals trigger swelling, called inflammation, that destroys liver cells.
+Over time, scars replace healthy liver tissue. This keeps the liver from working well.
+This scarring, called cirrhosis, can't be fixed. It's the final stage of alcoholic liver disease.
+Other factors that can be involved with alcoholic hepatitis include:
+Other types of liver disease.Alcoholic hepatitis can make chronic liver diseases worse. For instance, if you have hepatitis C and drink, even a little, you're more likely to get liver scarring than if you don't drink.
+Lack of nutrition.Many people who drink heavily don't get enough nutrients because they eat poorly. And alcohol keeps the body from using nutrients as it should. Lack of nutrients can damage liver cells.","The major risk factor for alcoholic hepatitis is the how much alcohol you drink. It isn't known how much alcohol it takes to cause alcoholic hepatitis.
+Most people with this condition have had at least seven drinks a day for 20 years or more. This can mean 7 glasses of wine, 7 beers, or 7 shots of spirits.
+However, alcoholic hepatitis can happen to people who drink less and have other risk factors, including:
+Sex.Women seem to have a higher risk of getting alcoholic hepatitis. That might be because of how alcohol breaks down in women's bodies.
+Obesity.Heavy drinkers who are overweight might be more likely to get alcoholic hepatitis. And they might be more likely to go on to get liver scarring.
+Genes.Studies suggest that genes might be involved in alcohol-induced liver disease.
+Race and ethnicity.Black and Hispanic people might be at higher risk of alcoholic hepatitis.
+Binge drinking.Having five or more drinks in about two hours for men and four or more for women might increase the risk of alcoholic hepatitis.","Complications of alcoholic hepatitis are caused by scar tissue on the liver. Scar tissue can slow blood flow through the liver. That can raise pressure in a major blood vessel called the portal vein and cause a buildup of toxins.
+Complications include:
+Enlarged veins, called varices.Blood that can't flow freely through the portal vein can back up into other blood vessels in the stomach and the tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach, called the esophagus.These blood vessels have thin walls. They're likely to bleed if filled with too much blood. Heavy bleeding in the upper stomach or esophagus is life-threatening and needs medical care right away.
+Ascites (ah-SITE-ees).Fluid that builds up in the belly might get infected and need treatment with antibiotics. Ascites isn't life-threatening. But it most often means advanced alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis.
+Confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech, called hepatic encephalopathy.A damaged liver has trouble removing toxins from the body. The buildup of toxins can damage the brain. Severe hepatic encephalopathy can cause a coma.
+Kidney failure.A damaged liver can affect blood flow to the kidneys. This can damage the kidneys.
+Cirrhosis.This scarring of the liver can lead to liver failure.","You might reduce your risk of alcoholic hepatitis if you:
+Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all.For healthy adults, moderate drinking means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. The only certain way to prevent alcoholic hepatitis is to avoid all alcohol.
+Protect yourself from hepatitis C.Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by a virus. Without treatment, it can lead to cirrhosis. If you have hepatitis C and drink alcohol, you're far more likely to get cirrhosis than if you don't drink.
+Check before mixing medicines and alcohol.Ask your healthcare professional if it's safe to drink alcohol when taking your prescribed medicines. Read the warning labels on medicines you can get without a prescription.Don't drink alcohol when taking medicines that warn against drinking alcohol while taking them. This includes pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others).","Your healthcare professional does a physical exam and asks about your alcohol use, now and in the past. Be honest about your drinking. Your care professional might ask to talk to family members about your drinking.
+Diagnosing liver disease might involve these tests:
+Liver function tests.
+Blood tests.
+An ultrasound,CTorMRIscan of the liver.
+A liver biopsy, if other tests and imaging don't give a clear diagnosis or if you are at risk of other causes of hepatitis.",Treatment for alcoholic hepatitis involves quitting drinking as well as therapies to ease the symptoms of liver damage.,,"You might be referred to a digestive disease specialist, called a gastroenterologist.",,"nausea, nausea and vomiting, tiredness, belly tenderness, weakness, vomiting, fever, jaundice, ascites, fluid buildup in the belly, alcohol, kidney and liver failure, loss of appetite, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+loss of appetite, confusion, alcoholic hepatitis"
+38,Churg-Strauss syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/churg-strauss-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353760,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/churg-strauss-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353765,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/churg-strauss-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20353768,"Churg-Strauss syndrome is a disorder marked by blood vessel inflammation. This inflammation can restrict blood flow to organs and tissues, sometimes permanently damaging them. This condition is also known as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA).
+
+Adult-onset asthma is the most common sign of Churg-Strauss syndrome. The disorder can also cause other problems, such as nasal allergies, sinus problems, rash, gastrointestinal bleeding, and pain and numbness in your hands and feet.
+
+Churg-Strauss syndrome is rare and has no cure. Symptoms can usually be controlled with steroids and other powerful immunosuppressant drugs.","Churg-Strauss syndrome varies greatly from person to person. Some people have only mild symptoms. Others have severe or life-threatening complications.
+
+Also known as EGPA, the syndrome tends to occur in three stages and gets progressively worse. Almost everyone with the condition has asthma, chronic sinusitis and elevated counts of white blood cells called eosinophils.
+
+Other signs and symptoms might include:","See your doctor if you develop breathing difficulties or a runny nose that doesn't go away, especially if it's accompanied by persistent facial pain. Also see your doctor if you have asthma or nasal allergies that suddenly worsen.
+
+Churg-Strauss syndrome is rare, and it's more likely that these symptoms have some other cause. But it's important that your doctor evaluate them. Early diagnosis and treatment improve the chances of a good outcome.","The cause of Churg-Strauss syndrome is largely unknown. It's likely that a combination of genes and environmental factors, such as allergens or certain medications, triggers an overactive immune system response. Instead of protecting against invading bacteria and viruses, the immune system targets healthy tissue, causing widespread inflammation.","While anyone can get Churg-Strauss syndrome, people are usually around age 50 when diagnosed. Other potential risk factors include chronic asthma or nasal problems. Genetics and exposures to environmental allergens also may play a role.","Churg-Strauss syndrome can affect many organs, including the lungs, sinuses, skin, gastrointestinal system, kidneys, muscles, joints and heart. Without treatment, the disease can be fatal.
+
+Complications, which depend on the organs involved, can include:",,"To diagnose Churg-Strauss syndrome, doctors usually request several types of tests, including:","There's no cure for Churg-Strauss syndrome, also known as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). But medications can help manage your symptoms.",Here are some suggestions for coping with Churg-Strauss syndrome:,"If you have signs and symptoms common to Churg-Strauss syndrome, make an appointment with your doctor. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improve the outlook of this condition.
+
+You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders that cause blood vessel inflammation (vasculitis), such as a rheumatologist or immunologist. You might also see a pulmonologist since Churg-Strauss affects your respiratory tract.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"chronic sinusitis, sinusitis, churg-strauss syndrome, asthma, elevated counts of white blood cells, mild symptoms"
+40,Hay fever,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hay-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20373039,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hay-fever/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373045,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hay-fever/doctors-departments/ddc-20373046,"Hay fever, also called allergic rhinitis, causes cold-like symptoms. These may include a runny nose, itchy eyes, congestion, sneezing and sinus pressure. But unlike a cold, hay fever isn't caused by a virus. Hay fever is caused by an allergic response to a harmless outdoor or indoor substance the body identifies as harmful (allergen).
+Common allergens that can trigger hay fever symptoms include pollen and dust mites. Tiny flecks of skin shed by cats, dogs, and other animals with fur or feathers (pet dander) also can be allergens.
+Besides making you miserable, hay fever can affect how well you perform at work or school and can generally interfere with your life. But you don't have to put up with annoying symptoms. You can learn to avoid triggers and find the right treatment.","Hay fever symptoms can include:
+Runny nose and nasal stuffiness, called congestion.
+Watery, itchy, red eyes.
+Sneezing.
+Cough.
+Itchy nose, roof of mouth or throat.
+Mucus that runs down the back of the throat, called postnasal drip.
+Swollen, bruised-appearing skin under the eyes, known as allergic shiners.
+Extreme tiredness and fatigue, often due to poor sleep.","See a healthcare professional if:
+You can't find relief from your hay fever symptoms.
+Allergy medicines don't provide relief, or they cause side effects.
+You have another condition that can worsen hay fever symptoms, such as nasal polyps, asthma or frequent sinus infections.
+Many people — especially children — get used to hay fever symptoms, so they might not seek treatment until the symptoms become severe. But getting the right treatment might offer relief.","When someone has hay fever, the immune system identifies a harmless airborne substance as being harmful. This substance is called an allergen. The body produces immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to protect against allergens. When the body comes in contact with an allergen, these antibodies signal the immune system to release chemicals such as histamine into the bloodstream. This causes a reaction that leads to the symptoms of hay fever.","The following can increase a person's risk of developing hay fever:
+Having other allergies or asthma.
+Having a condition called atopic dermatitis or eczema, which makes skin irritated and itchy.
+Having a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with allergies or asthma.
+Living or working in an environment that constantly exposes someone to allergens — such as animal dander or dust mites.
+Being exposed to smoke and strong odors that irritate the lining of the nose.
+Having a mother who smoked during the first year of life.","Problems that may go along with hay fever include:
+Reduced quality of life.Hay fever can interfere with enjoyment of activities and cause you to be less productive. For many people, hay fever symptoms lead to missing work or school.
+Poor sleep.Hay fever symptoms can keep you awake or make it hard to stay asleep. This can lead to fatigue and a general feeling of being unwell, called malaise.
+Worsening asthma.Hay fever can worsen symptoms of asthma, such as coughing and wheezing.
+Sinusitis.Prolonged sinus congestion due to hay fever may increase your risk of getting sinusitis — an infection or inflammation of the membrane that lines the sinuses.
+Ear infection.In children, hay fever often is a factor in middle ear infection, called otitis media.","There's no way to avoid getting hay fever. If you have hay fever, the best thing to do is to lessen your exposure to the allergens that cause your symptoms. Take allergy medicines before you're exposed to allergens, as directed by your healthcare professional.","To diagnose hay fever, a healthcare professional typically does a physical exam and talks about general health, symptoms and possible triggers. One or both of these tests may be recommended:
+Skin prick test.Small amounts of material that can trigger allergies are pricked into patches of skin on the arm or upper back. A medical professional then watches the skin for an allergic reaction. If someone has an allergy, a raised bump called a hive forms at the site of that allergen. This typically takes about 15 to 20 minutes. Allergy specialists usually are best equipped to perform allergy skin tests.
+Allergy blood test.A blood sample is sent to a lab to measure the immune system's response to a specific allergen. This test measures the amount of allergy-causing antibodies in the bloodstream, known as immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies.","Once someone knows their allergy triggers, a healthcare professional can help develop a treatment plan to reduce or get rid of hay fever symptoms.
+It's best to limit exposure to substances that cause hay fever. If hay fever isn't too severe, nonprescription medicines may be enough to relieve symptoms. For worse symptoms, prescription medicines may be needed.
+Many people get the best relief from a combination of allergy medicines. Sometimes, a few different options need to be tried before finding what works best.
+If a child has hay fever, talk with the child's healthcare professional about treatment. Not all medicines are approved for use in children. Read labels carefully.
+Treatments for hay fever may include medicines, immunotherapy and nasal saline rinses.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. However, in some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred to an allergist or other specialist.
+Take a family member or friend along, if possible. Someone who accompanies you can help you remember information.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment. Before your appointment, make a list of:
+Your symptoms,when they occur and what seems to trigger them. Include symptoms that might seem unrelated to hay fever.
+Recent life changes,such as a move to a new home or new part of the country.
+All medicines you take,including vitamins, herbs and supplements, and their dosages.
+Questionsto ask during your appointment.
+For hay fever, questions to ask include:
+What is likely causing my symptoms?
+What tests do I need?
+Is my condition likely to go away on its own?
+What is the best course of action?
+What other treatments or ways to avoid triggers can you suggest?
+I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?
+Are there restrictions I should follow?
+Should I see a specialist?
+Are there brochures or other printed material that I can have? What websites do you recommend?
+Don't hesitate to ask other questions during your appointment.","It's not possible to avoid allergens completely, but you can reduce your symptoms by limiting your exposure to these substances. If you know what you're allergic to, you can avoid your triggers. Consider some of these tips.","postnasal drip, itchy, bruised-appearing skin, runny nose, watery, fatigue, tiredness, congestion, allergic, nasal stuffiness, itchy eyes, itchy nose, cough, watery eyes, itchy roof of mouth, postnasal, sneezing, red eyes, extreme tiredness, swollen skin, itchy throat, throat, fever"
+41,Dust mite allergy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dust-mites/symptoms-causes/syc-20352173,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dust-mites/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352178,,"Dust mite allergy is an allergic reaction to tiny bugs that commonly live in house dust. Signs of dust mite allergy include those common to hay fever, such as sneezing and runny nose. Many people with dust mite allergy also experience signs of asthma, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing.
+
+Dust mites, close relatives of ticks and spiders, are too small to see without a microscope. Dust mites eat skin cells shed by people, and they thrive in warm, humid environments. In most homes, such items as bedding, upholstered furniture and carpeting provide an ideal environment for dust mites.
+
+By taking steps to reduce the number of dust mites in your home, you may get control of dust mite allergy. Medications or other treatments are sometimes necessary to relieve symptoms and manage asthma.","Dust mite allergy symptoms caused by inflammation of nasal passages include:
+
+If your dust mite allergy contributes to asthma, you may also experience:
+
+A dust mite allergy can range from mild to severe. A mild case of dust mite allergy may cause an occasional runny nose, watery eyes and sneezing. In severe cases, the condition may be ongoing (chronic), resulting in persistent sneezing, cough, congestion, facial pressure, an eczema flare-up or severe asthma attack.","Some signs and symptoms of dust mite allergy, such as a runny nose or sneezing, are similar to those of the common cold. Sometimes it's difficult to know whether you have a cold or an allergy. If symptoms persist for longer than one week, you might have an allergy.
+
+If your signs and symptoms are severe — such as severe nasal congestion, wheezing or difficulty sleeping — call your doctor. Seek emergency care if wheezing or shortness of breath rapidly worsens or if you are short of breath with minimal activity.","Allergies occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, pet dander or dust mites. Your immune system produces proteins known as antibodies that protect you from unwanted invaders that could make you sick or cause an infection.
+
+When you have allergies, your immune system makes antibodies that identify your particular allergen as something harmful, even though it isn't. When you come into contact with the allergen, your immune system produces an inflammatory response in your nasal passages or lungs. Prolonged or regular exposure to the allergen can cause the ongoing (chronic) inflammation associated with asthma.
+
+Dust mites eat organic matter such as skin cells people have shed, and rather than drinking water, they absorb water from humidity in the atmosphere.
+
+Dust also contains the feces and decaying bodies of dust mites, and it's the proteins present in this dust mite ""debris"" that are the culprit in dust mite allergy.",The following factors increase your risk of developing a dust mite allergy:,"If you have a dust mite allergy, exposure to the mites and their debris can cause complications.",,"Your doctor may suspect dust mite allergy based on symptoms and your answers to questions about your home.
+
+To confirm that you're allergic to some airborne substance, your doctor may use a lighted instrument to look at the condition of the lining of your nose. If you have an allergy to something airborne, the lining of the nasal passage will be swollen and may appear pale or bluish.
+
+Your doctor may suspect a dust mite allergy if your symptoms are worse when you go to bed or while cleaning — when dust mite allergens would be temporarily airborne. If you have a pet, it may be more difficult to determine the cause of the allergy, particularly if your pet sleeps in your bedroom.
+
+Allergy skin test.Your doctor may suggest an allergy skin test to determine what you're allergic to. You may be referred to an allergy specialist (allergist) for this test.
+
+In this test, tiny amounts of purified allergen extracts — including an extract for dust mites — are pricked onto your skin's surface. This is usually carried out on the forearm, but it may be done on the upper back.
+
+Your doctor or nurse observes your skin for signs of allergic reactions after 15 minutes. If you're allergic to dust mites, you'll develop a red, itchy bump where the dust mite extract was pricked onto your skin. The most common side effects of these skin tests are itching and redness. These side effects usually go away within 30 minutes.","The first treatment for controlling dust mite allergy is avoiding dust mites as much as possible. When you minimize your exposure to dust mites, you can expect fewer or less severe allergic reactions. However, it's impossible to completely eliminate dust mites from your environment. You may also need medications to control symptoms.",,"If you have what seems like a constant runny nose, sneezing, wheezing, shortness of breath or other symptoms that may be related to an allergy, you'll probably start by seeing your family doctor or general practitioner. Because appointments can be brief and there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to prepare before you go.",,"facial pressure, congestion, allergy, dust mite allergy, sneezing, asthma, eczema, inflammation, cough, runny nose, watery, watery eyes"
+42,Egg allergy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/egg-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20372115,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/egg-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372119,,"Eggs are one of the most common allergy-causing foods for children.
+
+Egg allergy symptoms usually occur a few minutes to a few hours after eating eggs or foods containing eggs. Signs and symptoms range from mild to severe and can include skin rashes, hives, nasal congestion, and vomiting or other digestive problems. Rarely, egg allergy can cause anaphylaxis — a life-threatening reaction.
+
+Egg allergy can occur as early as infancy. Most children, but not all, outgrow their egg allergy before adolescence.",Egg allergy reactions vary from person to person and usually occur soon after exposure to egg. Egg allergy symptoms can include:,"See a doctor if you or your child has signs or symptoms of a food allergy shortly after eating eggs or an egg-containing product. If possible, see the doctor when the allergic reaction is occurring. This may help in making a diagnosis.
+
+If you or your child has signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis, seek immediate emergency treatment and use an autoinjector if one has been prescribed.","An immune system overreaction causes food allergies. For egg allergy, the immune system mistakenly identifies certain egg proteins as harmful. When you or your child comes in contact with egg proteins, immune system cells (antibodies) recognize them and signal the immune system to release histamine and other chemicals that cause allergic signs and symptoms.
+
+Both egg yolks and egg whites contain proteins that can cause allergies, but allergy to egg whites is most common. It's possible for breast-fed infants to have an allergic reaction to egg proteins in breast milk if the mother consumes eggs.",Certain factors can increase the risk of developing egg allergy:,"The most significant complication of egg allergy is having a severe allergic reaction requiring an epinephrine injection and emergency treatment.
+
+The same immune system reaction that causes egg allergy can also cause other conditions. If you or your child has egg allergy, you or your child may be at increased risk of:","Here are some things you can do to avoid an allergic reaction, and to keep it from getting worse if one does occur.","To diagnose egg allergy, your doctor will use several approaches, including ruling out other conditions that could be causing symptoms. In many cases, what seems to be egg allergy is actually caused by food intolerance, which is generally less serious than food allergy and doesn't involve the immune system.
+
+Your doctor takes a medical history and conducts a physical exam. He or she may also recommend one or more of the following tests:","The only way to prevent egg allergy symptoms is to avoid eggs or egg products. Some people with egg allergies, however, can tolerate foods that contain well-cooked eggs, such as baked goods.",,You'll likely begin by seeing your family doctor or pediatrician. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in allergic disorders (allergist-immunologist). Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.,,"none, allergy"
+43,Food allergy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20355095,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355101,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-allergy/doctors-departments/ddc-20355105,"Food allergy is an immune system reaction that happens soon after eating a certain food. Even a tiny amount of the allergy-causing food can trigger symptoms such as hives, swollen airways and digestive problems. In some people, a food allergy can cause severe symptoms or even a life-threatening reaction known as anaphylaxis.
+Food allergy affects an estimated 8% of children under age 5 and up to 4% of adults. While there's no cure, some children outgrow their food allergies as they get older.
+It's easy to confuse a food allergy with a much more common reaction known as food intolerance. While bothersome, food intolerance is a less serious condition that does not involve the immune system.","For some people, an allergic reaction to a particular food may be uncomfortable but not severe. For other people, a food allergy reaction can be frightening and even life-threatening. Food allergy symptoms usually develop within a few minutes to two hours after eating the offending food. Rarely, symptoms may be delayed for several hours.
+The most common food allergy symptoms include:
+Tingling or itching in the mouth.
+Hives, itching or eczema.
+Swelling of the lips, face, tongue, and throat or other parts of the body.
+Belly pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting.
+Wheezing, nasal congestion or trouble breathing.
+Dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting.","See a healthcare professional or allergist if you have food allergy symptoms shortly after eating. If possible, see a care professional when the allergic reaction is occurring. This can help make a diagnosis.
+Seek emergency treatment if you develop any symptoms of anaphylaxis, such as:
+Constriction of airways that makes it difficult to breathe.
+Shock with a severe drop in blood pressure.
+Rapid pulse.
+Dizziness or lightheadedness.","When you have a food allergy, your immune system mistakenly identifies a specific food or a substance in food as something harmful. In response, your immune system triggers cells to make an antibody known as immunoglobulin E (IgE) to recognize the allergy-causing food or food substance, called an allergen.
+The next time you eat even the smallest amount of that food, IgE antibodies sense it. They then signal your immune system to release a chemical called histamine, as well as other chemicals, into your bloodstream. These chemicals cause allergy symptoms.
+Most food allergies are triggered by certain proteins in:
+Crustacean shellfish, such as shrimp, lobster and crab.
+Peanuts.
+Tree nuts, such as walnuts and pecans.
+Fish.
+Chicken eggs.
+Cow's milk.
+Wheat.
+Soy.","Food allergy risk factors include:
+Family history.You're at increased risk of food allergies if asthma, eczema, hives or allergies such as hay fever are common in your family.
+Other allergies.If you're already allergic to one food, you may be at increased risk of becoming allergic to another. Similarly, if you have other types of allergic reactions, such as hay fever or eczema, your risk of having a food allergy is greater.
+Age.Food allergies are more common in children, especially toddlers and infants. As children grow older, their digestive systems mature and their bodies are less likely to react to food components that trigger allergies.Fortunately, children typically outgrow allergies to milk, soy, wheat and eggs. Severe allergies and allergies to nuts and shellfish are more likely to be lifelong.
+Asthma.Asthma and food allergy commonly occur together. When they do, both food allergy and asthma symptoms are more likely to be severe.
+Factors that may increase your risk of developing an anaphylactic reaction include:
+Having a history of asthma.
+Being a teenager or younger.
+Delaying use of epinephrine to treat your food allergy symptoms.
+Not having hives or other skin symptoms.","Complications of food allergy can include:
+Anaphylaxis.This is a life-threatening allergic reaction.
+Atopic dermatitis, known as eczema.Food allergy may cause a skin reaction, such as eczema.",,"There's no perfect test used to confirm or rule out a food allergy. Your healthcare team will consider a few factors before making a diagnosis. These factors include:
+Your symptoms.Give your care team a detailed history of your or your child's symptoms — which foods, and how much, seem to cause problems.
+Your family history of allergies.Also share information about members of your family who have allergies of any kind.
+A physical examination.A careful exam can often identify or exclude other medical problems.
+A skin test.A skin prick test can determine whether you may react to a particular food. In this test, a small amount of the suspected food is placed on the skin of your forearm or back. A doctor or another healthcare professional then pricks your skin to allow a tiny amount of the substance beneath your skin surface.If you're allergic to a particular substance being tested, you develop a raised bump or reaction. However, a positive reaction to this test alone isn't enough to confirm a food allergy.
+A blood test.A blood test can measure your immune system's response to particular foods by measuring the allergy-related antibody known as immunoglobulin E (IgE).For this test, a blood sample taken in your care professional's office is sent to a medical laboratory. It will then be tested for foods that could have caused an allergic reaction.
+Elimination diet.You may be asked to eliminate suspect foods for a week or two and then add the food items back into your diet one at a time. This process can help link symptoms to specific foods. However, elimination diets aren't foolproof.An elimination diet can't tell you whether your reaction to a food is a true allergy instead of a food sensitivity. Also, if you've had a severe reaction to a food in the past, an elimination diet may not be safe.
+Oral food challenge.During this test, done in a healthcare professional's office, you'll be given small but increasing amounts of the food suspected of causing your symptoms. If you don't have a reaction during this test, you may be able to include this food in your diet again.","One way to avoid an allergic reaction is to avoid the foods that cause symptoms. However, despite your best efforts, you may come into contact with a food that causes a reaction.
+For a minor allergic reaction,prescribed antihistamines or those available without a prescription may help reduce symptoms. These drugs can be taken after exposure to an allergy-causing food to help relieve itching or hives. However, antihistamines can't treat a severe allergic reaction.
+For a severe allergic reaction,you may need an emergency injection of epinephrine and a trip to the emergency room. Many people with allergies carry an epinephrine autoinjector (Adrenaclick, EpiPen). This device is a combined syringe and concealed needle that injects a single dose of medicine when pressed against your thigh.
+If you've been prescribed an epinephrine autoinjector:
+Be sure you know how to use the autoinjector.Also, make sure the people closest to you know how to give the drug — if they're with you in an anaphylactic emergency, they could save your life.
+Carry it with you at all times.It may be a good idea to keep an extra autoinjector in your car or in your desk at work.
+Always be sure to replace epinephrine before its expiration dateor it may not work properly.","A food allergy can be a source of ongoing concern that affects life at home, school and work. Daily activities that are easy for most families, such as grocery shopping and meal preparation, can become occasions of stress for families and caregivers living with food allergies.
+Keep these strategies in mind to help manage your or your child's food allergy-related stress:
+Connect with others.The opportunity to discuss food allergies and exchange information with others who share your concerns can be very helpful.Many internet sites and nonprofit organizations offer information and forums for discussing food allergies. Some are specifically for parents of children with food allergies. The Food Allergy Research & Education website can direct you to support groups and events in your area.
+Educate those around you.Make sure family and caregivers, including babysitters and school staff, have a thorough understanding of your child's food allergy.
+Address bullying.Children are sometimes bullied at school because of their food allergies. Discussing your child's allergy with school personnel greatly reduces your child's risk of being a bullying target.","Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and what to expect.
+Write down any symptoms you've had,including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.
+Write down key personal information,including any major stresses or recent life changes.
+Make a list of all medicines,vitamins and supplements that you're taking.
+Take a family member or friend along,if possible. Sometimes it can be difficult to remember all the information provided to you during an appointment. Someone who accompanies you may recall something that you missed or forgot.
+Write down questions to askyour care team.
+Your time is limited, so preparing a list of questions will help you make the most of your time together. List your questions from most important to least important in case time runs out. Some basic questions to ask include:
+Is my condition likely caused by a food allergy or another reaction?
+What kinds of tests do I need?
+Is my condition likely temporary or long lasting?
+What types of treatment are available, and which do you recommend?
+What are the alternatives to the primary approach that you're suggesting?
+I have these other health conditions. How can I best manage these conditions together?
+Are there any dietary restrictions that I need to follow?
+Should I see a specialist? What will that cost, and will my insurance cover seeing a specialist?
+Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you're prescribing me?
+Do you have any printed material that I can take home with me? What websites do you recommend visiting?
+If your child is seeing the doctor for a food allergy, you may also want to ask:
+Is my child likely to outgrow this allergy?
+Are there alternatives to the food or foods that trigger my child's allergy symptoms?
+How can I help keep my child with a food allergy safe at school?
+In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask questions during your appointment.","One of the keys to preventing an allergic reaction is to completely avoid the food that causes your symptoms.
+Don't assume.Always read food labels to make sure they don't contain an ingredient you're allergic to. Even if you think you know what's in a food, check the label. Ingredients sometimes change.Food labels are required to clearly list whether the food products contain any common food allergens. Read food labels carefully to avoid the most common sources of food allergens: milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, soy and wheat.
+When in doubt, say no thanks.At restaurants and social gatherings, you're always taking a risk that you might eat a food you're allergic to. Many people don't understand the seriousness of an allergic food reaction and may not realize that a tiny amount of a food can cause a severe reaction in some people.If you have any suspicion at all that a food may contain something you're allergic to, don't eat it.
+Involve caregivers.If your child has a food allergy, enlist the help of relatives, babysitters, teachers and other caregivers. Make sure that they understand how important it is for your child to avoid the allergy-causing food and that they know what to do in an emergency.It's also important to let caregivers know what steps they can take to prevent a reaction in the first place, such as careful hand-washing and cleaning any surfaces that might have come in contact with the allergy-causing food.","nausea, swelling, allergic reaction, dizziness, wheezing, itching, allergy reaction, eczema, diarrhea, vomiting, belly pain, lightheadedness, fainting, nasal congestion, allergy, throat, trouble breathing, hives, tingling"
+44,Latex allergy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/latex-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20374287,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/latex-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374291,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/latex-allergy/doctors-departments/ddc-20374292,"Latex allergy is a reaction to certain proteins found in natural rubber latex, a product made from the rubber tree. If you have a latex allergy, your body mistakes latex for a harmful substance.
+Latex allergy may cause itchy skin and hives or even anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a possibly life-threatening condition that can cause throat swelling and serious difficulty breathing. A healthcare professional can find out if you have a latex allergy or if you're at risk of developing a latex allergy.
+Understanding latex allergy and knowing common sources of latex can help you prevent allergic reactions.","If you're allergic to latex, you're likely to have symptoms after touching latex rubber products, such as gloves or balloons. You also can have symptoms if you breathe in latex particles that are released into the air when someone removes latex gloves.
+Latex allergy symptoms range from mild to serious. A reaction depends on how sensitive you are to latex and the amount of latex you touch or inhale. Your reaction can become worse with each additional latex exposure.","Seek emergency medical care if you are having or think you're having an anaphylactic reaction.
+If you have less severe reactions after exposure to latex, talk to a healthcare professional. If possible, see a care professional when you're reacting. This will help with diagnosis.","In a latex allergy, the immune system identifies latex as a harmful substance and triggers certain antibodies to fight it off. The next time there is a latex exposure, these antibodies tell the immune system to release histamine and other chemicals into the bloodstream. This process produces a range of allergy symptoms. The more times someone is exposed to latex, the more strongly their immune system is likely to respond. This is called sensitization.
+Latex allergy can happen in these ways:
+Direct contact.The most common cause of latex allergy involves touching latex-containing products, including latex gloves, condoms and balloons.
+Inhalation.Latex products, especially gloves, release latex particles. You can breathe in these particles when they become airborne. The amount of airborne latex from gloves differs greatly depending on the brand of glove used.
+It's possible to have other skin reactions when using latex. They include:
+Allergic contact dermatitis.This reaction results from the chemical additives used during manufacturing. The main symptom is a skin rash with formation of blisters 24 to 48 hours after exposure, similar to poison ivy.
+Irritant contact dermatitis.Not an allergy, this skin irritation is caused by wearing rubber gloves or exposure to the powder inside them. Symptoms include dry, itchy, irritated areas, usually on the hands.
+Not all latex products are made from natural sources. Products containing synthetic materials, such as latex paint, are unlikely to cause a reaction.","Certain people are at greater risk of developing a latex allergy:
+People with spina bifida.The risk of latex allergy is highest in people with spina bifida — a birth defect that affects the development of the spine. People with this disorder often are exposed to latex products through early and frequent healthcare. People with spina bifida should always avoid latex products.
+People who undergo multiple surgeries or medical procedures.Repeated exposure to latex gloves and medical products increases your risk of developing latex allergy.
+Healthcare workers.If you work in healthcare, you're at increased risk of developing a latex allergy.
+Rubber industry workers.Repeated exposure to latex may increase sensitivity.
+People with a personal or family history of allergies.You're at increased risk of latex allergy if you have other allergies — such as hay fever or a food allergy — or they're common in your family.",,,"Diagnosis is sometime a challenge. A healthcare professional typically examines the skin and asks questions about symptoms, medical history and if there have been reactions to latex in the past.
+A skin test can help find out if someone's skin reacts to the latex protein. A medical professional uses a tiny needle to place a small amount of latex below the surface of the skin on the forearm or back. If someone is allergic to latex, a raised bump will form. Only an allergist or other healthcare professional experienced in skin testing should perform this test.
+Blood tests also may be done to check for latex sensitivity.","Although medicines are available to ease the symptoms of latex allergy, there is no cure. The only way to prevent a latex allergic reaction is to avoid products that contain latex.
+Despite your best efforts to avoid latex, you may come into contact with it. If you've had a severe allergic reaction to latex, you may need to always carry injectable epinephrine with you. If you have an anaphylactic reaction, you will need to go to the emergency room for an immediate injection of adrenaline, also known as epinephrine.
+For less severe reactions, a care professional may prescribe antihistamines or corticosteroids. These may be taken after exposure to latex to control the reaction and help relieve discomfort.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your family healthcare professional. However, you may be referred to a healthcare professional who specializes in allergies, called an allergist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"symptoms, allergic, allergy"
+45,Milk allergy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/milk-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20375101,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/milk-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375106,,"Milk allergy is an atypical immune system response to milk and products containing milk. It's one of the most common food allergies in children. Cow's milk is the usual cause of milk allergy, but milk from sheep, goats, buffalo and other mammals also can cause a reaction.
+
+An allergic reaction usually occurs soon after you or your child consumes milk. Signs and symptoms of milk allergy range from mild to severe and can include wheezing, vomiting, hives and digestive problems. Milk allergy can also cause anaphylaxis — a severe, life-threatening reaction.
+
+Avoiding milk and milk products is the primary treatment for milk allergy. Fortunately, most children outgrow milk allergy. Those who don't outgrow it may need to continue to avoid milk products.","Milk allergy symptoms, which differ from person to person, occur a few minutes to a few hours after you or your child drinks milk or eats milk products.
+
+Immediate signs and symptoms of milk allergy might include:
+
+Signs and symptoms that may take more time to develop include:","See your provider or an allergist if you or your child experiences milk allergy symptoms shortly after consuming milk. If possible, see your provider during the allergic reaction to help make a diagnosis. Seek emergency treatment if you or your child develops signs or symptoms of anaphylaxis.","All true food allergies are caused by an immune system malfunction. If you have milk allergy, your immune system identifies certain milk proteins as harmful, triggering the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to neutralize the protein (allergen). The next time you come in contact with these proteins, immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies recognize them and signal your immune system to release histamine and other chemicals, causing a range of allergic signs and symptoms.
+
+There are two main proteins in cow's milk that can cause an allergic reaction:
+
+You or your child may be allergic to only one milk protein or to both. These proteins may be hard to avoid because they're also in some processed foods. And most people who react to cow's milk will react to sheep, goat and buffalo milk.",Certain factors may increase the risk of developing milk allergy:,"Children who are allergic to milk are more likely to develop certain other health problems, including:","There's no sure way to prevent a food allergy, but you can prevent reactions by avoiding the food that causes them. If you know you or your child is allergic to milk, avoid milk and milk products.
+
+Read food labels carefully. Look for casein, a milk derivative, which can be found in some unexpected places, such as in some canned tuna, sausage or nondairy products. Question ingredients when ordering in restaurants.","When food causes an allergic reaction, it isn't always easy to find out what food is to blame. To evaluate whether you or your child has milk allergy, your health care provider may:
+
+He or she may also recommend one or both of the following tests:
+
+If your examination and test results can't confirm milk allergy, your health care provider might administer an oral challenge, in which you are fed different foods that may or may not contain milk in increasing amounts to see if you react to the ones that contain milk. It's a good idea to have allergy tests administered by an allergist who's been trained to manage serious reactions.
+
+If your provider suspects that your symptoms are caused by something other than a food allergy, you may need other tests to identify — or rule out — other medical problems.","The only way to prevent an allergic reaction is to avoid milk and milk proteins. This can be difficult because milk is a common ingredient in many foods. Also, some people with milk allergy can tolerate milk in some forms, such as milk that's heated in baked goods, or in some processed foods, such as yogurt. Talk to your health care provider about what to avoid.
+
+If you or your child has a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), you may need an emergency injection of epinephrine (adrenaline) and a trip to the emergency room. If you're at risk of having a severe reaction, you or your child may need to carry injectable epinephrine (EpiPen, Adrenaclick, others) at all times. Have your provider or pharmacist demonstrate how to use this device so that you're prepared for an emergency.","Having a serious allergy or being the parent of a child with a potentially life-threatening allergy can be stressful. Talking to others in similar situations can be helpful. Besides offering support and encouragement, they may also provide useful coping tips, such as how to deal effectively with school officials to ensure your child's medical needs are met. Ask your health care provider if there are any support groups in your area, or contact the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America.","You're likely to start by seeing your family health care provider or your child's pediatrician. However, you may then be referred to a doctor who specializes in allergic disorders (allergist-immunologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect.",,"milk allergy, symptoms, milk allergy symptoms"
+46,Mold allergy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mold-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20351519,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mold-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351525,,"If you have a mold allergy, your immune system overreacts when you breathe in mold spores. A mold allergy can cause coughing, itchy eyes and other symptoms that make you miserable. In some people, a mold allergy is linked to asthma and exposure causes restricted breathing and other airway symptoms.
+
+If you have a mold allergy, the best defense is to reduce your exposure to the types of mold that cause your reaction. Medications can help keep mold allergy reactions under control.","A mold allergy causes the same signs and symptoms that occur in other types of upper respiratory allergies. Signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis caused by a mold allergy can include:
+
+Mold allergy symptoms vary from person to person and range from mild to severe. You might have year-round symptoms or symptoms that flare up only during certain times of the year. You might notice symptoms when the weather is damp or when you're in indoor or outdoor spaces that have high concentrations of mold.","If you have a stuffy nose, sneezing, watery eyes, shortness of breath, wheezing or other bothersome symptoms that persist, see your doctor.","Like any allergy, mold allergy symptoms are triggered by an overly sensitive immune system response. When you inhale tiny, airborne mold spores, your body recognizes them as foreign invaders and develops allergy-causing antibodies to fight them.
+
+Exposure to mold spores can cause a reaction right away, or the reaction can be delayed.
+
+Various molds are common indoors and outdoors. Only certain kinds of mold cause allergies. Being allergic to one type of mold doesn't mean you'll be allergic to another. Some of the most common molds that cause allergies include alternaria, aspergillus, cladosporium and penicillium.","A number of factors can make you more likely to develop a mold allergy or worsen your mold allergy symptoms, including:
+
+Living in a house with high humidity.Having indoor humidity higher than 50% can increase mold in your home.
+
+Mold can grow virtually anywhere if the conditions are right — in basements, behind walls in framing, on soap-coated grout and other damp surfaces, in carpet pads, and in the carpet itself. Exposure to high levels of household mold can trigger mold allergy symptoms.","Most allergic responses to mold involve hay fever-type symptoms that can make you miserable but aren't serious. However, certain allergic conditions caused by mold are more severe. These include:","To reduce mold growth in your home, consider these tips:","Besides considering your signs and symptoms, your doctor might conduct a physical examination to identify or exclude other medical problems. Tests used to identify an allergy include:","The best way to manage an allergy is to avoid exposure to triggers. However, molds are common, and you can't completely avoid them.
+
+While there's no sure way to cure allergic rhinitis caused by a mold allergy, a number of medications can ease your symptoms. These include:
+
+Nasal corticosteroids.These nasal sprays help prevent and treat the inflammation caused by an upper respiratory mold allergy. For many people, they're the most effective allergy medications, and they're often the first medication prescribed.
+
+Examples include ciclesonide (Omnaris, Zetonna), fluticasone (Flonase Allergy Relief, Xhance), mometasone (Nasonex), triamcinolone and budesonide (Rhinocort). Nosebleeds and nasal dryness are the most common side effects of these medications, which are generally safe for long-term use.
+
+Antihistamines.These medications can help with itching, sneezing and runny nose. They work by blocking histamine, an inflammatory chemical released by your immune system during an allergic reaction.
+
+Over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamines include loratadine (Alavert, Claritin), fexofenadine (Allegra Allergy) and cetirizine (Zyrtec Allergy). They cause little to no drowsiness or dry mouth.
+
+The nasal sprays azelastine (Astelin, Astepro) and olopatadine (Patanase) are available by prescription. Side effects of the nasal sprays can include a bitter taste in your mouth and nasal dryness.
+
+Montelukast.Montelukast (Singulair) is a tablet taken to block the action of leukotrienes — immune system chemicals that cause allergy symptoms such as excess mucus. However, concerns about side effects, including anxiety, insomnia, depression and suicidal thinking, are increasing. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently put a warning on the box about the drug's use.
+
+Like antihistamines, this medication is not as effective as inhaled corticosteroids. It has been used when nasal sprays cannot be tolerated or when mild asthma is present.
+
+Other treatments for mold allergy include:
+
+Nasal lavage.To help with irritating nasal symptoms, your doctor might recommend that you rinse your nose daily with salt water. Use a specially designed squeeze bottle, such as the one included in saline kits (Sinus Rinse, others), bulb syringe or neti pot to irrigate your nasal passages. This home remedy, called nasal lavage, can help keep your nose free of irritants.
+
+Use water that's distilled, sterile, previously boiled and cooled, or filtered using a filter with an absolute pore size of 1 micron or smaller to make up the irrigation solution. Be sure to rinse the irrigation device after each use with similarly distilled, sterile, previously boiled and cooled, or filtered water and leave open to air-dry.",,"Many people are diagnosed and treated for allergies by their primary care physicians. However, depending on the severity of your allergies, your primary care doctor might refer you to a doctor who specializes in treating allergies.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"respiratory allergies, year-round symptoms, allergic rhinitis, flare up, mild, severe, allergy"
+47,Nickel allergy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nickel-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20351529,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nickel-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351534,,"Nickel allergy is a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis — an itchy rash that appears where your skin touches a usually harmless substance.
+
+Nickel allergy is often associated with earrings and other jewelry. But nickel can be found in many everyday items, such as coins, zippers, eyeglass frames, cosmetics, detergents, and even some electronics, including cellphones and laptops.
+
+It may take repeated or prolonged exposure to items containing nickel to develop a nickel allergy. Treatments can reduce the symptoms of nickel allergy. Once you develop a nickel allergy, however, you'll always be sensitive to the metal and need to avoid contact.","An allergic reaction (contact dermatitis) usually begins within hours to days after exposure to nickel. The reaction may last as long as 2 to 4 weeks. The reaction tends to occur only where your skin came into contact with nickel, but sometimes may appear in other places on your body.
+
+Nickel allergy signs and symptoms include:","If you have a skin rash and don't know how you got it, talk to your doctor. If you've already been diagnosed with nickel allergy and are sure you're reacting to nickel exposure, use the over-the-counter treatments and home remedies your doctor has previously recommended.
+
+However, if these treatments don't help, call your doctor. If you think the area may have become infected, see your doctor right away. Signs and symptoms that might indicate an infection include:","The exact cause of nickel allergy is unknown. As with other allergies, nickel allergy develops when your immune system views nickel as a harmful, rather than harmless substance. Normally, your immune system only reacts to protect your body against bacteria, viruses or toxic substances.
+
+Once your body has developed a reaction to a particular agent (allergen) — in this case, nickel — your immune system will always be sensitive to it. That means anytime you come into contact with nickel, your immune system will respond and produce an allergic response.
+
+Your immune system's sensitivity to nickel may develop after your first exposure or after repeated or prolonged exposure.","Certain factors may increase your risk of developing nickel allergy, including:
+
+Working with metal.If you work in an occupation that constantly exposes you to nickel, your risk of developing an allergy may be higher than it is for someone who doesn't work with the metal.
+
+In addition, people who have regular exposure to nickel while doing ""wet work"" — as a result of either sweat or frequent contact with water — may be more likely to develop nickel allergy. These people may include bartenders, people who work in certain food industries and domestic cleaners.
+
+Other people who may have an increased risk of nickel allergy include metalworkers, tailors and hairdressers.",,"The best strategy to prevent a nickel allergy from developing is to avoid prolonged exposure to items containing nickel. If you already have a nickel allergy, the best way to prevent an allergic reaction is to avoid contact with the metal.
+
+However, it's not always easy to avoid nickel because it's present in so many products. Home test kits are available to check for nickel in metal items.
+
+The following tips may help you avoid nickel exposure:","Your doctor can usually diagnose nickel allergy based on your skin's appearance, and a recent exposure to items that may contain nickel.
+
+If the cause of your rash isn't apparent, however, your doctor may recommend a patch test (contact hypersensitivity allergy test). He or she may refer you to an allergy specialist (allergist) or a skin specialist (dermatologist) for this test.","The first step in treating nickel allergy is avoiding contact with the metal. There's no cure for nickel allergy. Once you develop a sensitivity to nickel, you'll develop a rash (contact dermatitis) whenever you come into contact with the metal.",,You're likely to see your family doctor first if you're experiencing an itchy rash that may be related to nickel allergy. Preparing for your appointment can help you make the most of your time with your doctor.,,"dermatitis, skin, allergic reaction, reaction, allergy"
+48,Peanut allergy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peanut-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20376175,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peanut-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376181,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peanut-allergy/doctors-departments/ddc-20376182,"Peanut allergy is a condition that causes the body's germ-fighting immune system to react to peanuts. It's one of the most common causes of a life-threatening allergic reaction to food. This life-threatening reaction is known as anaphylaxis.
+Peanut allergy has been increasing in children. Even if you or your child has shown only a mild reaction to peanuts, it's important to talk to a healthcare professional. There is still a risk of a more serious future reaction.","An allergic response to peanuts usually occurs within minutes after exposure. Peanut allergy signs and symptoms can include:
+Skin reactions, such as hives, redness or swelling.
+Itching or tingling in or around the mouth and throat.
+Digestive problems, such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea or vomiting.
+Tightening of the throat.
+Shortness of breath or wheezing.
+Runny nose.","Talk to your care team if you have had any signs or symptoms of peanut allergy. Seek emergency treatment if you have a severe reaction to peanuts.
+Call, or have someone else call 911 or your local emergency number if you have any signs or symptoms of anaphylaxis such as:
+Severe dizziness.
+Severe trouble breathing.
+Loss of consciousness.","Peanut allergy occurs when the immune system flags peanut proteins as harmful. When exposed to peanuts, the immune system releases symptom-causing chemicals into the bloodstream. These chemicals cause an allergic reaction.
+Direct and cross-contact with peanuts could cause a reaction:
+Direct contact.The most common cause of peanut allergy is eating peanuts or foods that contain peanuts.
+Cross-contact.This happens when peanuts get into a product by mistake. It often happens when food is exposed to peanuts during processing or handling.
+Inhalation.Breathing in dust or aerosols containing peanuts, such as peanut flour, may cause an allergic reaction.","It isn't clear why some people develop allergies while others don't. However, people with certain risk factors have a greater chance of developing peanut allergy.
+Peanut allergy risk factors include:
+Age.Food allergies are most common in children, especially toddlers and infants. As a person grows, the digestive system matures. Then the body is less likely to react to food that triggers allergies.
+Past allergy to peanuts.Some children with peanut allergy outgrow it, though it can recur. So be cautious even if you seem to have outgrown peanut allergy.
+Other allergies.If you're already allergic to one food, you have a higher risk of being allergic to another. Also, having another type of allergy, such as hay fever, raises your risk of having a food allergy.
+Family members with allergies.Your risk of peanut allergy is higher if other allergies are common in your family, especially other food allergies.
+Atopic dermatitis.Some people with the skin condition atopic dermatitis, also called eczema, have a food allergy as well.",Complications of peanut allergy can include anaphylaxis. Children and adults who have a severe peanut allergy are especially at risk of having this life-threatening reaction.,"Studies have shown a strong link between early peanut exposure and lower food allergy risk. In the studies, peanuts were introduced to high-risk babies and children from 4 months to 3 years old. By doing so, their food allergy risk was reduced up to 80%. Children at risk of peanut allergy include those with mild to severe eczema, egg allergy, or both. Before introducing your child to peanuts, discuss the best approach with your child's healthcare professional.","Talking with your healthcare team about your symptoms and medical history starts the process of diagnosis. A physical exam usually follows and these next steps may be needed:
+Food diary.Your care team may ask you to keep a food diary of your eating habits, symptoms and medicines.
+Skin test.A small amount of food or other substance is placed on your skin. Then, your skin is pricked with a needle. If you're allergic to that substance, you'll develop a raised bump or reaction.
+Blood test.A blood test can measure your immune system's response to certain foods. It checks the amount of allergy-type antibodies in your bloodstream, also known as immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies.
+Elimination diet.Your team may suggest an elimination diet if you could be allergic to more foods in addition to peanuts. You might be asked to stop eating peanuts or other suspect foods for a week or two. Then, you'll add the food items back into your diet one at a time. This process can help link symptoms to certain foods. If you've had a severe reaction to foods, this method can't safely be used.
+All these sources may help confirm a peanut allergy. Or they may point to another cause such as food intolerance.","The standard approach to care for peanut allergy is to avoid foods that contain peanuts. Yet researchers continue to study different therapies that will lessen the chance of severe reactions, including anaphylaxis.","If your child has peanut allergy, take these steps to help keep your child safe:
+Involve caregivers.Ask relatives, babysitters, teachers and other caregivers to help. Teach the adults who spend time with your child how to recognize signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction to peanuts. Emphasize that an allergic reaction can be life-threatening and requires immediate action.Also, make sure that your child knows to ask for help right away in case of an allergic reaction.
+Use a written plan.Write down the steps to take in case of an allergic reaction. Include the order and doses of all medicines to be given. List contact information for family members and healthcare providers. Give a copy of the plan to family members, teachers and others who care for your child.
+Discourage your child from sharing foods.It's common for kids to share snacks and treats. However, while playing, your child may forget about food allergies or sensitivities. If your child is allergic to peanuts, encourage your child not to eat food from others.
+Make sure your child's epinephrine autoinjector is always available.An injection of epinephrine needs to be given right away to reduce the chance of anaphylaxis. Make sure caregivers and family members know about your child's emergency medicine. They should know where the autoinjector is located, when it may be needed and how to use it.
+Make sure your child's school has a food allergy management plan.Guidelines are available to create policies and procedures. Staff should have access to an epinephrine injector and be trained how to use it.
+Have your child wear a medical alert bracelet or necklace.This will help your child get the right treatment if communication isn't possible during a severe reaction. The alert will include your child's name and the type of food allergy. Also, it may list brief emergency instructions.
+If you have peanut allergy,do the following:
+Always carry your epinephrine autoinjector.
+Wear a medical alert bracelet or necklace.","To get the most from your appointment, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to.
+Describe your symptoms.Be ready to tell your doctor what happened after you ate peanuts or food that contains peanuts. Note how long it took for a reaction to occur. Try to recall how many peanuts you ate. Or how much you ate of a peanut-containing food that triggered your symptoms.
+Make a list of all the medicines you're taking.Include vitamins or supplements.
+Take a family member or friend along.Sometimes it can be difficult to recall all the information provided to you during an appointment. If someone can join you, that person may remember something that you missed or forgot.
+Write down any questions you have.
+Some basic questions to ask include:
+Are my symptoms likely caused by peanut allergy?
+What else might be causing my symptoms?
+What tests do I need?
+What's the best treatment?
+Should I see a specialist?
+Is there a generic version of the medicine you're prescribing?
+Are there brochures or other printed material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend?
+Do I need to carry an epinephrine autoinjector?
+If your child is seeing a healthcare professional for a peanut allergy, you also may want to ask:
+Are there alternatives to the foods that trigger my child's allergy symptoms?
+How can I help keep my child with peanut allergy safe at school?
+Is my child likely to outgrow his or her allergy?
+Don't hesitate to ask any other questions.","One of the keys to preventing an allergic reaction is knowing how to avoid the food that causes your symptoms. Follow these steps:
+Never assume that a food doesn't contain peanuts.Peanuts may be in foods that surprise you. Always read labels on processed foods to make sure they don't contain peanuts or peanut products. Processed foods are required to clearly state if foods contain any peanuts. Also, labels must state if foods were produced in factories that process peanuts.Even if you think that you know what's in a food, check the label. Ingredients may change.
+Don't ignore a label that says a food was produced in a factory that processes peanuts.Most people with a peanut allergy need to avoid all products that could contain peanuts, even trace amounts.
+When in doubt, say ""no thanks.""At restaurants and social gatherings, there's always a risk of eating peanuts by accident. Many people don't understand how serious an allergic food reaction is. They may not know that a tiny amount of a food can cause a severe reaction. If you are at all worried that a food may contain something you're allergic to, don't try it.
+Be prepared for a reaction.Talk with your doctor about carrying emergency medicines in case of a severe reaction.","nausea, throat, diarrhea, swelling, vomiting, stomach cramps, wheezing, allergic, tightening of the throat, hives, tingling, peanut allergy, itching, itching or tingling, runny nose, redness, shortness of breath"
+49,Penicillin allergy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/penicillin-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20376222,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/penicillin-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376226,,"Penicillin allergy is an abnormal reaction of your immune system to the antibiotic drug penicillin. Penicillin is prescribed for treating various bacterial infections.
+
+Common signs and symptoms of penicillin allergy include hives, rash and itching. Severe reactions include anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition that affects multiple body systems.
+
+Research has shown that penicillin allergies may be over-reported — a problem that can result in the use of less-appropriate and more-expensive antibiotic treatments. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis is needed when penicillin allergy is suspected to ensure the best treatment options in the future.
+
+Other antibiotics, particularly those with chemical properties similar to penicillin, also can result in allergic reactions.","Signs and symptoms of penicillin allergy often occur within an hour after taking the drug. Less commonly, reactions can occur hours, days or weeks later.
+
+Penicillin allergy signs and symptoms may include:","See your doctor as soon as possible if you experience signs or symptoms of penicillin allergy. It's important to understand and discuss what is an allergic reaction, what is a typical side effect and what you can tolerate in taking a medication.
+
+Call 911 or emergency medical help if you experience signs of a severe reaction or suspected anaphylaxis after taking penicillin.","Penicillin allergy occurs when your immune system becomes hypersensitive to the drug — mistakenly reacting to the drug as a harmful substance, as if it were a viral or bacterial infection.
+
+Before the immune system can become sensitive to penicillin, you have to be exposed to the medication at least once. If and when your immune system misidentifies penicillin as a harmful substance, it develops an antibody to the drug.
+
+The next time you take the drug, these specific antibodies flag it and direct immune system attacks on the substance. Chemicals released by this activity cause the signs and symptoms associated with an allergic reaction.
+
+Previous exposure to penicillin may not be obvious. Some evidence suggests that trace amounts of it in the food supply may be sufficient for a person's immune system to create an antibody to it.","While anyone can have an allergic reaction to penicillin, a few factors can increase your risk. These include:",,"If you have a penicillin allergy, the simplest prevention is to avoid the drug. Steps you can take to protect yourself include the following:","A thorough exam and appropriate diagnostic tests are essential for an accurate diagnosis. A misdiagnosed penicillin allergy may result in the use of less-appropriate or more-expensive antibiotics.
+
+Your doctor will conduct a physical examination, ask questions about your symptoms and order additional tests. You may be referred to an allergy specialist (allergist) for these tests. These may include the following.",Interventions for a penicillin allergy can be divided into two general strategies:,,"Be prepared to answer the following questions. These details will be important in helping your doctor determine the cause of your symptoms.
+
+You may want to take pictures of any condition, such as a rash or swelling, to show your doctor. These may help your doctor if symptoms have subsided by the time of your appointment.",,"penicillin allergy, none"
+50,Pet allergy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pet-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352192,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pet-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352198,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pet-allergy/doctors-departments/ddc-20352200,"Pet allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in an animal's skin cells, saliva or urine. Signs of pet allergy include those common to hay fever, such as sneezing and runny nose. Some people may also experience signs of asthma, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing.
+
+Most often, pet allergy is triggered by exposure to the dead flakes of skin (dander) a pet sheds. Any animal with fur can be a source of pet allergy, but pet allergies are most commonly associated with cats and dogs.
+
+If you have a pet allergy, the best strategy is to avoid or reduce exposure to the animal as much as possible. Medications or other treatments may be necessary to relieve symptoms and manage asthma.","Pet allergy signs and symptoms caused by inflammation of nasal passages include:
+
+If your pet allergy contributes to asthma, you may also experience:","Some signs and symptoms of pet allergy, such as a runny nose or sneezing, are similar to those of the common cold. Sometimes it's difficult to know whether you have a cold or an allergy. If symptoms persist for more than two weeks, you might have an allergy.
+
+If your signs and symptoms are severe — with nasal passages feeling completely blocked and difficulty sleeping or wheezing — call your doctor. Seek emergency care if wheezing or shortness of breath rapidly worsens or if you are short of breath with minimal activity.","Allergies occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, mold or pet dander.
+
+Your immune system produces proteins known as antibodies. These antibodies protect you from unwanted invaders that could make you sick or cause an infection. When you have allergies, your immune system makes antibodies that identify your particular allergen as something harmful, even though it isn't.
+
+When you inhale the allergen or come into contact with it, your immune system responds and produces an inflammatory response in your nasal passages or lungs. Prolonged or regular exposure to the allergen can cause the ongoing (chronic) airway inflammation associated with asthma.","Pet allergies are common. However, you're more likely to develop a pet allergy if allergies or asthma runs in your family.
+
+Being exposed to pets at an early age may help you avoid pet allergies. Some studies have found that children who live with a dog in the first year of life may have better resistance to upper respiratory infections during childhood than kids who don't have a dog at that age.","Ongoing (chronic) inflammation of tissues in the nasal passages caused by pet allergy can obstruct the hollow cavities connected to your nasal passages (sinuses). These obstructions may make you more likely to develop bacterial infections of the sinuses, such as sinusitis.","If you don't have a pet but are considering adopting or buying one, make sure you don't have pet allergies before making the commitment.","Your doctor may suspect a pet allergy based on symptoms, an examination of your nose, and your answers to his or her questions. He or she may use a lighted instrument to look at the condition of the lining of your nose. If you have a pet allergy, the lining of the nasal passage may be swollen or appear pale or bluish.","The first line of treatment for controlling pet allergy is avoiding the allergy-causing animal as much as possible. When you minimize your exposure to pet allergens, you generally should expect to have allergic reactions that are less often or less severe.
+
+It's often difficult or impossible to eliminate completely your exposure to animal allergens. Even if you don't have a pet, you may unexpectedly encounter pet allergens transported on other people's clothes.
+
+In addition to avoiding pet allergens, you may need medications to control symptoms.",,"If you're experiencing runny nose, sneezing, wheezing, shortness of breath or other symptoms that may be related to an allergy, you'll most likely start by seeing your family doctor. Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to prepare for your appointment.",,"inflammation, asthma, allergy, inflammation of nasal passages"
+51,Shellfish allergy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shellfish-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20377503,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shellfish-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377507,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shellfish-allergy/doctors-departments/ddc-20377508,"Shellfish allergy is an atypical response by the body's immune system to proteins in certain marine animals. Marine animals in the shellfish category include crustaceans and mollusks. Examples are shrimp, crabs, lobster, squid, oysters, scallops and snails.
+Shellfish is a common food allergy. Some people with shellfish allergy react to all shellfish, while others react to only certain kinds. Reactions range from mild symptoms — such as hives or a stuffy nose — to severe and even life-threatening.
+If you think you have shellfish allergy, talk to your health care provider. Tests can help confirm the allergy so you can take steps to avoid future reactions.","Shellfish allergy symptoms generally start within minutes to an hour after eating or having contact with shellfish. They may include:
+Hives
+Itchy, irritated skin
+Nasal stuffiness (congestion)
+Swelling of the lips, face, tongue and throat, or other parts of the body
+Wheezing or trouble breathing
+Coughing and choking or a tight feeling in the throat
+Belly (abdominal) pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting
+Dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting","Seek emergency treatment if you develop signs or symptoms of anaphylaxis.
+See a health care provider or allergy specialist if you have food allergy symptoms shortly after eating.","All food allergies are caused by an immune system overreaction. Your immune system identifies a harmless substance as being harmful. This substance is called an allergen. In shellfish allergy, your immune system mistakenly identifies a certain protein in shellfish as harmful. Your immune system is how your body protects itself, so it produces immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to protect against this allergen. The next time you come in contact with the shellfish protein, these antibodies signal your immune system to release chemicals such as histamine into your bloodstream. This causes a reaction that leads to the symptoms of an allergic reaction.","You're at increased risk of developing shellfish allergy if allergies of any type are common in your family.
+Though people of any age can develop shellfish allergy, it's more common in adults. In fact, shellfish allergy is the most common food allergy in adults. Among adults, shellfish allergy is more common in women. Among children, shellfish allergy is more common in boys.","In severe cases, shellfish allergy can lead to anaphylaxis, a dangerous allergic reaction that can be life-threatening.
+When you have shellfish allergy, you may be at increased risk of anaphylaxis if you have:
+Asthma
+Allergic reactions to very small amounts of shellfish (extreme sensitivity)
+History of food-induced anaphylaxis
+Strong family history of allergy
+Anaphylaxis is treated with an emergency injection of epinephrine (adrenaline). If you are at risk of having a severe allergic reaction to shellfish, you always should carry injectable epinephrine (Auvi-Q, EpiPen, others).","If you have shellfish allergy, the only way to avoid an allergic reaction is to avoid all shellfish and products that contain shellfish. Even trace amounts of shellfish can cause a severe reaction in some people.","To find out if you have shellfish allergy, your health care provider will ask about your symptoms and do a physical exam to find or rule out other medical problems.
+A history of allergic reactions shortly after exposure to shellfish can be a sign of shellfish allergy. But the symptoms could also be caused by something else, such as food poisoning.
+Allergy testing is the only sure way to tell what's causing your symptoms, so your provider may recommend one or both of these tests:
+Skin prick test.Small amounts of the proteins found in shellfish are pricked into skin on your arm or upper back. You're then watched for an allergic reaction. If you're allergic, you'll develop a raised bump (hive) at the test site on your skin. This typically takes about 15 to 20 minutes. Allergy specialists usually are best equipped to perform allergy skin tests.
+Blood test.A blood sample is sent to a lab to measure your immune system's response to a specific allergen. This test measures your immune system's response to shellfish proteins by measuring the amount of allergy-causing antibodies in your bloodstream, known as immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies.
+Medically supervised food challenges can be performed if the diagnosis still isn't clear after allergy testing.","The only sure way to prevent an allergic reaction to shellfish is to avoid shellfish. But despite your best efforts, you may come into contact with shellfish.
+If you have a severe allergic reaction to shellfish (anaphylaxis), you'll likely need an emergency injection of epinephrine (adrenaline). If you're at risk of anaphylaxis to shellfish, your health care provider can give you a prescription in advance and explain how and when to give the injection. Regularly check the expiration date on the packaging to make sure it's current.
+Carry injectable epinephrine (Auvi-Q, EpiPen, others) with you at all times. Epinephrine is typically given at the first sign of an allergic reaction. A second dose may be needed if symptoms recur. After you use epinephrine, seek emergency medical care, even if you start to feel better.",,You're likely to start by seeing your family health care provider. Or you may be referred directly to an allergy specialist.,,"nausea, swelling, tight feeling in the throat, coughing, dizziness, vomiting
+dizziness, stuffiness, wheezing, choking, diarrhea, vomiting, belly pain, lightheadedness, fainting, nasal congestion, shellfish allergy, pain, itchy skin, throat, trouble breathing, hives"
+52,Wheat allergy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wheat-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20378897,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wheat-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378902,,"Wheat allergy is an allergic reaction to foods containing wheat. Allergic reactions can be caused by eating wheat and also, in some cases, by inhaling wheat flour.
+
+Avoiding wheat is the primary treatment for wheat allergy, but that isn't always as easy as it sounds. Wheat is found in many foods, including some you might not suspect, such as soy sauce, ice cream and hot dogs. Medications may be necessary to manage allergic reactions if you accidentally eat wheat.
+
+Wheat allergy sometimes is confused with celiac disease, but these conditions differ. Wheat allergy occurs when your body produces antibodies to proteins found in wheat. In celiac disease, a specific protein in wheat — gluten — causes a different kind of abnormal immune system reaction.",A child or adult with wheat allergy is likely to develop signs and symptoms within minutes to hours after eating something containing wheat. Wheat allergy signs and symptoms include:,"If someone shows signs of anaphylaxis, call 911 or your local emergency number. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that requires immediate care.
+
+If you suspect that you or your child is allergic to wheat or another food, see your doctor.","If you have wheat allergy, exposure to a wheat protein primes your immune system for an allergic reaction. You can develop an allergy to any of the four classes of wheat proteins — albumin, globulin, gliadin and gluten.",Certain factors may put you at greater risk of developing wheat allergy:,,,"A physical exam, detailed medical history and some tests will help your doctor make a diagnosis. Tests or diagnostic tools may include:
+
+Skin test.Tiny drops of purified allergen extracts — including extracts for wheat proteins — are pricked onto your skin's surface, either on your forearm or on your upper back. After 15 minutes, your doctor or nurse looks for signs of allergic reactions.
+
+If you develop a red, itchy bump where the wheat protein extract was pricked onto your skin, you may be allergic to wheat. The most common side effect of these skin tests is itching and redness.","Avoiding wheat proteins is the best treatment for wheat allergy. Because wheat proteins appear in so many prepared foods, read product labels carefully.",,See your doctor if you suspect that you or your child has wheat allergy or another allergy. The doctor may refer you to a specialist in allergies (allergist) for some diagnostic tests.,,"wheat allergy, signs, allergy, symptoms"
+53,Hair loss,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hair-loss/symptoms-causes/syc-20372926,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hair-loss/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372932,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hair-loss/doctors-departments/ddc-20372934,"Hair loss (alopecia) can affect just your scalp or your entire body, and it can be temporary or permanent. It can be the result of heredity, hormonal changes, medical conditions or a normal part of aging. Anyone can lose hair on their head, but it's more common in men.
+Baldness typically refers to excessive hair loss from your scalp. Hereditary hair loss with age is the most common cause of baldness. Some people prefer to let their hair loss run its course untreated and unhidden. Others may cover it up with hairstyles, makeup, hats or scarves. And still others choose one of the treatments available to prevent further hair loss or restore growth.
+Before pursuing hair loss treatment, talk with your doctor about the cause of your hair loss and treatment options.","Hair loss can appear in many different ways, depending on what's causing it. It can come on suddenly or gradually and affect just your scalp or your whole body.
+Signs and symptoms of hair loss may include:
+Gradual thinning on top of head.This is the most common type of hair loss, affecting people as they age. In men, hair often begins to recede at the hairline on the forehead. Women typically have a broadening of the part in their hair. An increasingly common hair loss pattern in older women is a receding hairline (frontal fibrosing alopecia).
+Circular or patchy bald spots.Some people lose hair in circular or patchy bald spots on the scalp, beard or eyebrows. Your skin may become itchy or painful before the hair falls out.
+Sudden loosening of hair.A physical or emotional shock can cause hair to loosen. Handfuls of hair may come out when combing or washing your hair or even after gentle tugging. This type of hair loss usually causes overall hair thinning but is temporary.
+Full-body hair loss.Some conditions and medical treatments, such as chemotherapy for cancer, can result in the loss of hair all over your body. The hair usually grows back.
+Patches of scaling that spread over the scalp.This is a sign of ringworm. It may be accompanied by broken hair, redness, swelling and, at times, oozing.","See your doctor if you are distressed by persistent hair loss in you or your child and want to pursue treatment. For women who are experiencing a receding hairline (frontal fibrosing alopecia), talk with your doctor about early treatment to avoid significant permanent baldness.
+Also talk to your doctor if you notice sudden or patchy hair loss or more than usual hair loss when combing or washing your or your child's hair. Sudden hair loss can signal an underlying medical condition that requires treatment.","People typically lose 50 to 100 hairs a day. This usually isn't noticeable because new hair is growing in at the same time. Hair loss occurs when new hair doesn't replace the hair that has fallen out.
+Hair loss is typically related to one or more of the following factors:
+Family history (heredity).The most common cause of hair loss is a hereditary condition that happens with aging. This condition is called androgenic alopecia, male-pattern baldness and female-pattern baldness. It usually occurs gradually and in predictable patterns — a receding hairline and bald spots in men and thinning hair along the crown of the scalp in women.
+Hormonal changes and medical conditions.A variety of conditions can cause permanent or temporary hair loss, including hormonal changes due to pregnancy, childbirth, menopause and thyroid problems. Medical conditions include alopecia areata (al-o-PEE-she-uh ar-e-A-tuh), which is immune system related and causes patchy hair loss, scalp infections such as ringworm, and a hair-pulling disorder called trichotillomania (trik-o-til-o-MAY-nee-uh).
+Medications and supplements.Hair loss can be a side effect of certain drugs, such as those used for cancer, arthritis, depression, heart problems, gout and high blood pressure.
+Radiation therapy to the head.The hair may not grow back the same as it was before.
+A very stressful event.Many people experience a general thinning of hair several months after a physical or emotional shock. This type of hair loss is temporary.
+Hairstyles and treatments.Excessive hairstyling or hairstyles that pull your hair tight, such as pigtails or cornrows, can cause a type of hair loss called traction alopecia. Hot-oil hair treatments and permanents also can cause hair to fall out. If scarring occurs, hair loss could be permanent.","A number of factors can increase your risk of hair loss, including:
+A family history of balding on your mother's or father's side
+Age
+Significant weight loss
+Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and lupus
+Stress
+Poor nutrition",,"Most baldness is caused by genetics (male-pattern baldness and female-pattern baldness). This type of hair loss is not preventable.
+These tips may help you avoid preventable types of hair loss:
+Be gentle with your hair. Use a detangler and avoid tugging when brushing and combing, especially when your hair is wet. A wide-toothed comb might help prevent pulling out hair. Avoid harsh treatments such as hot rollers, curling irons, hot-oil treatments and permanents. Limit the tension on hair from styles that use rubber bands, barrettes and braids.
+Ask your doctor about medications and supplements you take that might cause hair loss.
+Protect your hair from sunlight and other sources of ultraviolet light.
+Stop smoking. Some studies show an association between smoking and baldness in men.
+If you're being treated with chemotherapy, ask your doctor about a cooling cap. This cap can reduce your risk of losing hair during chemotherapy.","Before making a diagnosis, your doctor will likely give you a physical exam and ask about your diet, your hair care routine, and your medical and family history. You might also have tests, such as the following:
+Blood test.This might help uncover medical conditions that can cause hair loss.
+Pull test.Your doctor gently pulls several dozen hairs to see how many come out. This helps determine the stage of the shedding process.
+Scalp biopsy.Your doctor scrapes samples from the skin or from a few hairs plucked from the scalp to examine the hair roots under a microscope. This can help determine whether an infection is causing hair loss.
+Light microscopy.Your doctor uses a special instrument to examine hairs trimmed at their bases. Microscopy helps uncover possible disorders of the hair shaft.","Effective treatments for some types of hair loss are available. You might be able to reverse hair loss, or at least slow it. With some conditions, such as patchy hair loss (alopecia areata), hair may regrow without treatment within a year. Treatments for hair loss include medications and surgery.",,You're likely to first bring your concerns to the attention of your family doctor. He or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in the treatment of skin problems (dermatologist).,"You might want to try various hair care methods to find one that makes you feel better about how you look. For example, use styling products that add volume, color your hair, choose a hairstyle that makes a widening part less noticeable. Use wigs or extensions, or shave your head. Talk with a hair stylist for ideas. These approaches can be used to address permanent or temporary hair loss.
+If your hair loss is due to a medical condition, the cost of a wig might be covered by insurance.","swelling, frontal fibrosing alopecia, itchy, hair thinning, overall hair thinning, oozing, broken hair, thinning, hair loss, painful skin, scaling, ringworm, redness, hair falls out, itchy skin, cancer, hairline, receding hairline, shock"
+54,Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354022,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354027,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20354029,"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a-my-o-TROE-fik LAT-ur-ul skluh-ROE-sis), known as ALS, is a nervous system disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.ALScauses loss of muscle control. The disease gets worse over time.
+ALSis often called Lou Gehrig's disease after the baseball player who was diagnosed with it. The exact cause of the disease is still not known. A small number of cases are inherited.
+ALSoften begins with muscle twitching and weakness in an arm or leg, trouble swallowing or slurred speech. EventuallyALSaffects control of the muscles needed to move, speak, eat and breathe. There is no cure for this fatal disease.","Symptoms ofALSvary from person to person. Symptoms depend on which nerve cells are affected.ALSgenerally begins with muscle weakness that spreads and gets worse over time. Symptoms might include:
+Trouble walking or doing usual daily activities.
+Tripping and falling.
+Weakness in the legs, feet or ankles.
+Hand weakness or clumsiness.
+Slurred speech or trouble swallowing.
+Weakness associated with muscle cramps and twitching in the arms, shoulders and tongue.
+Untimely crying, laughing or yawning.
+Thinking or behavioral changes.
+ALSoften starts in the hands, feet, arms or legs. Then it spreads to other parts of the body. Muscles get weaker as more nerve cells die. This eventually affects chewing, swallowing, speaking and breathing.
+There's generally no pain in the early stages ofALS. Pain also is not common in the later stages.ALSdoesn't usually affect bladder control. It also usually doesn't affect the senses, including the ability to taste, smell, touch and hear.",,"ALSaffects the nerve cells that control voluntary muscle movements such as walking and talking. These nerve cells are called motor neurons. There are two groups of motor neurons. The first group extends from the brain to the spinal cord to muscles throughout the body. They're referred to as upper motor neurons. The second group extends from the spinal cord to muscles throughout the body. They're referred to as lower motor neurons.
+ALScauses both groups of motor neurons to gradually deteriorate and then die. When motor neurons are damaged, they stop sending messages to the muscles. As a result, the muscles can't function.
+For about 10% of people withALS, a genetic cause can be identified. For the rest, the cause is not known.
+Researchers continue to study possible causes ofALS. Most theories center on a complex interaction between genes and factors in the environment.","Established risk factors forALSinclude:
+Genetics.For about 10% of people withALS, a risk gene was passed down from a family member. This is called hereditaryALS. In most people with hereditaryALS, their children have a 50% chance of inheriting the gene.
+Age.Risk increases with age up to age 75.ALSis most common between the ages of 60 and the mid-80s.
+Sex.Before the age of 65, slightly more men than women developALS. This sex difference disappears after age 70.
+Environmental factors, such as the following, have been associated with an increased risk ofALS.
+Smoking.Evidence supports that smoking is an environmental risk factor forALS. Women who smoke seem to be at even higher risk, particularly after menopause.
+Environmental toxin exposure.Some evidence suggests that exposure to lead or other substances in the workplace or at home might be linked toALS. Much study has been done, but no one agent or chemical has been consistently associated withALS.
+Military service.Studies indicate that people who have served in the military are at higher risk ofALS. It's not clear what about military service might triggerALS. It might include exposure to certain metals or chemicals, traumatic injuries, viral infections, or intense exertion.","As the disease progresses,ALScauses complications, such as:",,"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, known asALS, can be hard to diagnose early because it can have symptoms similar to other diseases. Tests to rule out other conditions or help diagnoseALSmight include:
+Electromyogram (EMG).A needle is inserted through the skin into various muscles. The test records the electrical activity of the muscles when they contract and when they're at rest. This can determine if there is a problem with the muscles or nerves.
+Nerve conduction study.This study measures your nerves' ability to send impulses to muscles in different areas of the body. This test can determine if you have nerve damage.EMGand nerve conduction studies are almost always done together.
+MRI.Using radio waves and a powerful magnetic field, anMRIproduces detailed images of the brain and spinal cord. AnMRIcan reveal spinal cord tumors, herniated disks in the neck or other conditions that might be causing your symptoms. The highest resolution cameras may sometimes seeALSchanges themselves.
+Blood and urine tests.Analyzing samples of your blood and urine in the laboratory might help eliminate other possible causes of your symptoms. Serum neurofilament light levels, which are measured from blood samples, are generally high in people withALS. The test can help make a diagnosis early in the disease.
+Spinal tap, known as a lumbar puncture.This involves removing a sample of spinal fluid for laboratory testing. Spinal fluid is removed using a small needle inserted between two bones in the lower back. The spinal fluid appears typical in people withALSbut may uncover another cause of symptoms.
+Muscle biopsy.If your health care provider believes you may have a muscle disease rather thanALS, you might undergo a muscle biopsy. While you're under local anesthesia, a small piece of muscle is removed and sent to a lab for analysis.
+Nerve biopsy.If your health care provider believes you may have a nerve disease rather thanALS, you might undergo a nerve biopsy. While you're under local anesthesia, a small piece of nerve is removed and sent to a lab for analysis.","Treatments can't reverse the damage ofALS, but they can slow the progression of symptoms. They also can help prevent complications and make you more comfortable and independent.
+You might need a team of health care providers and doctors trained in many areas to provide your care. The team works together to prolong your survival and improve your quality of life.
+Your team works to select the right treatments for you. You have the right to choose or refuse any of the treatments suggested.","Learning you haveALScan be devastating. The following tips may help you and your family cope:
+Take time to grieve.The news that you have a fatal condition that reduces your mobility and independence is hard to hear. You and your family may go through a period of mourning and grief after diagnosis.
+Be hopeful.Your team can help you focus on your abilities and healthy living. Some people withALSlive much longer than the 3 to 5 years usually associated with this condition. Some live 10 years or more. Maintaining an optimistic outlook can help improve quality of life for people withALS.
+Think beyond the physical changes.Many people withALSlead rewarding lives despite physical limitations. Try to think ofALSas only one part of your life, not your entire identity.
+Join a support group.You might find comfort in a support group with others who haveALS. Loved ones helping with your care might benefit from a support group of otherALScaregivers. Find support groups in your area by talking to your doctor or by contacting theALSAssociation.
+Make decisions now about your future medical care.Planning for the future allows you to be in control of decisions about your life and your care. It also lessens the burden for your loved ones. With the help of your health care provider, hospice nurse or social worker, you can decide whether you want certain life-extending procedures.You also can decide where you want to spend your final days. You might consider hospice care options. Planning for the future can help you and your loved ones calm anxieties.
+Considering getting involved inALSresearch.ALSresearch is working toward finding a cure forALS. Consider joining a clinical trial, providing samples for research and joining the NationalALSRegistry. The registry is open to all people withALS. Many institutions collect samples for research to better understand the disease.","Your primary care provider may be the first to recognize the symptoms ofALS. Your provider will likely refer you to a doctor trained in nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist, to establish a diagnosis.",,"pain, falling, hand weakness, tripping, weakness, twitching, thinking changes, clumsiness, trouble walking, yawning, slurred speech, muscle weakness, trouble swallowing, muscle cramps, untimely crying, laughing, behavioral changes"
+55,Dry socket,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-socket/symptoms-causes/syc-20354376,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-socket/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354382,,"Dry socket is a painful dental condition that sometimes happens after you have a tooth removed. Having a tooth removed is called an extraction. Dry socket happens when a blood clot at the site where the tooth was removed does not form, comes out or dissolves before the wound has healed.
+Usually a blood clot forms at the site where a tooth was removed. This blood clot is a protective layer over the underlying bone and nerve endings in the empty tooth socket. Also, the clot contains cells that are needed for proper healing of the site.
+Intense pain happens when the underlying bone and nerves are exposed. Pain occurs in the socket and along the nerves to the side of the face. The socket becomes swollen and irritated. It may fill with bits of food, making the pain worse. If you get a dry socket, the pain usually begins 1 to 3 days after the tooth removal.
+Dry socket is the most common complication following tooth removals, such as the removal of third molars, also called wisdom teeth. Medicine you can buy without a prescription usually will not be enough to treat dry socket pain. Your dentist or oral surgeon can offer treatments to relieve your pain.","Symptoms of dry socket may include:
+Severe pain within a few days after removing a tooth.
+Loss of part or all of the blood clot at the tooth removal site. The socket may look empty.
+Bone that you can see in the socket.
+Pain that spreads from the socket to your ear, eye, temple or neck on the same side of your face as the tooth removal.
+Bad breath or a foul odor coming from your mouth.
+Bad taste in your mouth.","A certain amount of pain and discomfort is typical after a tooth removal. But you should be able to manage the pain with the pain reliever your dentist or oral surgeon prescribed. The pain should lessen with time.
+If you develop new pain or the pain gets worse in the days after your tooth removal, contact your dentist or oral surgeon right away.","The exact cause of dry socket is still being studied. Researchers think that certain issues may be involved, such as:
+Bacteria that gets into the socket.
+Injury at the surgical site when tooth removal is difficult. This can happen with irregular wisdom tooth development or position, called an impacted wisdom tooth.","Factors that can increase your risk of developing dry socket include:
+Smoking and tobacco use.Chemicals in cigarettes or other forms of tobacco may prevent or slow healing. These chemicals can get into the wound site. Also, the act of sucking on a cigarette may cause the blood clot to come out too early.
+Birth control pills.High estrogen levels from birth control pills may cause problems with healing and increase the risk of dry socket.
+Improper at-home care.Not following home-care instructions and having poor mouth care may increase the risk of dry socket.
+Tooth or gum infection.Current or previous infections around the area where the tooth was removed increase the risk of dry socket.","Even though a dry socket can be painful, it rarely causes an infection or serious complications. But healing in the socket may be delayed. Pain may last longer than usual after a tooth removal. Dry socket also may lead to an infection in the socket.",,"Severe pain following tooth removal is often enough for your dentist or oral surgeon to suspect dry socket. You'll likely be asked if you have any other symptoms. Your dentist or oral surgeon can check your mouth to see if you have a blood clot in your tooth socket or if you have lost the clot and have exposed bone.
+You may need X-rays of your mouth and teeth to rule out other conditions, such as a bone infection. The X-rays also can show if you have small pieces of tooth root or bone remaining in the site after surgery.","Treatment of dry socket focuses on reducing symptoms, especially pain. Treatment may include:
+Flushing out the socket.Your dentist or oral surgeon may flush out the socket to remove any food bits or other loose materials that may add to pain or possible infection.
+Dressing with medicine.Your dentist or oral surgeon may pack the socket with medicated gel or paste and a dressing. These can provide quick pain relief. Whether you need dressing changes and how often and whether you need other treatment depends on how severe your pain and other symptoms are.
+Pain medicine.Ask which pain medicine is best for you. You'll likely need a prescription pain medicine.
+Self-care.Once your dentist or oral surgeon takes out the dressing, you may need to flush the socket at home to keep it clean and improve healing. Your dentist or oral surgeon can give you instructions. You may get a plastic syringe with a curved tip to squirt water, salt water or a prescription rinse into the socket.
+Once treatment starts, you may begin to feel some pain relief. Pain and other symptoms should continue to improve and will likely be gone within a few days. Even when you're feeling better, keep scheduled appointments with your dentist or oral surgeon for dressing changes and other care.",,See your dentist or oral surgeon as soon as possible if you have new pain or pain that gets worse after a tooth removal.,"You can help promote healing and reduce symptoms during treatment of dry socket by following instructions for self-care. You'll likely be told to:
+Take pain medicines as prescribed.
+Do not smoke or use tobacco products.
+Drink plenty of clear liquids. This also may prevent nausea caused by some pain medicines.
+Rinse your mouth gently with warm salt water several times a day.
+Brush your teeth gently around the dry socket area.
+Be careful with eating or drinking. To prevent the clot from coming out, avoid carbonated beverages and do not use a straw.","pain, foul odor, bad taste, loss of blood clot, severe pain, empty socket, spreading pain, visible bone, bad breath"
+56,Atypical genitalia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atypical-genitalia/symptoms-causes/syc-20369273,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atypical-genitalia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369278,,"Atypical genitalia, formerly called ambiguous genitalia, is a rare condition in which an infant's genitals don't appear to be clearly male or female on the outside. In a baby with atypical genitalia, the genitals may not be developed fully or may look different from what is expected. Or the baby may have features of more than one sex. The sex organs on the outside of the body may not match the sex organs on the inside. And they may not match the genetic sex, which is determined by sex chromosomes: typically, XX for females and XY for males.
+External genitals are the sex organs on the outside of the body. They include the opening of the vagina and the labia, clitoris, penis and scrotum. Internal genitals are the sex organs inside the body. They include the vagina, fallopian tubes, uterus, prostate, ovaries and testicles. Sex hormones are made by the ovaries and testicles, which also are called gonads. Genetic sex is set based on sex chromosomes. Typically, these sex chromosomes are a genetic female with two X chromosomes and a genetic male with one X and one Y chromosome.
+Atypical genitalia is not a disease; it's a difference of sex development. Usually, atypical genitalia can be seen at or shortly after birth. The condition can be very distressing for families. Your medical team looks for the cause of atypical genitalia and provides information and counseling that can help guide decisions about your baby's sex and any needed treatment.","Your medical team will likely be the first to notice atypical genitalia soon after your baby is born. Sometimes, atypical genitalia may be suspected before birth. Atypical genitalia can vary in appearance. Differences may depend on when during genital development the hormone changes that affected development occurred and the cause.
+Babies who are genetically female, which means they have two X chromosomes, may have:
+An enlarged clitoris, which may look like a penis.
+Closed labia, or labia that include folds and look like a scrotum.
+Lumps that feel like testicles in the fused labia.
+Babies who are genetically male, which means they have one X and one Y chromosome, may have:
+A condition in which the narrow tube that carries urine and semen, called the urethra, doesn't fully extend to the tip of the penis. If the tube opening is on the underside of the penis, the condition is called hypospadias.
+A very small penis with the urethral opening closer to the scrotum.
+One or both testicles missing in what appears to be the scrotum.
+Testicles that remain in the body, also called undescended testicles, and an empty scrotum that has the appearance of labia with or without a micropenis.",,Atypical genitalia usually happen when hormone changes during pregnancy stop or disturb an unborn baby's developing sex organs. An unborn baby also is called a fetus.,"Family history may play a role in the development of atypical genitalia. This is because many differences of sex development result from gene changes that can be passed down in families. Possible risk factors for atypical genitalia include a family history of:
+Unexplained deaths in early infancy.
+Infertility, not having menstrual periods or having a lot of facial hair in females.
+Atypical genitalia.
+Atypical physical development during puberty.
+Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a group of genetic conditions that affect the adrenal glands and are passed down in families.
+If your family has a history of these risk factors, talk with your healthcare professional before trying to get pregnant. Genetic counseling also can help in planning ahead.","Complications of atypical genitalia may include:
+Infertility.Whether people with atypical genitalia can have children depends on the specific diagnosis. For example, genetic females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia usually can get pregnant if they so choose.
+Higher risk of certain cancers.Some differences of sex development are linked with a higher risk of certain types of cancer.",,"Atypical genitalia is usually diagnosed at birth or shortly after. Sometimes, healthcare professionals may suspect atypical genitalia during pregnancy when results of blood tests of the unborn baby's sex differ from the ultrasound imaging of the baby's genitalia. But generally, the diagnosis is not made until after birth. Healthcare professionals who help with delivery may notice the signs of atypical genitalia in your newborn.","The goal of treatment is long-term mental health and social well-being, as well as having as much sexual function and fertility as possible. When to begin treatment depends on your child's specific situation.
+Atypical genitalia is complex and not common. Managing it may require a team of experts. The team might include:
+Pediatricians.
+Experts in newborns born early or with medical conditions, also called neonatologists.
+Experts in children's urinary systems, also called pediatric urologists.
+Pediatric general surgeons.
+Experts in the body's hormones, also called endocrinologists.
+Medical geneticists.
+Mental health professionals, such as psychologists or social workers.","If your baby has atypical genitalia, you may worry about the baby's future. Mental health professionals can help you deal with this difference that you didn't expect. Ask your child's healthcare professional for a referral to a mental health professional who has experience helping people in your situation. You also may find it helpful to join a support group, either in person or online.
+Your child may find ongoing counseling by mental health professionals helpful and may choose to be a part of support groups into adulthood.
+Not knowing the sex of your newborn right away might turn a hoped-for celebration into a stressful time. Your medical team can provide you with updates and information as quickly as possible. They also can answer questions and talk with you about your child's health.
+Consider waiting to make a formal announcement of the birth until testing is done and you've created a plan with advice from your medical team. Give yourself some time to learn and think about your child's condition before answering questions from family and friends.","If your baby is born with atypical genitalia, you may be referred to a medical center with doctors and other healthcare professionals who have expertise in managing this condition. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and learn what to expect.",,"undescended testicles, hypospadias, missing testicles, small penis, empty scrotum, closed labia, urethral opening closer to scrotum, enlarged clitoris, lumps"
+57,Lazy eye (amblyopia),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lazy-eye/symptoms-causes/syc-20352391,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lazy-eye/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352396,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lazy-eye/doctors-departments/ddc-20352397,"Lazy eye (amblyopia) is reduced vision in one eye caused by abnormal visual development early in life. The weaker — or lazy — eye often wanders inward or outward.
+
+Amblyopia generally develops from birth up to age 7 years. It is the leading cause of decreased vision among children. Rarely, lazy eye affects both eyes.
+
+Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent long-term problems with your child's vision. The eye with poorer vision can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses, or patching therapy.","Signs and symptoms of lazy eye include:
+
+Sometimes lazy eye is not evident without an eye exam.","See your child's doctor if you notice his or her eye wandering after the first few weeks of life. A vision check is especially important if there's a family history of crossed eyes, childhood cataracts or other eye conditions.
+
+For all children, a complete eye exam is recommended between ages 3 and 5.","Lazy eye develops because of abnormal visual experience early in life that changes the nerve pathways between a thin layer of tissue (retina) at the back of the eye and the brain. The weaker eye receives fewer visual signals. Eventually, the eyes' ability to work together decreases, and the brain suppresses or ignores input from the weaker eye.
+
+Anything that blurs a child's vision or causes the eyes to cross or turn out can result in lazy eye. Common causes of the condition include:
+
+Difference in sharpness of vision between the eyes (refractive amblyopia).A significant difference between the prescriptions in each eye — often due to farsightedness but sometimes to nearsightedness or an uneven surface curve of the eye (astigmatism) — can result in lazy eye.
+
+Glasses or contact lenses are typically used to correct these refractive problems. In some children lazy eye is caused by a combination of strabismus and refractive problems.",Factors associated with an increased risk of lazy eye include:,"Untreated, lazy eye can cause permanent vision loss.",,"Your doctor will conduct an eye exam, checking for eye health, a wandering eye, a difference in vision between the eyes or poor vision in both eyes. Eyedrops are generally used to dilate the eyes. The eyedrops cause blurred vision that lasts for several hours or a day.
+
+The method used to test vision depends on your child's age and stage of development:","It's important to start treatment for lazy eye as soon as possible in childhood, when the complicated connections between the eye and the brain are forming. The best results occur when treatment starts before age 7, although half of children between the ages of 7 and 17 respond to treatment.
+
+Treatment options depend on the cause of lazy eye and on how much the condition is affecting your child's vision. Your doctor might recommend:
+
+Activity-based treatments — such as drawing, doing puzzles or playing computer games — are available. The effectiveness of adding these activities to other therapies hasn't been proved. Research into new treatments is ongoing.
+
+For most children with lazy eye, proper treatment improves vision within weeks to months. Treatment might last from six months to two years.
+
+It's important for your child to be monitored for recurrence of lazy eye — which can happen in up to 25 percent of children with the condition. If lazy eye recurs, treatment will need to start again.",,"Your child's doctor might refer you to a doctor who specializes in treating eye disorders in children (pediatric ophthalmologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready.",,lazy eye
+58,Chagas disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chagas-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20356212,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chagas-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356218,,"Chagas (CHAH-gus) disease is an illness caused infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite is found in the feces of the triatomine bug. These bugs also are called reduviid. They may also be known as ""kissing bugs"" because they tend to bite people's faces.
+
+Chagas disease is common in South America, Central America and Mexico. Rarely, Chagas disease has been found in the southern United States.
+
+Also called American trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease can infect anyone. Untreated, Chagas disease can cause serious heart and digestive problems.
+
+During the first phase of infection, treatment of Chagas disease aims to kill the parasite. Later, it's no longer possible to kill the parasite. Treatment in this later phase is about managing symptoms. There also are ways to prevent infection.","Chagas disease can cause a sudden, brief illness. This type of illness is known as acute. Or it can become a long-lasting, chronic condition. Both stages can be free of symptoms. Or there can be life-threatening symptoms in either phase.",See your healthcare professional if you have been in an area where Chagas disease is widespread and you have symptoms of the condition.,"The cause of Chagas disease is the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite spreads from an insect known as the triatomine bug, also called the ""kissing bug."" The parasite can infect these insects when they swallow blood from an animal that is infected with the parasite.
+
+Triatomine bugs live mainly in mud, thatch or adobe huts in Mexico, South America and Central America. They hide in crevices in the walls or roof during the day and come out at night. The bugs often feed on people while they sleep.
+
+Infected bugs poop, called defecate, after feeding. The stool leaves parasites on the skin. The parasites can then enter the body through the eyes, mouth, a cut or scratch, or the wound from the bug's bite.
+
+Scratching or rubbing the bite site, which often happens during sleep, helps the parasites enter the body. Once in the body, the parasites multiply and spread.
+
+Chagas disease doesn't spread from being near an infected person. But the infection can come from:","The following can increase the risk of getting Chagas disease:
+
+It's rare for travelers to the at-risk areas in South America, Central America and Mexico to catch Chagas disease. That's because travelers tend to stay in buildings, such as hotels, that are less likely to have Triatomine bugs. Triatomine bugs are most often found in places made from mud, adobe or thatch. But travelers should not eat salads, uncooked vegetables and unpeeled fruits.","If Chagas disease moves to the long-lasting, called chronic, phase, there can be serious heart or digestive complications. These may include:","If you live in a high-risk area for Chagas disease, these steps can help prevent infection:","Your healthcare professional does a physical exam, asking about your symptoms and anything that put you at risk of Chagas disease. If you have symptoms of Chagas disease, two or more blood tests can confirm the diagnosis.
+
+If you're diagnosed with Chagas disease, you're likely to have more tests. These tests can show whether the disease has become chronic and caused heart or digestive complications. Tests may include:","Treatment for Chagas disease is to kill the parasite and ease symptoms.
+
+During the acute phase of Chagas disease, the medicines benznidazole and nifurtimox (Lampit) may help. Both medicines are offered in the regions most affected by Chagas disease. In the United States, the medicines are approved for treatment of children younger than 18 with chronic infection.
+
+Once Chagas disease becomes chronic, medicines won't cure the disease. But the medicines may be offered to help slow the disease and its most serious complications.
+
+Other treatment depends on the symptoms.",,"You are likely to start by seeing your main healthcare provider. You may then be sent to an infectious disease specialist.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"illness, chagas disease, brief illness, life-threatening symptoms, sudden"
+59,Transient global amnesia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378531,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378535,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/doctors-departments/ddc-20378536,"Transient global amnesia is an episode of confusion that comes on suddenly in a person who is otherwise alert. This confused state isn't caused by a more common neurological condition, such as epilepsy or stroke.
+
+During an episode of transient global amnesia, a person is unable to create new memory, so the memory of recent events disappears. You can't remember where you are or how you got there. You may not remember anything about what's happening right now. You may keep repeating the same questions because you don't remember the answers you've just been given. You may also draw a blank when asked to remember things that happened a day, a month or even a year ago.
+
+The condition most often affects people in middle or older age. With transient global amnesia, you do remember who you are, and you recognize the people you know well. Episodes of transient global amnesia always get better slowly over a few hours. During recovery, you may begin to remember events and circumstances. Transient global amnesia isn't serious, but it can still be frightening.","The main symptom of transient global amnesia is being unable to create new memories and remember the recent past. Once that symptom is confirmed, ruling out other possible causes of amnesia is important.
+
+You must have these signs and symptoms to be diagnosed with transient global amnesia:
+
+More symptoms and history that may help diagnose transient global amnesia:
+
+Another common sign of transient global amnesia due to the inability to create new memories includes repetitive questioning, usually of the same question — for example, ""What am I doing here?"" or ""How did we get here?""","Seek immediate medical attention for anyone who quickly goes from normal awareness of present reality to confusion about what just happened. If the person experiencing memory loss is too confused to call an ambulance, call one yourself.
+
+Transient global amnesia isn't dangerous. But there's no easy way to tell the difference between transient global amnesia and the life-threatening illnesses that can also cause sudden memory loss.","The underlying cause of transient global amnesia is unknown. There may be a link between transient global amnesia and a history of migraines. But experts don't understand the factors that contribute to both conditions. Another possible cause is the overfilling of veins with blood due to some sort of blockage or other problem with the flow of blood (venous congestion).
+
+While the likelihood of transient global amnesia after these events is very low, some commonly reported events that may trigger it include:","Interestingly, many studies have found that high blood pressure and high cholesterol — which are closely linked to strokes — are not risk factors for transient global amnesia. This is probably because transient global amnesia doesn't represent blood vessel diseases of aging. Your sex doesn't seem to affect your risk, either.
+
+The clearest risk factors are:","Transient global amnesia has no direct complications. It's not a risk factor for stroke or epilepsy. It's possible to have a second episode of transient global amnesia, but it's extremely rare to have more than two.
+
+But even temporary memory loss can cause emotional distress. If you need reassurance, ask your doctor to go over the results of your neurological exam and diagnostic tests with you.","Because the cause of transient global amnesia is unknown and the rate of recurrence is low, there's no real way to prevent the condition.","To diagnose transient global amnesia, your health care provider must first rule out more-serious conditions. This can include stroke, seizure or head injury, for example. These conditions can cause the same type of memory loss.",No treatment is needed for transient global amnesia. It gets better without treatment and has no known lasting effects.,,"Anyone who experiences sudden loss of memory for all events leading up to the present needs emergency medical care. Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.
+
+If a friend or family member develops these symptoms in your presence, go with him or her to the hospital. Because he or she doesn't remember recent events, you'll need to provide important information to the doctor.",,"remember the recent past, amnesia, repetitive questioning, unable to create new memories"
+60,Amnesia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353360,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353366,,"Amnesia refers to the loss of memories, including facts, information and experiences. Movies and television tend to depict amnesia as forgetting your identity, but that's not generally the case in real life.
+Instead, people with amnesia — also called amnestic syndrome — usually know who they are. But they may have trouble learning new information and forming new memories.
+Amnesia can be caused by damage to areas of the brain that are vital for memory processing. Unlike a temporary episode of memory loss, called transient global amnesia, amnesia can be permanent.
+There's no specific treatment for amnesia, but treatment can be directed at the underlying cause. Tips to help enhance memory and get support can help people with amnesia and their families cope.","The two main features of amnesia are:
+Trouble learning new information.
+Trouble remembering past events and previously familiar information.
+Most people with amnesia have problems with short-term memory, so they can't retain new information. Recent memories are most likely to be lost. More-remote or deeply ingrained memories may be spared.
+For example, people may recall experiences from childhood or know the names of past presidents. But they may not be able to name the current president, know the month or remember what they ate for breakfast.
+Isolated memory loss doesn't affect a person's intelligence, general knowledge, awareness or attention span. It also doesn't affect judgment, personality or identity. People with amnesia usually can understand written and spoken words and can learn skills such as bike riding or piano playing. They may understand they have a memory disorder.
+Amnesia isn't the same as dementia. Dementia often includes memory loss but also involves other problems with thinking that lead to a decline in daily functioning. These problems include having trouble with language, judgment and visual-spatial skills.
+Memory loss also is a common symptom of mild cognitive impairment. This disorder involves memory and other cognitive problems that aren't as severe as those experienced in dementia.","Anyone who experiences unexplained memory loss, head injury or confusion requires immediate medical attention.
+People with amnesia may not know where they are or be able to seek medical care. If someone you know has symptoms of amnesia, help the person get medical attention.","Typical memory function involves many parts of the brain. Any disease or injury that affects the brain can affect memory.
+Amnesia can result from damage to brain structures that form the limbic system, which controls emotions and memories. They include the thalamus found deep within the center of the brain. They also include the hippocampal formations found within the temporal lobes of the brain.
+Amnesia caused by brain injury or damage is known as neurological amnesia. Possible causes of neurological amnesia include:
+Stroke.
+Brain inflammation, which may be due to an infection with a virus such as herpes simplex virus. Or inflammation may be a result of an autoimmune reaction to cancer somewhere in the body. It also may be due to an autoimmune reaction in the absence of cancer.
+Not enough oxygen in the brain. This may happen as a result of a heart attack, respiratory distress or carbon monoxide poisoning.
+Long-term alcohol misuse that leads to too little vitamin B-1, known as thiamin, in the body. When this happens, it's called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
+Tumors in areas of the brain that control memory.
+Alzheimer's disease and other diseases that involve the degeneration of nerve tissue.
+Seizures.
+Certain medicines such as benzodiazepines or others that act as sedatives.
+Head injuries that cause a concussion, whether from a car accident or sports, can lead to confusion and problems remembering new information. This is especially common in the early stages of recovery. Mild head injuries typically don't cause lasting amnesia, but more-severe head injuries may cause permanent amnesia.
+Another rare type of amnesia, called dissociative amnesia, stems from emotional shock or trauma. It can result from being the victim of a violent crime or experiencing other trauma. In this disorder, people may lose personal memories and information about their lives. The memory loss is usually brief.","The chance of developing amnesia might increase if you've experienced:
+Brain surgery, head injury or trauma.
+Stroke.
+Alcohol abuse.
+Seizures.","Amnesia varies in severity and scope. But even mild amnesia takes a toll on daily activities and quality of life. The syndrome can cause problems at work, at school and in social settings.
+It may not be possible to recover lost memories. Some people with severe memory problems need to be supervised or need to live in a care facility.","Damage to the brain can be a root cause of amnesia. It's important to take steps to minimize your chance of a brain injury. For example:
+Don't drink large amounts of alcohol.
+Wear a helmet when bicycling and a seat belt when driving.
+Treat infections quickly so that they don't have a chance to spread to the brain.
+Get immediate medical treatment if you have symptoms that suggest a stroke or brain aneurysm. Those symptoms include a severe headache, feeling numb on one side of the body or not being able to move one side of the body.","A comprehensive evaluation is needed to diagnose amnesia. It can rule out other possible causes of memory loss such as Alzheimer's disease, other forms of dementia, depression or a brain tumor.",Treatment for amnesia focuses on strategies to help make up for the memory problem. It's also important to address underlying diseases causing the amnesia.,"Living with amnesia can be frustrating for those with memory loss and for their family and friends too. People with more-severe forms of amnesia may require direct assistance from family, friends or professional caregivers.
+It can be helpful to talk with others who understand what you're going through. They may be able to provide advice or tips on living with amnesia. Ask your health care provider to recommend a support group in your area for people with amnesia and their loved ones.
+If an underlying cause for the amnesia is identified, there are national organizations that can provide additional information and support. Examples include:
+Alzheimer's Association,800-272-3900(toll-free).
+Brain Injury Association of America,800-444-6443(toll-free).","You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. However, you may then be referred to a specialist in disorders of the brain and nervous system, also called a neurologist.
+It's a good idea to arrive at your appointment well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and to know what to expect.",,"memory disorder, trouble learning new information, dementia, can't retain new information, can't know the month, amnesia, recent memories lost, memory loss, cognitive impairment, short-term memory problems, trouble remembering past events, can't name current president, can't remember what they ate for breakfast"
+61,Amyloidosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amyloidosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353178,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amyloidosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353183,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amyloidosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20353186,"Amyloidosis (am-uh-loi-DO-sis) is a rare disease that occurs when a protein called amyloid builds up in organs. This amyloid buildup can make the organs not work properly.
+Organs that may be affected include the heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, nervous system and digestive tract.
+Some types of amyloidosis occur with other diseases. These types may improve with treatment of the other diseases. Some types of amyloidosis may lead to life-threatening organ failure.
+Treatments may include chemotherapy with strong drugs used to treat cancer. Other types of medications can reduce amyloid production and control symptoms. Some people may benefit from organ or stem cell transplants.","You may not experience symptoms of amyloidosis until later in the course of the disease. Symptoms may vary, depending on which organs are affected.
+Signs and symptoms of amyloidosis may include:
+Severe fatigue and weakness
+Shortness of breath
+Numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands or feet
+Swelling of the ankles and legs
+Diarrhea, possibly with blood, or constipation
+An enlarged tongue, which sometimes looks rippled around its edge
+Skin changes, such as thickening or easy bruising, and purplish patches around the eyes",See your health care provider if you regularly experience any of the signs or symptoms associated with amyloidosis.,"There are many different types of amyloidosis. Some types are hereditary. Others are caused by outside factors, such as inflammatory diseases or long-term dialysis. Many types affect multiple organs. Others affect only one part of the body.
+Types of amyloidosis include:
+AL amyloidosis (immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis).This is the most common type of amyloidosis in developed countries.AL amyloidosisis also called primary amyloidosis. It usually affects the heart, kidneys, liver and nerves.
+AA amyloidosis.This type is also known as secondary amyloidosis. It's usually triggered by an inflammatory disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis. It most commonly affects the kidneys, liver and spleen.
+Hereditary amyloidosis (familial amyloidosis).This inherited disorder often affects the nerves, heart and kidneys. It most commonly happens when a protein made by your liver is abnormal. This protein is called transthyretin (TTR).
+Wild-type amyloidosis.This variety has also been called senile systemic amyloidosis. It occurs when theTTRprotein made by the liver is normal but produces amyloid for unknown reasons. Wild-type amyloidosis tends to affect men over age 70 and often targets the heart. It can also cause carpal tunnel syndrome.
+Localized amyloidosis.This type of amyloidosis often has a better prognosis than the varieties that affect multiple organ systems. Typical sites for localized amyloidosis include the bladder, skin, throat or lungs. Correct diagnosis is important so that treatments that affect the entire body can be avoided.","Factors that increase the risk of amyloidosis include:
+Age.Most people diagnosed with amyloidosis are between ages 60 and 70.
+Sex.Amyloidosis occurs more commonly in men.
+Other diseases.Having a chronic infectious or inflammatory disease increases the risk of AA amyloidosis.
+Family history.Some types of amyloidosis are hereditary.
+Kidney dialysis.Dialysis can't always remove large proteins from the blood. If you're on dialysis, abnormal proteins can build up in your blood and eventually be deposited in tissue. This condition is less common with more modern dialysis techniques.
+Race.People of African descent appear to be at higher risk of carrying a genetic mutation associated with a type of amyloidosis that can harm the heart.","Amyloidosis can seriously damage the:
+Heart.Amyloid reduces the heart's ability to fill with blood between heartbeats. Less blood is pumped with each beat. This can cause shortness of breath. If amyloidosis affects the heart's electrical system, it can cause heart rhythm problems. Amyloid-related heart problems can become life-threatening.
+Kidneys.Amyloid can harm the kidneys' filtering system. This affects their ability to remove waste products from the body. It can eventually cause kidney failure.
+Nervous system.Nerve damage can cause pain, numbness, or tingling of the fingers and feet. If amyloid affects the nerves that control bowel function, it can cause periods of alternating constipation and diarrhea. Damage to the nerves that control blood pressure can make people feel faint if they stand up too quickly.",,"Amyloidosis is often overlooked because the signs and symptoms can mimic those of more-common diseases.
+Early diagnosis can help prevent further organ damage. Precise diagnosis is important because treatment varies greatly, depending on your specific condition.","There's no cure for amyloidosis. But treatment can help manage signs and symptoms and limit further production of amyloid protein. If the amyloidosis has been triggered by another condition, such as rheumatoid arthritis or tuberculosis, treating the underlying condition can be helpful.",,You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in blood disorders (hematologist).,,"pain, constipation, fatigue, weakness, diarrhea, swelling, skin changes, tingling, numbness, thickening, purplish patches, enlarged tongue, shortness of breath, shortness of breath
+numbness, tingling, or pain, amyloidosis, bruising"
+62,Aplastic anemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aplastic-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355015,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aplastic-anemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355020,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aplastic-anemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20355023,"Aplastic anemia is a condition that happens when your bone marrow stops making enough new blood cells. The condition leaves you tired and more prone to infections and uncontrolled bleeding.
+
+A rare and serious condition, aplastic anemia can develop at any age. It can happen suddenly, or it can come on slowly and worsen over time. It can be mild or severe.
+
+Treatment for aplastic anemia might include medicines, blood transfusions or a stem cell transplant, also known as a bone marrow transplant.","Aplastic anemia can have no symptoms. When present, symptoms can include:
+
+Aplastic anemia can be short-lived, or it can become chronic. It can be serious and even fatal.",,,Aplastic anemia is rare. Factors that can increase risk include:,,"There's no known prevention for most cases of aplastic anemia. Avoiding exposure to insecticides, herbicides, organic solvents, paint removers and other toxic chemicals might lower your risk of the disease.","The following tests can help diagnose aplastic anemia:
+
+Once you've received a diagnosis of aplastic anemia, you might need other tests to determine the cause.","Treatments for aplastic anemia depend on the symptoms and your age and overall health. Treatment options might include observation, blood transfusions, medicines or bone marrow transplantation. Severe aplastic anemia, in which your blood cell counts are extremely low, is life-threatening and requires immediate hospitalization.",Tips to help you and your family better cope with your illness include:,"Start by making an appointment with your primary care health professional. They might then refer you to a doctor who specializes in treating blood disorders called a hematologist. If aplastic anemia comes on suddenly, your treatment might begin in the emergency room.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"no symptoms, aplastic anemia"
+63,Thalassemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thalassemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354995,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thalassemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355001,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thalassemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20355004,"Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is a blood disorder. It's inherited, which means it's passed from parents to children through genes. Genes carry information that can affect many things, including what people look like and whether they might have certain diseases.
+
+Thalassemia causes the body to have less of the protein hemoglobin than usual. Hemoglobin is present in red blood cells and allows the red blood cells to carry oxygen. Not having enough hemoglobin or red blood cells can lead to a condition called anemia. That can make you feel tired and weak.
+
+If you have a mild form of thalassemia called thalassemia trait, you do not need any specific treatment. But with more-serious forms, you might need regular blood transfusions. Those are treatments in which you receive blood from a donor. Lifestyle changes also are key. For instance, a healthy diet and regular exercise can help you manage tiredness.","There are different types of thalassemia. The symptoms that you have depend on the type and how serious it is.
+
+Symptoms of severe thalassemia can include:
+
+Some babies show symptoms of thalassemia at birth. Others get symptoms during the first two years of life. But some people with thalassemia don't have symptoms.",Make an appointment with your child's health care team for a checkup if your child has any of the symptoms of thalassemia.,"Thalassemia is caused by gene changes in cells that make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. The gene changes linked with thalassemia are passed from parents to children.
+
+Hemoglobin molecules are made of protein chains called alpha and beta chains. These chains are affected by gene changes. With thalassemia, the body doesn't make enough of either the alpha or the beta chains. That causes you to get either alpha-thalassemia or beta-thalassemia, the two main types of the condition.
+
+In beta-thalassemia, the gene change is an alteration in the DNA. Other terms used to describe these changes include mutation or variation. In alpha-thalassemia, the altered DNA consists of missing one or more copies of the four genes that program the alpha chain. This also is termed ""deletion.""
+
+With alpha-thalassemia, the seriousness of the condition depends on the number of missing genes you inherit from your parents. The more missing copies of the genes, the worse your thalassemia.
+
+With beta-thalassemia, the seriousness of the condition depends on which part of the hemoglobin molecule is affected.",Factors that raise your risk of thalassemia include:,"Health problems that can stem from moderate to severe thalassemia include:
+
+Severe thalassemia can lead to the following health problems:
+
+Enlarged spleen.The spleen is an organ that helps the body fight infection. It also helps remove old or damaged blood cells. Often, thalassemia happens along with the destruction of a large number of red blood cells. This causes the spleen to get bigger and work harder than usual.
+
+An enlarged spleen can make anemia worse. It also can reduce the life of red blood cells received in a transfusion. If your spleen grows too big, your health care professional might recommend surgery to remove it.","Most of the time, you can't prevent thalassemia. If you have the condition or if you have the thalassemia gene changes that cause it, it is very important to talk with a genetic counselor. The counselor can offer advice on the risks of your children being affected.
+
+Some people with thalassemia major think about getting pregnant with assisted reproductive technology. This includes procedures such as in vitro fertilization. IVF joins an egg and a sperm outside the body to make the earliest stage of an unborn baby, called an embryo. An exam called preimplantation genetic testing can then be used to check the embryo for gene changes related to thalassemia. If an embryo doesn't have these changes, it can be placed in the uterus to start a pregnancy. This might help people who have thalassemia or a related gene have healthy babies.
+
+Another procedure that might lead to pregnancy is called intrauterine insemination. Sperm from a donor who doesn't have thalassemia or the genes related the condition is placed in the uterus to join with an egg.","Most children with moderate to severe thalassemia show symptoms within their first two years of life. If your child's health care professional thinks your child might have thalassemia, blood tests can confirm it.
+
+Blood tests can reveal the number of red blood cells and irregular changes in their size, shape or color. Blood tests also can be used to look for gene changes in DNA.","Mild forms of thalassemia trait don't need treatment.
+
+For moderate to severe thalassemia, treatments might include:
+
+Chelation therapy.This treatment removes extra iron from the blood. Iron can build up due to regular transfusions. Some people with thalassemia who don't have regular transfusions also can develop excess iron. Removing the excess iron is vital for your health.
+
+To help rid your body of the extra iron, you might need to take medicine by mouth. The medicines include deferasirox (Exjade, Jadenu) or deferiprone (Ferriprox). Another drug called deferoxamine (Desferal) is given through a needle in a vein.
+
+Other medicines.A medicine given by shot called luspatercept (Reblozyl) helps some people need fewer blood transfusions. A medicine taken by mouth called hydroxyurea (Hydrea, Droxia) can lower the chances of getting other health problems because of thalassemia.
+
+Stem cell transplant.This also is called a bone marrow transplant. Sometimes, it might be a treatment option. For children with severe thalassemia, it can get rid of the need for lifelong blood transfusions and drugs to control iron overload.
+
+A stem cell transplant involves receiving infusions of stem cells from a donor with matching cells, often a healthy sibling.","If you or your child has thalassemia, reach out for help when you need it. A member of your health care team can answer your questions or offer advice.
+
+You also could think about joining a support group. This helps you meet other people affected by thalassemia. They can listen to your experiences, and they might be able to offer useful information. Ask a member of your health care team about groups in your area.","Most often, tests find moderate to severe forms of thalassemia within the first two years of life. If you've noticed some of the symptoms of thalassemia in your infant or child, see your child's pediatrician or the health care professional who cares for your family. You may be referred to a doctor who finds and treats blood disorders, called a hematologist.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"thalassemia, symptoms"
+64,Iron deficiency anemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iron-deficiency-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355034,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iron-deficiency-anemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355040,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iron-deficiency-anemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20355041,"Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia — a condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body's tissues.
+
+As the name implies, iron deficiency anemia is due to insufficient iron. Without enough iron, your body can't produce enough of a substance in red blood cells that enables them to carry oxygen (hemoglobin). As a result, iron deficiency anemia may leave you tired and short of breath.
+
+You can usually correct iron deficiency anemia with iron supplementation. Sometimes additional tests or treatments for iron deficiency anemia are necessary, especially if your doctor suspects that you're bleeding internally.","Initially, iron deficiency anemia can be so mild that it goes unnoticed. But as the body becomes more deficient in iron and anemia worsens, the signs and symptoms intensify.
+
+Iron deficiency anemia signs and symptoms may include:","If you or your child develops signs and symptoms that suggest iron deficiency anemia, see your doctor. Iron deficiency anemia isn't something to self-diagnose or treat. So see your doctor for a diagnosis rather than taking iron supplements on your own. Overloading the body with iron can be dangerous because excess iron accumulation can damage your liver and cause other complications.","Iron deficiency anemia occurs when your body doesn't have enough iron to produce hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the part of red blood cells that gives blood its red color and enables the red blood cells to carry oxygenated blood throughout your body.
+
+If you aren't consuming enough iron, or if you're losing too much iron, your body can't produce enough hemoglobin, and iron deficiency anemia will eventually develop.
+
+Causes of iron deficiency anemia include:",These groups of people may have an increased risk of iron deficiency anemia:,"Mild iron deficiency anemia usually doesn't cause complications. However, left untreated, iron deficiency anemia can become severe and lead to health problems, including the following:",You can reduce your risk of iron deficiency anemia by choosing iron-rich foods.,"To diagnose iron deficiency anemia, your doctor may run tests to look for:","To treat iron deficiency anemia, your doctor may recommend that you take iron supplements. Your doctor will also treat the underlying cause of your iron deficiency, if necessary.",,"Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any signs and symptoms that worry you. If you're diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia, you may need tests to look for a source of blood loss, including tests to examine your gastrointestinal tract.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor.",,"anemia, iron, iron deficiency, signs, symptoms, iron deficiency anemia"
+66,Sickle cell anemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sickle-cell-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355876,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sickle-cell-anemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355882,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sickle-cell-anemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20355885,"Sickle cell anemia is one of a group of inherited disorders known as sickle cell disease. It affects the shape of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to all parts of the body.
+
+Red blood cells are usually round and flexible, so they move easily through blood vessels. In sickle cell anemia, some red blood cells are shaped like sickles or crescent moons. These sickle cells also become rigid and sticky, which can slow or block blood flow.
+
+The current approach to treatment is to relieve pain and help prevent complications of the disease. However, newer treatments may cure people of the disease.","Symptoms of sickle cell anemia usually appear around 6 months of age. They vary from person to person and may change over time. Symptoms can include:
+
+Episodes of pain.Periodic episodes of extreme pain, called pain crises, are a major symptom of sickle cell anemia. Pain develops when sickle-shaped red blood cells block blood flow through tiny blood vessels to the chest, abdomen and joints.
+
+The pain varies in intensity and can last for a few hours to a few days. Some people have only a few pain crises a year. Others have a dozen or more a year. A severe pain crisis requires a hospital stay.
+
+Some people with sickle cell anemia also have chronic pain from bone and joint damage, ulcers, and other causes.","See your healthcare professional right away if you or your child has symptoms of sickle cell anemia, including fever or stroke.
+
+Infections often start with a fever and can be life-threatening. Because children with sickle cell anemia are prone to infections, seek prompt medical attention for a fever greater than 101.5 degrees Fahrenheit (38.5 degrees Celsius).
+
+Seek emergency care for symptoms of stroke, which include:","Sickle cell anemia is caused by a change in the gene that tells the body to make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the iron-rich compound in red blood cells that allows these cells to carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. The hemoglobin associated with sickle cell anemia causes red blood cells to become rigid, sticky and misshapen.
+
+For a child to have sickle cell anemia, both parents must carry one copy of the sickle cell gene and pass both copies to the child.
+
+If only one parent passes the sickle cell gene to the child, that child will have the sickle cell trait. With one typical hemoglobin gene and one sickle cell gene, people with the sickle cell trait make both typical hemoglobin and sickle cell hemoglobin.
+
+Their blood might contain some sickle cells, but they generally don't have symptoms. They're carriers of the disease. That means they can pass the gene to their children.","For a baby to have sickle cell anemia, both parents must carry a sickle cell gene. In the United States, sickle cell anemia most commonly affects people of African, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern descent.","Sickle cell anemia can lead to a host of complications, including:","If you carry the sickle cell trait, it can help to see a genetic counselor before you get pregnant. A counselor can help you understand your risk of having a child with sickle cell anemia. You also can learn about possible treatments, preventive measures and reproductive options.","A blood test can check for the form of hemoglobin that underlies sickle cell anemia. In the United States, this blood test is part of routine newborn screening. But older children and adults can get the test too.
+
+In adults, a blood sample is taken from a vein in the arm. In young children and babies, the blood sample is usually collected from a finger or heel. The sample then goes to a laboratory to be screened for the sickle cell form of hemoglobin.
+
+If you or your child has sickle cell anemia, your healthcare professional might suggest other tests to check for possible complications of the disease.
+
+If you or your child carries the sickle cell gene, you'll likely be referred to a genetic counselor.","Management of sickle cell anemia is usually aimed at avoiding pain episodes, relieving symptoms and preventing complications. Treatments might include medicines and blood transfusions. For some children and teenagers, a stem cell transplant might cure the disease. Gene therapies also are being developed that may offer cures for people with sickle cell disease.","If you or someone in your family has sickle cell anemia, these ideas might help you cope:","Sickle cell anemia is usually diagnosed through genetic screening done when a baby is born. Those test results will likely be given to your primary healthcare professional, who may refer you to a doctor who specializes in blood disorders, called a hematologist, or a pediatric hematologist.
+
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, pain crises, ulcers, joint pain, abdomen pain, chest pain, chronic pain, episodes of extreme pain, sickle cell anemia"
+67,Vitamin deficiency anemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vitamin-deficiency-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355025,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vitamin-deficiency-anemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355031,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vitamin-deficiency-anemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20355032,"Vitamin deficiency anemia is a lack of healthy red blood cells caused by lower than usual amounts of vitamin B-12 and folate.
+
+This can happen if you don't eat enough foods containing vitamin B-12 and folate, or if your body has trouble absorbing or processing these vitamins.
+
+Without these nutrients, the body produces red blood cells that are too large and don't work properly. This reduces their ability to carry oxygen.
+
+Symptoms can include fatigue, shortness of breath and dizziness. Vitamin supplements, taken by pill or injection, can correct the deficiencies.",Vitamin deficiency anemia usually develops slowly over several months to years. Signs and symptoms may be subtle at first but usually increase as the deficiency worsens. These may include:,,"Vitamin deficiency anemia can occur if you don't eat enough foods containing vitamin B-12 and folate, or if your body has trouble absorbing or processing these vitamins.",Things that may increase your risk of vitamin deficiency anemia include:,"Being deficient in vitamin B-12 or folate increases your risk of many health problems, including:","You can prevent some forms of vitamin deficiency anemia by choosing a healthy diet that includes a variety of foods.
+
+Foods rich in vitamin B-12 include:
+
+Foods rich in folate include:
+
+Most adults need these daily dietary amounts of the following vitamins:
+
+Pregnant and breastfeeding women may require more of each vitamin.
+
+Most people get enough vitamins from the foods they eat. But if your diet is restricted or you've had gastric bypass surgery, you may wish to take a multivitamin.","To help diagnose vitamin deficiency anemias, you might have blood tests that check for:","Vitamin deficiency anemia is treated with doses of whichever vitamin is lacking. For pernicious anemia, vitamin B-12 is usually delivered via injection and may need to be taken regularly for the rest of your life.
+
+Vitamin B-12 is available as:
+
+Medications to boost folate levels usually come as pills to be swallowed, but some versions can be delivered through a narrow, flexible tube into a vein (intravenously).",,"If you suspect that you have vitamin deficiency anemia, you're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner. However, in some cases, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating blood disorders (hematologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and what to expect from your doctor.",,"symptoms, vitamin deficiency anemia"
+68,Abdominal aortic aneurysm,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/symptoms-causes/syc-20350688,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/doctors-departments/ddc-20350695,"An abdominal aortic aneurysm is an enlarged area in the lower part of the body's main artery, called the aorta. The aorta goes from the heart through the center of the chest and belly area, called the abdomen.
+An abdominal aortic aneurysm that ruptures can cause life-threatening bleeding.
+Treatment depends on how big the aneurysm is and how fast it's growing. Treatment may include regular health checkups and imaging tests to emergency surgery.","Abdominal aortic aneurysms often grow slowly. You might not notice any symptoms. This makes them hard to find. Many start small and stay small. Others get bigger over time, sometimes quickly. Some aneurysms never rupture.
+If you have an abdominal aortic aneurysm that's getting bigger, symptoms might include:
+Deep, constant pain in the belly area or side of the belly.
+Back pain.
+A throbbing or pulsing feeling near the belly button.","If you have pain, especially if pain is sudden and very bad, get medical help right away.","An aneurysm can grow in any part of the aorta. Most aortic aneurysms happen in the part of the aorta that's in the belly area, called the abdomen.
+Things that can cause an abdominal aortic aneurysm include:
+Hardening of the arteries, called atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis occurs when fat and other substances build up in and on the artery walls.
+High blood pressure.High blood pressure can damage and weaken the aorta's walls.
+Blood vessel diseases.These diseases cause blood vessels to become swollen and irritated.
+Infection in the aorta.Rarely, germs can infect the aorta and cause an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
+Trauma.For example, being injured in a car accident can cause an abdominal aortic aneurysm.","Abdominal aortic aneurysm risk factors include:
+Tobacco use.Smoking is the strongest risk factor for aortic aneurysms. Smoking weakens the walls of blood vessels, including the aorta. This raises the risk of aortic aneurysm and aneurysm rupture. The longer and more you use tobacco, the greater the chances are of developing an aortic aneurysm. Men ages 65 to 75 who have ever smoked should have a one-time ultrasound to screen for an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
+Age.Abdominal aortic aneurysms occur most often in people age 65 and older.
+Sex.Men get abdominal aortic aneurysms much more often than women do.
+Being white.People who are white are at higher risk of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
+Family history.Having a family history of abdominal aortic aneurysms increases the risk of having the condition.
+Other aneurysms.Having an aneurysm in the aorta in the chest (thoracic aortic aneurysm) or in another large blood vessel, such as the artery behind the knee, might increase the risk of an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
+If you're at risk of an aortic aneurysm, medicines may be given to lower blood pressure and relieve stress on weakened arteries.","Possible complications of abdominal aortic aneurysms include:
+Tears in one or more of the layers of the wall of the aorta, called an aortic dissection.
+Rupture of the aneurysm.
+A rupture can cause life-threatening bleeding inside the body. In general, the larger the aneurysm and the faster it grows, the greater the risk of rupture.
+Symptoms that an aortic aneurysm has ruptured can include:
+Sudden, very bad and long-lasting belly or back pain, which may feel like ripping or tearing.
+Low blood pressure.
+Fast pulse.
+Aortic aneurysms also increase the risk of developing blood clots in the area. If a blood clot breaks loose, it can block a blood vessel elsewhere in the body. Symptoms of a blocked blood vessel may include pain or reduced blood flow to the legs, toes, kidneys or belly area.","To prevent an abdominal aortic aneurysm or to keep one from worsening, take these steps:
+Don't smoke or use tobacco products.If you smoke or chew tobacco, quit. Also avoid secondhand smoke. If you need help quitting, talk to your healthcare team about strategies that may help.
+Eat a healthy diet.Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, chicken, fish, and low-fat dairy products. Avoid saturated and trans fats and limit salt.
+Keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control.Take medicines as directed.
+Get regular exercise and stay active.Try to get at least 150 minutes a week of moderate aerobic activity. If you haven't been active, start slowly and build up. Talk to your healthcare team about what kinds of activities are right for you.","Abdominal aortic aneurysms are often found when a physical exam or imaging test is done for another reason.
+To diagnose an abdominal aortic aneurysm, a healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your medical and family history.","The goal of abdominal aortic aneurysm treatment is to prevent an aneurysm from rupturing. Treatment may involve:
+Frequent health checkups and imaging, called medical monitoring or watchful waiting.
+Surgery.
+Which treatment you have depends on the size of the abdominal aortic aneurysm and how fast it's growing.",,"Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you are concerned about your risk of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. If you're having severe pain, get emergency medical help.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Your healthcare professional may tell you to avoid heavy lifting and vigorous physical activity. These activities may cause extreme increases in blood pressure, which can make an aneurysm worse.
+Emotional stress also can raise blood pressure. Try to avoid conflict and stressful situations. If you're feeling stressed or anxious, let your healthcare professional know. Together you can come up with the best treatment plan.","pain, constant pain, back pain, abdominal aortic aneurysm, throbbing, deep, throbbing or pulsing feeling, aneurysms, abdominal aortic aneurysms"
+70,Brain aneurysm,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-aneurysm/symptoms-causes/syc-20361483,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361595,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-aneurysm/doctors-departments/ddc-20361659,"A brain aneurysm (AN-yoo-riz-um) is a bulge or ballooning in a blood vessel in the brain. It's also known as a cerebral aneurysm or intracranial aneurysm. One type of aneurysm called a berry or saccular aneurysm looks like a berry hanging on a stem.
+Experts think brain aneurysms form and grow because blood flowing through the blood vessel puts pressure on a weak area of the vessel wall. This can increase the size of the brain aneurysm. If the brain aneurysm leaks or ruptures, it causes bleeding in the brain, known as a hemorrhagic stroke.
+Most often, a ruptured brain aneurysm happens in the space between the brain and the thin tissues covering the brain. This type of hemorrhagic stroke is called a subarachnoid hemorrhage.
+Brain aneurysms are common. But most brain aneurysms aren't serious, especially if they're small. Most brain aneurysms don't rupture. They usually don't cause symptoms or cause health problems. In many people, brain aneurysms are found during tests for other conditions.
+However, if an aneurysm ruptures it can quickly become life-threatening and requires emergency treatment.
+If a brain aneurysm hasn't ruptured, treatment may be right for some people. There are many factors to be considered. If it is felt that the treatment risk is lower than the future risk of aneurysm rupture, then treatment of an unruptured brain aneurysm may be recommended. Talk about your treatment options with your healthcare professional.","Most brain aneurysms that haven't ruptured don't cause symptoms, especially if they're small. Brain aneurysms may be found during imaging tests that are done for other conditions.
+If an aneurysm ruptures, this is a very serious condition, typically causing a severe headache. And if an unruptured aneurysm presses against brain tissue or nerves, it may cause pain and other symptoms.","Seek medical attention right away if you develop a sudden, extremely severe headache. If you're with someone who complains of a sudden, severe headache or who loses consciousness or has a seizure, call 911 or your local emergency number.","Brain aneurysms are caused by thinning artery walls. Aneurysms often form at forks or branches in arteries because those areas of the vessels are weaker. Although aneurysms can happen anywhere in the brain, they're most common in arteries at the base of the brain.","Several factors can cause weakness in an artery wall. These factors may increase the risk of a brain aneurysm or aneurysm rupture. Some of these risk factors develop over time while others are present at birth.
+Risk factors include:
+Age.Brain aneurysms can happen at any age. However, they're more common in adults between ages 30 and 60.
+Being female.Brain aneurysms are more common in women than in men.
+Cigarette smoking.Smoking is a risk factor for brain aneurysms to form and for brain aneurysms to rupture.
+High blood pressure.This conditioncan weaken arteries. Aneurysms are more likely to form and to rupture in weakened arteries.
+Drug use, particularly using cocaine.Drug use raises blood pressure. If illicit drugs are used in a vein, it can lead to an infection, which may cause an aneurysm.
+Heavy alcohol use.This also can increase blood pressure.
+Inherited connective tissue conditions,such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. These conditions weaken blood vessels.
+Polycystic kidney disease.This inherited condition results in fluid-filled sacs in the kidneys. It also may increase blood pressure.
+A narrow aorta, also called coarctation of the aorta.The aorta is the large blood vessel that delivers oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body.
+Brain arteriovenous malformation, also called brain AVM.In this condition, arteries and veins in the brain are tangled. This affects blood flow.
+A family history of brain aneurysm.The risk is higher if you have family members who have had a brain aneurysm. This is particularly true if two or more first-degree relatives — such as a parent, sibling or child — have had a brain aneurysm. If you have a family history, ask your healthcare professional about getting screened for a brain aneurysm.
+Some types of aneurysms may happen after a head injury or from certain blood infections.","When a brain aneurysm ruptures, the bleeding usually lasts only a few seconds. However, the blood can cause direct damage to surrounding cells and can kill brain cells. It also increases pressure inside the skull.
+If the pressure becomes too high, it may disrupt the blood and oxygen supply to the brain. Loss of consciousness or even death may occur.
+Complications that can develop after the rupture of an aneurysm include:
+Re-bleeding.An aneurysm that has ruptured or has leaked is at risk of bleeding again. Re-bleeding can cause further damage to brain cells.
+Narrowed blood vessels in the brain.After a brain aneurysm ruptures, blood vessels in the brain may contract and narrow. This is known as vasospasm. Vasospasm can cause an ischemic stroke, in which there's limited blood flow to brain cells. This may cause more cell damage and loss.
+A buildup of fluid within the brain, known as hydrocephalus.Most often, a ruptured brain aneurysm happens in the space between the brain and the thin tissues covering the brain. The blood can block the movement of the spinal fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. As a result, a buildup of fluid puts pressure on the brain and can damage tissues.
+Change in sodium level.Bleeding in the brain can disrupt the balance of sodium in the blood. A drop in blood sodium levels can lead to swelling of brain cells and permanent damage.","In many cases, brain aneurysms can't be prevented. But there are some changes you can make to lower your risk. They include quitting smoking if you smoke. Also work with your healthcare professional to lower your blood pressure if it's high. Don't drink large amounts of alcohol or use drugs such as cocaine.","Screening tests and procedures used to detect and diagnose brain aneurysms include:
+CT scan.This specialized X-ray is usually the first test used to assess for bleeding in the brain or another type of stroke. The test produces images that are 2D slices of the brain.A CT angiogram can create detailed images of the arteries providing blood flow in the brain. The test involves injecting dye into the vein that makes it easier to observe blood flow. It also can detect the presence of an aneurysm.
+Lumbar puncture, known as a spinal tap.If you've had a subarachnoid hemorrhage, there will most likely be red blood cells in the fluid surrounding your brain and spine. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid. If you have symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm but a CT scan doesn't show evidence of bleeding, a test of your cerebrospinal fluid can help make a diagnosis.The procedure to draw cerebrospinal fluid from your back with a needle is called a lumbar puncture.
+MRI.This imaging test uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain. These images may be either 2D or 3D images and can show if there's bleeding in the brain.A type of MRI that captures images of the arteries in detail is called MR angiography. This type of MRI can detect the size, shape and location of an aneurysm.
+Cerebral angiogram.During this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is used. The catheter is inserted into an artery, usually in the groin or the wrist. The catheter threads past your heart to the arteries in your brain. A special dye injected into the catheter travels to arteries throughout your brain.A series of X-rays can then reveal details about the conditions of your arteries and detect an aneurysm. A cerebral angiogram — also called a cerebral arteriogram — is usually used when other diagnostic tests don't provide enough information.","Repairing a ruptured aneurysm requires surgery or endovascular treatment. Endovascular treatment means an aneurysm is treated from inside the artery. You also may be given treatments to relieve symptoms.
+If you have an unruptured aneurysm, talk with your healthcare professional about possible treatments. Talk about whether the risk of leaving the aneurysm alone is greater than the risk of treating the aneurysm.
+Factors that your healthcare team considers before making treatment recommendations include:
+The aneurysm size, location and overall appearance of the aneurysm.
+Your age and general health.
+Family history of ruptured aneurysm.
+Conditions you were born with that increase the risk of a ruptured aneurysm.",TheBrain Aneurysm Foundationoffers information on connecting with support groups in many states and in other countries.,"If test results show you have a brain aneurysm, you'll need to talk with a specialist in brain and nervous system conditions. These specialists include neurologists, neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","If you have an unruptured brain aneurysm, you may lower the risk of rupture by making these lifestyle changes:
+Don't smoke cigarettes.If you smoke, talk to your healthcare professional. They can suggest strategies or a treatment program to help you quit.
+Manage your blood pressure if you have high blood pressure.
+Eat a healthy diet and exercise.Changes in diet and exercise can help lower blood pressure. Talk to your healthcare professional about changes that are right for you.
+Don't use alcohol in excess.
+Don't use recreational drugs such as cocaine, methamphetamine or others.If you do use these drugs and would like to quit, talk to your healthcare professional.","pain, headache, brain aneurysms, unruptured aneurysm, aneurysm ruptures, severe headache"
+71,Popliteal artery aneurysm,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/popliteal-artery-aneurysm/symptoms-causes/syc-20355432,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/popliteal-artery-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20528724,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/popliteal-artery-aneurysm/doctors-departments/ddc-20355434,A popliteal artery aneurysm is an irregular bulge that occurs in the wall of the artery located behind the knee joint. It is a type of lower extremity aneurysm.,"You might not notice any symptoms. The first symptom may be pain in the lower leg that occurs with walking, called claudication. Other symptoms of a popliteal artery aneurysm include:
+Knee pain.
+Lower leg pain.
+Swelling behind the knee.
+Pulsing feeling behind the knee.",,"An aneurysm is a ballooning in a weak spot in an artery wall. Many different things can cause the popliteal artery wall to become weak, including:
+Atherosclerosis.
+High blood pressure.
+Wear and tear of the popliteal artery due to repeat use of the knee joint.","Popliteal artery aneurysms are rare. They are more common in men than in women.
+Popliteal artery aneurysm often occurs in men with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a swelling of the wall of the body's main artery, called the aorta. Anyone diagnosed with popliteal artery aneurysm should be screened forAAA.
+Other risk factors for popliteal artery aneurysm include:
+Growing older.
+High blood pressure.
+Smoking.
+Narrowing of a heart valve.
+Having three or more aneurysms anywhere in the body.","Complications of popliteal artery aneurysm include blood clots. Blood clots can cause a severe lack of blood flow in the lower leg.
+A severe lack of blood flow can cause the following symptoms:
+A change in skin color in the affected area.
+No pulse behind the knee.
+Skin in the affected area feels cold.
+Numbness in the leg.
+Inability to move the foot.
+A severe lack of blood flow may result in loss of the limb. Rarely, the aneurysm may rupture. But the risk of popliteal artery aneurysm rupture is low.","Smoking and high blood pressure increase the risk of blood vessel problems that can lead to popliteal artery and other aneurysms. Following a heart-healthy lifestyle can help prevent heart disease and blood vessel damage.
+Try these heart-healthy tips:
+Do not smoke.
+Eat a nutritious diet.
+Get regular exercise.","To diagnose popliteal artery aneurysm, a health care professional usually does a physical exam and checks the legs for:
+Swelling.
+Tenderness.
+Changes in skin color or temperature on the lower leg and behind the knee.
+You may be asked questions about your medical history and health habits, such as smoking.","Treatment of popliteal artery aneurysm depends on:
+The size of the aneurysm.
+The symptoms.
+Your age and overall health.
+Treatment may include:
+Regular health checkups.You'll have frequent checkups and ultrasound tests to check the aneurysm, particularly if the aneurysm is small.
+Medicines.Aspirin or another blood thinner is usually prescribed for people with popliteal artery aneurysm. Medicines may need to be given through a vein. Blood pressure and cholesterol medicine may be given if you have symptoms of heart disease.
+Surgery.Open surgery to repair the damaged artery is generally recommended for any sized popliteal artery aneurysm that's causing symptoms. Surgery is usually done for any popliteal artery aneurysm that's 0.8 inches (2 centimeters) or larger. Sometimes, a less invasive procedure called endovascular repair may be done. During this treatment, a stent is placed inside the popliteal artery to hold it open.",,,,"pain, pain in the lower leg, pulsing feeling behind the knee, claudication, knee pain, lower leg pain, artery aneurysm, swelling behind the knee, leg pain"
+72,Thoracic aortic aneurysm,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/symptoms-causes/syc-20350188,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350193,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/doctors-departments/ddc-20350196,"A thoracic aortic aneurysm is a weakened area in the body's main artery in the chest. The body's main artery is called the aorta. When the aortic wall is weak, the artery may get wider. When the artery gets very wide, it's called an aneurysm. An aneurysm can happen anywhere in the thoracic aorta, including near the heart.
+A thoracic aortic aneurysm also is called a thoracic aneurysm. If the aneurysm is between the upper and lower parts of the aorta, it's called a thoracoabdominal aneurysm.
+Thoracic aortic aneurysms are less common than aneurysms in the lower part of the aorta, called abdominal aortic aneurysms.
+Treatment of a thoracic aortic aneurysm depends on the cause and size of the aneurysm and how fast it's growing. Treatment may range from regular health checkups to emergency surgery. A thoracic aortic aneurysm that ruptures or causes a tear called a dissection is a medical emergency that can lead to death.","Thoracic aortic aneurysms often grow slowly. There are usually no symptoms. That makes them hard to find. Many start small and stay small. Others get bigger over time. How quickly a thoracic aortic aneurysm may grow is hard to predict.
+As a thoracic aortic aneurysm grows, symptoms may include:
+Back pain.
+Cough.
+Weak, scratchy voice.
+Shortness of breath.
+Tenderness or pain in the chest.
+Symptoms that a thoracic aortic aneurysm has ruptured or caused a tear called an aortic dissection include:
+Sharp, sudden pain in the upper back that spreads down the body.
+Pain in the chest, jaw, neck or arms.
+Trouble breathing.
+Low blood pressure.
+Loss of consciousness.
+Shortness of breath.
+Trouble swallowing.
+Some aneurysms may never rupture or lead to dissection.",Most people with thoracic aortic aneurysms don't have symptoms until an aortic dissection or rupture occurs. An aortic dissection or aneurysm rupture is a medical emergency. Call 911 or your local emergency number for immediate help.,"Causes of thoracic aortic aneurysms may include:
+Atherosclerosis.A buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls causes the arteries to get stiff. Over time, the walls of the arteries may get weak. High blood pressure and high cholesterol increase the risk of atherosclerosis, especially in older people.
+Genetic conditions.Aortic aneurysms in younger people are often caused by changes in genes. A genetic condition called Marfan syndrome can weaken the wall of the aorta.If you have Marfan syndrome or a related condition, such as Loeys-Dietz syndrome or vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, you have a much higher risk of a thoracic aortic aneurysm. These conditions also make you more likely to have an aortic rupture or aortic dissection.
+Blood vessel inflammation.Conditions that cause irritation and swelling of blood vessels, such as Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis, are associated with thoracic aortic aneurysms.
+Bicuspid aortic valve.Usually the valve between the lower left heart chamber and the aorta has three flaps. A bicuspid valve has only two. People who are born with a bicuspid aortic valve are more likely to get a thoracic aneurysm.
+Untreated infection.Though rare, it's possible to get a thoracic aortic aneurysm if you've had an untreated infection such as syphilis or salmonella.
+Traumatic injury.Some people who are injured in falls or motor vehicle crashes get thoracic aortic aneurysms. But this is rare.","Anything that damages or weakens blood vessels may raise the risk of an aneurysm. Thoracic aortic aneurysm risk factors include:
+Age.Thoracic aortic aneurysms occur most often in people age 65 and older.
+Smoking and tobacco use.If you smoke or chew tobacco, it's important that you quit. Using tobacco also can worsen an aneurysm and overall health.
+High blood pressure.Increased blood pressure damages the blood vessels in the body. This raises the risk of an aneurysm.
+Coronary artery disease.This type of heart disease causes reduced blood flow to the heart. It's often caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis can damage the lining of a blood vessel, increasing the risk of an aneurysm. This is a more common risk in older people.
+Family history.You're more likely to get an aortic aneurysm and rupture if you have a parent, brother, sister or child with one. You may develop aneurysms at a younger age.
+If you're at risk of an aortic aneurysm, you might get medicines to lower your blood pressure and relieve stress on weakened arteries.","Possible complications of a thoracic aortic aneurysm are:
+A tear in the wall of the aorta, also called an aortic dissection.This life-threatening condition causes bleeding into and along the aortic wall. Emergency surgery is needed to prevent death.
+Rupture of the body's main artery, called an aortic rupture.If a tear in the aorta causes bleeding outside the aorta, it's called an aortic rupture. This also is a life-threatening condition that needs treatment right away. In general, the larger the aneurysm, the greater the risk of rupture.
+Blood clots.Small blood clots can develop in the area of the aortic aneurysm. If a blood clot breaks loose from the inside wall of an aneurysm, it can block a blood vessel elsewhere in the body. This can possibly cause serious complications.
+Stroke.Signs and symptoms of stroke include weakness of or an inability to move one side of the body. It may be hard to speak.","To prevent an aneurysm, keep the blood vessels as healthy as possible. Try these healthy lifestyle tips.
+Don't smoke or use tobacco.
+Control blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
+Keep a healthy weight and stay active.
+Eat nutritious foods.","Thoracic aortic aneurysms often don't have symptoms. So they can be hard to diagnose. They are often found when an imaging test is done for a different reason.
+If you have a thoracic aortic aneurysm, your healthcare professional may ask about your family's medical history. Some aneurysms can run in families.","The goals of treatment for a thoracic aortic aneurysm are to:
+Stop the aneurysm from growing.
+Prevent aortic rupture.
+Treatment depends on the aneurysm's size and how fast it's growing.
+Treatment for thoracic aortic aneurysm may include:
+Regular health checkups, sometimes called watchful waiting.
+Medicines.
+Surgery.",You may find that connecting with others who have experienced similar situations may be helpful. Ask your healthcare team about support groups in your area.,"If you have a family history of thoracic aortic aneurysms or conditions linked to them, make an appointment for a health checkup. If an aneurysm is found early, treatment may be easier and more effective.
+Appointments can be brief and there's often a lot to talk about. So it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","If you have a thoracic aortic aneurysm, your healthcare team may tell you not to do heavy lifting. You also might be told not to do some energetic physical activities. Such activities can increase blood pressure. High blood pressure can put pressure on an aneurysm.
+If you want to do a particular activity, talk with your healthcare team. You may need an exercise stress test to see how activity affects your blood pressure. Moderate physical activity is generally healthy.
+Emotional stress also can raise blood pressure. It's important to manage or lower stress. Some tips are to get more exercise and practice mindfulness.","thoracic aortic aneurysms, low blood pressure, pain in the chest, scratchy, shortness of breath, trouble swallowing, jaw, cough, tenderness, sudden pain, tenderness or pain in the chest, weak scratchy voice, loss of consciousness., pain, back pain, trouble breathing, aneurysms, neck or arms, thoracic aortic aneurysm, sharp sudden pain in the upper back, loss of consciousness"
+73,Vasculitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vasculitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20363435,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vasculitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20363485,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vasculitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20363525,"Vasculitis involves swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of blood vessels. The inflammation can cause the walls of the blood vessels to thicken. This thickening can narrow the vessels. If the narrowing restricts blood flow, it can damage organs and tissues.
+There are many types of vasculitis. Most of them are rare. Vasculitis might affect just one organ or several. The condition can be short-term or long lasting.
+Vasculitis can affect anyone. But some types are more common among people in certain age groups. Some types may improve without treatment. Most types need treatment with medicines to control the inflammation and prevent flares.","Symptoms of most types of vasculitis can include:
+Fever.
+Headache.
+Tiredness.
+Weight loss.
+Aches and pains.
+Other symptoms depend on the parts of the body affected:
+Digestive system.If vasculitis affects the stomach or intestines, there may be pain after eating. Ulcers and tears, called perforations, are possible. They may cause blood in the stool.
+Ears.Dizziness, ringing in the ears and sudden hearing loss may happen.
+Eyes.Vasculitis can make the eyes look red. They may itch or burn. Giant cell arteritis can cause double vision and brief or ongoing blindness in one or both eyes. This is sometimes the first sign of the disease.
+Hands or feet.Some types of vasculitis can cause numbness or weakness in a hand or foot. The palms of the hands and soles of the feet might swell or harden.
+Lungs.This can cause shortness of breath or coughing up blood.
+Skin.Bleeding under the skin can show up as red spots. Vasculitis also can cause lumps or open sores on the skin.",Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. Some types of vasculitis get worse quickly. Early diagnosis is the key to getting treatment that works.,"Experts don't know the exact cause of vasculitis. Some types are linked to a person's genes. Others result from the immune system attacking blood vessel cells by mistake. Causes of this immune system reaction may include:
+Infections, such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
+Blood cancers.
+Immune system diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and scleroderma.
+Reactions to certain medicines.","Vasculitis can happen to anyone. Factors that may increase the risk of certain types include:
+Age.Giant cell arteritis is rare before the age of 50. Kawasaki disease is most common in children younger than 5 years old.
+Family history.Behcets disease, granulomatosis with polyangiitis and Kawasaki disease can run in families.
+Lifestyle choices.Using illicit drugs such as cocaine can increase your risk of getting vasculitis. Smoking tobacco can increase risk of Buerger disease. This applies mainly to people assigned male at birth who are younger than 45.
+Medicines.Medicines such as hydralazine, allopurinol (Lopurin, Zyloprim) , minocycline (Arestin, Minocin, others) and propylthiouracil sometimes can cause vasculitis.
+Infections.Having hepatitis B or C can increase the risk of vasculitis.
+Immune conditions.People who have conditions in which their immune systems attack their own bodies by mistake may be at higher risk of vasculitis. These conditions include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma.
+Sex assigned at birth.Giant cell arteritis is much more common in people assigned female at birth. Buerger disease is more common in people assigned male at birth.","Vasculitis complications depend on the type of vasculitis and how bad it is. Complications also may be linked to side effects of the prescription medicines that treat the condition. Complications of vasculitis include:
+Organ damage.Some types of vasculitis can damage major organs.
+Blood clots and aneurysms.A blood clot may form in a blood vessel, blocking blood flow. Rarely, vasculitis causes a blood vessel to weaken and bulge, forming an aneurysm (AN-yoo-riz-um).
+Vision loss or blindness.This may be a complication of giant cell arteritis that isn't treated.
+Infections.Some of the medicines used to treat vasculitis may weaken your immune system. This can make you more prone to infections.",,"Diagnosis starts with a medical history and a physical exam. You may have one or more tests and procedures. These can either diagnose vasculitis or rule out other conditions that cause some of the same symptoms. Tests and procedures might include:
+Blood tests.These tests look for signs of inflammation, such as a high level of C-reactive protein. A complete blood cell count can tell whether you have enough red blood cells. Other blood tests, such as the antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) test, can look for certain antibodies. These tests can help diagnose vasculitis.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests can show which blood vessels and organs are affected. They also can help your healthcare professional know how you respond to treatment. Imaging tests for vasculitis include X-rays, ultrasounds, CT scans, MRIs and positron emission tomography (PET) scans.
+X-rays of your blood vessels.During this procedure, called angiography, a flexible catheter resembling a thin straw goes into a large artery or vein. A special dye goes into the catheter. You have X-rays taken as the dye fills the artery or vein. The X-rays show the outlines of your blood vessels.
+Biopsy.This is a surgery in which a healthcare professional removes a small sample of tissue from the affected area of your body. Your health professional then looks at the tissue for signs of vasculitis.","Treatment aims to control the swelling and irritation, called inflammation. It also aims to manage the conditions that may be causing the vasculitis.
+Most types of vasculitis can come back. This is called a flare. So your healthcare professional may need to follow you a long time after your symptoms go away.","Coping with the side effects of the medicines you take to treat your vasculitis might be one of the hardest things about living with the condition. Some of these tips might help:
+Know about your condition.Learn all you can about vasculitis and its treatment. Know the possible side effects of the medicines you take. Tell your healthcare professional about any changes in your health.
+Follow your treatment plan.Your plan may include seeing your health professional often, having more tests and checking your blood pressure.
+Eat well.Eating healthy foods can help prevent some of the problems your medicines can cause. This might include thinning bones, high blood pressure and diabetes. Eat mainly fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, and lean meats and fish. If you're taking a corticosteroid medicine, ask your healthcare professional if you need to take a vitamin D or calcium supplement.
+Get vaccinations.Some medicines to treat vasculitis raise your risk of infections. These include flu, pneumonia, shingles and COVID-19. Keeping up to date on vaccinations can help. Talk with your healthcare professional about which vaccinations to get.
+Exercise most days of the week.Regular aerobic exercise, such as walking, can help prevent conditions that can be linked to taking corticosteroids. These include bone loss, high blood pressure and diabetes. Regular exercise also helps your heart and lungs.Many people also find that exercise improves their mood and sense of well-being. If you're not used to exercising, start out and build up slowly. Your healthcare professional can help you plan an exercise program that's right for you.
+Ask others to help.Family and friends can help you cope with this condition. You also might find it helpful to talk with others who have vasculitis. Ask a member of your healthcare team about support groups.","Make an appointment with your main healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. For vasculitis, you may need to see specialists. They might include:
+Rheumatologists, who specialize in joints, muscles and autoimmune diseases.
+Neurologists, who specialize in the brain and nervous system.
+Ophthalmologists, who specialize in the eyes.
+Cardiologists, who specialize in the heart.
+Nephrologists, who specialize in the kidneys.
+Pulmonologists, who specialize in the lungs.
+Dermatologists, who specialize in the skin.
+Urologists, who specialize in the urinary tract and urogenital systems.
+Otorhinolaryngologists, who specialize in the ears and sinuses.",,"ulcers, headache, swelling, arteritis, dizziness, burn, weight loss, shortness of breath, aches, lumps, hardening, tiredness, itch, numbness, pain after eating, hearing loss, blindness, open sores, ringing in the ears, pains, tears, double vision, vasculitis, bleeding, perforations, red spots, red eyes, sudden hearing loss, blood in the stool, pain, weakness, fever, coughing up blood, aches and pains"
+74,Angina,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/angina/symptoms-causes/syc-20369373,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/angina/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369378,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/angina/doctors-departments/ddc-20369379,"Angina (an-JIE-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. Angina is a symptom of coronary artery disease.
+Angina also is called angina pectoris.
+Angina is often described as squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness or pain in the chest. It may feel like a heavy weight lying on the chest. Angina may be a new pain that needs to be checked by a healthcare professional, or it may be recurring pain that goes away with treatment.
+Angina is relatively common. But some people may not be able to tell it apart from other types of chest pain, such as heartburn. If you have unexplained chest pain, get medical help right away.","Angina symptoms include chest pain and discomfort. The chest pain or discomfort may feel like:
+Burning.
+Fullness.
+Pressure.
+Squeezing.
+Pain also may be felt in the arms, neck, jaw, shoulder or back.
+Other symptoms of angina include:
+Dizziness.
+Fatigue.
+Nausea.
+Shortness of breath.
+Sweating.
+The severity, duration and type of angina can vary. New or different symptoms may signal unstable angina or a heart attack.
+Any new or worsening angina symptoms need to be checked immediately by a healthcare professional. The healthcare team can determine whether you have stable or unstable angina.","Chest pain that lasts longer than a few minutes and doesn't go away with rest or angina medicines may be due to a heart attack. Call 911 or emergency medical help. Only drive yourself to the hospital if there is no other way to get there.
+If chest discomfort is a new symptom for you, see a healthcare professional to determine the cause and to get proper treatment. If you have stable angina and it gets worse or changes, seek medical help immediately.","Angina is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Blood carries oxygen, which the heart muscle needs to survive. When the heart muscle isn't getting enough oxygen, it causes a condition called ischemia.
+The most common cause of reduced blood flow to the heart muscle is coronary artery disease (CAD). The heart arteries, called the coronary arteries, can become narrowed by fatty deposits called plaques. This condition is called atherosclerosis.
+Plaque in a blood vessel may rupture or cause a blood clot. These events can quickly block or reduce flow through a narrowed artery. This can suddenly and severely decrease blood flow to the heart muscle.
+The heart muscle may still be able to work during times of low oxygen demand without triggering angina symptoms. An example is when resting. But when the demand for oxygen goes up, such as when exercising, angina can result.","The following things may increase the risk of angina:
+Increasing age.Angina is most common in adults age 60 and older.
+Family history of heart disease.Tell your healthcare team if your mother, father or any siblings have or had heart disease or a heart attack.
+Tobacco use.Smoking, chewing tobacco and long-term exposure to secondhand smoke can damage the lining of the arteries. Artery damage can let deposits of cholesterol collect and block blood flow.
+Diabetes.Diabetes increases the risk of coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease can cause angina.
+High blood pressure.Over time, high blood pressure damages arteries by speeding up the hardening of the arteries.
+High cholesterol or triglycerides.Too much bad cholesterol, called low-density lipoprotein (LDL), in the blood can cause arteries to narrow. A highLDLlevel increases the risk of angina and heart attack. A high level of triglycerides in the blood also is unhealthy.
+Other health conditions.Chronic kidney disease, peripheral artery disease, metabolic syndrome or a history of stroke increases the risk of angina.
+Not enough exercise.An inactive lifestyle raises the risk of high cholesterol, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes and obesity. Talk with your healthcare team about the type and amount of exercise that's best for you.
+Obesity.Obesity is a risk factor for heart disease, which can cause angina. Being overweight makes the heart work harder to supply blood to the body.
+Emotional stress.Too much stress and anger can raise blood pressure. Rushes of hormones made by the body during stress can narrow the arteries and worsen angina.
+Medicines.Some medicines tighten blood vessels, which may trigger Prinzmetal angina. An example is certain migraine medicines.
+Drug misuse.Cocaine and other stimulants can cause blood vessel spasms and trigger angina.
+Cold temperatures.Exposure to cold temperatures can trigger Prinzmetal angina.","The chest pain that occurs with angina can make doing some activities, such as walking, uncomfortable. However, the most dangerous complication is a heart attack.","You can help prevent angina by following the same lifestyle changes that are used to treat angina:
+Avoid or limit alcohol.
+Don't smoke.
+Eat a healthy diet.
+Exercise regularly.
+Maintain a healthy weight.
+Manage other health conditions related to heart disease.
+Reduce stress.
+Get 7 to 9 hours of sleep a day.
+Also get recommended vaccines to avoid heart complications.","To diagnose angina, a healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms. You are usually asked about any risk factors, including whether you have a family history of heart disease.","Options for angina treatment include:
+Lifestyle changes such as eating a healthy diet and exercising.
+Medicines.
+Angioplasty and stenting.
+Open-heart surgery called coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
+The goals of angina treatment are to:
+Reduce the number of angina episodes.
+Make symptoms less severe.
+Lower the risk of a heart attack and death.
+You will need immediate treatment if you have unstable angina or chest pain that's different from what you usually have.",,"If you have sudden chest pain, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.
+If you have a strong family history of heart disease, make an appointment for a health checkup.
+Appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot to discuss. So it's a good idea to take steps to prepare for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready and what to expect during your visit.","Heart disease is often the cause of angina. Making lifestyle changes to keep the heart healthy is an important part of angina treatment. Try these strategies:
+Don't smoke.Quitting smoking is the most important thing you can do to improve heart health. Also, avoid being around secondhand smoke. If you need to quit, ask your care team for help.
+Get regular exercise.Regular exercise helps improve heart health. As a general goal, aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate or vigorous physical activity five or more days a week. If you've had a heart attack or heart surgery, you may have activity limits. Ask your healthcare professional what's best for you.
+Manage weight.Too much weight strains the heart. Being overweight increases the risk of high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes. Ask your healthcare team what the best weight is for you.
+Eat a healthy diet.Avoid or limit foods with saturated fat, trans fats, salt and sugar. Choose whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean protein, such as fish and beans.
+Manage other health conditions.Ask your care team how often you need to have your blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol levels checked.
+Control stress.Find ways to help reduce emotional stress. Getting more exercise, practicing mindfulness and connecting with others in support groups are some ways to ease stress.
+Avoid or limit alcohol.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
+Practice good sleep habits.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other chronic conditions. Adults should aim to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily. Go to bed and wake at the same time every day, including on weekends. If you have trouble sleeping, talk with your care team about strategies that might help.","pain, nausea, fatigue, fullness, angina, pressure, squeezing, chest pain, dizziness, burning, sweating, discomfort, shortness of breath, unstable angina"
+76,Castleman disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/castleman-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20543017,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/castleman-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20543055,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/castleman-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20543066,"Castleman disease is a group of rare disorders that involves lymph nodes that get bigger, called enlarged lymph nodes, and a wide range of symptoms. The most common form of the disorder involves a single enlarged lymph node. This lymph node is usually in the chest or neck, but it can occur in other areas of the body as well. This form of the disorder is called unicentric Castleman disease (UCD).
+Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) involves multiple regions of enlarged lymph nodes, inflammatory symptoms and problems with organ function. There are three types of MCD:
+HHV-8-associated MCD.This type is linked to human herpes virus type 8, called HHV-8, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
+Idiopathic MCD.The cause of this type is unknown. This also is called HHV-8-negative MCD.The most serious form of this type of MCD is known as iMCD-TAFRO. This condition gets its name from the symptoms it causes.
+POEMS-associated MCD.This type is linked to another condition called POEMS syndrome. POEMS syndrome is a rare blood disorder that damages nerves and affects other parts of the body.
+Sometimes, people may have 2-3 enlarged lymph nodes and mild symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for MCD. These people may have another disease, or they may have the recently described subtype of Castleman disease called oligocentric Castleman disease. This subtype is rare.
+Treatment and outlook vary depending on the type of Castleman disease you have. Unicentric Castleman disease, which is the type that involves only one enlarged lymph node, can usually be successfully treated with surgery.
+The best treatment for oligocentric Castleman disease, which involves a few enlarged lymph nodes and has limited symptoms, is not known but is thought to be similar to the treatment for unicentric Castleman disease.
+While not all people with MCD respond to the first treatment, there are medicines that work to treat HHV-8-associated MCD and idiopathic MCD.","Many people with unicentric Castleman disease don't notice any signs or symptoms. The enlarged lymph node may be found during a physical exam or an imaging test for a different problem.
+Some people with unicentric Castleman disease might have signs and symptoms that are more often seen in multicentric Castleman disease. These may include:","If you notice an enlarged lymph node on the side of your neck or in your underarm, collarbone or groin area, talk with your healthcare professional. Also call your care team if you have a lasting feeling of fullness in your chest or abdomen, fever, fatigue, or weight loss that you can't explain.","It's not clear what causes unicentric Castleman disease or idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). However, HHV-8-positive MCD is known to occur in people who don't have typical function in their immune systems because of HIV or other causes.","Castleman disease can affect people of any age or gender. People usually are diagnosed with Castleman disease during midlife, but it can happen at any age, including during childhood.
+There are no known risk factors for unicentric Castleman disease or idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease. Infection with HIV or having a condition that decreases how well the immune system works raises the risk of having HHV-8-positive multicentric Castleman disease.","People with unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) usually do well once the affected lymph node is removed, and life expectancy is usually not changed. But they are at increased risk of developing a rare autoimmune condition called paraneoplastic pemphigus. This condition can be life-threatening. Paraneoplastic pemphigus causes blisters in the mouth and on the skin that are often misdiagnosed. Though the risk of developing paraneoplastic pemphigus is low, being checked for this condition is important if you have UCD.
+Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease can rapidly get worse to involve life-threatening problems with organ function. This requires critical care with a machine that helps with breathing, called a ventilator, and treatments that help with organs function, such as dialysis and transfusions.
+HHV-8-positive multicentric Castleman disease may involve life-threatening infections and organ failure. People who also have HIV/AIDS generally have worse outcomes.",,"After reviewing your medical history and doing a detailed physical exam, your healthcare professional may recommend:
+Blood and urine tests.These help rule out other infections or diseases. These tests also can find anemia and changes in blood proteins that can be typical of Castleman disease.
+Imaging tests.These tests can find enlarged lymph nodes or an enlarged liver or spleen. A CT scan of the neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis may be used. A positron emission tomography scan, also known as a PET scan, may be used to diagnose Castleman disease. PET scans also can show whether a treatment is working.
+Lymph node biopsy.This test is essential to diagnose Castleman disease and rule out related disorders, such as lymphoma. In a biopsy, a tissue sample from an enlarged lymph node is removed and looked at in a laboratory.",Treatment depends on the type of Castleman disease you have.,,You may be referred to a doctor trained in treating blood disorders. This type of doctor is called a hematologist.,,"enlarged lymph node, multicentric castleman disease, unicentric castleman disease"
+77,Broken ankle,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-ankle/symptoms-causes/syc-20450025,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-ankle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20450038,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-ankle/doctors-departments/ddc-20450053,"A broken ankle, also called a fractured ankle, is an injury of one or more of the bones that make up the ankle joint. An ankle might break from a twisting injury, a misstep or fall, a sports injury or a car crash.
+
+Fractures in ankle bones can range from tiny cracks to breaks in more than one place and breaks that come through the skin.
+
+Treatment for a broken ankle bone depends on where the bone breaks and how bad the break is. A badly broken ankle may need surgery. Surgery involves putting plates, rods or screws into the broken bone to hold it in place while it heals.",A broken ankle might cause some of these symptoms:,"See a healthcare professional if the ankle has lost its shape, if the pain and swelling don't get better with self-care, or if the pain and swelling get worse over time. It's possible to walk on some fractures, so don't assume you don't need medical care if you can bear weight on your ankle.","A broken ankle is most often from a turning, twisting or rolling injury. But a direct blow to the ankle also can break it.
+
+The most common causes of a broken ankle include:",You may be at higher risk of a broken ankle if you:,Complications of a broken ankle aren't common. But they may include:,These sports and safety tips may help prevent a broken ankle:,"Your healthcare professional will look at your ankle, foot and lower leg and check for tenderness. Moving your foot around can show your range of motion. Your health professional might want to watch how you walk.",Treatments for a broken ankle bone vary depending on which bone is broken and how bad the injury is.,,"You will likely seek treatment for a broken ankle bone in an emergency room or urgent care clinic. If the pieces of broken bone aren't lined up for healing, you may be referred to a doctor specializing in orthopedic surgery.",,none
+78,Sprained ankle,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sprained-ankle/symptoms-causes/syc-20353225,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sprained-ankle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353231,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sprained-ankle/doctors-departments/ddc-20353232,"A sprained ankle is an injury that occurs when you roll, twist or turn your ankle in an awkward way. This can stretch or tear the tough bands of tissue (ligaments) that help hold your ankle bones together.
+Ligaments help stabilize joints, preventing excessive movement. A sprained ankle occurs when the ligaments are forced beyond their normal range of motion. Most sprained ankles involve injuries to the ligaments on the outer side of the ankle.
+Treatment for a sprained ankle depends on the severity of the injury. Although self-care measures and over-the-counter pain medications may be all you need, a medical evaluation might be necessary to reveal how badly you've sprained your ankle and to determine the appropriate treatment.","Signs and symptoms of a sprained ankle vary depending on the severity of the injury. They may include:
+Pain, especially when you bear weight on the affected foot
+Tenderness when you touch the ankle
+Swelling
+Bruising
+Restricted range of motion
+Instability in the ankle
+Popping sensation or sound at the time of injury","Call your doctor if you have pain and swelling in your ankle and you suspect a sprain. Self-care measures may be all you need, but talk to your doctor to discuss whether you should have your ankle evaluated. If signs and symptoms are severe, you may have significant damage to a ligament or a broken bone in your ankle or lower leg.","A sprain occurs when your ankle is forced to move out of its normal position, which can cause one or more of the ankle's ligaments to stretch, partially tear or tear completely.
+Causes of a sprained ankle might include:
+A fall that causes your ankle to twist
+Landing awkwardly on your foot after jumping or pivoting
+Walking or exercising on an uneven surface
+Another person stepping or landing on your foot during a sports activity","Factors that increase your risk of a sprained ankle include:
+Sports participation.Ankle sprains are a common sports injury, particularly in sports that require jumping, cutting action, or rolling or twisting of the foot such as basketball, tennis, football, soccer and trail running.
+Uneven surfaces.Walking or running on uneven surfaces or poor field conditions may increase the risk of an ankle sprain.
+Prior ankle injury.Once you've sprained your ankle or had another type of ankle injury, you're more likely to sprain it again.
+Poor physical condition.Poor strength or flexibility in the ankles may increase the risk of a sprain when participating in sports.
+Improper shoes.Shoes that don't fit properly or aren't appropriate for an activity, as well as high-heeled shoes in general, make ankles more vulnerable to injury.","Failing to treat a sprained ankle properly, engaging in activities too soon after spraining your ankle or spraining your ankle repeatedly might lead to the following complications:
+Chronic ankle pain
+Chronic ankle joint instability
+Arthritis in the ankle joint","The following tips can help you prevent a sprained ankle or a recurring sprain:
+Warm up before you exercise or play sports.
+Be careful when walking, running or working on an uneven surface.
+Use an ankle support brace or tape on a weak or previously injured ankle.
+Wear shoes that fit well and are made for your activity.
+Minimize wearing high-heeled shoes.
+Don't play sports or participate in activities for which you are not conditioned.
+Maintain good muscle strength and flexibility.
+Practice stability training, including balance exercises.","During a physical, your doctor will examine your ankle, foot and lower leg. The doctor will touch the skin around the injury to check for points of tenderness and move your foot to check the range of motion and to understand what positions cause discomfort or pain.
+If the injury is severe, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following imaging scans to rule out a broken bone or to evaluate in more detail the extent of ligament damage:
+X-ray.During an X-ray, a small amount of radiation passes through your body to produce images of the bones of the ankle. This test is good for ruling out bone fractures.
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MRIs use radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce detailed cross-sectional or 3-D images of soft internal structures of the ankle, including ligaments.
+CTscan.CTscans can reveal more detail about the bones of the joint.CTscans take X-rays from many different angles and combine them to make cross-sectional or 3-D images.
+Ultrasound.An ultrasound uses sound waves to produce real-time images. These images may help your doctor judge the condition of a ligament or tendon when the foot is in different positions.","Treatment for a sprained ankle depends on the severity of your injury. The treatment goals are to reduce pain and swelling, promote healing of the ligament, and restore function of the ankle. For severe injuries, you may be referred to a specialist in musculoskeletal injuries, such as an orthopedic surgeon or a physician specializing in physical medicine and rehabilitation.",,"Schedule an appointment or get emergency medical care for suspected sprains that don't respond to self-care strategies or that cause continued pain or instability. If your sprain is severe, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in sports medicine or orthopedic surgery.",,"pain, swelling, instability, popping sensation, tenderness, bruising, restricted range of motion"
+79,Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tongue-tie/symptoms-causes/syc-20378452,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tongue-tie/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378456,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tongue-tie/doctors-departments/ddc-20378457,"Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia) is a condition present at birth that restricts the tongue's range of motion.
+With tongue-tie, an unusually short, thick or tight band of tissue (lingual frenulum) tethers the bottom of the tongue's tip to the floor of the mouth. Depending on how much the tissue restricts tongue movement, it may interfere with breastfeeding. Someone who has tongue-tie might have difficulty sticking out the tongue. Tongue-tie can also affect eating or speaking.
+Sometimes tongue-tie may not cause problems. Some cases may require a simple surgical procedure for correction.","Signs and symptoms of tongue-tie include:
+Difficulty lifting the tongue to the upper teeth or moving the tongue from side to side.
+Trouble sticking out the tongue past the lower front teeth.
+A tongue that appears notched or heart shaped when stuck out.","See a doctor if:
+Your baby has signs of tongue-tie that cause problems, such as having trouble breastfeeding.
+A speech-language pathologist thinks your child's speech is affected by tongue-tie.
+Your older child complains of tongue problems that interfere with eating, speaking or reaching the back teeth.
+You're bothered by your own symptoms of tongue-tie.","Typically, the lingual frenulum separates before birth, allowing the tongue free range of motion. With tongue-tie, the lingual frenulum remains attached to the bottom of the tongue. Why this happens is largely unknown, although some cases of tongue-tie have been associated with certain genetic factors.","Although tongue-tie can affect anyone, it's more common in boys than girls. Tongue-tie sometimes runs in families.","Tongue-tie may affect a baby's oral development, as well as the way the child eats, speaks and swallows.
+For example, tongue-tie can sometimes lead to:
+Breastfeeding problems.Breastfeeding requires a baby to keep the tongue over the lower gum while sucking. If unable to move the tongue or keep it in the right position, the baby might chew instead of suck on the nipple. This can cause significant nipple pain and interfere with a baby's ability to get breast milk. Ultimately, poor breastfeeding can lead to inadequate nutrition and failure to thrive.
+Speech difficulties.Tongue-tie can interfere with the ability to make certain sounds — such as ""t,"" ""d,"" ""z,"" ""s,"" ""th,"" ""n"" and ""l.""
+Poor oral hygiene.For an older child or adult, tongue-tie can make it difficult to sweep food debris from the teeth. This can contribute to tooth decay and inflammation of the gums (gingivitis).
+Challenges with other oral activities.Tongue-tie can interfere with activities such as licking an ice cream cone, licking the lips, kissing or playing a wind instrument.",,"Tongue-tie is typically diagnosed during a physical exam. For infants, the doctor might use a screening tool to score various aspects of the tongue's appearance and ability to move.","Treatment for tongue-tie is controversial. Some doctors and lactation consultants recommend correcting it right away — even before a newborn is discharged from the hospital. Others prefer to take a wait-and-see approach.
+The lingual frenulum may loosen over time, resolving tongue-tie. In other cases, tongue-tie persists without causing problems. In some cases, consultation with a lactation consultant can assist with breastfeeding, and speech therapy with a speech-language pathologist may help improve speech sounds.
+Surgical treatment of tongue-tie may be needed for infants, children or adults if tongue-tie causes problems. Surgical procedures include frenotomy and frenuloplasty.",,Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your doctor.,,"difficulty lifting the tongue, tongue appears notched, trouble sticking out the tongue, tongue appears heart shaped, tongue-tie"
+80,Anorexia nervosa,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/symptoms-causes/syc-20353591,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353597,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/doctors-departments/ddc-20353601,"Anorexia (an-o-REK-see-uh) nervosa, often simply called anorexia, is a treatable eating disorder in which people have a low body weight based on personal weight history. Although many people with anorexia look very thin, some may not look thin and others may look overweight. But they've actually lost weight or failed to gain needed weight.
+People who have anorexia often have a strong fear of gaining weight and may think they're overweight, even when they're thin. To prevent weight gain or continue to lose weight, people with anorexia often limit the amount or type of food they eat. They place a high value on controlling their weight and shape and use extreme efforts that can greatly harm their lives.
+Anorexia can cause changes in the brain due to very poor nutrition, also called malnutrition. This is when people don't get the nutrients that their bodies need to stay healthy. So it's not a choice to continue the risky and damaging behavior.
+If left untreated, weight loss can get to a point where people with anorexia are at high risk of serious physical harm or death. Anorexia has the second-highest death rate of any mental illness, surpassed only by opioid overdoses. Most deaths related to anorexia stem from heart conditions and suicide.
+Anorexia, like other eating disorders, can take over people's lives and be very hard to overcome. Because it's related to changes in the brain, anorexia behaviors are not choices, and the illness is not really about food or looking a certain way. With proven treatment, people with anorexia can return to a healthy weight, develop more-balanced eating habits, and reverse some of anorexia's serious medical and mental health complications.","The physical and behavioral symptoms of anorexia nervosa relate to how starvation affects the brain. It may be hard to notice symptoms because what is seen as a low body weight differs for each person. Some people with anorexia may not look very thin. Also, people often hide their thinness, eating habits or physical problems.","Because of how malnutrition affects the brain, someone with anorexia may not want to be treated. A core feature of anorexia is that people with the eating disorder usually don't see how serious their symptoms are. This is because of the way anorexia affects the brain.
+If someone in your life has anorexia, it's better to take action — even if you think it could be an overreaction — rather than let symptoms continue. Early treatment of eating disorders leads to the best outcomes.
+If you're worried about a loved one, urge your loved one to talk to a healthcare professional. If you're a parent or caregiver who is concerned about your child's eating habits, weight or body image, share your concerns with your child's healthcare professional.
+If you think you have an eating disorder, get help. If you're thinking about suicide, contact a suicide hotline. In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use theLifeline Chat. Services are free and confidential. The Suicide & Crisis Lifeline in the U.S. has a Spanish language phone line at1-888-628-9454(toll-free).","The causes of anorexia nervosa aren't known. As with many diseases, it's probably a mix of factors:
+Genetics.Although it isn't yet clear which genes are involved, genetic changes may make you more likely to develop anorexia. That involves having genetic traits that include feeling the need to be perfect or being very sensitive.
+Mental health.People with eating disorders sometimes have obsessive-compulsive personality traits that make it easier to stick to strict diets and not eat, even though they're hungry. They also may try to be perfect in everything they do.
+Environmental.Modern Western culture puts a lot of focus on being thin. Social media plays a big role. Peer pressure may cause you to want to be thin, lean or muscular. A constant push to eat a healthy diet could lead to very strict eating habits. These habits could turn into eating disorders.","Anorexia nervosa affects all gender identities, races, ages, incomes and body types.
+Anorexia also is more common among teenagers, although people of any age can develop this eating disorder. Teens may be more at risk because of all the changes their bodies go through during puberty. They also may face more peer pressure and be more sensitive to criticism or even casual comments about weight or body shape.
+Certain factors raise the risk of anorexia and other eating disorders, including:
+Family history.If you have a first-degree relative — a parent, sibling or child — who had anorexia, you have a higher risk of developing it.
+A history of weight bullying.People who have been teased or bullied about their weight are more likely to develop eating disorders. This includes people with peers, family members, coaches and others who have shamed them for their weight.
+A history of dieting.Dieting behaviors raise the risk of an eating disorder. People who are always dieting and whose weight is always going up and down as they get on and off new diets could develop an eating disorder.
+Transitions.Major changes can bring emotional stress and raise the risk of anorexia. Such changes include a new school, home or job, as well as a relationship breakup or the death or illness of a loved one.","Anorexia nervosa can have many complications. At its most severe, it can be fatal. Death may happen suddenly — even if you aren't visibly underweight. Irregular heart rhythms, also known as arrhythmias, can lead to death. Also, an imbalance of electrolytes — minerals such as sodium, potassium and calcium that maintain the balance of fluids in the body — also can lead to death.
+Other complications of anorexia include:
+Anemia.
+Other heart conditions, such as mitral valve prolapse or heart failure. Mitral valve prolapse happens when the valve between the heart's upper and lower left chambers doesn't close properly.
+Bone loss, also known as osteoporosis, which can raise the risk of fractures.
+Loss of muscle.
+Stomach problems, such as constipation, bloating or nausea.
+Kidney problems.
+In females, anorexia can lead to having no period. In males, it can decrease testosterone.
+If you become severely malnourished, every organ system in your body can be damaged. This damage may not be fully reversible, even when the anorexia is under control.
+In addition to physical complications, you also may have other mental health symptoms and conditions, including:
+Depression and other mood disorders.
+Anxiety.
+Personality disorders.
+Obsessive-compulsive disorders.
+Alcohol and substance misuse.
+Self-injury, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts or suicide.","There's no guaranteed way to prevent anorexia nervosa. Primary healthcare professionals, including pediatricians, family medicine professionals and internal medicine professionals, may be in a good position to see early signs that could lead to anorexia. For instance, they can ask questions about eating habits and satisfaction with appearance during routine medical appointments. This could open a discussion about how this relates to health and where to get help if needed.
+If you notice that people have dieting habits that seem too rigid, or they're unhappy with their appearance, think about talking to them about these issues. Although you may not be able to prevent an eating disorder from starting, you can talk about your concerns and offer to assist them in finding help if needed.
+Examples of organizations that offer support for caregivers, friends and family members of people with eating disorders include the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) and Families Empowered and Supporting Treatment for Eating Disorders (F.E.A.S.T.).","If your healthcare professional thinks that you have anorexia nervosa, you may have several tests and exams to pinpoint a diagnosis, rule out medical causes for the weight loss and check for any related complications.
+These exams and tests generally include:
+Physical exam.This exam includes measuring your height and weight and checking your vital signs. Vital signs include heart rate, blood pressure and temperature. Usually, the exam also includes checking skin and nails for problems, listening to the heart and lungs, and looking at the stomach area.
+Lab tests.These may include a complete blood count (CBC) and more-specialized blood tests to check electrolytes and protein, as well as the function of your liver, kidney and thyroid. A urine test also may be done.
+Mental health evaluation.Your healthcare professional likely will ask about your thoughts, feelings and eating habits. Your healthcare professional also may ask you to answer a series of questions about your health.
+Other studies.X-rays may be taken to check your bone density, check for stress fractures or broken bones, or check for pneumonia or heart problems. An electrocardiogram may be done to look for heart issues.","It's best to treat anorexia nervosa using a team approach. The team includes doctors, mental health professionals and other healthcare professionals — all with experience in treating eating disorders.
+Here's a look at what's commonly involved in treatment.","You may find it hard to cope with anorexia nervosa when media and culture — and maybe your own family or friends — give you mixed messages about what you should look like. Whether you have anorexia or your loved one has anorexia, ask your healthcare professional for advice on coping strategies and emotional support around diet culture and weight stigma that are so common. Learning effective coping strategies and getting the support you need from family and friends are vital to successful treatment.","Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your healthcare professional.
+You may want to ask a family member or friend to go with you. Someone who goes with you may remember something that you missed or forgot. A family member also may be able to give your healthcare professional a fuller picture of your home life.","When you have anorexia nervosa, it can be hard to take care of yourself properly. In addition to professional treatment, follow these steps:
+Stay with your treatment plan.Don't skip therapy sessions and try not to stray from meal plans, even if they make you uncomfortable.
+Talk to your healthcare professional about proper vitamin and mineral supplements.Many people get their vitamins and minerals from food. But if you're not eating well, your body probably isn't getting all the nutrients it needs, such as vitamin D or iron.
+Don't isolate yourselffrom caring family members and friends who want to see you get healthy. Understand that they have your best interests at heart.
+Resist urges to weigh yourself outside of medical appointmentsor check yourself in the mirror frequently. These actions may do nothing but fuel your drive to keep unhealthy habits.","anorexia nervosa, anorexia, thinness, low body weight"
+81,ACL injury,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350738,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350744,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/doctors-departments/ddc-20350745,"AnACLinjury is a tear or sprain of the anterior cruciate (KROO-she-ate) ligament (ACL) — one of the strong bands of tissue that help connect your thigh bone (femur) to your shinbone (tibia).ACLinjuries most commonly occur during sports that involve sudden stops or changes in direction, jumping and landing — such as soccer, basketball, football and downhill skiing.
+Many people hear a pop or feel a ""popping"" sensation in the knee when anACLinjury occurs. Your knee may swell, feel unstable and become too painful to bear weight.
+Depending on the severity of yourACLinjury, treatment may include rest and rehabilitation exercises to help you regain strength and stability, or surgery to replace the torn ligament followed by rehabilitation. A proper training program may help reduce the risk of anACLinjury.","Signs and symptoms of anACLinjury usually include:
+A loud pop or a ""popping"" sensation in the knee
+Severe pain and inability to continue activity
+Rapid swelling
+Loss of range of motion
+A feeling of instability or ""giving way"" with weight bearing","Seek immediate care if any injury to your knee causes signs or symptoms of anACLinjury. The knee joint is a complex structure of bones, ligaments, tendons and other tissues that work together. It's important to get a prompt and accurate diagnosis to determine the severity of the injury and get proper treatment.","Ligaments are strong bands of tissue that connect one bone to another. TheACL, one of two ligaments that cross in the middle of the knee, connects your thighbone to your shinbone and helps stabilize your knee joint.
+ACLinjuries often happen during sports and fitness activities that can put stress on the knee:
+Suddenly slowing down and changing direction (cutting)
+Pivoting with your foot firmly planted
+Landing awkwardly from a jump
+Stopping suddenly
+Receiving a direct blow to the knee or having a collision, such as a football tackle
+When the ligament is damaged, there is usually a partial or complete tear of the tissue. A mild injury may stretch the ligament but leave it intact.","There are a number of factors that increase your risk of anACLinjury, including:
+Being female — possibly due to differences in anatomy, muscle strength and hormonal influences
+Participating in certain sports, such as soccer, football, basketball, gymnastics and downhill skiing
+Poor conditioning
+Using faulty movement patterns, such as moving the knees inward during a squat
+Wearing footwear that doesn't fit properly
+Using poorly maintained sports equipment, such as ski bindings that aren't adjusted properly
+Playing on artificial turf","People who experience anACLinjury have a higher risk of developing osteoarthritis in the knee. Arthritis may occur even if you have surgery to reconstruct the ligament.
+Multiple factors likely influence the risk of arthritis, such as the severity of the original injury, the presence of related injuries in the knee joint or the level of activity after treatment.","Proper training and exercise can help reduce the risk ofACLinjury. A sports medicine physician, physical therapist, athletic trainer or other specialist in sports medicine can provide assessment, instruction and feedback that can help you reduce risks.
+Programs to reduceACLinjury include:
+Exercises to strengthen the core — including the hips, pelvis and lower abdomen — with a goal of training athletes to avoid moving the knee inward during a squat
+Exercises that strengthen leg muscles, particularly hamstring exercises, to ensure an overall balance in leg muscle strength
+Training and exercise emphasizing proper technique and knee position when jumping and landing from jumps
+Training to improve technique when performing pivoting and cutting movements
+Training to strengthen muscles of the legs, hips and core — as well as training to improve jumping and landing techniques and to prevent inward movement of the knee — may help to reduce the higherACLinjury risk in female athletes.","During the physical exam, your doctor will check your knee for swelling and tenderness — comparing your injured knee to your uninjured knee. He or she may also move your knee into a variety of positions to assess range of motion and overall function of the joint.
+Often the diagnosis can be made on the basis of the physical exam alone, but you may need tests to rule out other causes and to determine the severity of the injury. These tests may include:
+X-rays.X-rays may be needed to rule out a bone fracture. However, X-rays don't show soft tissues, such as ligaments and tendons.
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).AnMRIuses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create images of both hard and soft tissues in your body. AnMRIcan show the extent of anACLinjury and signs of damage to other tissues in the knee, including the cartilage.
+Ultrasound.Using sound waves to visualize internal structures, ultrasound may be used to check for injuries in the ligaments, tendons and muscles of the knee.","Prompt first-aid care can reduce pain and swelling immediately after an injury to your knee. Follow theR.I.C.E.model of self-care at home:
+Rest.General rest is necessary for healing and limits weight bearing on your knee.
+Ice.When you're awake, try to ice your knee at least every two hours for 20 minutes at a time.
+Compression.Wrap an elastic bandage or compression wrap around your knee.
+Elevation.Lie down with your knee propped up on pillows.",,"The pain and disability associated with anACLinjury prompt many people to seek immediate medical attention. Others may make an appointment with their family doctors. Depending on the severity of your injury, you may be referred to a doctor specializing in sports medicine or a specialist in bone and joint surgery (orthopedic surgeon).",,"pain, feeling of instability, swelling, severe pain, rapid swelling, loss of range of motion, loud pop"
+82,Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20369452,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystocele/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369457,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystocele/doctors-departments/ddc-20369459,"Anterior vaginal prolapse happens when the bladder drops from its place in the pelvis and pushes on the front wall of the vagina. The condition also is called a cystocele (SIS-toe-seel) or a prolapsed bladder.
+Muscles and connective tissues of the pelvic floor hold the organs of the pelvis in place. These organs include the bladder, uterus and rectum. Anterior prolapse happens when the pelvic floor becomes weak or when there's too much pressure on the pelvic floor. This can happen with aging, during vaginal childbirth, or with ongoing constipation, hard coughing or heavy lifting.
+Treatments for anterior prolapse include watchful waiting, devices that hold the organs in place, called pessaries, and exercises to strengthen pelvic floor muscles. Some people have surgery.","People with mild anterior prolapse may not see or feel any symptoms. When there are symptoms, they may include:
+A feeling of fullness or pressure in the pelvis and vagina.
+A bulge of tissue in the vagina that you can see or feel.
+More pelvic pressure when you strain, cough, bear down or lift objects.
+Problems urinating. These may include having trouble starting a urine stream, feeling that the bladder isn't empty after urinating, feeling a need to urinate often or leaking urine, also called urinary incontinence.
+You may notice symptoms more after standing for long periods. Symptoms may go away when you lie down.","A prolapsed bladder may cause discomfort, but it's rarely painful. It can make emptying the bladder hard, which may lead to bladder infections. Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms that bother you or affect your daily life.","The cause of anterior vaginal prolapse is a weakened pelvic floor. The pelvic floor has muscles, ligaments and connective tissues that support the bladder and other pelvic organs.
+Aging, giving birth or straining a lot can cause the weakness. When this happens, the bladder can slip down and push into the vagina, causing a bulge.
+Causes of stress to the pelvic floor include:
+Pregnancy and vaginal childbirth.
+Being overweight or obese.
+Repeated heavy lifting.
+Straining when passing stool.
+A long-term cough or bronchitis.","These factors may raise the risk of anterior prolapse:
+Pregnancy and childbirth.People who have had a vaginal delivery or had a delivery with tools such as forceps have a higher risk of anterior prolapse. Other risk factors are having more than one pregnancy and having infants with high birth weights.
+Aging.The risk of anterior prolapse goes up as you age. This is mainly true after menopause due to having less of the sex hormone estrogen.
+Hysterectomy.Having the uterus removed may add to weakness in the pelvic floor. But this does not always happen.
+Certain genes passed through families, called inherited.Some people are born with weaker connective tissues. This makes them more likely to have anterior prolapse.
+Obesity.People who are overweight and those with obesity are at higher risk of anterior prolapse.",,,"Diagnosis of anterior prolapse may involve:
+A pelvic exam.Your healthcare professional may examine your pelvis. This is to see if there's a tissue bulge in your vagina.Your healthcare professional may ask you to bear down as you do when passing stool. This shows how bearing down affects the prolapse. You also contract your pelvic floor muscles as you do when stopping the stream of urine. This is to check the strength of the pelvic floor muscles.
+Medical history.This includes medical and surgical history and history of pregnancies.
+Bladder and urine tests.Some people have tests to see how well the bladder empties. Your healthcare professional also may test a urine sample to look for signs of a bladder infection.","Treatment depends on your symptoms, how much they bother you, the degree of your prolapse and whether you have any related conditions. These might include urinary incontinence or more than one type of pelvic organ prolapse.
+People who have few or no symptoms most often don't need treatment. Your healthcare professional may suggest a wait-and-see approach. You have follow-up visits to check the prolapse.
+If you have symptoms of anterior prolapse that bother you, treatments may include:
+Pelvic floor muscle exercises.These exercises also are called Kegel exercises. They strengthen pelvic floor muscles to help them support the bladder and other pelvic organs. Your main healthcare professional or a physical therapist can tell you how to do these exercises.Having a physical therapist teach you Kegel exercises using biofeedback may be the best way to learn to do them. During biofeedback, a healthcare professional connects you to sensors that let you know that you're doing the exercises right.
+A device that gives support, called a pessary.A vaginal pessary is a silicone ring put into the vagina to support the bladder. A pessary does not fix the prolapse, but it can help ease symptoms.A healthcare professional fits you for the device and shows you how to remove it, clean it and put it back in. Many people use pessaries for a time before having surgery. Some people use them when they don't want surgery or surgery is too risky.",,"Make an appointment with your main healthcare professional or gynecologist if you have symptoms of anterior prolapse that bother you.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Kegel exercises are exercises you can do at home to strengthen your pelvic floor muscles. A stronger pelvic floor gives better support for the pelvic organs and may give relief from symptoms of anterior prolapse.
+To do Kegel exercises, follow these steps:
+Tighten your pelvic floor muscles. These are the muscles you use to stop urinating.
+Hold the tightened muscle, called a contraction, for five seconds. Then relax for five seconds. If this is too hard, start by holding for two seconds and relaxing for three seconds.
+Work up to holding the contraction for 10 seconds at a time.
+Repeat the exercises 10 times. Do each set three times a day.
+Ask your healthcare professional to teach you how to do Kegel exercises. Once you've learned how, you can do Kegel exercises any time with no one knowing. Try them while sitting at your desk or relaxing on the couch.
+To help keep an anterior prolapse from getting worse, you also can try the following:
+Treat and prevent constipation.High-fiber foods can help.
+Don't do heavy lifting.Use good form to lift objects that aren't too heavy. Stand as close as you can to what you're lifting. Don't bend forward to lift. Instead bend your knees so that you use your legs to lift.
+Manage coughing.Get treatment for a long-term cough or bronchitis. And don't smoke.
+Manage your weight.Talk to your healthcare professional about what's a good weight for you. Ask for help with losing weight if you need to.","pelvic pressure, feeling bladder isn't empty, urinary incontinence, bulge, fullness, pressure, trouble starting urine stream, anterior prolapse, need to urinate often, leaking urine, cough"
+83,Pseudomembranous colitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudomembranous-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351434,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudomembranous-colitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351439,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudomembranous-colitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351441,"Pseudomembranous (SOO-doe-mem-bruh-nus) colitis is inflammation of the colon associated with an overgrowth of the bacterium Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) — often called C. diff. Pseudomembranous colitis is sometimes called antibiotic-associated colitis or Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) colitis.
+
+This overgrowth of C. difficile is often related to a recent hospital stay or antibiotic treatment.(C. difficil e) infections are more common in people over 65 years old.","Symptoms of pseudomembranous colitis may include:
+
+Symptoms of pseudomembranous colitis can begin as soon as 1 to 2 days after you start taking an antibiotic, or as long as several months or longer after you finish taking the antibiotic.","If you are currently taking or have recently taken antibiotics and you develop diarrhea, contact your health care provider, even if the diarrhea is relatively mild. Also, see your provider anytime you have severe diarrhea, with a fever, painful stomach cramps, or blood or pus in your stool.","Your body usually keeps the many bacteria in your colon in a naturally healthy balance. However, antibiotics and other medicines can upset this balance. Pseudomembranous colitis occurs when certain bacteria, usually clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), rapidly outgrow other bacteria that typically keep them in check. Certain toxins produced by C. difficile can rise to levels high enough to damage the colon.
+
+While almost any antibiotic can cause pseudomembranous colitis, some antibiotics are more commonly linked to pseudomembranous colitis than others, including:",Factors that may increase your risk of pseudomembranous colitis include:,"Treatment of pseudomembranous colitis is usually successful. However, even with prompt diagnosis and treatment, pseudomembranous colitis can be life-threatening. Possible complications include:
+
+In addition, pseudomembranous colitis may sometimes return, days or even weeks after apparently successful treatment.","To help prevent the spread of Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), hospitals and other health care facilities follow strict infection-control guidelines. If you have a friend or family member in a hospital or nursing home, don't be afraid to remind caregivers to follow the recommended precautions.
+
+Preventive measures include:",Tests and procedures used to diagnose pseudomembranous colitis and to search for complications include:,"Treatment strategies include:
+
+Starting an antibiotic likely to be effective against Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile).If you still experience symptoms, your health care provider may use a different antibiotic to treat C. difficile. This allows typical bacteria to grow back, restoring the healthy balance of bacteria in your colon.
+
+You may be given antibiotics by mouth, through a vein or through a tube inserted through the nose into the stomach, called a nasogastric tube. Vancomycin or fidaxomicin (Dificid) is most often used, but the choice depends on your condition. If these medicines are not available or you cannot tolerate them, then metronidazole (Flagyl) may be used.
+
+For severe disease, your provider may prescribe vancomycin by mouth combined with intravenous metronidazole or a vancomycin enema.
+
+Once you begin treatment for pseudomembranous colitis, symptoms may begin to improve within a few days.",,"Your primary health care provider can usually treat pseudomembranous colitis. Based on your symptoms, you may be referred to a specialist in digestive diseases, known as a gastroenterologist. If your symptoms are particularly severe, you may be told to seek emergency treatment.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your provider.",,"pseudomembranous colitis, none"
+84,Generalized anxiety disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20360803,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361045,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20361094,"It's normal to feel anxious from time to time, especially if your life is stressful. However, excessive, ongoing anxiety and worry that are difficult to control and interfere with day-to-day activities may be a sign of generalized anxiety disorder.
+It's possible to develop generalized anxiety disorder as a child or an adult. Generalized anxiety disorder has symptoms that are similar to panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and other types of anxiety, but they're all different conditions.
+Living with generalized anxiety disorder can be a long-term challenge. In many cases, it occurs along with other anxiety or mood disorders. In most cases, generalized anxiety disorder improves with psychotherapy or medications. Making lifestyle changes, learning coping skills and using relaxation techniques also can help.","Generalized anxiety disorder symptoms can vary. They may include:
+Persistent worrying or anxiety about a number of areas that are out of proportion to the impact of the events
+Overthinking plans and solutions to all possible worst-case outcomes
+Perceiving situations and events as threatening, even when they aren't
+Difficulty handling uncertainty
+Indecisiveness and fear of making the wrong decision
+Inability to set aside or let go of a worry
+Inability to relax, feeling restless, and feeling keyed up or on edge
+Difficulty concentrating, or the feeling that your mind ""goes blank""
+Physical signs and symptoms may include:
+Fatigue
+Trouble sleeping
+Muscle tension or muscle aches
+Trembling, feeling twitchy
+Nervousness or being easily startled
+Sweating
+Nausea, diarrhea or irritable bowel syndrome
+Irritability
+There may be times when your worries don't completely consume you, but you still feel anxious even when there's no apparent reason. For example, you may feel intense worry about your safety or that of your loved ones, or you may have a general sense that something bad is about to happen.
+Your anxiety, worry or physical symptoms cause you significant distress in social, work or other areas of your life. Worries can shift from one concern to another and may change with time and age.
+Children and teenagers may have similar worries to adults, but also may have excessive worries about:
+Performance at school or sporting events
+Family members' safety
+Being on time (punctuality)
+Earthquakes, nuclear war or other catastrophic events
+A child or teen with excessive worry may:
+Feel overly anxious to fit in
+Be a perfectionist
+Redo tasks because they aren't perfect the first time
+Spend excessive time doing homework
+Lack confidence
+Strive for approval
+Require a lot of reassurance about performance
+Have frequent stomachaches or other physical complaints
+Avoid going to school or avoid social situations
+Some anxiety is normal, but see your doctor if:
+You feel like you're worrying too much, and it's interfering with your work, relationships or other parts of your life
+You feel depressed or irritable, have trouble with drinking or drugs, or you have other mental health concerns along with anxiety
+You have suicidal thoughts or behaviors — seek emergency treatment immediately
+Your worries are unlikely to simply go away on their own, and they may actually get worse over time. Try to seek professional help before your anxiety becomes severe — it may be easier to treat early on.",,"As with many mental health conditions, the cause of generalized anxiety disorder likely arises from a complex interaction of biological and environmental factors, which may include:
+Differences in brain chemistry and function
+Genetics
+Differences in the way threats are perceived
+Development and personality","Women are diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder somewhat more often than men are. The following factors may increase the risk of developing generalized anxiety disorder:
+Personality.A person whose temperament is timid or negative or who avoids anything dangerous may be more prone to generalized anxiety disorder than others are.
+Genetics.Generalized anxiety disorder may run in families.
+Experiences.People with generalized anxiety disorder may have a history of significant life changes, traumatic or negative experiences during childhood, or a recent traumatic or negative event. Chronic medical illnesses or other mental health disorders may increase risk.","Having generalized anxiety disorder can be disabling. It can:
+Impair your ability to perform tasks quickly and efficiently because you have trouble concentrating
+Take your time and focus from other activities
+Sap your energy
+Increase your risk of depression
+Generalized anxiety disorder can also lead to or worsen other physical health conditions, such as:
+Digestive or bowel problems, such as irritable bowel syndrome or ulcers
+Headaches and migraines
+Chronic pain and illness
+Sleep problems and insomnia
+Heart-health issues
+Generalized anxiety disorder often occurs along with other mental health problems, which can make diagnosis and treatment more challenging. Some mental health disorders that commonly occur with generalized anxiety disorder include:
+Phobias
+Panic disorder
+Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
+Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
+Depression
+Suicidal thoughts or suicide
+Substance abuse","There's no way to predict for certain what will cause someone to develop generalized anxiety disorder, but you can take steps to reduce the impact of symptoms if you experience anxiety:
+Get help early.Anxiety, like many other mental health conditions, can be harder to treat if you wait.
+Keep a journal.Keeping track of your personal life can help you and your mental health professional identify what's causing you stress and what seems to help you feel better.
+Prioritize issues in your life.You can reduce anxiety by carefully managing your time and energy.
+Avoid unhealthy substance use.Alcohol and drug use and even nicotine or caffeine use can cause or worsen anxiety. If you're addicted to any of these substances, quitting can make you anxious. If you can't quit on your own, see your doctor or find a treatment program or support group to help you.","To help diagnose generalized anxiety disorder, your doctor or mental health professional may:
+Do a physical exam to look for signs that your anxiety might be linked to medications or an underlying medical condition
+Order blood or urine tests or other tests, if a medical condition is suspected
+Ask detailed questions about your symptoms and medical history
+Use psychological questionnaires to help determine a diagnosis
+Use the criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association",Treatment decisions are based on how significantly generalized anxiety disorder is affecting your ability to function in your daily life. The two main treatments for generalized anxiety disorder are psychotherapy and medications. You may benefit most from a combination of the two. It may take some trial and error to discover which treatments work best for you.,"To cope with generalized anxiety disorder, here's what you can do:
+Stick to your treatment plan.Take medications as directed. Keep therapy appointments. Practice the skills you learn in psychotherapy. Consistency can make a big difference, especially when it comes to taking your medication.
+Take action.Work with your mental health professional to figure out what's making you anxious and address it.
+Let it go.Don't dwell on past concerns. Change what you can in the present moment and let the rest take its course.
+Break the cycle.When you feel anxious, take a brisk walk or delve into a hobby to refocus your mind away from your worries.
+Socialize.Don't let worries isolate you from loved ones or enjoyable activities. Social interaction and caring relationships can lessen your worries.
+Join a support group for people with anxiety.Here, you can find compassion, understanding and shared experiences. You may find support groups in your community or on the internet, for example, the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI).","You may see your primary care doctor, or your doctor may refer you to a mental health professional. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","While most people with anxiety disorders need psychotherapy or medications to get anxiety under control, lifestyle changes also can make a difference. Here's what you can do:
+Keep physically active.Develop a routine so that you're physically active most days of the week. Exercise is a powerful stress reducer. It may improve your mood and help you stay healthy. Start out slowly and gradually increase the amount and intensity of your activities.
+Make sleep a priority.Do what you can to make sure you're getting enough sleep to feel rested. If you aren't sleeping well, see your doctor.
+Use relaxation techniques.Visualization techniques, meditation and yoga are examples of relaxation techniques that can ease anxiety.
+Eat healthy.Healthy eating — such as focusing on vegetables, fruits, whole grains and fish — may be linked to reduced anxiety, but more research is needed.
+Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs.These substances can worsen anxiety.
+Quit smoking and cut back or quit drinking coffee.Both nicotine and caffeine can worsen anxiety.","irritable bowel syndrome, nausea, depressed, trouble sleeping, muscle aches, restlessness, Here are the extracted medical symptoms in a simple, difficulty concentrating, comma-separated list:
+
+worrying, fatigue, anxiety disorder symptoms, anxiety, stomachaches, sweating, feeling keyed up, earthquakes, clean, muscle tension, diarrhea, worry, lack of confidence, inability to relax, indecisiveness, intense worry, frequent physical complaints, fear, irritability, nervousness, trembling, restless, suicidal thoughts, irritable, overthinking"
+85,Social anxiety disorder (social phobia),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353567,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20353570,"It's normal to feel nervous in some social situations. For example, going on a date or giving a presentation may cause that feeling of butterflies in your stomach. But in social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia, everyday interactions cause significant anxiety, self-consciousness and embarrassment because you fear being scrutinized or judged negatively by others.
+In social anxiety disorder, fear and anxiety lead to avoidance that can disrupt your life. Severe stress can affect your relationships, daily routines, work, school or other activities.
+Social anxiety disorder can be a chronic mental health condition, but learning coping skills in psychotherapy and taking medications can help you gain confidence and improve your ability to interact with others.","Feelings of shyness or discomfort in certain situations aren't necessarily signs of social anxiety disorder, particularly in children. Comfort levels in social situations vary, depending on personality traits and life experiences. Some people are naturally reserved and others are more outgoing.
+In contrast to everyday nervousness, social anxiety disorder includes fear, anxiety and avoidance that interfere with relationships, daily routines, work, school or other activities. Social anxiety disorder typically begins in the early to mid-teens, though it can sometimes start in younger children or in adults.
+Signs and symptoms of social anxiety disorder can include constant:
+Fear of situations in which you may be judged negatively
+Worry about embarrassing or humiliating yourself
+Intense fear of interacting or talking with strangers
+Fear that others will notice that you look anxious
+Fear of physical symptoms that may cause you embarrassment, such as blushing, sweating, trembling or having a shaky voice
+Avoidance of doing things or speaking to people out of fear of embarrassment
+Avoidance of situations where you might be the center of attention
+Anxiety in anticipation of a feared activity or event
+Intense fear or anxiety during social situations
+Analysis of your performance and identification of flaws in your interactions after a social situation
+Expectation of the worst possible consequences from a negative experience during a social situation
+For children, anxiety about interacting with adults or peers may be shown by crying, having temper tantrums, clinging to parents or refusing to speak in social situations.
+Performance type of social anxiety disorder is when you experience intense fear and anxiety during speaking or performing in public but not in other types of more general social situations.
+Physical signs and symptoms can sometimes accompany social anxiety disorder and may include:
+Blushing
+Fast heartbeat
+Trembling
+Sweating
+Upset stomach or nausea
+Trouble catching your breath
+Dizziness or lightheadedness
+Feeling that your mind has gone blank
+Muscle tension
+Common, everyday experiences may be hard to endure when you have social anxiety disorder, including:
+Interacting with unfamiliar people or strangers
+Attending parties or social gatherings
+Going to work or school
+Starting conversations
+Making eye contact
+Dating
+Entering a room in which people are already seated
+Returning items to a store
+Eating in front of others
+Using a public restroom
+Social anxiety disorder symptoms can change over time. They may flare up if you're facing a lot of changes, stress or demands in your life. Although avoiding situations that produce anxiety may make you feel better in the short term, your anxiety is likely to continue over the long term if you don't get treatment.
+See your doctor or a mental health professional if you fear and avoid normal social situations because they cause embarrassment, worry or panic.",,"Like many other mental health conditions, social anxiety disorder likely arises from a complex interaction of biological and environmental factors. Possible causes include:
+Inherited traits.Anxiety disorders tend to run in families. However, it isn't entirely clear how much of this may be due to genetics and how much is due to learned behavior.
+Brain structure.A structure in the brain called the amygdala (uh-MIG-duh-luh) may play a role in controlling the fear response. People who have an overactive amygdala may have a heightened fear response, causing increased anxiety in social situations.
+Environment.Social anxiety disorder may be a learned behavior — some people may develop significant anxiety after an unpleasant or embarrassing social situation. Also, there may be an association between social anxiety disorder and parents who either model anxious behavior in social situations or are more controlling or overprotective of their children.","Several factors can increase the risk of developing social anxiety disorder, including:
+Family history.You're more likely to develop social anxiety disorder if your biological parents or siblings have the condition.
+Negative experiences.Children who experience teasing, bullying, rejection, ridicule or humiliation may be more prone to social anxiety disorder. In addition, other negative events in life, such as family conflict, trauma or abuse, may be associated with this disorder.
+Temperament.Children who are shy, timid, withdrawn or restrained when facing new situations or people may be at greater risk.
+New social or work demands.Social anxiety disorder symptoms typically start in the teenage years, but meeting new people, giving a speech in public or making an important work presentation may trigger symptoms for the first time.
+Having an appearance or condition that draws attention.For example, facial disfigurement, stuttering or tremors due to Parkinson's disease can increase feelings of self-consciousness and may trigger social anxiety disorder in some people.","Left untreated, social anxiety disorder can control your life. Anxieties can interfere with work, school, relationships or enjoyment of life. This disorder can cause:
+Low self-esteem
+Trouble being assertive
+Negative self-talk
+Hypersensitivity to criticism
+Poor social skills
+Isolation and difficult social relationships
+Low academic and employment achievement
+Substance abuse, such as drinking too much alcohol
+Suicide or suicide attempts
+Other anxiety disorders and certain other mental health disorders, particularly major depressive disorder and substance abuse problems, often occur with social anxiety disorder.","There's no way to predict what will cause someone to develop an anxiety disorder, but you can take steps to reduce the impact of symptoms if you're anxious:
+Get help early.Anxiety, like many other mental health conditions, can be harder to treat if you wait.
+Keep a journal.Keeping track of your personal life can help you and your mental health professional identify what's causing you stress and what seems to help you feel better.
+Set priorities in your life.You can reduce anxiety by carefully managing your time and energy. Make sure that you spend time doing things you enjoy.
+Avoid unhealthy substance use.Alcohol and drug use and even caffeine or nicotine use can cause or worsen anxiety. If you're addicted to any of these substances, quitting can make you anxious. If you can't quit on your own, see your health care provider or find a treatment program or support group to help you.","Your health care provider will want to determine whether other conditions may be causing your anxiety or if you have social anxiety disorder along with another physical or mental health disorder.
+Your health care provider may determine a diagnosis based on:
+Physical exam to help assess whether any medical condition or medication may trigger symptoms of anxiety
+Discussion of your symptoms, how often they occur and in what situations
+Review of a list of situations to see if they make you anxious
+Self-report questionnaires about symptoms of social anxiety
+Criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association
+DSM-5 criteria for social anxiety disorder include:
+Persistent, intense fear or anxiety about specific social situations because you believe you may be judged negatively, embarrassed or humiliated
+Avoidance of anxiety-producing social situations or enduring them with intense fear or anxiety
+Excessive anxiety that's out of proportion to the situation
+Anxiety or distress that interferes with your daily living
+Fear or anxiety that is not better explained by a medical condition, medication or substance abuse",Treatment depends on how much social anxiety disorder affects your ability to function in daily life. The most common treatment for social anxiety disorder includes psychotherapy (also called psychological counseling or talk therapy) or medications or both.,"These coping methods may help ease your anxiety:
+Routinely reach out to friends and family members.
+Join a local or reputable internet-based support group.
+Join a group that offers opportunities to improve communication and public speaking skills, such as Toastmasters International.
+Do pleasurable or relaxing activities, such as hobbies, when you feel anxious.
+Over time, these coping methods can help control your symptoms and prevent a relapse. Remind yourself that you can get through anxious moments, that your anxiety is short-lived and that the negative consequences you worry about so much rarely come to pass.","You may see your primary care provider, or your provider may refer you to a mental health professional. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Although social anxiety disorder generally requires help from a medical expert or qualified psychotherapist, you can try some of these techniques to handle situations that are likely to trigger symptoms:
+Learn stress-reduction skills.
+Get physical exercise or be physically active on a regular basis.
+Get enough sleep.
+Eat a healthy, well-balanced diet.
+Avoid alcohol.
+Limit or avoid caffeine.
+Participate in social situations by reaching out to people with whom you feel comfortable.
+First, consider your fears to identify what situations cause the most anxiety. Then gradually practice these activities until they cause you less anxiety. Begin with small steps by setting daily or weekly goals in situations that aren't overwhelming. The more you practice, the less anxious you'll feel.
+Consider practicing these situations:
+Eat with a close relative, friend or acquaintance in a public setting.
+Purposefully make eye contact and return greetings from others, or be the first to say hello.
+Give someone a compliment.
+Ask a retail clerk to help you find an item.
+Get directions from a stranger.
+Show an interest in others — ask about their homes, children, grandchildren, hobbies or travels, for instance.
+Call a friend to make plans.
+At first, being social when you're feeling anxious is challenging. As difficult or painful as it may seem initially, don't avoid situations that trigger your symptoms. By regularly facing these kinds of situations, you'll continue to build and reinforce your coping skills.
+These strategies can help you begin to face situations that make you nervous:
+Prepare for conversation, for example, by reading about current events to identify interesting stories you can talk about.
+Focus on personal qualities you like about yourself.
+Practice relaxation exercises.
+Learn stress management techniques.
+Set realistic social goals.
+Pay attention to how often the embarrassing situations you're afraid of actually take place. You may notice that the scenarios you fear usually don't come to pass.
+When embarrassing situations do happen, remind yourself that your feelings will pass and you can handle them until they do. Most people around you either don't notice or don't care as much as you think, or they're more forgiving than you assume.
+Avoid using alcohol to calm your nerves. It may seem like it helps temporarily, but in the long term it can make you feel even more anxious.","upset stomach, nausea, refusing to speak, anxiety disorder, panic, avoidance of social situations, clinging to parents, dizziness, intense fear, trouble catching breath, fear of humiliation, feeling mind gone blank, anxiety, shaky voice, temper tantrums, sweating, intense fear or anxiety, muscle tension
+, muscle tension, worry, crying, lightheadedness, blushing, fear, nervousness, avoidance, shyness, trembling, fear of embarrassment, fast heartbeat, anxiety in anticipation"
+87,Coarctation of the aorta,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coarctation-of-the-aorta/symptoms-causes/syc-20352529,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coarctation-of-the-aorta/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352535,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coarctation-of-the-aorta/doctors-departments/ddc-20352537,"Aortic coarctation (ko-ahrk-TAY-shun) is a narrowing of a part of the body's main artery, called the aorta. The condition forces the heart to work harder to pump blood.
+Coarctation of the aorta is usually present at birth. That means it is a congenital heart defect. But sometimes the condition can occur later in life.
+Coarctation of the aorta often occurs along with other congenital heart defects. Treatment to fix the condition is usually successful. But regular health checkups are needed for life to watch for changes in the heart's health.","Symptoms of coarctation of the aorta depend on how much of the aorta is narrowed. Most people don't have symptoms.
+Adults and older children with mild coarctation of the aorta may not have symptoms and their hearts may seem healthy.
+If a baby is born with an extreme narrowing of the aorta, symptoms may be noticed shortly after birth. Symptoms of coarctation of the aorta in infants include:
+Difficulty breathing.
+Difficulty feeding.
+Heavy sweating.
+Irritability.
+Changes in skin color.
+Symptoms of coarctation of the aorta later in life may include:
+Chest pain.
+High blood pressure.
+Headaches.
+Muscle weakness.
+Leg cramps.
+Cold feet.
+Nosebleeds.
+Coarctation of the aorta often occurs with other heart conditions present at birth. Other symptoms depend on the specific types of congenital heart defects.","Get medical help right away for any chest pain that is extreme or can't be explained.
+Also get medical help for these symptoms:
+Fainting.
+Sudden shortness of breath.
+High blood pressure that can't be explained.
+These symptoms can be caused by many different health conditions. A complete health checkup is needed to learn the cause.","The cause of coarctation of the aorta is unclear. It's usually a heart problem present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. A congenital heart defect happens as the baby is growing in the womb during pregnancy. The cause is often unknown.
+Rarely, coarctation of the aorta can happen later in life. Conditions or events that can narrow the aorta and cause this condition include:
+Traumatic injury.
+An extreme buildup of cholesterols and fats in the arteries, called atherosclerosis.
+A rare type of swelling and irritation of blood vessels in the heart, called Takayasu arteritis.","Risk factors for coarctation of the aorta include:
+Male sex.
+Some genetic conditions, such as Turner syndrome.
+Some heart conditions present at birth, called congenital heart defects.
+Congenital heart defects associated with coarctation of the aorta include:
+Bicuspid aortic valve.The aortic valve is between the body's main artery and the lower left heart chamber. If the aortic valve has only two flaps, called cusps, instead of the usual three, it's called a bicuspid valve.
+Subaortic stenosis.This is a narrowing of the area below the aortic valve. It blocks blood flow from the lower left heart chamber to the aorta.
+Patent ductus arteriosus.The ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel that connects the left lung artery to the aorta. When a baby is growing in the womb, this vessel lets blood go around the lungs. Shortly after birth, the ductus arteriosus usually closes. If it stays open, the opening is called a patent ductus arteriosus.
+Holes in the heart.Some people with coarctation of the aorta also are born with a hole in the heart. If the hole is between the upper heart chambers, it is called an atrial septal defect. A hole between the lower heart chambers is called a ventricular septal defect.
+Congenital mitral valve stenosis.This is a type of heart valve disease that some people are born with. The valve between the upper and lower left heart chambers is narrowed. It's harder for blood to move through the valve.","Complications of coarctation of the aorta happen because the left lower heart chamber has to work harder to pump blood through the narrowed artery. This makes blood pressure go up in the lower left heart chamber. Also, the wall of the chamber can get thick. This condition is called ventricular hypertrophy.
+Complications of coarctation of the aorta include:
+Long-term high blood pressure. Blood pressure usually drops after surgery to fix the aorta. But it may still be higher than usual.
+A weakened or bulging artery in the brain, also known as a brain aneurysm.
+Bleeding in the brain.
+A rupture or tear in the body's main artery, called an aortic dissection.
+A bulge in the wall of the body's main artery, called an aortic aneurysm.
+Coronary artery disease.
+Stroke.
+Prompt treatment is needed to help prevent complications. Without treatment, coarctation of the aorta may lead to:
+Kidney failure.
+Heart failure.
+Death.
+Some people have complications after treatment for coarctation of the aorta. These complications include:
+Re-narrowing of the aorta, called re-coarctation.
+Aortic aneurysm or rupture.
+To prevent complications, people with coarctation of the aorta need regular health checkups for life.",There's no known way to prevent coarctation of the aorta. Tell your healthcare team if you have a family history of heart conditions present at birth.,"Diagnosis of aortic coarctation may depend on how severe the heart condition is. Severe aortic coarctation is usually diagnosed soon after birth. The condition may be seen on ultrasound images taken during pregnancy.
+If the condition is mild, it may not be found until later in life.
+To diagnose aortic coarctation, a healthcare professional checks blood pressure in the arms and legs. Depending on which part of the aorta is affected, blood pressure may be high in the arms and low in the legs and ankles. The pulse may be weak or delayed in the legs.
+A whooshing sound called a heart murmur may be heard when listening to the heart.","Treatment for coarctation of the aorta depends on how old the person is when the heart condition is diagnosed. Treatment also depends on how much of the aorta is narrowed.
+Coarctation of the aorta treatment may include:
+Medicines.
+A heart procedure.
+Surgery.
+If there are other congenital heart defects, they may be repaired at the same time.",,"If coarctation of the aorta is diagnosed at birth, there may not be time to prepare. If symptoms aren't noticed until later in life, see a doctor trained in heart problems present at birth. This type of healthcare professional is called a congenital cardiologist.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for the appointment.","People who had coarctation of the aorta need to take steps to control blood pressure and watch for complications. Follow these tips:
+Get regular exercise.Regular exercise helps lower blood pressure. Talk with your healthcare team about the amount and type of exercise that's best for you. Some physical activities, such as weight lifting, can temporarily raise blood pressure.
+Talk with your healthcare team before getting pregnant.Coarctation of the aorta, even after it's fixed, may increase the risk of an aortic tear or rupture during pregnancy and childbirth. Before becoming pregnant, talk with a doctor trained in congenital heart diseases, called an adult congenital cardiologist. Together you can go over the possible risks and complications.
+Prevent heart infections.Bacteria can affect the inner lining of the heart or valves, causing an infection called endocarditis. People with some heart conditions may need to take antibiotics before dental work to prevent this infection. Ask your healthcare professional whether you need preventive antibiotics.","irritability, leg cramps, difficulty feeding, nosebleeds, changes in skin color, chest pain, coarctation of the aorta, coarctation of the aorta later in life may include:
+chest pain, muscle weakness, high blood pressure, coarctation of the aorta depend on how much of the aorta, heavy sweating, cold feet, difficulty breathing, headaches, congenital heart defects"
+88,Aortic valve regurgitation,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20353129,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353135,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation/doctors-departments/ddc-20353137,"Aortic valve regurgitation — also called aortic regurgitation — is a type of heart valve disease. The valve between the lower left heart chamber and the body's main artery doesn't close tightly. As a result, some of the blood pumped out of the heart's main pumping chamber, called the left ventricle, leaks backward.
+The leakage may prevent the heart from doing a good enough job of pumping blood to the rest of the body. You may feel tired and short of breath.
+Aortic valve regurgitation can develop suddenly or over many years. Once the condition becomes severe, surgery often is needed to repair or replace the valve.","Most often, aortic valve regurgitation develops over time. You may have no symptoms for years. You might not realize that you have the condition. But sometimes, aortic valve regurgitation occurs suddenly. Usually, this is due to an infection of the valve.
+As aortic valve regurgitation becomes worse, symptoms may include:
+Shortness of breath with exercise or when lying down.
+Tiredness and weakness, especially when being more active than usual.
+Irregular heartbeat.
+Lightheadedness or fainting.
+Pain, discomfort or tightness in the chest, which often gets worse during exercise.
+Sensations of a rapid, fluttering heartbeat, called palpitations.
+Swollen ankles and feet.","Call a member of your health care team right away if you have symptoms of aortic valve regurgitation.
+Sometimes the first symptoms of aortic valve regurgitation are related to heart failure. Heart failure is a condition in which the heart can't pump blood as well as it should. Make an appointment with your health care team if you have:
+Tiredness, also called fatigue, that doesn't get better with rest.
+Shortness of breath.
+Swollen ankles and feet.
+These are common symptoms of heart failure.","The aortic valve is one of four valves that control blood flow through the heart. It separates the heart's main pumping chamber, called the left ventricle, and the body's main artery, called the aorta. The aortic valve has flaps, also called cusps or leaflets, that open and close once during each heartbeat.
+In aortic valve regurgitation, the valve doesn't close properly. This causes blood to leak back into the lower left heart chamber, called the left ventricle. As a result, the chamber holds more blood. This could cause it to get larger and thicken.
+At first, the larger left ventricle helps maintain good blood flow with more force. But eventually, the heart becomes weak.
+Any condition that damages the aortic valve can cause aortic valve regurgitation. Causes may include:
+Heart valve disease present at birth.Some people are born with an aortic valve that has only two cusps, called a bicuspid valve. Others are born with connected cusps rather than the typical three separate ones. Sometimes the valve may have only one cusp, called a unicuspid valve. Other times, there are four cusps, called a quadricuspid valve.Having a parent or sibling with a bicuspid valve raises your risk of the condition. But you can have a bicuspid valve even if you don't have a family history of the condition.
+Narrowing of the aortic valve, called aortic stenosis.Calcium deposits can build up on the aortic valve as you age. The buildup causes the aortic valve to stiffen and become narrow. It prevents the valve from opening properly. Aortic stenosis also may prevent the valve from closing properly.
+Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart's chambers and valves.This life-threatening condition also is called endocarditis. It's usually caused by an infection. It can damage the aortic valve.
+Rheumatic fever.This condition was once a common childhood illness in the United States. Strep throat can cause it. Rheumatic fever can cause the aortic valve to become stiff and narrow, in turn causing blood to leak. If you have an irregular heart valve due to rheumatic fever, it's called rheumatic heart disease.
+Other health conditions.Other rare conditions can cause the aorta to get bigger and damage the aortic valve. These include a connective tissue disease called Marfan syndrome. Some immune system conditions, such as lupus, also can lead to aortic valve regurgitation.
+Tear or injury of the body's main artery.The body's main artery is the aorta. A traumatic chest injury may damage the aorta and cause aortic regurgitation. So might a tear in the inner layer of the aorta, called an aortic dissection.","Things that raise the risk of aortic valve regurgitation include:
+Older age.
+Heart problems present at birth, also called congenital heart defects.
+History of infections that can affect the heart.
+Certain conditions passed down through families that can affect the heart, such as Marfan syndrome.
+Other types of heart valve disease, such as aortic valve stenosis.
+High blood pressure.
+The condition also can happen without any known risk factors.","Complications of aortic valve regurgitation can include:
+Fainting or feeling lightheaded.
+Heart failure.
+Certain heart infections such as endocarditis.
+Heart rhythm problems, called arrhythmias.
+Death.","If you have any type of heart disease, get regular health checkups.
+If you have a parent, child or sibling with a bicuspid aortic valve, you should have an imaging test called an echocardiogram. This can check for aortic valve regurgitation. Early diagnosis of heart valve disease, such as aortic valve regurgitation, is important. Doing so may make the condition easier to treat.
+Also, take steps to prevent conditions that can raise the risk of aortic valve regurgitation. For example:
+Get a health checkup if you have a severe sore throat.Untreated strep throat can lead to rheumatic fever. Strep throat is treated with medicines that fight bacteria, called antibiotics.
+Check your blood pressure regularly.Have your blood pressure checked at least every two years starting at age 18. Some people need more-frequent checks.","To diagnose aortic valve regurgitation, a member of your health care team examines you. You usually are asked questions about your symptoms and health history. You also might be asked about your family's health history.
+Your blood pressure is checked using a cuff, usually placed around your arm. A device called a stethoscope is used to listen to your heart. Your health care professional may hear an irregular sound called a heart murmur.
+You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist.","Treatment of aortic valve regurgitation depends on:
+How serious the condition is.
+The symptoms, if any.
+Whether the condition is getting worse.
+The goals of aortic valve regurgitation treatment are to ease symptoms and prevent complications.
+If your symptoms are mild or you don't have symptoms, you may only need regular health checkups. You may need regular echocardiograms to check the health of the aortic valve. Heart-healthy lifestyle changes also are usually recommended.",,"If you think you might have symptoms of heart valve disease, make an appointment for a health checkup. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases. This doctor is called a cardiologist.
+If you have aortic valve regurgitation, consider being cared for by a medical team that specializes in heart valve disease.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.","While lifestyle changes can't prevent or treat your condition, your health care team might suggest that you practice some heart-healthy habits. These may include:
+Eat a heart-healthy diet.Enjoy a variety of fruits and vegetables, low-fat or fat-free dairy products, poultry, fish, and whole grains. Stay away from saturated and trans fats and excess salt and sugar.
+Stay at a healthy weight.Aim to keep a healthy weight. If you're overweight or obese, your health care team may recommend that you lose weight. Ask what goal weight is healthy for you.
+Get regular exercise.Aim to include about 30 minutes of physical activity, such as brisk walks, into your daily fitness routine. Ask your care team for advice before you start to exercise, especially if you're thinking about playing competitive sports.
+Don't smoke or use tobacco.If you smoke, quit. Ask your care team about resources to help you quit smoking. Joining a support group may be helpful.
+Control high blood pressure.Uncontrolled high blood pressure increases the risk of serious health problems. Get your blood pressure checked at least every two years if you're 18 or older. If you have risk factors for heart disease or are over age 40, you may need more-frequent checks.
+Get a cholesterol test.Get your first cholesterol test when you're in your 20s and then another at least every 4 to 6 years. Some people may need to start testing earlier or have more-frequent checks.
+Manage diabetes.If you have diabetes, tight blood sugar control can help keep your heart healthy.
+Practice good sleep habits.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease. Adults should aim to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily. Go to bed and wake at the same time every day, including on weekends. If you have trouble sleeping, talk with your health care team about strategies that might help.","pain, tiredness, weakness, swollen feet, swollen ankles, palpitations, lightheadedness, fainting, irregular heartbeat, infection, aortic valve regurgitation, tightness, discomfort, shortness of breath, sensations"
+90,Auditory processing disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/auditory-processing-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20555261,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/auditory-processing-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20555277,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/auditory-processing-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20555296,"Auditory processing disorder, also called APD, is a type of hearing loss caused by something affecting the part of the brain that processes how you hear. Ear damage causes other types of hearing loss.
+APDis also sometimes called central auditory processing disorder (CAPD). It can happen in anyone. But it most often happens in children and older adults.
+Many conditions can affect how well a person understands what they hear, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism. But these conditions are different from auditory processing disorder, although they can appear withAPD.APDalso can happen with other types of hearing loss.
+Auditory processing disorder has no cure. But treatments can help you hear better.","Symptoms of auditory processing disorder (APD) can be subtle. Symptoms can include having trouble with:
+Telling where sound is coming from.
+Understanding words that are spoken quickly or in a noisy room.
+Paying attention.
+Reading and spelling.
+Following directions unless they are short and simple.
+Learning a new language.
+Singing or enjoying music.
+Understanding and remembering spoken information.
+If you haveAPD, you also might:
+Take longer to reply to someone who is talking to you.
+Often need others to repeat themselves.
+Not understand sarcasm or jokes.
+APDis often seen with attention, language and learning issues like those seen in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD.","If you have trouble hearing or understanding what you hear, talk to a health care professional.","The cause of auditory processing disorder (APD) is sometimes unknown.APDcan be linked to many conditions. In older adults, conditions might include stroke and head trauma. In children,APDcan be linked to issues at birth, such as low birth weight or early birth, or repeated ear infections.
+In typical hearing, the brain's auditory center takes the sound waves sent from the ears and turns them into sounds you know. But with auditory processing disorder (APD), the auditory part of the brain can't do this.","Factors that increase your risk of auditory processing disorder (APD) include:
+Aging.
+Stroke.
+Head trauma.
+Lead poisoning.
+Seizure disorders.
+Issues linked to birth, such as an early birth, low birth weight or a pregnant person using alcohol, drugs or tobacco.
+Repeated ear infections, especially at a young age.","Auditory processing disorder (APD) complications include:
+Trouble understanding what people are saying.
+Trouble taking part in activities.
+Feeling isolated and lonely.
+Trouble reading and writing, in children.
+Trouble doing well in school.
+Feeling depressed.",,"To diagnose auditory processing disorder (APD), your health care team may ask questions about your symptoms and how long you have had them, as well as order tests.
+Several specialists on your health care team might help diagnose you or your child with auditory processing disorder (APD). For children, the team might include teachers, who look at learning and attention issues. For children and adults, the team might include mental health professionals, called psychologists, who look at how the mind works. And speech-language pathologists can look at the use of language.
+A hearing specialist called an audiologist may do tests to see what is happening when you or your child hear sounds. These tests might include:
+Tympanometry.This test can tell if the eardrum isn't moving well. The eardrum needs to move for good hearing. For this test, the audiologist places a soft probe in the ear canal. Then they send small bits of air pressure toward the ear. The probe measures how much the eardrum moves in response to the air.
+Acoustic reflex test.This test shows what happens in the ear when it hears a loud sound.
+Auditory brainstem response.This test shows how well the inner ear, called the cochlea, and the brain pathways for hearing are working. An audiologist places sensors around the ear and on the head. The sensors connect to a computer.Short clicking sounds come through headphones worn during the test. The computer records how the nerves between the ears and the brain respond to the sounds.
+Evoked potential test.This test shows how well sound travels along the nerves that connect the ears to the brain. For this test, an audiologist places sensors on the head. The sensors connect to a computer. Short clicking sounds come through headphones worn during the test.This lets an audiologist see how well sound gets to different parts of the brain. It also shows if anything is blocking the nerves that link the ears to the brain.","Not everyone with auditory processing disorder (APD) needs treatment. If you or your child need treatment, there are many approaches. Every person withAPDhas different needs. Your health care team can work with you to help you. Your or your child's treatment might include:
+Hearing aids and listening devices.Your health care team may suggest that you use hearing aids with wireless listening devices. Listening devices help direct sound to you. They get sound from the source to your hearing aid.Frequency modulated, or FM, systems send sounds to you so you can hear them better. They work with a hearing aid and direct sounds to it. These systems help make it easier to hear sounds in noisy environments.
+Auditory training.Auditory training,also called hearing rehabilitation, helps you adjust to hearing loss. You may train with an audiologist, a speech-language pathologist or both. You may train one-on-one with a therapist or as part of a group.During auditory training, you learn to tell one type of sound from another. You do this by listening to sounds that are louder and softer, given quickly and slowly. Sounds come from different directions. You also learn to tell the difference between speech sounds, which affects the meaning of the words you hear.Auditory training helps the brain tell the difference between the many sounds you hear every day. The goal is to help you feel like you're able to talk with others more.
+Computer-based training.Computer-based programs can help train the brain to recognize and understand sounds. These programs are like auditory training, but you do them online or with a computer program.","Having auditory processing disorder (APD) can make you feel left out of everyday events. It can make you feel lonely. Auditory training as part of your treatment may help you or your child learn how to cope with hearing loss and adjust to it.
+Auditory training might help you or your child learn to talk to others better and help them talk to you. This can help you feel less alone and more connected to others.","You or your child might start by seeing your family health care professional. For testing, you or your child might be referred to a specialist in hearing, called an audiologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","There are simple steps you can take to manage auditory processing disorder (APD). For instance:
+Try using a remote microphone to improve how well you can hear in a noisy room.
+Move closer to the person who is speaking.
+Think about covering surfaces that make sounds echo, such as open or empty spaces.
+Move away from other sources of noise, such as a fan.
+In a class or at a meeting, ask someone to take notes for you or get a written copy of what was said.
+Ask for anything important to be in writing.
+Use subtitles when watching TV.","attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, reading, learning, taking longer to reply, paying attention, needing others to repeat themselves, auditory processing disorder, not understanding, following directions, adhd, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+trouble, spelling"
+91,Primary progressive aphasia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-progressive-aphasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20350499,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-progressive-aphasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350504,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-progressive-aphasia/doctors-departments/ddc-20350506,"Primary progressive aphasia (uh-FAY-zhuh) is a rare nervous system condition that affects a person's ability to communicate. People who have primary progressive aphasia can have trouble expressing their thoughts and understanding or finding words.
+Symptoms develop gradually, often before age 65. They get worse over time. People with primary progressive aphasia can lose the ability to speak and write. Eventually they're not able to understand written or spoken language.
+This condition progresses slowly. People who have primary progressive aphasia may continue caring for themselves and participating in daily activities for several years.
+Primary progressive aphasia is a type of frontotemporal dementia. Frontotemporal dementia is a cluster of conditions that result from the degeneration of the frontal or temporal lobes of the brain. These areas include brain tissue involved in speech and language. Not all people with primary progressive aphasia have dementia, but most develop it. The term ""dementia"" is typically not used until a person can't do things alone due to changes in their thinking and understanding.",Primary progressive aphasia symptoms vary based on which part of the brain's language areas are involved. The condition has three types. Each type causes different symptoms. Symptoms develop over time and gradually get worse.,"See your healthcare professional if you have concerns about your ability to communicate. If you have a family member or friend who has symptoms of primary progressive aphasia, talk to the person about your concerns. Offer to go with the person to see a healthcare professional.
+If changes in speech or communication come on suddenly, call 911 or your local emergency number.","Primary progressive aphasia is caused by a shrinking of certain areas of the brain, known as lobes. In primary progressive aphasia, the frontal, temporal or parietal lobes are affected. When areas of the brain shrink, it's called atrophy. The atrophy caused by primary progressive aphasia mainly happens on the left side of the brain. The areas affected are responsible for speech and language.
+Atrophy is linked to the presence of certain proteins in the brain. The proteins may reduce brain activity or function.","Risk factors for primary progressive aphasia include:
+Learning disabilities.People who had a childhood learning disability such as dyslexia may have a higher risk of developing primary progressive aphasia.
+Certain gene changes.Although primary progressive aphasia most often happens randomly, rare gene changes have been linked to the condition. If other members of your family have had primary progressive aphasia, consider genetic testing to see if you are more likely to develop it.","People with primary progressive aphasia eventually lose the ability to speak and write. This may take anywhere from 3 to 15 years. People with the condition also have trouble understanding written and spoken language.
+As the disease progresses, other mental skills such as memory, planning and organizing can be affected. Some people develop other symptoms such as problems with movement, balance and swallowing. With these complications, people with the disease eventually need help with day-to-day care.
+People with primary progressive aphasia also can develop depression as the disease progresses. Other complications might include blunted emotions such as not showing concern, poor judgment or social behavior that's not appropriate.","There is no known way to prevent primary progressive aphasia. However, you can keep your brain healthy by using GROWTH:
+Get quality sleep.
+Reduce stress.
+Open connections.
+Work out.
+Try new things.
+Healthy eating.","To diagnose primary progressive aphasia, a neurologist or speech and language pathologist will likely review your symptoms and order tests.
+Communication troubles that get worse without significant changes in thinking and behavior for 2 to 3 years are a hallmark of primary progressive aphasia.
+Tests and procedures used to diagnose primary progressive aphasia may include:","Primary progressive aphasia can't be cured, and there are no medicines to treat it. However, some therapies might help improve or maintain your ability to communicate and manage your condition.","Losing the ability to communicate can be stressful and frustrating. This is true for both the person with primary progressive aphasia and for friends and family. If you're a caregiver of someone with primary progressive aphasia, taking these steps can help everyone cope:
+Learn all you can about the condition.
+Have the person with the condition carry an identification card and other materials that can help explain the condition to others.
+Give the person time to talk.
+Speak slowly in simple, adult sentences and listen carefully.
+Talk with the person with the condition about how you can help.
+Take care of your personal needs. Get enough rest and make time for social activities.
+Family members eventually may need to make long-term care choices for the person with primary progressive aphasia. They also may need to plan the person's finances and help make legal decisions to prepare for more-serious stages of the condition. Start this process early so the person with primary progressive aphasia can be involved.
+Support groups may be offered for caregivers and people with primary progressive aphasia or related conditions. Ask your social worker or other members of your healthcare team about community resources or support groups. Other sources of information include the National Aphasia Association and the Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration.","If you're experiencing symptoms, you might start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. This person may refer you to a doctor trained in brain and nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist. You also may be referred to a speech-language pathologist.",,"symptoms develop over time, primary progressive aphasia symptoms, gradually get worse"
+92,Canker sore,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/canker-sore/symptoms-causes/syc-20370615,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/canker-sore/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370620,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/canker-sore/doctors-departments/ddc-20370621,"Canker sores, also called aphthous ulcers, are small, shallow lesions that develop on the soft tissues in your mouth or at the base of your gums. Unlike cold sores, canker sores don't occur on the surface of your lips and they aren't contagious. They can be painful, however, and can make eating and talking difficult.
+Most canker sores go away on their own in a week or two. Check with your doctor or dentist if you have unusually large or painful canker sores or canker sores that don't seem to heal.","Most canker sores are round or oval with a white or yellow center and a red border. They form inside your mouth — on or under your tongue, inside your cheeks or lips, at the base of your gums, or on your soft palate. You might notice a tingling or burning sensation a day or two before the sores actually appear.
+There are several types of canker sores, including minor, major and herpetiform sores.","Consult your doctor if you experience:
+Unusually large canker sores
+Recurring sores, with new ones developing before old ones heal, or frequent outbreaks
+Persistent sores, lasting two weeks or more
+Sores that extend into the lips themselves (vermilion border)
+Pain that you can't control with self-care measures
+Extreme difficulty eating or drinking
+High fever along with canker sores
+See your dentist if you have sharp tooth surfaces or dental appliances that seem to trigger the sores.","The precise cause of canker sores remains unclear, though researchers suspect that a combination of factors contributes to outbreaks, even in the same person.
+Possible triggers for canker sores include:
+A minor injury to your mouth from dental work, overzealous brushing, sports mishaps or an accidental cheek bite
+Toothpastes and mouth rinses containing sodium lauryl sulfate
+Food sensitivities, particularly to chocolate, coffee, strawberries, eggs, nuts, cheese, and spicy or acidic foods
+A diet lacking in vitamin B-12, zinc, folate (folic acid) or iron
+An allergic response to certain bacteria in your mouth
+Helicobacter pylori, the same bacteria that cause peptic ulcers
+Hormonal shifts during menstruation
+Emotional stress
+Canker sores may also occur because of certain conditions and diseases, such as:
+Celiac disease, a serious intestinal disorder caused by a sensitivity to gluten, a protein found in most grains
+Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
+Behcet's disease, a rare disorder that causes inflammation throughout the body, including the mouth
+A faulty immune system that attacks healthy cells in your mouth instead of pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria
+HIV/AIDS, which suppresses the immune system
+Unlike cold sores, canker sores are not associated with herpes virus infections.","Anyone can develop canker sores. But they occur more often in teens and young adults, and they're more common in females.
+Often people with recurrent canker sores have a family history of the disorder. This may be due to heredity or to a shared factor in the environment, such as certain foods or allergens.",,"Canker sores often recur, but you may be able to reduce their frequency by following these tips:
+Watch what you eat.Try to avoid foods that seem to irritate your mouth. These may include nuts, chips, pretzels, certain spices, salty foods and acidic fruits, such as pineapple, grapefruit and oranges. Avoid any foods to which you're sensitive or allergic.
+Choose healthy foods.To help prevent nutritional deficiencies, eat plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
+Follow good oral hygiene habits.Regular brushing after meals and flossing once a day can keep your mouth clean and free of foods that might trigger a sore. Use a soft brush to help prevent irritation to delicate mouth tissues, and avoid toothpastes and mouth rinses that contain sodium lauryl sulfate.
+Protect your mouth.If you have braces or other dental appliances, ask your dentist about orthodontic waxes to cover sharp edges.
+Reduce your stress.If your canker sores seem to be related to stress, learn and use stress-reduction techniques, such as meditation and guided imagery.","Tests aren't needed to diagnose canker sores. Your doctor or dentist can identify them with a visual exam. In some cases, you may have tests to check for other health problems, especially if your canker sores are severe and ongoing.","Treatment usually isn't necessary for minor canker sores, which tend to clear on their own in a week or two. But large, persistent or unusually painful sores often need medical care. A number of treatment options exist.",,Your doctor or dentist can diagnose a canker sore based on its appearance. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.,"To help relieve pain and speed healing, consider these tips:
+Rinse your mouth.Use salt water or baking soda rinse (dissolve 1 teaspoon of baking soda in 1/2 cup warm water).
+Dab a small amount of milk of magnesiaon your canker sore a few times a day.
+Avoid abrasive, acidic or spicy foodsthat can cause further irritation and pain.
+Apply ice to your canker soresby allowing ice chips to slowly dissolve over the sores.
+Brush your teeth gently,using a soft brush and foaming-agent-free toothpaste such as Biotene or Sensodyne ProNamel.","tingling, palate, burning sensation, tingling or burning sensation"
+94,Broken heart syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-heart-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20354617,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-heart-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354623,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-heart-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20354624,"Broken heart syndrome is a heart condition that's often brought on by stressful situations and extreme emotions. The condition also can be triggered by a serious physical illness or surgery. Broken heart syndrome is usually temporary. But some people may continue to feel unwell after the heart is healed.
+People with broken heart syndrome may have sudden chest pain or think they're having a heart attack. Broken heart syndrome affects just part of the heart. It briefly interrupts the way the heart pumps blood. The rest of the heart continues to work as usual. Sometimes the heart contracts more forcefully.
+Medicines are used to treat symptoms of broken heart syndrome.
+Broken heart syndrome also may be called:
+Stress cardiomyopathy.
+Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
+Recurrent takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
+Apical ballooning syndrome.","Symptoms of broken heart syndrome can mimic those of a heart attack. Symptoms may include:
+Chest pain.
+Shortness of breath.",Any continued chest pain could be due to a heart attack. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have new or unexplained chest pain. Also call if you have a very rapid or irregular heartbeat or shortness of breath.,"The exact cause of broken heart syndrome is unclear. It's thought that a surge of stress hormones, such as adrenaline, might damage the hearts of some people for a short time. How these hormones might hurt the heart or whether something else is the cause isn't completely clear.
+A temporary squeezing of the large or small arteries of the heart may play a role in the development of broken heart syndrome. People who have broken heart syndrome also may have a change in the structure of the heart muscle.
+An intense physical or emotional event often comes before broken heart syndrome. Anything that causes a strong emotional reaction may trigger the condition. Examples include:
+Sudden illness such as an asthma attack orCOVID-19.
+Major surgery.
+Sudden broken bone.
+Death of a loved one or other loss.
+Strong argument.
+Rarely, use of certain medicines or illegal drugs may lead to broken heart syndrome. They include:
+Emergency medicines used to treat severe allergic reactions or severe asthma attacks.
+Some medicines used to treat anxiety.
+Medicines used to treat a stuffy nose.
+Illegal stimulant drugs, such as methamphetamine and cocaine.
+Always tell your healthcare team about the medicines you take, including those bought without a prescription. When starting a new medicine, talk to your care team about the potential risks and side effects.","Risk factors for broken heart syndrome include:
+Sex.Broken heart syndrome is more common in women than in men.
+Age.Most people who have broken heart syndrome are older than 50.
+Mental health conditions.People who have had or have anxiety or depression may have a higher risk of broken heart syndrome.","Most people who have broken heart syndrome quickly recover and usually don't have long-lasting effects. But sometimes the condition comes back. This is called recurrent takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
+Rarely, broken heart syndrome can cause death.
+Complications of broken heart syndrome include:
+Backup of fluid into the lungs, called pulmonary edema.
+Low blood pressure.
+Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
+Heart failure.
+Blood clots in the heart.","To prevent another episode of broken heart syndrome, many healthcare professionals recommend long-term treatment with beta blockers or similar medicines. These medicines block the potentially harmful effects of stress hormones on the heart.
+Having chronic stress may increase the risk of broken heart syndrome. Taking steps to manage emotional stress can improve heart health and may help prevent broken heart syndrome. Some ways to reduce and manage stress include:
+Get more exercise.
+Practice mindfulness.
+Connect with others in support groups.","Broken heart syndrome is often diagnosed in an emergency or hospital setting because symptoms mimic those of a heart attack.
+To diagnose broken heart syndrome, a healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and medical history. You may be asked if you've had any major stresses recently, such as the death of a loved one.
+People who have broken heart syndrome usually don't have any heart disease symptoms before the condition is diagnosed.
+Tests to help diagnose broken heart syndrome include:
+Blood tests.People who have broken heart syndrome often have higher levels of substances called cardiac enzymes in the blood.
+Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).This quick test measures the electrical activity of the heart. Sticky patches called electrodes are placed on the chest and sometimes the arms and legs. Wires connect the electrodes to a computer, which shows the test results.AnECGshows how fast or how slow the heart is beating.ECGresults for broken heart syndrome look different from those for a heart attack.
+Coronary angiogram.This test checks for blockages in the heart arteries. It's done to rule out a heart attack. People with broken heart syndrome often don't have any blockages. A doctor inserts a long, thin flexible tube called a catheter into a blood vessel, usually in the groin or wrist. It's guided to the heart. Dye flows through the catheter to arteries in the heart. The dye helps the arteries show up more clearly on X-ray images and video.Once it's clear that you're not having a heart attack, your doctor checks to see if your symptoms are caused by broken heart syndrome.
+Echocardiogram.This test uses sound waves to create pictures of the beating heart. It shows how blood flows through the heart and heart valves. It can see if the heart is enlarged or has an unusual shape. These changes may be due to broken heart syndrome.
+CardiacMRI.This test uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the heart.","There's no standard treatment for broken heart syndrome. Treatment is similar to heart attack care until the diagnosis is clear. Most people stay in the hospital while they get better.
+Many people with broken heart syndrome are fully recovered within a month or so. An echocardiogram is done about 4 to 6 weeks after the first symptoms to make sure the heart is working better. Sometimes, broken heart syndrome happens again after treatment.",,"Broken heart syndrome is usually diagnosed in an emergency or a hospital setting.
+If possible, have a family member or friend come with you to the hospital. Someone who goes with you can help you remember the information you're given.
+If possible, share important information with the person taking you to the hospital:
+Any symptoms you're having,and how long you've had them.
+Your important personal information,including any major stresses, such as the death of a loved one, or recent life changes, such as the loss of a job.
+Your personal and family medical history,including health conditions such as diabetes, high cholesterol or heart disease.
+A list of the medicinesyou take, including those bought without a prescription.
+Any recent injury to your chestthat may have caused damage inside the body, such as a broken rib or pinched nerve.
+At the hospital, you may have many questions. If possible, you may want to ask:
+What do you think is causing my symptoms?
+I recently experienced the sudden death of a loved one. Could my symptoms be due to this event?
+What kinds of tests do I need?
+Do I need to stay in the hospital?
+What treatments do I need right now?
+What are the risks associated with these treatments?
+Will this happen again?
+Do I have any diet or activity restrictions?
+Don't hesitate to ask any additional questions.",,"shortness of breath, chest pain, heart syndrome"
+95,Antiphospholipid syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antiphospholipid-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355831,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antiphospholipid-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355836,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antiphospholipid-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20355838,"Antiphospholipid (AN-te-fos-fo-LIP-id) syndrome is a condition in which the immune system mistakenly creates antibodies that attack tissues in the body. These antibodies can cause blood clots to form in arteries and veins.
+
+Blood clots can form in the legs, lungs and other organs, such as the kidneys and spleen. The clots can lead to a heart attack, strokes and other conditions. During pregnancy, antiphospholipid syndrome also can result in miscarriage and stillbirth. Some people who have the syndrome have no signs or symptoms.
+
+There's no cure for this uncommon condition, but medications can reduce the risk of blood clots and miscarriage.","Signs and symptoms of antiphospholipid syndrome can include:
+
+Less common signs and symptoms include:","Contact your health care provider if you have unexplained bleeding from your nose or gums; an unusually heavy menstrual period; vomit that is bright red or looks like coffee grounds; black, tarry stool or bright red stool; or unexplained abdominal pain.
+
+Seek emergency care if you have signs and symptoms of:","Antiphospholipid syndrome occurs when the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies that make blood much more likely to clot. Antibodies usually protect the body against invaders, such as viruses and bacteria.
+
+Antiphospholipid syndrome can be caused by an underlying condition, such as an autoimmune disorder. You can also develop the syndrome without an underlying cause.","Antiphospholipid syndrome is more common in women than in men. Having another autoimmune condition, such as lupus, increases the risk of antiphospholipid syndrome.
+
+It's possible to have the antibodies associated with antiphospholipid syndrome without developing signs or symptoms. However, having these antibodies increases your risk of developing blood clots, particularly if you:","Complications of antiphospholipid syndrome can include:
+
+Rarely, in severe cases, antiphospholipid syndrome can lead to multiple organ damage in a short time.",,"If you've had episodes of blood clots or pregnancy loss that aren't explained by known health conditions, your health care provider can schedule blood tests to check for clotting and for the presence of the antibodies associated with antiphospholipid syndrome.
+
+To confirm a diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome, the antibodies must appear in your blood at least twice, in tests conducted 12 or more weeks apart.
+
+You can have antiphospholipid antibodies and never develop signs or symptoms. A diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome is made only when these antibodies cause health problems.","If you have blood clots, standard initial treatment involves a combination of blood-thinning medications. The most common are heparin and warfarin (Jantoven). Heparin is fast-acting and delivered via injections. Warfarin comes in pill form and takes several days to take effect. Aspirin is also a blood thinner.
+
+When you're taking blood thinners, you have an increased risk of bleeding episodes. Your doctor will monitor your dosage with blood tests to be sure your blood is capable of clotting enough to stop the bleeding of a cut or the bleeding under the skin from a bruise.
+
+There is some evidence that other drugs might be helpful in treating antiphospholipid syndrome. These include hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), rituximab (Rituxan) and statins. More study is needed.",,"In most cases, complications of antiphospholipid syndrome — such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), stroke or pregnancy loss — will prompt you to seek medical care. Depending on your complication, you'll likely see a specialist in vascular disease, obstetrics or hematology.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, here is the output:
+
+blood clots, antiphospholipid syndrome, swelling, chest pain, leg pain, if you want me to extract symptoms from the provided paragraph, confusion, vision problems, The paragraph provided does not contain a patient's description of their health condition. It appears to be a general description of antiphospholipid syndrome. If you provide a paragraph where a patient describes their health condition, I can assist you in extracting the medical symptoms.
+
+However, shortness of breath, seizures, headaches"
+96,Viral hemorrhagic fevers,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/symptoms-causes/syc-20351260,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351266,,"Viral hemorrhagic (hem-uh-RAJ-ik) fevers are infectious diseases that can be life-threatening. They can damage the walls of tiny blood vessels, making them leak. And they can keep the blood from clotting.
+Some viral hemorrhagic fevers include:
+Crimean-Congo.
+Dengue.
+Ebola.
+Hantavirus.
+Lassa.
+Marburg.
+Yellow fever.
+These diseases most often happen in tropical areas, such as Central Africa. In the United States, most people who get them have traveled to one of those areas.
+There are vaccines and treatments for only a few types of viral hemorrhagic fevers. Until there are vaccines for more of them, do your best to keep from getting viral hemorrhagic fevers.","Symptoms of viral hemorrhagic fevers vary by disease. Mainly, early symptoms can include:
+Fever.
+Tiredness, weakness or feeling unwell.
+Muscle, bone or joint aches.
+Nausea and vomiting.
+Diarrhea.","The best time to see a healthcare professional is before you travel to a country where you might get an infectious disease. Then you can get vaccinations and pre-travel advice for staying healthy.
+If you get symptoms once you return home from your trip, talk to a healthcare professional. If possible, see one trained in international medicine or infectious diseases. Tell your care professional where you've traveled.","Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in many animal hosts. Most often, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, nonhuman primates or bats.","Living in or traveling to an area where a certain viral hemorrhagic fever is common raises your risk of getting infected with that virus. Other factors that can increase your risk include:
+Working with infected people.
+Killing or eating infected animals.
+Having unprotected sex with an infected person.
+Working outdoors or in rat-infested buildings.
+Being around infected blood or other body fluids.","Viral hemorrhagic fevers can cause:
+Septic shock.
+Failure in more than one organ.
+Death.","It can be hard to prevent viral hemorrhagic fevers. If you live in, work in or travel to areas where these diseases are common, use protective barriers when working with blood or body fluids. For instance, wear gloves, gowns, eye masks and face shields. Also take care working with lab specimens and waste.","If you think you might have a viral hemorrhagic fever, contact your healthcare professional. Let the office know what you think you have. You might be sent directly to an emergency room. Make sure the emergency room knows that you might have a viral hemorrhagic fever before you go.
+Diagnosing viral hemorrhagic fevers in the first few days of illness can be hard. Early symptoms, such as high fever, muscle aches, headaches and extreme tiredness, are common to many other conditions.
+Tell your healthcare professional about your medical and travel history and whether you've been around animals, especially mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, nonhuman primates or bats.
+Name the countries you visited and the dates. Tell of any contact you might have had with infection sources.
+Lab tests, most often using a blood sample, can confirm a diagnosis. You most often have these tests in special labs. That's because viral hemorrhagic fevers are so easy to catch.",There's no treatment for most viral hemorrhagic fevers other than supportive care.,,"If you think you might have a viral hemorrhagic fever, contact your healthcare professional. Let the office know what you think you have. You might be sent directly to an emergency room. Make sure the emergency room knows that you might have a viral hemorrhagic fever before you go.",,"nausea, nausea and vomiting, tiredness, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, viral hemorrhagic fevers, muscle aches, bone aches, joint aches, feeling unwell, aches"
+98,Broken arm,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-arm/symptoms-causes/syc-20353260,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-arm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353266,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-arm/doctors-departments/ddc-20353267,"A broken arm involves one or more of the three bones in your arm — the ulna, radius and humerus. One of the most common causes of a broken arm is falling onto an outstretched hand. If you think you or your child has broken an arm, seek prompt medical attention. It's important to treat a fracture as soon as possible for proper healing.
+Treatment depends on the site and severity of the injury. A simple break might be treated with a sling, ice and rest. However, the bone may require realignment (reduction) in the emergency room.
+A more complicated break might require surgery to realign the broken bone and to implant wires, plates, nails or screws to keep the bone in place during healing.","A snap or cracking sound might be your first indication you've broken an arm. Signs and symptoms include:
+Severe pain, which might increase with movement
+Swelling
+Bruising
+Deformity, such as a bent arm or wrist
+Inability to turn your arm from palm up to palm down or vice versa","If you have enough pain in your arm that you can't use it normally, see a doctor right away. The same applies to your child. Delays in diagnosis and treatment of a broken arm, especially for children, who heal faster than adults do, can lead to poor healing.","Common causes for a broken arm include:
+Falls.Falling onto an outstretched hand or elbow is the most common cause of a broken arm.
+Sports injuries.Direct blows and injuries on the field or court cause all types of arm fractures.
+Significant trauma.Any of your arm bones can break during a car accident, bike accident or other direct trauma.
+Child abuse.In children, a broken arm might be the result of child abuse.",Certain medical conditions or physical activities can increase the risk of a broken arm.,"The prognosis for most arm fractures is very good if treated early. But complications can include:
+Uneven growth.Because a child's arm bones are still growing, a fracture in the area where growth occurs near each end of a long bone (growth plate) can interfere with that bone's growth.
+Osteoarthritis.Fractures that extend into a joint can cause arthritis there years later.
+Stiffness.The immobilization required to heal a fracture in the upper arm bone can sometimes result in painfully limited range of motion of the elbow or shoulder.
+Bone infection.If a part of your broken bone protrudes through your skin, it can be exposed to germs that can cause infection. Prompt treatment of this type of fracture is critical.
+Nerve or blood vessel injury.If the upper arm bone (humerus) fractures into two or more pieces, the jagged ends can injure nearby nerves and blood vessels. Seek immediate medical attention if you notice numbness or circulation problems.
+Compartment syndrome.Excessive swelling of the injured arm can cut off the blood supply to part of the arm, causing pain and numbness. Typically occurring 24 to 48 hours after the injury, compartment syndrome is a medical emergency that requires surgery.","Although it's impossible to prevent an accident, these tips might offer some protection against bone breakage.
+Eat for bone strength.Eat a healthy diet that includes calcium-rich foods, such as milk, yogurt and cheese, and vitamin D, which helps your body absorb calcium. You can get vitamin D from fatty fish, such as salmon; from fortified foods, such as milk and orange juice; and from sun exposure.
+Exercise for bone strength.Weight-bearing physical activity and exercises that improve balance and posture can strengthen bones and reduce the chance of a fracture. The more active and fit you are as you age, the less likely you are to fall and break a bone.
+Prevent falls.To prevent falling, wear sensible shoes. Remove home hazards that can cause you to trip, such as area rugs. Make sure your living space is well lit. Install grab bars in your bathroom and handrails on your stairways, if necessary.
+Use protective gear.Wear wrist guards for high-risk activities, such as in-line skating, snowboarding, rugby and football.
+Don't smoke.Smoking can increase your risk of a broken arm by reducing bone mass. It also hampers healing of fractures.","Your doctor will examine your arm for tenderness, swelling, deformity or an open wound. After discussing your symptoms and how you injured yourself, your doctor likely will order X-rays to determine the location and extent of the break. Occasionally, another scan, such as anMRI, might be used to get more-detailed images.","Treatment of a broken arm depends on the type of break. The time needed for healing depends on a variety of factors, including severity of the injury; other conditions, such as diabetes; your age; nutrition; and tobacco and alcohol use.
+Fractures are classified into one or more of the following categories:
+Open (compound) fracture.The broken bone pierces the skin, a serious condition that requires immediate, aggressive treatment to decrease the risk of infection.
+Closed fracture.The skin remains unbroken.
+Displaced fracture.The bone fragments on each side of the break aren't aligned. Surgery might be required to realign the fragments.
+Comminuted fracture.The bone is broken into pieces, so it might require surgery.
+Greenstick fracture.The bone cracks but doesn't break all the way — like what happens when you bend a green stick of wood. Most broken bones in children are greenstick fractures because children's bones are softer and more flexible than are those of adults.
+Buckle (torus) fracture.One side of the bone is compressed, which causes the other side to bend (buckle). This type of fracture is also more common in children.",,"Depending on the severity of the break, your family doctor or the emergency room physician might refer you or your child to a doctor who specializes in injuries of the body's musculoskeletal system (orthopedic surgeon).",,"pain, swelling, severe pain, deformity, inability to turn arm, bruising"
+99,Chiari malformation,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chiari-malformation/symptoms-causes/syc-20354010,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chiari-malformation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354015,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chiari-malformation/doctors-departments/ddc-20354016,"Chiari malformation (kee-AH-ree mal-for-MAY-shun) is a condition in which brain tissue extends into the spinal canal. It occurs when part of the skull is misshapen or smaller than is typical. The skull presses on the brain and forces it downward.
+Chiari malformation is not common, but increased use of imaging tests has led to more diagnoses.
+Health care professionals group Chiari malformation into three types. The type depends on the anatomy of the brain tissue that is pushed into the spinal canal. The type also depends on whether there are developmental changes of the brain or spine.
+Chiari malformation type 1 develops as the skull and brain are growing. Symptoms may not occur until late childhood or adulthood. The pediatric forms of Chiari malformation are type 2 and type 3. These types are present at birth, which is known as congenital.
+Treatment of Chiari malformation depends on the type and the symptoms. Regular monitoring, medicines and surgery are treatment options. Sometimes no treatment is needed.","Many people with Chiari malformation have no symptoms and don't need treatment. They learn they have Chiari malformation only when tests are performed for unrelated conditions. But some types of Chiari malfunction can cause symptoms.
+The more common types of Chiari malformation are:
+Type 1
+Type 2
+These types are less serious than the rarer pediatric form, type 3. But symptoms still can disrupt life.","See a health care professional if you or your child has any of the symptoms that may be associated with Chiari malformation.
+Many symptoms of Chiari malformation also can be caused by other conditions. A full medical evaluation is important.","Chiari malformation type 1 occurs when part of the skull is too small or is misshapen. This part of the skull contains the area of the brain called the cerebellum. The skull puts pressure on and crowds the brain. As a result, the lower part of the cerebellum known as the tonsils are pushed into the upper spinal canal.
+Chiari malformation type 2 is nearly always associated with a form of spina bifida called myelomeningocele.
+When the cerebellum is pushed into the upper spinal canal, it can interfere with the usual flow of cerebrospinal fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid can build up in the brain or spinal cord. Or it can cause signals transmitted from the brain to the body to be blocked.
+Also, the pressure from the cerebellum on the spinal cord or lower brainstem can cause symptoms.","There's evidence that Chiari malformation runs in some families. However, research into a possible hereditary component is still in its early phase.","In some people, Chiari malformation may have no symptoms and they don't need treatment. In others, Chiari malformation gets worse over time and leads to serious complications. Complications may include:
+Hydrocephalus.Hydrocephalus occurs when too much fluid builds up in the brain. This can cause trouble with thinking. People with hydrocephalus may need a flexible tube called a shunt placed. The shunt diverts and drains excess cerebrospinal fluid to a different area of the body.
+Spina bifida.Spina bifida is a condition in which the spinal cord or its covering isn't fully developed. Part of the spinal cord is exposed, which can cause serious conditions such as paralysis. People with Chiari malformation type 2 usually have a form of spina bifida called myelomeningocele.
+Syringomyelia.Some people with Chiari malformation also develop a condition called syringomyelia. In people with this condition, a cavity or cyst called a syrinx forms within the spinal column. As the syrinx grows, it can press on the nerves and cause pain, weakness and stiffness.
+Tethered cord syndrome.In this condition, the spinal cord attaches to the spine and causes the spinal cord to stretch. This can cause serious nerve and muscle damage in the lower body.",,"To diagnose Chiari malformation, your health care professional reviews your medical history and symptoms and does a physical exam.
+Imaging tests can help diagnose the condition and determine its cause. Tests may include:
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).AnMRIis often used to diagnose Chiari malformation. AnMRIuses powerful radio waves and magnets to create a detailed view of the body.This safe, painless test produces detailed3Dimages of structural differences in the brain that may be contributing to symptoms. It also can provide images of the cerebellum and determine whether it extends into the spinal canal.AnMRIcan be repeated over time, and it can be used to monitor the condition.
+Computerized tomography (CT) scan.The health care professional may recommend other imaging tests such as aCTscan.ACTscan uses X-rays to obtain cross-sectional images of the body. This can help to reveal brain tumors, brain damage, bone and blood vessel problems, and other conditions.","Treatment for Chiari malformation depends on your condition. If you have no symptoms, your health care professional may recommend no treatment other than monitoring with regular exams andMRIs.
+When headaches or other types of pain are the primary symptom, your health care professional may recommend pain medicine.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your health care professional. However, when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred to a doctor trained in brain and nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot to talk about, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your doctor.",,"symptoms, chiari malformation, chiari malfunction"
+100,Heart arrhythmia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-arrhythmia/symptoms-causes/syc-20350668,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-arrhythmia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350674,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-arrhythmia/doctors-departments/ddc-20350677,"A heart arrhythmia (uh-RITH-me-uh) is an irregular heartbeat. A heart arrhythmia occurs when the electrical signals that tell the heart to beat don't work properly. The heart may beat too fast or too slow. Or the pattern of the heartbeat may be inconsistent.
+A heart arrhythmia may feel like a fluttering, pounding or racing heartbeat. Some heart arrhythmias are harmless. Others may cause life-threatening symptoms.
+There are times when it is OK to have a fast or slow heartbeat. For example, the heart may beat faster with exercise or slow down during sleep.
+Heart arrhythmia treatment may include medicines, devices such as pacemakers, or a procedure or surgery. The goals of treatment are to control or get rid of fast, slow or otherwise irregular heartbeats. A heart-healthy lifestyle can help prevent heart damage that can trigger some heart arrhythmias.","A heart arrhythmia may not cause any symptoms. The irregular heartbeat may be noticed during a health checkup for another reason.
+Symptoms of an arrhythmia may include:
+A fluttering, pounding or racing feeling in the chest.
+A fast heartbeat.
+A slow heartbeat.
+Chest pain.
+Shortness of breath.
+Other symptoms may include:
+Anxiety.
+Feeling very tired.
+Lightheadedness or dizziness.
+Sweating.
+Fainting or almost fainting.","If you feel like your heart is beating too fast or too slow, or it's skipping a beat, make an appointment for a health checkup. You may be told to see a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist.
+Get emergency medical care if you have these heart symptoms:
+Chest pain.
+Shortness of breath.
+Fainting.
+Always call 911 or your local emergency number if you think you might be having a heart attack.
+A type of arrhythmia called ventricular fibrillation can cause a dramatic drop in blood pressure. This can cause the person to fall to the ground within seconds, also called collapse. Soon the person's breathing and pulse will stop. Ventricular fibrillation is an emergency that needs immediate medical help. It's the most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death.
+If this happens, follow these steps:
+Call 911 or your local emergency number.
+If there's no one nearby trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), provide hands-onlyCPR. Push hard and fast on the center of the chest. Do 100 to 120 compressions a minute until medical help arrives. You do not need to breathe into the person's mouth.
+CPRhelps keep blood flowing to the organs until an electrical shock can be given with an automated external defibrillator (AED). AnAEDis a device that delivers a shock to restart the heart.
+If anAEDis available nearby, have someone get the device and follow the instructions. No training is required to use it. The device tells you what to do. It's programmed to allow a shock only when appropriate.","To understand the cause of heart arrhythmias, it may help to know how the heart works.","Things that may increase the risk of heart arrhythmias include:
+Coronary artery disease, other heart problems and previous heart surgery.Narrowed heart arteries, a heart attack, heart valve disease, prior heart surgery, heart failure, cardiomyopathy and other heart damage are risk factors for almost any kind of arrhythmia.
+High blood pressure.This condition increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease. It also may cause the walls of the left lower heart chamber to become stiff and thick, which can change how electrical signals travel through the heart.
+Heart problems present at birth.Also called congenital heart defects, some of these problems may affect the heart rate and rhythm.
+Thyroid disease.Having an overactive or underactive thyroid gland can raise the risk of irregular heartbeats.
+Obstructive sleep apnea.This condition causes pauses in breathing during sleep. It can lead to a slow heartbeat and irregular heartbeats, including atrial fibrillation.
+Electrolyte imbalance.Substances in the blood called electrolytes help trigger and send electrical signals in the heart. Potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium are examples of electrolytes. If the body's electrolytes are too low or too high, it may interfere with heart signaling and lead to irregular heartbeats.
+Some medicines and supplements.Some prescription medicines and certain cough and cold treatments can cause arrhythmias.
+Excessive alcohol use.Drinking too much alcohol can affect electrical signaling in the heart. This can increase the chance of developing atrial fibrillation.
+Caffeine, nicotine or illegal drug use.Stimulants can cause the heart to beat faster and may lead to the development of more-serious arrhythmias. Illegal drugs, such as amphetamines and cocaine, may greatly affect the heart. Some may cause sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation.","Complications depend on the type of heart arrhythmia. Possible complications of heart arrhythmias include:
+Blood clots, which can lead to stroke.
+Heart failure.
+Sudden cardiac death.
+Blood-thinning medicines can lower the risk of stroke related to atrial fibrillation and other heart arrhythmias. If you have a heart arrhythmia, ask a healthcare professional if you need to take a blood thinner.
+If an arrhythmia is causing heart failure symptoms, treatment to control the heart rate may help the heart work better.","Lifestyle changes used to manage heart disease may help prevent heart arrhythmias. Try these heart-healthy tips:
+Don't smoke.
+Eat a diet that's low in salt and saturated fat.
+Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week.
+Maintain a healthy weight.
+Reduce and manage stress.
+Control high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
+Get good sleep. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.
+Limit or avoid caffeine and alcohol.","To diagnose a heart arrhythmia, a healthcare professional examines you and asks about your medical history and symptoms.
+You may have tests to check your heart and to look for health conditions that can cause an irregular heartbeat.","Treatment for a heart arrhythmia depends on whether the heart is beating too fast or too slow. Some heart arrhythmias do not need treatment. Your healthcare team may suggest regular checkups to watch your condition.
+Heart arrhythmia treatment is usually only needed if the irregular heartbeat causes significant symptoms or puts you at risk of more-serious heart problems. Treatment for heart arrhythmias may include medicines, special actions called vagal maneuvers, procedures or surgery.",,Medical appointments can be brief. There's often a lot to discuss. So it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.,"Making lifestyle changes can help keep your heart as healthy as possible.
+Examples of heart-healthy lifestyle changes are:
+Eat heart-healthy foods.Eat a healthy diet that's low in salt and solid fats and rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
+Get regular exercise.Try to exercise for at least 30 minutes on most days.
+Don't smoke.If you smoke and can't quit on your own, talk to a healthcare professional about strategies or programs to help.
+Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight increases the risk of heart disease. Talk with your care team to set realistic goals for body mass index (BMI) and weight.
+Control blood pressure and cholesterol.High blood pressure and high cholesterol increase the risk of heart disease. Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed to manage high blood pressure or high cholesterol.
+Limit alcohol.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women of all ages and men older than age 65, and up to two drinks a day for men age 65 and younger.
+Practice good sleep habits.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other chronic conditions. Adults should aim to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily. Go to bed and wake at the same time every day, including on weekends. If you have trouble sleeping, talk to a healthcare professional about strategies that might help.
+Manage stress.Managing stress is an important step in keeping the heart healthy. Getting more exercise, practicing mindfulness and connecting with others in support groups are some ways to reduce and manage stress.","heart arrhythmia, pounding, anxiety, chest pain, lightheadedness, fluttering, dizziness, fast heartbeat, fainting, arrhythmia, sweating, shortness of breath, racing feeling, slow heartbeat, feeling very tired"
+101,Giant cell arteritis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372758,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372764,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/doctors-departments/ddc-20372765,"Giant cell arteritis is an inflammation of the lining of your arteries. Most often, it affects the arteries in your head, especially those in your temples. For this reason, giant cell arteritis is sometimes called temporal arteritis.
+Giant cell arteritis frequently causes headaches, scalp tenderness, jaw pain and vision problems. Untreated, it can lead to blindness.
+Prompt treatment with corticosteroid medications usually relieves symptoms of giant cell arteritis and might prevent loss of vision. You'll likely begin to feel better within days of starting treatment. But even with treatment, relapses are common.
+You'll need to visit your doctor regularly for checkups and treatment of any side effects from taking corticosteroids.","The most common symptoms of giant cell arteritis are head pain and tenderness — often severe — that usually affects both temples. Head pain can progressively worsen, come and go, or subside temporarily.
+Generally, signs and symptoms of giant cell arteritis include:
+Persistent, severe head pain, usually in your temple area
+Scalp tenderness
+Jaw pain when you chew or open your mouth wide
+Fever
+Fatigue
+Unintended weight loss
+Vision loss or double vision, particularly in people who also have jaw pain
+Sudden, permanent loss of vision in one eye
+Pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders or hips are common symptoms of a related disorder, polymyalgia rheumatica. About 50 percent of people with giant cell arteritis also have polymyalgia rheumatica.","If you develop a new, persistent headache or any of the signs and symptoms listed above, see your doctor without delay. If you're diagnosed with giant cell arteritis, starting treatment as soon as possible can usually help prevent vision loss.","With giant cell arteritis, the lining of arteries becomes inflamed, causing them to swell. This swelling narrows your blood vessels, reducing the amount of blood — and, therefore, oxygen and vital nutrients — that reaches your body's tissues.
+Almost any large or medium-sized artery can be affected, but swelling most often occurs in the arteries in the temples. These are just in front of your ears and continue up into your scalp.
+What causes these arteries to become inflamed isn't known, but it's thought to involve abnormal attacks on artery walls by the immune system. Certain genes and environmental factors might increase your susceptibility to the condition.","Several factors can increase your risk of developing giant cell arteritis, including:
+Age.Giant cell arteritis affects adults only, and rarely those under 50. Most people with this condition develop signs and symptoms between the ages of 70 and 80.
+Sex.Women are about two times more likely to develop the condition than men are.
+Race and geographic region.Giant cell arteritis is most common among white people in Northern European populations or of Scandinavian descent.
+Polymyalgia rheumatica.Having polymyalgia rheumatica puts you at increased risk of developing giant cell arteritis.
+Family history.Sometimes the condition runs in families.","Giant cell arteritis can cause serious complications, including:
+Blindness.Diminished blood flow to your eyes can cause sudden, painless vision loss in one or, rarely, both eyes. Loss of vision is usually permanent.
+Aortic aneurysm.An aneurysm is a bulge that forms in a weakened blood vessel, usually in the large artery that runs down the center of your chest and abdomen (aorta). An aortic aneurysm might burst, causing life-threatening internal bleeding.Because this complication can occur even years after the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis, your doctor might monitor your aorta with annual chest X-rays or other imaging tests, such as ultrasound andCT.
+Stroke.This is an uncommon complication of giant cell arteritis.",,"Giant cell arteritis can be difficult to diagnose because its early symptoms resemble those of other common conditions. For this reason, your doctor will try to rule out other possible causes of your problem.
+In addition to asking about your symptoms and medical history, your doctor is likely to perform a thorough physical exam, paying particular attention to your temporal arteries. Often, one or both of these arteries are tender, with a reduced pulse and a hard, cordlike feel and appearance.
+Your doctor might also recommend certain tests.","The main treatment for giant cell arteritis consists of high doses of a corticosteroid drug such as prednisone. Because immediate treatment is necessary to prevent vision loss, your doctor is likely to start medication even before confirming the diagnosis with a biopsy.
+You'll likely begin to feel better within a few days of beginning treatment. If you have visual loss before starting treatment with corticosteroids, it's unlikely that your vision will improve. However, your unaffected eye might be able to compensate for some of the visual changes.
+You may need to continue taking medication for one to two years or longer. After the first month, your doctor might gradually begin to lower the dosage until you reach the lowest dose of corticosteroids needed to control inflammation.
+Some symptoms, particularly headaches, may return during this tapering period. This is the point at which many people also develop symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica. Such flares can usually be treated with slight increases in the corticosteroid dose. Your doctor might also suggest an immune-suppressing drug called methotrexate (Trexall).
+Corticosteroids can lead to serious side effects, such as osteoporosis, high blood pressure and muscle weakness. To counter potential side effects, your doctor is likely to monitor your bone density and might prescribe calcium and vitamin D supplements or other medications to help prevent bone loss.
+The Food and Drug Administration recently approved tocilizumab (Actemra) to treat giant cell arteritis. It's given as an injection under your skin. Side effects include making you more prone to infections. More research is needed.","Learning everything you can about giant cell arteritis and its treatment can help you feel more in control of your condition. Your health care team can answer your questions, and online support groups might also be of help. Know the possible side effects of the medications you take, and report any changes in your health to your doctor.","You might start by seeing your primary care doctor. He or she may refer you to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist) if you're having visual symptoms, a brain and nervous system specialist (neurologist) if you're having headaches, or a specialist in diseases of the joints, bones and muscles (rheumatologist).
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","When giant cell arteritis is diagnosed and treated early, the prognosis is usually excellent. Your symptoms will likely improve quickly after beginning corticosteroid treatment, and your vision isn't likely to be affected.
+The following suggestions might help you manage your condition and cope with side effects of your medication:
+Eat a healthy diet.Eating well can help prevent potential problems, such as thinning bones, high blood pressure and diabetes. Emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats and fish, while limiting salt, sugar and alcohol.Be sure to get enough calcium and vitamin D. Experts recommend 1,200 milligrams (mg) of calcium and 800 international units (IU) of vitamin D a day for women over 50 and men over 70. Check with your doctor to see what dose is right for you.
+Exercise regularly.Regular aerobic exercise, such as walking, can help prevent bone loss, high blood pressure and diabetes. It also benefits your heart and lungs. In addition, many people find that exercise improves their mood and overall sense of well-being.If you're not used to exercising, start out slowly and build up gradually. Your doctor can help you plan an exercise program.
+Get checkups.See your doctor regularly to check for side effects of treatment and development of complications.
+Ask about aspirin.Ask your doctor about taking between 75 and 150 mg of aspirin daily. Taken daily, low-dose aspirin might reduce the risk of blindness and stroke.","pain, fatigue, polymyalgia, arteritis, fever, head pain, double vision, stiffness, vision loss, loss of vision, jaw pain, weight loss, scalp tenderness, tenderness"
+102,Takayasu's arteritis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/takayasus-arteritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351335,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/takayasus-arteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351340,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/takayasus-arteritis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351342,"Takayasu's arteritis (tah-kah-YAH-sooz ahr-tuh-RIE-tis) is a rare type of vasculitis, a group of disorders that causes blood vessel inflammation. In Takayasu's arteritis, the inflammation damages the large artery that carries blood from your heart to the rest of your body (aorta) and its main branches.
+
+The disease can lead to narrowed or blocked arteries, or to weakened artery walls that may bulge (aneurysm) and tear. It can also lead to arm or chest pain, high blood pressure, and eventually heart failure or stroke.
+
+If you don't have symptoms, you may not need treatment. But most people with the disease need medications to control inflammation in the arteries and to prevent complications. Even with treatment, relapses are common, and your symptoms may come and go.",The signs and symptoms of Takayasu's arteritis often occur in two stages.,"Seek immediate medical attention for shortness of breath, chest or arm pain, or signs of a stroke, such as face drooping, arm weakness or having difficulty speaking.
+
+Make an appointment with your doctor if you have other signs or symptoms that worry you. Early detection of Takayasu's arteritis is key to getting effective treatment.
+
+If you've already been diagnosed with Takayasu's arteritis, keep in mind that your symptoms may come and go even with effective treatment. Pay attention to symptoms similar to those that occurred originally or to any new ones, and be sure to tell your doctor promptly about changes.","With Takayasu's arteritis, the aorta and other major arteries, including those leading to your head and kidneys, can become inflamed. Over time the inflammation causes changes in these arteries, including thickening, narrowing and scarring.
+
+No one knows exactly what causes the initial inflammation in Takayasu's arteritis. The condition is likely an autoimmune disease in which your immune system attacks your own arteries by mistake. The disease may be triggered by a virus or other infection.","Takayasu's arteritis primarily affects girls and women younger than 40. The disorder occurs worldwide, but it's most common in Asia. Sometimes the condition runs in families. Researchers have identified certain genes associated with Takayasu's arteritis.","With Takayasu's arteritis, cycles of inflammation and healing in the arteries might lead to one or more of the following complications:",,"Your doctor will ask you about your signs and symptoms, conduct a physical exam, and take your medical history. He or she may also have you undergo some of the following tests and procedures to help rule out other conditions that resemble Takayasu's arteritis and to confirm the diagnosis. Some of these tests may also be used to check on your progress during treatment.
+
+X-rays of your blood vessels (angiography).During an angiogram, a long, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into a large artery or vein. A special contrast dye is then injected into the catheter, and X-rays are taken as the dye fills your arteries or veins.
+
+The resulting images allow your doctor to see if blood is flowing normally or if it's being slowed or interrupted due to narrowing (stenosis) of a blood vessel. A person with Takayasu's arteritis generally has several areas of stenosis.","Treatment of Takayasu's arteritis focuses on controlling inflammation with medications and preventing further damage to your blood vessels.
+
+Takayasu's arteritis can be difficult to treat because the disease may remain active even if your symptoms improve. It's also possible that irreversible damage has already occurred by the time you're diagnosed.
+
+On the other hand, if you don't have signs and symptoms or serious complications, you may not need treatment or you may be able to taper and stop treatment if your doctor recommends it.","One of the greatest challenges of living with Takayasu's arteritis may be coping with side effects of your medication. The following suggestions may help:
+
+Eat a healthy diet.Eating well can help prevent potential problems that can result from your condition and medications, such as high blood pressure, thinning bones and diabetes. Emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats and fish, while limiting salt, sugar and alcohol.
+
+If you're taking a corticosteroid drug, ask your doctor if you need to take a vitamin D or calcium supplement.","If your primary care doctor suspects that you have Takayasu's arteritis, he or she may refer you to one or more specialists with experience in helping people with this condition. Takayasu's arteritis is a rare disorder that can be difficult to diagnose and treat.
+
+You may want to talk with your doctor about a referral to a medical center that specializes in treating vasculitis.
+
+Because appointments can be brief and there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"and I'll be happy to extract the medical symptoms for you., No paragraph was provided. Please provide the paragraph, takayasu's arteritis"
+103,Thumb arthritis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thumb-arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378339,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thumb-arthritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378344,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thumb-arthritis/doctors-departments/ddc-20378345,"Thumb arthritis is common with aging and occurs when cartilage wears away from the ends of the bones that form the joint at the base of your thumb — also known as the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint.
+Thumb arthritis can cause severe pain, swelling, and decreased strength and range of motion, making it difficult to do simple tasks, such as turning doorknobs and opening jars. Treatment generally involves a combination of medication and splints. Severe thumb arthritis might require surgery.","Pain is the first and most common symptom of thumb arthritis. Pain can occur at the base of your thumb when you grip, grasp or pinch an object, or use your thumb to apply force.
+Other signs and symptoms might include:
+Swelling, stiffness and tenderness at the base of your thumb
+Decreased strength when pinching or grasping objects
+Decreased range of motion
+Enlarged or bony appearance of the joint at the base of your thumb","See your doctor if you have persistent swelling, stiffness or pain at the base of your thumb.","Thumb arthritis commonly occurs with aging. Previous trauma or injury to the thumb joint also can cause thumb arthritis.
+In a normal thumb joint, cartilage covers the ends of the bones — acting as a cushion and allowing the bones to glide smoothly against each other. With thumb arthritis, the cartilage that covers the ends of the bones deteriorates, and its smooth surface roughens. The bones then rub against each other, resulting in friction and joint damage.
+The damage to the joint might result in growth of new bone along the sides of the existing bone (bone spurs), which can produce noticeable lumps on your thumb joint.","Factors that can increase your risk of thumb arthritis include:
+Female sex.
+Age above 40 years.
+Obesity.
+Certain hereditary conditions, such as joint ligament laxity and malformed joints.
+Injuries to your thumb joint, such as fractures and sprains.
+Diseases that change the normal structure and function of cartilage, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Although osteoarthritis is the most common cause of thumb arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis can also affect the CMC joint, usually to a lesser extent than other joints of the hand.
+Activities and jobs that put high stress on the thumb joint.",,,"During a physical exam, your doctor will ask about your symptoms and look for noticeable swelling or lumps on your joints.
+Your doctor might hold your joint while moving your thumb, with pressure, against your wrist bone. If this movement produces a grinding sound, or causes pain or a gritty feeling, the cartilage has likely worn down, and the bones are rubbing against each other.
+Imaging techniques, usually X-rays, can reveal signs of thumb arthritis, including:
+Bone spurs
+Worn-down cartilage
+Loss of joint space","In the early stages of thumb arthritis, treatment usually involves a combination of non-surgical therapies. If your thumb arthritis is severe, surgery might be necessary.",,You might be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the joints (rheumatologist).,"To ease pain and improve joint mobility, try to:
+Modify hand tools.Consider purchasing adaptive equipment — such as jar openers, key turners and large zipper pulls — designed for people with limited hand strength. Replace traditional door handles, which you must grasp with your thumb, with levers.
+Apply cold.Icing the joint for five to 15 minutes several times a day can help relieve swelling and pain.
+Apply heat.For some, heat may be more effective than cold in relieving pain.","pain, enlarged joint, swelling, decreased range of motion, stiffness, thumb arthritis, decreased strength, tenderness"
+104,Osteoarthritis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoarthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351925,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoarthritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351930,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoarthritis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351933,"Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It happens when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time.
+
+Although osteoarthritis can damage any joint, the condition most commonly affects joints in the hands, knees, hips and spine.
+
+Osteoarthritis symptoms can usually be managed, although the damage to joints can't be reversed. Staying active, maintaining a healthy weight and receiving certain treatments might slow progression of the disease and help improve pain and joint function.",Osteoarthritis symptoms often develop slowly and worsen over time. Symptoms of osteoarthritis include:,"If joint pain or stiffness doesn't go away, make an appointment with your healthcare professional.","Osteoarthritis happens when the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in the joints gradually wears away. Cartilage is a firm, slippery tissue that allows nearly frictionless joint motion.
+
+Eventually, if the cartilage wears down completely, bone will rub on bone.
+
+Osteoarthritis doesn't only affect the cartilage. It also affects the entire joint. It causes changes in the bone and weakens the strong bands of tissue that hold the joint together and attach muscle to bone. It also may cause swelling of the joint lining.",Factors that can increase your risk of osteoarthritis include:,"Osteoarthritis is a disease that worsens over time, often resulting in chronic pain. Joint pain and stiffness can become severe enough to make daily tasks difficult.
+
+Depression and sleep disturbances can result from the pain, stiffness and mobility issues of osteoarthritis.",,"During the physical exam, your healthcare professional checks your affected joint for tenderness, swelling and flexibility.","Osteoarthritis can't be reversed, but treatments can reduce pain and help you move better.",Your ability to cope despite pain and disability caused by osteoarthritis often determines how much of an impact osteoarthritis has on your life. Talk to your healthcare team if you're feeling frustrated. Your care team may have ideas to help you cope or be able to refer you to someone who can help.,"You might start by seeing your primary healthcare professional, who might refer you to a doctor who specializes in joint conditions, called a rheumatologist, or to an orthopedic surgeon.",,"osteoarthritis, none"
+105,Gout,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gout/symptoms-causes/syc-20372897,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gout/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372903,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gout/doctors-departments/ddc-20372904,"Gout is a common and complex form of arthritis that can affect anyone. It's characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness and tenderness in one or more joints, most often in the big toe.
+An attack of gout can occur suddenly, often waking you up in the middle of the night with the sensation that your big toe is on fire. The affected joint is hot, swollen and so tender that even the weight of the bedsheet on it may seem intolerable.
+Gout symptoms may come and go, but there are ways to manage symptoms and prevent flares.","The signs and symptoms of gout almost always occur suddenly, and often at night. They include:
+Intense joint pain.Gout usually affects the big toe, but it can occur in any joint. Other commonly affected joints include the ankles, knees, elbows, wrists and fingers. The pain is likely to be most severe within the first four to 12 hours after it begins.
+Lingering discomfort.After the most severe pain subsides, some joint discomfort may last from a few days to a few weeks. Later attacks are likely to last longer and affect more joints.
+Inflammation and redness.The affected joint or joints become swollen, tender, warm and red.
+Limited range of motion.As gout progresses, you may not be able to move your joints normally.","If you experience sudden, intense pain in a joint, call your doctor. Gout that goes untreated can lead to worsening pain and joint damage. Seek medical care immediately if you have a fever and a joint is hot and inflamed, which can be a sign of infection.","Gout occurs when urate crystals accumulate in your joint, causing the inflammation and intense pain of a gout attack. Urate crystals can form when you have high levels of uric acid in your blood. Your body produces uric acid when it breaks down purines — substances that are found naturally in your body.
+Purines are also found in certain foods, including red meat and organ meats, such as liver. Purine-rich seafood includes anchovies, sardines, mussels, scallops, trout and tuna. Alcoholic beverages, especially beer, and drinks sweetened with fruit sugar (fructose) promote higher levels of uric acid.
+Normally, uric acid dissolves in your blood and passes through your kidneys into your urine. But sometimes either your body produces too much uric acid or your kidneys excrete too little uric acid. When this happens, uric acid can build up, forming sharp, needlelike urate crystals in a joint or surrounding tissue that cause pain, inflammation and swelling.","You're more likely to develop gout if you have high levels of uric acid in your body. Factors that increase the uric acid level in your body include:
+Diet.Eating a diet rich in red meat and shellfish and drinking beverages sweetened with fruit sugar (fructose) increase levels of uric acid, which increase your risk of gout. Alcohol consumption, especially of beer, also increases the risk of gout.
+Weight.If you're overweight, your body produces more uric acid and your kidneys have a more difficult time eliminating uric acid.
+Medical conditions.Certain diseases and conditions increase your risk of gout. These include untreated high blood pressure and chronic conditions such as diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and heart and kidney diseases.
+Certain medications.Low-dose aspirin and some medications used to control hypertension — including thiazide diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta blockers — also can increase uric acid levels. So can the use of anti-rejection drugs prescribed for people who have undergone an organ transplant.
+Family history of gout.If other members of your family have had gout, you're more likely to develop the disease.
+Age and sex.Gout occurs more often in men, primarily because women tend to have lower uric acid levels. After menopause, however, women's uric acid levels approach those of men. Men are also more likely to develop gout earlier — usually between the ages of 30 and 50 — whereas women generally develop signs and symptoms after menopause.
+Recent surgery or trauma.Experiencing recent surgery or trauma can sometimes trigger a gout attack. In some people, receiving a vaccination can trigger a gout flare.","People with gout can develop more-severe conditions, such as:
+Recurrent gout.Some people may never experience gout signs and symptoms again. Others may experience gout several times each year. Medications may help prevent gout attacks in people with recurrent gout. If left untreated, gout can cause erosion and destruction of a joint.
+Advanced gout.Untreated gout may cause deposits of urate crystals to form under the skin in nodules called tophi (TOE-fie). Tophi can develop in several areas, such as your fingers, hands, feet, elbows or Achilles tendons along the backs of your ankles. Tophi usually aren't painful, but they can become swollen and tender during gout attacks.
+Kidney stones.Urate crystals may collect in the urinary tracts of people with gout, causing kidney stones. Medications can help reduce the risk of kidney stones.",,"Doctors usually diagnose gout based on your symptoms and the appearance of the affected joint. Tests to help diagnose gout may include:
+Joint fluid test.Your doctor may use a needle to draw fluid from your affected joint. Urate crystals may be visible when the fluid is examined under a microscope.
+Blood test.Your doctor may recommend a blood test to measure the levels of uric acid in your blood. Blood test results can be misleading, though. Some people have high uric acid levels, but never experience gout. And some people have signs and symptoms of gout, but don't have unusual levels of uric acid in their blood.
+X-ray imaging.Joint X-rays can be helpful to rule out other causes of joint inflammation.
+Ultrasound.This test uses sound waves to detect urate crystals in joints or in tophi.
+Dual-energy computerized tomography (DECT).This test combines X-ray images taken from many different angles to visualize urate crystals in joints.","Gout medications are available in two types and focus on two different problems. The first type helps reduce the inflammation and pain associated with gout attacks. The second type works to prevent gout complications by lowering the amount of uric acid in your blood.
+Which type of medication is right for you depends on the frequency and severity of your symptoms, along with any other health problems you may have.",,"Make an appointment with your doctor if you have symptoms that are common to gout. After an initial examination, your doctor may refer you to a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and other inflammatory joint conditions (rheumatologist).
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor.","Medications are often the most effective way to treat gout attacks and prevent recurrent symptom flares. However, lifestyle choices also are important, and you may want to:
+Choose healthier beverages.Limit alcoholic beverages and drinks sweetened with fruit sugar (fructose). Instead, drink plenty of nonalcoholic beverages, especially water.
+Avoid foods high in purines.Red meat and organ meats, such as liver, are especially high in purines. Purine-rich seafood includes anchovies, sardines, mussels, scallops, trout and tuna. Low-fat dairy products may be a better source of protein for people prone to gout.
+Exercise regularly and lose weight.Keeping your body at a healthy weight reduces your risk of gout. Choose low-impact activities such as walking, bicycling and swimming — which are easier on your joints.","pain, joint pain, lingering discomfort, limited range of motion, swelling, warmth, gout, intense joint pain, inflammation, tenderness, redness, joints"
+106,Septic arthritis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-and-joint-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20350755,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-and-joint-infections/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350760,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-and-joint-infections/doctors-departments/ddc-20350761,"Septic arthritis is a painful infection in a joint that can come from germs that travel through your bloodstream from another part of your body. Septic arthritis can also occur when a penetrating injury, such as an animal bite or trauma, delivers germs directly into the joint.
+
+Infants and older adults are most likely to develop septic arthritis. People who have artificial joints are also at risk of septic arthritis. Knees are most commonly affected, but septic arthritis also can affect hips, shoulders and other joints. The infection can quickly and severely damage the cartilage and bone within the joint, so prompt treatment is crucial.
+
+Treatment involves draining the joint with a needle or during surgery. Antibiotics also are usually needed.","Septic arthritis typically causes extreme discomfort and difficulty using the affected joint. The joint could be swollen, red and warm, and you might have a fever.
+
+If septic arthritis occurs in an artificial joint (prosthetic joint infection), signs and symptoms such as minor pain and swelling may develop months or years after knee replacement or hip replacement surgery. Also, a loosening of the joint may occur, which causes pain while moving the joint or while putting weight on the joint. Typically, the pain goes away when at rest. In extreme cases, the joint may become dislocated.","See your doctor if you have severe pain in a joint that comes on suddenly. Prompt treatment can help minimize joint damage.
+
+If you have an artificial joint, see your doctor if you experience pain while using the joint.","Septic arthritis can be caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infections. Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is the most common cause. Staph commonly lives on even healthy skin.
+
+Septic arthritis can develop when an infection, such as a skin infection or urinary tract infection, spreads through your bloodstream to a joint. Less commonly, a puncture wound, drug injection, or surgery in or near a joint — including joint replacement surgery — can give the germs entry into the joint space.
+
+The lining of your joints has little ability to protect itself from infection. Your body's reaction to the infection — including inflammation that can increase pressure and reduce blood flow within the joint — contributes to the damage.","Risk factors for septic arthritis include:
+
+Having a combination of risk factors puts you at greater risk than having just one risk factor does.","If treatment is delayed, septic arthritis can lead to joint degeneration and permanent damage. If septic arthritis affects an artificial joint, complications may include joint loosening or dislocation.",,"The following tests typically help diagnose septic arthritis:
+
+Imaging tests.X-rays and other imaging tests of the affected joint can assess damage to the joint or loosening of an artificial joint.
+
+A specialized scan that involves swallowing or injecting a small amount of a radioactive chemical may be used if your doctor suspects you have a prosthetic joint infection and it's been more than a year since you've had surgery.",Doctors rely on joint drainage and antibiotic drugs to treat septic arthritis.,,"If you have painful and inflamed joints, you're likely to start by seeing your family doctor. He or she may refer you to an orthopedic surgeon, infectious disease specialist or joint specialist (rheumatologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, prosthetic joint infection, difficulty using joint, loosening of joint, swelling, pain while moving joint, minor pain, fever, warm, pain while putting weight on joint, red, septic arthritis, extreme discomfort, dislocated, swollen"
+107,Juvenile idiopathic arthritis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374082,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374088,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis/doctors-departments/ddc-20374089,"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, formerly known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, is the most common type of arthritis in children under the age of 16.
+Juvenile idiopathic arthritis can cause persistent joint pain, swelling and stiffness. Some children may experience symptoms for only a few months, while others have symptoms for many years.
+Some types of juvenile idiopathic arthritis can cause serious complications, such as growth problems, joint damage and eye inflammation. Treatment focuses on controlling pain and inflammation, improving function, and preventing damage.","The most common signs and symptoms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis are:
+Pain.While your child might not complain of joint pain, you may notice that he or she limps — especially first thing in the morning or after a nap.
+Swelling.Joint swelling is common but is often first noticed in larger joints such as the knee.
+Stiffness.You might notice that your child appears clumsier than usual, particularly in the morning or after naps.
+Fever, swollen lymph nodes and rash.In some cases, high fever, swollen lymph nodes or a rash on the trunk may occur — which is usually worse in the evenings.
+Juvenile idiopathic arthritis can affect one joint or many. There are several different subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, but the main ones are systemic, oligoarticular and polyarticular. Which type your child has depends on symptoms, the number of joints affected, and if a fever and rashes are prominent features.
+Like other forms of arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis is characterized by times when symptoms flare up and times when symptoms may be minimal.","Take your child to the doctor if he or she has joint pain, swelling or stiffness for more than a week — especially if he or she also has a fever.","Juvenile idiopathic arthritis occurs when the body's immune system attacks its own cells and tissues. It's not known why this happens, but both heredity and environment seem to play a role.",Some forms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis are more common in girls.,"Several serious complications can result from juvenile idiopathic arthritis. But keeping a careful watch on your child's condition and seeking appropriate medical attention can greatly reduce the risk of these complications:
+Eye problems.Some forms can cause eye inflammation. If this condition is left untreated, it may result in cataracts, glaucoma and even blindness.Eye inflammation frequently occurs without symptoms, so it's important for children with this condition to be examined regularly by an ophthalmologist.
+Growth problems.Juvenile idiopathic arthritis can interfere with your child's growth and bone development. Some medications used for treatment, mainly corticosteroids, also can inhibit growth.",,"Diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis can be difficult because joint pain can be caused by many different types of problems. No single test can confirm a diagnosis, but tests can help rule out some other conditions that produce similar signs and symptoms.","Treatment for juvenile idiopathic arthritis focuses on helping your child maintain a normal level of physical and social activity. To accomplish this, doctors may use a combination of strategies to relieve pain and swelling, maintain full movement and strength, and prevent complications.","Family members can play critical roles in helping children cope with their condition. As a parent, you may want to try the following:
+Treat your child like other children in your family as much as possible.
+Allow your child to express anger about having juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Explain that the disease isn't caused by anything he or she did.
+Encourage your child to participate in physical activities, keeping in mind the recommendations of your child's doctor and physical therapist.
+Discuss your child's condition and the issues surrounding it with teachers and administrators at his or her school.","If your pediatrician or family doctor suspects that your child has juvenile idiopathic arthritis, he or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in arthritis (rheumatologist) to confirm the diagnosis and explore treatment.","Caregivers can help children learn self-care techniques that help limit the effects of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Techniques include:
+Getting regular exercise.Exercise is important because it promotes both muscle strength and joint flexibility. Swimming is an excellent choice because it places minimal stress on joints.
+Applying cold or heat.Stiffness affects many children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, particularly in the morning. Some children respond well to cold packs, particularly after activity. However, most children prefer warmth, such as a hot pack or a hot bath or shower, especially in the morning.
+Eating well.Some children with arthritis have poor appetites. Others may gain excess weight due to medications or physical inactivity. A healthy diet can help maintain an appropriate body weight.Adequate calcium in the diet is important because children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis are at risk of developing weak bones due to the disease, the use of corticosteroids, and decreased physical activity and weight bearing.","pain, rash, joint pain, polyarticular, clumsier, swelling, fever, limps, stiffness, rashes, arthritis, oligoarticular, swollen lymph nodes, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, joints"
+109,Psoriatic arthritis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/psoriatic-arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354076,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/psoriatic-arthritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354081,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/psoriatic-arthritis/doctors-departments/ddc-20354084,"Psoriatic arthritis is a form of arthritis that affects some people who have psoriasis — a disease that causes red patches of skin topped with silvery scales. Most people develop psoriasis years before being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. But for some, the joint problems begin before skin patches appear or at the same time.
+
+Joint pain, stiffness and swelling are the main signs and symptoms of psoriatic arthritis. They can affect any part of the body, including your fingertips and spine, and can range from relatively mild to severe. In both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, disease flares can alternate with periods of remission.
+
+There's no cure for psoriatic arthritis. Treatment is aimed at controlling symptoms and preventing joint damage. Without treatment, psoriatic arthritis can be disabling.","Both psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis are chronic diseases that worsen over time. However, you might have periods when your symptoms improve or go away temporarily.
+
+Psoriatic arthritis can affect joints on one or both sides of your body. The signs and symptoms of psoriatic arthritis often resemble those of rheumatoid arthritis. Both diseases cause joints to become painful, swollen and warm to the touch.
+
+However, psoriatic arthritis is more likely to also cause:","If you have psoriasis, tell your doctor if you develop joint pain. Psoriatic arthritis can severely damage your joints if left untreated.","Psoriatic arthritis occurs when your body's immune system attacks healthy cells and tissue. The immune response causes inflammation in your joints as well as overproduction of skin cells.
+
+It seems likely that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in this immune system response. Many people with psoriatic arthritis have a family history of either psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. Researchers have discovered certain genetic markers that appear to be associated with psoriatic arthritis.
+
+Physical trauma or something in the environment — such as a viral or bacterial infection — might trigger psoriatic arthritis in people with an inherited tendency.","Several factors can increase your risk of psoriatic arthritis, including:","A small percentage of people with psoriatic arthritis develop arthritis mutilans — a severe, painful and disabling form of psoriatic arthritis. Over time, arthritis mutilans destroys the small bones in the hands, especially the fingers, leading to permanent deformity and disability.
+
+Psoriatic arthritis also puts some people at higher risk of developing hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular disease",,"During the exam, your doctor might:
+
+No single test can confirm a diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis. But some types of tests can rule out other causes of joint pain, such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout.","No cure exists for psoriatic arthritis. Treatment focuses on controlling inflammation in your affected joints to prevent joint pain and disability and controlling skin involvement. One of the most common treatments are prescription medications called disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
+
+Treatment will depend on how severe your disease is and what joints are affected. You might have to try different treatments before you find one that brings you relief.","The support of friends and family can make a tremendous difference when you're facing the challenges of psoriatic arthritis. For some people, support groups can offer the same benefits. A counselor or therapist can help you devise coping strategies to reduce your stress levels.",You're likely to first discuss your signs and symptoms with your family doctor. He or she may refer you to a doctor specializing in the treatment of arthritis and related disorders (rheumatologist).,,"psoriatic arthritis, painful, warm, rheumatoid arthritis, joints, swollen, psoriasis"
+110,Reactive arthritis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/reactive-arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354838,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/reactive-arthritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354843,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/reactive-arthritis/doctors-departments/ddc-20354844,"Reactive arthritis is joint pain and swelling triggered by an infection in another part of the body — most often the intestines, genitals or urinary tract.
+
+This condition usually targets the knees, ankles and feet. Inflammation also can affect the eyes, skin and the tube that carries urine out of the body (urethra). Previously, reactive arthritis was sometimes called Reiter's syndrome.
+
+Reactive arthritis isn't common. For most people, signs and symptoms come and go, eventually disappearing within 12 months.",The signs and symptoms of reactive arthritis generally start 1 to 4 weeks after exposure to a triggering infection. They might include:,"If you develop joint pain within a month of having diarrhea or a genital infection, contact your health care provider.","Reactive arthritis develops in reaction to an infection in your body, often in your intestines, genitals or urinary tract. You might not be aware of the triggering infection if it causes mild symptoms or none at all.
+
+Numerous bacteria can cause reactive arthritis. Some are transmitted sexually, and others are foodborne. The most common ones include:
+
+Reactive arthritis isn't contagious. However, the bacteria that cause it can be transmitted sexually or in contaminated food. Only a few of the people who are exposed to these bacteria develop reactive arthritis.",Certain factors increase your risk of reactive arthritis:,,"Genetic factors appear to play a role in whether you're likely to develop reactive arthritis. Though you can't change your genetic makeup, you can reduce your exposure to the bacteria that may lead to reactive arthritis.
+
+Store your food at proper temperatures and cook it properly. Doing these things help you avoid the many foodborne bacteria that can cause reactive arthritis, including salmonella, shigella, yersinia and campylobacter. Some sexually transmitted infections can trigger reactive arthritis. Use condoms to help lower your risk.","During the physical exam, your doctor is likely to check your joints for swelling, warmth and tenderness, and test range of motion in your spine and affected joints. Your doctor might also check your eyes for inflammation and your skin for rashes.",The goal of treatment is to manage your symptoms and treat an infection that could still be present.,,"You'll likely start by seeing your primary care provider, who might refer you to a doctor who specializes in arthritis (rheumatologist) for further evaluation.",,"arthritis, infection, none"
+111,Rheumatoid arthritis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353648,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353653,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/doctors-departments/ddc-20353657,"Rheumatoid arthritis is an ongoing, called chronic, condition that causes pain, swelling and irritation, called inflammation, in the joints. But it also can damage other parts of the body. These may include the skin, eyes, lungs, heart and blood vessels.
+Rheumatoid arthritis happens when the immune system attacks its own body's tissues by mistake. This is called an autoimmune condition.
+Rheumatoid arthritis differs from the more common osteoarthritis. Some people have both. Osteoarthritis causes damage to joints from overuse. Rheumatoid arthritis affects the lining of the joints and eats away at the bone under them. This causes a painful swelling that can cause joints to bend out of shape over time, called deformity.
+The inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis also can damage other parts of the body. New medicines have improved treatment choices greatly. But rheumatoid arthritis still can cause long-term damage and increase the risk of heart disease.","Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis may include:
+Painful, warm, swollen joints.
+Joint stiffness that most often is worse in the mornings and after periods of rest. It can last for 45 minutes or longer.
+Tiredness, fever and not wanting to eat.
+Rheumatoid arthritis may affect just a few joints at first. Most often, these are the small joints of the hands and the feet.
+As the disease gets worse, symptoms may spread to more joints. These most often include the wrists, elbows, hips, knees and ankles. Most of the time, symptoms affect the same joints on both sides of the body.
+Many people who have rheumatoid arthritis also have symptoms that affect more than the joints. Areas that may be affected include:
+Skin.
+Eyes.
+Lungs.
+Heart.
+Nerve tissue.
+Blood.
+Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms may vary in how bad they are. They may come and go. Periods when the condition becomes more active, called flares, follow periods of less or no swelling and pain. This is called remission.
+Over time, rheumatoid arthritis can cause joints to bend out of shape and shift out of place. The joints can be hard to use for daily activities at home or at work.",Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have ongoing pain and swelling in your joints that is not getting better after several weeks.,"Experts don't know the cause of rheumatoid arthritis. But it's a condition in which the immune system attacks healthy joint tissue by mistake, called autoimmune.
+The cause is likely a mix of genetic changes and factors from outside the body, called environmental. Hormones may play a role. An infection with certain viruses may start rheumatoid arthritis in people whose genes make them more likely to get it.","Factors that may increase your risk of rheumatoid arthritis include:
+Your sex.People assigned female at birth are more likely than those assigned male at birth to get rheumatoid arthritis.
+Age.Rheumatoid arthritis can happen at any age. But most often it begins in middle age. Children and young teens may get a related condition called juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
+Family history.Having a family member with rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune conditions may raise the risk of the condition.
+Smoking.Cigarette smoking over time raises the risk of getting rheumatoid arthritis. Smoking also seems to make the condition worse in people who keep smoking.
+Gum infection.A serious gum infection, called periodontal disease, can damage the soft tissue around teeth and raise the risk of getting rheumatoid arthritis.
+Excess weight.People who are overweight seem to be at a somewhat higher risk of getting rheumatoid arthritis.","Rheumatoid arthritis increases the risk of getting:
+Osteoporosis.Rheumatoid arthritis itself, and some medicines used to treat it, can increase the risk of this condition. Osteoporosis weakens bones and makes them more likely to break.
+Rheumatoid nodules.These firm bumps of tissue most often form around pressure points, such as the elbows. But these nodules can form anywhere in the body, including the heart and lungs.
+Dry eyes and mouth.People who have rheumatoid arthritis are much more likely to get a condition that lowers the amount of moisture in the eyes and mouth. This is called secondary Sjogren's syndrome.
+Infections.Rheumatoid arthritis and many of the medicines used to treat it can harm the immune system. This can lead to more infections. Vaccinations can help prevent infections such as the flu, pneumonia, shingles and COVID-19.
+Carpal tunnel syndrome.If rheumatoid arthritis affects the wrists, the swelling can press on the nerve to the hand and fingers.
+Heart problems.Rheumatoid arthritis can raise the risk of hardened and blocked arteries. It also can raise the risk of swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the sac around the heart.
+Lung disease.People with rheumatoid arthritis have a higher risk of swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of lung tissues. This can cause scarring and lead to shortness of breath that gets worse over time.
+Lymphoma.Rheumatoid arthritis raises the risk of a group of blood cancers that happen in the lymph system. This is called lymphoma. People with rheumatoid arthritis may have a higher risk of other cancers, as well.",,"Rheumatoid arthritis can be hard to diagnose in its early stages. That's because the early symptoms can be like those of other common conditions.
+During the physical exam, your healthcare professional checks your joints for swelling, redness and warmth. Your healthcare professional also may check your reflexes and muscle strength.","There is no cure for rheumatoid arthritis. Joint damage can happen quickly without treatment. But clinical studies show that easing of symptoms, called remission, is more likely with early treatment with medicines called disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
+Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis also involves regular follow-up with your healthcare team. This is to watch for joint damage, to see whether treatment is working and to look for possible side effects of treatment.","Pain and not being able to move well because of rheumatoid arthritis can affect a person's work and family life. Depression and worry are common. You also might feel helpless and feel bad about yourself.
+How much rheumatoid arthritis affects your daily life depends in part on how well you cope with the condition. Talk with your healthcare team about ways to cope. With time, you'll learn what works for you. In the meantime, try to:
+Take control.With your healthcare team, make a plan to manage your arthritis. This will help you feel in charge of your condition.
+Know your limits.Rest when you're tired. Rheumatoid arthritis can make you very tired. Rest or take a short nap when you need to.
+Connect with others.Let people close to you know how you're feeling. They may be worried about you but might not feel it's OK to ask about your pain. Find someone you can talk to when your condition feels like it's too much for you to handle.It also might help to connect with others who have rheumatoid arthritis. You can do this through a local support group or online.
+Take time for yourself.Find time to do what you like. Write in a journal, go for a walk or listen to music. These can help lower stress.","You might first see your main healthcare professional. Your healthcare professional may send you to a specialist in the treatment of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions, called a rheumatologist.","Self-care measures, when used with your rheumatoid arthritis medicines, can help you manage your symptoms:
+Exercise regularly.Gentle exercise can help strengthen the muscles around your joints. And it can help you feel less tired. Check with your healthcare team before you start exercising. Walking is a good way to begin. Don't exercise tender, injured or inflamed joints.
+Apply heat or cold.Heat can help ease your pain and relax tense, painful muscles. Cold may dull pain. Cold also numbs and can ease swelling.
+Relax.Find ways to cope with pain by lowering your stress. Techniques such as guided imagery, deep breathing and muscle relaxation all can help control pain.
+Don't smoke.Smoking can make rheumatoid arthritis worse. If you smoke, ask your healthcare team to help you quit.","pain, nerve tissue symptoms, swollen joints, rheumatoid arthritis symptoms, tiredness, joint stiffness, swelling, painful, skin symptoms, fever, warm, not wanting to eat, eye symptoms, heart symptoms, blood symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, lung symptoms, joints"
+114,Atrial septal defect (ASD),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-septal-defect/symptoms-causes/syc-20369715,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-septal-defect/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369720,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-septal-defect/doctors-departments/ddc-20369722,"An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a heart condition that you're born with. That means it's a congenital heart defect. People with anASDhave a hole between the upper heart chambers. The hole increases the amount of blood going through the lungs.
+Small atrial septal defects might be found by chance and never cause a concern. Others might close during infancy or early childhood.
+A large, long-term atrial septal defect can damage the heart and lungs. Surgery may be needed to repair an atrial septal defect and to prevent complications.","A baby born with an atrial septal defect (ASD) may not have symptoms. Symptoms may begin in adulthood.
+Atrial septal defect symptoms may include:
+Shortness of breath, especially when exercising.
+Tiredness, especially with activity.
+Swelling of the legs, feet or belly area.
+Irregular heartbeats, also called arrhythmias.
+Skipped heartbeats or feelings of a quick, pounding or fluttering heartbeat, called palpitations.","Serious congenital heart defects are often diagnosed before or soon after a child is born.
+Get immediate emergency help if a child has trouble breathing.
+Call a healthcare professional if these symptoms occur:
+Shortness of breath, especially during exercise or activity.
+Easy tiring, especially after activity.
+Swelling of the legs, feet or belly area.
+Skipped heartbeats or feelings of a quick, pounding heartbeat.","The cause of atrial septal defect is not clear. The problem affects the structure of the heart. It happens as the baby's heart is forming during pregnancy.
+The following may play a role in the cause of congenital heart defects such as atrial septal defect:
+Changes in genes.
+Some medical conditions.
+Certain medicines.
+Smoking.
+Alcohol misuse.","Atrial septal defect (ASD) occurs as the baby's heart is forming during pregnancy. It is a congenital heart defect. Things that may increase a baby's risk of atrial septal defect or other heart problems present at birth include:
+German measles, also called rubella, during the first few months of pregnancy.
+Diabetes.
+Lupus.
+Alcohol or tobacco use during pregnancy.
+Cocaine use during pregnancy.
+Use of some medicines during pregnancy, including those to treat seizures and mood conditions.
+Some types of congenital heart defects occur in families. This means they are inherited. Tell your care team if you or someone in your family had a heart problem present at birth. Screening by a genetic counselor can help show the risk of certain heart defects in future children.","A small atrial septal defect might never cause any concern. Small atrial septal defects often close during infancy.
+Larger atrial septal defects can cause serious complications, including:
+Right-sided heart failure.
+Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
+Stroke.
+Early death.
+High blood pressure in the lung arteries, called pulmonary hypertension.
+Pulmonary hypertension can cause permanent lung damage. This complication, called Eisenmenger syndrome, most often occurs over many years. It sometimes happens in people with large atrial septal defects.
+Treatment can prevent or help manage many of these complications.","Because the cause of atrial septal defect (ASD) is not clear, prevention may not be possible. But getting good prenatal care is important. If you were born with anASD, make an appointment for a health checkup before becoming pregnant.
+During this visit:
+Talk about current health conditions and medicines.It's important to closely control diabetes, lupus and other health conditions during pregnancy. Your healthcare professional may suggest changing doses of some medicines or stopping them before pregnancy.
+Review your family medical history.If you have a family history of congenital heart defects or other genetic conditions, you might talk with a genetic counselor to find your risks.
+Ask about getting tested to see if you've had German measles, also called rubella.Rubella in a pregnant person has been linked to some types of congenital heart defects in the baby. If you haven't already had German measles or the vaccine, get the recommended vaccinations.","Some atrial septal defects (ASDs) are found before or soon after a child is born. But smaller ones may not be found until later in life.
+If anASDis present, a healthcare professional may hear a whooshing sound called a heart murmur when listening to the heart with a device called a stethoscope.","Treatment for atrial septal defect (ASD) depends on:
+The size of the hole in the heart.
+Whether there are other heart problems present at birth.
+An atrial septal defect may close on its own during childhood. For small holes that don't close, regular health checkups may be the only care needed.
+Some atrial septal defects that do not close need a procedure to close the hole. But closure of anASDisn't recommended in those who have severe pulmonary hypertension.",,"A doctor trained in heart problems present at birth usually provides care for people with an atrial septal defect. This type of healthcare professional is called a congenital cardiologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Following a heart-healthy lifestyle is important. This includes eating healthy, not smoking, managing weight and getting enough sleep. If you or your child has an atrial septal defect, talk to your healthcare team about the following:
+Exercise.Exercise is usually OK for people with an atrial septal defect. But ifASDrepair is needed, you might have to stop certain activities until the hole in the heart is fixed. Ask a healthcare professional what type and amount of exercise is safest.
+Extreme altitude changes.Extreme changes in location above or below sea level may cause complications in people with an unrepaired atrial septal defect. For example, there's less oxygen at higher altitudes. The lower amount of oxygen changes blood flow through the lung arteries. This can cause shortness of breath and strain the heart.
+Dental work.If you or your child recently had anASDfixed and need dental work, talk to a healthcare professional. You or your child may need to take antibiotics for about six months after repair surgery to prevent infection.","swelling of the legs, irregular heartbeats, atrial septal defect, tiredness, pounding, swelling of the feet, arrhythmias, atrial septal defect symptoms may include:
+shortness of breath, palpitations, swelling of the belly area, skipped heartbeats, shortness of breath"
+115,Autism spectrum disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352934,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20352937,"Autism spectrum disorder is a condition related to brain development that affects how people see others and socialize with them. This causes problems in communication and getting along with others socially. The condition also includes limited and repeated patterns of behavior. The term ""spectrum"" in autism spectrum disorder refers to the wide range of symptoms and the severity of these symptoms.
+Autism spectrum disorder includes conditions that were once thought to be separate — autism, Asperger's syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder and a form of widespread developmental disorder that isn't specified.
+Autism spectrum disorder begins in early childhood. Over time, it can cause difficulty functioning in society. For example, people with autism spectrum disorder may have problems being social or when in school or at work. Often children show symptoms of autism within the first year of life. A small number of children with the condition appear to develop as expected in the first year. Then between 18 and 24 months of age, they may lose some skills and develop autism symptoms.
+There is no cure for autism spectrum disorder. But getting treatment early, during the preschool years, can make a big difference in the lives of many children with the condition.","Some children show signs of autism spectrum disorder in early infancy, such as less eye contact, not responding to their names or not being interested in caregivers. Other children may not develop as expected for the first few months or years of life. Then they suddenly become withdrawn or aggressive or lose the language skills they had before. Signs usually are seen by ages 2 to 3 years old.
+Some people in the mild range on the autism spectrum may have more symptoms that aren't noticed early on. They may not be diagnosed until middle to late childhood, when there is a greater need to communicate and be social. Sometimes a diagnosis is made for the first time in adulthood, though symptoms were likely present during childhood.
+Each child with autism spectrum disorder is likely to have a unique pattern of behavior that depends on whether symptoms are mild, moderate or severe.
+Some children with autism spectrum disorder have trouble learning, and some have signs of lower than usual intelligence. Other children with the condition have usual to high intelligence. These children learn quickly but have trouble communicating, applying what they know in everyday life and adjusting to social situations.
+Because each child can have a unique mix of symptoms, sometimes it can be hard to tell how severe the condition is. It's generally based on how severe the symptoms are and how much those symptoms affect a child being able to function.
+Below are some common signs shown by people who have autism spectrum disorder.","Babies develop at their own pace, and many don't follow exact timelines found in some parenting books. But children with autism spectrum disorder usually show some signs of delayed development before they're 3 years old. Signs of autism spectrum disorder often appear early in development when there are obvious delays in language skills and social interactions.
+If you're concerned about your child's development or think that your child may have autism spectrum disorder, talk with a healthcare professional about your concerns. Your healthcare professional may recommend developmental tests to figure out if your child has delays in learning, thinking, language or social skills that point to autism spectrum disorder or another type of developmental condition.","Autism spectrum disorder has no single known cause. Since the condition is complex and symptoms and severity vary, there could be many causes. Both genetics and the environment may play a role.
+Genetics.Several genes seem to be involved in autism spectrum disorder. For some children, autism spectrum disorder can be related to a genetic condition, such as Rett syndrome or fragile X syndrome. For other children, genetic changes, also known as mutations, may raise the risk of autism spectrum disorder. Still other genes may affect the way that the brain develops or brain cells communicate. Or those genes may affect how severe symptoms are. While some genetic changes seem to be inherited, others aren't.
+Environmental factors.Researchers are exploring whether factors such as viral infections, medicines, complications during pregnancy or air pollutants play a role in causing autism spectrum disorder.","The number of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder is rising. It isn't clear whether this is due to better ways to diagnose and report the condition, a real increase in the number of children with the condition, or both.
+Autism spectrum disorder affects children of all races and nationalities. But certain factors raise a child's risk, including:
+Your child's sex.Boys are about four times more likely to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder than girls are. While boys may get autism spectrum disorder more often than girls, it's possible that some girls aren't diagnosed.
+Family history.Families who have one child with autism spectrum disorder have a higher risk of having another child with the condition. Sometimes parents or relatives of a child with autism spectrum disorder may have minor problems being social or communicating, or they may show certain behaviors typical of the condition.
+Other conditions.Children with certain medical conditions have a higher risk of autism spectrum disorder or symptoms similar to autism. Examples include fragile X syndrome, an inherited condition that causes intellectual disability; tuberous sclerosis, a condition in which benign tumors develop in the brain; and Rett syndrome, a genetic condition that almost always occurs in girls and causes slowing of head growth, intellectual disability and loss of purposeful hand use.
+Early birth.Babies born before 26 weeks of a parent's pregnancy may have a higher risk of autism spectrum disorder.
+Parents' ages.There may be a connection between children born to older parents and autism spectrum disorder. But more research is needed to show this link.","Because people with autism spectrum disorder often have a hard time interacting socially, communicating or behaving, this can lead to problems with:
+School and learning.
+Getting a job.
+Not being able to live on their own.
+Being isolated socially.
+Stress within the family.
+Being a victim and being bullied.","There's no known way to prevent autism spectrum disorder. But many studies have been done to see if taking folic acid and other vitamins before and during pregnancy can lower the risk of having a baby with autism spectrum disorder. A review of studies on what are known as prenatal vitamins shows no clear answer. This is due to the quality of the research. More high-quality studies are needed.
+Getting diagnosed and treated early is most helpful in improving behavior, skills and language development. But getting treatment is helpful at any age. Though children usually don't outgrow autism spectrum disorder symptoms, they may learn to function well.","Your child's healthcare professional looks for signs of developmental delays at regular well-child checkups. If your child shows any symptoms of autism, you'll likely be referred to a specialist who treats children with autism spectrum disorder for an evaluation. This specialist could be a child psychiatrist or psychologist, a pediatric neurologist, or a developmental pediatrician.
+Because autism spectrum disorder symptoms and how severe they are can vary widely, it may be hard to make a diagnosis. There is no specific medical test to diagnose autism spectrum disorder. Instead, a specialist may:
+Observe your child and ask how your child has developed or changed over time in terms of interacting socially, communicating and behaving.
+Give your child tests covering hearing, speech, language, level of development, and social and behavioral issues.
+Present structured social and communication interactions to your child and score the performance.
+Include other specialists in coming up with a diagnosis.
+Recommend genetic testing to figure out whether your child has a genetic condition such as Rett syndrome or fragile X syndrome.","There is no cure for autism spectrum disorder, and there is no one-size-fits-all treatment. Treatment seeks to support your child's learning, development and behavior. Getting treated early, during the preschool years, can help your child learn critical social, communication, functional and behavioral skills.
+The range of home-based and school-based treatments for autism spectrum disorder can be overwhelming, and your child's needs may change over time. Your healthcare professional can recommend options and help find resources in your area.
+If your child is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, talk with experts about creating a treatment strategy and build a team of health professionals to meet your child's needs.
+Treatment options may include:
+Behavior and communication therapies.Many programs address the range of social, language and behavioral difficulties linked with autism spectrum disorder. Some programs focus on reducing challenging behaviors and teaching new skills. Other programs focus on teaching children how to act in social situations or communicate better with others. Applied behavior analysis can help children learn new skills and adapt these skills to many situations by motivating them with rewards.
+Educational therapies.Children with autism spectrum disorder often respond well to highly structured educational programs. Successful programs usually include a team of specialists and various activities to improve social skills, communication and behavior. Preschool children who get intensive, individualized behavioral treatments often show good progress.
+Family therapies.Parents and other family members can learn how to play and interact with children who have autism in ways that support social interaction skills, manage challenging behaviors, and teach daily living skills and communication.
+Other therapies.Depending on your child's needs, speech therapy to make communication skills better, occupational therapy to teach activities of daily living, and physical therapy to make movement and balance better may help. A psychologist can recommend ways to manage problem behavior.
+Medicines.Medicine can't make the core signs of autism spectrum disorder better, but specific medicines can help control symptoms. For example, certain medicines may be prescribed if your child is hyperactive. Sometimes healthcare professionals prescribe antipsychotic medicines to treat severe behavioral symptoms. Or they may prescribe antidepressants for anxiety. Keep all healthcare professionals updated on any medicines or supplements your child takes. Some medicines and supplements can affect how one medicine acts with another, causing dangerous side effects.","Raising a child with autism spectrum disorder can tire you physically and drain you emotionally. These suggestions may help:
+Find a team of trusted health professionals and others.A team, coordinated by your healthcare professional, may include social workers, teachers, therapists, and a case manager or service coordinator. Team members can help find and assess the resources in your area. They also can explain financial services and state and federal programs for children and adults with disabilities.
+Keep records of visits with healthcare professionals.Your child may have visits, evaluations and meetings with many people on the care team. Keep an organized file of these meetings and reports to help you decide about treatment options and watch progress.
+Learn about the disorder.There are many stories and beliefs that are not true about autism spectrum disorder. Learning the truth can help you better understand your child and attempts to communicate.
+Take time for yourself and other family members.Caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder can put stress on your personal relationships and your family. To avoid burnout, take time out to relax, exercise or enjoy your favorite activities. Try to schedule one-on-one time with your other children and plan date nights with your spouse or partner — even if it's just watching a movie together after the children go to bed.
+Seek out other families of children with autism spectrum disorder.Other families managing the challenges of autism spectrum disorder may have useful advice. Some communities have support groups for parents and siblings of children with the disorder.
+Ask your healthcare professional about new technologies and therapies.Researchers continue to explore new ways to help children with autism spectrum disorder. See the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website on autism spectrum disorder for helpful materials and links to resources.","Your child's healthcare professional looks for developmental issues at regular checkups. Mention any concerns you have during your appointment. If your child shows any signs of autism spectrum disorder, your child likely will be referred for an evaluation by a specialist who treats children with the condition.
+Bring a family member or friend with you to the appointment, if possible, to help you remember information and for emotional support.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"aggressive, lower than usual intelligence, trouble learning, autism, trouble communicating, autism spectrum disorder, lose language skills, trouble applying what they know, less eye contact, withdrawn, trouble adjusting to social situations, not being interested, not responding"
+116,Avascular necrosis (osteonecrosis),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/avascular-necrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369859,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/avascular-necrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369863,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/avascular-necrosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20369864,"Avascular necrosis is the death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply. Also called osteonecrosis, it can lead to tiny breaks in the bone and cause the bone to collapse. The process usually takes months to years.
+
+A broken bone or dislocated joint can stop the blood flow to a section of bone. Avascular necrosis is also associated with long-term use of high-dose steroid medications and too much alcohol.
+
+Anyone can be affected. But the condition is most common in people between the ages of 30 and 50.","Some people have no symptoms in the early stages of avascular necrosis. As the condition worsens, affected joints might hurt only when putting weight on them. Eventually, you might feel the pain even when you're lying down.
+
+Pain can be mild or severe. It usually develops gradually. Pain associated with avascular necrosis of the hip might center on the groin, thigh or buttock. Besides the hip, the shoulder, knee, hand and foot can be affected.
+
+Some people develop avascular necrosis on both sides, such as in both hips or in both knees.",See your health care provider for ongoing pain in any joint. Seek immediate medical attention for a possible broken bone or dislocated joint.,"Avascular necrosis occurs when blood flow to a bone is interrupted or reduced. Reduced blood supply can be caused by:
+
+Sometimes the cause of avascular necrosis not brought on by trauma isn't fully understood. Genetics combined with overuse of alcohol, certain medications and other diseases likely play a role.","Risk factors for developing avascular necrosis include:
+
+Medical conditions associated with avascular necrosis include:","Untreated, avascular necrosis worsens. Eventually, the bone can collapse. Avascular necrosis also causes bone to lose its smooth shape, possibly leading to severe arthritis.",To reduce the risk of avascular necrosis and improve general health:,"During a physical exam, a health care provider will press around your joints, checking for tenderness. They might also move the joints through different positions to see if the range of motion is lessened.",The goal is to prevent further bone loss.,,Your health care provider might refer you to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the joints (rheumatologist) or to an orthopedic surgeon.,,"pain, avascular necrosis, necrosis, hurt, joints"
+117,Childhood asthma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351507,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351513,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/doctors-departments/ddc-20351517,"In childhood asthma, the lungs and airways become easily inflamed when exposed to certain triggers. Such triggers include inhaling pollen or catching a cold or other respiratory infection. Childhood asthma can cause irritating daily symptoms that interfere with play, sports, school and sleep. In some children, unmanaged asthma can cause dangerous asthma attacks.
+
+Childhood asthma isn't a different disease from asthma in adults, but children face unique challenges. The condition is a leading cause of emergency department visits, hospitalizations and missed school days.
+
+Unfortunately, childhood asthma can't be cured, and symptoms can continue into adulthood. But with the right treatment, you and your child can keep symptoms under control and prevent damage to growing lungs.","Common childhood asthma symptoms include:
+
+Childhood asthma also might cause:
+
+Asthma symptoms vary from child to child and might get worse or better over time. Your child might have only one symptom, such as a lingering cough or chest congestion.
+
+It can be difficult to tell whether your child's symptoms are caused by asthma. Wheezing and other asthma-like symptoms can be caused by infectious bronchitis or another respiratory problem.","Take your child to see a health care provider if you suspect that your child has asthma. Early treatment will help control symptoms and possibly prevent asthma attacks.
+
+Make an appointment with your child's provider if you notice:
+
+Children who have asthma may say things such as, ""My chest feels funny"" or ""I'm always coughing."" Listen for coughing in children, which might not wake them, when they are asleep. Crying, laughing, yelling, or strong emotional reactions and stress also might trigger coughing or wheezing.
+
+If your child is diagnosed with asthma, creating an asthma plan can help you and other caregivers monitor symptoms and know what to do if an asthma attack occurs.","Childhood asthma causes aren't fully understood. Some factors thought to be involved include having:
+
+Increased immune system sensitivity causes the lungs and airways to swell and produce mucus when exposed to certain triggers. Reaction to a trigger can be delayed, making it more difficult to identify the trigger. Triggers vary from child to child and can include:
+
+Sometimes, asthma symptoms occur with no apparent triggers.",Factors that might increase your child's chance of developing asthma include:,"Asthma can cause a number of complications, including:","Careful planning and avoiding asthma triggers are the best ways to prevent asthma attacks.
+
+See your child's health care provider when necessary.Check in regularly. Don't ignore signs that your child's asthma might not be under control, such as needing to use a quick-relief inhaler too often.
+
+Asthma changes over time. Consulting your child's provider can help you make needed treatment adjustments to control symptoms.","Asthma can be hard to diagnose. Your child's health care provider considers the symptoms and their frequency and your child's medical history. Your child might need tests to rule out other conditions and to identify the most likely cause of the symptoms.
+
+A number of childhood conditions can have symptoms similar to those caused by asthma. To complicate the diagnosis further, these conditions also commonly occur with asthma. So your child's provider will have to determine whether your child's symptoms are caused by asthma, a condition other than asthma, or both asthma and another condition.
+
+Conditions that can cause asthma-like symptoms include:
+
+Your child may need the following tests:
+
+Lung function tests, also called spirometry.Health care providers diagnose asthma in children with the same tests used to identify the disease in adults. Spirometry measures how much air your child can exhale and how quickly. Your child might have lung function tests at rest, after exercising and after taking asthma medicine.
+
+Another lung function test is brochoprovocation. Using spirometry, this test measures how the lungs react to certain provocations, such as exercise or exposure to cold air.
+
+These asthma tests aren't accurate before 5 years of age, however. For younger children, your provider will rely on information you and your child provide about symptoms. Sometimes a diagnosis can't be made until later, after months or even years of observing symptoms.","Initial treatment depends on the severity of your child's asthma. The goal of asthma treatment is to keep symptoms under control, meaning that your child has:
+
+Treating asthma involves both preventing symptoms and treating an asthma attack in progress. The right medicine for your child depends on a few things, including:
+
+For children younger than age 3 who have mild symptoms of asthma, your provider might use a wait-and-see approach. This is because the long-term effects of asthma medicine in infants and young children aren't clear.
+
+However, if an infant or toddler has frequent or severe wheezing episodes, a health care provider might prescribe a medicine to see if it improves symptoms.","It can be stressful to help your child manage asthma. Keep these tips in mind to make life as easy as possible:
+
+Use a written asthma action plan.Work with your child's health care provider to develop your child's action plan, and give a copy to all of your child's caregivers, such as child care providers, teachers, coaches and the parents of your child's friends.
+
+Following a written plan can help you and your child identify symptoms early, providing important information on how to treat your child's asthma from day to day and how to deal with an asthma attack.
+
+Be encouraging.Focus attention on what your child can do, not on limitations. Involve teachers, school nurses, coaches, relatives and friends in helping your child manage asthma.
+
+Encourage typical play and activity. Don't limit your child's activities out of fear of an asthma attack — work with your child's provider to control exercise-induced symptoms.","You're likely to start by taking your child to your primary health care provider or your child's pediatrician. However, when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred to an allergist, a lung doctor, called a pulmonologist, or another specialist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your child's appointment.",,"wheezing, infectious bronchitis, chest congestion, asthma, cough"
+118,Exercise-induced asthma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/exercise-induced-asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372300,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/exercise-induced-asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372306,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/exercise-induced-asthma/doctors-departments/ddc-20372307,"Exercise-induced asthma is when the airways narrow or squeeze during hard physical activity. It causes shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and other symptoms during or after exercise.
+
+The medical term for this condition is exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (brong-koh-kun-STRIK-shun). Many people with asthma have exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. But people without asthma also can have it.
+
+Most people with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction can continue to exercise and remain active if they treat symptoms. Treatment includes asthma medicines and taking steps to prevent symptoms before physical activity starts.",Symptoms of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction usually begin during or soon after exercise. These symptoms can last for an hour or longer if untreated. Symptoms include:,"See your health care provider if you have symptoms of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. A few conditions can cause similar symptoms, so it's important to get a diagnosis as soon as you can.
+
+Get emergency medical treatmentif you have:","It's not exactly clear what causes exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. For a long time, the cause was thought to be cold air. However, recent studies found dry air to be a more likely culprit. Cold air contains less moisture than warm air. Breathing in cold, dry air dehydrates the air passages. This causes them to constrict, reducing air flow. Other factors, such as chlorine or other fumes, can irritate the lining of the airways and contribute to breathing difficulties as well.","Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is more likely to occur in:
+
+Factors that can increase the risk of the condition or act as triggers include:","If not treated, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction can result in:",,"To diagnose exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, your health care provider first takes a medical history and does a physical exam. You may have tests to check your lung function and rule out other conditions.",Your health care provider might prescribe medicines to take shortly before exercise or to take daily for long-term control.,,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary health care provider. Your provider may refer you to someone who specializes in asthma, such as an allergist-immunologist or a pulmonologist.
+
+Be prepared to answer the following questions:",,"symptoms begin, soon after exercise"
+119,Occupational asthma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/occupational-asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375772,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/occupational-asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375777,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/occupational-asthma/doctors-departments/ddc-20375778,"Occupational asthma is a type of asthma caused by breathing in fumes, gases, dust or other substances while on the job. These substances can trigger an immune system response that changes how the lungs work. Occupational asthma also is called work-related asthma.
+In asthma, the airways narrow and swell. They also may make extra mucus. This makes it difficult to breathe and may cause chest tightness, wheezing and shortness of breath.
+Avoiding triggers is important for managing occupational asthma. Treatment includes medicines that reduce symptoms. For people who were diagnosed with asthma in the past, medicines may help improve symptoms related to workplace triggers.
+If occupational asthma is not treated and triggers are not avoided, the asthma can cause permanent changes to the lungs.","Occupational asthma symptoms may include:
+Wheezing.
+Coughing.
+Shortness of breath.
+Chest tightness.
+Other possible symptoms may include:
+Runny nose.
+Stuffy nose.
+Itchy or watery eyes.
+Occupational asthma symptoms depend on the substance you're exposed to, how long and how often you're exposed, and other factors. Your symptoms may:
+Begin right after exposure to a substance, later in the day or after work.
+Improve or go away on days off or during vacations and then return when you go to work.
+May begin early in the day and fail to improve on days off as disease progresses.
+May become permanent even after long periods away from work.","Seek medical treatment right away if your symptoms worsen. Severe asthma attacks can be life-threatening. Symptoms of an asthma attack that need emergency treatment include:
+Shortness of breath or wheezing that quickly gets worse.
+No easing of symptoms after using a quick-relief medicine.
+Shortness of breath even with little activity.
+Make an appointment to see your healthcare professional if you have breathing problems, such as coughing, wheezing or shortness of breath, especially if the symptoms don't go away or worsen.","More than 400 workplace substances have been identified as possible triggers of occupational asthma. These substances include:
+Animal proteinsfound in dander, hair, scales, fur, saliva and body wastes.
+Chemicalsused to make paints, varnishes, adhesives, laminates and soldering resin. Other examples include chemicals used to make insulation, packaging materials, and foam mattresses and upholstery.
+Enzymesused in detergents and baking flour.
+Metals,particularly platinum, chromium and nickel sulfate.
+Plant substances,including proteins found in natural rubber latex, flour, cereals, cotton, flax, hemp, rye, wheat and papaya.
+Irritating gases or particles,such as chlorine gas, sulfur dioxide and smoke.
+Asthma symptoms start when your lungs become irritated. This irritation causes an immune system reaction called inflammation. Inflammation is defined as swelling and other changes in airway tissues caused by immune system activity. These changes narrow the airways and make it difficult to breathe.
+With occupational asthma, lung inflammation may be triggered by a substance that a person is allergic to, such as mold or an animal protein. Sometimes lung inflammation is triggered by an irritating substance, also called an irritant, such as chlorine or smoke.","The more you're exposed to an irritant, the greater the risk of developing occupational asthma. In addition, you will have increased risk if:
+You have existing allergies or asthma.Although this can increase your risk, many people who have allergies or asthma do jobs that expose them to lung irritants and never have symptoms.
+Other family members have allergies or asthma.Your parents may pass down genes that make it more likely for you to develop asthma.
+You work around known asthma triggers.Some substances are known to be lung irritants and asthma triggers.
+You smoke.Smoking increases your risk of developing asthma if you are exposed to certain types of irritants.","The longer you're exposed to a substance that can cause occupational asthma, the worse your symptoms may become. Also, the longer you're exposed, the longer it will take for symptoms to improve after exposure stops. In some cases, exposure to airborne asthma triggers can cause permanent changes to your lungs.","The best way to prevent occupational asthma is to control exposure to chemicals and other substances that are known to be irritating. Workplaces can set up controls to prevent exposures, use less harmful substances and provide personal protective equipment (PPE) for workers.
+Medicines may help relieve symptoms and control inflammation linked to occupational asthma. But you can do several things on your own to be healthy and lessen the possibility of attacks:
+If you smoke, quit.Being smoke-free may help prevent or lessen symptoms of occupational asthma.
+Get a flu vaccination.This can help prevent illness that affects the lungs.
+Avoid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)and other medicines that may make symptoms worse. Ask your healthcare professional about medicines you take regularly.
+Lose weight.For people with obesity, losing weight can help improve symptoms and overall lung health.
+If you are in the United States and you have a high-risk job, your company must follow rules to help protect you from harmful chemicals. Under guidelines from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), your employer is required to do the following:
+Tell youif you'll be working with any harmful chemicals.
+Train youhow to safely handle these chemicals.
+Train youhow to respond to an emergency, such as a chemical spill.
+Supply protective gear,such as masks and respirators.
+Offer extra trainingwhen a new chemical is used at your workplace.
+UnderOSHAguidelines, your employer is required to keep a material safety data sheet (MSDS) for each harmful chemical used in your workplace. This is a document that must be submitted by the chemical's manufacturer to your employer. You have a legal right to see and copy such documents. If you suspect you're allergic to a certain substance, show theMSDSto your healthcare professional.
+While at work, watch for conditions that may not be safe or healthy. Report concerns to your supervisor. If necessary, callOSHAat800-321-OSHA(800-321-6742) and ask for an on-site inspection. You can do this so that your name won't be revealed to your employer.","Diagnosing occupational asthma is similar to diagnosing other types of asthma. However, your healthcare professional also will try to identify whether a workplace substance is causing your symptoms and what substance is causing problems.
+An asthma diagnosis needs to be confirmed with a test called a lung function test. This test shows how well your lungs work. An allergy skin prick test can show if you have allergic reactions to some allergy-causing substances. Blood tests, X-rays or other tests may be necessary to rule out a cause other than occupational asthma.","The goal of treatment is to prevent symptoms and stop an asthma attack in progress.
+Avoiding the workplace substance that causes your symptoms is important. Once you become sensitive to a substance, tiny amounts may trigger asthma symptoms, even if you wear a mask or respirator.
+You may need medicines for successful treatment. The same medicines are used to treat both occupational and nonoccupational asthma.
+The right medicine for you depends on many things. These include your age, symptoms, asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep your asthma under control.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Or you may start by seeing a doctor who specializes in asthma, such as an allergist-immunologist or a pulmonologist.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"occupational asthma symptoms, wheezing, coughing, stuffy nose, itchy, itchy eyes, shortness of breath, runny nose, chest tightness, watery, watery eyes"
+120,Atrial tachycardia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-tachycardia/symptoms-causes/syc-20573298,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-tachycardia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20573299,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-tachycardia/doctors-departments/ddc-20573300,"Atrial tachycardia is an irregular heartbeat, called an arrhythmia. It's a type of supraventricular tachycardia.
+During an atrial tachycardia episode, the heart beats more than 100 times a minute. Then it returns to a heart rate of around 60 to 80 beats a minute. An episode may start slowly, or it may start suddenly and quickly. It can cause a pounding or racing heartbeat, lightheadedness, dizziness, and fainting.
+Atrial tachycardia is common. It may happen in people who have had heart surgery or who are pregnant. Infections, stimulant medicines or alcohol use may trigger it.","The main symptom of atrial tachycardia is a very fast heartbeat. Typically during atrial tachycardia, the heart beats 150 to 200 times a minute. The fast heartbeat may come and go suddenly, or it can be ongoing.
+Other symptoms of atrial tachycardia may include:
+Pounding or fluttering feelings in the chest or neck, called palpitations.
+Chest pain.
+Fainting or almost fainting.
+Lightheadedness or dizziness.
+Shortness of breath.
+Sweating.
+Weakness or extreme tiredness.
+Nausea.
+Some people with atrial tachycardia do not notice symptoms.
+Atrial tachycardia symptoms may be hard to see in infants and young children. Symptoms of atrial tachycardia in children can include:
+Poor feeding.
+Sweating.
+Irritability.
+Changes in skin color.
+If your infant or young child has any of these symptoms, talk with a healthcare professional.","Symptoms of atrial tachycardia may be related to a serious health condition. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have a very fast heartbeat that lasts for more than a few minutes or if a fast heartbeat occurs with these symptoms:
+Chest pain.
+Dizziness.
+Shortness of breath.
+Weakness.
+Make an appointment for a healthcare checkup if you have:
+A very fast heartbeat for the first time.
+An irregular heartbeat that lasts longer than a few seconds.","Atrial tachycardia is caused by faulty electrical signals in the heart. These electrical signals control the heartbeat.
+In atrial tachycardia, a change in these signals makes the heartbeat start too early in the heart's upper chambers. This causes the heart to beat too fast. Then the heart is not able to fill with blood properly.","Anyone can get atrial tachycardia. But some health conditions or treatments can increase your risk. Atrial tachycardia risk factors include:
+Heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart valve disease and other heart diseases.
+Heart failure.
+Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect.
+Previous heart surgery.
+Sleep apnea.
+Thyroid disease.
+Lung disease, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
+Diabetes.
+Some medicines, including those used to treat asthma, allergies and colds.
+Other things that may increase the risk of atrial tachycardia include:
+Emotional stress.
+Too much caffeine.
+Heavy alcohol use, defined as more than 15 drinks a week for men and eight or more drinks a week for women.
+Smoking and nicotine use.
+Stimulant drugs, including cocaine and methamphetamine.","Atrial tachycardia isn't usually life-threatening. However, it can be a concern if you have heart damage or another heart condition. If the very fast heartbeat continues, it may weaken the heart muscle.",,"To diagnose atrial tachycardia, a healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. A member of your healthcare team takes your blood pressure. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms, health habits and medical history.","Treatment of atrial tachycardia depends on what causes it and how severe it is. Treatment may include:
+Vagal maneuvers.Simple but specific actions such as coughing, putting an ice pack on the face or pushing down as if having a bowel movement can help slow down the heart rate. These actions affect the vagus nerve, which helps control the heartbeat.
+Medicines.Medicines may be given to control the heart rate and reset the heart rhythm. Some medicines may need to be given byIV.
+Cardioversion.Paddles or patches on the chest are used to give an electrical shock to the heart. The quick, low-energy shock resets the heart's rhythm. This may be a treatment option if atrial tachycardia doesn't get better with vagal maneuvers or medicine.
+Catheter ablation.A doctor guides a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through a blood vessel, usually in the groin, and up to the heart. Sometimes more than one catheter is used. Sensors on the tip of the catheter use heat energy, called radiofrequency energy, to create tiny scars in the heart. The scar tissue blocks faulty electrical signals. This restores a regular heartbeat.
+Pacemaker.A pacemaker is a small device that's placed in the chest to help control the heartbeat. When it finds an irregular heartbeat, it sends an electrical signal that helps correct the heart's rhythm. A pacemaker may be needed if other treatments for atrial tachycardia don't work. For people with atrial tachycardia, a pacemaker is typically placed during with a treatment calledAVnode ablation.",,"If you have a very fast heartbeat, call your healthcare professional. If the fast heartbeat is severe and lasts longer than a few minutes, seek immediate medical help.
+Your healthcare professional may send you to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist. You also might see a doctor trained in heart rhythm disorders, called an electrophysiologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's helpful to be prepared. Here's how to get ready for your visit.",,"nausea, tiredness, weakness, pounding, changes in skin color, chest pain, palpitations, lightheadedness, atrial tachycardia symptoms, dizziness, fluttering, fast heartbeat, atrial tachycardia, fainting, sweating, poor feeding, shortness of breath, irritability"
+121,Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350569,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20350578,"Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are sometimes used to mean the same thing. But there's a difference between the two terms.
+Arteriosclerosishappens when the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from the heart to the rest of the body become thick and stiff. These blood vessels are called arteries. Healthy arteries are flexible and elastic. But over time, the walls in the arteries can harden, a condition commonly called hardening of the arteries.
+Atherosclerosisis a specific type of arteriosclerosis.
+Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called plaque. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque also can burst, leading to a blood clot.
+Although atherosclerosis is often considered a heart condition, it can affect arteries anywhere in the body. Atherosclerosis can be treated. Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent atherosclerosis.","Mild atherosclerosis usually doesn't cause symptoms.
+Atherosclerosis symptoms usually don't happen until an artery is so narrowed or clogged that it can't send enough blood to organs and tissues. Sometimes a blood clot completely blocks blood flow. The clot may break apart. If this happens, it may cause a heart attack or stroke.
+Symptoms of moderate to severe atherosclerosis depend on which arteries are affected. For example, if you have atherosclerosis:
+In your heart arteries,you may have chest pain or pressure, called angina.
+In the arteries leading to your brain,you may have sudden numbness or weakness in your arms or legs, trouble speaking, slurred speech, sudden or temporary loss of vision in one eye, or drooping muscles in your face. These are symptoms of a transient ischemic attack (TIA). Untreated, a TIA can lead to a stroke.
+In the arteries in your arms and legs,you may have leg pain when walking, called claudication. This is a symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD). You also might have lower blood pressure in the affected arm or leg.
+In the arteries leading to your kidneys,you may get high blood pressure or kidney failure.","If you think you have atherosclerosis, make an appointment for a health checkup. Early diagnosis and treatment can stop atherosclerosis from getting worse. Treatment may prevent a heart attack, stroke or another medical emergency.
+Get emergency medical help if you have chest pain or symptoms of transient ischemic attack or stroke such as:
+Sudden numbness or weakness in the arms or legs.
+Trouble speaking.
+Slurred speech.
+Sudden or temporary loss of vision in one eye.
+Drooping face muscles.","Atherosclerosis is a disease that slowly gets worse. It may begin as early as childhood. The exact cause is not known. It may start with damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery. Artery damage may be caused by:
+High blood pressure.
+High cholesterol.
+High triglycerides, a type of fat in the blood.
+Smoking or other tobacco use.
+Diabetes.
+Insulin resistance.
+Obesity.
+Inflammation from an unknown cause or from diseases such as arthritis, lupus, psoriasis or inflammatory bowel disease.
+Once the inner wall of an artery is damaged, blood cells and other substances may collect at the injury site. These substances build up in the inner lining of the artery.
+Over time, fats, cholesterol and other substances also collect on and in the walls of the heart arteries. This buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause the arteries to narrow. Narrowed arteries can block blood flow. The plaque also can burst, leading to a blood clot.","Risk factors for atherosclerosis that you can't control include:
+Aging.
+A family history of early heart disease or stroke.
+Changes in genes that make atherosclerosis more likely.
+Having inflammatory conditions such as lupus, inflammatory bowel disease or psoriasis.
+Risk factors for atherosclerosis that you may be able to control include:
+An unhealthy diet.
+Diabetes.
+High blood pressure.
+High cholesterol.
+Lack of exercise.
+Obesity.
+Sleep apnea.
+Smoking and other tobacco use.","The complications of atherosclerosis depend on which arteries are narrowed or blocked. For example:
+Coronary artery disease.Atherosclerosis in the arteries close to the heart can lead to coronary artery disease. This may cause chest pain, a heart attack or heart failure.
+Carotid artery disease.This is atherosclerosis in the arteries close to the brain. Complications include a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke.
+Peripheral artery disease.This is atherosclerosis in the arteries in the arms or legs. Complications include blocked or changed blood flow in the affected areas. Rarely, the lack of blood flow may cause tissue death, called gangrene.
+Aneurysms.Sometimes atherosclerosis can form a bulge in the wall of an artery. This is called an aneurysm. An aneurysm can occur anywhere in the body. Most people with aneurysms have no symptoms. If an aneurysm bursts, it can cause life-threatening bleeding inside the body.
+Chronic kidney disease.Atherosclerosis can cause the arteries leading to the kidneys to narrow. This prevents the kidneys from getting enough oxygen-rich blood. The kidneys need the blood flow to help remove fluids and waste products from the body.","The same healthy lifestyle changes recommended to treat atherosclerosis also help prevent it. These lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy:
+Do not smoke or use tobacco.
+Eat nutritious foods.
+Get regular exercise and keep an active lifestyle.
+Keep a healthy weight.
+Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol.","To diagnose atherosclerosis, your healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. You usually are asked questions about your symptoms and your family health history. You may be sent to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist.
+Your healthcare professional may hear a whooshing sound when listening to your heart with a stethoscope.","Treatment of atherosclerosis may include:
+Lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and getting more exercise.
+Medicines.
+Heart procedure.
+Heart surgery.
+For some people, lifestyle changes may be the only treatment needed for atherosclerosis.",,"If you think you may have atherosclerosis or if you have a family history of heart disease, make an appointment for a health checkup. Ask if you need a cholesterol test.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy. They also can prevent or slow atherosclerosis. The American Heart Association recommends these eight heart-healthy tips:
+Don't smoke, vape or use tobacco.Also stay away from cigarette smoke. Smoking damages the arteries. Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. Nicotine tightens blood vessels and forces the heart to work harder. Not smoking is one of the best ways to lower the risk of atherosclerosis complications, such as a heart attack.
+Get regular exercise.Staying active keeps the body healthy. Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week. Talk with your healthcare team about the amount and type of exercise that's best for you.
+Keep a healthy weight.Being overweight increases the risk of coronary artery disease, which is caused by atherosclerosis. Losing even a small amount of weight can help reduce the risk. Ask your healthcare professional what weight is best for you.
+Eat healthy foods.Choose fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit salt and saturated fats. Read nutrition labels to check the amount of salt and fat.
+Manage stress.Find ways to help reduce stress. Some ideas are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups. Or try yoga or deep breathing. These relaxation practices can temporarily lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis.
+Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol.Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed. Get regular health checkups.
+Limit alcohol.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
+Get good sleep.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health conditions. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.","atherosclerosis, weakness, tia, angina, pressure, peripheral artery disease, chest pain, kidney failure, trouble speaking, pad, slurred speech, numbness, loss of vision, drooping muscles, high blood pressure, stroke, leg pain"
+122,Atrioventricular canal defect,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect/symptoms-causes/syc-20361492,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361528,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect/doctors-departments/ddc-20362272,"Atrioventricular septal defect is a mix of problems affecting the center of the heart. The heart condition is present at birth. That means it's a congenital heart defect. Children born with this condition have a hole in the wall between the heart's chambers. They also have problems with the valves that control blood flow in the heart.
+
+Atrioventricular septal defect allows extra blood to flow to the lungs. The extra blood forces the heart to work too hard, causing the heart muscle to grow larger.
+
+Untreated, atrioventricular septal defect can cause heart failure and high blood pressure in the lungs. Treatment usually involves surgery during the first year of life to close the hole in the heart and to repair the valves.
+
+Other names for this condition are:","Atrioventricular canal defect can involve only the two upper chambers of the heart or all four chambers. In both types, extra blood flows into the lungs. Symptoms depend on whether the defect is partial or complete.",,Atrioventricular canal defect occurs before birth when a baby's heart is developing. Experts aren't sure of the cause. Having Down syndrome might increase the risk.,Things that might increase the risk of atrioventricular canal defect include:,"Possible complications of atrioventricular canal defect include:
+
+Treatment greatly improves the outlook for children with atrioventricular canal defect. But complications may still occur later in life. They may include:","There is no known prevention for atrioventricular canal defect.
+
+Some heart problems are passed down in families, which means they are inherited. If you have a family or personal history of congenital heart disease, talk with a genetic counselor and a cardiologist before getting pregnant.","Atrioventricular canal defect might be diagnosed in a baby before birth during a pregnancy ultrasound or special heart imaging.
+
+After birth, symptoms of complete atrioventricular canal defect are usually noticeable within the first weeks. When listening to a baby's heart, a health care provider might hear a whooshing sound. The sound is called a heart murmur.
+
+Tests to diagnose atrioventricular canal defect may include:","Surgery is needed to treat a complete or partial atrioventricular canal defect. More than one surgery may be needed. Surgery involves using one or two patches to close the hole in the heart wall. The patches stay in the heart. They become part of the heart's wall as the heart's lining grows over them.
+
+Other surgeries depend on whether the defect is partial or complete and what other heart problems exist.
+
+For a partial atrioventricular canal defect, surgery to repair the mitral valve is needed so that the valve will close tightly. If repair isn't possible, the valve might need to be replaced.
+
+For a complete atrioventricular canal defect, surgeons separate the large single valve between the upper and lower heart chambers into two valves. If this isn't possible, the mitral and tricuspid valves might need to be replaced.
+
+Many people who have corrective surgery for atrioventricular canal defect don't need more surgery. However, some complications, such as heart valve leaks, may require treatment.","Many children with heart problems present at birth grow up to lead healthy lives.
+
+But having a congenital heart defect or caring for a child with one can be challenging. These tips may be helpful.","You or your child might be referred to a doctor trained in heart conditions, called a cardiologist.",,extra blood flows
+123,Vaginal atrophy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-atrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352288,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-atrophy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352294,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-atrophy/doctors-departments/ddc-20352297,"Vaginal atrophy (atrophic vaginitis) is thinning, drying and inflammation of the vaginal walls that may occur when your body has less estrogen. Vaginal atrophy occurs most often after menopause.
+
+For many women, vaginal atrophy not only makes intercourse painful but also leads to distressing urinary symptoms. Because the condition causes both vaginal and urinary symptoms, doctors use the term ""genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM)"" to describe vaginal atrophy and its accompanying symptoms.
+
+Simple, effective treatments for genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) are available. Reduced estrogen levels result in changes to your body, but it doesn't mean you have to live with the discomfort ofGSM.",Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) signs and symptoms may include:,"Many postmenopausal women experienceGSM. But few seek treatment. Women may be embarrassed to discuss their symptoms with their doctor and may resign themselves to living with these symptoms.
+
+Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any unexplained vaginal spotting or bleeding, unusual discharge, burning, or soreness.
+
+Also make an appointment to see your doctor if you experience painful intercourse that's not resolved by using a vaginal moisturizer (K-Y Liquibeads, Replens, Sliquid, others) or water-based lubricant (Astroglide, K-Y Jelly, Sliquid, others).","Genitourinary syndrome of menopause is caused by a decrease in estrogen production. Less estrogen makes your vaginal tissues thinner, drier, less elastic and more fragile.
+
+A drop in estrogen levels may occur:
+
+GSMsigns and symptoms may begin to bother you during the years leading up to menopause, or they may not become a problem until several years into menopause. Although the condition is common, not all menopausal women experienceGSM. Regular sexual activity, with or without a partner, can help you maintain healthy vaginal tissues.","Certain factors may contribute toGSM, such as:",Genitourinary syndrome of menopause increases your risk of:,"Regular sexual activity, either with or without a partner, may help prevent genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Sexual activity increases blood flow to your vagina, which helps keep vaginal tissues healthy.",Diagnosis of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) may involve:,"To treat genitourinary syndrome of menopause, your doctor may first recommend over-the-counter treatment options, including:
+
+If those options don't ease your symptoms, your doctor may recommend:",,"You'll probably start by discussing your symptoms with your primary care provider. If you aren't already seeing a doctor who specializes in women's health (gynecologist or internal medicine women's health specialist), your primary care provider may refer you to one.",,"vaginal dryness, itching, urinary urgency, frequent urination, painful intercourse, burning sensation"
+124,Reactive attachment disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/reactive-attachment-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352939,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/reactive-attachment-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352945,,"Reactive attachment disorder is a rare but serious condition in which an infant or young child doesn't establish healthy attachments with parents or caregivers. Reactive attachment disorder may develop if the child's basic needs for comfort, affection and nurturing aren't met and loving, caring, stable attachments with others are not established.
+
+With appropriate treatment, children who have reactive attachment disorder may develop more stable and healthy relationships with caregivers and others. Treatments for reactive attachment disorder include learning how to create a stable, nurturing environment and providing positive child and caregiver interactions. Parent or caregiver counseling and education can help.","Reactive attachment disorder usually starts in infancy. There's little research on signs and symptoms of reactive attachment disorder beyond early childhood, and it remains uncertain whether it occurs in children older than 5 years.
+
+Signs and symptoms may include:","Consider getting an evaluation if your child shows any concerning signs that persist across time. Some signs can occur in children who don't have reactive attachment disorder or who have another disorder, such as autism spectrum disorder. Sometimes young children may display some temporary signs and symptoms, but they tend to be brief, minor or don't cause developmental problems. It's important to have your child evaluated by a pediatric psychiatrist or psychologist who can determine whether behaviors indicate a more serious problem.","To feel safe and develop trust, infants and young children need a stable, caring environment. Their basic emotional and physical needs must be consistently met by caregivers. For instance, when a baby cries, the need for comfort, a meal or a diaper change must be met with a shared emotional exchange that may include eye contact, smiling and caressing.
+
+A child whose needs are ignored or who is met with a lack of emotional response from caregivers does not come to expect care or comfort or form a stable attachment to caregivers.
+
+It's not clear why some babies and children develop reactive attachment disorder and others don't. Various theories about reactive attachment disorder and its causes exist, and more research is needed to develop a better understanding and improve diagnosis and treatment options.","The risk of developing reactive attachment disorder from severe social and emotional neglect or the lack of opportunity to develop stable attachments may increase in children who, for example:
+
+However, most children who are severely neglected don't develop reactive attachment disorder.","Without proper treatment, reactive attachment disorder can continue for several years and may have lifelong consequences. These can include problems with relationships, social interactions, mental and physical health, behavior, intellectual development, and substance abuse.
+
+More research is needed to determine if problems in older children and adults are related to experiences of reactive attachment disorder in early childhood.","While it's not known with certainty if reactive attachment disorder can be prevented, there may be ways to reduce the risk of its development. Infants and young children need a stable, caring environment and their basic emotional and physical needs must be consistently met. The following parenting suggestions may help.","A pediatric psychiatrist or psychologist can conduct a thorough, in-depth examination to diagnose reactive attachment disorder.
+
+Your child's evaluation may include:
+
+Your child's mental health provider will also want to rule out other psychiatric disorders and determine if any other mental health conditions coexist, such as:
+
+Your child's mental health provider may use the diagnostic criteria for reactive attachment disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association. Diagnosis isn't usually made before 9 months of age. Signs and symptoms typically appear before the age of 5 years.
+
+DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis include:","Children with reactive attachment disorder are believed to have the capacity to form attachments, but this ability has been hindered by their early developmental experiences.
+
+Most children are naturally resilient. And even those who've been neglected, lived in a children's home or other institution, or had multiple caregivers can develop healthy relationships. Early intervention appears to improve outcomes.
+
+There's no standard treatment for reactive attachment disorder, but it should involve both the child and parents or primary caregivers. Goals of treatment are to help ensure that the child:
+
+A mental health professional can provide both education and coaching in skills that help improve signs and symptoms of reactive attachment disorder. Treatment strategies include:
+
+Other services that may benefit the child and the family include:","If you're a parent or caregiver whose child has reactive attachment disorder, it's easy to become angry, frustrated, guilty and distressed. You may feel like your child doesn't love you — or that it's hard to like your child sometimes.
+
+These actions may help:","You may start by visiting your child's pediatrician. However, you may be referred to a child psychiatrist or psychologist who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of reactive attachment disorder or a pediatrician specializing in child development.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your health care provider or mental health professional.",,none
+129,Bird flu (avian influenza),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bird-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20568390,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bird-flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20568430,,"Bird flu, also called avian influenza, is caused by influenza type A virus infections in bird species. Depending on the strain, bird flu may cause the bird to have no symptoms, mild illness, serious illness or lead to the death of the bird.
+Bird flu rarely infects humans. But health officials worry because influenza A viruses that infect birds can change, called mutate, to infect humans and spread from person to person more often. Because a new strain of bird flu would be a new virus to humans, a mutated strain like that could spread quickly around the world.
+People most often catch a bird flu virus from close, long-term contact with live, domesticated poultry typically on farms or in backyard coops. People also may catch bird flu through contact with wild birds or another type of animal. Bird flu rarely has spread from person to person.
+In humans, flu is a viral infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. Symptoms of bird flu in humans are similar to flu symptoms and may be mild to serious.","Bird flu symptoms can be mild to serious in a person. Symptoms typically show up within seven days of contact with the virus but can take as long as two weeks. A person can get infected from direct contact with an infected animal, or the bedding or stool of the animal.
+Flu viruses have similar symptoms. So you need to be tested to check if you have a bird flu infection.
+Common bird flu symptoms include:
+Fever.
+Problems breathing.
+Pink eye, also called conjunctivitis.
+Upset stomach and vomiting.
+Loose stool, called diarrhea.
+Bird flu may cause breathing problems more often than other kinds of flu. And during bird flu pandemics, the risk that a person with flu will need a machine to help them breathe is higher.","If you have been exposed to bird flu and have any symptoms of illness, see a healthcare professional right away.
+If your work, travel or hobbies may have exposed you to bird flu, consider your symptoms. If you have symptoms of bird flu and may have been exposed, contact your healthcare professional.","Influenza is caused by viruses that infect the cells that line the nose, throat and lungs.
+Flu virus particles spread through breath, saliva, mucus or stool. Bird flu in humans can happen when you inhale virus particles. You also can catch the virus if you touch an object with flu particles on it, and then touch your eyes, nose or mouth.
+People most often catch bird flu from close, long-term contact with live, domesticated poultry typically on farms or in backyard coops. Rarely, people are exposed to bird flu by contact with wild birds or another type of animal.
+But birds you may see in a park or yard, such as crows or sparrows, aren't a high risk. They don't usually carry bird flu viruses that infect people or farm animals.
+It may be possible to be exposed to bird flu through undercooked foods, such as eggs or poultry.  In places where bird flu has spread to dairy cows, it may be possible to get bird flu through raw dairy products. But dairy products that have been heated to kill germs, called pasteurization, are not a risk for bird flu.","The risk of a human catching a bird flu is low.
+Contact with sick poultry or their environment is the most common bird flu risk for people. Infected birds can spread the virus through their breath, saliva, mucus or stool.
+Rarely, people have caught bird flu after contact with wild birds or other animals. And sometimes humans have passed a bird flu to other humans.","People with bird flu may have worsening medical issues or new health problems. Some may be life-threatening.
+Complications include:
+Worsening of chronic lung conditions, such as asthma or cystic fibrosis.
+Ear and sinus infection.
+Failure of the respiratory system, called acute respiratory distress syndrome.
+Kidney problems.
+Heart problems.
+Bleeding in the lungs, collapsed lung or bacterial pneumonia.
+Sepsis.","To prevent bird flu, follow all recommended actions to protect yourself if you work with animals as a job.
+If you are traveling to a place where bird flu is spreading, avoid poultry farms and bird markets if possible. Cook food fully and wash hands with soap and water after handling food and animals.
+And make sure to get your seasonal flu vaccine every year. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone age 6 months or older. It doesn't prevent bird flu, but the seasonal flu vaccine can help you avoid having two flu viruses at the same time.
+If a bird flu virus leads to a human pandemic, public health agencies have plans for vaccine development and administration.
+People can take actions to further lower the risk of getting bird flu in many ways.
+Avoid contact with animals who are sick or may be sick.Wild or domestic, keep birds at a distance to avoid any germs they may carry.
+Wear eye, nose and mouth protective gear when needed.Flu viruses get in the body through the mouth, nose or eyes. Wear eye protection, a face mask and gloves to help keep the virus out if you're in an area where it might be present.
+Wash your hands with soap and water.This is especially important after touching animals or surfaces that may be dirty with animal mucus, saliva or stool.
+Getting bird flu from food is very rare. But it's a good idea to follow safe food handling recommendations.
+Avoid spreading germs in the kitchen.Use hot, soapy water to wash all surfaces that have come into contact with raw poultry, meat, seafood or eggs.
+Cook food fully.Cook chicken until it reaches an internal minimum temperature of 165 F (74 C). Cook eggs until the white and yolk are firm. Egg dishes, such as quiche, should reach 160 F (71 C). Cook beef to 145 F (63 C) and let it rest for 3 minutes. Cook ground beef to 160 F (71 C).
+Avoid raw dairy products.Dairy milk that is heated to kill germs is called pasteurized. In the U.S., dairy milk and foods made with it say on the Nutrition Facts label if the milk is pasteurized. Raw milk isn't pasteurized, so it is more likely to make you sick.","To diagnose bird flu, a healthcare professional takes a sample of fluid from your nose and throat to test for evidence of bird flu infection. They also may take a sample of fluid from your eye if you have pink eye.
+If you could have been exposed to bird flu through work, travel or your hobbies and you have symptoms of illness, see your healthcare professional right away.","Medicines that stop the flu virus from spreading in the body, called antivirals, work to treat bird flu. These medicines work best when started as soon as you have symptoms. For this reason, your healthcare professional may prescribe a medicine for you before your flu lab test results comes back.
+These medicines can include oseltamivir (Tamiflu), zanamivir (Relenza) or peramivir (Rapivab).
+Oseltamivir is taken by mouth. Zanamivir is inhaled using a device similar to an asthma inhaler. Peramivir is given through a needle in a vein.
+If you have bird flu, stay in an area away from other people, including those you live with if possible. That will help prevent spreading the illness.
+It's important to avoid people if you're waiting for lab results. If you do have bird flu, healthcare professionals may suggest testing for people who had close contact with you when you had symptoms. They may give antiviral medicine to people who were exposed to bird flu and are at high risk of serious illness.",,,,"problems breathing, pink eye, upset stomach, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, flu, infection, conjunctivitis, loose stool"
+131,Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/avnrt/symptoms-causes/syc-20573830,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/avnrt/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20573853,,"Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is a type of irregular heartbeat, also called an arrhythmia. It is the most common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT).
+People with AVNRT have a very fast heartbeat that often starts and ends suddenly. In AVNRT, the heart beats more than 100 times a minute. The condition is due to a change in heart signaling.
+AVNRT tends to occur more often in young women. But anyone can have it at any age. AVNRT may not need treatment. When treatment is needed, it may include specific actions or movements, medicines, or a heart procedure.","A very fast heartbeat is the most common symptom of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT). In AVNRT, the heart can beat between 120 to 280 times a minute. The fast heartbeat usually starts suddenly.
+AVNRT does not always cause symptoms. When symptoms do show up, they may include:
+A pounding feeling in the neck.
+Pounding or fluttering heartbeat, called palpitations.
+Chest pressure, tightness or pain.
+Dizziness or lightheadedness.
+Shortness of breath.
+Sweating.
+Weakness or extreme tiredness.
+Fainting or almost fainting.
+Symptoms of AVNRT may be mild in children. Some symptoms include sweating, trouble feeding, changes in skin color and a fast heartbeat.","Make an appointment for a healthcare checkup if you have unexplained changes in your heartbeat.
+Also see a healthcare professional if an infant or child has these symptoms:
+Fast heartbeat.
+Sweating for no reason.
+Changes in feeding.
+Changes in skin color.
+Call 911 or your local emergency number if you a very fast heartbeat that lasts for several minutes or happens with these symptoms:
+Chest pain.
+Dizziness.
+Trouble breathing.
+Weakness.","Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is caused by faulty electrical signaling in the heart. Electrical signals control the heartbeat.
+Usually, electrical signals in the heart follow a specific pathway. In AVNRT, there is an extra signaling pathway, called a reentrant circuit. The extra pathway makes the heart beat too early. This stops the heart from pumping blood like it should.
+Healthcare professionals aren't sure why some people have the extra pathway that causes AVNRT. Sometimes, changes in the heart's structure may cause it.","Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is more common in young women. But anyone can get it.
+Some health conditions or treatments may increase the risk of AVNRT. These include:
+Coronary artery disease, heart valve disease and other heart diseases.
+Heart failure.
+Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect.
+Previous heart, lung or throat surgery.
+Obstructive sleep apnea.
+Thyroid disease.
+Lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
+Diabetes that is not controlled.
+Some medicines, including those used to treat asthma, allergies and colds.
+Other things that may increase the risk of AVNRT include:
+Emotional stress.
+Caffeine.
+Excessive alcohol use, which is defined as 15 or more drinks a week for men and eight or more drinks a week for women.
+Smoking and using nicotine.
+Stimulant drugs, including cocaine and methamphetamine.","Possible complications of AVNRT are:
+Worsening of existing heart disease.
+Sudden stopping of all heart activity, called sudden cardiac arrest.",,"To diagnose atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT), a healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and medical history. The healthcare professional listens to your heart and lungs using a stethoscope.
+Tests are often done to check heart health.","Most people with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) don't need treatment. But if the fast heartbeat happens often or lasts a long time, treatment may be needed.
+Treatment for AVNRT may include:
+Vagal maneuvers.Simple but specific actions such as coughing, bearing down as if passing stool, gently massaging the main artery in the neck or putting an ice pack on the face can help slow down the heart rate. These actions affect the vagus nerve, which helps control the heartbeat.
+Medicines.If the fast heartbeat happens frequently, your healthcare professional may prescribe medicines to slow or control your heart rate.
+Cardioversion. Paddles or patches on the chest are used to electrically shock the heart and help reset the heart rhythm. Cardioversion is typically used when vagal maneuvers and medicines don't work.
+Catheter ablation.This treatment may be suggested if medicines don't work or if their side effects are too bothersome. A doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through a blood vessel, usually in the groin, and guides it to the heart. Sensors on the tip of the catheter use heat or cold energy to create tiny scars in the heart. The scars block irregular electrical signals and restore a typical heartbeat.",,"If you have a very fast heartbeat that often starts and ends suddenly, make an appointment for a health checkup. If a fast heartbeat lasts more than a few minutes, get medical care right away.
+You may see a doctor trained in heart conditions, called a cardiologist. You also might see a doctor trained in heart rhythm disorders, called an electrophysiologist.
+Appointments can be short, so it's good to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your visit.",,"pain, tiredness, tachycardia, pounding, weakness, pounding or fluttering heartbeat, sweating, palpitations, lightheadedness, chest pressure, dizziness, fainting, pounding feeling in the neck, extreme tiredness, tightness, shortness of breath, avnrt"
+133,Folliculitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/folliculitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20361634,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/folliculitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361662,,"Folliculitis is a common skin condition that happens when hair follicles become inflamed. It's often caused by an infection with bacteria. At first it may look like small pimples around the tiny pockets from where each hair grows (hair follicles).
+
+The condition can be itchy, sore and embarrassing. The infection can spread and turn into crusty sores.
+
+Mild folliculitis will likely heal without scarring in a few days with basic self-care. More-serious or repeat infections may need prescription medicine. Left untreated, severe infections can cause permanent hair loss and scarring.
+
+Certain types of folliculitis are known as hot tub rash and barber's itch.",Folliculitis signs and symptoms include:,"Make an appointment with your health care provider if your condition is widespread or the symptoms don't go away after a week or two of self-care measures. You may need a prescription-strength antibiotic or antifungal medication to help control the condition.
+
+Seek immediate medical care if you experience signs of a spreading infection. These include a sudden increase in redness or pain, fever, chills, and a feeling of being unwell (malaise).","Folliculitis is often caused when hair follicles are infected with bacteria, commonly Staphylococcus aureus (staph). It may also be caused by viruses, fungi, parasites, medications or physical injury. Sometimes the cause isn't known.","Anyone can develop folliculitis. Certain factors increase the risk of getting it, including:",Possible complications of folliculitis include:,You can try to prevent folliculitis by using these tips:,"Your health care provider will likely be able to tell whether you have folliculitis by looking at your skin and asking about your medical history.
+
+If early treatments don't clear up your infection, your health care provider may run some tests. These tests might include:","Treatments for folliculitis depend on the type and severity of your condition, what self-care measures you've already tried, and how you'd like to proceed.
+
+If you've tried nonprescription products for a few weeks and they haven't helped, ask your health care provider about prescription-strength medications. A dermatologist can help you:
+
+Even if treatment helps, the infection may come back. Talk with your health care provider about the risks of the treatments you're considering.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. You may then be referred to a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions (dermatologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"folliculitis, I can extract them for you., there are no symptoms mentioned. If you provide a paragraph with symptoms, The paragraph is empty"
+134,Mitral valve prolapse,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/symptoms-causes/syc-20355446,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355452,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/doctors-departments/ddc-20355454,"Mitral valve prolapse is a type of heart valve disease that affects the valve between the left heart chambers. The flaps (leaflets) of the mitral valve are floppy. They bulge backward (prolapse) like a parachute into the heart's left upper chamber as the heart squeezes (contracts).
+
+Mitral (MY-trul) valve prolapse sometimes causes blood to leak backward across the valve, a condition called mitral valve regurgitation.","Signs and symptoms of mitral valve prolapse are due to the amount of blood leaking backward through the valve.
+
+Mitral valve prolapse symptoms can vary widely from one person to another. Many people with mitral valve prolapse don't have noticeable symptoms. Other people may have mild symptoms that develop gradually.
+
+Symptoms of mitral valve prolapse may include:","If you have symptoms of mitral valve prolapse, make an appointment with your health care provider. Many other conditions can cause similar symptoms.
+
+If you're having sudden or unusual chest pain or think you're having a heart attack, seek emergency medical care immediately.
+
+If you've been diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse, see your provider if your symptoms worsen.","To understand the causes of mitral valve disease, it may be helpful to know how the heart works.
+
+The mitral valve is one of four valves in the heart that keep blood flowing in the right direction. Each valve has flaps (leaflets) that open and close once during each heartbeat. If a valve doesn't open or close properly, blood flow through the heart to the body can be reduced.
+
+In mitral valve prolapse, one or both of the mitral valve leaflets have extra tissue or stretch more than usual. The leaflets can bulge backward (prolapse) like a parachute into the left upper heart chamber (left atrium) each time the heart contracts to pump blood.
+
+The bulging may keep the valve from closing tightly. If blood leaks backward through the valve, the condition is called mitral valve regurgitation.","Mitral valve prolapse can develop in any person at any age. Serious symptoms of mitral valve prolapse tend to occur most often in men older than 50.
+
+Mitral valve prolapse can occur in families (be inherited) and may be linked to several other conditions, including:",Potential complications of mitral valve prolapse may include:,,"To diagnose mitral valve prolapse, your health care provider will usually do a physical exam and listen to your heart with a stethoscope.
+
+If you have mitral valve prolapse, a clicking sound may be heard through the stethoscope. If blood is leaking backward through the mitral valve, a whooshing sound (heart murmur) also may be heard.","Most people with mitral valve prolapse, particularly people without symptoms, don't require treatment.
+
+If you have mitral valve regurgitation but don't have symptoms, your health care provider may recommend regular checkups to monitor your condition.
+
+If you have severe mitral valve regurgitation, medications or surgery may be needed even if you don't have symptoms.",,Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.,,"mitral valve prolapse, mitral valve prolapse symptoms, leaking backward through the valve"
+135,Airplane ear,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/airplane-ear/symptoms-causes/syc-20351701,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/airplane-ear/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351707,,"Airplane ear is stress on the eardrum that happens when the air pressure in the middle ear and the air pressure outside the ear are out of balance. Airplane ear might happen on an airplane that's climbing after takeoff or going lower for a landing.
+
+Airplane ear also is called ear barotrauma, barotitis media and aerotitis media.
+
+Self-care steps, such as yawning, swallowing or chewing gum, usually can improve airplane ear symptoms. But a severe case of airplane ear might need medical help.","Airplane ear can happen in one or both ears. Common symptoms of airplane ear include:
+
+Symptoms of severe airplane ear might include:","For ear discomfort or fullness or muffled hearing that lasts more than a few days, or for severe symptoms, make a medical appointment.","Airplane ear happens when the air pressure in the middle ear and the air pressure inside the airplane don't match. The mismatch keeps the eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane, from moving as usual.
+
+A narrow passage called the eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the back of the nose and throat. The eustachian tube keeps air pressure even.
+
+When an airplane climbs or goes lower, the air pressure changes fast. The eustachian tube often can't react fast enough. That causes the symptoms of airplane ear.
+
+Swallowing or yawning opens the eustachian tube. The opening lets the middle ear get more air. This equals out the air pressure.",Anything that blocks the eustachian tube or keeps it from working as usual can increase the risk of airplane ear. Common risk factors include:,"Airplane ear usually isn't serious and gets better with self-care. Rarely, complications can happen when the condition is serious or long-lasting. Also, complications can happen if there's damage to the middle or inner ear.
+
+Rare complicationsmay include:","To prevent or avoid airplane ear, follow these tips:","Diagnosis of airplane ear, also called ear barotrauma, is based on medical history and an exam of the ear with a lighted tool called an otoscope.","For most people, airplane ear heals with time. When the symptoms don't go away, treatments to even out the pressure might help symptoms of airplane ear.",,"If you have severe pain or symptoms linked to airplane ear that don't get better with self-care, talk to a healthcare professional. You might then be referred to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist.",,"Here are the extracted symptoms:
+
+ear"
+138,Body dysmorphic disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353938,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353944,,"Body dysmorphic disorder is a mental health condition in which you can't stop thinking about one or more perceived defects or flaws in your appearance — a flaw that appears minor or can't be seen by others. But you may feel so embarrassed, ashamed and anxious that you may avoid many social situations.
+When you have body dysmorphic disorder, you intensely focus on your appearance and body image, repeatedly checking the mirror, grooming or seeking reassurance, sometimes for many hours each day. Your perceived flaw and the repetitive behaviors cause you significant distress and impact your ability to function in your daily life.
+You may seek out numerous cosmetic procedures to try to ""fix"" your perceived flaw. Afterward, you may feel temporary satisfaction or a reduction in your distress, but often the anxiety returns and you may resume searching for other ways to fix your perceived flaw.
+Treatment of body dysmorphic disorder may include cognitive behavioral therapy and medication.","Signs and symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder include:
+Being extremely preoccupied with a perceived flaw in appearance that to others can't be seen or appears minor
+Strong belief that you have a defect in your appearance that makes you ugly or deformed
+Belief that others take special notice of your appearance in a negative way or mock you
+Engaging in behaviors aimed at fixing or hiding the perceived flaw that are difficult to resist or control, such as frequently checking the mirror, grooming or skin picking
+Attempting to hide perceived flaws with styling, makeup or clothes
+Constantly comparing your appearance with others
+Frequently seeking reassurance about your appearance from others
+Having perfectionist tendencies
+Seeking cosmetic procedures with little satisfaction
+Avoiding social situations
+Preoccupation with your appearance and excessive thoughts and repetitive behaviors can be unwanted, difficult to control and so time-consuming that they can cause major distress or problems in your social life, work, school or other areas of functioning.
+You may excessively focus over one or more parts of your body. The bodily feature that you focus on may change over time. The most common features people tend to fixate about include:
+Face, such as nose, complexion, wrinkles, acne and other blemishes
+Hair, such as appearance, thinning and baldness
+Skin and vein appearance
+Breast size
+Muscle size and tone
+Genitalia
+A preoccupation with your body build being too small or not muscular enough (muscle dysmorphia) occurs almost exclusively in males.
+Insight about body dysmorphic disorder varies. You may recognize that your beliefs about your perceived flaws may be excessive or not be true, or think that they probably are true, or be absolutely convinced that they're true. The more convinced you are of your beliefs, the more distress and disruption you may experience in your life.","Shame and embarrassment about your appearance may keep you from seeking treatment for body dysmorphic disorder. But if you have any signs or symptoms, see your health care provider or a mental health professional.
+Body dysmorphic disorder usually doesn't get better on its own. If left untreated, it may get worse over time, leading to anxiety, extensive medical bills, severe depression, and even suicidal thoughts and behavior.
+Suicidal thoughts and behavior are common with body dysmorphic disorder. If you think you may hurt yourself or attempt suicide, get help right away:
+In the U.S, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.
+Contact a suicide hotline. In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use theLifeline Chat. Services are free and confidential.
+Call your mental health professional.
+Seek help from your primary care provider.
+Reach out to a close friend or loved one.
+Contact a minister, spiritual leader or someone else in your faith community.","It's not known specifically what causes body dysmorphic disorder. Like many other mental health conditions, body dysmorphic disorder may result from a combination of issues, such as a family history of the disorder, negative evaluations or experiences about your body or self-image, and abnormal brain function or abnormal levels of the brain chemical called serotonin.","Body dysmorphic disorder typically starts in the early teenage years and it affects both males and females.
+Certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering body dysmorphic disorder, including:
+Having blood relatives with body dysmorphic disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder
+Negative life experiences, such as childhood teasing, neglect or abuse
+Certain personality traits, such as perfectionism
+Societal pressure or expectations of beauty
+Having another mental health condition, such as anxiety or depression","Complications that may be caused by or associated with body dysmorphic disorder include, for example:
+Low self-esteem
+Social isolation
+Major depression or other mood disorders
+Suicidal thoughts or behavior
+Anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
+Obsessive-compulsive disorder
+Eating disorders
+Substance misuse
+Health problems from behaviors such as skin picking
+Physical pain or risk of disfigurement due to repeated surgical interventions","There's no known way to prevent body dysmorphic disorder. However, because body dysmorphic disorder often starts in the early teenage years, identifying the disorder early and starting treatment may be of some benefit.
+Long-term maintenance treatment also may help prevent a relapse of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms.","After a medical evaluation to help rule out other medical conditions, your health care provider may make a referral to a mental health professional for further evaluation.
+Diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder is typically based on:
+A psychological evaluation that assesses risk factors and thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to negative self-image
+Personal, social, family and medical history
+Signs and symptoms",Treatment for body dysmorphic disorder often includes a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and medications.,"Talk with your health care provider or mental health professional about improving your coping skills, and ways to focus on identifying, monitoring and changing the negative thoughts and behaviors about your appearance.
+Consider these tips to help cope with body dysmorphic disorder:
+Write in a journal.This can help you better identify negative thoughts, emotions and behaviors.
+Don't become isolated.Try to participate in social activities and regularly get together with friends and family who can act as healthy supports.
+Take care of yourself.Eat healthy, stay physically active and get sufficient sleep.
+Join a support group.Connect with others facing similar challenges.
+Stay focused on your goals.Recovery is an ongoing process. Stay motivated by keeping your recovery goals in mind.
+Learn relaxation and stress management.Try practicing stress-reduction techniques such as meditation or deep breathing.
+Don't make important decisions when you're feeling distress or despair.You may not be thinking clearly and may regret your decisions later.","Although you may start out talking with your health care provider about your concerns, you'll likely be referred to a mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, for further evaluation and specialized treatment.","Body dysmorphic disorder warrants treatment from a mental health professional. But you can do some things to build on your treatment plan, such as:
+Stick to your treatment plan.Don't skip therapy sessions, even if you don't feel like going. Even if you're feeling well, continue to take your medications. If you stop, symptoms may come back. You could also experience withdrawal-like symptoms from stopping a medication too suddenly.
+Learn about your disorder.Education about body dysmorphic disorder can empower you and motivate you to stick to your treatment plan.
+Pay attention to warning signs.Work with your health care provider or mental health provider to learn what might trigger your symptoms. Make a plan so you know what to do if symptoms return. Contact your health care provider or mental health provider if you notice any changes in symptoms or how you feel.
+Practice learned strategies.At home, routinely practice the skills you learn during therapy so they become stronger habits.
+Avoid drugs and alcohol.Alcohol and recreational drugs can worsen symptoms or interact with medications.
+Get active.Physical activity and exercise can help manage many symptoms, such as depression, stress and anxiety. Consider walking, jogging, swimming, gardening or taking up another form of physical activity you enjoy. However, avoid excessive exercise as a way to fix a perceived flaw.","muscle size and tone, genitalia, acne, skin picking, perfectionist tendencies, thinning, muscle dysmorphia, excessive focus, wrinkles, major distress, blemishes, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+preoccupation, distress, strong belief, dysmorphic disorder, belief, frequent checking, avoidance, baldness, excessive thoughts, vein appearance, repetitive behaviors"
+139,Behcet disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/behcet-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351326,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/behcet-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351331,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/behcet-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20351333,"Behcet (beh-CHET) disease, also called Behcet syndrome, is a rare condition. It causes blood vessel swelling, called inflammation, throughout the body.
+Behcet disease symptoms can seem like they aren't related at first. They can include mouth sores, eye irritation and swelling, skin rashes and sores, and genital sores.
+Treatment involves medicines to ease symptoms of Behcet disease and to prevent serious complications, such as blindness.","Behcet disease symptoms vary from person to person. Symptoms can come and go or become less serious over time. Symptoms depend on which parts of the body the condition affects.
+Behcet disease most often affects the following:
+Mouth.Painful mouth sores that look like canker sores are the most common sign of Behcet disease. They begin as raised, round sores in the mouth. They quickly turn into painful ulcers.The sores most often heal in 1 to 3 weeks. But they often come back.
+Skin.Some people get sores that look like acne on their bodies. Others get raised and tender growths called nodules on their skin, mainly on the lower legs.
+Genitals.Open sores can happen on the scrotum or the vulva. The sores are most often painful and can leave scars.
+Eyes.Irritation and swelling, called inflammation, in the eye causes redness, pain and blurred vision. Called uveitis, this inflammation most often affects both eyes. In people with Behcet disease, these symptoms can come and go.
+Joints.Joint swelling and pain often affect the knees in people with Behcet disease. The ankles, elbows or wrists also might be involved. Symptoms can last 1 to 3 weeks and go away on their own.
+Blood vessels.Swelling, called inflammation, in veins and arteries can cause redness and pain. It can cause a blood clot, which leads to swelling in the arms or legs. Inflammation in the large arteries can lead to complications. These include bulges in the artery that can burst, called aneurysms, and narrowed or blocked blood vessels.
+Digestive system.Several symptoms can affect the network of organs that digest food, called the digestive system. Symptoms may include belly pain, diarrhea and bleeding.
+Brain.Swelling, called inflammation, in the brain and nervous system can cause headache, fever, confusion, poor balance or stroke.","Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms that might be Behcet disease. If you've been diagnosed with the condition, see your health professional if you get new symptoms.","Behcet disease might be an autoimmune disorder, which means the body's immune system attacks some of its own healthy cells by mistake. It's likely that gene changes and factors in the environment play a role.
+Experts believe that swelling of the blood vessels, called vasculitis, causes the symptoms of Behcet disease. The condition can involve arteries and veins of all sizes. Vasculitis can damage blood vessels all through the body.
+Some genes might make people more likely to get Behcet disease. Some researchers think that a germ can trigger the disease in people who have these genes.","Factors that might increase your risk of Behcet disease include:
+Age.Behcet disease most often affects people in their 20s and 30s. But children and older adults also can have the condition.
+Country.People from countries in the Middle East and East Asia, including Turkey, Iran, Japan and China, are more likely to get Behcet disease.
+Sex assigned at birth.Behcet disease can happen to anyone. But the disease is most often worse in people assigned male at birth.
+Genes.Certain genes may be linked with a higher risk of getting Behcet disease.","Complications of Behcet disease depend on symptoms. For instance, untreated uveitis can lead to loss of vision or blindness. If you have eye symptoms of Behcet disease, see an eye specialist, called an ophthalmologist, regularly. Treatment can help prevent this complication.",,"No tests can show that you have Behcet disease. So your healthcare professional mainly makes the diagnosis based on your symptoms. Nearly everyone with the condition gets mouth sores. So mouth sores that come back at least three times in 12 months often are needed for a diagnosis of Behcet disease.
+Also, a diagnosis of Behcet disease needs at least two other symptoms, such as:
+Genital sores that keep coming back.
+Swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the eye.
+Skin sores.
+Tests to help diagnose Behcet disease include:
+Lab tests.Blood tests or other lab tests might rule out other conditions.
+Pathergy test.Your healthcare professional puts a sterile needle into your skin and looks at the area 1 to 2 days later. If the test is positive, a small bump forms under your skin where the needle was put in. This shows that your immune system reacts too much to a minor injury.","There's no cure for Behcet disease. If you have a mild form, your healthcare professional might suggest medicines to manage the pain and swelling of flares. You might not need medicine between flares. For some people, symptoms get better over time.
+For worse symptoms, you might take medicines to manage Behcet disease throughout your body. Plus you might take medicines for flares.","No one can predict the course of Behcet disease. And not knowing might be hard. Taking good care of yourself might help you cope with Behcet disease. Try to:
+Rest during flares.When symptoms appear, take time for yourself. Make time in your day to rest when you need to. Try to lower stress.
+Be active when symptoms improve.Moderate exercise, such as walking or swimming, can make you feel better between Behcet disease flares. Exercise can strengthen your body, help keep your joints moving and improve your mood.
+Connect with others.Because Behcet disease is rare, it may be hard to find others with the disease. Ask your healthcare team about support groups in your area. If you can't connect with someone close, the American Behcet's Disease Association offers message boards and chat rooms where you can connect with other people who have the condition.","You're likely to start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Your health professional might send you to a specialist who treats arthritis and other rheumatic illnesses, called a rheumatologist.
+Depending on your symptoms, you also might need to see an ophthalmologist for eye problems, a gynecologist or urologist for genital sores, a dermatologist for skin problems, a gastroenterologist for digestive troubles, or a neurologist for symptoms that involve the brain or central nervous system.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"ulcers, joint pain, headache, swelling, uveitis, behcet disease, poor balance, nodules, acne, open sores, growths, diarrhea, joint swelling, belly pain, bleeding, painful mouth sores, redness, pain, fever, blurred vision, painful ulcers, painful sores, aneurysms, confusion, inflammation, stroke"
+140,Geographic tongue,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/geographic-tongue/symptoms-causes/syc-20354396,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/geographic-tongue/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354401,,"Geographic tongue is an inflammatory but harmless condition affecting the surface of the tongue. The tongue usually is covered with tiny, pinkish-white bumps called papillae. These papillae are actually fine, hairlike structures. With geographic tongue, patches on the surface of the tongue are missing papillae. These patches are smooth and red, often with slightly raised borders.
+This condition is called geographic tongue because the patches make your tongue look like a map. The patches often appear in one area and then move to a different part of the tongue.
+Although geographic tongue may look alarming, it does not cause health issues. It's not related to infection or cancer. Geographic tongue sometimes can cause tongue pain and make you more sensitive to certain foods, such as spices, salt and even sweets.","Symptoms of geographic tongue may include:
+Smooth, red, irregularly shaped patches on the top or side of your tongue. These patches may look like sores.
+Frequent changes in the location, size and shape of the patches.
+Pain or burning feeling in some cases, most often related to eating spicy or acidic foods.
+Many people with geographic tongue have no symptoms.
+Geographic tongue can continue for days, months or years. The problem often goes away on its own, but it may appear again later.","Because most people with geographic tongue don't show symptoms, they won't need treatment. If you have symptoms, they may be related to a fungal infection, so see your doctor or dentist. In some cases, medicine may be prescribed to help ease symptoms.","The cause of geographic tongue is not known, and there's no way to prevent it. There may be a link between geographic tongue and other conditions, such as psoriasis. This is a skin disease that causes a rash with itchy, scaly patches. But more research is needed to learn about possible connections to other health conditions.","Factors that may increase your risk of geographic tongue include:
+Family history.Some people with geographic tongue have a family history of it. So genetic factors may raise the risk.
+Fissured tongue.People with geographic tongue often have a condition called fissured tongue. This is when deep grooves, called fissures, appear on the surface of the tongue.","Geographic tongue is harmless, but it can sometimes be uncomfortable. It does not pose a threat to your health, cause long-term complications or raise your risk of major health problems.
+This condition can cause anxiety. That's because the appearance of the tongue may be embarrassing, depending on how well the patches can be seen. It also may be hard to believe that nothing is seriously wrong.",,"Your physician or dentist usually can diagnose geographic tongue by looking at your tongue and going over your symptoms.
+During the exam, your physician or dentist may:
+Use a lighted instrument to check your tongue and mouth.
+Ask you to move your tongue around in various positions.
+Gently touch your tongue to check for tenderness or unusual changes in the tongue's texture.
+Check for signs of infection, such as fever or swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
+Some symptoms of geographic tongue may look like other conditions, such as oral lichen planus. This condition appears as lacy white patches in the mouth — sometimes with painful sores. So some conditions might need to be ruled out before making a diagnosis.","Geographic tongue usually does not need any medical treatment. While geographic tongue sometimes can cause tongue pain, it's a harmless condition.
+To manage pain or sensitivity, your doctor may recommend medicines such as:
+Pain relievers available without a prescription.
+Mouth rinses that numb the area.
+Antihistamine mouth rinses. Antihistamines are used to reduce swelling.
+Corticosteroid ointments or rinses. Corticosteroids are used to manage conditions that cause swelling or affect the immune system, such as lichen planus.
+Vitamin B or zinc.
+Medications for fungal infections.
+Because these treatments haven't been studied in great detail, their benefit is not known. Since geographic tongue comes and goes on its own, you may not be able to tell if treatments are making symptoms go away.",,"If you're worried about how your tongue looks, make an appointment with your doctor or dentist.","Most people with geographic tongue don't experience symptoms. But if you have symptoms, you may reduce pain by staying away from or limiting substances that commonly make sensitive oral tissues feel worse. These substances include spicy or acidic foods or beverages, as well as alcohol and tobacco.","pain, irregularly shaped patches, red, burning feeling, smooth"
+141,Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vertigo/symptoms-causes/syc-20370055,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vertigo/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370060,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vertigo/doctors-departments/ddc-20370061,"Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is one of the most common causes of vertigo — the sudden sensation that you're spinning or that the inside of your head is spinning.
+BPPVcauses brief episodes of mild to intense dizziness. It is usually triggered by specific changes in your head's position. This might occur when you tip your head up or down, when you lie down, or when you turn over or sit up in bed.
+AlthoughBPPVcan be bothersome, it's rarely serious except when it increases the chance of falls. You can receive effective treatment forBPPVduring a doctor's office visit.","The signs and symptoms of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) may include:
+Dizziness
+A sense that you or your surroundings are spinning or moving (vertigo)
+A loss of balance or unsteadiness
+Nausea
+Vomiting
+The signs and symptoms ofBPPVcan come and go and commonly last less than one minute. Episodes ofBPPVcan disappear for some time and then recur.
+Activities that bring about the signs and symptoms ofBPPVcan vary from person to person, but are almost always brought on by a change in head position. Some people also feel out of balance when standing or walking.
+Abnormal rhythmic eye movements usually accompany the symptoms of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.","Generally, see your doctor if you experience any recurrent, sudden, severe, or prolonged and unexplained dizziness or vertigo.","Often, there's no known cause forBPPV. This is called idiopathicBPPV.
+When there is a known cause,BPPVis often associated with a minor to severe blow to your head. Less common causes ofBPPVinclude disorders that damage your inner ear or, rarely, damage that occurs during ear surgery or long periods positioned on your back, such as in a dentist chair.BPPValso has been associated with migraines.","Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo occurs most often in people age 50 and older, but can occur at any age.BPPVis also more common in women than in men. A head injury or any other disorder of the balance organs of your ear may make you more susceptible toBPPV.","AlthoughBPPVis uncomfortable, it rarely causes complications. The dizziness ofBPPVcan make you unsteady, which may put you at greater risk of falling.",,"Your doctor may do a series of tests to determine the cause of your dizziness. During a physical exam, your doctor will likely look for:
+Signs and symptoms of dizziness that are prompted by eye or head movements and then decrease in less than one minute
+Dizziness with specific eye movements that occur when you lie on your back with your head turned to one side and tipped slightly over the edge of the examination bed
+Involuntary movements of your eyes from side to side
+Inability to control your eye movements
+If your doctor can't find the cause of your signs and symptoms, he or she may order additional testing, such as:
+Electronystagmography (ENG) or videonystagmography (VNG).The purpose of these tests is to detect abnormal eye movement.ENG(which uses electrodes) orVNG(which uses small cameras) can help determine if dizziness is due to inner ear disease by measuring involuntary eye movements while your head is placed in different positions or your balance organs are stimulated with water or air.
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).This test uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create cross-sectional images of your head and body. Your doctor can use these images to identify and diagnose a range of conditions.MRImay be performed to rule out other possible causes of vertigo.","Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo may go away on its own within a few weeks or months. But, to help relieveBPPVsooner, your doctor, audiologist or physical therapist may treat you with a series of movements known as the canalith repositioning procedure.",,"Make an appointment with your doctor if you have symptoms common toBPPV. After an initial examination, your doctor may refer you to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist or a doctor who specializes in the brain and nervous system (neurologist).
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","If you experience dizziness associated withBPPV, consider these tips:
+Be aware of the possibility of losing your balance, which can lead to falling and serious injury.
+Avoid movements, such as looking up, that bring on the symptoms.
+Sit down immediately when you feel dizzy.
+Use good lighting if you get up at night.
+Walk with a cane for stability if you're at risk of falling.
+Work closely with your doctor to manage your symptoms effectively.
+BPPVmay recur even after successful therapy. Although there's no cure, the condition can be managed with physical therapy and home treatments.","unsteadiness, nausea, out of balance, vomiting, dizziness, loss of balance, bppv, vertigo, nausea
+vomiting
+"
+142,IgA nephropathy (Berger disease),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iga-nephropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352268,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iga-nephropathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352274,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iga-nephropathy/doctors-departments/ddc-20352277,"IgAnephropathy (nuh-FROP-uh-thee), also known as Berger disease, is a kidney disease. It happens when a germ-fighting protein called immunoglobulin A (IgA) builds up in the kidneys. This causes a type of swelling called inflammation that, over time, can make it harder for the kidneys to filter waste from the blood.
+IgAnephropathy often becomes worse slowly over years. But the course of the disease varies from person to person. Some people leak blood into their urine without having other problems. Others might have complications such as losing kidney function and spilling protein into the urine. Still others develop kidney failure, which means the kidneys stop working well enough to filter the body's waste on their own.
+There's no cure forIgAnephropathy, but medicines can slow how quickly it becomes worse. Some people need treatment to lower inflammation, reduce the spilling of protein into the urine and prevent the kidneys from failing. Such treatments may help the disease become not active, a state called remission. Keeping blood pressure under control and lowering cholesterol also slow the disease.","IgAnephropathy often doesn't cause symptoms early on. You might not notice any health effects for 10 years or more. Sometimes, routine medical tests find signs of the disease, such as protein and red blood cells in the urine that are seen under a microscope.
+WhenIgAnephropathy causes symptoms, they might include:
+Cola- or tea-colored urine caused by blood. You might notice these color changes after a cold, sore throat or respiratory infection.
+Blood that can be seen in the urine.
+Foamy urine from protein leaking into the urine. This is called proteinuria.
+Pain on one or both sides of the back below the ribs.
+Swelling in the hands and feet called edema.
+High blood pressure.
+Weakness and tiredness.
+If the disease leads to kidney failure, symptoms may include:
+Rashes and itchy skin.
+Muscle cramps.
+Upset stomach and vomiting.
+Less appetite.
+Metallic taste in the mouth.
+Confusion.
+Kidney failure is life-threatening without treatment. But dialysis or a kidney transplant can help people live for many more years.","See your doctor if you think you have symptoms ofIgAnephropathy. It's key to get a checkup if you notice blood in your urine. Various conditions can cause this symptom. But if it keeps happening or it doesn't go away, it might be a sign of a serious health problem. Also see your doctor if you notice sudden swelling in your hands or feet.","The kidneys are two bean-shaped, fist-sized organs located at the small of the back, one on each side of the spine. Each kidney contains tiny blood vessels called glomeruli. These vessels filter waste, extra water and other substances from the blood. Then the filtered blood goes back into the bloodstream. The waste products pass into the bladder and out of the body in urine.
+Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a type of protein called an antibody. The immune system makesIgAto help attack germs and fight infections. But withIgAnephropathy, this protein collects in the glomeruli. This causes inflammation and affects their filtering ability over time.
+Researchers don't know exactly what causesIgAto build up in the kidneys. But the following things might be linked with it:
+Genes.IgAnephropathy is more common in some families and in certain ethnic groups, such as people of Asian and European descent.
+Liver diseases.These include scarring of the liver called cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B and C infections.
+Celiac disease.Eating gluten, a protein found in most grains, triggers this digestive condition.
+Infections.These includeHIVand some bacterial infections.","The exact cause ofIgAnephropathy is unknown. But these factors might raise the risk of getting it:
+Sex.In North America and Western Europe,IgAnephropathy affects at least twice as many men as it does women.
+Ethnicity.IgAnephropathy is more common in white people and people of Asian descent than it is in Black people.
+Age.IgAnephropathy most often develops between the mid-teens and mid-30s.
+Family history.IgAnephropathy appears to run in some families.","The course ofIgAnephropathy varies from person to person. Some people have the disease for years with few or no problems. Many don't get diagnosed. Other people develop one or more of the following complications:
+High blood pressure.Damage to the kidneys fromIgAbuildup can raise blood pressure. And high blood pressure can do more damage to the kidneys.
+High cholesterol.High levels of cholesterol can raise the risk of a heart attack.
+Acute kidney failure.If the kidneys can't filter blood well enough due to buildup ofIgA, levels of waste products rise quickly in the blood. And if kidney function gets worse very quickly, health care professionals may use the term rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.
+Chronic kidney disease.IgAnephropathy can cause the kidneys to stop working over time. Then a treatment called dialysis or a kidney transplant is needed to live.
+Nephrotic syndrome.This is a group of problems that can be caused by damage to the glomeruli. The problems can include high urine protein levels, low blood protein levels, high cholesterol and lipids, and swelling of the eyelids, feet and stomach area.","You can't preventIgAnephropathy. Talk with your doctor if you have a family history of the disease. Ask what you can do to keep your kidneys healthy. For example, it helps to lower high blood pressure and keep cholesterol at healthy levels.","IgAnephropathy is often found after you notice blood in your urine. Or a routine test might show that you have protein or blood in your urine. You'll need other exams too. They may include:
+Urine tests.A lab can check a sample of your urine under a microscope. This is done to find out how well your kidneys are working and how much protein the kidneys are spilling. WithIgAnephropathy, the lab exam shows blood in the urine or other signs that could hint at inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys, called glomeruli.
+Blood tests.If you have kidney disease, blood tests might show higher levels of the waste product creatinine or the protein cystatin C.
+Kidney biopsy.This procedure is the only way to confirm whether you haveIgAnephropathy. A special needle is used to take out small pieces of kidney tissue. Then the tissue is checked under a microscope.
+Iothalamate clearance test.Your doctor also may recommend this test. It uses a special contrast agent to track how well your kidneys are filtering wastes.","There's no cure forIgAnephropathy. There's also no sure way to predict how much the disease will affect your health over time. Some people need only medical tests to track whether the disease is getting worse.
+For others, medicines can slow the disease from becoming worse and help manage symptoms.
+Medicines to treatIgAnephropathy include:
+High blood pressure drugs.Medicines called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) can lower blood pressure and reduce how much protein the body loses.
+Medicines that calm the immune system.These also are called immunosuppressants. They include corticosteroids and other strong medicines that can lessen the body's defenses. They might keep the immune system from making the proteins that attack the glomeruli. These medicines can cause serious side effects, such as high blood pressure, high blood sugar and a greater risk of infection. Your doctor helps you choose an immunosuppressant medicine. Many new treatments have been approved or are being tested in clinical trials. Talk with your doctor about the latest advances in the treatment ofIgAnephropathy.
+Omega-3 fatty acids.These healthy fats might curb inflammation in the glomeruli without harmful side effects. You can get omega-3s from fish oil supplements. But don't buy those off the shelf. Ask your doctor if prescription fish oil supplements might help you.
+Cholesterol medicine.If you have high cholesterol, this type of medicine can help control it and slow down kidney damage.
+Diuretics.These can help control swelling in the hands and feet called edema.
+The main goal of treatment is to keep you from needing dialysis or a kidney transplant. But either of those treatments can be lifesaving if your kidneys stop working well enough on their own.","Coping with severe forms ofIgAnephropathy can be a challenge. But you don't have to do it alone. If you have questions or you need guidance, talk with a member of your health care team.
+It also might help to join a support group. You can meet other people who may understand what you're going through and share information with you. To find out about support groups in your area that deal with kidney disease, ask your health care team. Or contact the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) to learn aboutNKFPeers, a national, telephone-based peer support program. Call855-NKF-PEER(855-653-7337) to join.","You're likely to start by seeing your primary doctor. But you might be referred to a doctor who is trained to treat kidney disorders, called a nephrologist. Here are some tips to get ready for your appointment.","To help keep your kidneys healthier:
+Take steps to lower your blood pressure.This can help slow kidney damage fromIgAnephropathy. Start with some healthy lifestyle changes. Limit how much sodium and fat you eat. Lose any extra weight. Get regular exercise. And if you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. Also take your blood pressure medicines as prescribed.
+Keep track of your blood pressure at home.If your health care team asks you to do this, write down each blood pressure reading. Then bring the record with you to checkups.
+Eat less protein.Ask your doctor if you should cut back on protein. This may help slowIgAnephropathy from becoming worse and protect your kidneys.","upset stomach, foamy urine, respiratory infection, less appetite, metallic taste in mouth, rashes, itchy, pain on one or both sides of the back below the ribs, iganephropathy, tiredness, wheniganephropathy, blood in the urine, cola- or tea-colored urine, edema, proteinuria, vomiting, kidney failure, appetite, pain, itchy skin, throat, weakness, high blood pressure, confusion, swelling in the hands and feet, tea-colored, muscle cramps"
+143,Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholangiocarcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352408,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholangiocarcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352413,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholangiocarcinoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20352415,"Cholangiocarcinoma is a type of cancer that forms in the slender tubes (bile ducts) that carry the digestive fluid bile. Bile ducts connect your liver to your gallbladder and to your small intestine.
+Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, occurs mostly in people older than age 50, though it can occur at any age.
+Doctors divide cholangiocarcinoma into different types based on where the cancer occurs in the bile ducts:
+Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomaoccurs in the parts of the bile ducts within the liver and is sometimes classified as a type of liver cancer.
+Hilar cholangiocarcinomaoccurs in the bile ducts just outside of the liver. This type is also called perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.
+Distal cholangiocarcinomaoccurs in the portion of the bile duct nearest the small intestine. This type is also called extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
+Cholangiocarcinoma is often diagnosed when it's advanced, making successful treatment difficult to achieve.","Signs and symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma include:
+Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
+Intensely itchy skin
+White-colored stools
+Fatigue
+Abdominal pain on the right side, just below the ribs
+Losing weight without trying
+Fever
+Night sweats
+Dark urine","See your doctor if you have persistent fatigue, abdominal pain, jaundice, or other signs and symptoms that bother you. He or she may refer you to a specialist in digestive diseases (gastroenterologist).",Cholangiocarcinoma happens when cells in the bile ducts develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply out of control and form a mass of cells (tumor) that can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. It's not clear what causes the changes that lead to cholangiocarcinoma.,"Factors that may increase your risk of cholangiocarcinoma include:
+Primary sclerosing cholangitis.This disease causes hardening and scarring of the bile ducts.
+Chronic liver disease.Scarring of the liver caused by a history of chronic liver disease increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
+Bile duct problems present at birth.People born with a choledochal cyst, which causes dilated and irregular bile ducts, have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
+A liver parasite.In areas of Southeast Asia, cholangiocarcinoma is associated with liver fluke infection, which can occur from eating raw or undercooked fish.
+Older age.Cholangiocarcinoma occurs most often in adults over age 50.
+Smoking.Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
+Diabetes.People who have type 1 or 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
+Certain inherited conditions.Some DNA changes passed from parents to children cause conditions that increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Examples of these conditions include cystic fibrosis and Lynch syndrome.",,"To reduce your risk of cholangiocarcinoma, you can:
+Stop smoking.Smoking is linked to an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. If you smoke, stop. If you have tried quitting in the past and haven't been successful, talk with your doctor about strategies to help you quit.
+Reduce your risk of liver disease.Chronic liver disease is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Some causes of liver disease can't be prevented, but others can. Do what you can to take care of your liver.For instance, to reduce your risk of liver inflammation (cirrhosis), drink alcohol in moderation, if you choose to drink. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. Maintain a healthy weight. When working with chemicals, follow the safety instructions.","If your doctor suspects cholangiocarcinoma, he or she may have you undergo one or more of the following tests:
+Liver function tests.Blood tests to measure your liver function can give your doctor clues about what's causing your signs and symptoms.
+Tumor marker test.Checking the level of carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 in your blood may give your doctor additional clues about your diagnosis.CA19-9 is a protein that's overproduced by bile duct cancer cells.A high level ofCA19-9 in your blood doesn't mean you have bile duct cancer, though. This result can also occur in other bile duct diseases, such as bile duct inflammation and obstruction.
+A test to examine your bile duct with a small camera.During endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), a thin, flexible tube equipped with a tiny camera is passed down your throat and through your digestive tract to your small intestine. The camera is used to examine the area where your bile ducts connect to your small intestine. Your doctor may also use this procedure to inject dye into the bile ducts to help them show up better on imaging tests.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests can help your doctor see your internal organs and look for signs of cholangiocarcinoma. Techniques used to diagnose bile duct cancer include ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).MRCPis increasingly being used as a noninvasive alternative toERCP. It offers 3D images without the need for a dye to enhance the images.
+A procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope.If the suspicious area is located very near where the bile duct joins the small intestine, your doctor may obtain a biopsy sample duringERCP. If the suspicious area is within or near the liver, your doctor may obtain a tissue sample by inserting a long needle through your skin to the affected area (fine-needle aspiration). He or she may use an imaging test, such as an endoscopic ultrasound orCTscan, to guide the needle to the precise area.How your doctor collects a biopsy sample may influence which treatment options are available to you later. For example, if your bile duct cancer is biopsied by fine-needle aspiration, you will become ineligible for liver transplantation. Don't hesitate to ask about your doctor's experience with diagnosing cholangiocarcinoma. If you have any doubts, get a second opinion.
+If your doctor confirms a diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma, he or she tries to determine the extent (stage) of the cancer. Often this involves additional imaging tests. Your cancer's stage helps determine your prognosis and your treatment options.","Treatments for cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) may include:
+Surgery.When possible, surgeons try to remove as much of the cancer as they can. For very small bile duct cancers, this involves removing part of the bile duct and joining the cut ends. For more-advanced bile duct cancers, nearby liver tissue, pancreas tissue or lymph nodes may be removed as well.
+Liver transplant.Surgery to remove your liver and replace it with one from a donor (liver transplant) may be an option in certain situations for people with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. For many, a liver transplant can be a cure for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, but there is a risk that the cancer will recur after a liver transplant.
+Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used before a liver transplant. It may also be an option for people with advanced cholangiocarcinoma to help slow the disease and relieve signs and symptoms. Chemotherapy drugs can be infused into a vein so that they travel throughout the body. Or the drugs can be administered in a way so that they are delivered directly to the cancer cells.
+Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams from sources such as X-rays and protons to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can involve a machine that directs radiation beams at your body (external beam radiation). Or it can involve placing radioactive material inside your body near the site of your cancer (brachytherapy).
+Targeted drug therapy.Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Your doctor may test your cancer cells to see if targeted therapy may be effective against your cholangiocarcinoma.
+Immunotherapy.Immunotherapy uses your immune system to fight cancer. Your body's disease-fighting immune system may not attack your cancer because the cancer cells produce proteins that help them hide from the immune system cells. Immunotherapy works by interfering with that process. For cholangiocarcinoma, immunotherapy might be an option for advanced cancer when other treatments haven't helped.
+Heating cancer cells.Radiofrequency ablation uses electric current to heat and destroy cancer cells. Using an imaging test as a guide, such as ultrasound, the doctor inserts one or more thin needles into small incisions in your abdomen. When the needles reach the cancer, they're heated with an electric current, destroying the cancer cells.
+Photodynamic therapy.In photodynamic therapy, a light-sensitive chemical is injected into a vein and accumulates in the fast-growing cancer cells. Laser light directed at the cancer causes a chemical reaction in the cancer cells, killing them. You'll typically need multiple treatments. Photodynamic therapy can help relieve your signs and symptoms, and it may also slow cancer growth. You'll need to avoid sun exposure after treatments.
+Biliary drainage.Biliary drainage is a procedure to restore the flow of bile. It might involve placing a thin tube into the bile duct in order to drain the bile. Other strategies include bypass surgery to reroute the bile around the cancer and stents to hold open a bile duct being collapsed by cancer. Biliary drainage helps relieve signs and symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma.
+Because cholangiocarcinoma is a very difficult type of cancer to treat, don't hesitate to ask about your doctor's experience with treating the condition. If you have any doubts, get a second opinion.","Learning you have a life-threatening illness can be devastating. You will not find any easy answers for dealing with cholangiocarcinoma, but some of the following suggestions may help:
+Learn what you need to know about your cancer.Ask your doctor about your cancer, including the type and stage of your cancer, your treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about cholangiocarcinoma, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions. Ask about trusted sources of further information.
+Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with your cancer. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your home if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed.
+Find someone to talk with.Although friends and family can be your best allies, in some cases they have difficulty coping with the shock of your diagnosis. In these cases, talking with a counselor, medical social worker, or a pastoral or religious counselor can be helpful. Ask your doctor for a referral.
+Connect with other cancer survivors.You may find comfort in talking with other cancer survivors. Contact your local chapter of the American Cancer Society to find cancer support groups in your area.
+Make plans for the unknown.Having a life-threatening illness, such as cancer, requires you to prepare for the possibility that you may die. For some people, having a strong faith or a sense of something greater than themselves makes it easier to come to terms with a life-threatening illness.Ask your doctor about advance directives and living wills to help you plan for end-of-life care, should you need it.","Start by making an appointment with your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you. If you doctor determines that you have cholangiocarcinoma, he or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the digestive system (gastroenterologist) or to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer (oncologist).",,"itchy skin, night sweats, fatigue, fever, jaundice, dark urine, abdominal pain, yellowing of skin, losing weight, itchy, white-colored stools, cholangiocarcinoma"
+144,Alcohol poisoning,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20354386,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-poisoning/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354392,,"Alcohol poisoning is a serious — and sometimes deadly — result of drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. Drinking too much too quickly can affect breathing, heart rate, body temperature and gag reflex. In some cases, this can lead to a coma and death.
+Alcohol poisoning also can occur when adults or children accidentally or intentionally drink household products that contain alcohol.
+If you think that someone has alcohol poisoning, get medical attention right away.","Alcohol poisoning symptoms include:
+Confusion.
+Vomiting.
+Seizures.
+Slow breathing, which is fewer than eight breaths a minute.
+Breathing that's not regular. This is when there is a gap of more than 10 seconds between breaths.
+Skin that looks blue, gray or pale.
+Low body temperature, also known as hypothermia.
+Trouble staying conscious or awake.",It's not necessary to have all the above symptoms before seeking medical help. A person with alcohol poisoning who has passed out or can't wake up could die.,"Alcohol in the form of ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, is in alcoholic beverages. It's also in mouthwash, some cooking extracts, some medicines and certain household products. Ethyl alcohol poisoning generally results from drinking too many alcoholic beverages in a short period of time.
+Other forms of alcohol can cause toxic poisoning that requires emergency treatment. They include:
+Isopropyl alcohol, which is found in rubbing alcohol, lotions and some cleaning products.
+Methanol or ethylene glycol, which is a common ingredient in antifreeze, paints and solvents.","Several factors can increase your risk of alcohol poisoning, including:
+Your height and weight.
+Health conditions that affect how your body processes alcohol.
+Whether you've eaten recently.
+Whether you've had alcohol along with other drugs, including medicines you take for health reasons.
+The percentage of alcohol in your drinks.
+How fast and how much alcohol you drink.
+How your body processes alcohol.","Severe complications can result from alcohol poisoning, including:
+Choking.Alcohol may cause vomiting. Because it depresses the gag reflex, this increases the risk of choking on vomit if a person passes out.
+Stopping breathing.Accidentally inhaling vomit into the lungs can lead to a dangerous or fatal interruption of breathing, also known as asphyxiation.
+Severe loss of fluids.Vomiting can result in severe dehydration, which happens when the body doesn't have enough water and other fluids. This can lead to dangerously low blood pressure and a fast heart rate.
+Seizures.The blood sugar level may drop low enough to cause seizures.
+Hypothermia.The body temperature may drop so low that it leads to cardiac arrest.
+Unusual heartbeat.Alcohol poisoning can cause a heartbeat that is not regular. It can even cause the heart to stop.
+Brain damage.Heavy drinking may cause brain damage that can't be reversed.
+Death.Any of the issues above can lead to death.","To avoid alcohol poisoning:
+Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to two drinks a day for males and one drink a day for females. When you drink, enjoy your drink slowly.
+Don't drink alcohol along with certain medicines.Some medicines can cause harmful effects when taken with even small amounts of alcohol. And certain health conditions may mean it takes less alcohol than expected to reach the level of alcohol poisoning. Ask your health care provider if these risks apply to you.
+Don't drink on an empty stomach.Having some food in your stomach may slow the process of absorbing alcohol somewhat. But it won't prevent alcohol poisoning during binge drinking.
+Communicate with your teens.Talk to your teenagers about the dangers of alcohol, including binge drinking. Evidence suggests that children who are warned about alcohol by their parents and who report close relationships with their parents are less likely to start drinking.
+Store products safely.If you have small children, store alcohol-containing products, including cosmetics, mouthwashes and medicines, out of their reach. Use childproof bathroom and kitchen cabinets to prevent access to household cleaners. Keep toxic items in your garage or storage area safely out of reach. Consider keeping alcoholic beverages under lock and key.
+Get follow-up care.Ask about follow-up care for alcohol poisoning. Meeting with a health care provider, particularly an experienced chemical dependency counselor, can help prevent future binge drinking.","In addition to checking for visible signs and symptoms of alcohol poisoning, your doctor will likely order blood and urine tests to check blood alcohol levels and identify other signs of alcohol toxicity, such as low blood sugar.","Alcohol poisoning treatment usually involves supportive care while the body rids itself of the alcohol. This typically includes:
+Monitoring to prevent breathing or choking problems.
+Oxygen therapy.
+Fluids given through a vein to prevent dehydration.
+Use of vitamins and glucose to help prevent serious complications.
+People who accidentally consume methanol or isopropyl alcohol may need hemodialysis. This is a mechanical way of filtering waste and toxins from the blood. It can speed the removal of alcohol from the blood.",,,Home remedies for alcohol poisoning won't work. Alcohol poisoning is an emergency situation.,"alcohol poisoning, blue skin, vomiting, trouble staying conscious, low body temperature, gray skin, pale skin, confusion, slow breathing, hypothermia, seizures, irregular breathing"
+145,Acne,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/symptoms-causes/syc-20368047,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368048,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/doctors-departments/ddc-20368049,"Acne is a skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. It causes whiteheads, blackheads or pimples. Acne is most common among teenagers, though it affects people of all ages.
+Effective acne treatments are available, but acne can be persistent. The pimples and bumps heal slowly, and when one begins to go away, others seem to crop up.
+Depending on its severity, acne can cause emotional distress and scar the skin. The earlier you start treatment, the lower your risk of such problems.","Acne signs vary depending on the severity of your condition:
+Whiteheads (closed plugged pores)
+Blackheads (open plugged pores)
+Small red, tender bumps (papules)
+Pimples (pustules), which are papules with pus at their tips
+Large, solid, painful lumps under the skin (nodules)
+Painful, pus-filled lumps under the skin (cystic lesions)
+Acne usually appears on the face, forehead, chest, upper back and shoulders.","If self-care remedies don't clear your acne, see your primary care doctor. He or she can prescribe stronger medications. If acne persists or is severe, you may want to seek medical treatment from a doctor who specializes in the skin (dermatologist or pediatric dermatologist).
+For many women, acne can persist for decades, with flares common a week before menstruation. This type of acne tends to clear up without treatment in women who use contraceptives.
+In older adults, a sudden onset of severe acne may signal an underlying disease requiring medical attention.
+The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warns that some popular nonprescription acne lotions, cleansers and other skin products can cause a serious reaction. This type of reaction is quite rare, so don't confuse it with any redness, irritation or itchiness that occurs in areas where you've applied medications or products.
+Seek emergency medical helpif after using a skin product you experience:
+Faintness
+Difficulty breathing
+Swelling of the eyes, face, lips or tongue
+Tightness of the throat","Four main factors cause acne:
+Excess oil (sebum) production
+Hair follicles clogged by oil and dead skin cells
+Bacteria
+Inflammation
+Acne typically appears on your face, forehead, chest, upper back and shoulders because these areas of skin have the most oil (sebaceous) glands. Hair follicles are connected to oil glands.
+The follicle wall may bulge and produce a whitehead. Or the plug may be open to the surface and darken, causing a blackhead. A blackhead may look like dirt stuck in pores. But actually the pore is congested with bacteria and oil, which turns brown when it's exposed to the air.
+Pimples are raised red spots with a white center that develop when blocked hair follicles become inflamed or infected with bacteria. Blockages and inflammation deep inside hair follicles produce cystlike lumps beneath the surface of your skin. Other pores in your skin, which are the openings of the sweat glands, aren't usually involved in acne.
+Certain things may trigger or worsen acne:
+Hormonal changes.Androgens are hormones that increase in boys and girls during puberty and cause the sebaceous glands to enlarge and make more sebum. Hormone changes during midlife, particularly in women, can lead to breakouts too.
+Certain medications.Examples include drugs containing corticosteroids, testosterone or lithium.
+Diet.Studies indicate that consuming certain foods — including carbohydrate-rich foods, such as bread, bagels and chips — may worsen acne. Further study is needed to examine whether people with acne would benefit from following specific dietary restrictions.
+Stress.Stress doesn't cause acne, but if you have acne already, stress may make it worse.","Risk factors for acne include:
+Age.People of all ages can get acne, but it's most common in teenagers.
+Hormonal changes.Such changes are common during puberty or pregnancy.
+Family history.Genetics plays a role in acne. If both of your parents had acne, you're likely to develop it too.
+Greasy or oily substances.You may develop acne where your skin comes into contact with oil or oily lotions and creams.
+Friction or pressure on your skin.This can be caused by items such as telephones, cellphones, helmets, tight collars and backpacks.","People with darker skin types are more likely than are people with lighter skin to experience these acne complications:
+Scars.Pitted skin (acne scars) and thick scars (keloids) can remain long-term after acne has healed.
+Skin changes.After acne has cleared, the affected skin may be darker (hyperpigmented) or lighter (hypopigmented) than before the condition occurred.",,,"If you've tried over-the-counter (nonprescription) acne products for several weeks and they haven't helped, ask your doctor about prescription-strength medications. A dermatologist can help you:
+Control your acne
+Avoid scarring or other damage to your skin
+Make scars less noticeable
+Acne medications work by reducing oil production and swelling or by treating bacterial infection. With most prescription acne drugs, you may not see results for four to eight weeks. It can take many months or years for your acne to clear up completely.
+The treatment regimen your doctor recommends depends on your age, the type and severity of your acne, and what you are willing to commit to. For example, you may need to wash and apply medications to the affected skin twice a day for several weeks. Topical medications and drugs you take by mouth (oral medication) are often used in combination. Treatment options for pregnant women are limited due to the risk of side effects.
+Talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits of medications and other treatments you are considering. And make follow-up appointments with your doctor every three to six months until your skin improves.","Acne and acne scars can cause anxiety and may affect your social relationships and self-image. Sometimes it can help to talk with your family, a support group or a counselor.
+Stress can worsen acne. Try to manage stress by getting enough sleep and practicing relaxation techniques.","If you have acne that's not responding to self-care and over-the-counter treatments, make an appointment with your doctor. Early, effective treatment of acne reduces the risk of scarring and of lasting damage to your self-esteem. After an initial examination, your doctor may refer you to a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions (dermatologist).
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","You can try to avoid or control mild or moderate acne with nonprescription products, good basic skin care and other self-care techniques:
+Wash problem areas with a gentle cleanser.Twice a day, use your hands to wash your face with mild soap or a gentle cleanser (Cetaphil, Vanicream, others) and warm water. And be gentle if you're shaving affected skin.Avoid certain products, such as facial scrubs, astringents and masks. They tend to irritate the skin, which can worsen acne. Too much washing and scrubbing also can irritate the skin.
+Try over-the-counter acne products to dry excess oil and promote peeling.Look for products containing benzoyl peroxide and adapalene as the active ingredients. You might also try products containing salicylic acid, glycolic acid or alpha hydroxy acids. It may take a few weeks of using a product before you see any improvement.Creams are less irritating than gels or ointments. Nonprescription acne medications may cause initial side effects — such as redness, dryness and scaling — that often improve after the first month of using them.
+Avoid irritants.Oily or greasy cosmetics, sunscreens, hairstyling products or acne concealers can worsen acne. Instead, use products labeled water-based or noncomedogenic, which means they are less likely to cause acne.
+Protect your skin from the sun.For some people, the sun worsens the discoloration that sometimes lingers after the acne has cleared. And some acne medications make you more susceptible to sunburn. Check with your doctor to see if your medication is one of these. If it is, stay out of the sun as much as possible. Regularly use a nonoily (noncomedogenic) moisturizer that includes a sunscreen.
+Avoid friction or pressure on your skin.Protect your acne-prone skin from contact with items such as phones, helmets, tight collars or straps, and backpacks.
+Avoid touching or picking acne-prone areas.Doing so can trigger more acne or lead to infection or scarring.
+Shower after strenuous activities.Oil and sweat on your skin can lead to breakouts.","pain, acne, blackheads, tender bumps, painful, pus-filled lumps under the skin (cystic lesions, pimples, whiteheads, painful lumps, pus-filled lumps, small red bumps"
+146,Bladder stones,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20354339,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354345,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-stones/doctors-departments/ddc-20354347,"Bladder stones are hard masses of minerals in your bladder. They develop when the minerals in concentrated urine crystallize and form stones. This often happens when you have trouble completely emptying your bladder.
+
+Small bladder stones may pass without treatment, but sometimes bladder stones need medications or surgery. Left untreated, bladder stones may lead to infections and other complications.","Sometimes bladder stones — even large ones — cause no problems. But if a stone irritates the bladder wall or blocks the flow of urine, signs and symptoms may include:",,"Bladder stones can develop when your bladder doesn't empty completely. This causes urine to become concentrated urine. Concentrated urine can crystallize and form stones.
+
+Some infections can lead to bladder stones. Sometimes an underlying condition that affects the bladder's ability to hold, store or eliminate urine can result in bladder stone formation. Any foreign materials present in the bladder tend to cause bladder stones.
+
+The most common conditions that cause bladder stones include:
+
+Other possible causes of bladder stones include:","Men, especially those over 50, are more likely to have bladder stones.
+
+Conditions that can raise the risk of bladder stones include:
+
+It's possible to have nerve damage and a condition that causes bladder outlet obstruction. Having these together further increases the risk of stones.","Bladder stones that don't pass — even those that don't cause symptoms — can lead to complications, such as:","Bladder stones are usually caused by an underlying condition that's hard to prevent, but you can decrease your chances of bladder stones by following these tips:",Diagnosing bladder stones may involve:,"Drinking lots of water may help a small stone pass naturally. However, because bladder stones are often caused by difficulty emptying your bladder completely, extra water may not be enough to make the stone pass.
+
+Most of the time, you'll need to have the stones removed. There are a few ways to do this.",,"If you have signs and symptoms of bladder stones, you're likely to see your primary care doctor first. You may then be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating urinary tract disorders (urologist).",,"blocks flow of urine, bladder stones, irritates bladder wall"
+147,Urinary incontinence,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-incontinence/symptoms-causes/syc-20352808,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-incontinence/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352814,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-incontinence/doctors-departments/ddc-20352818,"Urinary incontinence — the loss of bladder control — is a common and often embarrassing problem. The severity ranges from occasionally leaking urine when you cough or sneeze to having an urge to urinate that's so sudden and strong you don't get to a toilet in time.
+Though it occurs more often as people get older, urinary incontinence isn't an inevitable consequence of aging. If urinary incontinence affects your daily activities, don't hesitate to see your doctor. For most people, simple lifestyle and dietary changes or medical care can treat symptoms of urinary incontinence.","Many people experience occasional, minor leaks of urine. Others may lose small to moderate amounts of urine more frequently.
+Types of urinary incontinence include:
+Stress incontinence.Urine leaks when you exert pressure on your bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising or lifting something heavy.
+Urge incontinence.You have a sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine. You may need to urinate often, including throughout the night. Urge incontinence may be caused by a minor condition, such as infection, or a more severe condition such as a neurological disorder or diabetes.
+Overflow incontinence.You experience frequent or constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesn't empty completely.
+Functional incontinence.A physical or mental impairment keeps you from making it to the toilet in time. For example, if you have severe arthritis, you may not be able to unbutton your pants quickly enough.
+Mixed incontinence.You experience more than one type of urinary incontinence — most often this refers to a combination of stress incontinence and urge incontinence.","You may feel uncomfortable discussing incontinence with your doctor. But if incontinence is frequent or is affecting your quality of life, it's important to seek medical advice because urinary incontinence may:
+Cause you to restrict your activities and limit your social interactions
+Negatively impact your quality of life
+Increase the risk of falls in older adults as they rush to the toilet
+Indicate a more serious underlying condition","Urinary incontinence can be caused by everyday habits, underlying medical conditions or physical problems. A thorough evaluation by your doctor can help determine what's behind your incontinence.","Factors that increase your risk of developing urinary incontinence include:
+Gender.Women are more likely to have stress incontinence. Pregnancy, childbirth, menopause and normal female anatomy account for this difference. However, men who have prostate gland problems are at increased risk of urge and overflow incontinence.
+Age.As you get older, the muscles in your bladder and urethra lose some of their strength. Changes with age reduce how much your bladder can hold and increase the chances of involuntary urine release.
+Being overweight.Extra weight increases pressure on your bladder and surrounding muscles, which weakens them and allows urine to leak out when you cough or sneeze.
+Smoking.Tobacco use may increase your risk of urinary incontinence.
+Family history.If a close family member has urinary incontinence, especially urge incontinence, your risk of developing the condition is higher.
+Some diseases.Neurological disease or diabetes may increase your risk of incontinence.","Complications of chronic urinary incontinence include:
+Skin problems.Rashes, skin infections and sores can develop from constantly wet skin.
+Urinary tract infections.Incontinence increases your risk of repeated urinary tract infections.
+Impacts on your personal life.Urinary incontinence can affect your social, work and personal relationships.","Urinary incontinence isn't always preventable. However, to help decrease your risk:
+Maintain a healthy weight
+Practice pelvic floor exercises
+Avoid bladder irritants, such as caffeine, alcohol and acidic foods
+Eat more fiber, which can prevent constipation, a cause of urinary incontinence
+Don't smoke, or seek help to quit if you're a smoker","It's important to determine the type of urinary incontinence that you have, and your symptoms often tell your doctor which type you have. That information will guide treatment decisions.
+Your doctor is likely to start with a thorough history and physical exam. You may then be asked to do a simple maneuver that can demonstrate incontinence, such as coughing.
+After that, your doctor will likely recommend:
+Urinalysis.A sample of your urine is checked for signs of infection, traces of blood or other abnormalities.
+Bladder diary.For several days you record how much you drink, when you urinate, the amount of urine you produce, whether you had an urge to urinate and the number of incontinence episodes.
+Postvoid residual measurement.You're asked to urinate (void) into a container that measures urine output. Then your doctor checks the amount of leftover urine in your bladder using a catheter or ultrasound test. A large amount of leftover urine in your bladder may mean that you have an obstruction in your urinary tract or a problem with your bladder nerves or muscles.
+If further information is needed, your doctor may recommend more-involved tests, such as urodynamic testing and pelvic ultrasound. These tests are usually done if you're considering surgery.","Treatment for urinary incontinence depends on the type of incontinence, its severity and the underlying cause. A combination of treatments may be needed. If an underlying condition is causing your symptoms, your doctor will first treat that condition.
+Your doctor may recommend less invasive treatments to start with and move on to other options if these techniques fail to help you.","If you're embarrassed about a bladder control problem, you may try to cope on your own by wearing absorbent pads, carrying extra clothes or even avoiding going out.
+But effective treatments are available for urinary incontinence. It's important to ask your doctor about treatment. Once you do, you'll be on your way to regaining an active and confident life.","If you have urinary incontinence, you're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary tract disorders (urologist) or a gynecologist with special training in female bladder problems and urinary function (urogynecologist).","Problems with urine leakage may require you to take extra care to prevent skin irritation:
+Use a washcloth to clean yourself.
+Allow your skin to air-dry.
+Avoid frequent washing and douching because these can overwhelm your body's natural defenses against bladder infections.
+Consider using a barrier cream, such as petroleum jelly or cocoa butter, to protect your skin from urine.
+Ask your doctor about special cleansers made to remove urine that may be less drying than other products.
+If you have urge incontinence or nighttime incontinence, make the toilet more convenient:
+Move any rugs or furniture you might trip over or collide with on the way to the toilet.
+Use a night light to illuminate your path and reduce your risk of falling.
+If you have functional incontinence, you might:
+Keep a bedside commode in your bedroom
+Install an elevated toilet seat
+Widen an existing bathroom doorway","coughing, involuntary loss of urine, stress incontinence, urinate often, laughing, incontinence, functional incontinence, arthritis, constant dribbling of urine, neurological disorder, leaks of urine, frequent dribbling of urine, lose urine, lifting, involuntary loss, sudden urge to urinate, overflow incontinence, infection, diabetes, sneezing, urinary incontinence, exercising"
+148,Cystitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371306,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371311,,"Cystitis (sis-TIE-tis) is the medical term for inflammation of the bladder. Inflammation is when a part of your body is swollen and hot. It can also be painful.
+Most of the time, cystitis happens when there's an infection caused by bacteria. This is called a urinary tract infection (UTI). Having a bladder infection can be painful and annoying. It can become a serious health problem if the infection spreads to your kidneys.
+Cystitis also may occur as a reaction to certain drugs or radiation therapy. Things that sometimes irritate the bladder, such as hygiene products, spermicide jelly or long-term catheter use, can also lead to cystitis. Cystitis can also happen as a complication of another illness.
+The usual treatment for cystitis caused by bacteria is to take antibiotic medication. Treatment for other types of cystitis depends on the cause.","Cystitis signs and symptoms may include:
+A strong, persistent urge to urinate
+Pain or a burning feeling when urinating
+Passing frequent, small amounts of urine
+Blood in the urine (hematuria)
+Passing cloudy or strong-smelling urine
+Pelvic discomfort
+A feeling of pressure in the area below your belly button (abdomen)
+Low-grade fever
+In young children, new episodes of accidental daytime wetting also may be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI). Nighttime bed-wetting on its own isn't likely to happen because of aUTI.","Get medical help right away if you have signs and symptoms common to a kidney infection. These include:
+Back or side pain
+Fever and chills
+Nausea and vomiting
+If you develop urgent, frequent or painful urination that lasts for several hours or longer or if you notice blood in your urine, call your health care provider. If you've been diagnosed with aUTIin the past and you develop symptoms that mimic a previousUTI, call your provider.
+Also call your provider if cystitis symptoms come back after you're done with antibiotic treatment. You may need to try a different type of medicine.
+If your child starts having daytime wetting accidents, call your child's health care provider.
+In otherwise healthy men, cystitis is rare. Any symptoms should be checked by a health care provider.","Your urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. All play a role in removing waste from your body.
+Your kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located toward the back of your upper abdomen. They filter waste from your blood and regulate the concentrations of many substances.
+Tubes called ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores the urine until you feel the need to urinate. Urine then leaves your body through the urethra.","Some people are more likely than others to develop bladder infections or repeated urinary tract infections. Women can have this problem. A key reason is physical anatomy. Women have a short urethra. This means bacteria that can cause an infection don't have as far to travel to reach the bladder.
+You may be at greater risk of bladder infections or repeatedUTIsif you:
+Are sexually active.During sex, bacteria can be pushed into the urethra.
+Use certain types of birth control.Using a diaphragm increases the risk of aUTI. Diaphragms that contain spermicide may increase risk even more.
+Are pregnant.Hormone changes during pregnancy may increase the risk of a bladder infection.
+Have gone through menopause.Changes to hormones that happen after menopause often can lead toUTIs.
+Other risk factors include:
+Interference with the flow of urine.This can occur in conditions such as a stone in the bladder or an enlarged prostate.
+Changes in the immune system.This can happen with certain conditions, such as diabetes,HIVinfection and cancer treatment.
+Long-term use of urinary catheters.These tubes may be needed in people with chronic illnesses or in older adults. Prolonged use can put you at greater risk of bacterial infections as well as bladder tissue damage.
+In generally healthy men, cystitis is rare.","When treated right away with the proper medicine, bladder infections rarely lead to complications. But if they aren't treated, they can become something more serious. Complications may include:
+Kidney infection.An untreated bladder infection can lead to a kidney infection. This is also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis). Kidney infections may permanently damage the kidneys.
+Blood in the urine.With cystitis, you may have blood cells in the urine. Often, they can be seen only with a microscope. This condition is called microscopic hematuria. It usually goes away after treatment. If blood cells still appear in the urine after treatment, you may need to see a specialist to find out the cause.Blood in the urine that you can see is called gross hematuria. This happens rarely with typical, bacterial cystitis. But this sign may be more common if you have cystitis that happens after chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer.","Self-care measures to prevent repeated bladder infections aren't well studied. But some providers recommend these tips for prevention:
+Drink plenty of liquids, especially water.Drinking lots of fluids is especially important after chemotherapy or radiation therapy, particularly on treatment days.
+Urinate frequently.If you feel the urge to urinate, don't delay using the toilet.
+Wipe from front to back after a bowel movement.This prevents bacteria in the anal region from spreading to the vagina and urethra.
+Take showers rather than tub baths.If you're prone to infections, showering rather than taking a bath may help prevent them.
+Gently wash the skin around the genitals.Do this daily, but don't use harsh soaps or wash too vigorously. The delicate skin in this area can become irritated.
+Empty your bladder as soon as possible after sex.Drink a full glass of water to help flush bacteria.
+Avoid using deodorant sprays or hygiene products in the genital area.These products can irritate the urethra and bladder.","If you have symptoms of cystitis, talk to your health care provider as soon as possible. Your provider can diagnose cystitis based on your symptoms and medical history.
+When more information is needed for a diagnosis or treatment plan, your provider may recommend:
+Urine analysis.For this test, you collect a small amount of urine in a container. Your provider checks the urine for signs of infection, such as bacteria, blood or pus. If bacteria are found, you may also have a test called a urine culture to check what type of bacteria is causing the infection.
+Imaging.An imaging test usually isn't needed for cystitis. But in some cases, imaging may be helpful. For example, an X-ray or ultrasound may help your provider find other potential causes of bladder inflammation, such as a tumor or anatomy problem.",Cystitis caused by bacterial infection is generally treated with antibiotics. Treatment for other types of cystitis depends on what's causing it.,,"If you have symptoms common to cystitis, make an appointment with your primary care provider. After an initial visit, you may then see a doctor who specializes in urinary tract disorders (urologist or nephrologist).","Cystitis can be painful. To ease discomfort:
+Use a heating pad.A heating pad placed on your lower abdomen may soothe bladder pressure or pain.
+Stay hydrated.Drink plenty of fluids to keep yourself hydrated. Avoid coffee, alcohol, soft drinks with caffeine and citrus juices. Also avoid spicy foods until your infection clears. These items can irritate the bladder and make a frequent or urgent need to urinate worse.
+For recurrent bladder infections, ask your provider about ways you can reduce the chance that you'll have another infection.","pain, accidental daytime wetting, passing frequent small amounts of urine, pain or burning feeling when urinating, pelvic discomfort, fever, cystitis, low-grade fever, bed-wetting, strong urge to urinate, passing cloudy or strong-smelling urine, blood in urine, hematuria, feeling of pressure in abdomen, discomfort
+a"
+149,Interstitial cystitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-cystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354357,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-cystitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354362,,"Interstitial cystitis (in-tur-STISH-ul sis-TIE-tis) is a chronic condition causing bladder pressure, bladder pain and sometimes pelvic pain. The pain ranges from mild discomfort to severe pain. The condition is a part of a spectrum of diseases known as painful bladder syndrome.
+
+Your bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine. The bladder expands until it's full and then signals your brain that it's time to urinate, communicating through the pelvic nerves. This creates the urge to urinate for most people.","The signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis vary from person to person. If you have interstitial cystitis, your symptoms may also vary over time, periodically flaring in response to common triggers, such as menstruation, sitting for a long time, stress, exercise and sexual activity.
+
+Interstitial cystitis signs and symptoms include:
+
+Symptoms severity is different for everyone, and some people may experience symptom-free periods.
+
+Although signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis may resemble those of a chronic urinary tract infection, there's usually no infection. However, symptoms may worsen if a person with interstitial cystitis gets a urinary tract infection.","If you're experiencing chronic bladder pain or urinary urgency and frequency, contact your health care provider.","The exact cause of interstitial cystitis isn't known, but it's likely that many factors contribute. For instance, people with interstitial cystitis may also have a defect in the protective lining (epithelium) of the bladder. A leak in the epithelium may allow toxic substances in urine to irritate your bladder wall.
+
+Other possible but unproven contributing factors include an autoimmune reaction, heredity, infection or allergy.",These factors are associated with a higher risk of interstitial cystitis:,"Interstitial cystitis can result in a number of complications, including:",,Diagnosis of interstitial cystitis might include:,"No simple treatment eliminates the signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis, and no one treatment works for everyone. You may need to try various treatments or combinations of treatments before you find an approach that relieves your symptoms.","Interstitial cystitis can worsen your quality of life. Support from family and friends is important, but because the condition is a urinary problem, you may find the topic difficult to discuss.
+
+Find a supportive health care provider who is concerned about your quality of life as well as your condition. Seek someone who will work with you to help relieve your urinary frequency, urgency and bladder pain.
+
+You might also benefit from joining a support group. A support group can provide sympathetic listening and useful information. Ask your provider for information on support groups or see the Interstitial Cystitis Association on the web.","You may be asked to keep a bladder diary for a few days to record information, such as how often you urinate and how much and what kinds of fluid you consume.
+
+For more testing, you may be referred to a specialist in urinary disorders (urologist) or urinary disorders in women (urogynecologist).",,"interstitial cystitis signs and symptoms, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+menstruation, interstitial cystitis, stress, infection, chronic urinary tract infection, exercise, sexual activity, sitting for a long time"
+151,Blastocystis hominis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351205,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351211,,"Blastocystis is a microscopic parasite that can live in your digestive tract. Researchers don't fully understand the role blastocystis plays, if any, in causing disease. Some people experiencing diarrhea, abdominal pain or other gastrointestinal problems have blastocystis organisms in their stool.
+
+Most commonly, however, blastocystis organisms simply live in a person's digestive tract without causing harm.
+
+Blastocystis may be transmitted through food or water or by contact with human or animal feces. Blastocystis infection is generally more common among people who live in or travel to developing countries and among people who work with animals.
+
+Blastocystis in humans was once identified as a single species, Blastocystis hominis. Researchers have found several variations — either different species or different strains within a species. The scientific name used now is Blastocystis spp, an abbreviation that means ""multiple species."" A blastocystis infection is called blastocystosis.",Signs and symptoms possibly associated with blastocystis include:,"See your doctor if you have signs and symptoms, such as diarrhea or abdominal pain, that lasts longer than three days.",Blastocystis is a microscopic single-celled organism (protozoan). Many parasitic protozoans normally live in your digestive tract and are harmless or even helpful; others cause disease.,"Blastocystis is common, but you may have a greater risk of exposure if you:","If you have diarrhea associated with blastocystis, it's likely to be self-limiting. However, anytime you have diarrhea, you lose vital fluids, salts and minerals, which can lead to dehydration. Children are especially vulnerable to dehydration.",The best practice for preventing blastocystis infection is practicing good hygiene:,"If you have diarrhea and related symptoms, the cause may be difficult to diagnose. Even if blastocystis is found in your stool, it might not be causing your symptoms. Often another food- or water-borne organism is the likely cause of illness.
+
+Your doctor will take your medical history, ask you about recent activities, such as traveling, and perform a physical exam. A number of lab tests help diagnose parasitic diseases and other noninfectious causes of gastrointestinal symptoms:","If you have a blastocystis infection without signs or symptoms, then you don't need treatment. Mild signs and symptoms might improve on their own within a few days.
+
+Potential medications for eliminating a blastocystis infection and improving symptoms include:
+
+Responses to these medications vary greatly. Also, because the organism might not be the cause of your symptoms, improvement might be due to the medication's effect on another organism.",,"You'll likely see your primary care doctor. However, in some cases, you might be referred to someone who specializes in either infectious disease or in digestive system disorders (gastroenterologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"nausea, gas, fatigue, bloating, Here is the list of symptoms:
+
+diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weight loss, blastocystis"
+152,Ureteral obstruction,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ureteral-obstruction/symptoms-causes/syc-20354676,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ureteral-obstruction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354680,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ureteral-obstruction/doctors-departments/ddc-20354681,"A ureteral obstruction is a blockage in one or both of the tubes (ureters) that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Ureteral obstruction can be cured. However, if it's not treated, symptoms can quickly move from mild — pain, fever and infection — to severe — loss of kidney function, sepsis and death.
+Ureteral obstruction is fairly common. Because it's treatable, severe complications are rare.","Ureteral obstruction might have no signs or symptoms. Signs and symptoms depend on where the obstruction occurs, whether it's partial or complete, how quickly it develops, and whether it affects one or both kidneys.
+Signs and symptoms might include:
+Pain.
+Changes in how much urine you produce (urine output).
+Difficulty urinating.
+Blood in the urine.
+Urinary tract infections.
+High blood pressure (hypertension).","Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have signs and symptoms that worry you.
+Seek medical attention if you experience:
+Pain so severe that you can't sit still or find a comfortable position.
+Pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
+Pain accompanied by fever and chills.
+Blood in your urine.
+Difficulty passing urine.","Different types of ureteral obstruction have different causes, some of them present at birth (congenital). They include:
+A second (duplicated) ureter.This common condition, which is congenital, causes two ureters to form on the same kidney. The second ureter can be fully or only partially developed. If either ureter doesn't work properly, urine can back up into the kidney and cause damage.
+A blockage (obstruction) where the ureter connects to the kidney or bladder.This prevents urine flow. A blockage where the ureter and kidney meet (ureteropelvic junction) may cause the kidney to swell and eventually stop working. This condition can be congenital or can develop with typical childhood growth, result from an injury or scarring, or in rare cases, develop from a tumor. A blockage where the ureter and bladder meet (ureterovesical junction) may cause urine to back up into the kidneys.
+Ureterocele.If a ureter is too narrow and doesn't allow urine to flow completely, a tiny bulge in the ureter (ureterocele) may develop. When a ureterocele develops, it's usually in the section of the ureter closest to the bladder. This can block urine flow and cause urine to back up into the kidney, possibly leading to kidney damage.
+Retroperitoneal fibrosis.This rare disorder occurs when fibrous tissue grows in the area behind the abdomen. The fibers may grow as the result of cancer tumors or from taking certain medicines used to treat migraines. The fibers encircle and block the ureters, causing urine to back up into the kidneys.","Certain conditions present at birth can increase the risk of having ureteral obstruction. Having kidney stones or bladder stones also might increase the risk that one of the ureters becomes blocked. Blood clots, tumors, certain tissue growth and enlarged lymph nodes might also be factors in developing this condition.","Ureteral obstruction can lead to urinary tract infections and kidney damage, which can be irreversible.",,"Often, providers diagnose ureteral obstruction disorders before birth during routine prenatal ultrasounds, which can show details of the developing fetus, including the kidneys, ureters and bladder. Providers often perform another ultrasound after birth to reevaluate the kidneys.
+If your provider suspects you have an obstructed ureter, some of these tests and scans might be used to reach a diagnosis:
+Blood and urine tests.Your provider checks samples of your blood and urine for signs of infection and the presence of creatinine, which signals that your kidneys aren't working properly.
+Ultrasound.An ultrasound of the area behind your abdominal organs (retroperitoneal ultrasound) allows your provider to view the kidneys and ureters.
+Bladder catheterization.To test for incomplete or blocked urine flow, your provider inserts a small tube (catheter) through the urethra, injects dye into your bladder, and takes X-rays of your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra before and during urination.
+Renal nuclear scan.Your provider or a technician injects a tracer that contains a small amount of radioactive material into your arm. A special camera detects the radioactivity and produces images that your provider uses to evaluate the urinary system.
+Cystoscopy.A small tube with a camera and light is inserted into your urethra or through a small incision. The optical system allows the provider to see inside the urethra and bladder.
+Computerized tomography (CT) scan.ACTscan combines a series of X-ray views taken from many different angles and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of your kidneys, ureter and bladder.
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).An abdominalMRIuses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues that make up your urinary system.","The goal of ureteral obstruction treatment is to remove blockages, if possible, or bypass the blockage, which may help repair damage to the kidneys. Treatment might include antibiotics to clear associated infections.",,"Depending on the frequency and severity of your symptoms, you may make an appointment with your health care provider. Or, you might be referred immediately to a urinary tract specialist (urologist).
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, changes in urine output, difficulty urinating, urinary tract infections, blood in the urine, high blood pressure, ureteral obstruction, hypertension"
+153,Burning mouth syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350917,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20350920,"Burning mouth syndrome is the medical term for ongoing or recurring burning in the mouth without an obvious cause. You may feel this burning on your tongue, gums, lips, inside of your cheeks, roof of your mouth or large areas of your whole mouth. The feeling of burning can be severe, as if you injured your mouth with a very hot drink.
+Burning mouth syndrome usually comes on suddenly, but it can develop slowly over time. Often the specific cause can't be found. Although that makes treatment more challenging, working closely with your health care team can help you reduce symptoms.","Symptoms of burning mouth syndrome may include:
+A burning or scalding feeling that most commonly affects your tongue, but also may affect your lips, gums, roof of your mouth, throat or whole mouth.
+A feeling of dry mouth with increased thirst.
+Taste changes in your mouth, such as a bitter or metallic taste.
+Loss of taste.
+Tingling, stinging or numbness in your mouth.
+The discomfort from burning mouth syndrome can have several different patterns. It may:
+Happen every day, with little discomfort when waking up, but become worse as the day goes on.
+Start as soon as you wake up and last all day.
+Come and go.
+Whatever pattern of mouth discomfort you have, burning mouth syndrome may last for months to years. In rare cases, symptoms may suddenly go away on their own or happen less often. Sometimes the burning feeling may be briefly relieved during eating or drinking.
+Burning mouth syndrome usually doesn't cause any physical changes to your tongue or mouth that can be seen.","If you have discomfort, burning or soreness of your tongue, lips, gums or other areas of your mouth, see your health care provider or dentist. They may need to work together to help pinpoint a cause and come up with an effective treatment plan.",The cause of burning mouth syndrome may be primary or secondary.,"Burning mouth syndrome is uncommon. However, your risk may be greater if you're:
+Female.
+In perimenopause or you're postmenopausal.
+Over the age of 50.
+A smoker.
+Burning mouth syndrome usually starts suddenly, for no known reason. But certain factors may increase your risk of developing burning mouth syndrome, including:
+Recent illness.
+Some long-term medical conditions such as fibromyalgia, Parkinson's disease, autoimmune disorders and neuropathy.
+Previous dental work.
+Allergic reactions to food.
+Certain medicines.
+Traumatic life events.
+Stress.
+Anxiety.
+Depression.","Complications that burning mouth syndrome may cause are mainly related to discomfort, such as problems falling asleep or difficulty eating. Long-term cases involving a lot of discomfort also could lead to anxiety or depression.","There's no known way to prevent burning mouth syndrome. But you may be able to reduce your discomfort by not using tobacco, limiting acidic or spicy foods, not drinking carbonated beverages, and using stress management methods. Or these measures may prevent your discomfort from feeling worse.","There's no one test that can tell if you have burning mouth syndrome. Instead, your health care team will try to rule out other problems before diagnosing burning mouth syndrome.
+Your health care provider or dentist likely will:
+Review your medical history and medicines.
+Examine your mouth.
+Ask you to describe your symptoms.
+Discuss your habits and routine for keeping your teeth and mouth clean.
+Also, your health care provider will likely do a medical exam, looking for signs of other conditions. You may have some of the following tests:
+Blood tests.These tests can check your complete blood count, blood sugar level, thyroid function, nutritional factors and how well your immune system works. Test results may give clues about the source of your mouth discomfort.
+Oral cultures or biopsies.A cotton swab is used to get a sample for an oral culture. This can tell if you have a fungal, bacterial or viral infection in your mouth. For a biopsy, tiny pieces of tissue are taken from your mouth and sent to a lab to look at the cells.
+Allergy tests.Your provider may suggest allergy testing to see if you may be allergic to certain foods, additives, or even dental materials or mouth care products.
+Salivary measurements.With burning mouth syndrome, your mouth may feel dry. Salivary tests can tell if you have a reduced salivary flow.
+Gastric reflux tests.These tests can tell if stomach acid flows back into your mouth from your stomach.
+Imaging.Your provider may recommend an MRI, a CT scan or other imaging tests to check for other health problems.
+Medicine change.If you take a medicine that may cause mouth discomfort, your provider may change the dose or switch to a different medicine. Another option is to stop the medicine for a short time, if possible, to see if your discomfort goes away. Don't try this on your own because it can be dangerous to stop some medicines.
+Mental health questions.You may be asked to answer a series of questions that can help decide if you have symptoms of depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions that may be linked to burning mouth syndrome.",Treatment depends on whether you have primary or secondary burning mouth syndrome.,"Coping with burning mouth syndrome can be challenging. It can reduce your quality of life if you don't take steps to stay positive and hopeful.
+To help you cope with the discomfort of burning mouth syndrome:
+Practice relaxation exercises, such as yoga.
+Focus on activities that give you pleasure, such as physical activities or hobbies, especially when you feel anxious.
+Try to stay socially active by connecting with family and friends.
+Join a chronic pain support group for people who have ongoing pain.
+Practice good sleep habits, such as going to bed and getting up at about the same time each day and getting enough sleep.
+Consider talking to a mental health provider to learn strategies that can help you cope.","You'll likely start by seeing your family health care provider or dentist for mouth discomfort. Because burning mouth syndrome is linked with many other medical conditions, your provider or dentist may refer you to another specialist, such as a specialist in problems of the skin (dermatologist), or ear, nose and throat (ENT), or another type of specialist.","In addition to medical treatment and prescription medicines, these self-help measures may reduce your symptoms:
+Drink plenty of liquid to help ease the feeling of dry mouth, or suck on ice chips.
+Avoid acidic foods and liquids, such as tomatoes, orange juice, carbonated beverages and coffee.
+Avoid alcohol and products with alcohol, as they may irritate the lining of your mouth.
+Don't use tobacco products.
+Don't eat irritating foods, such as spicy-hot foods.
+Avoid products with cinnamon or mint.
+Try different mild or flavor-free toothpastes, such as one for sensitive teeth or one without mint or cinnamon.
+Take steps to reduce stress and try relaxation methods.","dry mouth, loss of taste., bitter taste, throat, increased thirst, metallic taste, loss of taste, burning, numbness, tingling, burning mouth syndrome, stinging, scalding"
+154,Sweating and body odor,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sweating-and-body-odor/symptoms-causes/syc-20353895,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sweating-and-body-odor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353898,,"Sweating and body odor are common when you exercise or you're too warm. They're also a natural response to hormonal changes and stress. Most people have a natural body odor, even if they don't sweat much.
+
+A change in your body odor or how much you sweat can signal a health problem. The medical condition of sweating too much is called hyperhidrosis.
+
+For sweating and body odor that isn't caused by a health problem, self-care habits often can help ease the symptoms.","Sweating and body odor most often affect the underarm and groin areas, the palms, the bottom of the feet, and the head, face and scalp. It's common for some people to sweat more or less than other people. Body odor also can vary from person to person. It might smell tangy, oniony, sour or some other strong odor.",See a doctor or other healthcare professional if:,"Sweating is the body's way of cooling itself. The nervous system activates the sweat glands when you're too warm. Sweating also occurs when you're under stress.
+
+The two main types of sweat glands are eccrine glands and apocrine glands. Eccrine glands occur over most of the body and open directly onto the surface of the skin. When your body temperature rises, these glands release fluids that cool your body as they evaporate.
+
+Apocrine glands are found in areas where you have hair, such as the armpits and groin. These glands release a milky fluid when you're stressed. This fluid is odorless until it combines with bacteria on the skin.",Risk factors for sweating and body odor are:,,,"Your healthcare professional likely will ask about your medical history and do an exam. You may need a blood or urine test. These tests can show if your symptoms are caused by a medical condition, such as an infection. Other possible causes are diabetes and an overactive thyroid, which also is called hyperthyroidism.","Sweating and body odor of the underarms often can be treated with antiperspirants or deodorants that you can buy without a prescription:
+
+If antiperspirants and deodorants sold at stores don't ease your symptoms, a member of your healthcare team may prescribe a stronger version. These stronger products may cause a rash, swelling and itching in some people. Follow advice on the product label with care.
+
+Other treatments are available for severe sweating and body odor that don't respond to these products. They include laser hair removal and botulinum toxin A injections. Talk with your healthcare professional if these options interest you.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor or other member of your healthcare team. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred to a specialist in skin conditions. These specialists are called dermatologists.
+
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"tangy smell, oniony smell, sour smell, body odor, sweating"
+155,Osteomyelitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteomyelitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20375913,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteomyelitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375917,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteomyelitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20375918,"Osteomyelitis is an infection in a bone. It can affect one or more parts of a bone. Infections can reach a bone through the bloodstream or from nearby infected tissue. Infections also can begin in the bone if an injury opens the bone to germs.
+People who smoke and people with chronic health conditions, such as diabetes or kidney failure, are at higher risk of getting osteomyelitis. People who have diabetes with foot ulcers may get osteomyelitis in the bones of their feet.
+Most people with osteomyelitis need surgery to remove areas of the affected bone. After surgery, most often people need strong antibiotics given through a vein.","Symptoms of osteomyelitis may include:
+Swelling, warmth and tenderness over the area of the infection.
+Pain near the infection.
+Tiredness.
+Fever.
+Sometimes osteomyelitis causes no symptoms. When it does cause symptoms, they can be like symptoms of other conditions. This may be especially true for infants, older adults and people who have weakened immune systems.",See your healthcare professional if you have a fever and bone pain that gets worse. People at risk of infection because of a medical condition or recent surgery or an injury should see a healthcare professional right away if they have symptoms of an infection.,"Most often, staphylococcus bacteria cause osteomyelitis. These bacteria are germs that live on the skin or in the nose of all people.
+Germs can enter a bone through:
+The bloodstream.Germs in other parts of your body can travel through the blood to a weak spot on a bone. For instance, germs can come from pneumonia in the lungs or a urinary tract infection in the bladder.
+Injuries.Puncture wounds can carry germs deep inside the body. If such an injury becomes infected, the germs can spread into a nearby bone. Germs also can enter the body from a broken bone that sticks out through the skin.
+Surgery.Germs can enter the body and travel to bones during surgeries to replace joints or fix broken bones.","Healthy bones resist infection. But bones are less able to resist infection as you get older. Besides wounds and surgery, other factors that can increase your risk of osteomyelitis may include:
+Conditions that weaken the immune system.This includes diabetes that isn't well-controlled.
+Peripheral artery disease.This is a condition in which narrowed arteries cut blood flow to the arms or legs.
+Sickle cell disease.This condition is passed through families, called inherited. Sickle cell disease affects the shape of red blood cells and slows blood flow.
+Dialysis and other procedures that use medical tubing.Dialysis uses tubes to remove waste from the body when the kidneys don't work well. The medical tubes can carry germs from outside the body inside.
+Pressure injuries.People who can't feel pressure or who stay in one position for too long can get sores on their skin where the pressure is. These sores are called pressure injuries. If a sore is there for a time, the bone under it can become infected.
+Illicit drugs by needles.People who take illicit drugs by needle are more likely to get osteomyelitis. This is true if they use needles that aren't sterile and if they don't clean the skin before using the needles.","Osteomyelitis complications may include:
+Bone death, also called osteonecrosis.An infection in your bone can block blood flow within the bone, leading to bone death. If you have areas where bone has died, you need surgery to remove the dead tissue for antibiotics to work.
+Septic arthritis.Infection within bones can spread into a nearby joint.
+Impaired growth.Osteomyelitis can affect the growth of bones in children. This is true if osteomyelitis is in the softer areas, called growth plates, at either end of the long bones of the arms and legs.
+Long-term osteomyelitis, called chronic osteomyelitis.Osteomyelitis that doesn't respond to treatment can become chronic osteomyelitis.","If you have an increased risk of infection, talk with your healthcare professional about ways to prevent infections. Cutting your risk of infection will cut your risk of osteomyelitis.
+Take care not to get cuts, scrapes, and animal scratches or bites. These give germs a way to get into your body. If you or your child has a minor injury, clean the area right away. Put a clean bandage on it. Check wounds often for signs of infection.","Your healthcare professional may feel the area around the affected bone for tenderness, swelling or warmth. If you have a foot sore, your healthcare professional may use a dull probe to see how close the sore is to the bone under it.
+You also might have tests to diagnose osteomyelitis and to find out which germ is causing the infection. Tests may include blood tests, imaging tests and a bone biopsy.","Most often, treatment for osteomyelitis involves surgery to remove parts of the bone that are infected or dead. Then you get antibiotics through a vein, called intravenous antibiotics.",,"You'll likely start by seeing your main healthcare professional. This person may send you to a doctor who specializes in infectious diseases or to an orthopedic surgeon.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, tiredness, osteomyelitis, swelling, warmth, fever, infection, tenderness"
+156,Fecal incontinence,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fecal-incontinence/symptoms-causes/syc-20351397,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fecal-incontinence/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351403,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fecal-incontinence/doctors-departments/ddc-20351406,"Fecal incontinence is accidental passing of solid or liquid stool. Fecal incontinence may happen when a person has a sudden urge to pass stool and cannot get to a toilet in time. Also, stool may leak when a person doesn't sense the need to pass stool.
+Common causes of fecal incontinence include diarrhea, constipation, and muscle or nerve damage. Fecal incontinence can affect a person's ability to work, socialize or do typical daily activities. It often causes embarrassment or emotional stress.
+Diagnosis and treatment are often avoided because the condition is difficult to discuss with a healthcare professional. Treatments can improve fecal incontinence and overall quality of life.
+Fecal incontinence also may be called bowel incontinence or accidental bowel leakage.","The main symptom is not being able to control passing stool. This may happen during a short-term illness that causes diarrhea. For some people, fecal incontinence is an ongoing condition.
+There are two types of fecal incontinence:
+Urge incontinenceis the sudden urge to pass stool but not being able to control the urge. The need to pass stool may come on so suddenly that it's not possible to get to the toilet in time.
+Passive incontinenceis passing stool when a person isn't aware of the need to pass stool. A person may not be able to feel that the rectum is full of stool.
+Fecal incontinence also may be leakage of stool when a person passes gas.","See your healthcare professional if you or your child develops fecal incontinence. This is especially important if fecal incontinence:
+Happens often.
+Causes emotional distress.
+Affects your ability to do daily activities.
+Causes you to avoid time with family and friends.
+Often, people are embarrassed to talk about fecal incontinence. But the sooner you're evaluated, the sooner you may find some relief from your symptoms.","For many people, there is more than one cause of fecal incontinence.
+Causes may include:
+Diarrhea and constipation.Very soft and very hard stools can lead to fecal incontinence. Problems include:
+Loose or watery stool that quickly fills the rectum and is difficult to hold.
+Large, hard stool that blocks the rectum and results in leakage of softer stool around it.
+Damaged or weakened muscles.The muscles of the anus, rectum and pelvic floor control the holding and passing of stool. Damaged or weak muscles can cause fecal incontinence. Conditions that can weaken or damage muscles include:
+Injury during vaginal delivery, particularly with forceps.
+Surgical cut of the vagina during delivery, called an episiotomy.
+Injury from accidents, surgery or radiation therapy.
+Age-related weakening of muscles.
+Nervous system disorders.Injury or illness can affect how the nerves and muscles of the anus, rectum or pelvis work. Nervous system disorders also may affect a person's awareness of the need for passing stool. These conditions may include:
+Diseases of the brain, such Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease or other dementias, stroke, or cerebral palsy.
+Long-term diseases affecting nerve function, such as diabetes or multiple sclerosis.
+Spinal cord injury or tumor.
+Damage to nerves during surgery.
+Physical problems of the anus or rectum.Irregular physical changes in the anus or rectum can contribute to fecal incontinence. These include:
+Scarring or inflammation of the rectum — from injury or long-term disease — that affects the ability of the rectum to hold stool.
+Dropping of the rectum through the anus, called rectal prolapse.
+Hemorrhoids that may prevent the closing of the anal muscles.
+Bulging of the rectum into the vagina, also called rectocele.","A number of factors may increase your risk of developing fecal incontinence, including:
+Age.Fecal incontinence is more likely in adults over 65.
+Sex.Fecal incontinence is more common in women, likely because of possible injuries during delivery. Hormone treatments for menopause also may increase the risk.
+Diseases of the digestive system.The risk of fecal incontinence is increased with long-term diseases that affect the intestines. These include:Inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease.Irritable bowel syndrome.Celiac disease.
+Inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease.
+Irritable bowel syndrome.
+Celiac disease.
+Mental disability.A mental disability or dementia may affect a person's ability to plan to use the toilet or be aware of the need to use the toilet.
+Physical disability.A physical disability or limited mobility may make it difficult to reach a toilet in time. An injury that caused a physical disability may cause nerve or muscle damage that increases the risk of fecal incontinence.
+Lifestyle factors.Lifestyle factors that increase the risk of incontinence include being overweight, not being active, smoking, and drinking caffeinated and alcoholic beverages.","Complications of fecal incontinence may include:
+Emotional distress.Many people feel embarrassed about fecal incontinence. And they often experience anxiety or depression. They may try to hide the problem and avoid social situations.
+Tissue irritation.The skin around the anus is delicate and sensitive. Repeated contact with stool can lead to pain and itching. Sores, called ulcers, may appear in the tissues of the rectum.","Depending on the cause, it may be possible to improve or prevent fecal incontinence. These actions may help:
+Reduce constipation.Increase your exercise, eat more high-fiber foods and drink plenty of fluids.
+Control diarrhea.Avoid food or drinks that may make diarrhea worse, such as caffeinated drinks, alcohol, dairy products and fatty foods.
+Do not strain.Straining during bowel movements can eventually weaken anal sphincter muscles or damage nerves.","Your healthcare professional will ask questions about your symptoms, diet and medical history. A detailed medical exam will include:
+Anal and rectal exam.Your healthcare professional will look at and examine the area around the anus to look for reflexes of the anal muscles and look for signs of irregular tissues. An exam with a gloved finger inserted in the anus can detect problems with muscles or other tissues of the rectum. The presence of large, hard stool also can be detected.
+Neurological exam.This exam tests the general health of the nervous system, such as sensation, reflexes, coordination and balance.",The goals of therapy are to manage conditions that cause or worsen fecal incontinence and to improve the function of the rectum and anus.,"For some people, including children, fecal incontinence is a relatively minor problem. It's typically limited to occasional soiling of their underwear. For others, the condition can be a more challenging, ongoing condition.","You may start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. You may then be referred to a provider who specializes in treating digestive conditions, called a gastroenterologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"unable to control passing stool, fecal incontinence, diarrhea, illness, sudden urge to pass stool, passing stool, leakage of stool"
+157,Intestinal obstruction,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-obstruction/symptoms-causes/syc-20351460,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-obstruction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351465,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-obstruction/doctors-departments/ddc-20351466,"Intestinal obstruction is a blockage that keeps food or liquid from passing through your small intestine or large intestine (colon). Causes of intestinal obstruction may include fibrous bands of tissue (adhesions) in the abdomen that form after surgery; hernias; colon cancer; certain medications; or strictures from an inflamed intestine caused by certain conditions, such as Crohn's disease or diverticulitis.",Signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction include:,"Because of the serious complications that can develop from intestinal obstruction, seek immediate medical care if you have severe abdominal pain or other symptoms of intestinal obstruction.","The most common causes of intestinal obstruction in adults are:
+
+In children, the most common cause of intestinal obstruction is telescoping of the intestine (intussusception).",Diseases and conditions that can increase your risk of intestinal obstruction include:,"Untreated, intestinal obstruction can cause serious, life-threatening complications, including:",,Tests and procedures used to diagnose intestinal obstruction include:,"Treatment for intestinal obstruction depends on the cause of your condition, but generally requires hospitalization.",,"Intestinal obstruction is usually a medical emergency. As a result, you may not have much time to prepare for an appointment. If you have time before your appointment, make a list of your signs and symptoms so that you can better answer your doctor's questions.",,"nausea, constipation, vomiting, inability to pass gas, abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction, abdominal distension"
+158,Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20370087,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370093,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/doctors-departments/ddc-20370095,"Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a health issue that becomes more common with age. It's also called an enlarged prostate. The prostate is a small gland that helps make semen. It's found just below the bladder. And it often gets bigger as you get older.
+An enlarged prostate can cause symptoms that may bother you, such as blocking the flow of urine out of the bladder. It also can cause bladder, urinary tract or kidney problems.
+Many treatments can helpBPH. These include medicines, surgery and other procedures. Your health care provider can help you choose. The right option depends on things such as:
+Your symptoms.
+The size of your prostate.
+Other health problems you might have.","Common symptoms ofBPHinclude:
+Frequent or urgent need to pee, also called urination.
+Peeing more often at night.
+Trouble starting to pee.
+Weak urine stream, or a stream that stops and starts.
+Dribbling at the end of urination.
+Not being able to fully empty the bladder.
+Less common symptoms include:
+Urinary tract infection.
+Not being able to pee.
+Blood in the urine.
+The symptoms ofBPHtend to slowly get worse. But sometimes they stay the same or even improve over time.
+The size of the prostate doesn't always determine how serious the symptoms are. Some people with slightly enlarged prostates can have major symptoms. Others who have very enlarged prostates can have minor problems. And some people with enlarged prostates don't have any symptoms at all.","Talk to your health care provider about your symptoms, even if they don't bother you. It's important to find out if there are any causes that could be treated. Without treatment, the risk of a dangerous blockage of the urinary tract can rise.
+If you can't pass any urine, get medical help right away.","The prostate gland is located beneath the bladder. The tube that moves urine from the bladder out of the penis is called the urethra. This tube passes through the center of the prostate. When the prostate gets bigger, it starts to block urine flow.
+The prostate is a gland that typically keeps growing throughout life. This growth often enlarges the prostate enough to cause symptoms or to block urine flow.
+It isn't clear what causes the prostate to get bigger. It might be due to changes in the balance of sex hormones as you grow older.","Risk factors for an enlarged prostate include:
+Aging.An enlarged prostate gland rarely causes symptoms before age 40. After that, the chance of having an enlarged prostate and related symptoms starts to rise.
+Family history.Having a blood relative with prostate problems makes you more likely to have problems with your prostate.
+Diabetes and heart disease.Studies show that diabetes might raise the risk ofBPH. So might heart disease.
+Lifestyle.Obesity raises the risk ofBPH. Exercise can help lower the risk.","Complications of an enlarged prostate can include:
+Not being able to pee.This also is called urinary retention. You might need to have a tube called a catheter placed into your bladder to drain the urine. Some people with an enlarged prostate need surgery to get relief.
+Urinary tract infections (UTIs).Not being able to fully empty the bladder can raise the risk of infection in the urinary tract. If you often getUTIs, you might need surgery to remove part of the prostate.
+Bladder stones.These are most often caused by being unable to fully empty the bladder. Bladder stones can cause illness, bladder irritation, blood in the urine and blocked urine flow.
+Bladder damage.A bladder that doesn't empty fully can stretch and weaken over time. As a result, the muscular wall of the bladder no longer squeezes properly to force urine out. And this makes it harder to fully empty the bladder.
+Kidney damage.Pressure in the bladder from not being able to pee can damage the kidneys or let bladder infections reach the kidneys.
+Treatment forBPHlowers the risk of these complications. But urinary retention and kidney damage can be serious health threats.
+Having an enlarged prostate is not thought to raise the risk of getting prostate cancer.",,"Your health care provider likely will start by asking questions about your symptoms. You'll also get a physical exam. This exam is likely to include:
+Digital rectal exam.The provider inserts a finger into your rectum to check if your prostate is enlarged.
+Urine test.A lab checks a sample of your urine to find out if you have an illness or other problems that can cause the same symptoms as those ofBPH.
+Blood test.The results can show if you have kidney problems.
+After that, you might need other tests that can help confirm an enlarged prostate. These tests include:
+Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test.PSAis a protein made in the prostate.PSAlevels go up when the prostate becomes enlarged. But higherPSAlevels also can be due to recent procedures, illnesses, surgery or prostate cancer.
+Urinary flow test.You pee into a container attached to a machine. The machine measures how strong your urine flow is and how much urine you pass. Test results can show over time whether your condition is getting better or worse.
+Postvoid residual volume test.This test measures whether you can empty your bladder fully. The test can be done using an imaging exam called ultrasound. Or it can be done with a tube called a catheter placed into your bladder after you pee to measure how much urine is left in the bladder.
+24-hour voiding diary.This involves noting how often and how much you pee. It might be extra helpful if you make more than a third of your daily urine at night.
+If your health problem is more complex, you may need tests including:
+Transrectal ultrasound.A device that uses sound waves to make pictures is inserted into the rectum. It measures the size of the prostate.
+Prostate biopsy.This test uses ultrasound imaging to guide needles that take tissue samples of the prostate. Checking the prostate tissue can help your doctor find out if you have prostate cancer.
+Urodynamic and pressure flow studies.A catheter is threaded through the urethra into the bladder. Water — or, less often, air — is slowly sent into the bladder to measure bladder pressure and check how well the bladder muscles work when you try to pass urine.
+Cystoscopy.A lighted, flexible tool is placed into the urethra. It lets a provider see inside the urethra and bladder. Before this test, you may be given a topical medicine that numbs the urethra.","Many treatments are available for enlarged prostate. These include medicines, surgery and procedures that involve smaller, fewer or no cuts. The best treatment choice for you depends on:
+The size of your prostate.
+Your age.
+Your overall health.
+How serious your symptoms are.
+If your symptoms don't get in the way of your life, you might decide to put off treatment. Instead, you could wait to see if your symptoms change or get worse. For some people, symptoms ofBPHcan ease without treatment.",,"For an enlarged prostate, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary issues, called a urologist.","You can do things at home to help control the symptoms of an enlarged prostate.
+Try to make healthy diet and exercise changes:
+Drink less at night.Don't drink anything for an hour or two before bedtime. This helps prevent trips to the bathroom overnight.
+Limit caffeine and alcohol.They can cause the body to make more urine, irritate the bladder and make symptoms worse.
+Watch what you eat.Foods with lots of seasoning can irritate the bladder.
+Become more active.Exercise can help reduce urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate.
+Stay at a healthy weight.Obesity is linked with an enlarged prostate.
+Also try these bathroom habits:
+Go when you first feel the urge.Waiting too long might stretch the bladder muscle too much and cause damage.
+Plan bathroom breaks.Try to pee at regular times, such as every couple of hours, during the day. This can be useful if you need to pee often and urgently.
+Pee and then pee again a few moments later.This practice is known as double voiding.
+Other things that might help include:
+Limiting decongestants or antihistamines.These medicines tighten the band of muscles around the urethra that control urine flow. This makes it harder to pee.
+Staying warm.Colder temperatures can cause urine retention and increase the urgency to urinate.","not being able to fully empty bladder, not being able to pee, weak urine stream, dribbling, peeing more often at night, dribbling at end of urination, trouble starting to pee, urinary tract infection, blood in urine, urgent need to pee, frequent urination, prostate"
+159,Sick sinus syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377554,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377560,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20377561,"Sick sinus syndrome is a type of heart rhythm disorder. It affects the heart's natural pacemaker (sinus node), which controls the heartbeat. Sick sinus syndrome causes slow heartbeats, pauses (long periods between heartbeats) or irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias).
+
+Sick sinus syndrome is relatively uncommon. The risk of developing it increases with age. Many people with sick sinus syndrome eventually need an implanted device called a pacemaker to keep the heart in a regular rhythm.
+
+Sick sinus syndrome may also be called sinus node dysfunction or sinus node disease.","Most people with sick sinus syndrome have few or no symptoms. Symptoms may be mild or come and go — making them difficult to recognize at first.
+
+Signs and symptoms of sick sinus syndrome may include:","Talk to your health care provider if you have any signs or symptoms of sick sinus syndrome. Many medical conditions can cause these problems. It's important to get a timely and accurate diagnosis.
+
+If you have new or unexplained chest pain or think you're having a heart attack, call for emergency medical help immediately.","To understand the cause of sick sinus syndrome, it may be helpful to know how the heart typically beats.
+
+The heart is made up of four chambers — two upper (atria) and two lower (ventricles). The rhythm of the heart is typically controlled by the sinus node, an area of specialized cells in the right upper heart chamber (right atrium).",Sick sinus syndrome can occur at any age. It's most common in people in their 70s or older. Common heart disease risk factors might increase the risk of sick sinus syndrome. Risk factors for heart disease include:,Complications of sick sinus syndrome include:,,"To diagnose sick sinus syndrome, a health care provider performs a physical exam and asks about symptoms and medical history.
+
+Symptoms of sick sinus syndrome — such as dizziness, shortness of breath and fainting — only occur when the heart is beating irregularly. You may not have symptoms at the time of the appointment.
+
+To determine whether symptoms are related to problems with the sinus node and heart function, a health care provider may use the following tests:","The goals of sick sinus treatment are to reduce or eliminate symptoms and to manage any other contributing health conditions.
+
+Treatment of sick sinus syndrome may include:
+
+If you don't have symptoms, your health care provider may simply recommend regular health checkups to monitor your condition. Most people with symptoms need to have a procedure to implant a device to maintain a regular heartbeat (pacemaker).",,"Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of sick sinus syndrome. You might be referred to a doctor trained in diagnosing and treating heart conditions (cardiologist).
+
+Be prepared to answer questions about your medical history and symptoms. Write down your answers to help you remember details.
+
+Questions your provider may ask about symptoms include:
+
+Other questions may include the following:
+
+Write down any questions you have for your provider. You might bring a friend or relative to write down information during the appointment.",,"sick sinus syndrome, none"
+160,Brain AVM (arteriovenous malformation),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-avm/symptoms-causes/syc-20350260,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-avm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350265,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-avm/doctors-departments/ddc-20350267,"A brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a tangle of blood vessels that creates irregular connections between arteries and veins in the brain.
+Arteries take oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the brain. Veins carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the lungs and heart. A brain AVM disrupts this vital process.
+An arteriovenous malformation can develop anywhere in the body, but common locations include the brain and spinal cord. Overall, brain AVMs are rare.
+The cause of brain AVMs isn't clear. Most people who have them are born with them, but they can form later in life. Rarely, AVM can be a trait passed down in families.
+Some people with brain AVMs experience symptoms such as headaches or seizures. A brain AVM may be found after a brain scan for another health issue. Sometimes a brain AVM is found after the blood vessels burst and bleed, known as a hemorrhage.
+Once diagnosed, a brain AVM can be treated to prevent complications such as brain damage or stroke.","A brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) may not cause any symptoms until the AVM bursts and bleeds, known as a hemorrhage. In about half of all brain AVMs, a hemorrhage is the first sign of the malformation.
+But some people with brain AVMs may experience symptoms other than bleeding, such as:
+Seizures.
+Headaches or pain in one area of the head.
+Muscle weakness or numbness in one part of the body.
+Some people may experience more-serious symptoms depending on the location of the AVM, including:
+A very bad headache.
+Weakness, numbness or paralysis.
+Vision loss.
+Trouble speaking.
+Confusion or not being able to understand others.
+Trouble with walking.
+Symptoms of a brain AVM may begin at any age but usually appear between ages 10 and 40. Brain AVMs can damage brain tissue over time. The effects slowly build and often cause symptoms in early adulthood.
+By middle age, however, brain AVMs tend to remain stable and are less likely to cause symptoms.","Get medical care right away if you notice any symptoms of a brain AVM, such as seizures, headaches or other symptoms. A bleeding brain AVM is dangerous and requires emergency medical care.","The cause of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is not known. Researchers believe most brain AVMs are present at birth and form during a baby's growth in the womb. But brain AVMs can happen later in life as well.
+Brain AVMs are seen in some people who have hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). HHT also is known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome. HHT affects the way blood vessels form in several areas of the body, including the brain.
+Typically, the heart sends oxygen-rich blood to the brain through arteries. The arteries slow blood flow by passing the blood through a series of smaller and smaller blood vessels. The smallest blood vessels are called capillaries. The capillaries slowly deliver oxygen through their thin, porous walls to the surrounding brain tissue.
+The oxygen-depleted blood passes into small blood vessels and then into larger veins. The veins return the blood to the heart and lungs to get more oxygen.
+The arteries and veins in an AVM lack this supporting network of smaller blood vessels and capillaries. Instead, blood flows quickly and directly from the arteries to the veins. When this happens, surrounding brain tissue doesn't receive the oxygen it needs.","Anyone can be born with a brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM), but these factors may raise the risk:
+Being male.Brain AVMs are more common in men.
+Having a family history.Rarely, brain AVMs occur in families, but it's not clear if there's a certain genetic risk factor. It's also possible to inherit other medical conditions that increase the risk of brain AVMs, such as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT).","Complications of a brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) include:
+Bleeding in the brain.A brain AVM puts extreme pressure on the walls of the affected arteries and veins. The pressure causes the arteries and veins to become thin or weak. This may result in the AVM breaking open and bleeding into the brain, known as a hemorrhage.This risk of a brain AVM bleeding ranges from around 2% to 3% each year. The risk of bleeding may be higher for certain types of AVM. Risk also may be higher in people who have had a brain AVM bleed in the past.Although studies haven't found that pregnancy increases the risk of hemorrhage in people with a brain AVM, more research is needed.Some hemorrhages associated with brain AVMs aren't detected because they cause no major symptoms. However, potentially dangerous bleeding can occur.Brain AVMs account for about 2% of all hemorrhagic strokes each year. In children and young adults who experience brain hemorrhage, brain AVMs are often the cause.
+Reduced oxygen to brain tissue.With a brain AVM, blood doesn't flow through the network of small blood vessels called capillaries. Instead, it flows directly from arteries to veins. Blood rushes quickly because it isn't slowed by the smaller blood vessels.Surrounding brain tissue can't easily absorb oxygen from the fast-flowing blood. Without enough oxygen, brain tissues weaken or may die off completely. This results in stroke-like symptoms, such as trouble speaking, weakness, numbness, vision loss or trouble staying steady.
+Thin or weak blood vessels.An AVM puts extreme pressure on the thin and weak walls of the blood vessels. A bulge in a blood vessel wall, known as an aneurysm, may form. The aneurysm may be at risk of bursting.
+Brain damage.The body may use more arteries to supply blood to the fast-flowing brain AVM. As a result, some AVMs may get bigger and displace or compress portions of the brain. This may prevent protective fluids from flowing freely around the brain.If fluid builds up, it can push brain tissue against the skull.
+One type of brain AVM that involves a major blood vessel called the vein of Galen causes serious complications in babies. Symptoms are present at birth or appear soon after birth. This type of brain AVM causes fluid to build up in the brain and the head to swell. Swollen veins may be seen on the scalp, and seizures may occur. Children with this type of brain AVM can have a failure to thrive and congestive heart failure.",,"To diagnose a brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM), your healthcare professional reviews your symptoms and conducts a physical exam.
+One or more tests may be used to diagnose brain AVM. Imaging tests are usually done by radiologists trained in brain and nervous system imaging, known as neuroradiologists.
+Tests used to diagnose brain AVMs include:
+Cerebral angiography.This is the most detailed test to diagnose a brain AVM. Cerebral angiography reveals the location of the feeding arteries and draining veins, which is critical to planning treatment. Cerebral angiography is also known as cerebral arteriography.In this test, a long, thin tube called a catheter is inserted into an artery in the groin or wrist. The catheter is threaded to the brain using X-ray imaging. A dye is injected into the blood vessels of the brain to make them visible under X-ray imaging.
+Computerized tomography (CT) scan.A CT scan uses a series of X-rays to create a detailed cross-sectional image of the brain.Sometimes a dye is injected through a tube into a vein for the CT scan. This type of test is known as computerized tomography angiography. The dye allows the arteries feeding the AVM and the veins draining the AVM to be viewed in greater detail.
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain.MRI is more sensitive than CT and can show subtle changes in brain tissue related to a brain AVM.MRI also provides information about the exact location of the brain AVM and any related bleeding in the brain. The information is important for planning treatment.A dye also may be injected to see the blood circulation in the brain. This type of test is known as magnetic resonance angiography.","There are several treatments for brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The main goal of treatment is to prevent bleeding, known as a hemorrhage. Treatment also can help control seizures or other brain symptoms.
+The proper treatment depends on your age, health, and the size and location of the brain AVM.
+Medicines may be used to treat symptoms caused by the AVM, such as headaches or seizures.
+Surgery is the most common treatment for brain AVMs. There are three surgical options:
+Surgical removal, known as resection.Surgery may be recommended if the brain AVM has bled or is in an area that can easily be reached. In this procedure, the surgeon removes part of the skull to gain access to the AVM.With the help of a high-powered microscope, the surgeon seals off the AVM with special clips and carefully removes it from surrounding brain tissue. The surgeon then reattaches the skull bone and closes the incision in the scalp.Resection usually is done when the AVM can be removed with little risk of hemorrhage or seizure. AVMs that are in deep brain regions carry a higher risk of complications, and other treatments may be recommended.
+Endovascular embolization.In this procedure, a catheter is inserted into an artery in the leg or wrist. The catheter is threaded through blood vessels to the brain using X-ray imaging.The catheter is positioned in one of the arteries that feeds the brain AVM. The surgeon injects an embolizing agent. This may be small particles, a gluelike substance, microcoils or other materials. The embolizing agent blocks the artery and reduces blood flow into the AVM.Endovascular embolization is less invasive than traditional surgery. It may be performed alone but it's often used before other surgical treatments to make them safer. It does this by reducing the size of the brain AVM or the likelihood of bleeding.In some large brain AVMs, endovascular embolization may be used to reduce stroke-like symptoms by redirecting blood back to brain tissue.
+Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).This treatment uses precisely focused radiation to destroy the AVM. This type of surgery doesn't require cuts in the body the way other surgeries do.Instead, SRS directs many highly targeted radiation beams at the AVM to damage the blood vessels and cause scarring. The scarred AVM blood vessels then slowly close in 1 to 3 years.This treatment may be done for small AVMs that are hard to remove with traditional surgery. It also may be done for AVMs that haven't caused dangerous hemorrhages.
+Sometimes healthcare professionals decide to monitor a brain AVM rather than treating it. This may be recommended if you have few or no symptoms or if your AVM is in an area of your brain that's hard to treat. Monitoring includes regular medical checkups with your healthcare team.","You can take steps to cope with the emotions that may come with a diagnosis of brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and the recovery process. Consider trying to:
+Learn about brain AVM to make informed decisions about your care.Ask your healthcare professional about the size and location of your brain AVM. Ask how that affects your treatment options. As you learn more about brain AVMs, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
+Accept your emotions.Complications of brain AVM, such as hemorrhage and stroke, can cause emotional concerns as well as physical ones. Recognize that experiencing emotions is common. Some emotional and mood changes may be caused by the injury itself, along with coming to terms with the diagnosis.
+Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong helps during recovery. Friends and family can provide the practical support you need, such as coming with you to healthcare appointments and providing emotional support.
+Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The concern and understanding of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or support group also may be helpful.
+Ask your healthcare professional about support groups in your area. You also might look online or check the library. You may find a support group through a national organization, such as the American Stroke Association or the Aneurysm and AVM Foundation.","A brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) may be diagnosed in an emergency right after bleeding has occurred. It also may be found after other symptoms prompt a brain scan.
+But sometimes a brain AVM may be found during the diagnosis or treatment of an unrelated medical condition. You may then be referred to a specialist trained in brain and nervous system conditions, such as a neurologist or neurosurgeon.
+Because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to arrive prepared for your appointment. Here are some tips to help you get ready and what to expect from your healthcare professional.",,"pain, arteriovenous malformation, weakness, bleeding, trouble speaking, trouble walking, numbness, muscle weakness, bad headache, paralysis, hemorrhage, confusion, seizures, avms, vision loss, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+seizures, headaches"
+161,Pediatric brain tumors,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20361694,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/doctors-departments/ddc-20361738,"Pediatric brain tumors are growths of cells that start in or near the brain in children. The growths, called tumors, can grow to press on nearby parts of the brain. This can cause symptoms, such as headaches and nausea.
+Many types of pediatric brain tumors exist. Some grow quickly, and some grow slowly. Some are cancerous, and some aren't cancerous. Noncancerous brain tumors also are called benign brain tumors.
+The type of brain tumor a child has helps determine the best treatment plan. Other things your child's healthcare team considers include the tumor's location, whether it has spread beyond the brain, and your child's age and overall health.
+Treatment for brain tumors in children is often quite different from treatment for adult brain tumors. For this reason, seek out care at a medical center that has experience caring for children with brain tumors.","Pediatric brain tumor symptoms may vary depending on the tumor's location within the brain. Symptoms also might depend on the size of the tumor and how quickly it's growing.
+Some of the more common signs and symptoms of pediatric brain tumors include:
+Headaches, which may become more frequent and more severe. In children who don't talk, a parent might notice that the child is more irritable than usual.
+Nausea and vomiting.
+Vision changes, such as double vision. In children who don't talk, a parent might notice that a child squints or covers one eye when trying to look at something.
+Other possible signs and symptoms include:
+A fuller soft spot on the skull in babies.
+Changes in the way the eyes move.
+Confusion and irritability.
+Difficulty with balance.
+Hearing problems.
+Memory problems.
+Personality or behavior changes.
+Seizures, especially in a child who hasn't had a seizure before.
+Slurred speech.
+Trouble walking.
+Trouble swallowing.
+Weakness or drooping on one side on the face.
+Weakness or loss of sensation in an arm or a leg.",Make an appointment with your child's doctor or other healthcare professional if your child has symptoms that worry you.,"Most of the time, the cause of a pediatric brain tumor isn't known.
+Pediatric brain tumors start when cells in the brain develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The extra cells might form a mass called a tumor. A tumor can grow and press on nearby brain tissue. Sometimes a growing tumor causes swelling and other changes in the nearby brain tissue.
+Some tumor cells develop other DNA changes that turn them into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy tissue. Sometimes cancer cells can break away and spread beyond the brain. If brain cancer spreads, it tends to go to the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid.",Factors that may increase the risk of pediatric brain tumors include:,,"There's no way to prevent pediatric brain tumors. If your child develops a brain tumor, you didn't do anything to cause it.","Pediatric brain tumor diagnosis often begins with questions about your child's symptoms and an exam. The exam can give your child's healthcare team clues about what's happening in your child's brain. It can help the healthcare team decide which tests are needed next.
+Tests and procedures used to diagnose pediatric brain tumors include:","Treatment for pediatric brain tumors depends on many factors. Your child's healthcare team considers the type, size and location of the tumor. The care team also considers your child's age and overall health. Treatment options might include surgery, radiation therapy, radiosurgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy.",Here are some suggestions to help guide your family through your child's brain tumor treatment.,"See your child's doctor or other healthcare professional if your child has any symptoms that worry you. If a brain tumor is suspected, ask for a referral to an experienced specialist in pediatric brain tumors.
+Consider taking a relative or friend along to the appointment to help remember all the information provided.
+Here's some information to help you and your child get ready for the appointment.",,"nausea, seizure, changes in the way the eyes move, weakness or loss of sensation in an arm or a leg, brain tumors, weakness or drooping on one side on the face, headaches, nausea and vomiting, fuller soft spot on the skull, slurred speech, loss of sensation, memory problems, vomiting, double vision, tumor, hearing problems, squints, difficulty with balance, seizures, brain tumor symptoms, irritability, weakness, trouble walking, irritable, confusion, personality or behavior changes, trouble swallowing"
+162,Inflammatory breast cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20355413,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355417,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-breast-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20355419,"Inflammatory breast cancer is a form of breast cancer that causes breast swelling and skin changes.
+Inflammatory breast cancer happens when a growth of cells forms in the breast tissue. The cells break away from where they started to grow and travel to the lymphatic vessels in the skin. The cells can block the vessels and cause the skin on the breast to look swollen. This skin on the breast might look red or purple.
+Inflammatory breast cancer is considered a locally advanced cancer. When a cancer is locally advanced, that means it has spread from where it started to nearby tissue and possibly to nearby lymph nodes.
+Inflammatory breast cancer can easily be confused with a breast infection, which is a much more common cause of breast swelling and skin changes. Seek medical attention right away if you notice skin changes on your breast.","Inflammatory breast cancer doesn't commonly form a lump, as occurs with other forms of breast cancer. Instead, signs and symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer include:
+Fast change in the appearance of one breast, over the course of several weeks.
+Thickness, heaviness or swelling of one breast.
+Changes in skin color, giving the breast a red, purple, pink or bruised appearance.
+Unusual warmth of the affected breast.
+Dimpling or ridges on the skin of the affected breast, similar to an orange peel.
+Tenderness, pain or aching.
+Enlarged lymph nodes under the arm, above the collarbone or below the collarbone.
+Flattened nipple or nipple that turns inward on the affected breast.
+For inflammatory breast cancer to be diagnosed, these symptoms must have been present for less than six months.","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+Other, more common conditions have symptoms similar to those of inflammatory breast cancer. A breast injury or breast infection, called mastitis, may cause skin color changes, swelling and pain.
+Inflammatory breast cancer can easily be confused with a breast infection, which is much more common. It's reasonable and common to first be treated with antibiotics for a week or more. If your symptoms respond to antibiotics, additional testing isn't necessary. But if the condition does not improve, your healthcare professional may consider more-serious causes of your symptoms, such as inflammatory breast cancer.
+If you've been treated for a breast infection but your symptoms continue, contact your healthcare professional. You may have a mammogram or other test to evaluate your symptoms. The only way a healthcare professional can know whether your symptoms are caused by inflammatory breast cancer is to remove a sample of tissue for testing.","Inflammatory breast cancer happens when cells in the breast develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+Most often the DNA changes happen in a cell in one of the tubes, called ducts, that can carry breast milk to the nipple. But the cancer also can begin with a cell in the glandular tissue, called lobules, where breast milk can be produced.
+In inflammatory breast cancer, the cancer cells break away from where they started. They travel to the lymphatic vessels in the breast skin. The cells grow to clog the vessels. The blockage in the lymphatic vessels causes skin color changes, swelling and dimpled skin. This skin is a classic sign of inflammatory breast cancer.",Factors that increase the risk of inflammatory breast cancer include:,,Making changes in your daily life may help lower your risk of breast cancer. Try to:,"Inflammatory breast cancer is a clinical diagnosis that often starts with a discussion of your health history and an exam of the breast. Other tests include imaging tests and removing some cells for testing.
+Tests and procedures used to diagnose inflammatory breast cancer include:
+A physical exam.Your healthcare professional examines your breast to look for changes in skin color, swelling and other signs of inflammatory breast cancer.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests make pictures of the body. Your healthcare professional may recommend a breast X-ray, called a mammogram, or a breast ultrasound to look for signs of cancer in your breast. Additional imaging tests, such as anMRI, may be recommended in certain situations.
+Removing a sample of tissue for testing.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. The tissue might be removed using a needle that is put through the skin and into the suspected cancer cells. A skin biopsy also may be helpful. This type of biopsy removes a sample of skin cells. The sample is tested in a lab to see if it is cancer.","Inflammatory breast cancer treatment begins with chemotherapy. If the cancer hasn't spread to other areas of the body, treatment continues with surgery and radiation therapy. If the cancer has spread to other areas of the body, your healthcare team may recommend other medicines in addition to chemotherapy. These treatments can slow the growth of the cancer.","Inflammatory breast cancer progresses rapidly. Sometimes this means you need to start treatment before you've had time to think everything through. With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and distress of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find that it helps to:","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If you're diagnosed with inflammatory breast cancer, you'll be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"pain, flattened nipple, swelling, fast change in appearance, changes in skin color, unusual warmth, enlarged lymph nodes, thickness, aching, nipple turns inward, ridges, tenderness, dimpling, breast cancer, heaviness"
+163,Male breast cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374740,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374745,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20374746,"Male breast cancer is a rare cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue of men.
+Breast cancer is typically thought of as a condition that happens in women. But everyone is born with some breast tissue. So anyone can get breast cancer.
+Male breast cancer is rare. It happens most often in older men, though it can occur at any age.
+Treatment for male breast cancer typically involves surgery to remove the breast tissue. Other treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, may be recommended as well.","Signs and symptoms of male breast cancer can include:
+A painless lump or thickening of the skin on the chest.
+Changes to the skin covering the chest, such as dimpling, puckering, scaling or changes in the color of the skin.
+Changes to the nipple, such as changes in the skin color or scaling, or a nipple that begins to turn inward.
+Discharge or bleeding from the nipple.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional if you have symptoms that worry you.,"It's not clear what causes male breast cancer.
+Male breast cancer starts when cells in the breast tissue develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time.
+In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","Factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer include:
+Older age.The risk of breast cancer increases with age. Male breast cancer is most often diagnosed in men in their 60s.
+Hormone therapy for prostate cancer or medicines containing estrogen.If you take estrogen-related medicines, such as those used for hormone therapy for prostate cancer, your risk of breast cancer rises.
+Family history of breast cancer.If you have a blood relative with breast cancer, you have a greater chance of getting the disease.
+Inherited DNA changes that increase breast cancer risk.Some of the DNA changes that can lead to breast cancer are passed down from parents to children. People born with these DNA changes have a greater risk of breast cancer. For example, the DNA changes BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk of male breast cancer.
+Klinefelter syndrome.This genetic syndrome occurs when males are born with more than one copy of the X chromosome. Klinefelter syndrome affects the development of the testicles. It causes changes in the balance of hormones in the body, which can increase the risk of male breast cancer.
+Liver disease.Certain conditions, such as cirrhosis of the liver, can change the balance of hormones in the body. This raises the risk of male breast cancer.
+Obesity.Obesity is linked with higher levels of estrogen in the body. This increases the risk of male breast cancer.
+Testicle disease or surgery.Having inflamed testicles, called orchitis, or surgery to remove a testicle, called orchiectomy, can increase the risk of male breast cancer.",,"For most men, there's no way to prevent male breast cancer. For those that have an increased risk of cancer, there may be ways to lower the risk.
+If breast cancer runs in your family.Certain DNA changes are linked to breast cancer. If these DNA changes run in your family, you might have an increased risk of breast cancer. DNA changes that increase the risk of male breast cancer include BRCA1 and BRCA2.If you know that a blood relative carries DNA changes linked to breast cancer, tell your doctor or other health care professional. Together you can decide whether you should have genetic testing to see if you also carry the DNA changes.If you carry a DNA change that increases your risk, you might need breast cancer screening. Usually this involves becoming familiar with the skin and tissue on your chest. Tell your health professional if you notice any changes. You also might have an annual exam of your chest.
+If you're a transgender man.If you haven't had gender-affirming surgery on your chest, talk with your doctor or other health care professional about breast cancer screening. In general, follow the screening guidelines for people assigned female at birth.If you've had gender-affirming surgery to your chest, breast cancer is still possible, though it's rare. Often a small amount of breast tissue remains after surgery. Get to know the look and feel of the skin on your chest. Report any changes to your health care team right away.",,"Male breast cancer treatment usually starts with surgery. Other common treatments include chemotherapy, hormone therapy and radiation therapy. To create a treatment plan, your health care team looks at your cancer's stage, your overall health and what you prefer.","Receiving a cancer diagnosis can be shocking. With time, you'll find ways to cope with the stress and challenges of cancer and cancer treatment. Until then, you might find it helpful to consider:
+Talking with someone.You may feel comfortable discussing your feelings with a friend or family member. Or you might prefer meeting with a formal support group. Support groups for the families of cancer survivors also are available.
+Prayer or meditation.You can pray or meditate on your own. Or you can have a spiritual adviser or an instructor guide you.
+Exercise.Gentle exercise may help boost your mood and make you feel better. Ask a member of your health care team about exercises you can do.
+Creative activities.Certain activities, such as art, dance and music, may help you feel less distressed. Some cancer centers have specially trained professionals who can guide you through these activities.
+Relaxation exercises.Relaxation exercises help refocus your mind and help you relax. Relaxation exercises include guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation. You can do relaxation exercises on your own or with an instructor. You might find it helpful to listen to a recording or watch a video that guides you through the exercises.","Start by seeing your doctor or another health care professional if you notice any symptoms that worry you. You might be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"nipple turning inward, changes in skin color, scaling, discharge, bleeding, painless lump, thickening of the skin, puckering, dimpling, breast cancer"
+164,Mastitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mastitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374829,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mastitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374834,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mastitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20374835,"Mastitis is swelling and redness, called inflammation, of breast tissue. It sometimes involves an infection. Besides causing swelling and redness, mastitis causes breast pain and warmth. An infection also can cause fever and chills.
+Mastitis most often affects people who are breastfeeding. This is called lactation mastitis. But mastitis can happen to people who aren't breastfeeding.
+Lactation mastitis can cause you to feel run down, making it hard to care for your baby. Sometimes mastitis causes people to wean their babies earlier than they meant to. But continuing to breastfeed is better for you and your baby. This is true even if you're taking an antibiotic.","Symptoms of mastitis can appear suddenly. They may be in one or both breasts. Symptoms may include:
+Breast tenderness or warmth.
+Breast swelling.
+Thickening of breast tissue, or a breast lump.
+Pain or a burning feeling all the time or while breastfeeding.
+Skin redness, often in a wedge-shaped pattern. The redness may be harder to see on Black or brown skin.
+Feeling ill.
+Fever of 101 degrees Fahrenheit (38.3 degrees Celsius) or greater.",See your healthcare professional if you have breast symptoms that worry you.,"Milk that is trapped in the breast is the main cause of mastitis. Other causes include:
+A blocked milk duct.If a breast doesn't empty all the way during feedings, one of the milk ducts can get clogged. Then milk backs up, leading to breast infection.
+Germs going into the breast.Germs from the skin's surface and baby's mouth can enter the milk ducts. This can happen through a crack in the skin of the nipple or through a milk duct opening. Germs can grow in milk that stays in a breast that isn't emptied.","Risk factors for mastitis include:
+Having a history of mastitis.
+Having sore or cracked nipples.
+Putting pressure on a breast that restricts milk flow. Wearing a tight bra or using a tight seat belt can cause pressure.
+Not nursing correctly.
+Being overly tired or stressed.
+Eating poorly.
+Smoking.","Mastitis that isn't treated or that is due to a blocked duct can cause pus to build up in the breast. This is called an abscess. An abscess most often needs to be drained surgically.
+To avoid this complication, talk with your healthcare professional as soon as you get symptoms of mastitis. You may need to take a course of antibiotics.","Before you start breastfeeding, think about meeting with a breastfeeding specialist, called a lactation consultant. This can help you avoid complications such as mastitis.
+Lower your chances of getting mastitis by following these tips:
+Feed your baby on demand or let out milk with your hand, called expressing, often.
+Fully drain the milk from your breasts while breastfeeding.
+Let your baby empty one breast all the way before switching to the other breast during feeding.
+Change the position you use to breastfeed from one feeding to the next.
+Make sure your baby latches on well during feedings.
+If you smoke, talk with your healthcare professional about how to quit.","Your healthcare professional does a physical exam and asks about your symptoms and medical history. You might have a breast ultrasound. Your healthcare professional might take out, called aspirate, some of the fluid in your breast. A culture of this fluid can help find the best antibiotic for you.
+A rare form of breast cancer, called inflammatory breast cancer, also can cause redness and swelling that might be confused with mastitis. Your healthcare professional may suggest a mammogram or an ultrasound or both.
+If your symptoms don't go away after you take a full course of antibiotics, you may need a biopsy to make sure you don't have breast cancer. Be sure to follow up with your healthcare professional after you've taken all the antibiotics.","Mastitis treatment might involve:
+Antibiotics.If you have an infection, a 10-day course of antibiotics is most often needed. Take all the medicine. This lowers the risk of the infection coming back. If your mastitis doesn't clear up after taking antibiotics, contact your healthcare professional.
+Pain relievers.You can try a medicine available without a prescription such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others).
+It's safe to keep breastfeeding if you have mastitis. Breastfeeding helps clear the infection. Weaning your baby suddenly might make your symptoms worse.
+You might see a specialist in breastfeeding, called a lactation consultant, for help and support. Advice on the best way to breastfeed might include:
+Don't let your breasts fill too much between feedings.
+Try get your infant to latch on well. This can be hard when your breast is swollen.
+Letting out a small amount of milk by hand before breastfeeding might help. This is called expressing.
+Lightly massage the breast while breastfeeding or pumping milk. Start at the affected area and move down toward the nipple. Do not press hard or squeeze.
+Make sure your breast drains all the way during breastfeeding. If you have trouble emptying your breast, put a warm, moist cloth on the breast before breastfeeding or pumping milk.
+Breastfeed on the affected side first. This is when your infant is hungrier and sucking harder.
+Change your breastfeeding positions.
+Drink plenty of fluids.",,"You may be sent to an obstetrician-gynecologist. For problems related to breastfeeding, you may be referred to a lactation consultant.","To help yourself feel better:
+Don't let your breasts fill up with too much milk between breastfeeding sessions.
+Put a cool cloth or ice pack on your breast after breastfeeding.
+Wear a bra that supports your breasts.
+Rest as much as you can.","pain, breast tenderness, feeling ill, thickening of breast tissue, mastitis, fever, burning feeling, breast warmth, breast swelling, breast lump, skin redness"
+165,Subconjunctival hemorrhage (broken blood vessel in eye),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/subconjunctival-hemorrhage/symptoms-causes/syc-20353826,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/subconjunctival-hemorrhage/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353832,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/subconjunctival-hemorrhage/doctors-departments/ddc-20353833,"A subconjunctival hemorrhage (sub-kun-JUNK-tih-vul HEM-uh-ruj) occurs when a tiny blood vessel breaks just underneath the clear surface of your eye (conjunctiva). In many ways, it's just like having a bruise on your skin. The conjunctiva can't absorb blood very quickly, so the blood gets trapped. You may not even realize you have a subconjunctival hemorrhage until you look in the mirror and notice that the white part of your eye is bright red.","The most obvious sign of a subconjunctival hemorrhage is a bright red patch on the white (sclera) of your eye.
+
+Despite its bloody appearance, a subconjunctival hemorrhage looks worse than it is and should cause no change in your vision, discharge or pain. Your only discomfort may be a scratchy feeling on the surface of the eye.","If you have recurrent subconjunctival hemorrhages or other bleeding, talk to your doctor.","The cause of a subconjunctival hemorrhage isn't always known. The following actions may cause a small blood vessel to rupture in your eye:
+
+In some cases, a subconjunctival hemorrhage may result from an eye injury, including:",Risk factors for a subconjunctival hemorrhage include:,"Health complications from a subconjunctival hemorrhage are rare. If your condition is due to trauma, your doctor may evaluate your eye to ensure you don't have other eye complications or injury.","If the bleeding on the surface of your eye has a clearly identifiable cause, such as a bleeding disorder or blood-thinning medication, ask your doctor if you can take any steps to reduce the risk of a subconjunctival hemorrhage.
+
+If you need to rub your eyes, rub them gently. Rubbing too hard can cause minor trauma to your eyes, which may lead to a subconjunctival hemorrhage.","Your doctor or eye doctor will generally diagnose a subconjunctival hemorrhage by looking at your eye. You'll likely need no other tests.
+
+If you have recurrent subconjunctival hemorrhages, your doctor may also:","You may want to use eye drops, such as artificial tears, to soothe any scratchy feeling you may be experiencing. Beyond that, the blood will absorb within about 1 to 2 weeks, and you'll need no treatment.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to an eye doctor (ophthalmologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, discharge, bright red patch, scratchy feeling, bloody, scratchy, hemorrhage"
+166,Hip fracture,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/symptoms-causes/syc-20373468,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373472,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/doctors-departments/ddc-20373473,"A hip fracture is a serious injury, with complications that can be life-threatening. The risk of hip fracture rises with age.
+
+Risk increases because bones tend to weaken with age (osteoporosis). Multiple medications, poor vision and balance problems also make older people more likely to fall — one of the most common causes of hip fracture.
+
+A hip fracture almost always requires surgical repair or replacement, followed by physical therapy. Taking steps to maintain bone density and avoid falls can help prevent a hip fracture.",Signs and symptoms of a hip fracture include:,,"A severe impact, such as a car crash, can cause hip fractures in people of all ages. In older adults, a hip fracture is most often a result of a fall from a standing height. In people with very weak bones, a hip fracture can occur simply by standing on the leg and twisting.",Many things can increase the risk of hip fractures.,"A hip fracture can reduce independence and sometimes shorten life. About half the people who have a hip fracture aren't able to regain the ability to live independently.
+
+When hip fractures prevent movement for a long time, complications can include:","Healthy lifestyle choices in early adulthood build a higher peak bone mass and reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later years. The same measures adopted at any age might lower the risk of falls and improve overall health.
+
+To avoid falls and to maintain healthy bone:","A health care provider can often diagnose a hip fracture based on symptoms and the abnormal position of the hip and leg. An X-ray usually will confirm the fracture and show where the fracture is.
+
+If your X-ray doesn't show a fracture but you still have hip pain, your provider might order an MRI or bone scan to look for a hairline fracture.
+
+Most hip fractures occur in one of two locations on the long bone that extends from the pelvis to your knee (femur):","Treatment for hip fracture usually involves a combination of prompt surgical repair, rehabilitation, and medication to manage pain and to prevent blood clots and infection.",,You may be referred to an orthopedic surgeon.,,"fracture, none"
+168,Burns,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burns/symptoms-causes/syc-20370539,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burns/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370545,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burns/doctors-departments/ddc-20370546,"Burns are tissue damage that results from too much sun, hot liquids, flames, chemicals, electricity, steam and other sources. Burns can be minor medical problems or life-threatening emergencies.
+The treatment of burns depends on where they are on the body and how bad they are. Sunburns and small scalds can often be treated with first aid. Deep or widespread burns and chemical or electrical burns need medical care right away. Some people need treatment at specialized burn centers and monthslong follow-up care.","Burn symptoms vary depending on how deep the skin damage is. It can take a day or two for the symptoms of a severe burn to develop.
+First-degree burn, also called superficial burn.This minor burn affects only the outer layer of the skin, which is called the epidermis. It may cause pain and redness or other changes in skin color.
+Second-degree burn, also called partial-thickness burn.This type of burn affects both the epidermis and the second layer of skin, which is called the dermis. It may cause swelling and red, white or splotchy skin. Blisters may develop, and pain can be terrible. Deep second-degree burns can cause scarring.
+Third-degree burn, also called full-thickness burn.This burn involves all of the layers of skin and sometimes the fat and muscle tissue under the skin. Burned areas may be black, brown or white. The skin may look leathery. Third-degree burns can destroy nerves, so there may be little or no pain.","Call 911 or seek immediate care for:
+Burns that may be deep, involving all layers of the skin.
+Burns that cause the skin to be dry and leathery.
+Burns that look charred or have patches of white, brown or black.
+Burns that are larger than 3 inches (about 8 centimeters) wide.
+Burns that cover the hands, feet, face, neck, groin, buttocks or a major joint, or burns that encircle an arm or a leg.
+Difficulty breathing due to breathing in smoke or fumes.
+Headache or nausea due to exposure to fire and smoke.
+Burns that begin swelling very quickly.
+Major burns that were caused by chemicals, gunpowder or an explosion.
+Electrical burns, including those caused by lightning.
+A sunburn with a fever greater than 103 degrees Fahrenheit (39 degrees Celsius) and vomiting.
+An infection over a sunburned area.
+A sunburn with confusion or passing out.
+A sunburn with dehydration.
+Take first-aid measures while waiting for emergency assistance.
+A minor burn might need emergency care if it affects the eyes, mouth, hands or genitals. Babies and older adults might need emergency care for minor burns as well.
+Call your healthcare professional if you experience:
+Signs of infection, such as oozing and streaks from the wound, and fever.
+A burn or blister that's wider than 2 inches (about 5 centimeters) or doesn't heal in two weeks.
+New symptoms that can't be explained.
+A burn and also have a history diabetes.
+Also call your health professional if you think you might need a tetanus booster. You may need a booster shot if you haven't had a tetanus shot in the past five years. Try to get this within three days of the injury.","Burns are caused by:
+Fire.
+Hot liquid or steam.
+Hot metal, glass or other objects.
+Electrical currents.
+Nonsolar radiation, such as that from X-rays.
+Sunlight or other sources of ultraviolet radiation, such as tanning beds.
+Chemicals such as strong acids, lye, paint thinner or gasoline.
+Abuse.","Risk factors for burns include:
+Workplace factors.People who work outdoors and people who work with flames, chemicals and other substances that cause burns are at increased risk of burns. Most burns occur in adults.
+Dementia.Older adults with dementia are more likely to have burns from heat sources, such as too-hot tap water, hot drinks, food fats and cooking oils.
+Being young.Very young children are unable to get away from heat sources or flames. Their burns often come from kitchen, car seat and bath hazards.
+Alcohol.Risk of burns is increased among people who drink alcohol or use other substances that affect judgment.","Complications of deep or widespread burns can include:
+Infection. Examples include bacterial infection, tetanus, and pneumonia.
+Fluid loss. This includes low blood volume, which is also known as hypovolemia.
+Dangerously low body temperature. This is known as hypothermia.
+Breathing problems. These can occur after taking in hot air or smoke.
+Irregular heartbeats. Also called arrythmias, irregular heartbeats can occur after electrical burns.
+Scars and changes in skin color. Scars or ridged areas can be caused by an overgrowth of scar tissue. These types of scars are called hypertrophic scars or keloids. Black people have an increased risk of this type of scarring and may benefit from seeing a burn specialist or surgeon. Other people may develop skin color changes after burns if healed skin is lighter or darker than skin that wasn't burned.
+Pain. Burn scars can be painful. Some people may experience itching or discomfort related to damaged nerves, causing numbness or tingling.
+Bone and joint problems. Scar tissue can shorten and tighten skin, muscles or tendons. This condition is also known as a contracture.
+Depression and anxiety disorders.
+Skin cancer. Skin cancer can sometimes happen in scars from previous burns. Contact your healthcare professional if you notice a sore that isn't healing within a burn scar.","Burns are very common, and most of them are preventable. Kitchen-related injuries from hot drinks, soups and microwaved foods are especially common among children. You can take steps to reduce the risk of household burns.","If you go to a healthcare professional for burn treatment, the health professional figures out how bad your burn is by examining your skin. You may be transferred to a burn center if your burn covers more than 10% of your total body surface area, is very deep, is on the face, feet or groin, or meets other criteria established by the American Burn Association.
+Your healthcare professional also checks for other injuries and might order lab tests, X-rays or other diagnostic tests.","Most minor burns can be treated at home. They usually heal within a couple of weeks.
+For major burns, after first aid and after a healthcare professional looks at your burns, treatment may involve one or more of the following: medicines, wound dressings, therapy and surgery. The goals of treatment are to control pain, remove dead tissue, prevent infection, lower scarring risk and restore function.
+People with major burns may require treatment at specialized burn centers. They may need skin grafts to cover large wounds. And they may need emotional support and months of follow-up care, such as physical therapy.","Coping with a serious burn injury can be a challenge, especially if it covers large areas of the body or is in places readily seen by other people, such as the face or hands. Potential scarring, less mobility and possible surgeries add to the burden.
+Consider joining a support group of other people who have had serious burns and know what you're going through. You may find comfort in sharing your experience and troubles and meeting people who face similar challenges. Ask your healthcare professional for information on support groups in your area or online.","Seek emergency medical care for burns that are deep or involve your hands, feet, face, groin, buttocks, a major joint or a large area of your body. Your healthcare team may recommend an exam by a skin specialist, burn specialist, surgeon or other specialist.
+For other burns, you may need an appointment with your family healthcare professional. The information below can help you prepare.
+List questions you want to ask your healthcare professional, such as:
+Do I need treatment for the burn?
+What are my treatment options and the pros and cons of each?
+What are the alternatives to the primary approach that you're suggesting?
+Can I wait to see if the burn heals on its own?
+Do I need prescription medicine, or can I use nonprescription medicines to treat the burn?
+What results can I expect?
+What skin care routines do you recommend while the burn heals?
+What kind of follow-up, if any, will I need?
+What changes in my skin might I expect to see as it heals?",,"pain, blisters, swelling, brown skin, burns, black skin, scarring, white skin, leathery skin, third-degree burns, redness, burn"
+169,Meralgia paresthetica,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meralgia-paresthetica/symptoms-causes/syc-20355635,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meralgia-paresthetica/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355639,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meralgia-paresthetica/doctors-departments/ddc-20355641,"Meralgia paresthetica is a condition that causes tingling, numbness and burning pain in the outer thigh. It's caused by compression of the nerve that provides feeling to the skin covering the thigh. Meralgia paresthetica also is known as lateral femoral cutaneous nerve entrapment.
+Tight clothing, obesity or weight gain, and pregnancy are common causes of meralgia paresthetica. But meralgia paresthetica also can be due to an injury or a disease such as diabetes.
+Meralgia paresthetica often can be relieved with conservative measures, including wearing looser clothing. If symptoms aren't relieved by those measures, treatment may include medicines. Rarely, surgery is needed.","Meralgia paresthetica may cause these symptoms in the outer part of the thigh:
+Tingling.
+Burning pain.
+Decreased feeling or numbness.
+Increased sensitivity and pain to even a light touch.
+These symptoms commonly occur on one side of your body and might intensify after walking or standing.",,"Meralgia paresthetica occurs when the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is pinched, also known as compression. The nerve supplies feeling to the surface of the outer thigh. The nerve only affects sensation and doesn't impact your ability to use your leg muscles.
+In most people, this nerve passes through the groin to the upper thigh without trouble. But in meralgia paresthetica, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve becomes trapped. Often the inguinal ligament pinches the nerve. This ligament runs along the groin from the stomach to the upper thigh.
+Common causes of this compression include any condition that increases pressure on the groin, including:
+Tight clothing, such as belts, corsets and tight pants.
+Obesity or weight gain.
+Wearing a heavy tool belt.
+Pregnancy.
+Fluid accumulation in the abdomen causing increased abdominal pressure.
+Scar tissue near the inguinal ligament due to injury or past surgery.
+Nerve injury also can cause meralgia paresthetica. Nerve injury can be due to diabetes, trauma after surgery or seat belt injury after a motor vehicle accident.","The following might increase your risk of meralgia paresthetica:
+Extra weight.Being overweight or obese can increase the pressure on your lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.
+Pregnancy.A growing belly puts added pressure on your groin, through which the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve passes.
+Diabetes.Diabetes-related nerve injury can lead to meralgia paresthetica.
+Age.People between ages 30 and 60 are at a higher risk.",,,"Your healthcare professional can make a diagnosis of meralgia paresthetica based on your medical history and a physical exam. You may need a test to check the feeling in your thigh. Your healthcare professionals also may ask you to describe the pain and to trace the numb or painful area on your thigh.
+Other exams may include strength testing and reflex testing to help exclude other causes of your symptoms.
+Tests also may look for an issue with the nerve root or damage to the femoral nerve, known as neuropathy. Your healthcare professional might recommend:
+Imaging studies.Changes related to meralgia paresthetica won't appear on X-ray. But images of your hip and pelvic area might be helpful to exclude other conditions as a cause of your symptoms.ACTscan orMRImight be ordered if your healthcare professional suspects that a tumor could be causing your symptoms.
+Electromyography.This test measures the electrical discharges produced in muscles to help evaluate and diagnose muscle and nerve conditions. A thin needle called an electrode is placed into the muscle to record electrical activity. This test might be needed to exclude other disorders.
+Nerve conduction study.Patch-style electrodes are placed on your skin to stimulate the nerve with a mild electrical impulse. The electrical impulse helps diagnose damaged nerves. A comparison of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve on each side may be performed. This test might be done primarily to exclude other causes for the symptoms.
+Nerve block.Pain relief achieved from anesthetic injection into your thigh where the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve enters into it can confirm that you have meralgia paresthetica. Ultrasound imaging might be used to guide the needle.","For most people, the symptoms of meralgia paresthetica ease in a few months. Treatment focuses on relieving nerve compression.",,Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.,,"pain, meralgia paresthetica, burning pain, tingling, numbness, increased sensitivity"
+170,Knee bursitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-bursitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355501,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-bursitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355506,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-bursitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20355508,"Knee bursitis is a condition in which one or more small fluid-filled sacs near the knee joint become inflamed. The sacs are called bursae. Bursae reduce friction and cushion pressure points between bones and tendons, muscles and skin near the joints.
+Any of the bursae in the knee can be affected by painful swelling, also called inflammation. But most often, knee bursitis happens over the kneecap or on the inner side of the knee below the joint.
+Knee bursitis causes pain and can limit your movement. Treatment often includes a mix of self-care techniques and medical treatments to ease pain and inflammation.","Knee bursitis symptoms vary. They depend on which bursa is affected and what's causing the inflammation.
+The affected portion of your knee might feel warm, tender and swollen. You also might feel pain when you move or when you're at rest.
+A direct blow to the knee can cause symptoms to come on fast. But knee bursitis often stems from friction and irritation of the bursae. This can occur with jobs that require a lot of kneeling on hard surfaces. So, the symptoms can start slowly and become worse over time.","Sometimes, the bursa that lies over the kneecap can become infected. Call your healthcare professional if you have:
+A fever or chills along with pain and swelling in your knee.
+Long-lasting swelling or a change in the color of the skin around the knee.
+Trouble moving or extending your knee.","Knee bursitis can be caused by:
+Frequent and ongoing pressure, such as from kneeling, especially on hard surfaces.
+Overuse of the knee or strenuous activity.
+A direct blow to the knee.
+An infection of the bursa due to bacteria, which could get into the knee through a bruise or a cut.
+Medical problems that can happen with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or gout in the knee.","Factors that can raise the risk of getting knee bursitis include:
+Prolonged kneeling.The risk of bursitis is higher for people who work on their knees for long amounts of time. This includes carpet layers, plumbers and gardeners.
+Playing certain sports.Sports that can lead to direct blows or frequent falls on the knee raise your risk of knee bursitis. So do sports that create friction between the knee and a mat. These sports include wrestling, football, basketball and volleyball. Runners also can get pain and inflammation in the bursa that's located on the inner side of the knee below the joint. This is called pes anserine bursitis.
+Obesity and osteoarthritis.Pes anserine bursitis often occurs in obese women with osteoarthritis.",,"The following tips can help you prevent bursitis or keep it from coming back:
+Wear kneepads.This can help if you often work on your knees or play sports that put your knees at risk. Use padding to cushion and protect your knees.
+Take breaks.If you're on your knees for a while, take regular breaks to stretch your legs and rest your knees.
+Reach and stay at a healthy weight.This can help take pressure off the knee joints.","To find out whether you have knee bursitis, your healthcare professional asks you about your medical history. Then you're given a physical exam. Your healthcare professional likely will:
+Compare the condition of both knees, especially if only one hurts.
+Gently press on areas of your knee to feel for warmth, swelling and the source of pain.
+Check the skin over the tender area to look for a change in color or other symptoms of infection.
+Carefully move your legs and knees to determine your affected knee's range of motion. This also is done to find out whether it hurts to bend or flex the knee.","Bursitis often gets better over time, so treatment most often aims to ease your symptoms. But your healthcare professional might recommend one or more treatments. It depends on the cause of your knee bursitis and which bursa is infected.",,"You might start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Then you might be referred to a doctor who treats other joint conditions, called a rheumatologist. Or you might be referred to an orthopedic surgeon.
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.","To ease pain and discomfort of knee bursitis:
+Rest your knee.Take a break from the activity that caused your symptoms. Try not to kneel and make movements that make your pain worse.
+Take pain relievers.Some medicines that are sold without a prescription can help ease pain. They're meant for short-term use. They include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve).
+Apply ice.Apply an ice pack to your knee for 20 minutes at a time. Do this a few times a day until the pain and warmth in the knee go away.
+Try gentle compression.Use of a compressive wrap or knee sleeve can help ease swelling.
+Raise your knee.Prop your affected leg on pillows. This helps curb swelling in your knee.
+Lose extra weight if needed.This can take pressure off of your affected knee.","pain, friction, knee bursitis symptoms, warm, tender, knee bursitis, inflammation, swollen"
+172,Corns and calluses,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/corns-and-calluses/symptoms-causes/syc-20355946,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/corns-and-calluses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355951,,"Corns and calluses are thick, hardened layers of skin that develop when the skin tries to protect itself against friction or pressure. They often form on feet and toes or hands and fingers.
+If you're healthy, you don't need treatment for corns and calluses unless they cause pain or you don't like how they look. For most people, simply removing the source of the friction or pressure makes corns and calluses disappear.","Signs and symptoms of corns and calluses include:
+A thick, rough area of skin
+A hardened, raised bump
+Tenderness or pain under the skin
+Flaky, dry or waxy skin
+Corns and calluses are not the same thing.
+Cornsare smaller and deeper than calluses and have a hard center surrounded by swollen skin. They can be painful when pressed. Hard corns often form on the top of the toes or the outer edge of the small toe. Soft corns tend to form between the toes.
+Callusesare rarely painful and tend to develop on pressure spots, such as the heels, the balls of the feet, the palms and the knees. They may vary in size and shape and are often larger than corns.","If a corn or callus becomes very painful or inflamed, see your health care provider. If you have diabetes or poor blood flow, seek medical care before self-treating a corn or callus. This is important because even a minor injury to your foot can lead to an infected open sore (ulcer).","Corns and calluses are caused by friction and pressure from repeated actions. Some sources of this friction and pressure include:
+Wearing ill-fitting shoes and socks.Tight shoes and high heels can squeeze areas of the feet. If your shoes are loose, your foot may repeatedly slide and rub against the shoe. Your foot may also rub against a seam or stitch inside the shoe. Socks that don't fit right can also be a problem.
+Skipping socks.Wearing shoes and sandals without socks can cause friction on your feet.
+Playing instruments or using hand tools.Calluses on the hands may result from the repeated pressure of activities such as playing instruments and using hand tools or even a pen.
+Inheriting a tendency to develop corns.The type of corn that forms on non-weight-bearing areas, such as the soles and palms (keratosis punctata), might be caused by genetics.","Risk factors for corns and calluses include:
+Wearing shoes that increase the pressure or friction on your feet.
+Having a condition that increases the pressure or friction on your feet. Examples are hammertoe and hallux valgus, which causes a bunion-like bulge at the base of the big toe.
+Inheriting a tendency to develop corns. The type of corn that forms on non-weight-bearing areas, such as the soles and palms (keratosis punctata), might be caused by genetics.","If you have diabetes or another condition that causes poor blood flow to your feet, you're at greater risk of complications from corns and calluses.","These approaches may help you prevent corns and calluses:
+Wear shoes that give your toes plenty of room.If you can't wiggle your toes, your shoes are too tight. Have a shoe shop stretch your shoes at any point that rubs or pinches. Shop for shoes when your feet are most swollen, usually at the end of the day. If you use orthotics and inserts, be sure to have them on while fitting your shoes at the store.
+Use protective coverings.Wear felt pads, nonmedicated corn pads or bandages over areas that rub against your footwear. You can also try toe separators or some lamb's wool between your toes.
+Wear padded gloves when using hand tools.Or try padding your tool handles with cloth tape or covers.","Your health care provider will likely diagnose corns and calluses by examining your feet. This exam helps rule out other causes of thickened skin, such as warts and cysts. Your health care provider might confirm the diagnosis by paring away a bit of hardened skin. If it bleeds or reveals black points (dried blood), it's a wart, not a corn.","Treatment for corns and calluses is the same. It involves avoiding the repetitive actions that caused them to form. Wearing shoes that fit and using protective pads can help.
+If a corn or callus persists or becomes painful despite your self-care efforts, medical treatments can provide relief:
+Trimming away excess skin.Your health care provider can pare down thickened skin or trim a large corn with a scalpel. This can be done during an office visit. Don't try this yourself because it could lead to an infection.
+Medicated patches.Your health care provider may also apply a patch containing 40% salicylic acid (Clear Away, MediPlast, others). Such patches are sold without a prescription. Your health care provider will let you know how often you need to replace this patch. Try thinning the thickened skin with a pumice stone, nail file or emery board before applying a new patch.If you need to treat a larger area, try nonprescription salicylic acid in gel (Compound W, Keralyt) or liquid (Compound W, Duofilm) form.
+Shoe inserts.If you have an underlying foot deformity, your health care provider may prescribe custom-made padded shoe inserts (orthotics) to prevent recurring corns or calluses.
+Surgery.Your health care provider may suggest surgery to correct the alignment of a bone causing friction. This type of surgery can be done without an overnight hospital stay.",,,"If you have diabetes or another condition that causes poor blood flow, consult your health care provider before treating a corn or callus on your own.
+If you have no underlying health problems, try these suggestions to help clear up a corn or callus:
+Soak your hands or feet.Soaking corns and calluses in warm, soapy water softens them. This can make it easier to remove the thickened skin.
+Thin thickened skin.Once you've softened the affected skin, rub the corn or callus with a pumice stone, nail file, emery board or washcloth. This helps remove a layer of toughened skin. Don't use a sharp object to trim the skin. Don't use a pumice stone if you have diabetes.
+Use corn pads.Apply a donut-shaped foam pad to protect the area where a corn or callus formed. Be careful using nonprescription liquid corn removers or medicated corn pads. These contain salicylic acid, which can irritate healthy skin and lead to infection, especially in people with diabetes or other conditions that cause poor blood flow. You can protect healthy skin by applying petroleum jelly (Vaseline) to the area around the corn or callus before using a medicated pad.
+Moisturize your skin.Use moisturizer on your hands and feet regularly.
+Wear comfortable shoes and socks.Wear well-fitting, cushioned shoes and socks, at least until your corn or callus disappears.","pain, rough area of skin, raised bump, thick, hardened, waxy skin, flaky, tenderness, dry"
+173,Carcinoma of unknown primary,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carcinoma-unknown-primary/symptoms-causes/syc-20370683,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carcinoma-unknown-primary/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20433758,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carcinoma-unknown-primary/doctors-departments/ddc-20370686,"Carcinoma of unknown primary is a diagnosis healthcare professionals give when they can't find where a cancer started. A carcinoma of unknown primary is an advanced cancer that has spread in the body.
+Most often, health professionals detect a cancer when it grows in the place where it started. The place where a cancer started growing is called the primary cancer. Sometimes health professionals first detect a cancer when it spreads. When cancer spreads it's called metastatic cancer.
+In carcinoma of unknown primary, healthcare professionals find the metastatic cancer. But they can't find the primary cancer. Carcinoma of unknown primary also is called occult primary cancer.
+Healthcare teams often use the kind of primary cancer you have to help decide on the treatment. If you're found to have carcinoma of unknown primary, this piece of information is missing. Your healthcare team will work to find out what kind of cancer you have.","Signs and symptoms of carcinoma of unknown primary include:
+A cough that won't go away.
+Feeling very tired.
+Fever that doesn't have a clear cause.
+Losing weight without trying.
+Nausea and vomiting.
+Pain in one part of the body.
+Swelling of the belly.
+Swollen lymph nodes.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"The cause of carcinoma of unknown primary often isn't known. Healthcare professionals use this diagnosis when they find signs of cancer that has spread but can't find where the cancer started. The place where a cancer started growing is called the primary cancer.
+Carcinoma of unknown primary can happen if:
+The primary cancer is too small to detect with imaging tests.
+The primary cancer was killed by the body's immune system.
+The primary cancer was removed in an operation for another condition.","The risk of carcinoma of unknown primary might be related to:
+Older age.This type of cancer happens most often in people older than 60.
+Family history of cancer.If a close relative had carcinoma of unknown primary, you may have an increased risk of this cancer. There also is some evidence that carcinoma of unknown primary happens more often in people with a family history of cancer that affects the lungs, kidneys or colon.
+Smoking cigarettes.People who smoke cigarettes may have a higher risk of carcinoma of unknown primary.",,,"To diagnose carcinoma of unknown primary, a healthcare professional might start by examining your body. Other procedures might include imaging tests and a biopsy. If your healthcare team finds carcinoma of unknown primary, they'll do other tests to find the place where the cancer started.","Treatment for carcinoma of unknown primary often involves medicines. Cancer treatments that use medicines include chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Carcinoma of unknown primary is a cancer that has spread in the body. Cancer medicines can travel through the body and kill cancer cells. Sometimes healthcare professionals use other treatments, such as surgery and radiation therapy.","Coping with carcinoma of unknown primary often involves learning to cope with distress. Many people with this cancer have distress. Symptoms of distress include being worried, scared, sad or angry about your cancer. These feelings can happen because this diagnosis comes with many questions. A person with carcinoma of unknown primary may have many tests and never know exactly where the cancer started. Sometimes it's not clear which treatment is the best.
+With time, you'll find what helps you cope with feelings such as distress and others. Until then, here are some ideas for coping.","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your healthcare professional thinks that you might have cancer, you may be referred to a specialist. Often this is a doctor who specializes in caring for people with cancer, called an oncologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, nausea, nausea and vomiting, swelling, vomiting, fever, carcinoma of unknown primary include:
+a cough, losing weight, feeling tired, swollen lymph nodes, cough"
+175,Anal cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354140,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anal-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354146,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anal-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20354149,"Anal cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the anal canal. The anal canal is a short tube at the end of rectum. Stool passes through the anal canal as it leaves the body.
+Anal cancer can cause symptoms such as rectal bleeding, blood in the stool and anal pain. As it grows, it might cause a growth or lump. Sometimes these symptoms might be mistaken for hemorrhoids.
+In the past, most people with anal cancer had surgery to remove the cancer. Often this operation involved making a new way for waste to leave the body. Today, most anal cancer treatment involves chemotherapy and radiation therapy. With this approach, surgery might not be needed.","Anal cancer signs and symptoms include:
+Bleeding from the anus or rectum.
+Blood in the stool.
+Pain in the area of the anus.
+A mass or growth in the anal canal.
+Anal itching.
+Having to go to the bathroom more often.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"Anal cancer happens when cells in the anal canal develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
+Most anal cancers are thought to be caused by human papillomavirus, also calledHPV.HPVis a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, the virus never causes problems. It usually goes away on its own. For some, though, the virus can cause changes in the cells that may lead to cancer.","Things that may increase the risk of anal cancer include:
+Being exposed to human papillomavirus, also calledHPV.HPVis a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, it causes no problems and goes away on its own. For others, it causes changes in the cells that can lead to many types of cancer, including anal cancer.
+Increasing number of sexual partners.The greater your number of sexual partners, and the greater your partner's number of sexual partners, the greater your chance of acquiringHPV.
+Having anal sex.People who have receptive anal sex have an increased risk of anal cancer.
+Smoking cigarettes.People who smoke cigarettes have an increased risk of anal cancer.
+Having a history of cancer.Those who have had cervical, vulvar or vaginal cancer have an increased risk of anal cancer.
+Having a weak immune system.If the body's germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of anal cancer. People with a weakened immune system include those taking medicines to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain medical conditions, such as infection withHIV, also can weaken the immune system.",Anal cancer rarely spreads to other parts of the body. Only a small percentage of cancers are found to have spread. Those that do are especially difficult to treat. Anal cancer that spreads most commonly goes to the liver and the lungs.,,Tests and procedures used to diagnose anal cancer include:,"Anal cancer treatment often starts with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sometimes surgery is used to remove the cancer. When the cancer spreads to other parts of the body, different treatments might be used. These might include chemotherapy on its own and immunotherapy. The treatment that's best for you depends on several factors. These include the stage of your cancer, your overall health and your own preferences.","People facing a serious illness often say they feel worried about the future. With time, you'll find ways to cope with your feelings, but you may find comfort in these strategies:
+Ask questions about anal cancer.Write down questions you have about your cancer. Ask these questions at your next appointment. Also ask your healthcare team for reliable sources where you can get more information.Knowing more about your cancer and your treatment options may make you more comfortable when you make decisions about your care.
+Stay connected to friends and family.Your cancer diagnosis can be stressful for friends and family too. Try to keep them involved in your life.Your friends and family will likely ask if there's anything they can do to help you. Think of tasks you might like help with. For example, you may ask a friend to be there for you when you want to talk. You may ask for help caring for your home if you have to stay in the hospital.You may find comfort in the support of a caring group of your friends and family.
+Find someone to talk with.Find someone you can talk to who has experience helping people facing a life-threatening illness. Ask your healthcare team to suggest a counselor, clergy member or medical social worker you can talk with. For support groups, contact the American Cancer Society or ask your healthcare team about local or online groups.","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If your health professional thinks you have anal cancer, you may be referred to a specialist. Often this is a surgeon or doctor who treats digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist. You also may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"pain, mass or growth, bleeding, anal cancer signs and symptoms, itching, frequent urination, blood in the stool"
+176,Basal cell carcinoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/basal-cell-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20354187,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/basal-cell-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354193,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/basal-cell-carcinoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20354194,"Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma begins in the basal cells — a type of cell within the skin that produces new skin cells as old ones die off.
+
+Basal cell carcinoma often appears as a slightly transparent bump on the skin, though it can take other forms. Basal cell carcinoma occurs most often on areas of the skin that are exposed to the sun, such as your head and neck.
+
+Most basal cell carcinomas are thought to be caused by long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight. Avoiding the sun and using sunscreen may help protect against basal cell carcinoma.","Basal cell carcinoma usually develops on sun-exposed parts of your body, especially your head and neck. Less often, basal cell carcinoma can develop on parts of your body usually protected from the sun, such as the genitals.
+
+Basal cell carcinoma appears as a change in the skin, such as a growth or a sore that won't heal. These changes in the skin (lesions) usually have one of the following characteristics:","Make an appointment with your health care provider if you observe changes in the appearance of your skin, such as a new growth, a change in a previous growth or a recurring sore.","Basal cell carcinoma occurs when one of the skin's basal cells develops a mutation in its DNA.
+
+Basal cells are found at the bottom of the epidermis — the outermost layer of skin. Basal cells produce new skin cells. As new skin cells are produced, they push older cells toward the skin's surface, where the old cells die and are sloughed off.",Factors that increase your risk of basal cell carcinoma include:,Complications of basal cell carcinoma can include:,"To reduce your risk of basal cell carcinoma you can:
+
+Wear protective clothing.Cover your skin with dark, tightly woven clothing that covers your arms and legs, and a broad-brimmed hat, which provides more protection than does a baseball cap or visor.
+
+Some companies also sell protective clothing. A dermatologist can recommend an appropriate brand. Don't forget sunglasses. Look for those that block both types of Ultraviolet (UV) radiation — Ultraviolet A (UVA) and Ultraviolet B (UVB) rays.
+
+Check your skin regularly and report changes to your doctor.Examine your skin often for new skin growths or changes in existing moles, freckles, bumps and birthmarks. With the help of mirrors, check your face, neck, ears and scalp.
+
+Examine your chest and trunk and the tops and undersides of your arms and hands. Examine both the front and the back of your legs and your feet, including the soles and the spaces between your toes. Also check your genital area and between your buttocks.","In order to assess any growths or changes in your skin, your doctor or a specialist in skin conditions (dermatologist) will conduct a medical history and exam.","The goal of treatment for basal cell carcinoma is to remove the cancer completely. Which treatment is best for you depends on the type, location and size of your cancer, as well as your preferences and ability to do follow-up visits. Treatment selection can also depend on whether this is a first-time or a recurring basal cell carcinoma.",,The following information can help you prepare for an appointment.,,"growth, basal cell carcinoma, sore, sore that won't heal"
+177,Bladder cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20356104,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356109,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20356111,"Bladder cancer is a common type of cancer that begins in the cells of the bladder. The bladder is a hollow muscular organ in your lower abdomen that stores urine.
+Bladder cancer most often begins in the cells (urothelial cells) that line the inside of your bladder. Urothelial cells are also found in your kidneys and the tubes (ureters) that connect the kidneys to the bladder. Urothelial cancer can happen in the kidneys and ureters, too, but it's much more common in the bladder.
+Most bladder cancers are diagnosed at an early stage, when the cancer is highly treatable. But even early-stage bladder cancers can come back after successful treatment. For this reason, people with bladder cancer typically need follow-up tests for years after treatment to look for bladder cancer that recurs.","Bladder cancer signs and symptoms may include:
+Blood in urine (hematuria), which may cause urine to appear bright red or cola colored, though sometimes the urine appears normal and blood is detected on a lab test
+Frequent urination
+Painful urination
+Back pain","If you notice that you have discolored urine and are concerned it may contain blood, make an appointment with your doctor to get it checked. Also make an appointment with your doctor if you have other signs or symptoms that worry you.","Bladder cancer begins when cells in the bladder develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to multiply rapidly and to go on living when healthy cells would die. The abnormal cells form a tumor that can invade and destroy normal body tissue. In time, the abnormal cells can break away and spread (metastasize) through the body.","Factors that may increase bladder cancer risk include:
+Smoking.Smoking cigarettes, cigars or pipes may increase the risk of bladder cancer by causing harmful chemicals to accumulate in the urine. When you smoke, your body processes the chemicals in the smoke and excretes some of them in your urine. These harmful chemicals may damage the lining of your bladder, which can increase your risk of cancer.
+Increasing age.Bladder cancer risk increases as you age. Though it can occur at any age, most people diagnosed with bladder cancer are older than 55.
+Being male.Men are more likely to develop bladder cancer than women are.
+Exposure to certain chemicals.Your kidneys play a key role in filtering harmful chemicals from your bloodstream and moving them into your bladder. Because of this, it's thought that being around certain chemicals may increase the risk of bladder cancer. Chemicals linked to bladder cancer risk include arsenic and chemicals used in the manufacture of dyes, rubber, leather, textiles and paint products.
+Previous cancer treatment.Treatment with the anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide increases the risk of bladder cancer. People who received radiation treatments aimed at the pelvis for a previous cancer have a higher risk of developing bladder cancer.
+Chronic bladder inflammation.Chronic or repeated urinary infections or inflammations (cystitis), such as might happen with long-term use of a urinary catheter, may increase the risk of a squamous cell bladder cancer. In some areas of the world, squamous cell carcinoma is linked to chronic bladder inflammation caused by the parasitic infection known as schistosomiasis.
+Personal or family history of cancer.If you've had bladder cancer, you're more likely to get it again. If one of your blood relatives — a parent, sibling or child — has a history of bladder cancer, you may have an increased risk of the disease, although it's rare for bladder cancer to run in families. A family history of Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), can increase the risk of cancer in the urinary system, as well as in the colon, uterus, ovaries and other organs.",,"Although there's no guaranteed way to prevent bladder cancer, you can take steps to help reduce your risk. For instance:
+Don't smoke.If you don't smoke, don't start. If you smoke, talk to your doctor about a plan to help you stop. Support groups, medications and other methods may help you quit.
+Take caution around chemicals.If you work with chemicals, follow all safety instructions to avoid exposure.
+Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables.Choose a diet rich in a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables. The antioxidants in fruits and vegetables may help reduce your risk of cancer.",,"Treatment options for bladder cancer depend on a number of factors, including the type of cancer, grade of the cancer and stage of the cancer, which are taken into consideration along with your overall health and your treatment preferences.
+Bladder cancer treatment may include:
+Surgery,to remove the cancer cells
+Chemotherapy in the bladder (intravesical chemotherapy),to treat cancers that are confined to the lining of the bladder but have a high risk of recurrence or progression to a higher stage
+Chemotherapy for the whole body (systemic chemotherapy),to increase the chance for a cure in a person having surgery to remove the bladder, or as a primary treatment when surgery isn't an option
+Radiation therapy,to destroy cancer cells, often as a primary treatment when surgery isn't an option or isn't desired
+Immunotherapy,to trigger the body's immune system to fight cancer cells, either in the bladder or throughout the body
+Targeted therapy,to treat advanced cancer when other treatments haven't helped
+A combination of treatment approaches may be recommended by your doctor and members of your care team.","Living with the concern that your bladder cancer may recur can leave you feeling as if you have little control over your future. But while there's no way to ensure that your bladder cancer won't recur, you can take steps to manage the stress.
+Over time you'll find what works for you, but until then, you might:
+Get a schedule of follow-up tests and go to each appointment.When you finish bladder cancer treatment, ask your doctor to create a personalized schedule of follow-up tests. Before each follow-up cystoscopy exam, expect to have some anxiety. You may fear that cancer has come back or worry about the uncomfortable exam. But don't let this stop you from going to your appointment. Instead, plan ways to cope with your concerns. Write your thoughts in a journal, talk with a friend or use relaxation techniques, such as meditation.
+Take care of yourself so that you're ready to fight cancer if it comes back.Take care of yourself by adjusting your diet to include plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Exercise for at least 30 minutes most days of the week. Get enough sleep so that you wake feeling rested.
+Talk with other bladder cancer survivors.Connect with bladder cancer survivors who are experiencing the same fears you're feeling. Contact your local chapter of the American Cancer Society to ask about support groups in your area.","Start by seeing your family doctor if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you, such as blood in your urine. Your doctor may suggest tests and procedures to investigate your signs and symptoms.
+If your doctor suspects that you may have bladder cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the urinary tract (urologist). In some cases, you may be referred to other specialists, such as doctors who treat cancer (oncologists).
+Because there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your doctor.",,"painful urination, painful urination
+back pain, back pain, blood in urine, frequent urination, bladder cancer signs and symptoms may include:
+blood in urine (hematuria)"
+178,Bone cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20350217,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350221,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20350223,"Bone cancer is a growth of cells that starts in a bone. Bone cancer can start in any bone. But it most often affects the thighbone.
+The term ""bone cancer"" doesn't include cancer that starts in another part of the body and spreads to the bones. Instead, cancer that spreads to the bone is named for the place it began. For example, cancer that starts in the lungs and spreads to the bones is still lung cancer. Healthcare professionals might call it lung cancer that has metastasized to the bones.
+Cancer that starts in the bones is rare. Different types of bone cancers exist. Some types of bone cancers mostly happen in children. Other types happen mostly in adults.
+Common bone cancer treatments include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. The best treatment for your bone cancer depends on the type of bone cancer, which bone is affected and other factors.","Signs and symptoms of bone cancer include:
+Bone pain.
+Swelling and tenderness near the affected area.
+Weakened bone, which can lead to a broken bone.
+Feeling very tired.
+Losing weight without trying.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"The cause of most bone cancers isn't known. Bone cancer starts when cells in or near a bone develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","Things that increase the risk of bone cancer include:
+Inherited genetic syndromes.Certain rare genetic syndromes passed through families increase the risk of bone cancer. Examples include Li-Fraumeni syndrome and hereditary retinoblastoma.
+Other bone conditions.Some other bone conditions may increase the risk of bone cancer. The other bone conditions include Paget's disease of bone and fibrous dysplasia.
+Cancer treatment.Radiation therapy for cancer and some kinds of chemotherapy medicines used to treat cancer may increase the risk of bone cancer.
+Healthcare professionals haven't found any ways to prevent bone cancer.",,,"Bone cancer diagnosis often involves imaging tests to look at the affected bone. To be certain whether a growth in the bones is cancer, a piece of tissue might be removed and tested for cancer cells.","Bone cancer treatments include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Which treatments are best for your bone cancer will depend on several factors. These factors include the type, location and stage of the bone cancer. Your healthcare team also considers your overall health and your preferences.","A cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming. With time you'll find ways to cope with the distress and uncertainty of cancer. Until then, you may find it helps to:
+Learn enough about bone cancer to make decisions about your care.Ask your healthcare team about your bone cancer, including your treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about bone cancer, you may feel more confident in making treatment decisions.
+Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong can help you deal with your bone cancer. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your home if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
+Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The concern and understanding of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also may be helpful. Ask your healthcare team about support groups in your area.","If you have any symptoms that worry you, start by making an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional. If your health professional suspects you may have bone cancer, you may be referred to a specialist. Bone cancer is often treated by a team of specialists that may include:
+Surgeons who operate on bones and joints, called orthopedic surgeons.
+Orthopedic surgeons who specialize in operating on cancers that affect the bones, called orthopedic oncologists.
+Doctors who specialize in treating cancer with medicine, called medical oncologists.
+Doctors who use radiation to treat cancer, called radiation oncologists.
+Doctors who analyze tissue to diagnose the specific type of cancer, called pathologists.
+Rehabilitation specialists who can help you recover after surgery.",,"pain, broken bone, swelling, losing weight, bone pain, bone cancer, tenderness, feeling very tired"
+179,Breast cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352470,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352475,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20352478,"Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue.
+After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. But breast cancer doesn't just happen in women. Everyone is born with some breast tissue, so anyone can get breast cancer.
+Breast cancer survival rates have been increasing. And the number of people dying of breast cancer is steadily going down. Much of this is due to the widespread support for breast cancer awareness and funding for research.
+Advances in breast cancer screening allow healthcare professionals to diagnose breast cancer earlier. Finding the cancer earlier makes it much more likely that the cancer can be cured. Even when breast cancer can't be cured, many treatments exist to extend life. New discoveries in breast cancer research are helping healthcare professionals choose the most effective treatment plans.","Signs and symptoms of breast cancer may include:
+A breast lump or thickened area of skin that feels different from the surrounding tissue.
+A nipple that looks flattened or turns inward.
+Changes in the color of the breast skin. In people with white skin, the breast skin may look pink or red. In people with brown and Black skin, the breast skin may look darker than the other skin on the chest or it may look red or purple.
+Change in the size, shape or appearance of a breast.
+Changes to the skin over the breast, such as skin that looks dimpled or looks like an orange peel.
+Peeling, scaling, crusting or flaking of the skin on the breast.","If you find a lump or other change in your breast, make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional. Don't wait for your next mammogram to see if the change you found is breast cancer. Report any changes in your breasts even if a recent mammogram showed there was no breast cancer.","The exact cause of most breast cancers isn't known. Researchers have found things that increase the risk of breast cancer. These include hormones, lifestyle choices and things in the environment. But it's not clear why some people who don't have any factors get cancer, yet others with risk factors never do. It's likely that breast cancer happens through a complex interaction of your genetic makeup and the world around you.
+Healthcare professionals know that breast cancer starts when something changes the DNA inside cells in the breast tissue. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
+The DNA changes that lead to breast cancer most often happen in the cells that line the milk ducts. These ducts are tubes designed to carry milk to the nipple. Breast cancer that starts in the ducts is called invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer also can start in cells in the milk glands. These glands, called lobules, are designed to make breast milk. Cancer that happens in the lobules is called invasive lobular carcinoma. Other cells in the breast can become cancer cells, though this isn't common.","Factors that may increase the risk of breast cancer include:
+A family history of breast cancer.If a parent, sibling or child had breast cancer, your risk of breast cancer is increased. The risk is higher if your family has a history of getting breast cancer at a young age. The risk also is higher if you have multiple family members with breast cancer. Still, most people diagnosed with breast cancer don't have a family history of the disease.
+A personal history of breast cancer.If you've had cancer in one breast, you have an increased risk of getting cancer in the other breast.
+A personal history of breast conditions.Certain breast conditions are markers for a higher risk of breast cancer. These conditions include lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, and atypical hyperplasia of the breast. If you've had a breast biopsy that found one of these conditions, you have an increased risk of breast cancer.
+Beginning your period at a younger age.Beginning your period before age 12 increases your risk of breast cancer.
+Beginning menopause at an older age.Beginning menopause after age 55 increases the risk of breast cancer.
+Being female.Women are much more likely than men are to get breast cancer. Everyone is born with some breast tissue, so anyone can get breast cancer.
+Dense breast tissue.Breast tissue is made up of fatty tissue and dense tissue. Dense tissue is made of milk glands, milk ducts and fibrous tissue. If you have dense breasts, you have more dense tissue than fatty tissue in your breasts. Having dense breasts can make it harder to detect breast cancer on a mammogram. If a mammogram showed that you have dense breasts, your risk of breast cancer is increased. Talk with your healthcare team about other tests you might have in addition to mammograms to look for breast cancer.
+Drinking alcohol.Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer.
+Having your first child at an older age.Giving birth to your first child after age 30 may increase the risk of breast cancer.
+Having never been pregnant.Having been pregnant one or more times lowers the risk of breast cancer. Never having been pregnant increases the risk.
+Increasing age.The risk of breast cancer goes up as you get older.
+Inherited DNA changes that increase cancer risk.Certain DNA changes that increase the risk of breast cancer can be passed from parents to children. The most well-known changes are called BRCA1 and BRCA2. These changes can greatly increase your risk of breast cancer and other cancers, but not everyone with these DNA changes gets cancer.
+Menopausal hormone therapy.Taking certain hormone therapy medicines to control the symptoms of menopause may increase the risk of breast cancer. The risk is linked to hormone therapy medicines that combine estrogen and progesterone. The risk goes down when you stop taking these medicines.
+Obesity.People with obesity have an increased risk of breast cancer.
+Radiation exposure.If you received radiation treatments to your chest as a child or young adult, your risk of breast cancer is higher.",,,"Breast cancer diagnosis often begins with an exam and a discussion of your symptoms. Imaging tests can look at the breast tissue for anything that's not typical. To confirm whether there is cancer or not, a sample of tissue is removed from the breast for testing.","Breast cancer treatment often starts with surgery to remove the cancer. Most people with breast cancer will have other treatments after surgery, such as radiation, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Some people may have chemotherapy or hormone therapy before surgery. These medicines can help shrink the cancer and make it easier to remove.
+Your treatment plan will depend on your particular breast cancer. Your healthcare team considers the stage of the cancer, how quickly it's growing and whether the cancer cells are sensitive to hormones. Your care team also considers your overall health and what you prefer.
+There are many options for breast cancer treatment. It can feel overwhelming to consider all the options and make complex decisions about your care. Consider seeking a second opinion from a breast specialist in a breast center or clinic. Talk to breast cancer survivors who have faced the same decision.","Some breast cancer survivors say their diagnosis felt overwhelming at first. It can be stressful to feel overwhelmed at the same time you need to make important decisions about your treatment. In time, you'll find ways to cope with your feelings. Until you find what works for you, it might help to:","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If an exam or imaging test shows you might have breast cancer, your healthcare team will likely refer you to a specialist.
+Specialists who care for people with breast cancer include:
+Breast health specialists.
+Breast surgeons.
+Doctors who specialize in diagnostic tests, such as mammograms, called radiologists.
+Doctors who specialize in treating cancer, called oncologists.
+Doctors who treat cancer with radiation, called radiation oncologists.
+Genetic counselors.
+Plastic surgeons.",,"change in breast shape, change in breast appearance, nipple looks flattened, changes in breast skin color, peeling, scaling, skin looks like orange peel, change in breast size, dimpled skin, nipple turns inward, thickened area of skin, flaking, crusting, breast lump, breast cancer"
+180,Carcinoid tumors,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carcinoid-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20351039,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carcinoid-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351044,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carcinoid-tumors/doctors-departments/ddc-20351046,"Carcinoid tumors are a type of slow-growing cancer that can arise in several places throughout your body. Carcinoid tumors, which are one subset of tumors called neuroendocrine tumors, usually begin in the digestive tract (stomach, appendix, small intestine, colon, rectum) or in the lungs.
+Carcinoid tumors often don't cause signs and symptoms until late in the disease. Carcinoid tumors can produce and release hormones into your body that cause signs and symptoms such as diarrhea or skin flushing.
+Treatment for carcinoid tumors usually includes surgery and may include medications.","Some carcinoid tumors don't cause any signs or symptoms. When they do occur, signs and symptoms are usually vague and depend on the location of the tumor.","If you experience any signs and symptoms that bother you and are persistent, make an appointment with your doctor.","It's not clear what causes carcinoid tumors. In general, cancer occurs when a cell develops mutations in its DNA. The mutations allow the cell to continue growing and dividing when healthy cells would normally die.
+The accumulating cells form a tumor. Cancer cells can invade nearby healthy tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
+Doctors don't know what causes the mutations that can lead to carcinoid tumors. But they know that carcinoid tumors develop in neuroendocrine cells.
+Neuroendocrine cells are found in various organs throughout the body. They perform some nerve cell functions and some hormone-producing endocrine cell functions. Some hormones that are produced by neuroendocrine cells are histamine, insulin and serotonin.","Factors that increase the risk of carcinoid tumors include:
+Older age.Older adults are more likely to be diagnosed with a carcinoid tumor than are younger people or children.
+Sex.Women are more likely than men to develop carcinoid tumors.
+Family history.A family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1), increases the risk of carcinoid tumors. In people with MEN 1 multiple tumors occur in glands of the endocrine system.","The cells of carcinoid tumors can secrete hormones and other chemicals, causing a range of complications including:
+Carcinoid syndrome.Carcinoid syndrome causes redness or a feeling of warmth in your face and neck (skin flushing), chronic diarrhea, and difficulty breathing, among other signs and symptoms.
+Carcinoid heart disease.Carcinoid tumors may secrete hormones that can cause thickening of the lining of heart chambers, valves and blood vessels. This can lead to leaky heart valves and heart failure that may require valve-replacement surgery. Carcinoid heart disease can usually be controlled with medications.
+Cushing syndrome.A lung carcinoid tumor can produce an excess of a hormone that can cause your body to produce too much of the hormone cortisol.",,"Tests and procedures used to diagnose carcinoid tumors include:
+Blood tests.If you have a carcinoid tumor, your blood may contain high levels of hormones secreted by a carcinoid tumor or byproducts created when those hormones are broken down by the body.
+Urine tests.People with carcinoid tumors have excess levels of a chemical in their urine that's produced when the body breaks down hormones secreted by carcinoid tumors.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests, including a computerized tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), X-ray and nuclear medicine scans, may help your doctor pinpoint the carcinoid tumor's location.
+A scope or camera that sees inside your body.Your doctor may use a long, thin tube equipped with a lens or camera to examine areas inside your body.An endoscopy, which involves passing a scope down your throat, may help your doctor see inside your gastrointestinal tract. A bronchoscopy, using a scope passed down your throat and into your lungs, can help find lung carcinoid tumors. Passing a scope through your rectum (colonoscopy) can help diagnose rectal carcinoid tumors.To see inside your small intestine, your doctor may recommend a test using a pill-sized camera that you swallow (capsule endoscopy).
+Removing tissue for laboratory testing.A sample of tissue from the tumor (biopsy) may be collected to confirm your diagnosis. What type of biopsy you'll undergo depends on where your tumor is located.One way of collecting a tissue sample involves using a needle to draw cells out of the tumor. Another option may be through surgery. The tissue is sent to a laboratory for testing to determine the types of cells in the tumor and how aggressive those cells appear under the microscope.","Treatment for a carcinoid tumor depends on the tumor's location, whether cancer has spread to other areas of the body, the types of hormones the tumor secretes, your overall health and your own preferences.
+Carcinoid tumor treatment options may include:
+Surgery.When detected early, a carcinoid tumor may be removed completely using surgery. If carcinoid tumors are advanced when discovered, complete removal may not be possible. In some situations, surgeons may try to remove as much of the tumor as possible, to help control signs and symptoms.
+Medications to control excess hormones.Using medications to block hormones secreted by the tumor may reduce the signs and symptoms of carcinoid syndrome and slow tumor growth.Octreotide (Sandostatin, Bynfezia Pen) and lanreotide (Somatuline Depot) are given as injections under the skin. Side effects from either medication may include abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea. Telotristat (Xermelo) is a pill that is sometimes used in combination with octreotide or lanreotide to further try to improve the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome.
+Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy uses strong drugs to kill tumor cells. It can be given through a vein in your arm or taken as a pill. Chemotherapy is sometimes recommended for treating advanced carcinoid tumors that can't be removed with surgery.
+Targeted drug therapy.Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within tumor cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause tumor cells to die. Targeted drug therapy is usually combined with chemotherapy for advanced carcinoid tumors.
+Drugs that deliver radiation directly to the cancer cells.Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) combines a drug that seeks out cancer cells with a radioactive substance that kills them. In PRRT for carcinoid tumors, the drug is injected into your body, where it travels to the cancer cells, binds to the cells and delivers the radiation directly to them. This therapy may be an option for people with advanced carcinoid tumors.
+Treatment for cancer that spreads to the liver.Carcinoid tumors commonly spread to the liver. Treatments may include surgery to remove part of the liver, blocking blood flow to the liver (hepatic artery embolization), and using heat and cold to kill cancer cells. Radiofrequency ablation delivers heat treatments that cause carcinoid tumor cells in the liver to die. Cryoablation uses cycles of freezing and thawing to kill cancer cells.","Each person with cancer develops their own way of coping. But you don't have to do it alone. If you have questions or would like guidance, talk with a member of your health care team. Also consider the following steps to help you deal with your diagnosis:
+Find out enough about carcinoid tumors to make decisions about your care.Ask your doctor questions about your condition. Ask members of your health care team to recommend resources where you can get more information.
+Talk to others with cancer.Support groups for people with cancer can put you in touch with others who have faced the same challenges you're facing. Ask your doctor about groups in your area. Or contact your local chapter of the American Cancer Society, or the Carcinoid Cancer Foundation. Try the online chat rooms and message boards at the American Cancer Society's Cancer Survivors Network.
+Control what you can about your health.A cancer diagnosis can make you feel as if you have no control over your health. But you can take steps to maintain a healthy lifestyle so that you'll better cope with your cancer treatment.Choose healthy meals with plenty of fruits and vegetables. When you feel up to it, work light exercise into your daily routine. Cut stress when possible. Get plenty of sleep so that you feel rested when you wake up.","Make an appointment with your primary care doctor or family doctor if you have signs and symptoms that concern you. If your doctor suspects a carcinoid tumor, you may be referred to a:
+Doctor who specializes in digestive problems (gastroenterologist)
+Doctor who specializes in lung problems (pulmonologist)
+Doctor who treats cancer (oncologist)
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your doctor.",,"symptoms, signs, carcinoid tumors, tumor"
+181,Cervical cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352501,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352506,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20352508,"Cervical cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.
+Various strains of the human papillomavirus, also called HPV, play a role in causing most cervical cancers.HPVis a common infection that's passed through sexual contact. When exposed toHPV, the body's immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. In a small percentage of people, however, the virus survives for years. This contributes to the process that causes some cervical cells to become cancer cells.
+You can reduce your risk of developing cervical cancer by having screening tests and receiving a vaccine that protects againstHPVinfection.
+When cervical cancer happens, it's often first treated with surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may include medicines to kill the cancer cells. Options might include chemotherapy and targeted therapy medicines. Radiation therapy with powerful energy beams also may be used. Sometimes treatment combines radiation with low-dose chemotherapy.","When it starts, cervical cancer might not cause symptoms. As it grows, cervical cancer might cause signs and symptoms, such as:
+Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause.
+Menstrual bleeding that is heavier and lasts longer than usual.
+Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor.
+Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"Cervical cancer begins when healthy cells in the cervix develop changes in theirDNA. A cell'sDNAcontains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes too many cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
+Most cervical cancers are caused byHPV.HPVis a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, the virus never causes problems. It usually goes away on its own. For some, though, the virus can cause changes in the cells that may lead to cancer.","Risk factors for cervical cancer include:
+Smoking tobacco.Smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer. WhenHPVinfections happen in people who smoke, the infections tend to last longer and are less likely to go away.HPVcauses most cervical cancers.
+Increasing number of sexual partners.The greater your number of sexual partners, and the greater your partner's number of sexual partners, the greater your chance of gettingHPV.
+Early sexual activity.Having sex at an early age increases your risk ofHPV.
+Other sexually transmitted infections.Having other sexually transmitted infections, also calledSTIs, increases the risk ofHPV, which can lead to cervical cancer. OtherSTIs that increase the risk include herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis andHIV/AIDS.
+A weakened immune system.You may be more likely to develop cervical cancer if your immune system is weakened by another health condition and you haveHPV.
+Exposure to miscarriage prevention medicine.If your parent took a medicine called diethylstilbestrol, also known as DES, while pregnant, your risk of cervical cancer might be increased. This medicine was used in the 1950s to prevent miscarriage. It's linked to a type of cervical cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma.",,"To reduce your risk of cervical cancer:
+Ask your doctor about theHPVvaccine.Receiving a vaccination to preventHPVinfection may reduce your risk of cervical cancer and otherHPV-related cancers. Ask your health care team if anHPVvaccine is right for you.
+Have routine Pap tests.Pap tests can detect precancerous conditions of the cervix. These conditions can be monitored or treated in order to prevent cervical cancer. Most medical organizations suggest beginning routine Pap tests at age 21 and repeating them every few years.
+Practice safe sex.Reduce your risk of cervical cancer by taking measures to prevent sexually transmitted infections. This may include using a condom every time you have sex and limiting the number of sexual partners you have.
+Don't smoke.If you don't smoke, don't start. If you do smoke, talk to a health care professional about ways to help you quit.","If you might have cervical cancer, testing is likely to start with a thorough exam of your cervix. A special magnifying instrument, called a colposcope, is used to check for signs of cancer.
+During the colposcopic exam, a doctor removes a sample of cervical cells for lab testing. To get the sample, you might need:
+Punch biopsy,which uses a sharp tool to pinch off small samples of cervical tissue.
+Endocervical curettage,which uses a small, spoon-shaped instrument, called a curet, or a thin brush to scrape a tissue sample from the cervix.
+If the results of these tests are concerning, you might have more tests. These might include:
+Electrical wire loop,which uses a thin, low-voltage electrified wire to take a small tissue sample. Generally, this is done in a doctor's office. You receive medicine to numb the area to lessen any discomfort during the procedure. This test also may be called a loop electrosurgical excision procedure, also known as LEEP.
+Cone biopsy, also called conization, is a procedure that allows your doctor to take deeper layers of cervical cells for testing. A cone biopsy is often done in a hospital. You may receive medicine to put you in a sleep-like state so that you won't be aware during the procedure.","Treatment for cervical cancer depends on several factors, such as the stage of the cancer, other health conditions you may have and your preferences. Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or a combination of the three may be used.","With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and distress of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find that it helps to:
+Learn enough about cervical cancer to make decisions about your care.Write down your questions for your health care team and ask them at the next appointment. Get a friend or family member to come to appointments with you to take notes. Ask your health care team for further sources of information.
+Find someone to talk with.You may feel comfortable discussing your feelings with a friend or family member, or you might prefer meeting with a formal support group. Support groups for the families of cancer survivors also are available.
+Let people help.Cancer treatments can be tiring. Let friends and family know what types of help would be most useful for you.
+Set reasonable goals.Having goals helps you feel in control and can give you a sense of purpose. But choose goals that you can reach.
+Take time for yourself.Eating well, relaxing and getting enough rest can help combat the stress and fatigue of cancer.","Make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional if you have symptoms that worry you. If a health professional thinks you might have cervical cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancers that affect the female reproductive system, called a gynecologic oncologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and what to expect from your health care team.",,"cervical cancer, pain, pain during intercourse, menstrual bleeding, vaginal bleeding, bloody vaginal discharge, watery, watery vaginal discharge, pelvic pain"
+182,Chronic lymphocytic leukemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352428,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352433,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20352436,"Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made.
+The term ""chronic"" in chronic lymphocytic leukemia comes from the fact that this leukemia typically progresses more slowly than other types of leukemia. The term ""lymphocytic"" in chronic lymphocytic leukemia comes from the cells affected by the disease — a group of white blood cells called lymphocytes, which help your body fight infection.
+Chronic lymphocytic leukemia most commonly affects older adults. There are treatments to help control the disease.","Many people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia have no symptoms at first. Signs and symptoms might develop as the cancer progresses. They might include:
+Enlarged, but painless, lymph nodes
+Fatigue
+Fever
+Pain in the upper left portion of the abdomen, which may be caused by an enlarged spleen
+Night sweats
+Weight loss
+Frequent infections",Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any persistent signs and symptoms that worry you.,"Doctors aren't certain what starts the process that causes chronic lymphocytic leukemia. What's known is that something happens to cause changes (mutations) in the DNA of blood-producing cells. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the blood cells to produce abnormal, ineffective lymphocytes.
+Beyond being ineffective, these abnormal lymphocytes continue to live and multiply when healthy lymphocytes would die. The abnormal lymphocytes accumulate in the blood and certain organs, where they cause complications. They may crowd healthy cells out of the bone marrow and interfere with blood cell production.
+Doctors and researchers are working to understand the exact mechanism that causes chronic lymphocytic leukemia.","Factors that may increase the risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia include:
+Your age.This disease occurs most often in older adults.
+Your race.White people are more likely to develop chronic lymphocytic leukemia than are people of other races.
+Family history of blood and bone marrow cancers.A family history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia or other blood and bone marrow cancers may increase your risk.
+Exposure to chemicals.Certain herbicides and insecticides, including Agent Orange used during the Vietnam War, have been linked to an increased risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
+A condition that causes excess lymphocytes.Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) causes an increased number of one type of lymphocyte (B cells) in the blood. For a small number of people withMBL, the condition may develop into chronic lymphocytic leukemia. If you haveMBLand also have a family history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, you may have a higher risk of developing cancer.","Chronic lymphocytic leukemia may cause complications such as:
+Frequent infections.If you have chronic lymphocytic leukemia, you may experience frequent infections that can be serious. Sometimes infections happen because your blood doesn't have enough germ-fighting antibodies (immunoglobulins). Your doctor might recommend regular immunoglobulin infusions.
+A switch to a more aggressive form of cancer.A small number of people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia may develop a more aggressive form of cancer called diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Doctors sometimes refer to this as Richter's syndrome.
+Increased risk of other cancers.People with chronic lymphocytic leukemia have an increased risk of other types of cancer, including skin cancer and cancers of the lung and the digestive tract.
+Immune system problems.A small number of people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia may develop an immune system problem that causes the disease-fighting cells of the immune system to mistakenly attack the red blood cells (autoimmune hemolytic anemia) or the platelets (autoimmune thrombocytopenia).",,,"Your treatment options for chronic lymphocytic leukemia depend on several factors, such as the stage of your cancer, whether you're experiencing signs and symptoms, your overall health, and your preferences.","Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is typically a slow-growing cancer that may not require treatment. While some people may refer to this as a ""good"" type of cancer, it doesn't really make receiving a cancer diagnosis any easier.
+While you may initially be shocked and anxious about your diagnosis, you'll eventually find your own way of coping with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Until then, try to:
+Find out enough about your cancer to make decisions about your care.Write down questions to ask your doctor before each appointment and look for information in your local library and on the internet. Good sources include the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.
+Turn to family and friends for support.Stay connected to family and friends for support. It can be tough to talk about your diagnosis, and you'll likely get a range of reactions when you share the news. But talking about your diagnosis and passing along information about your cancer can help. So can the offers of help that often result.
+Connect with other cancer survivors.Consider joining a support group, either in your community or on the internet. A support group of people with the same diagnosis can be a source of useful information, practical tips and encouragement.
+Explore ways to cope with the nagging, chronic nature of the disease.If you have chronic lymphocytic leukemia, you'll likely face ongoing tests and ongoing worries about your white blood cell count. Try to find an activity that helps you relax, whether it's yoga, exercise or gardening. Talk to a counselor, therapist or social worker if you need help dealing with the emotional challenges of this chronic disease.","If you have any signs or symptoms that worry you, start by making an appointment with your family doctor. If your doctor determines that you may have chronic lymphocytic leukemia, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the blood and bone marrow (hematologist).
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your doctor.",,"pain, night sweats, fatigue, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, cancer, enlarged lymph nodes, fever, infections, weight loss"
+183,Chronic myelogenous leukemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-myelogenous-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352417,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-myelogenous-leukemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352422,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-myelogenous-leukemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20352426,"Chronic myelogenous leukemia, also calledCML, is an uncommon type of cancer of the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made.CMLcauses an increased number of white blood cells in the blood.
+The term ""chronic"" in chronic myelogenous leukemia means this cancer tends to progress more slowly than severe forms of leukemia. The term ""myelogenous"" (my-uh-LOHJ-uh-nus) refers to the type of cells affected by this cancer.
+Chronic myelogenous leukemia also can be called chronic myeloid leukemia and chronic granulocytic leukemia. It typically affects older adults and rarely occurs in children, though it can occur at any age.
+Advances in treatment have improved the prognosis of people with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Most people can achieve remission and live for many years after diagnosis.","Chronic myelogenous leukemia often doesn't cause symptoms. It might be detected during a blood test.
+When they occur, symptoms may include:
+Bone pain.
+Bleeding easily.
+Feeling full after eating a small amount of food.
+Fatigue.
+Fever.
+Weight loss without trying.
+Loss of appetite.
+Pain or fullness below the ribs on the left side.
+Excessive sweating during sleep.
+Blurry vision caused by bleeding in the back of the eye.",Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have any persistent symptoms that worry you.,"Chronic myelogenous leukemia happens when something causes changes to the bone marrow cells. It's not clear what starts this process. However, doctors have discovered how it progresses into chronic myelogenous leukemia.","Factors that increase the risk of chronic myelogenous leukemia include:
+Older age.CMLis more common in older people than in children and teens.
+Being male. Men are slightly more at risk of developingCMLthan are women.
+Radiation exposure. Radiation therapy for certain types of cancer has been linked toCML.
+There's no way to prevent chronic myelogenous leukemia. If you get it, there's nothing you could have done to prevent it.",,,"Tests and procedures used to diagnose chronic myelogenous leukemia include:
+Physical exam.Your health care provider examines you and checks vital signs such as pulse and blood pressure. Your provider also feels your lymph nodes, spleen and abdomen for swelling.
+Blood tests.A sample of blood is drawn using a needle. The sample is sent to a lab for a complete blood count, also called a CBC. ACBCchecks the number of different types of cells in the blood. Chronic myelogenous leukemia often causes a very high number of white blood cells. Blood tests also can measure organ function to show if anything isn't working properly.
+Bone marrow tests.Bone marrow biopsy and bone marrow aspiration are used to collect bone marrow samples for testing. Bone marrow has a solid and a liquid part. In a bone marrow biopsy, a needle is used to collect a small amount of the solid tissue. In a bone marrow aspiration, a needle is used to draw a sample of the fluid. The samples are typically taken from the hip bone. The samples go to a lab for testing.
+Tests to look for the Philadelphia chromosome.Specialized tests are used to analyze blood or bone marrow samples for the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome or the BCR-ABL gene. These tests may include fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, also called FISH, and polymerase chain reaction test, also called PCR.","The goal of chronic myelogenous leukemia treatment is to eliminate the blood cells that contain the BCR-ABL gene. For most people, treatment begins with targeted therapy that may help achieve a long-term remission of the disease.","Facing a serious illness might make you feel worried. With time, you'll find ways to cope with your feelings, but you may find comfort in these strategies:
+Learn enough about chronic myelogenous leukemia to make decisions about your care.The term ""leukemia"" can be confusing, because it refers to a group of cancers that affect the bone marrow and blood. Don't waste time gathering information that doesn't apply to your kind of leukemia.Ask your health care team to write down information about your specific disease. Then narrow your search and seek out only trusted, reputable sources, such as the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.
+Stay connected to friends and family. Your cancer diagnosis can be stressful for friends and family, too. Try to keep them involved in your life.Your friends and family will likely ask if there's anything they can do to help you. Think of tasks you might like help with, such as caring for your home if you have to stay in the hospital or just listening when you want to talk.You may find comfort in the support of a caring group of your friends and family.
+Find someone to talk with. Find someone you can talk to who has experience helping people facing a life-threatening illness. Ask your provider to suggest a counselor or medical social worker you can talk with. For support groups, contact the American Cancer Society or ask your health care team about local groups.","Start by making an appointment with your primary care provider if you have any symptoms that worry you. If blood tests or other tests and procedures suggest leukemia, your provider may refer you to a specialist in the treatment of blood and bone marrow diseases and conditions, called a hematologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your provider.","For many people, chronic myelogenous leukemia is a disease they will live with for years. Many will continue treatment with targeted therapy indefinitely. Some days, you may feel sick even if you don't look sick. And some days, you may just be sick of having cancer. Try these self-care measures to help you adjust and cope with a chronic illness:
+Talk to your health care provider about your side effects.Powerful cancer medicines can cause many side effects. Those side effects often can be managed with other medicines or treatments. You don't have to handle them without help.
+Don't stop treatment on your own.If you develop side effects, such as skin rashes or fatigue, don't quit your medicines without talking to your health care provider. Likewise, don't stop taking your medicines if you feel better and think your disease may be gone. If you stop taking medicines, your disease can quickly return, even if you've been in remission.
+Ask for help if you're having trouble coping.Having a chronic condition can be emotionally overwhelming. Tell your provider about your feelings. Ask for a referral to a counselor or another specialist with whom you can talk.","pain, blurry vision, fatigue, fullness, fever, bleeding, bleeding easily, bone pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, feeling full, chronic myelogenous leukemia, excessive sweating"
+184,Colon cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353669,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353674,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20353677,"Colon cancer is a growth of cells that begins in a part of the large intestine called the colon. The colon is the first and longest part of the large intestine. The large intestine is the last part of the digestive system. The digestive system breaks down food for the body to use.
+Colon cancer typically affects older adults, though it can happen at any age. It usually begins as small clumps of cells called polyps that form inside the colon. Polyps generally aren't cancerous, but some can turn into colon cancers over time.
+Polyps often don't cause symptoms. For this reason, doctors recommend regular screening tests to look for polyps in the colon. Finding and removing polyps helps prevent colon cancer.
+If colon cancer develops, many treatments can help control it. Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and medicines, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
+Colon cancer is sometimes called colorectal cancer. This term combines colon cancer and rectal cancer, which begins in the rectum.","Many people with colon cancer don't have symptoms at first. When symptoms appear, they'll likely depend on the cancer's size and where it is in the large intestine.
+Symptoms of colon cancer can include:
+A change in bowel habits, such as more frequent diarrhea or constipation.
+Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool.
+Ongoing discomfort in the belly area, such as cramps, gas or pain.
+A feeling that the bowel doesn't empty all the way during a bowel movement.
+Weakness or tiredness.
+Losing weight without trying.","If you notice lasting symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with a health care professional.","Doctors aren't certain what causes most colon cancers.
+Colon cancer happens when cells in the colon develop changes in their DNA. A cells' DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The changes let the cells continue living when healthy cells die as part of their natural lifecycle.
+This causes too many cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","Factors that may increase the risk of colon cancer include:
+Older age.Colon cancer can happen at any age. But most people with colon cancer are older than 50. The numbers of people younger than 50 who have colon cancer has been growing. Doctors don't know why.
+Black race.Black people in the United States have a greater risk of colon cancer than do people of other races.
+A personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps.Having had colon cancer or colon polyps increases the risk of colon cancer.
+Inflammatory bowel diseases.Conditions that cause pain and swelling of the intestines, called inflammatory bowel diseases, can increase the risk of colon cancer. These conditions include ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
+Inherited syndromes that increase colon cancer risk.Some DNA changes that increase the risk of colon cancer run in families. The most common inherited syndromes that increase colon cancer risk are familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome.
+Family history of colon cancer.Having a blood relative who has colon cancer increases the risk of getting colon cancer. Having more than one family member who has colon cancer or rectal cancer increases the risk more.
+Low-fiber, high-fat diet.Colon cancer and rectal cancer might be linked with a typical Western diet. This type of diet tends to be low in fiber and high in fat and calories. Research in this area has had mixed results. Some studies have found an increased risk of colon cancer in people who eat a lot of red meat and processed meat.
+Not exercising regularly.People who are not active are more likely to develop colon cancer. Getting regular physical activity might help lower the risk.
+Diabetes.People with diabetes or insulin resistance have an increased risk of colon cancer.
+Obesity.People who are obese have an increased risk of colon cancer. Obesity also increases the risk of dying of colon cancer.
+Smoking.People who smoke can have an increased risk of colon cancer.
+Drinking alcohol.Drinking too much alcohol can increase the risk of colon cancer.
+Radiation therapy for cancer.Radiation therapy directed at the abdomen to treat previous cancers increases the risk of colon cancer.",,,,"Colon cancer treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. Your health care team might recommend other treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Your treatment options depend on the cancer's location and its stage. Your health care team also considers your overall health and your preferences when creating a treatment plan.","It can be hard to cope with a cancer diagnosis. In time, people learn to cope in their own ways. Until you find what works for you, you might try to:
+Learn enough about your cancer to make treatment decisions.Ask your health care team about the type and stage of your cancer, as well as your treatment options and their side effects. The more you know, the more you'll be able to take part in decisions about your care. Ask your health care team to recommend other sources of information, such as websites you can trust.
+Keep friends and family close.Keeping people you care about close to you can help you deal with cancer. Friends and family can help you take care of things if you're in the hospital. And they can offer you support when you feel like you have too much to handle.
+Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who will listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. Talking to a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also might be helpful.Ask your health care team about support groups in your area or contact a cancer organization, such as the National Cancer Institute or the American Cancer Society.","If you have colon cancer, you'll likely be referred to specialists who treat the disease. You might meet with:
+A doctor who treats digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist.
+A doctor who uses medicines to treat cancer, called an oncologist.
+A doctor who removes colon cancer using surgery, called a surgeon.
+A doctor who uses radiation to treat cancer, called a radiation oncologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, constipation, gas, tiredness, colon cancer, diarrhea, weakness, cramps, bleeding, losing weight, discomfort, blood in the stool, rectal bleeding"
+185,Endometrial cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometrial-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352461,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometrial-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352466,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometrial-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20352468,"Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the uterus. The uterus is the hollow, pear-shaped pelvic organ where fetal development happens.
+Endometrial cancer begins in the layer of cells that form the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. Endometrial cancer is sometimes called uterine cancer. Other types of cancer can form in the uterus, including uterine sarcoma, but they are much less common than endometrial cancer.
+Endometrial cancer is often found at an early stage because it causes symptoms. Often the first symptom is irregular vaginal bleeding. If endometrial cancer is found early, surgically removing the uterus often cures it.","Symptoms of endometrial cancer may include:
+Vaginal bleeding after menopause.
+Bleeding between periods.
+Pelvic pain.",Make an appointment with a health care professional if you experience any symptoms that worry you.,"The cause of endometrial cancer isn't known. What's known is that something happens to cells in the lining of the uterus that changes them into cancer cells.
+Endometrial cancer starts when cells in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, get changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The changes also tell the cells to continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes a lot of extra cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.","Factors that increase the risk of endometrial cancer include:
+Changes in the balance of hormones in the body.The two main hormones the ovaries make are estrogen and progesterone. Changes in the balance of these hormones cause changes in the endometrium.A disease or condition that increases the amount of estrogen, but not the level of progesterone, in the body can increase the risk of endometrial cancer. Examples include obesity, diabetes and irregular ovulation patterns, which might happen in polycystic ovary syndrome. Taking hormone therapy medicine that contains estrogen but not progestin after menopause increases the risk of endometrial cancer.A rare type of ovarian tumor that gives off estrogen also can increase the risk of endometrial cancer.
+More years of menstruation.Starting menstruation before age 12 or beginning menopause later increases the risk of endometrial cancer. The more periods you've had, the more exposure your endometrium has had to estrogen.
+Never having been pregnant.If you've never been pregnant, you have a higher risk of endometrial cancer than someone who has had at least one pregnancy.
+Older age.As you get older, your risk of endometrial cancer increases. Endometrial cancer occurs most often after menopause.
+Obesity.Being obese increases your risk of endometrial cancer. This may happen because extra body fat can alter your body's balance of hormones.
+Hormone therapy for breast cancer.Taking the hormone therapy medicine tamoxifen for breast cancer can increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer. If you're taking tamoxifen, talk about the risk with your health care team. For most, the benefits of tamoxifen outweigh the small risk of endometrial cancer.
+An inherited syndrome that increases the risk of cancer.Lynch syndrome increases the risk of colon cancer and other cancers, including endometrial cancer. Lynch syndrome is caused by a DNA change that's passed from parents to children. If a family member has been diagnosed with Lynch syndrome, ask your health care team about your risk of this genetic syndrome. If you've been diagnosed with Lynch syndrome, ask what cancer screenings you need.",,"To reduce your risk of endometrial cancer, you may wish to:
+Talk to your health care team about the risks of hormone therapy after menopause.If you're considering hormone replacement therapy to help control menopause symptoms, ask about the risks and benefits. Unless you've had your uterus removed, replacing estrogen alone after menopause may increase your risk of endometrial cancer. A hormone therapy medicine that combines estrogen and progestin can reduce this risk. Hormone therapy carries other risks, so weigh the benefits and risks with your health care team.
+Consider taking birth control pills.Using oral contraceptives for at least one year may reduce endometrial cancer risk. Oral contraceptives are contraceptives that are taken in pill form. They also are called birth control pills. The risk reduction is thought to last for several years after you stop taking oral contraceptives. Oral contraceptives have side effects, though, so discuss the benefits and risks with your health care team.
+Maintain a healthy weight.Obesity increases the risk of endometrial cancer, so work to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. If you need to lose weight, increase your physical activity and reduce the number of calories you eat each day.",,"Endometrial cancer is usually first treated with surgery to remove the cancer. This may include removing the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Other treatment options may include radiation therapy or treatments using medicines to kill the cancer cells. Options for treating your endometrial cancer will depend on the characteristics of your cancer, such as the stage, your general health and your preferences.","After you receive a diagnosis of endometrial cancer, you may have many questions, fears and concerns. Every person eventually finds a way to cope with an endometrial cancer diagnosis. In time, you'll find what works for you. Until then, you might try to:
+Find out enough about endometrial cancer to make decisions about your care.Find out enough about your cancer so that you feel comfortable about making treatment choices. Ask your health care team about the stage and your treatment options and their side effects. Ask your care team to recommend places you can go to get more information about cancer. Good sources of information include the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society.
+Maintain a strong support system.Strong relationships may help you cope with treatment. Talk with close friends and family members about how you're feeling. Connect with other cancer survivors through support groups in your community or online. Ask your health care team about support groups in your area.
+Stay involved in your usual activities when you can.When you're feeling up to it, try to stay involved in your usual activities.","Make an appointment with a member of your care team or a gynecologist if you have symptoms that worry you. If you're diagnosed with endometrial cancer, you're likely to be referred to a doctor who specializes in cancers of the reproductive system, called a gynecologic oncologist.
+Because appointments can be brief and there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what you can expect from your health care team.",,"endometrial cancer, vaginal bleeding, bleeding between periods, pelvic pain"
+186,Esophageal cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20356084,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356090,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20356093,"Esophageal cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the esophagus. The esophagus is a long, hollow tube that runs from the throat to the stomach. The esophagus helps move swallowed food from the back of the throat to the stomach to be digested.
+Esophageal cancer usually begins in the cells that line the inside of the esophagus. Esophageal cancer can happen anywhere along the esophagus.
+Esophageal cancer is more common in men. Risk factors include drinking alcohol and smoking.
+Esophageal cancer treatment often involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of the two. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy also may be used.","Esophageal cancer may not cause symptoms early on. Symptoms of esophageal cancer usually happen when the disease is advanced.
+Signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer include:
+Difficulty swallowing.
+Chest pain, pressure or burning.
+Coughing or hoarseness.
+Weight loss without trying.
+Worsening indigestion or heartburn.",Make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"Esophageal cancer happens when cells lining the esophagus develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","Risk factors for esophageal cancer include conditions and habits that cause irritation in the esophagus. Risk factors may include:
+A steady habit of drinking very hot liquids.
+Bile reflux.
+Difficulty swallowing because a muscle in the esophagus won't relax, a condition called achalasia.
+Drinking alcohol.
+Gastroesophageal reflux disease, also called GERD.
+Not eating enough fruits and vegetables.
+Obesity.
+Precancerous changes in the cells of the esophagus, called Barrett esophagus.
+Radiation treatment to the chest or upper abdomen.
+Smoking.","As esophageal cancer advances, it can cause complications. Complications may include:
+A blockage in the esophagus.Cancer may make it difficult for food and liquid to pass through the esophagus.
+Bleeding in the esophagus.Esophageal cancer can cause bleeding. Though bleeding is usually gradual, it can be sudden and severe at times.
+Pain.Advanced esophageal cancer can cause pain.","There's no sure way to prevent esophageal cancer, but you can reduce your risk if you:","Esophageal cancer diagnosis often begins with imaging tests to look at the esophagus. A thin, flexible tube with a camera may be passed down the throat to see the esophagus. A sample of tissue may be taken for lab testing.","Treatment for small esophageal cancers usually begins with surgery to remove the cancer. If the cancer grows larger or spreads to other parts of the body, treatment might start with chemotherapy and radiation instead. Your healthcare team considers many factors when creating a treatment plan. These factors include your overall health, the type and stage of your cancer, and your preferences.","With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and distress of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find that it helps to:","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If your healthcare professional thinks you might have esophageal cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist. If a cancer diagnosis is made, you also may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"hoarseness, pressure, coughing, chest pain, heartburn, indigestion, burning, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, esophageal cancer"
+187,Eye melanoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372371,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20372377,"Eye melanoma is a kind of eye cancer that starts in cells within the eye that make melanin. Melanin is most often known as the pigment that gives skin its color. But the eyes have cells that make melanin too. Eye melanoma also is called ocular melanoma, intraocular melanoma and uveal melanoma.
+Most eye melanomas form in parts of the eye you can't see when looking in a mirror. That makes eye melanoma hard to notice. And eye melanoma typically doesn't cause symptoms at first.
+Eye melanoma can be treated. Treatment for small eye melanomas may not cause vision problems. But treatment for large eye melanomas typically leads to some vision loss.","Eye melanoma may not cause any symptoms. When they do happen, signs and symptoms of eye melanoma can include:
+Flashes of light or what look like specks of dust in a person's vision. These are sometimes called floaters.
+A growing dark spot in the colored part of the eye, called the iris.
+A change in the shape of the pupil. The pupil is the dark circle at the center of the eye.
+Poor vision or blurry vision in one eye.
+Not being able to see when looking to the side. This is called loss of peripheral vision.","Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have any symptoms of eye melanoma. If you notice sudden changes in your vision, seek emergency medical care right away.","It's not clear what causes eye melanoma.
+Eye melanoma happens when cells in the eye develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
+In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","Risk factors for eye melanoma include:
+Light eye color.People with blue eyes or green eyes have a higher risk of melanoma of the eye.
+Being white.White people have a greater risk of eye melanoma than do people of other races.
+Age.The risk of eye melanoma goes up with age.
+Certain inherited skin conditions.A condition called dysplastic nevus syndrome, which causes unusual moles, can raise the risk of eye melanoma.People who have a condition called ocular melanocytosis also are at higher risk of eye melanoma. This condition involves unusual skin pigmentation on the eyelids and in the tissue around the eyelids. It also leads to more pigmentation on the eye's uvea.
+Certain genetic changes.Some DNA changes that are passed from parents to children may raise the risk of eye melanoma.
+Exposure to ultraviolet light.Some research suggests that exposure to ultraviolet light could raise the risk of eye melanoma. Sources of ultraviolet light include the sun, as well as tanning beds.
+Healthcare professionals haven't found anything that can prevent eye melanoma.",Some people develop other health concerns linked to eye melanoma. These are called complications. They can include the following:,,Eye melanoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer.,"Not all eye melanomas need treatment. When treatment is needed, it can include radiation therapy, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy or surgery. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy may be used to treat eye melanoma in some situations.
+Which treatment is best for eye melanoma depends on several factors. These factors include the size and location of the cancer. Treatment also depends on whether cancer has spread beyond the eye. Your overall health and what you prefer to do is part of treatment planning too.",,"Start by seeing your primary healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your healthcare professional suspects you have an eye problem, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in eye care, called an ophthalmologist.
+If you have eye melanoma, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in eye cancer, called an ocular oncologist. This doctor can explain your treatment options and may refer you to other specialists depending on the treatments you choose.
+Appointments may be short, so it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"blurry vision, loss of peripheral vision, dark spot, melanoma, change in shape of pupil, floaters, poor vision, flashes of light"
+188,Floor of the mouth cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/floor-mouth-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354179,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/floor-mouth-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20446340,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/floor-mouth-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20354181,"Floor of the mouth cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells under the tongue.
+Floor of the mouth cancer most often begins in the thin, flat cells that line the inside of the mouth, called squamous cells. When cancer starts in these cells it's called squamous cell carcinoma.
+Floor of the mouth cancer causes changes in the look and feel of the tissue under the tongue. These changes may include a lump or a sore that doesn't heal.
+Floor of the mouth cancer treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.","Symptoms of floor of the mouth cancer can include:
+Mouth pain.
+Sores in the mouth that won't heal.
+Trouble moving the tongue.
+Loose teeth.
+Pain with swallowing.
+Weight loss.
+Ear pain.
+Swelling in the neck that may hurt.
+White patches in the mouth that won't go away.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"Floor of the mouth cancer happens when cells under the tongue develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","The most common factors that can increase the risk of floor of the mouth cancer include:
+Using tobacco.All forms of tobacco increase the risk of floor of the mouth cancer. This includes cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco and snuff.
+Drinking alcohol.Frequent and heavy drinking increases the risk of floor of the mouth cancer. Using alcohol and tobacco together increases the risk even more.
+Being exposed to human papillomavirus.Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, it causes no problems and goes away on its own. For others, it causes changes in cells that can lead to many types of cancer.
+Having a weak immune system.If the body's germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of floor of the mouth cancer. People with a weakened immune system include those taking medicines to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain medical conditions, such as infection withHIV, also can weaken the immune system.",,"To lower the risk of floor of the mouth cancer:
+Don't use tobacco.If you don't use tobacco, don't start. If you currently use tobacco of any kind, talk with a health care professional about strategies to help you quit.
+Limit alcohol intake.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
+Ask about theHPVvaccine.Receiving a vaccination to preventHPVinfection may reduce your risk ofHPV-related cancers. Ask your doctor or other health care professional whether anHPVvaccine is right for you.
+Have regular health and dental exams.During your appointments, your dentist, doctor or other health care professional can check your mouth for signs of cancer and precancerous changes.","Tests and procedures used to diagnose floor of the mouth cancer may include:
+Examining your mouth and neck.In a physical exam, a health care professional looks at your mouth and neck. The health professional checks for any lumps in the mouth and on the neck. Your neck also is checked for swollen lymph nodes. When floor of the mouth cancer spreads, it often goes to the lymph nodes first.
+Removing a tissue sample for testing.Called a biopsy, this test involves taking a sample of cells from the mouth. There are different types of biopsy procedures. A sample may be collected by cutting out a piece of the suspicious tissue or the entire area. Another type of biopsy uses a thin needle that's inserted directly into the suspicious area to collect a sample of cells. The samples are sent to a lab to be tested. In the lab, tests can show whether the cells are cancerous.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests capture pictures of the inside of the body. The pictures can show the size and location of a tumor. Imaging tests used for floor of the mouth cancer may include X-rays and scans such asCT,MRIand positron emission tomography, also calledPET.","Treatment for floor of the mouth cancer often begins with surgery. Surgery might be followed by radiation, chemotherapy or both.
+Your health care team considers many factors when creating a treatment plan. These might include the cancer's location and how fast it's growing. The team also may look at whether the cancer has spread to other parts of your body and the results of tests on the cancer cells. Your care team also considers your age and your overall health.","People facing a serious illness often say they feel worried about the future. With time, you'll find ways to cope with these and other feelings. Until then, you may find comfort in these strategies:
+Ask questions about floor of the mouth cancer.Write down questions you have about your cancer. Ask these questions at your next appointment. Also ask your health care team for reliable sources where you can get more information.Knowing more about your cancer and your treatment options may make you more comfortable when you make decisions about your care.
+Stay connected to friends and family.Your cancer diagnosis can be stressful for friends and family too. Try to keep them involved in your life.Your friends and family will likely ask if there's anything they can do to help you. Think of tasks you might like help with. Examples include caring for your home if you have to stay in the hospital or just listening when you want to talk.You may find comfort in the support of a caring group of your friends and family.
+Find someone to talk with.Find someone you can talk with who has experience helping people facing a life-threatening illness. Ask your health care team to suggest a counselor or medical social worker you can talk with. For support groups, contact the American Cancer Society or ask your health care team about local or online groups.","Make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If you might have mouth cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the face, mouth, teeth, jaws, salivary glands and neck. This doctor is called an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. You also may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases that affect the ears, nose and throat. This doctor is called anENTspecialist or otolaryngologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to prepare. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"pain, mouth cancer, white patches in the mouth, mouth pain, trouble moving the tongue, loose teeth, ear pain, sores in the mouth, weight loss, pain with swallowing, swelling in the neck"
+189,Gallbladder cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353370,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353374,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20353376,"Gallbladder cancer is a growth of cells that begins in the gallbladder.
+The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of the belly, just beneath the liver. The gallbladder stores a fluid called bile that the liver makes to digest food.
+Gallbladder cancer is not common. The chance for a cure is good when gallbladder cancer is found when it's small. But most gallbladder cancers are found when they've grown beyond the gallbladder. Then the chance to survive, called prognosis, often is poor.
+Gallbladder cancer may not be found until it's advanced because it may cause no symptoms. When they happen, the symptoms may be like those of common conditions. Also, the gallbladder is hidden inside the body. This makes it easier for gallbladder cancer to grow without being found.","Gallbladder cancer may have no symptoms. When there are signs and symptoms, they may include:
+Belly pain, mostly in the upper right part of the belly.
+Belly bloating.
+A mass you can feel through the skin.
+Losing weight without trying.
+Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, called jaundice. Yellowing of the skin might be harder to see on Black or brown skin. Jaundice typically happens when the gallbladder cancer is very advanced.",Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you.,"It's not clear what causes gallbladder cancer.
+Healthcare professionals know that gallbladder cancer starts when healthy gallbladder cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time.
+In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
+Most gallbladder cancer begins in the glandular cells that line the inner surface of the gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer that begins in this type of cell is called adenocarcinoma. This term refers to the way the cancer cells appear when looked at under a microscope.","Factors that can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer include:
+Female sex.Gallbladder cancer is much more common in women than in men. Experts think it may be related to the hormone estrogen, which increases the risk of gallstones. People who are assigned female at birth most often have higher levels of estrogen in their bodies than do people assigned male at birth.
+Increasing age.Your risk of gallbladder cancer increases as you age. It's more common after age 65. But it can happen in children.
+A history of gallstones.Gallbladder cancer is most common in people who have gallstones or have had gallstones in the past. Larger gallstones may carry a larger risk. Gallstones are common. But even in people with gallstones, gallbladder cancer is rare.
+Other gallbladder conditions.Other gallbladder conditions that can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer include polyps, infections, and ongoing swelling and irritation, called chronic inflammation.
+Inflammation of the bile ducts.Primary sclerosing cholangitis causes inflammation of the ducts that drain bile from the gallbladder and liver. This condition increases the risk of gallbladder cancer.
+Healthcare professionals have not found ways to prevent gallbladder cancer.",,,Gallbladder cancer diagnosis might start with a discussion about your symptoms. A healthcare professional might use blood tests to understand how your organs are working and imaging tests to look for signs of cancer in the gallbladder.,"Treatment for gallbladder cancer often involves surgery. If the cancer grows into nearby organs, surgery might not be possible. Treatment might start with radiation therapy or medicines, such as chemotherapy, instead. What gallbladder cancer treatments are best for you depend on the stage of your cancer, your health and what you prefer.","Learning to cope with a life-threatening illness, such as gallbladder cancer, will take time. Some ideas for learning to cope with gallbladder cancer include:","Start by making an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you.
+If your healthcare professional thinks that you may have gallbladder cancer, you may be sent to a specialist, such as:
+A doctor who specializes in treating digestive conditions, called a gastroenterologist.
+A surgeon who operates on the liver or gallbladder.
+A doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"belly bloating, belly pain, jaundice, yellowing of the skin, gallbladder cancer, losing weight, yellowing of the whites of the eyes, mass"
+190,Stomach cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352438,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352443,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20352445,"Stomach cancer, which is also called gastric cancer, is a growth of cells that starts in the stomach. The stomach is in the upper middle part of the belly, just below the ribs. The stomach helps to break down and digest food.
+Stomach cancer can happen in any part of the stomach. In most of the world, stomach cancers happen in the main part of the stomach. This part is called the stomach body.
+In the United States, stomach cancer is more likely to start by the gastroesophageal junction. This is the part where the long tube that carries food you swallow meets the stomach. The tube that carries food to the stomach is called the esophagus.
+Where the cancer starts in the stomach is one factor health care providers think about when making a treatment plan. Other factors might include the cancer's stage and the type of cells involved. Treatment often includes surgery to remove the stomach cancer. Other treatments may be used before and after surgery.
+Stomach cancer treatment is most likely to be successful if the cancer is only in the stomach. The prognosis for people with small stomach cancers is quite good. Many can expect to be cured. Most stomach cancers are found when the disease is advanced and a cure is less likely. Stomach cancer that grows through the stomach wall or spreads to other parts of the body is harder to cure.","Signs and symptoms of stomach cancer may include:
+Trouble swallowing
+Belly pain
+Feeling bloated after eating
+Feeling full after eating small amounts of food
+Not feeling hungry when you would expect to be hungry
+Heartburn
+Indigestion
+Nausea
+Vomiting
+Losing weight without trying
+Feeling very tired
+Stools that look black
+Stomach cancer doesn't always cause symptoms in its early stages. When they happen, symptoms might include indigestion and pain in the upper part of the belly. Symptoms might not happen until the cancer is advanced. Later stages of stomach cancer might cause symptoms such as feeling very tired, losing weight without trying, vomiting blood and having black stools.
+Stomach cancer that spreads to other parts of the body is called metastatic stomach cancer. It causes symptoms specific to where it spreads. For example, when cancer spreads to the lymph nodes it might cause lumps you can feel through the skin. Cancer that spreads to the liver might cause yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. If cancer spreads within the belly, it might cause fluid to fill the belly. The belly might look swollen.","If you have signs and symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with your health care provider. Many conditions can cause symptoms that are like the ones caused by stomach cancer. Your provider might test for those other causes first before testing for stomach cancer.","It's not clear what causes stomach cancer. Experts believe most stomach cancers start when something hurts the inside lining of the stomach. Examples include having an infection in the stomach, having long-standing acid reflux and eating a lot of salty foods. Not everyone with these risk factors gets stomach cancer, though. So more research is needed to find out exactly what causes it.
+Stomach cancer begins when something hurts cells in the inner lining of the stomach. It causes the cells to develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The cells can go on living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural lifecycle. This causes a lot of extra cells in the stomach. The cells can form a mass called a tumor.
+Cancer cells in the stomach can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. They might start to grow deeper into the wall of the stomach. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer cells spread to another part of the body it's called metastasis.","Factors that increase the risk of stomach cancer include:
+Ongoing problems with stomach acid backing up into the esophagus, which is called gastroesophageal reflux disease
+A diet high in salty and smoked foods
+A diet low in fruits and vegetables
+Infection in the stomach caused by a germ called Helicobacter pylori
+Swelling and irritation of the inside of the stomach, which is called gastritis
+Smoking
+Growths of noncancerous cells in the stomach, called polyps
+Family history of stomach cancer
+Family history of genetic syndromes that increase the risk of stomach cancer and other cancers, such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, Lynch syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis",,"To lower the risk of stomach cancer, you can:
+Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.Try to include fruits and vegetables in your diet each day. Choose a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables.
+Reduce the amount of salty and smoked foods you eat.Protect your stomach by limiting these foods.
+Stop smoking.If you smoke, quit. If you don't smoke, don't start. Smoking increases your risk of stomach cancer and many other types of cancer. Quitting smoking can be very hard, so ask your health care provider for help.
+Tell your health care provider if stomach cancer runs in your family.People with a strong family history of stomach cancer might have stomach cancer screening. Screening tests can detect stomach cancer before it causes symptoms.","Tests and procedures used to diagnose and detect stomach cancer include:
+Looking inside the stomach.To look for signs of cancer, your health care provider might use a tiny camera to see inside your stomach. This procedure is called upper endoscopy. A thin tube with a tiny camera on the end is passed down the throat and into the stomach.
+Taking a sample of tissue for testing.If something that looks like cancer is found in your stomach, it might be removed for testing. This is called a biopsy. It can be done during an upper endoscopy. Special tools are passed down the tube to get the tissue sample. The sample is sent to a lab for testing.","Treatment options for stomach cancer depend on the cancer's location within the stomach and its stage. Your health care provider also thinks about your overall health and your preferences when making a treatment plan. Stomach cancer treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and palliative care.","A cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming and frightening. It may take time to adjust to the initial shock of your diagnosis. In time you'll find ways to cope. Until then, it might help to:
+Learn enough to make decisions about your care.Ask your health care provider to write down the details of your cancer. This can include the type, the stage and your treatment options. Use those details to find more information about stomach cancer. Learn about the benefits and risks of each treatment option.
+Connect with other cancer survivors.Ask your provider about support groups in your area. Or go online and connect with cancer survivors on message boards, such as those run by the American Cancer Society.
+Stay active.Being diagnosed with cancer doesn't mean you have to stop doing the things you enjoy or normally do. For the most part, if you feel well enough to do something, go ahead and do it.","Start by seeing your usual health care provider if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your provider thinks that you may have a stomach problem, you may be referred to a specialist. This might be a doctor who diagnoses and treats problems in the digestive system. This doctor is called a gastroenterologist.
+Once stomach cancer is diagnosed, you may be referred to other specialists. This might be a cancer doctor, which is also called an oncologist, or a surgeon who specializes in operating on the digestive tract.
+It's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your doctor.",,"nausea, heartburn, yellowing of the whites of the eyes, feeling full, lumps, vomiting blood, indigestion, losing weight, not feeling hungry, vomiting, belly pain, pain, stomach cancer, black stools, cancer, feeling bloated, fluid in the belly, yellowing of the skin, swollen belly, trouble swallowing, nausea
+vomiting
+, feeling very tired"
+191,Hairy cell leukemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hairy-cell-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372956,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hairy-cell-leukemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372962,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hairy-cell-leukemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20372963,"Hairy cell leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells. The white blood cells help fight off germs. There are a few different types of white blood cells. The white blood cells involved in hairy cell leukemia are called B cells. B cells are also called B lymphocytes.
+In hairy cell leukemia, the body makes too manyB cells. The cells don't look like healthyB cells. Instead, they've undergone changes to become leukemia cells. The leukemia cells look ""hairy"" under a microscope.
+Hairy cell leukemia cells keep living when healthy cells would die as part of the natural cell life cycle. The leukemia cells build up in the body and cause symptoms.
+Hairy cell leukemia often gets worse slowly. Treatment might not need to start right away. When it's needed, treatment is usually with chemotherapy.
+Scientists found a type of cancer that looks like hairy cell leukemia, but it gets worse much faster. This other type of cancer is called hairy cell leukemia variant. It's considered a separate type of cancer from hairy cell leukemia, even though it has a similar name.","Hairy cell leukemia might not cause symptoms. Sometimes a health care provider finds it by accident during a blood test for another condition.
+When it causes symptoms, hairy cell leukemia might cause:
+A feeling of fullness in your belly that may make it uncomfortable to eat more than a little at a time
+Fatigue
+Easy bruising
+Recurring infections
+Weakness
+Losing weight without trying",Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have any persistent signs and symptoms that worry you.,"It's not clear what causes hairy cell leukemia.
+Hairy cell leukemia begins in the white blood cells. The white blood cells help fight germs in the body. There are a few types of white blood cells. The white blood cells involved in hairy cell leukemia are calledB cells.
+Hairy cell leukemia happens whenB cellsdevelop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell theB cellsto make a lot moreB cellsthat don't work right. These cells go on living when healthy cells would die as part of the natural cell life cycle.
+TheB cellsthat don't work right crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow and other organs. This leads to the symptoms and complications of hairy cell leukemia. For example, the extra cells can cause swelling in the spleen, liver and lymph nodes. If there isn't enough room for healthy blood cells, this can lead to frequent infections, easy bruising and feeling very tired.","The risk of hairy cell leukemia may be higher in:
+Older adults.Hairy cell leukemia can happen at any age. But most people diagnosed with hairy cell leukemia are in their 50s or 60s. It's rare in children.
+Males.Hairy cell leukemia can happen to anyone. But it's more likely in males.","Hairy cell leukemia often gets worse very slowly. Sometimes it stays stable for many years. For this reason, few complications of the disease occur.",,"To diagnose hairy cell leukemia, your health care provider may recommend:
+Physical exam.Your provider may feel your spleen to see if it's too big. The spleen is an oval-shaped organ on the left side of the upper abdomen. If your spleen is too big you might feel a fullness in your belly. You might have pain or discomfort when you eat.
+Blood tests.You might have a blood test to measure the levels of blood cells in your blood. This test is called a complete blood count (CBC) with differential.You have three main types of blood cells in your blood. They include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. In hairy cell leukemia, aCBCtest may show all levels of these cells are too low.Another type of blood test might involve looking at your blood under the microscope. This test can find hairy cell leukemia cells. This test is called a peripheral blood smear.
+Bone marrow biopsy.A bone marrow biopsy is a procedure to remove some of your bone marrow for testing. Your provider will remove a small amount of bone marrow from your hip area. This sample is used to look for hairy cell leukemia cells.
+Lab tests to analyze the leukemia cells.Hairy cell leukemia cells collected from your blood and bone marrow are tested in a lab. These tests look at the changes in the cells' DNA. This helps your provider understand your prognosis and what treatments are best for you.
+Computerized tomography (CT) scan.ACTscan shows detailed images of the inside of your body. Your provider may order aCTscan to look for swelling in your spleen and your lymph nodes.","Hairy cell leukemia treatments are good at controlling the disease. But they can't make it go away completely. Instead, treatments can control the cancer so that you can go about your life as usual. People with hairy cell leukemia can live with the disease for many years.","A cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming. To help you cope, you might consider trying to:
+Find out enough to feel comfortable making decisions about your care.Learn about hairy cell leukemia and cancer treatments. This can help you feel more confident about making decisions about your treatment. Ask your health care provider to suggest some reliable sources of information to get you started.
+Connect with other cancer survivors.Friends and family provide an important support network during your cancer experience. But they can't always understand what it's like to face cancer. Other cancer survivors provide a unique network of support.Ask your provider about support groups or organizations in your community that can connect you with other cancer survivors. Organizations such as the Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society offer ways to connect with others online.
+Take care of yourself.You can't control whether your hairy cell leukemia comes back, but you can control other aspects of your health.Take care of yourself by eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables. Exercise regularly. Get enough sleep so that you wake up feeling refreshed. Find healthy ways to cope with the stresses in your life.","Start by seeing your usual health care provider if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your provider suspects you may have hairy cell leukemia, they may suggest that you see a specialist. This might be a doctor who treats diseases of the blood and bone marrow. This doctor is called a hematologist.
+Appointments can be brief, so it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"fatigue, weakness, fullness, feeling of fullness in your belly, easy bruising, losing weight, infections, recurring infections, hairy cell leukemia, bruising"
+192,Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352646,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352650,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20352653,"Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is part of the body's germ-fighting and disease-fighting immune system. Hodgkin lymphoma begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow out of control.
+The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes. They are found throughout the body. Most lymph nodes are in the abdomen, groin, pelvis, chest, underarms and neck.
+The lymphatic system also includes the spleen, thymus, tonsils and bone marrow. Hodgkin lymphoma can affect all these areas and other organs in the body.
+Hodgkin lymphoma, which used to be called Hodgkin disease, is one of two broad types of lymphoma. The other is non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
+Advances in diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma have helped give people with this disease the chance for a full recovery.","Signs and symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma may include:
+Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin.
+Fever.
+Feeling very tired.
+Night sweats.
+Weight loss that happens without trying.
+Itchy skin.","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have ongoing symptoms that worry you. Hodgkin lymphoma symptoms are like those of many more-common conditions, such as infections. The healthcare professional may check for those causes first.","Healthcare professionals aren't sure what causes Hodgkin lymphoma. It begins with changes in the DNA of a disease-fighting blood cell called a lymphocyte. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do.
+The DNA changes tell the cells to multiply quickly and live when other cells would naturally die. The Hodgkin lymphoma cells attract many healthy immune system cells to protect them and help them grow. The extra cells crowd into the lymph nodes and cause swelling and other symptoms.
+There are multiple types of Hodgkin lymphoma. The type of lymphoma you have is based on the characteristics of the cells involved in your disease and their behavior. The type of lymphoma you have helps determine your treatment options.","Factors that can increase the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma include:
+Your age.Hodgkin lymphoma is most often diagnosed in people in their 20s and 30s and those over age 65.
+A family history of Hodgkin lymphoma.Having a blood relative with Hodgkin lymphoma increases the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma.
+Being male.People who are assigned male at birth are slightly more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than are those who are assigned female at birth.
+Past Epstein-Barr infection.People who have had illnesses caused by the Epstein-Barr virus are at higher risk of Hodgkin lymphoma than are those who haven't. One example is infectious mononucleosis.
+HIVinfection.People who are infected withHIVhave an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma.
+There's no way to prevent Hodgkin lymphoma.",,,"Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis often begins with an exam that checks for swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm and groin. Other tests include imaging tests and removing some cells for testing. The type of tests used for diagnosis may depend on the lymphoma's location and your symptoms.","Many types of treatments exist for Hodgkin lymphoma. Treatment often starts with chemotherapy. Your healthcare team might check to see how the lymphoma is responding and decide whether you need more treatment. Your options might include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy and bone marrow transplant, also called stem cell transplant. Sometimes, a combination of treatments is used.
+The treatment that's best for you depends on the type of Hodgkin lymphoma that you have. Your healthcare team also might consider the stage of your lymphoma, whether you have any symptoms and your overall health.",A Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis can be challenging. The following strategies and resources may help you cope with your diagnosis:,"Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases that affect the blood cells. This type of doctor is called a hematologist.
+Appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot of information to discuss. So it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin, itchy skin, night sweats, swelling, fever, tired, weight loss, hodgkin lymphoma"
+193,Hurthle cell cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hurthle-cell-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20373572,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hurthle-cell-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373577,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hurthle-cell-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20373578,"Hurthle (HEERT-luh) cell cancer is a rare cancer that affects the thyroid gland.
+
+The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the base of the neck. It secretes hormones that are essential for regulating the body's metabolism.
+
+Hurthle cell cancer is also called Hurthle cell carcinoma or oxyphilic cell carcinoma. This is one of several types of cancers that affect the thyroid.
+
+This type of cancer can be more aggressive than other types of thyroid cancer. Surgery to remove the thyroid gland is the most common treatment.","Hurthle cell cancer doesn't always cause symptoms, and it's sometimes detected during a physical examination or an imaging test done for some other reason.
+
+When they do occur, signs and symptoms may include:
+
+These signs and symptoms don't necessarily mean that you have Hurthle cell cancer. They may be indications of other medical conditions — such as inflammation of the thyroid gland or an enlargement of the thyroid (goiter).",Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you.,"It's not clear what causes Hurthle cell cancer.
+
+This cancer begins when cells in the thyroid develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The DNA changes, which doctors call mutations, tell the thyroid cells to grow and multiply quickly. The cells develop the ability to continue living when other cells would naturally die. The accumulating cells form a mass called a tumor that can invade and destroy healthy tissue nearby and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.",Factors that increase the risk of developing thyroid cancer include:,Possible complications of Hurthle cell cancer include:,,"Tests and procedures used to diagnose Hurthle cell cancer include:
+
+Examining the vocal cords (laryngoscopy).In a procedure called laryngoscopy, your provider can visually examine your vocal cords by using a light and a tiny mirror to look into the back of your throat. Or your provider may use fiber-optic laryngoscopy. This involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a tiny camera and light through your nose or mouth and into the back of your throat. Then your provider can watch the motion of your vocal cords as you speak.
+
+This procedure might be recommended if there's a risk that the cancer cells have spread to the vocal cords, such as if you have voice changes that are concerning.","Treatment for Hurthle cell cancer usually involves surgery to remove the thyroid. Other treatments may be recommended, depending on your situation.","A diagnosis of Hurthle cell cancer can be challenging. Many people feel stressed and anxious. With time you'll find strategies to cope. Until then, here are some ideas that might help:","Start by making an appointment with your health care provider if you have signs and symptoms that worry you.
+
+If Hurthle cell cancer is suspected, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating thyroid disorders (endocrinologist) or a doctor who specializes in treating cancer (oncologist).
+
+Because appointments can be brief, it's often helpful to arrive well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and what to expect from your provider.",,"goiter, inflammation, hurthle cell cancer, symptoms"
+195,Kidney cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352664,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352669,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20352672,"Kidney cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the kidneys. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They're located behind the abdominal organs, with one kidney on each side of the spine.
+In adults, renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer. Other, less common types of kidney cancer can happen. Young children are more likely to develop a kind of kidney cancer called Wilms tumor.
+The number of kidney cancers diagnosed each year seems to be increasing. One reason for this may be the fact that imaging techniques such as CT scans are being used more often. These tests may lead to the incidental discovery of more kidney cancers. Kidney cancer is often found when the cancer is small and confined to the kidney.","Kidney cancer doesn't usually cause symptoms at first. In time, signs and symptoms may develop, including:
+Blood in the urine, which may appear pink, red or cola colored.
+Loss of appetite.
+Pain in the side or back that doesn't go away.
+Tiredness.
+Unexplained weight loss.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"It's not clear what causes most kidney cancers.
+Kidney cancer happens when cells in the kidney develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","Factors that may increase the risk of kidney cancer include:
+Older age.The risk of kidney cancer increases with age.
+Smoking tobacco.People who smoke have a greater risk of kidney cancer than those who don't. The risk decreases after quitting.
+Obesity.People who are obese have a higher risk of kidney cancer than people who are considered to have a healthy weight.
+High blood pressure.High blood pressure, also called hypertension, increases the risk of kidney cancer.
+Certain inherited conditions.People who are born with certain inherited conditions may have an increased risk of kidney cancer. These conditions may include von Hippel-Lindau disease, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma and familial renal cancer.
+Family history of kidney cancer.The risk of kidney cancer is higher if a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, has had the disease.",,"There's no sure way to prevent kidney cancer, but you may reduce your risk if you:","Kidney cancer diagnosis often begins with a physical exam and a discussion of your health history. Blood and urine tests as well as imaging tests may be used. A sample of tissue may be taken for lab testing.
+Tests and procedures used to diagnose kidney cancer include:","Kidney cancer treatment sometimes begins with surgery to remove the cancer. For cancers confined to the kidney, this may be the only treatment needed. Sometimes medicine is given after surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back. If the cancer has spread beyond the kidney, surgery might not be possible. Other treatments may be recommended.
+Your healthcare team considers many factors when creating a treatment plan. These factors may include your overall health, the type and stage of your cancer, and your preferences.","With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and worry of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find it helps to:","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If your healthcare professional thinks you might have kidney cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary tract diseases and conditions, called a urologist. If a cancer diagnosis is made, you also may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"pain, kidney cancer, pain in the side or back, tiredness, unexplained weight loss, blood in the urine, loss of appetite, weight loss"
+196,Leukemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20374373,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374378,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20374380,"Leukemia is cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system.
+Many types of leukemia exist. Some forms of leukemia are more common in children. Other forms of leukemia occur mostly in adults.
+Leukemia usually involves the white blood cells. Your white blood cells are potent infection fighters — they normally grow and divide in an orderly way, as your body needs them. But in people with leukemia, the bone marrow produces an excessive amount of abnormal white blood cells, which don't function properly.
+Treatment for leukemia can be complex — depending on the type of leukemia and other factors. But there are strategies and resources that can help make your treatment successful.","Leukemia symptoms vary, depending on the type of leukemia. Common leukemia signs and symptoms include:
+Fever or chills
+Persistent fatigue, weakness
+Frequent or severe infections
+Losing weight without trying
+Swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen
+Easy bleeding or bruising
+Recurrent nosebleeds
+Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae)
+Excessive sweating, especially at night
+Bone pain or tenderness","Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any persistent signs or symptoms that worry you.
+Leukemia symptoms are often vague and not specific. You may overlook early leukemia symptoms because they may resemble symptoms of the flu and other common illnesses.
+Sometimes leukemia is discovered during blood tests for some other condition.",Scientists don't understand the exact causes of leukemia. It seems to develop from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.,"Factors that may increase your risk of developing some types of leukemia include:
+Previous cancer treatment.People who've had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other cancers have an increased risk of developing certain types of leukemia.
+Genetic disorders.Genetic abnormalities seem to play a role in the development of leukemia. Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of leukemia.
+Exposure to certain chemicals.Exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene — which is found in gasoline and is used by the chemical industry — is linked to an increased risk of some kinds of leukemia.
+Smoking.Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of acute myelogenous leukemia.
+Family history of leukemia.If members of your family have been diagnosed with leukemia, your risk of the disease may be increased.
+However, most people with known risk factors don't get leukemia. And many people with leukemia have none of these risk factors.",,,"Doctors may find chronic leukemia in a routine blood test, before symptoms begin. If this happens, or if you have signs or symptoms that suggest leukemia, you may undergo the following diagnostic exams:
+Physical exam.Your doctor will look for physical signs of leukemia, such as pale skin from anemia, swelling of your lymph nodes, and enlargement of your liver and spleen.
+Blood tests.By looking at a sample of your blood, your doctor can determine if you have abnormal levels of red or white blood cells or platelets — which may suggest leukemia. A blood test may also show the presence of leukemia cells, though not all types of leukemia cause the leukemia cells to circulate in the blood. Sometimes the leukemia cells stay in the bone marrow.
+Bone marrow test.Your doctor may recommend a procedure to remove a sample of bone marrow from your hipbone. The bone marrow is removed using a long, thin needle. The sample is sent to a laboratory to look for leukemia cells. Specialized tests of your leukemia cells may reveal certain characteristics that are used to determine your treatment options.","Treatment for your leukemia depends on many factors. Your doctor determines your leukemia treatment options based on your age and overall health, the type of leukemia you have, and whether it has spread to other parts of your body, including the central nervous system.
+Common treatments used to fight leukemia include:
+Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy is the major form of treatment for leukemia. This drug treatment uses chemicals to kill leukemia cells.Depending on the type of leukemia you have, you may receive a single drug or a combination of drugs. These drugs may come in a pill form, or they may be injected directly into a vein.
+Targeted therapy.Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Your leukemia cells will be tested to see if targeted therapy may be helpful for you.
+Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy uses X-rays or other high-energy beams to damage leukemia cells and stop their growth. During radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a large machine moves around you, directing the radiation to precise points on your body.You may receive radiation in one specific area of your body where there is a collection of leukemia cells, or you may receive radiation over your whole body. Radiation therapy may be used to prepare for a bone marrow transplant.
+Bone marrow transplant.A bone marrow transplant, also called a stem cell transplant, helps reestablish healthy stem cells by replacing unhealthy bone marrow with leukemia-free stem cells that will regenerate healthy bone marrow.Prior to a bone marrow transplant, you receive very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy your leukemia-producing bone marrow. Then you receive an infusion of blood-forming stem cells that help rebuild your bone marrow.You may receive stem cells from a donor or you may be able to use your own stem cells.
+Immunotherapy.Immunotherapy uses your immune system to fight cancer. Your body's disease-fighting immune system may not attack your cancer because the cancer cells produce proteins that help them hide from the immune system cells. Immunotherapy works by interfering with that process.
+Engineering immune cells to fight leukemia.A specialized treatment called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy takes your body's germ-fighting T cells, engineers them to fight cancer and infuses them back into your body.CAR-T cell therapy might be an option for certain types of leukemia.
+Clinical trials.Clinical trials are experiments to test new cancer treatments and new ways of using existing treatments. While clinical trials give you or your child a chance to try the latest cancer treatment, treatment benefits and risks may be uncertain. Discuss the benefits and risks of clinical trials with your doctor.","A diagnosis of leukemia may be devastating — especially for the family of a newly diagnosed child. With time you'll find ways to cope with the distress and uncertainty of cancer. Until then, you may find it helps to:
+Learn enough about leukemia to make decisions about your care.Ask your doctor about your leukemia, including your treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about leukemia, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.The term ""leukemia"" can be confusing because it refers to a group of cancers that aren't all that similar except for the fact that they affect the bone marrow and blood. You can waste a lot of time researching information that doesn't apply to your kind of leukemia. To avoid that, ask your doctor to write down as much information about your specific disease as possible. Then narrow your search for information accordingly.
+Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with your leukemia. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your house if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
+Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The concern and understanding of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also may be helpful.Ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Or check your phone book, library or a cancer organization, such as the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society or the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.
+Take care of yourself.It's easy to get caught up in the tests, treatments and procedures of therapy. But it's important to take care of yourself, not just the cancer. Try to make time for yoga, cooking or other favorite diversions.","Start by seeing your family doctor if you have signs or symptoms that worry you. If your doctor suspects you have leukemia, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the blood and bone marrow (hematologist).
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and know what to expect from your doctor.",,"chills, enlarged spleen, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, leukemia, fatigue, enlarged liver, petechiae, sweating, tenderness, bleeding, red spots, infections, common leukemia signs and symptoms, pain, weakness, nosebleeds, fever, bone pain, bruising"
+197,Liver cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353659,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353664,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20353667,"Liver cancer is cancer that begins in the cells of your liver. Your liver is a football-sized organ that sits in the upper right portion of your abdomen, beneath your diaphragm and above your stomach.
+Several types of cancer can form in the liver. The most common type of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma, which begins in the main type of liver cell (hepatocyte). Other types of liver cancer, such as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatoblastoma, are much less common.
+Cancer that spreads to the liver is more common than cancer that begins in the liver cells. Cancer that begins in another area of the body — such as the colon, lung or breast — and then spreads to the liver is called metastatic cancer rather than liver cancer. This type of cancer is named after the organ in which it began — such as metastatic colon cancer to describe cancer that begins in the colon and spreads to the liver.","Most people don't have signs and symptoms in the early stages of primary liver cancer. When signs and symptoms do appear, they may include:
+Losing weight without trying
+Loss of appetite
+Upper abdominal pain
+Nausea and vomiting
+General weakness and fatigue
+Abdominal swelling
+Yellow discoloration of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
+White, chalky stools",Make an appointment with your doctor if you experience any signs or symptoms that worry you.,"Liver cancer happens when liver cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA is the material that provides instructions for every chemical process in your body. DNA mutations cause changes in these instructions. One result is that cells may begin to grow out of control and eventually form a tumor — a mass of cancerous cells.
+Sometimes the cause of liver cancer is known, such as with chronic hepatitis infections. But sometimes liver cancer happens in people with no underlying diseases and it's not clear what causes it.","Factors that increase the risk of primary liver cancer include:
+Chronic infection with HBV or HCV.Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) increases your risk of liver cancer.
+Cirrhosis.This progressive and irreversible condition causes scar tissue to form in your liver and increases your chances of developing liver cancer.
+Certain inherited liver diseases.Liver diseases that can increase the risk of liver cancer include hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease.
+Diabetes.People with this blood sugar disorder have a greater risk of liver cancer than those who don't have diabetes.
+Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.An accumulation of fat in the liver increases the risk of liver cancer.
+Exposure to aflatoxins.Aflatoxins are poisons produced by molds that grow on crops that are stored poorly. Crops, such as grains and nuts, can become contaminated with aflatoxins, which can end up in foods made of these products.
+Excessive alcohol consumption.Consuming more than a moderate amount of alcohol daily over many years can lead to irreversible liver damage and increase your risk of liver cancer.",,,,"Treatments for primary liver cancer depend on the extent (stage) of the disease as well as your age, overall health and personal preferences.","Learning you have any life-threatening illness can be devastating. Each person finds his or her own ways of coping with a diagnosis of liver cancer. Although there are no easy answers for people dealing with liver cancer, the following suggestions may be of help:
+Learn enough about liver cancer to make decisions about your care.Ask your doctor about your liver cancer, including the stage of your cancer, your treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about liver cancer, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
+Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with your liver cancer. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your house if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
+Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener with whom you can talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The support of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer survivors group also may be helpful.Ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Or check your phone book, library or a cancer organization, such as the National Cancer Institute or the American Cancer Society.
+Make plans for the unknown.Having a life-threatening illness, such as cancer, requires you to prepare for the possibility that you may die. For some people, having a strong faith or a sense of something greater than themselves makes it easier to come to terms with a life-threatening illness.Ask your doctor about advance directives and living wills to help you plan for end-of-life care, should you need it.","If you think you may have liver cancer, you're likely to start by seeing your family doctor. If your doctor suspects you may have liver cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the liver (hepatologist) or to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer (oncologist).
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and what to expect from your doctor.",,"white stools, nausea, abdominal swelling, fatigue, weakness, general weakness, yellow discoloration, vomiting, jaundice, primary liver cancer, loss of appetite
+upper abdominal pain, upper abdominal pain, losing weight, nausea and vomiting
+, loss of appetite, discoloration"
+198,Lung cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374627,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20374629,"Lung cancer is a kind of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the lungs. The lungs are two spongy organs in the chest that control breathing.
+Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.
+People who smoke have the greatest risk of lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer increases with the length of time and number of cigarettes smoked. Quitting smoking, even after smoking for many years, significantly lowers the chances of developing lung cancer. Lung cancer also can happen in people who have never smoked.","Lung cancer typically doesn't cause symptoms early on. Symptoms of lung cancer usually happen when the disease is advanced.
+Signs and symptoms of lung cancer that happen in and around the lungs may include:
+A new cough that doesn't go away.
+Chest pain.
+Coughing up blood, even a small amount.
+Hoarseness.
+Shortness of breath.
+Wheezing.
+Signs and symptoms that happen when lung cancer spreads to other parts of the body may include:
+Bone pain.
+Headache.
+Losing weight without trying.
+Loss of appetite.
+Swelling in the face or neck.","Make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If you smoke and haven't been able to quit, make an appointment. Your healthcare professional can recommend strategies for quitting smoking. These may include counseling, medicines and nicotine replacement products.","Lung cancer happens when cells in the lungs develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
+Smoking causes most lung cancers. It can cause lung cancer in both people who smoke and in people exposed to secondhand smoke. But lung cancer also happens in people who never smoked or been exposed to secondhand smoke. In these people, there may be no clear cause of lung cancer.","A number of factors may increase the risk of lung cancer. Some risk factors can be controlled, for instance, by quitting smoking. Other factors can't be controlled, such as your family history.
+Risk factors for lung cancer include:","Lung cancer can cause complications, such as:","There's no sure way to prevent lung cancer, but you can reduce your risk if you:","Lung cancer diagnosis often starts with an imaging test to look at the lungs. If you have symptoms that worry you, a healthcare professional might start with an X-ray. If you smoke or used to smoke, you might have an imaging test to look for signs of lung cancer before you develop symptoms.","Treatment for lung cancer usually begins with surgery to remove the cancer. If the cancer is very large or has spread to other parts of the body, surgery may not be possible. Treatment might start with medicine and radiation instead. Your healthcare team considers many factors when creating a treatment plan. These factors may include your overall health, the type and stage of your cancer, and your preferences.
+Some people with lung cancer choose not to have treatment. For instance, you may feel that the side effects of treatment will outweigh the potential benefits. When that's the case, your healthcare professional may suggest comfort care to treat only the symptoms the cancer is causing.","With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and distress of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find that it helps to:","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If your healthcare professional suspects that you have lung cancer, you'll likely be referred to a specialist. Specialists who treat lung cancer may include:
+Oncologists.Doctors who specialize in treating cancer.
+Pulmonologists.Doctors who diagnose and treat lung diseases.
+Radiation oncologists.Doctors who use radiation to treat cancer.
+Thoracic surgeons.Surgeons who operate on the lungs.
+Palliative care specialists.Doctors who treat signs and symptoms of cancer and cancer treatment.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.","Many people with lung cancer experience shortness of breath. Treatments such as supplemental oxygen and medicines are available to help you feel more comfortable. However, they aren't always enough.
+To cope with shortness of breath, it may help to:","pain, headache, hoarseness, wheezing, swelling, coughing up blood, chest pain, Here are the extracted symptoms:
+
+cough, lung cancer, losing weight, bone pain, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, cough"
+200,Merkel cell carcinoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/merkel-cell-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351030,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/merkel-cell-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351036,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/merkel-cell-carcinoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20351037,"Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare type of skin cancer. It most often appears as a bump on the face, head or neck. Merkel cell carcinoma also is called neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin.
+Merkel cell carcinoma most often happens in people older than 50. Long-term sun exposure or a weakened immune system may raise the risk of getting this cancer.
+Merkel cell carcinoma tends to grow fast and to spread quickly to other parts of the body. Treatment may depend on whether the cancer has spread beyond the skin.","The first symptom of Merkel cell carcinoma most often is a growth on the skin. This skin cancer can happen anywhere on the body. It happens most often on skin that typically gets sunlight. In white people, the growth is most likely to be on the head or neck. In Black people, the growth more often is on the legs.
+A Merkel cell carcinoma can cause:
+A bump on the skin that often is painless.
+A bump that grows quickly.
+A bump whose two sides don't match.
+A bump that looks pink, purple, red-brown, or the same color as the skin around it.","Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have a mole, freckle or bump that changes size, shape or color. Also see a healthcare professional if you have a bump that grows fast or bleeds easily after minor injury, such as washing your skin or shaving.","It's often not clear what causes Merkel cell carcinoma.
+This skin cancer happens when cells in the skin develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time.
+In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply at a fast rate. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
+Merkel cell carcinoma is named for the cells where experts once thought it started. The Merkel cells are found at the bottom of the outer layer of skin. The Merkel cells are connected to the nerve endings in the skin that play a role in the sense of touch. Healthcare professionals no longer believe that this cancer starts in the Merkel cells. They don't know exactly what kind of cells it starts in.
+It's often not clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to Merkel cell carcinoma. Researchers have found that a common virus plays a role in causing Merkel cell carcinoma. The virus, called Merkel cell polyomavirus, lives on the skin. It doesn't cause symptoms. Experts don't know exactly how this virus causes Merkel cell carcinoma.","Factors that may raise the risk of Merkel cell carcinoma include:
+Skin that sunburns easily.Anyone of any skin color can get Merkel cell carcinoma. But it's more common in people who have less melanin in their skin. Melanin is a substance that gives color to skin. It also helps protect the skin from damaging rays from the sun.People with Black or brown skin have more melanin than do people with white skin. So white people are more likely to get Merkel cell carcinoma than are people with Black or brown skin.
+Too much UV light.Ultraviolet light, also called UV light, raises the risk of Merkel cell carcinoma. UV light can come from the sun. Being in the sun without covering the skin with clothing or sunblock raises the risk of Merkel cell carcinoma. UV light for treatment of the skin condition psoriasis also can raise the risk of this skin cancer.
+Tanning bed use.People who use indoor tanning beds have a higher risk of Merkel cell carcinoma.
+A weakened immune system.People with weakened immune systems are more likely to get Merkel cell carcinoma. A weakened immune system can happen in people with certain health conditions, such as HIV infection and chronic leukemia. It also can happen in people taking certain medicines, such as medicines that lower the immune response.
+History of other skin cancers.Merkel cell carcinoma is linked to other skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
+Older age.The risk of Merkel cell carcinoma goes up with age. This cancer is most common in people older than age 50, though it can happen at any age.","Even with treatment, Merkel cell carcinoma often spreads to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, healthcare professionals sometimes say it metastasizes. Merkel cell carcinoma tends to travel first to nearby lymph nodes.
+Later it may spread to the brain, bones, liver or lungs. It can keep these organs from working as they should. Cancer that spreads is harder to treat and can be fatal.","While exposure to sunlight isn't proved to cause all Merkel cell carcinomas, it is thought to be a risk factor for this cancer. Getting less sun exposure may lower your risk of skin cancer.
+Try to:",Merkel cell carcinoma diagnosis often starts with an exam. A healthcare professional may look at your skin and remove a sample of cells for testing. This skin cancer may be hard to diagnose because it may look like other skin growths.,"Treatment for Merkel cell carcinoma most often involves surgery to remove the cancer. If the cancer has spread beyond the skin, treatment may involve medicines or radiation.",,"If you have a mole, freckle or bump on your skin that concerns you, start by making an appointment with a healthcare professional. For skin cancer, you'll likely be sent to a skin specialist, called a dermatologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"grows quickly, red-brown, merkel cell carcinoma, bump on the skin, doesn't match, skin cancer, looks pink, painless, purple"
+201,Mesothelioma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mesothelioma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375022,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mesothelioma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375028,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mesothelioma/doctors-departments/ddc-20375030,"Mesothelioma is a cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the mesothelium. The mesothelium is a thin layer of tissue that covers many internal organs.
+Mesothelioma is pronounced me-zoe-thee-lee-O-muh. It most often happens in the tissue around the lungs. This is called pleural mesothelioma. Mesothelioma also can happen in the tissues in the belly, around the heart and around the testicles.
+Mesothelioma, which is sometimes called malignant mesothelioma, is a fast-growing and deadly form of cancer. There are mesothelioma treatments. But for many people with mesothelioma, there is no cure.","Signs and symptoms of mesothelioma depend on where the cancer starts.
+Pleural mesotheliomaaffects the tissue around the lungs. Symptoms may include:
+Chest pain.
+Painful coughing.
+Shortness of breath.
+Lumps under the skin on the chest.
+Tiredness.
+Weight loss without trying.
+Peritoneal mesotheliomaaffects tissue in the belly. Symptoms may include:
+Belly pain.
+Belly swelling.
+Nausea.
+Tiredness.
+Weight loss without trying.
+Other types of mesotheliomaare very rare. Not as much is known about these other types.
+Pericardial mesothelioma affects tissue around the heart. It may cause trouble breathing and chest pains.
+Mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis affects tissue around the testicles. It may first appear as swelling or a mass on a testicle.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"It's not always clear what causes mesothelioma. Experts believe that being around asbestos causes many mesotheliomas. But not everyone with mesothelioma has been around asbestos. Exactly what causes the cancer may not be known.
+Mesothelioma is a cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the mesothelium. The mesothelium is a thin layer of tissue that covers many internal organs.
+Mesothelioma happens when cells in the mesothelium develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time.
+In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The DNA changes tell the cancer cells to make more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","Being around asbestos is the biggest risk factor for mesothelioma. Asbestos is a natural mineral. Asbestos fibers are strong, and they resist heat. This makes them useful in many ways. Asbestos gets used in insulation, brakes, shingles, flooring and many other products.
+Mining asbestos or removing asbestos insulation breaks up the mineral. This may create dust. If people breathe in or swallow the dust, the asbestos fibers settle in the lungs or in the stomach. This may lead to mesothelioma.
+Experts don't know the exact way asbestos causes mesothelioma. It can take 15 to 40 years or more to get mesothelioma after being exposed to asbestos.
+Most people who have been around asbestos don't get mesothelioma. So other factors may be involved. For instance, it could run in families, or some other condition could raise the risk.
+Factors that may raise the risk of mesothelioma include:
+Being around asbestos.If you've been directly exposed to asbestos fibers at work or at home, your risk of mesothelioma is increased.
+Living with someone who works with asbestos.People who work with asbestos may carry the fibers home on their skin and clothing. Over many years, these fibers can put others in the home at risk of mesothelioma.
+A family history of mesothelioma.If your parent, sibling or child has mesothelioma, you may have a higher risk of this disease.
+Radiation therapy to the chest.If you had radiation therapy to your chest for cancer, you might have a higher risk of mesothelioma.","As pleural mesothelioma spreads in the chest, it puts pressure on the structures in that area. This can cause complications such as:
+Trouble breathing.
+Chest pain.
+Trouble swallowing.
+Pain caused by pressure on the nerves and spinal cord.
+Buildup of fluid in the chest, called pleural effusion. The fluid can press on the nearby lung and make breathing hard.",Reducing your exposure to asbestos may lower your risk of mesothelioma.,"Mesothelioma diagnosis may start with a physical exam. A healthcare professional may check for lumps or other signs.
+You might have imaging tests to look for mesothelioma. These could include a chest X-ray and a CT scan of your chest or belly.
+Based on the results, you may have more tests to see whether mesothelioma or another disease is causing your symptoms.","Your treatment for mesothelioma depends on your health and certain aspects of your cancer, such as its stage and where it is.
+Mesothelioma often spreads quickly. For most people, there is no cure. Healthcare professionals most often diagnose mesothelioma past the point where surgery can remove it. Instead, your healthcare team may work to manage your cancer to increase your comfort.
+Talk about your treatment goals with your healthcare team. Some people want to do everything they can to treat their cancer. That means putting up with the side effects of treatment for a small chance of getting better. Others want treatments that help them live the time they have left with as few symptoms as possible.","A diagnosis of mesothelioma can be devastating not only to you but also to your family and friends. To regain a sense of control, try to:
+Write down questions to ask your healthcare professional. Ask your healthcare team for information to help you better understand your disease. Good places to start looking for more information include the U.S. National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society and the Mesothelioma Applied Research Foundation.
+Close friends or family can help you with everyday tasks, such as getting you to appointments or treatment. If you have trouble asking for help, learn to be honest with yourself and accept help when you need it.
+Ask your healthcare team about cancer support groups in your community and online. Sometimes there are questions that can only be answered by other people with cancer. Support groups offer a chance to ask these questions and receive support from people who understand your situation.
+Ask your healthcare team about advance directives. Advance directives give your family guidance on your medical wishes in case you can no longer speak for yourself.","Start by making an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. Your healthcare professional may send you to a specialist. Which specialist you see may depend on your symptoms. For lung symptoms, you may see a doctor who specializes in lung diseases, called a pulmonologist. For symptoms in the belly, you may see a doctor who specializes in conditions affecting the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"nausea, tiredness, swelling, cancer, trouble breathing, belly pain, chest pain, painful coughing, breathing and chest pains, pericardial mesothelioma, lumps under the skin, weight loss, shortness of breath, mesothelioma, belly swelling"
+202,Mouth cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20350997,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351002,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20351006,"Mouth cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the mouth. Mouth cancer can happen in any of the parts that make up the mouth. Mouth cancer can occur on the:
+Lips.
+Gums.
+Tongue.
+Inner lining of the cheeks.
+Roof of the mouth.
+Floor of the mouth.
+The mouth also is called the oral cavity. Cancer that happens in the mouth is sometimes called oral cancer or oral cavity cancer.
+Mouth cancer is one of several cancers that are considered to be types of head and neck cancer. Mouth cancer and other head and neck cancers often have similar treatments.","Signs and symptoms of mouth cancer may include:
+A lip or mouth sore that won't heal.
+A white or reddish patch on the inside of the mouth.
+Loose teeth.
+A growth or lump inside the mouth.
+Mouth pain.
+Ear pain.
+Difficult or painful swallowing.","Make an appointment with a doctor, dentist or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.","It's not always clear what causes mouth cancer. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the mouth. It most often starts in cells called squamous cells. These are flat, thin cells that line the lips and the inside of the mouth. Most oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.
+Mouth cancer happens when cells on the lips or in the mouth develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
+In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.",Factors that can increase the risk of mouth cancer include:,,"There's no proven way to prevent mouth cancer. However, you may reduce your risk of mouth cancer if you:",Mouth cancer diagnosis might start with an exam of the lips and mouth. A healthcare professional might remove a sample of tissue for testing to see if you have mouth cancer.,"Treatments for mouth cancer include surgery, radiation therapy and medicines. Medicines that help treat mouth cancer include chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. You may have just one type of treatment, or you may undergo a combination of cancer treatments.
+Your healthcare team considers many factors when creating a mouth cancer treatment plan. These may include the cancer's location and how fast it's growing. The team also may look at whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body and the results of tests on the cancer cells. Your team also considers your overall health and personal preferences.","As you talk about your mouth cancer treatment options with your healthcare team, it's common to feel overwhelmed. People who are newly diagnosed with mouth cancer may be trying to cope with the diagnosis at the same time they need to make decisions about their treatment. Here are some ideas that may help.","Make an appointment with a doctor, dentist or other healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you.
+If your healthcare professional feels that you may have mouth cancer, you may be referred to a periodontist or otolaryngologist. A periodontist is a dentist who specializes in diseases of the gums and related tissue in the mouth. An otolaryngologist is a doctor who specializes in diseases that affect the ears, nose and throat.
+Appointments can be brief, so it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect.",,"pain, difficult or painful swallowing, mouth cancer, mouth pain, loose teeth, ear pain, white or reddish patch, sore, lip or mouth sore, growth or lump"
+203,Multiple myeloma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms-causes/syc-20353378,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353383,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/doctors-departments/ddc-20353385,"Multiple myeloma is a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Healthy plasma cells help fight infections by making proteins called antibodies. Antibodies find and attack germs.
+In multiple myeloma, cancerous plasma cells build up in bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft matter inside bones where blood cells are made. In the bone marrow, the cancer cells crowd out healthy blood cells. Rather than make helpful antibodies, the cancer cells make proteins that don't work right. This leads to complications of multiple myeloma.
+Multiple myeloma treatment isn't always needed right away. If the multiple myeloma is slow growing and isn't causing symptoms, close watching might be the first step. For people with multiple myeloma who need treatment, there are a number of ways to help control the disease.","Early in multiple myeloma, there might be no symptoms. When signs and symptoms happen, they can include:
+Bone pain, especially in the spine, chest or hips.
+Nausea.
+Constipation.
+Loss of appetite.
+Mental fogginess or confusion.
+Tiredness.
+Infections.
+Weight loss.
+Weakness.
+Thirst.
+Needing to urinate often.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional if you have symptoms that worry you.,"It's not clear what causes myeloma.
+Multiple myeloma begins with one plasma cell in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft matter inside bones where blood cells are made. Something happens that turns the plasma cell into a cancerous myeloma cell. The myeloma cell begins making a lot more myeloma cells quickly.
+Healthy cells grow at a set pace and die at a set time. Cancer cells don't follow these rules. They make a lot of extra cells. The cells continue living when healthy cells would die. In myeloma, the cancer cells build up in the bone marrow and crowd out the healthy blood cells. This leads to tiredness and not being able to fight infections.
+The myeloma cells continue trying to make antibodies, as healthy plasma cells do. But the body can't use these antibodies, called monoclonal proteins or M proteins. Instead, the M proteins build up in the body and cause problems, such as damage to the kidneys. Myeloma cells can damage bones and increase the risk of broken bones.","Factors that may increase the risk of multiple myeloma include:
+Getting older.Most people are diagnosed in their late 60s.
+Being male.Men are more likely to develop the disease than are women.
+Being Black.Black people are more likely to develop multiple myeloma than are people of other races.
+Having a family history of multiple myeloma.Having a sibling or parent with multiple myeloma increases the risk of the disease.
+Having monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, also calledMGUS.Multiple myeloma starts asMGUS, so having this condition increases the risk.
+There's no way to prevent multiple myeloma. If you get multiple myeloma, you didn't do anything to cause it.","Complications of multiple myeloma include:
+Infections.Having multiple myeloma lowers the body's ability to fight infections.
+Bone problems.Multiple myeloma can cause bone pain, thinning bones and broken bones.
+Kidney problems.Multiple myeloma may cause problems with the kidneys. It can lead to kidney failure.
+Low red blood cell count, called anemia.As myeloma cells crowd out healthy blood cells, multiple myeloma can also cause anemia and other blood problems.",,"Sometimes a health care professional finds multiple myeloma during a blood test for another condition. Other times your symptoms may lead your health care professional to test for multiple myeloma.
+Tests and procedures to diagnose multiple myeloma include:
+Blood tests.The M proteins made by myeloma cells can show up in a sample of blood. Blood tests also might find another protein myeloma cells make, called beta-2-microglobulin.Other blood tests give your health care team clues about your diagnosis. These tests might include tests that look at kidney function, blood cell counts, calcium levels and uric acid levels.
+Urine tests.M proteins can show up in urine samples. In urine, the proteins are called Bence Jones proteins.
+Bone marrow tests.Bone marrow biopsy and bone marrow aspiration are used to collect bone marrow samples for testing. Bone marrow has a solid and a liquid part. In a bone marrow biopsy, a needle is used to collect a small amount of the solid tissue. In a bone marrow aspiration, a needle is used to draw a sample of the fluid. The samples are typically taken from the hip bone.The samples go to a lab for testing. In the lab, tests look for myeloma cells. Other special tests give your health care team more information about your myeloma cells. For example, the fluorescence in situ hybridization test looks for changes in the cells' genetic material, called DNA.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests can show bone problems linked with multiple myeloma. Tests may include an X-ray,MRIscan,CTscan, or positron emission tomography scan, also called PET scan.","Multiple myeloma treatment isn't always needed right away. If there are no symptoms, you might have tests to watch the myeloma to see if it gets worse. When multiple myeloma causes symptoms, treatment often starts with medicine. Treatment can help relieve pain, control complications, and slow the growth of the myeloma cells.","A cancer diagnosis can be a shock. With time, you'll find ways to cope with the stresses of living with cancer. Until you find what works best for you, try to:
+Learn enough to help guide your care.Learn about multiple myeloma so that you feel comfortable making decisions about your care. Ask your health care team about your treatment options and their side effects.Ask your health care team to recommend good sources of information. You might start with the National Cancer Institute and the International Myeloma Foundation.
+Have a strong support system.This can help you cope with issues and worries that might occur. Ask your friends and family for support.A support group of people coping with cancer might be helpful. People you meet in support groups can offer advice for dealing with day-to-day issues. You can join some support groups online.
+Set goals you can meet.Having goals helps you feel in control and can give you a sense of purpose. But don't choose goals you can't reach. You might not be able to work full time, for example. But maybe you can work part time. Many people find that working during cancer treatment can help their state of mind.
+Take time for yourself.Eating well, relaxing and getting enough rest can help fight the stress and tiredness cancer causes. Plan for times when you may need to rest more or do less.","If you have symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional.
+If you have multiple myeloma, you'll likely be referred to a specialist. This might be:
+A doctor who specializes in treating blood and bone marrow disorders. This doctor is called a hematologist.
+A doctor specializes in treating cancer. This doctor is called an oncologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, nausea, constipation, fogginess, tiredness, weakness, thirst, infections, mental fogginess, needing to urinate often, confusion, loss of appetite, weight loss, bone pain, multiple myeloma"
+204,Nasopharyngeal carcinoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375529,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375535,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20375536,"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the nasopharynx. The nasopharynx is the upper part of the throat. It sits behind the nose.
+Nasopharyngeal (nay-zoh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul) carcinoma is rare in the United States. It happens much more often in other parts of the world, mainly Southeast Asia.
+Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. That's most likely because the nasopharynx isn't easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first.
+Treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma usually involves radiation therapy, chemotherapy or a mix of the two. Work with your healthcare professional to find the approach that's right for you.","Nasopharyngeal carcinoma may not cause signs or symptoms at first. When it does cause symptoms, they might include:
+A lump in your neck caused by a swollen lymph node.
+Bleeding from the nose.
+Bloody saliva.
+Double vision.
+Ear infections.
+Facial numbness.
+Headaches.
+Hearing loss.
+Nasal stuffiness.
+Ringing in the ears, called tinnitus.
+Sore throat.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"The exact cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma often isn't known.
+Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a kind of cancer that starts in the upper part of the throat, called the nasopharynx. It happens when cells in the nasopharynx develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell cells to die at a set time.
+In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a growth called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","Researchers have found some factors that seem to raise the risk of getting nasopharyngeal carcinoma. They include:
+Certain ancestries.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is more common in parts of China, Southeast Asia, northern Africa and the Arctic. People who live in these areas or have ancestry that comes from these parts of the world may have an increased risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
+Middle age.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma can occur at any age. But most often it's diagnosed in adults between the ages of 30 and 60.
+Salt-cured foods.Chemicals released in steam when cooking salt-cured foods might raise the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The steam from foods such as fish and preserved vegetables may enter the nose during cooking. Contact with these chemicals at an early age may raise the risk even more.
+Epstein-Barr virus.This common virus most often causes mild symptoms like those of a cold. Sometimes it can cause infectious mononucleosis. The Epstein-Barr virus also is linked to some cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
+Family history.Having a family member with nasopharyngeal carcinoma raises the risk of the disease.
+Alcohol and tobacco.Heavy alcohol intake and tobacco use can raise your risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.","Nasopharyngeal carcinoma complications can include:
+Cancer that grows into nearby structures.Advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma can grow large enough to go into nearby structures, such as the throat, bones and brain.
+Cancer that spreads to other areas of the body.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma often spreads beyond the nasopharynx. It typically spreads to the lymph nodes in the neck first. When it spreads to other parts of the body, nasopharyngeal carcinoma most often goes to the bones, lungs and liver.","There's no sure way to prevent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. But, if you're worried about your risk of this cancer, think about giving up habits that have been linked with the disease. For instance, don't use tobacco. You may choose to cut back on or not eat salt-cured foods.","Nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis often begins with an exam by a healthcare professional. The health professional may use a special scope to look inside the nasopharynx for signs of cancer. To confirm the diagnosis, a sample of tissue might be removed for testing.","Treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma most often begins with radiation therapy or a mix of radiation and chemotherapy.
+You and your healthcare team work together to make a treatment plan. Several factors go into making the plan. These may include the stage of your cancer, your treatment goals, your overall health and the side effects you're willing to have.","People deal with a nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis in their own ways. With time you'll find what works for you. Until then, it might help to:","Start by making an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your health professional thinks you might have nasopharyngeal carcinoma, you might need to see a specialist. This might be a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist, or a doctor who specializes in ear, nose and throat issues, called an otolaryngologist.
+Here are some tips to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"ringing in ears, ear infections, throat, bleeding from nose, tinnitus, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, double vision, facial numbness, nasal stuffiness, infections, numbness, hearing loss, bloody saliva, lump in neck, sore throat, headaches, stuffiness"
+205,Neuroblastoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351017,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351022,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20351024,"Neuroblastoma is a cancer that starts in cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts are immature nerve cells. They are found in several areas of the body.
+Neuroblastoma most often starts in the neuroblasts in the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney. The glands make hormones that control important functions in the body. Other parts of the body that have neuroblasts and can get neuroblastoma include the spine, belly, chest and neck.
+Neuroblastoma usually affects children age 5 or younger. Symptoms vary, depending on where it occurs in the body.
+Some forms of neuroblastoma may go away on their own. Other forms of neuroblastoma need treatment. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and bone marrow transplant. Your child's healthcare team will select the neuroblastoma treatments that are best for your child.","Signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma may vary depending on what part of the body is affected. This cancer starts in immature nerve cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts are found in several areas of the body.
+Neuroblastoma in the bellymay cause symptoms such as:
+Belly pain.
+A lump under the skin that typically isn't tender when touched.
+Diarrhea or constipation.
+Neuroblastoma in the chestmay cause symptoms such as:
+Wheezing.
+Difficulty breathing.
+Changes to the eyes, including drooping eyelids and pupils that are different sizes.
+Other symptoms that may indicate neuroblastoma include:
+Lumps of tissue under the skin.
+Eyeballs that seem to stick out from the sockets.
+Dark circles around the eyes that look like bruises.
+Back pain.
+Fever.
+Losing weight without trying.
+Bone pain.","Contact your child's healthcare professional if your child has any symptoms that worry you. Mention any changes in your child's behavior, habits or appearance.","It's not clear what causes neuroblastoma. This cancer starts in immature nerve cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts are found in several areas of the body.
+Neuroblastoma starts when neuroblasts develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","The risk of neuroblastoma is higher in children. This cancer happens mostly in children age 5 and younger.
+Children with a family history of neuroblastoma may be more likely to develop the disease. Yet, healthcare professionals think only a small number of neuroblastomas are inherited.
+There are no known ways to prevent neuroblastoma.","Complications of neuroblastoma may include:
+Spread of the cancer.With time, the cancer cells may spread to other parts of the body. Neuroblastoma cells most often spread to the lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver, skin and bones. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
+Pressure on the spinal cord.A neuroblastoma may grow and press on the spinal cord, causing spinal cord compression. Spinal cord compression may cause pain and paralysis.
+Symptoms caused by cancer secretions.Neuroblastoma cells may secrete chemicals that irritate other tissues. The irritated tissues can cause symptoms called paraneoplastic syndromes. Symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes may include rapid eye movements and difficulty with coordination. Other symptoms include abdominal swelling and diarrhea.",,A neuroblastoma diagnosis might start with a physical exam. Other tests and procedures include imaging tests and removing some tissue for testing. Your child's healthcare team may use a variety of tests and procedures to diagnose this cancer.,"Treatments for neuroblastoma include surgery, radiation therapy, and medicines, such as chemotherapy and others. Healthcare teams consider many things when creating a treatment plan. These include the child's age, the stage of the cancer, the kinds of cells involved in the cancer and the DNA changes inside the cancer cells.
+The healthcare team uses this information to say whether the neuroblastoma is low risk, intermediate risk or high risk. Neuroblastoma that is low risk or intermediate risk has a good chance for cure. High risk neuroblastoma can be more difficult to cure, so stronger treatments might be needed. What treatment or combination of treatments your child receives for neuroblastoma depends on the risk category.","When your child is diagnosed with cancer, it's common to feel a range of emotions. Some parents say they had feelings such as shock, disbelief, guilt and anger. At the time you might be feeling these strong feelings, you also may need to make decisions about your child's treatment. This can feel overwhelming. Here are some ideas to help with coping.","Make an appointment with your family healthcare professional if your child has any symptoms that worry you.
+Because appointments can be brief it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect.",,"pain, constipation, eyeballs that seem to stick out from the sockets, drooping eyelids, neuroblastoma, diarrhea, cancer, wheezing, belly pain, lumps of tissue under the skin, back pain, fever, losing weight, pupils that are different sizes, lump under the skin, dark circles around the eyes, bone pain, difficulty breathing"
+206,Non-Hodgkin lymphoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375680,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375685,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20375687,"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is made up of organs, glands, tubelike vessels and clusters of cells called lymph nodes. It's part of the body's germ-fighting immune system.
+Non-Hodgkin lymphoma happens when germ-fighting cells in the lymphatic system grow out of control. The cells can form growths, called tumors, throughout the body.
+Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a broad group of lymphomas. There are many subtypes in this group. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma are among the most common subtypes. The other broad group of lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma.
+Advances in diagnosis and treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma have helped improve the prognosis for people with this condition.","Signs and symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma may include:
+Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin.
+Belly pain or swelling.
+Chest pain, coughing or trouble breathing.
+Feeling very tired.
+Fever.
+Night sweats.
+Weight loss without trying.",Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any persistent signs and symptoms that worry you.,"The cause of non-Hodgkin lymphoma often isn't known. This cancer starts when germ-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do.
+DNA gives healthy cells instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The DNA changes tell the cancer cells to make more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+In non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the cancer cells often build up in the lymph nodes. They also can build up in other parts of the lymphatic system.
+Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can affect the:
+Lymph nodes.
+Lymph vessels.
+Adenoids.
+Tonsils.
+Spleen.
+Thymus.
+Bone marrow.
+Rarely, parts of the body that aren't part of the lymphatic system.","Factors that may raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include:
+Medicines that lower the immune response.Taking medicines that manage the immune system after an organ transplant might raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
+Infection with certain viruses and bacteria.Certain infections seem to raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Viruses linked to this type of cancer include HIV and Epstein-Barr virus. Bacteria linked to non-Hodgkin lymphoma include the stomach ulcer-causing bacterium Helicobacter pylori.
+Chemicals.Certain chemicals, such as those used to kill insects and weeds, may raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. More research is needed to find the possible link between pesticides and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
+Older age.Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can happen at any age. But it's most common in people 60 or older.
+There's no way to prevent non-Hodgkin lymphoma.",,,"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis often begins with an exam that checks for swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarms and groin. Tests include imaging tests and removing some cells for testing. The tests used to detect non-Hodgkin lymphoma may depend on the cancer's location and your symptoms.","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma treatment often starts with medicines or radiation therapy. Medicines used for this cancer include chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
+The treatments your healthcare team chooses for you depend on your lymphoma. Your healthcare team considers the types of cells involved and how quickly the cancer is growing. Your team also considers your overall health and what you prefer.
+If your lymphoma seems to be growing slowly and doesn't cause symptoms, you might not need treatment right away. Instead, you may have checkups every few months. The checkups help your healthcare team watch your condition and see if your cancer is growing.",A non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis can be a challenge. The following ideas and resources may help you deal with cancer:,"Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. Your healthcare professional may send you to a doctor who specializes in diseases that affect blood cells, called a hematologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"night sweats, swelling, trouble breathing, belly pain, coughing, chest pain, fever, non-hodgkin lymphoma, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, feeling very tired"
+208,Ovarian cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20375941,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375946,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20375948,"Ovarian cancer is a growth of cells that forms in the ovaries. The cells multiply quickly and can invade and destroy healthy body tissue.
+The female reproductive system contains two ovaries, one on each side of the uterus. The ovaries — each about the size of an almond — produce eggs (ova) as well as the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
+Ovarian cancer treatment usually involves surgery and chemotherapy.","When ovarian cancer first develops, it might not cause any noticeable symptoms. When ovarian cancer symptoms happen, they're usually attributed to other, more common conditions.
+Signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer may include:
+Abdominal bloating or swelling
+Quickly feeling full when eating
+Weight loss
+Discomfort in the pelvic area
+Fatigue
+Back pain
+Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation
+A frequent need to urinate",Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you.,"It's not clear what causes ovarian cancer, though doctors have identified things that can increase the risk of the disease.
+Doctors know that ovarian cancer begins when cells in or near the ovaries develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow and multiply quickly, creating a mass (tumor) of cancer cells. The cancer cells continue living when healthy cells would die. They can invade nearby tissues and break off from an initial tumor to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.","Factors that can increase your risk of ovarian cancer include:
+Older age.The risk of ovarian cancer increases as you age. It's most often diagnosed in older adults.
+Inherited gene changes.A small percentage of ovarian cancers are caused by genes changes you inherit from your parents. The genes that increase the risk of ovarian cancer includeBRCA1andBRCA2. These genes also increase the risk of breast cancer.Several other gene changes are known to increase the risk of ovarian cancer, including gene changes associated with Lynch syndrome and the genesBRIP1,RAD51CandRAD51D.
+Family history of ovarian cancer.If you have blood relatives who have been diagnosed with ovarian cancer, you may have an increased risk of the disease.
+Being overweight or obese.Being overweight or obese increases the risk of ovarian cancer.
+Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy.Taking hormone replacement therapy to control menopause signs and symptoms may increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
+Endometriosis.Endometriosis is an often painful disorder in which tissue similar to the tissue that lines the inside of your uterus grows outside your uterus.
+Age when menstruation started and ended.Beginning menstruation at an early age or starting menopause at a later age, or both, may increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
+Never having been pregnant.If you've never been pregnant, you may have an increased risk of ovarian cancer.",,"There's no sure way to prevent ovarian cancer. But there may be ways to reduce your risk:
+Consider taking birth control pills.Ask your doctor whether birth control pills (oral contraceptives) may be right for you. Taking birth control pills reduces the risk of ovarian cancer. But these medications do have risks, so discuss whether the benefits outweigh those risks based on your situation.
+Discuss your risk factors with your doctor.If you have a family history of breast and ovarian cancers, bring this up with your doctor. Your doctor can determine what this may mean for your own risk of cancer. You may be referred to a genetic counselor who can help you decide whether genetic testing may be right for you. If you're found to have a gene change that increases your risk of ovarian cancer, you may consider surgery to remove your ovaries to prevent cancer.","Tests and procedures used to diagnose ovarian cancer include:
+Pelvic exam.During a pelvic exam, your doctor inserts gloved fingers into your vagina and simultaneously presses a hand on your abdomen in order to feel (palpate) your pelvic organs. The doctor also visually examines your external genitalia, vagina and cervix.
+Imaging tests.Tests, such as ultrasound or CT scans of your abdomen and pelvis, may help determine the size, shape and structure of your ovaries.
+Blood tests.Blood tests might include organ function tests that can help determine your overall health.Your doctor might also test your blood for tumor markers that indicate ovarian cancer. For example, a cancer antigen (CA) 125 test can detect a protein that's often found on the surface of ovarian cancer cells. These tests can't tell your doctor whether you have cancer, but they may provide clues about your diagnosis and prognosis.
+Surgery.Sometimes your doctor can't be certain of your diagnosis until you undergo surgery to remove an ovary and have it tested for signs of cancer.
+Genetic testing.Your doctor may recommend testing a sample of your blood to look for gene changes that increase the risk of ovarian cancer. Knowing you have an inherited change in your DNA helps your doctor make decisions about your treatment plan. You may wish to share the information with your blood relatives, such as your siblings and your children, since they also may have a risk of having those same gene changes.
+Once it's confirmed that you have ovarian cancer, your doctor will use information from your tests and procedures to assign your cancer a stage. The stages of ovarian cancer range from 1 to 4, which are often indicated with Roman numerals I to IV. The lowest stage indicates that the cancer is confined to the ovaries. By stage 4, the cancer has spread to distant areas of the body.",Treatment of ovarian cancer usually involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. Other treatments may be used in certain situations.,"A diagnosis of ovarian cancer can be overwhelming. In time you'll find ways to cope with your feelings, but in the meantime, you might find it helpful to:
+Find someone to talk with.You may feel comfortable discussing your feelings with a friend or family member, or you might prefer meeting with a formal support group. Support groups for the families of people with cancer also are available.
+Let people help.Cancer treatments can be exhausting. Let people know what would be most useful for you.
+Set reasonable goals.Having goals helps you feel in control and can give you a sense of purpose. But choose goals that you can reach.
+Take time for yourself.Eating well, relaxing and getting enough rest can help combat the stress and fatigue of cancer.","Start by making an appointment with your family doctor or gynecologist if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you.
+If your primary care doctor suspects that you have ovarian cancer, you may be referred to a specialist in female reproductive cancers (gynecological oncologist). A gynecological oncologist is an obstetrician-gynecologist (OB-GYN) who has additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer and other gynecological cancers.",,"ovarian cancer symptoms, pain, constipation, fatigue, swelling, back pain, ovarian cancer, abdominal bloating, feeling full, weight loss, discomfort, frequent urination"
+209,Pancreatic cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20355421,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355427,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20355430,"Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the pancreas. The pancreas lies behind the lower part of the stomach. It makes enzymes that help digest food and hormones that help manage blood sugar.
+The most common type of pancreatic cancer is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This type begins in the cells that line the ducts that carry digestive enzymes out of the pancreas.
+Pancreatic cancer rarely is found at its early stages when the chance of curing it is greatest. This is because it often doesn't cause symptoms until after it has spread to other organs.
+Your health care team considers the extent of your pancreatic cancer when creating your treatment plan. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or a mix of these.","Pancreatic cancer often doesn't cause symptoms until the disease is advanced. When they happen, signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer may include:
+Belly pain that spreads to the sides or back.
+Loss of appetite.
+Weight loss.
+Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, called jaundice.
+Light-colored or floating stools.
+Dark-colored urine.
+Itching.
+New diagnosis of diabetes or diabetes that's getting harder to control.
+Pain and swelling in an arm or leg, which might be caused by a blood clot.
+Tiredness or weakness.",Make an appointment with a health care professional if you have symptoms that worry you.,It's not clear what causes pancreatic cancer. Doctors have found some factors that might raise the risk of this type of cancer. These include smoking and having a family history of pancreatic cancer.,"Factors that might raise the risk of pancreatic cancer include:
+Smoking.
+Type 2 diabetes.
+Chronic inflammation of the pancreas, called pancreatitis.
+Family history of DNA changes that can increase cancer risk. These include changes in theBRCA2gene, Lynch syndrome and familial atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome.
+Family history of pancreatic cancer.
+Obesity.
+Older age. Most people with pancreatic cancer are over 65.
+Drinking a lot of alcohol.","As pancreatic cancer progresses, it can cause complications such as:
+Weight loss.People with pancreatic cancer might lose weight as the cancer uses more of the body's energy. Nausea and vomiting caused by cancer treatments or a cancer pressing on the stomach might make it hard to eat. Sometimes the body has trouble getting nutrients from food because the pancreas isn't making enough digestive juices.
+Jaundice.Pancreatic cancer that blocks the liver's bile duct can cause jaundice. Signs include yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. Jaundice can cause dark-colored urine and pale-colored stools. Jaundice often occurs without belly pain.If the bile duct is blocked, a plastic or metal tube called a stent can be put inside it. The stent helps hold the bile duct open. This is done using a procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, also called ERCP.DuringERCP, a health care professional puts a long tube with a tiny camera, called an endoscope, down the throat. The tube goes through the stomach and into the upper part of the small intestine. The health professional puts a dye into the pancreatic ducts and bile ducts through a small tube that fits through the endoscope. The dye helps the ducts show up on imaging tests. The health professional uses those images to place a stent at the right spot in the duct to help hold it open.
+Pain.A growing tumor may press on nerves in your abdomen, causing pain that can become severe. Pain medications can help you feel more comfortable. Treatments, such as radiation and chemotherapy, might help slow tumor growth and provide some pain relief.When medicines aren't helping, a health care professional might suggest a celiac plexus block. This procedure uses a needle to put alcohol into the nerves that control pain in the belly. The alcohol stops the nerves from sending pain signals to the brain.
+Bowel blockage.Pancreatic cancer can grow into or press on the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. This can block the flow of digested food from the stomach into the intestines.A health care professional might suggest putting a tube called a stent in the small intestine to hold it open. Sometimes, it might help to have surgery to place a feeding tube. Or surgery can attach the stomach to a lower part of the intestines where the cancer isn't causing a blockage.",,"Tests used to diagnose pancreatic cancer include:
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests take pictures that show the inside of the body. Imaging tests used to diagnose pancreatic cancer include ultrasound,CTscans,MRIscans and, sometimes, positron emission tomography scans, also called PET scans.
+A scope with ultrasound.Endoscopic ultrasound, also called EUS, is a test to make pictures of the digestive tract and nearby organs and tissues.EUSuses a long, thin tube with a camera, called an endoscope. The endoscope passes down the throat and into the stomach. An ultrasound device on the endoscope uses sound waves to create images of nearby tissues. It can be used to make pictures of the pancreas.
+Removing a tissue sample for testing.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a small sample of tissue for testing in a lab. Most often, a health professional gets the sample duringEUS. DuringEUS, special tools are passed through the endoscope to take some tissue from the pancreas. Less often, a sample of tissue is collected from the pancreas by inserting a needle through the skin and into the pancreas. This is called fine-needle aspiration.The sample goes to the lab for testing to see if its cancer. Other specialized tests can show what DNA changes are present in the cancer cells. The results help your health care team create your treatment plan.
+Blood tests.Blood tests might show proteins called tumor markers that pancreatic cancer cells make. One tumor marker test used in pancreatic cancer is called CA19-9. Doctors often repeat this test during and after treatment to understand how the cancer is responding. Some pancreatic cancers don't make extra CA19-9, so this test isn't helpful for everyone.
+Genetic testing.If you're diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, talk with your health care team about genetic testing. Genetic testing uses a sample of blood or saliva to look for inherited DNA changes that increase the risk of cancer. Results of genetic testing might help guide your treatment. The results also can show whether family members might have an increased risk of pancreatic cancer.","Treatment for pancreatic cancer depends on the stage of the cancer and the location. Your health care team also considers your overall health and your preferences. For most people, the first goal of pancreatic cancer treatment is to get rid of the cancer, when possible. When that isn't possible, the focus may be on improving quality of life and keeping the cancer from growing or causing more harm.
+Pancreatic cancer treatments may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or a combination of these. When the cancer is advanced, these treatments aren't likely to help. So treatment focuses on relieving symptoms to keep you as comfortable as possible for as long as possible.","Learning you have a life-threatening illness can feel stressful. Some of the following suggestions may help:
+Learn about your cancer.Learn enough about your cancer to help you make decisions about your care. Ask a member of your health care team about the details of your cancer and your treatment options. Ask about trusted sources of more information.If you're doing your own research, good places to start are the National Cancer Institute and the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network.
+Put together a support system.Ask your friends and family to form a support network for you. They might not know what to do after your diagnosis. Helping you with simple tasks might give them comfort and relieve you of those tasks. Think of things you want help with, such as making meals or getting to appointments.
+Find someone to talk with.Although friends and family can often be your best support, sometimes they might find it hard to cope with your diagnosis. It might help to talk with a counselor, medical social worker, or a pastoral or religious counselor. Ask a member of your health care team for a referral.
+Connect with other cancer survivors.You may find comfort in talking with other cancer survivors. Contact your local chapter of the American Cancer Society to find cancer support groups in your area. The Pancreatic Cancer Action Network offers support groups online and in person.
+Consider hospice.Hospice care provides comfort and support to people at the end of life and their loved ones. It allows family and friends, with the aid of nurses, social workers and trained volunteers, to care for and comfort a loved one at home or in a hospice setting. Hospice care also gives emotional, social and spiritual support for people who are ill and those closest to them.","Start by making an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional if you have symptoms that worry you. You might then be referred to:
+A doctor who diagnoses and treats digestive conditions, called a gastroenterologist.
+A doctor who treats cancer, called an oncologist.
+A doctor who uses radiation to treat cancer, called a radiation oncologist.
+A surgeon who specializes in operations on the pancreas, called a surgical oncologist.",,"pain, floating stools, itching, tiredness, light-colored stools, swelling, weakness, belly pain, jaundice, yellowing of the skin, dark-colored urine, diabetes, yellowing of the whites of the eyes, loss of appetite, weight loss, pancreatic cancer"
+210,Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/paraneoplastic-syndromes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355687,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/paraneoplastic-syndromes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355691,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/paraneoplastic-syndromes/doctors-departments/ddc-20355693,"Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are a group of rare conditions that develop in some people who have cancer. In addition to the nervous system, paraneoplastic syndromes also can affect other organ systems including hormones, skin, blood and joints.
+Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system occur when cancer-fighting agents of the immune system also attack parts of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves or muscle.
+Depending on where the nervous system is affected, paraneoplastic syndromes can affect muscle movement, coordination, sensory perception, memory, thinking skills or even sleep.
+Sometimes the injury to the nervous system can be reversed with therapy directed toward the cancer and the immune system. But sometimes paraneoplastic syndromes can result in permanent damage to the nervous system.
+Treating the cancer and other therapies may prevent further damage and improve symptoms and quality of life.","Symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system can develop relatively quickly, often over days to weeks. They often begin even before a cancer is diagnosed.
+Symptoms vary depending on the body part being injured, and may include:
+Trouble walking.
+Trouble with balance.
+Loss of muscle coordination.
+Loss of muscle tone or weakness.
+Loss of fine motor skills, such as picking up objects.
+Trouble swallowing.
+Slurred speech or stuttering.
+Memory loss and other thinking impairment.
+Vision changes.
+Trouble sleeping.
+Seizures.
+Hallucinations.
+Movements that can't be controlled.","Symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are similar to those of many conditions, including cancer, cancer complications and some cancer treatments.
+But if you have any symptoms suggesting a paraneoplastic syndrome, see your healthcare professional as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and appropriate care are important for treating the cancer and preventing further damage of the nervous system.","Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are not caused by cancer cells directly or by the cancer spreading, known as metastasis. They're also not caused by other complications, such as infections or treatment side effects. Instead, the syndromes occur alongside the cancer as a result of the activation of your immune system.
+Researchers believe that paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are caused by cancer-fighting abilities of the immune system. In particular, antibodies and certain white blood cells, known as T cells, are thought to be involved. Instead of attacking only the cancer cells, these immune system agents also attack the healthy cells of the nervous system.","Any cancer may be associated with a paraneoplastic syndrome of the nervous system. However, it occurs more often in people with cancers of the lung, ovary, breast, testis or lymphatic system.",,,"To diagnose paraneoplastic syndrome of the nervous system, you may need a physical exam and blood tests. You also may need imaging tests or a spinal tap, also known as a lumbar puncture.
+Because paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are associated with cancer, you may need certain cancer screening tests based on your age.",Treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system involves treating the cancer. Sometimes treatment also involves suppressing the immune response that's causing your symptoms. Your treatment depends on the type of paraneoplastic syndrome you have. It may include the following options.,"Many people with cancer benefit from education and resources designed to improve coping skills. If you have questions or would like guidance, talk with a member of your healthcare team. The more you know about your condition, the better you're able to participate in decisions about your care.
+Support groups can put you in touch with others who have faced the same challenges you're facing. If you can't find an appropriate support group where you live, you might find one on the internet.","Most people with paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system experience symptoms before being diagnosed with cancer.
+Therefore, you're likely to start by seeing your healthcare professional about your symptoms. You may be referred to a specialist in nervous system disorders, known as a neurologist, or a cancer specialist, known as an oncologist.",,"movements that can't be controlled, thinking impairment, weakness, cancer, trouble with balance, slurred speech or stuttering, paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system, hallucinations, loss of muscle tone or weakness, trouble walking, loss of fine motor skills, vision changes, trouble sleeping, memory loss, trouble swallowing, seizures, loss of muscle coordination"
+211,Prostate cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353087,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353093,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20353096,"Prostate cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the prostate. The prostate is a small gland that helps make semen. It's found just below the bladder. The prostate is part of the male reproductive system.
+Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. Prostate cancer is usually found early, and it often grows slowly. Most people with prostate cancer are cured.
+People diagnosed with early prostate cancer often have many treatment options to consider. It can feel overwhelming to learn about all the options and make a choice. Treatments may include surgery, radiation therapy or carefully watching the prostate cancer to see if it grows.
+If the cancer grows beyond the prostate or if it spreads, there are still many treatment options. Prostate cancer that spreads can be more difficult to cure. But even when a cure isn't possible, treatments can slow the growth of the cancer and help you live longer.","Prostate cancer may not cause symptoms at first. Most prostate cancers are found at an early stage. This means that the cancer is only in the prostate. An early-stage prostate cancer often doesn't cause symptoms.
+When they happen, early-stage prostate cancer signs and symptoms can include:
+Blood in the urine, which might make the urine look pink, red or cola-colored.
+Blood in the semen.
+Needing to urinate more often.
+Trouble getting started when trying to urinate.
+Waking up to urinate more often at night.
+If the prostate cancer spreads, other symptoms can happen. Prostate cancer that spreads to other parts of the body is called metastatic prostate cancer. It also might be called stage 4 prostate cancer or advanced prostate cancer.
+Signs and symptoms of advanced prostate cancer can include:
+Accidental leaking of urine.
+Back pain.
+Bone pain.
+Difficulty getting an erection, called erectile dysfunction.
+Feeling very tired.
+Losing weight without trying.
+Weakness in the arms or legs.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"It's often not clear what causes prostate cancer. Healthcare professionals have found some things that raise the risk of this cancer. These include older age, obesity and a family history of prostate cancer. The exact cause of prostate cancer often isn't known.
+Prostate cancer starts when cells in the prostate develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
+In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","Factors that can increase the risk of prostate cancer include:
+Older age.The risk of prostate cancer goes up with age. It's most common after age 50.
+Race and ethnicity.In the United States, Black people have a greater risk of prostate cancer than do people of other races and ethnicities. Healthcare professionals aren't exactly sure why. In Black people, prostate cancer also is more likely to grow quickly or be advanced when detected.
+Family history of prostate cancer.If a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, has been diagnosed with prostate cancer, your risk may be increased. The risk also may be increased if other close relatives have had prostate cancer. This includes your grandparents and your parents' siblings.
+Family history of DNA changes.Some DNA changes that increase the risk of cancer are passed from parents to children. The DNA changes called BRCA1 and BRCA2 can cause a higher risk of prostate cancer. These DNA changes are best known for increasing the risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
+Obesity.People who have obesity may have a higher risk of prostate cancer compared with people considered to have a healthy weight. Studies of this issue have had mixed results. In people with obesity, prostate cancer is more likely to grow quickly and more likely to come back after treatment.
+Smoking tobacco.Some research shows a link between smoking and prostate cancer. But not all studies agree. People with prostate cancer who smoke may have a higher risk of the cancer coming back. People who smoke also have a higher risk of the cancer spreading beyond the prostate.","Complications of prostate cancer and its treatments include:
+Cancer that spreads.Prostate cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones or other organs. When prostate cancer spreads, it's called metastatic prostate cancer.
+Incontinence.Prostate cancer and its treatment can cause leaking of urine, also called urinary incontinence.
+Erectile dysfunction.Difficulty getting an erection is called erectile dysfunction. It can be caused by prostate cancer or its treatment.","There is no sure way to prevent prostate cancer. You can help reduce your risk of prostate cancer if you:
+Choose a healthy diet.Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit the amount of animal fats you eat. Fruits and vegetables contain many vitamins and nutrients that can do good for your health.Foods that have been linked to a lower risk of prostate cancer include tomatoes, broccoli, cauliflower and soy. No studies have proved that these foods can prevent cancer. If you already enjoy eating these foods, there may be some added benefit in including them in your diet.
+Exercise most days of the week.It's not clear whether exercise can prevent prostate cancer. It may help you maintain a healthy weight. Exercise also may improve your overall health and your mood. Try to exercise most days of the week. If you're new to exercise, talk about it with a healthcare professional. Start slow and work your way up to more exercise time each day.
+Maintain a healthy weight.If your current weight is healthy, work to maintain it. Choose a healthy diet and exercise most days of the week. If you need to lose weight, add more exercise and eat fewer calories. Ask your healthcare professional for help creating a plan for healthy weight loss.
+Don't smoke.If you don't smoke, don't start. If you smoke, talk with a healthcare professional about what might help you quit. Medicines, nicotine replacement products and counseling can help.
+Medicines to lower the risk of prostate cancer.If you have a high risk of prostate cancer, you and your healthcare professional may consider medicines to lower the risk. These medicines include finasteride (Propecia, Proscar) and dutasteride (Avodart). They are most often used to treat prostate gland enlargement.Ask your healthcare professional to talk about the benefits and risks of these medicines with you. When prostate cancer happens in people taking these medicines, it tends to grow faster. Your healthcare professional can help explain your risk and whether these medicines are right for you.","Prostate cancer diagnosis often starts with an exam and a blood test. A healthcare professional might do these tests as part of prostate cancer screening. Or you might have these tests if you have prostate cancer symptoms. If these first tests detect something concerning, imaging tests can make pictures of the prostate to look for signs of cancer. To be sure whether you have prostate cancer or not, a sample of prostate cells might be removed for testing.","Prostate cancer treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and medicines. Medicines for prostate cancer include hormone therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Sometimes other treatments are used to treat prostate cancer. These might include having ablation therapy with heat or cold to hurt the cancer cells and receiving medicine that gives radiation directly to the cancer cells.
+Your healthcare team considers many things when creating your prostate cancer treatment plan. They consider the size of your cancer, whether it has spread and how quickly it's growing. They also consider your overall health and your preferences. Talk with your healthcare team about your options.","When you receive a diagnosis of prostate cancer, you may experience a range of feelings. People with prostate cancer sometimes describe feeling disbelief, fear, anger and sadness. With time, each person figures out a way to cope with a prostate cancer diagnosis. Until you find what works for you, here are some ways of coping that you can try.
+Learn enough to feel comfortable making treatment decisions.Learn as much as you need to know about your prostate cancer and its treatment to understand what to expect from treatment and life after treatment. Ask your doctor, nurse or other healthcare professional to recommend some good sources of information to get you started.
+Find a good listener.Finding someone who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and fears can be helpful as you manage a cancer diagnosis. This could be a friend or family member. A counselor, medical social worker or clergy member also may offer helpful guidance and care.
+Connect with other cancer survivors.Other people with prostate cancer sometimes are best at knowing what you're going through. They can provide a unique network of support. Ask your healthcare team about support groups or community organizations that can connect you with other people with cancer. In the United States, contact the American Cancer Society for information about support groups.
+Take care of yourself.Take care of yourself during cancer treatment by eating a diet full of fruits and vegetables. Try to exercise most days of the week. Get enough sleep each night so that you wake feeling rested.
+Continue sexual expression.If you experience erectile dysfunction, continue to stay close with your partner in other ways. For some people with erectile dysfunction, a natural reaction may be to avoid all sexual contact. But consider touching, holding, hugging and caressing as ways to continue sharing sexuality with your partner.","If you have symptoms that worry you, start by making an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional.
+If your doctor suspects that you may have a prostate condition, you may be referred to a doctor who treats urinary tract conditions. This doctor is called a urologist. If you're diagnosed with prostate cancer, you may be referred to a cancer doctor, called an oncologist. You also might meet with a doctor who uses radiation therapy to treat cancer. This doctor is called a radiation oncologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"needing to urinate more often, blood in the urine, difficulty getting an erection, losing weight, erectile dysfunction, blood in the semen, prostate cancer, waking up to urinate more often at night, trouble getting started when trying to urinate, pain, weakness, cancer, back pain, accidental leaking of urine, weakness in the arms or legs, bone pain, prostate, feeling very tired, prostate cancers"
+212,Rectal cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352884,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352889,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20352890,"Rectal cancer is a kind of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the rectum. The rectum is the last several inches of the large intestine. It starts at the end of the final segment of the colon and ends when it reaches the short, narrow passage known as the anus.
+Cancer inside the rectum and cancer inside the colon are often referred to together as colorectal cancer.
+While rectal and colon cancers are similar in many ways, their treatments are quite different. This is mainly because the rectum is barely separated from other organs and structures. It sits in a tight space that can make surgery to remove rectal cancer complex.
+Rectal cancer treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of the two. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy also may be used.","Rectal cancer may not cause symptoms early on. Symptoms of rectal cancer usually happen when the disease is advanced.
+Signs and symptoms of rectal cancer include:
+A change in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation or a more-frequent need to pass stool.
+A feeling that the bowel doesn't empty completely.
+Abdominal pain.
+Dark maroon or bright red blood in stool.
+Narrow stool.
+Weight loss that happens without trying.
+Weakness or fatigue.",Make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"The exact cause of most rectal cancers isn't known.
+Rectal cancer happens when cells in the rectum develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","Factors that may increase the risk of rectal cancer are the same as those that increase the risk of colon cancer. Colorectal cancer risk factors include:
+A personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps.Your risk of colorectal cancer is higher if you've already had rectal cancer, colon cancer or adenomatous polyps.
+Black race.Black people in the United States have a greater risk of colorectal cancer than do people of other races.
+Diabetes.People with type 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
+Drinking alcohol.Heavy drinking increases the risk of colorectal cancer.
+A diet low in vegetables.Colorectal cancer may be related to a diet low in vegetables and high in red meat.
+Family history of colorectal cancer.You're more likely to develop colorectal cancer if you have a parent, sibling or child with colon or rectal cancer.
+Inflammatory bowel disease.Chronic inflammatory diseases of the colon and rectum, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, increase your risk of colorectal cancer.
+Inherited syndromes that increase colorectal cancer risk.In some families, DNA changes passed from parents to children may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. These changes are involved in only a small percentage of rectal cancers. Inherited syndromes may include familial adenomatous polyposis, also known as FAP, and Lynch syndrome. Genetic testing can detect these and other, rarer inherited colorectal cancer syndromes.
+Obesity.People who are obese have an increased risk of colorectal cancer compared with people considered to be at a healthy weight.
+Older age.Colorectal cancer can be diagnosed at any age, but most people with this type of cancer are older than 50. The rates of colorectal cancer in people younger than 50 have been increasing, but healthcare professionals aren't sure why.
+Radiation therapy for previous cancer.Radiation therapy directed at the abdomen to treat previous cancers may increase the risk of colorectal cancer.
+Smoking.People who smoke may have an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
+Too little exercise.If you're inactive, you're more likely to develop colorectal cancer. Getting regular physical activity may reduce your risk of cancer.","Rectal cancer can lead to complications, including:
+Bleeding in the rectum.Rectal cancer often causes bleeding in the rectum. Sometimes the amount of blood is worrying, and treatment might be needed to stop it right away.
+Intestinal obstruction.Rectal cancer can grow to block the intestines. This prevents stool from leaving the body. Surgery to remove the cancer often relieves an obstruction. If you can't have surgery right away, you might need other treatments to ease the blockage.
+Intestinal perforation.Rectal cancer may cause a tear in the intestines. Perforation typically requires surgery.","There's no sure way to prevent rectal cancer, but you can reduce your risk if you:","Rectal cancer diagnosis often begins with an imaging test to look at the rectum. A thin, flexible tube with a camera may be passed into the rectum and colon. A sample of tissue may be taken for lab testing.
+Rectal cancer can be found during a screening test for colorectal cancer. Or it may be suspected based on your symptoms. Tests and procedures used to confirm the diagnosis include:","Treatment for rectal cancer may begin with surgery to remove the cancer. If the cancer grows larger or spreads to other parts of the body, treatment might start with medicine and radiation instead. Your healthcare team considers many factors when creating a treatment plan. These factors may include your overall health, the type and stage of your cancer, and your preferences.","With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and worry of a rectal cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find it helps to:","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If your healthcare professional thinks you might have rectal cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist. If a cancer diagnosis is made, you also may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"dark maroon or bright red blood in stool, constipation, fatigue, weakness, diarrhea, cancer, abdominal pain, rectal cancer, narrow stool, weight loss"
+213,Retinoblastoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351008,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351013,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20351015,"Retinoblastoma is a kind of eye cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive lining on the inside of the eye.
+The retina is made up of nerve tissue that senses light as it comes in through the front of the eye. The light causes the retina to send signals to the brain. The brain interprets the signals as images.
+Retinoblastoma happens most often in young children. It's usually diagnosed before age 2. It most often affects one eye. Sometimes it happens in both eyes.
+There are several treatments for retinoblastoma. For most children, treatment doesn't require removing the eye to get rid of the cancer. The outlook for children diagnosed with retinoblastoma is quite good.","Retinoblastoma signs and symptoms include:
+A white color in the center circle of the eye when light is shone in the eye. It might show up in flash photos.
+Eye redness.
+Eye swelling.
+Eyes that seem to be looking in different directions.
+Vision loss.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you notice any changes to your child's eyes that concern you.,"Retinoblastoma is caused by changes inside the cells in the eye. It's not always clear what causes the changes that lead to this eye cancer.
+Retinoblastoma starts when cells in the eye get changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+In retinoblastoma, this growth of cells happens in the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive lining on the inside of the eye. The retina is made up of nerve tissue that senses light as it comes in through the front of the eye. The light causes the retina to send signals to the brain. The brain interprets the signals as images.
+As the cancer cells build up in the retina, they can form a mass, called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer. Retinoblastoma rarely spreads, especially if it's found early.
+For most instances of retinoblastoma, it's not clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to cancer. However, it's possible for children to inherit DNA changes from their parents. These changes can increase the risk of retinoblastoma.","Risk factors for retinoblastoma include:
+Young age.Retinoblastoma is most common in very young children. It's typically diagnosed by age 2. Retinoblastoma that happens later in life is very rare.
+DNA changes that run in families.DNA variations that increase the risk of retinoblastoma can be passed from parents to children. Children with these inherited DNA changes tend to get retinoblastoma at a younger age. They also tend to have retinoblastoma in both eyes.",Children with retinoblastoma can develop complications.,"There's no way to prevent retinoblastoma.
+Some retinoblastomas are caused by DNA changes that run in families. If retinoblastoma runs in your family, tell your healthcare professional. Together you might consider genetic testing to look for variations in your DNA that increase the risk of retinoblastoma. Your health professional might refer you to a genetic counselor or other healthcare professional trained in genetics. This person can help you decide whether to undergo genetic testing.
+If your children have an increased risk of retinoblastoma, care can be planned to manage that risk. For instance, eye exams may begin soon after birth. That way, retinoblastoma may be diagnosed very early. These screening tests could find the cancer when it is small and has a greater chance of being cured.
+If you haven't had children, but are planning to, talk with your healthcare team about your family history of retinoblastoma. Genetic testing might help you and your partner understand whether there is a risk of passing DNA variations to your future children. Your healthcare team may have options to help you manage this risk.",Retinoblastoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer.,"Common retinoblastoma treatments include chemotherapy, cold therapy and laser therapy. Radiation therapy may be another option. Surgery to remove the eye can treat retinoblastoma, but it's only used in certain situations.
+Which treatment is best for your child's retinoblastoma depends on several factors. These factors include the size and location of the cancer, and whether cancer has spread beyond the eye. Your healthcare team also considers your child's overall health and your own preferences.","When your child is diagnosed with cancer, it's common to feel a range of emotions. Parents sometimes say they felt shock, disbelief, guilt or anger after their child's diagnosis. Everyone finds his or her own way of coping with stressful situations. Until you find what works for you, you might try to:","Start by making an appointment with your child's doctor or other healthcare professional if your child has any signs or symptoms that worry you. If an eye problem is suspected, you may be referred to a doctor who diagnosis and treats eye conditions. This doctor is called an ophthalmologist. If retinoblastoma is suspected, your child may see a doctor who specializes in treating eye cancer. This doctor is called an ocular oncologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"retinoblastoma, swelling, eyes that seem to be looking in different directions, vision loss, white color in the eye, redness"
+215,Soft tissue sarcoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/soft-tissue-sarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20377725,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/soft-tissue-sarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377730,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/soft-tissue-sarcoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20377732,"Soft tissue sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the body's soft tissues. The soft tissues connect, support and surround other body structures. Soft tissues include muscle, fat, blood vessels, nerves, tendons and linings of the joints.
+Soft tissue sarcoma can happen anywhere in the body. It happens most often in the arms, legs and belly.
+More than 50 types of soft tissue sarcoma exist. Some types are more likely to affect children. Others affect mostly adults. These cancers can be hard to diagnose because they may be mistaken for many other types of growths.
+Soft tissue sarcoma treatment usually involves surgery. Other treatments might include radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Treatment depends on the size, type and location of the cancer and how quickly it grows.","A soft tissue sarcoma may not cause any symptoms at first. As the cancer grows, it may cause:
+A noticeable lump or swelling.
+Pain, if the growth presses on nerves or muscles.",Make an appointment with your health care team if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"It's not clear what causes most soft tissue sarcomas.
+Soft tissue sarcoma starts when a connective tissue cell gets changes in its DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes turn the connective tissue cells into cancer cells. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and make more cells. Healthy cells die as part of their natural cycle, but cancer cells keep growing because they do not have instructions to stop.
+The cancer cells form a growth, called a tumor. In some types of soft tissue sarcoma, the cancer cells stay in one location. They continue making more cells and cause the tumor to get bigger. In other types of soft tissue sarcoma, the cancer cells might break away and spread to other parts of the body.
+The type of cell with DNA changes is what determines the type of soft tissue sarcoma. For example, angiosarcoma begins in cells in the lining of blood vessels, while liposarcoma starts in fat cells.
+Some types of soft tissue sarcoma include:
+Angiosarcoma.
+Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
+Epithelioid sarcoma.
+Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).
+Kaposi's sarcoma.
+Leiomyosarcoma.
+Liposarcoma.
+Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.
+Myxofibrosarcoma.
+Rhabdomyosarcoma.
+Solitary fibrous tumor.
+Synovial sarcoma.
+Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.","Factors that may raise the risk of sarcoma include:
+Inherited syndromes.A risk of soft tissue sarcoma can run in families. Genetic syndromes that increase the risk include hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis and Werner syndrome.
+Chemical exposure.Being exposed to certain chemicals may increase the risk of soft tissue sarcomas. These chemicals include herbicides, arsenic and dioxin.
+Radiation exposure.Radiation therapy for other cancers can increase the risk of soft tissue sarcomas.",,,Tests and procedures used to diagnose soft tissue sarcoma include imaging tests and procedures to remove a sample of cells for testing.,"Treatment options for soft tissue sarcoma will depend on the size, type and location of the cancer.","A diagnosis of cancer can feel overwhelming. With time you'll find ways to cope with the distress and uncertainty of cancer. Until then, you may find it helps to:
+Learn enough about sarcoma to make decisions about your care.Ask your health care team about your soft tissue sarcoma. Discuss your treatment options. If you want to, ask about your prognosis. As you learn more, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
+Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with soft tissue sarcoma. Friends and family can provide support, including taking care of your home if you're in the hospital. They can give emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
+Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. Meeting with a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also may be helpful.","Make an appointment with your usual doctor or other health care professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your doctor thinks you might have soft tissue sarcoma, you'll likely be referred to a cancer doctor, called an oncologist. Soft tissue sarcoma is rare and is best treated by someone who has experience with it. Doctors with this kind of experience are often found within an academic or specialized cancer center.",,"pain, cancer, swelling, sarcoma, noticable lump"
+216,Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/squamous-cell-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352480,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/squamous-cell-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352486,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/squamous-cell-carcinoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20352487,"Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is a type of cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the skin. It starts in cells called squamous cells. The squamous cells make up the middle and outer layers of the skin. Squamous cell carcinoma is a common type of skin cancer.
+Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is usually not life-threatening. But if it's not treated, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin can grow large or spread to other parts of the body. The growth of the cancer can cause serious complications.
+Most squamous cell carcinomas of the skin are caused by too much ultraviolet (UV) radiation.UVradiation comes either from sunlight or from tanning beds or lamps. Protecting your skin fromUVlight can help reduce the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and other forms of skin cancer.
+Squamous cell carcinomas can be anywhere on the skin. In people who sunburn easily, the cancer is usually found on areas of skin that have had a lot of sun. In people with Black and brown skin, squamous cell carcinomas are more likely to be on skin that isn't exposed to sun, such as the genitals.","Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin most often occurs on sun-exposed skin. This includes the scalp, the backs of the hands, the ears or the lips. But it can occur anywhere on the body. It can even occur inside the mouth, on the bottoms of the feet or on the genitals. When squamous cell carcinoma of the skin happens in people with Black and brown skin, it tends to happen in places that aren't exposed to the sun.
+Symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin include:
+A firm bump on the skin, called a nodule. The nodule might be the same color as the skin, or it might look different. It can look pink, red, black or brown, depending on skin color.
+A flat sore with a scaly crust.
+A new sore or raised area on an old scar or sore.
+A rough, scaly patch on the lip that may become an open sore.
+A sore or rough patch inside the mouth.
+A raised patch or wartlike sore on or in the anus or on the genitals.",Make an appointment with a health care professional for a sore or scab that doesn't heal in about two months or a flat patch of scaly skin that won't go away.,"Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin occurs when the squamous cells in the skin get changes in their DNA. Cells' DNA holds the instructions that tell cells what to do. The changes tell the squamous cells to multiply quickly. The cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle.
+This causes too many cells. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
+Ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes most of the DNA changes in skin cells.UVradiation can come from sunlight, tanning lamps and tanning beds.
+But skin cancers also can grow on skin that's not usually in sunlight. This means that other factors might add to the risk of skin cancer. One such factor might be having a condition that weakens the immune system.","Factors that can increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin include:
+Having skin that sunburns easily.Anyone of any skin color can get squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. But it's more common in people who have low levels of melanin in their skin. Melanin is a substance that gives color to skin. It also helps protect the skin from damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation. People with Black or brown skin have more melanin than people with white skin.The risk of squamous cell carcinoma is highest in people who have blond or red hair, have light-colored eyes and freckle or sunburn easily.
+Being in the sun too much.UVradiation from the sun increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Covering the skin with clothes or sunblock can help lower the risk.
+Using tanning beds.People who use indoor tanning beds have an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
+Having a history of sunburns.Having had one or more sunburns that raised blisters as a child or teenager increases the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the skin as an adult. Sunburns in adulthood also are a risk factor.
+Having a history of precancerous skin lesions.Some types of skin sores can turn into skin cancer. Examples are actinic keratosis or Bowen disease.  Having one of these conditions increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma.
+Having a history of skin cancer.People who've had squamous cell carcinoma of the skin once are much more likely to get it again.
+Having a weakened immune system.People with weakened immune systems have an increased risk of skin cancer. This includes people who have leukemia or lymphoma. And it includes those who take medicines to control the immune system, such as those who have had organ transplants.
+Having a rare genetic disorder.People with xeroderma pigmentosum, which causes great sensitivity to sunlight, have a greatly increased risk of developing skin cancer.
+Having human papillomavirus infection (HPV).This common infection that's passed through sexual contact increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
+Having scars or long-lasting wounds on the skin.Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin can form in scars, burns and sores that don't heal.","Untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the skin can destroy nearby healthy tissue. It can spread to the lymph nodes or other organs. And it can be fatal, although this is not common.
+The risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin spreading may be higher if the cancer:
+Grows very large or deep.
+Involves the mucous membranes, such as the lips.
+Occurs in a person with a weakened immune system. Examples of things that might cause a weakened immune system include having chronic leukemia or taking medicine to control the immune system after an organ transplant.","Most squamous cell carcinomas of the skin can be prevented. To protect yourself:
+Stay out of the sun during the middle of the day.For much of North America, the sun's rays are strongest between about 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. Plan outdoor activities at other times of the day, even during winter or when the sky is cloudy. When outside, stay in shade as much as possible.
+Wear sunscreen year-round.Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with anSPFof at least 30, even on cloudy days. Apply sunscreen generously. Apply again every two hours, or more often if you're swimming or sweating.
+Wear protective clothing.Wear dark, tightly woven clothes that cover arms and legs. Wear a wide-brimmed hat that shades your face and ears. Don't forget sunglasses. Look for those that block both types ofUVradiation,UVAandUVBrays.
+Don't use tanning beds.The lights in tanning beds give offUVradiation. Using tanning beds increases the risk of skin cancer.
+Check your skin often and report changes to your health care team.Look at your skin often for new growths. Look for changes in moles, freckles, bumps and birthmarks. Use mirrors to check your face, neck, ears and scalp.Look at your chest and trunk and the tops and undersides of your arms and hands. Look at the front and back of your legs and your feet. Look at the bottom of the feet and the spaces between your toes. Also check your genital area and between your buttocks.","Tests and procedures used to diagnose squamous cell carcinoma of the skin include:
+Physical exam.A member of your health care team asks about your health history and looks at your skin for signs of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
+Removing a sample of tissue for testing, called a biopsy.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A member of your health care team uses a tool to cut away, shave off or punch out some or all of the area of skin that looks unusual. The sample is tested in a lab to see if it is cancer.","Most squamous cell carcinomas of the skin can be removed with minor surgery. Some are removed with a medicine applied to the skin. The treatment depends on where the cancer is, how large it is, how fast it's growing and what you prefer.",,"If you have a skin sore that concerns you, make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions, called a dermatologist.
+If you've already had skin cancer, you have an increased risk of a second cancer. Talk with your dermatologist about how often to have a skin exam to look for signs of another skin cancer.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"rough patch, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, raised area, scaly, open sore, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin most often occurs on sun-exposed skin, flat sore, scaly crust, new sore, sore, firm bump"
+218,Testicular cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/symptoms-causes/syc-20352986,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352991,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/doctors-departments/ddc-20352993,"Testicular cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the testicles. The testicles, which are also called testes, are in the scrotum. The scrotum is a loose bag of skin underneath the penis. The testicles make sperm and the hormone testosterone.
+Testicular cancer isn't a common type of cancer. It can happen at any age, but it happens most often between the ages of 15 and 45.
+The first sign of testicular cancer often is a bump or lump on a testicle. The cancer cells can grow quickly. They often spread outside the testicle to other parts of the body.
+Testicular cancer is highly treatable, even when it spreads to other parts of the body. Treatments depend on the type of testicular cancer that you have and how far it has spread. Common treatments include surgery and chemotherapy.","Signs and symptoms of testicular cancer include:
+A lump or swelling in either testicle
+A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
+A dull ache in the lower belly or groin
+Sudden swelling in the scrotum
+Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum
+Enlargement or tenderness of the breast tissue
+Back pain
+Usually testicular cancer only happens in one testicle.","See your health care provider if you detect any symptoms that last longer than two weeks. These include pain, swelling or lumps in your testicles or groin area.","It's not clear what causes most testicular cancers.
+Testicular cancer starts when something causes changes to the DNA of testicle cells. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow and multiply quickly. The cancer cells go on living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes a lot of extra cells in the testicle that can form a mass called a tumor.
+In time, the tumor can grow beyond the testicle. Some cells might break away and spread to other parts of the body. Testicular cancer most often spreads to the lymph nodes, liver and lungs. When testicular cancer spreads, it's called metastatic testicular cancer.
+Nearly all testicular cancers begin in the germ cells. The germ cells in the testicle make sperm. It's not clear what causes DNA changes in the germ cells.","Factors that may increase your risk of testicular cancer include:
+Having an undescended testicle, which is called cryptorchidism.The testes form in the belly during fetal development. They typically descend into the scrotum before birth. If you have a testicle that never descended, your risk of testicular cancer is higher. The risk is increased even if you've had surgery to move the testicle to the scrotum.
+Having a family history of testicular cancer.If testicular cancer runs in your family, you might have an increased risk.
+Being a young adult.Testicular cancer can happen at any age. But it's most common in teens and young adults between 15 and 45.
+Being white.Testicular cancer is most common in white people.",,"There's no way to prevent testicular cancer. If you get testicular cancer, there's nothing you could have done to prevent it.","You might find lumps, swelling or other symptoms of testicular cancer on your own. They can be detected during an exam by a health care provider too. You'll need other tests to see if testicular cancer is causing your symptoms.
+Tests used to diagnose testicular cancer include:
+Ultrasound.A testicular ultrasound test uses sound waves to make pictures. It can be used to make pictures of the scrotum and testicles. During an ultrasound you lie on your back with your legs spread. A health care provider puts a clear gel on the scrotum. A hand-held probe is moved over the scrotum to make the pictures.Ultrasound gives your provider more clues about any lumps around the testicle. It can help your provider see whether the lumps look like something that isn't cancer or if they look like cancer. An ultrasound shows whether the lumps are inside or outside the testicle. Lumps inside the testicle are more likely to be testicular cancer.
+Blood tests.A blood test can detect proteins made by testicular cancer cells. This type of test is called a tumor marker test. Tumor markers for testicular cancer include beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein and lactate dehydrogenase. Having these substances in your blood doesn't mean you have cancer. Having levels higher than is typical is a clue your health care team uses to understand what's going on in your body.
+Surgery to remove a testicle.If your health care provider thinks a lump on your testicle may be cancerous, you might have surgery to remove the testicle. The testicle is sent to a lab for testing. The tests can show whether it's cancerous.",Testicular cancer treatment often involves surgery and chemotherapy. Which treatment options are best for you depends on the type of testicular cancer you have and its stage. Your health care team also considers your overall health and your preferences.,"Each person comes to terms with a testicular cancer diagnosis in an individual way. You may feel scared and unsure of your future after your diagnosis. While feelings of anxiety may never go away, you can make a plan to help manage your emotions. Try to:
+Learn enough about testicular cancer to feel comfortable making decisions about your care.Write down questions and ask them at your next appointment. Ask your health care team for sources that can help you learn more about testicular cancer. Good places to start include the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society.
+Take care of yourself.Make healthy choices in your everyday life to prepare for cancer treatment. Eat a healthy diet with a variety of fruits and vegetables. Get plenty of rest so that you wake each morning feeling refreshed. Find ways to reduce stress so that you can concentrate on getting well. Try to exercise most days of the week. If you smoke, stop. Talk to your doctor about medicines and other ways to help you stop smoking.
+Connect with other cancer survivors.Find other testicular cancer survivors in your community or online. Contact the American Cancer Society for support groups in your area.
+Stay connected with loved ones.Your family and friends are just as concerned for your health as you are. They want to help, so don't turn down their offers to assist. Close friends and family will listen when you need someone to talk to or provide a distraction when you're feeling down.","Make an appointment with your usual health care provider if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If your provider suspects you could have testicular cancer, you may be referred to a specialist. This might be a doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions of the urinary tract and male reproductive system. This doctor is called a urologist. Or you might see a doctor who specializes in treating cancer. This doctor is called an oncologist.",,"pain, swelling, sudden swelling, back pain, dull ache, ache, lump, testicular cancer, discomfort, enlargement, tenderness, feeling of heaviness, heaviness"
+219,Throat cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/throat-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20366462,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/throat-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366496,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/throat-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20366595,"Throat cancer refers cancer that develops in your throat (pharynx) or voice box (larynx).
+Your throat is a muscular tube that begins behind your nose and ends in your neck. Throat cancer most often begins in the flat cells that line the inside of your throat.
+Your voice box sits just below your throat and also is susceptible to throat cancer. The voice box is made of cartilage and contains the vocal cords that vibrate to make sound when you talk.","Signs and symptoms of throat cancer may include:
+A cough
+Changes in your voice, such as hoarseness or not speaking clearly
+Difficulty swallowing
+Ear pain
+A lump or sore that doesn't heal
+A sore throat
+Weight loss","Make an appointment with your doctor if you notice any new signs and symptoms that are persistent. Most throat cancer symptoms aren't specific to cancer, so your doctor will likely investigate other more common causes first.","Throat cancer occurs when cells in your throat develop genetic mutations. These mutations cause cells to grow uncontrollably and continue living after healthy cells would normally die. The accumulating cells can form a tumor in your throat.
+It's not clear what causes the mutation that causes throat cancer. But doctors have identified factors that may increase your risk.","Factors that can increase your risk of throat cancer include:
+Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco
+Excessive alcohol use
+Viral infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus
+A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables
+Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
+Exposure to toxic substances at work",,"There's no proven way to prevent throat cancer from occurring. But in order to reduce your risk of throat cancer, you can:
+Stop smoking or don't start smoking.If you smoke, quit. If you don't smoke, don't start. Stopping smoking can be very difficult, so get some help. Your doctor can discuss the benefits and risks of the many stop-smoking strategies, such as medication, nicotine replacement products and counseling.
+Drink alcohol only in moderation, if at all.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
+Choose a healthy diet full of fruits and vegetables.The vitamins and antioxidants in fruits and vegetables may reduce your risk of throat cancer. Eat a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables.
+Protect yourself fromHPV.Some throat cancers are thought to be caused by the sexually transmitted infection human papillomavirus (HPV). You can reduce your risk ofHPVby limiting your number of sexual partners and using a condom every time you have sex. Ask your doctor about theHPVvaccine, which may reduce the risk of throat cancer and otherHPV-related cancers.","In order to diagnose throat cancer, your doctor may recommend:
+Using a scope to get a closer look at your throat.Your doctor may use a special lighted scope (endoscope) to get a close look at your throat during a procedure called endoscopy. A camera at the end of the endoscope transmits images to a video screen that your doctor watches for signs of abnormalities in your throat.Another type of scope (laryngoscope) can be inserted in your voice box. It uses a magnifying lens to help your doctor examine your vocal cords. This procedure is called laryngoscopy.
+Removing a tissue sample for testing.If abnormalities are found during an endoscopy or laryngoscopy, your doctor can pass surgical instruments through the scope to collect a tissue sample (biopsy). The sample is sent to a laboratory for testing.In the lab, specially trained doctors (pathologists) will look for signs of cancer. The tissue sample may also be tested forHPV, since the presence of this virus impacts the treatment options for certain types of throat cancer.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests, including computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), may help your doctor determine the extent of your cancer beyond the surface of your throat or voice box.","Your treatment options are based on many factors, such as the location and stage of your throat cancer, the type of cells involved, whether the cells show signs ofHPVinfection, your overall health, and your personal preferences. Discuss the benefits and risks of each of your options with your doctor. Together you can determine what treatments will be most appropriate for you.","Being diagnosed with cancer can be devastating. Throat cancer affects a part of your body that is vital to everyday activities, such as breathing, eating and talking. In addition to worrying about how these basic activities may be affected, you may also be concerned about your treatments and chances for survival.
+Though you may feel like your life — your survival — is out of your hands, you can take steps to feel more in control and to cope with your throat cancer diagnosis. To cope, try to:
+Learn enough about throat cancer to make treatment decisions.Write down a list of questions to ask your doctor at your next appointment. Ask your doctor about further sources of information about your cancer. Knowing more about your specific condition may help you feel more comfortable when making treatment decisions.
+Find someone to talk with.Seek out sources of support that can help you deal with the emotions you're feeling. You may have a close friend or family member who is a good listener. Clergy members and counselors are other options. Consider joining a support group for people with cancer. Contact your local chapter of the American Cancer Society (ACS) or Support for People With Oral and Head and Neck Cancer. TheACS'sCancer Survivors Network offers online message boards and chatrooms that you can use to connect with others with throat cancer.
+Take care of yourself during cancer treatment.Make keeping your body healthy during treatment a priority. Avoid extra stress. Get enough sleep each night so that you wake feeling rested. Take a walk or find time to exercise when you feel up to it. Make time for relaxing, such as listening to music or reading a book.
+Go to all of your follow-up appointments.Your doctor will schedule follow-up exams every few months during the first two years after treatment, and then less frequently. These exams allow your doctor to monitor your recovery and check for a cancer recurrence.Follow-up exams can make you nervous, since they may remind you of your initial diagnosis and treatment. You may fear that your cancer has come back. Expect some anxiety around the time of each follow-up appointment. Plan ahead by finding relaxing activities that can help redirect your mind away from your fears.","Make an appointment with your family doctor if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you. If your doctor suspects you may have cancer or another disease that affects your throat, you may be referred to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist.
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your doctor.",,"hoarseness, ear pain, changes in voice, lump, sore, weight loss, difficulty swallowing, sore throat, cough, throat cancer"
+220,Thyroid cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354161,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354167,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20354169,"Thyroid cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the thyroid. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. The thyroid produces hormones that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight.
+Thyroid cancer might not cause any symptoms at first. But as it grows, it can cause signs and symptoms, such as swelling in your neck, voice changes and difficulty swallowing.
+Several types of thyroid cancer exist. Most types grow slowly, though some types can be very aggressive. Most thyroid cancers can be cured with treatment.
+Thyroid cancer rates seem to be increasing. The increase may be caused by improved imaging technology that allows health care providers to find small thyroid cancers on CT and MRI scans done for other conditions (incidental thyroid cancers). Thyroid cancers found in this way are usually small cancers that respond well to treatments.","Most thyroid cancers don't cause any signs or symptoms early in the disease. As thyroid cancer grows, it may cause:
+A lump (nodule) that can be felt through the skin on your neck
+A feeling that close-fitting shirt collars are becoming too tight
+Changes to your voice, including increasing hoarseness
+Difficulty swallowing
+Swollen lymph nodes in your neck
+Pain in your neck and throat","If you experience any signs or symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with your health care provider.","Thyroid cancer happens when cells in the thyroid develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes, which doctors call mutations, tell the cells to grow and multiply rapidly. The cells go on living when healthy cells would naturally die. The accumulating cells form a mass called a tumor.
+The tumor can grow to invade nearby tissue and can spread (metastasize) to the lymph nodes in the neck. Sometimes the cancer cells can spread beyond the neck to the lungs, bones and other parts of the body.
+For most thyroid cancers, it's not clear what causes the DNA changes that cause the cancer.","Factors that may increase the risk of thyroid cancer include:
+Female sex.Thyroid cancer occurs more often in women than in men. Experts think it may be related to the hormone estrogen. People who are assigned female sex at birth generally have higher levels of estrogen in their bodies.
+Exposure to high levels of radiation.Radiation therapy treatments to the head and neck increase the risk of thyroid cancer.
+Certain inherited genetic syndromes.Genetic syndromes that increase the risk of thyroid cancer include familial medullary thyroid cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia, Cowden syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis. Types of thyroid cancer that sometimes run in families include medullary thyroid cancer and papillary thyroid cancer.",,"Doctors aren't sure what causes the gene changes that lead to most thyroid cancers, so there's no way to prevent thyroid cancer in people who have an average risk of the disease.","Tests and procedures used to diagnose thyroid cancer include:
+Physical exam.Your health care provider will examine your neck to feel for changes in your thyroid, such as a lump (nodule) in the thyroid. The provider may also ask about your risk factors, such as past exposure to radiation and a family history of thyroid cancers.
+Thyroid function blood tests.Tests that measure blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and hormones produced by your thyroid gland might give your health care team clues about the health of your thyroid.
+Ultrasound imaging.Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create pictures of body structures. To create an image of the thyroid, the ultrasound transducer is placed on your lower neck.The way a thyroid nodule looks on an ultrasound image helps your provider determine if it's likely to be cancer. Signs that a thyroid nodule is more likely to be cancerous include calcium deposits (microcalcifications) within the nodule and an irregular border around the nodule. If there's a high likelihood that a nodule might be cancerous, additional tests are needed to confirm the diagnosis and determine what type of thyroid cancer is present.Your provider may also use ultrasound to create images of the lymph nodes in the neck (lymph node mapping) to look for signs of cancer.
+Removing a sample of thyroid tissue.During a fine-needle aspiration biopsy, your provider inserts a long, thin needle through your skin and into the thyroid nodule. Ultrasound imaging is typically used to precisely guide the needle. Your provider uses the needle to remove some cells from the thyroid. The sample is sent to a lab for analysis.In the lab, a doctor who specializes in analyzing blood and body tissue (pathologist) examines the tissue sample under a microscope and determines whether cancer is present. The results aren't always clear. Some types of thyroid cancer, particularly follicular thyroid cancer and Hurthle cell thyroid cancer, are more likely to have uncertain results (indeterminate thyroid nodules). Your provider may recommend another biopsy procedure or an operation to remove the thyroid nodule for testing. Specialized tests of the cells to look for gene changes (molecular marker testing) also can be helpful.
+An imaging test that uses a radioactive tracer.A radioactive iodine scan uses a radioactive form of iodine and a special camera to detect thyroid cancer cells in your body. It's most often used after surgery to find any cancer cells that might remain. This test is most helpful for papillary and follicular thyroid cancers.Healthy thyroid cells absorb and use iodine from the blood. Some types of thyroid cancer cells do this, too. When the radioactive iodine is injected in a vein or swallowed, any thyroid cancer cells in the body will take up the iodine. Any cells that take up the iodine are shown on the radioactive iodine scan images.
+Other imaging tests.You may have one or more imaging tests to help your provider determine whether your cancer has spread beyond the thyroid. Imaging tests may include ultrasound, CT and MRI.
+Genetic testing.A portion of medullary thyroid cancers are caused by inherited genes that are passed from parents to children. If you're diagnosed with medullary thyroid cancer, your provider may recommend meeting with a genetic counselor to consider genetic testing. Knowing that you have an inherited gene can help you understand your risk of other types of cancer and what your inherited gene may mean for your children.","Your thyroid cancer treatment options depend on the type and stage of your thyroid cancer, your overall health, and your preferences.
+Most people diagnosed with thyroid cancer have an excellent prognosis, as most thyroid cancers can be cured with treatment.","It can take time to accept and learn to cope with a thyroid cancer diagnosis. Everyone eventually finds their own way of coping. Until you find what works for you, consider trying to:
+Find out enough about thyroid cancer to make decisions about your care.Write down the details of your thyroid cancer, such as the type, stage and treatment options. Ask your health care provider where you can go for more information. Good sources of information to get you started include the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society and the American Thyroid Association.
+Connect with other thyroid cancer survivors.You might find comfort in talking with people in your same situation. Ask your provider about support groups in your area. Or connect with thyroid cancer survivors online through the American Cancer Society Cancer Survivors Network or the Thyroid Cancer Survivors' Association.
+Control what you can about your health.You can't control whether or not you develop thyroid cancer, but you can take steps to keep your body healthy during and after treatment. For instance, eat a healthy diet full of a variety of fruits and vegetables. Get enough sleep each night so that you wake feeling rested. Try to incorporate physical activity into most days of your week. And find ways to cope with stress.","If you have signs and symptoms that worry you, start by seeing your family health care provider. If your provider suspects that you may have a thyroid problem, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the endocrine system (endocrinologist).
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect.",,"pain, throat, hoarseness, thyroid cancers, difficulty swallowing
+swollen lymph nodes in your neck
+, feeling of tightness, lump, difficulty swallowing, swollen lymph nodes, thyroid cancer"
+222,Vaginal cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352447,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352453,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20352455,"Vaginal cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the vagina. The cells multiply quickly and can invade and destroy healthy body tissue.
+The vagina is part of the female reproductive system. It's a muscular tube that connects the uterus with the outer genitals. The vagina is sometimes called the birth canal.
+Cancer that begins in the vagina is rare. Most cancer that happens in the vagina starts somewhere else and spreads to the vagina.
+Vaginal cancer that's diagnosed when it's confined to the vagina has the best chance for a cure. When the cancer spreads beyond the vagina, it's much harder to treat.","Vaginal cancer may not cause any symptoms at first. As it grows, vaginal cancer may cause signs and symptoms, such as:
+Vaginal bleeding that isn't typical, such as after menopause or after sex.
+Vaginal discharge.
+A lump or mass in the vagina.
+Painful urination.
+Frequent urination.
+Constipation.
+Pelvic pain.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any persistent symptoms that worry you.,"Vaginal cancer begins when cells in the vagina develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
+Most DNA changes that lead to vaginal cancers are thought to be caused by human papillomavirus, also calledHPV.HPVis a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, the virus never causes problems. It usually goes away on its own. For some, though, the virus can cause changes in the cells that may lead to cancer.",Factors that may increase your risk of vaginal cancer include:,"Vaginal cancer can spread to other parts of the body. It most often spreads to the lungs, liver and bones. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","There is no sure way to prevent vaginal cancer. However, you may lower your risk if you:","Tests and procedures used to diagnose vaginal cancer include:
+Pelvic exam.A pelvic exam allows a healthcare professional to inspect the reproductive organs. It's often done during a regular checkup. But it might be needed if you have symptoms of vaginal cancer.During the exam, the healthcare professional carefully inspects the outer genitals. The health professional inserts two fingers of one hand into the vagina. At the same time, that person's other hand presses on the belly to feel the uterus and ovaries. A device called a speculum is inserted into the vagina. The device opens the vaginal canal so the health professional can look for changes in the vagina and cervix. Changes could be signs of cancer or other problems.
+Inspecting the vagina with a magnifying instrument.Colposcopy is an exam to look at the vagina with a special lighted magnifying instrument. Colposcopy helps to magnify the surface of the vagina to look for any changes that might be cancerous.
+Removing a sample of vaginal tissue for testing.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue to test for cancer cells. Often, a biopsy is done during a pelvic exam or a colposcopy exam. The tissue sample is sent to a lab for testing.","Treatment for most vaginal cancers often starts with radiation therapy and chemotherapy at the same time. For very small cancers, surgery might be the first treatment.
+Your treatment options for vaginal cancer depend on several factors. This includes the type of vaginal cancer you have and its stage. You and your healthcare team work together to decide what treatments are best for you. Your team considers your goals for treatment and the side effects you're willing to accept.
+Vaginal cancer treatment is usually coordinated by a doctor who specializes in treating cancers that affect the female reproductive system. This doctor is called a gynecologic oncologist.","How you respond to your cancer diagnosis is unique. You might want to surround yourself with friends and family. Or you may ask for time alone to sort through your feelings. Until you find what works best for you, you might try to:
+Learn enough about your cancer to make decisions about your care.Write down the questions to ask at your next appointment. Ask a friend or family member to come to appointments with you to take notes. Ask your healthcare team for further sources of information. Knowing more can help make it easier to make decisions about your treatment.
+Maintain intimacy with your partner.Vaginal cancer treatments are likely to cause side effects that make sexual intimacy more difficult. Find new ways of being intimate.Spending quality time together and having meaningful conversations are ways to build your emotional intimacy. When you're ready for physical intimacy, take it slowly.If sexual side effects of your cancer treatment are hurting your relationship with your partner, talk to your healthcare team.
+Create a support network.Having friends and family supporting you can be valuable. You may find it helps to talk with someone about your emotions. Other sources of support include social workers and psychologists. Ask your healthcare team for recommendations if you feel like you need someone to talk with.Talk with your pastor, rabbi or other spiritual leader. Consider joining a support group. Other people with cancer can offer a unique perspective and may better understand what you're going through. Contact the American Cancer Society for more information on support groups.","Start by making an appointment with your usual doctor, gynecologist or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If you're found to have vaginal cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in cancers of the female reproductive system. This doctor is called a gynecologic oncologist.
+It's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"painful urination, constipation, vaginal discharge, vaginal cancer, vaginal bleeding, lump or mass, frequent urination, pelvic pain"
+223,Vulvar cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20368051,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368072,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20368103,"Vulvar cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the vulva. The vulva is the area of skin that surrounds the urethra and vagina. It includes the clitoris and labia.
+Vulvar cancer commonly forms as a lump or sore on the vulva that often causes itching. Though it can happen at any age, vulvar cancer is usually diagnosed in older adults.
+Vulvar cancer treatment often starts with surgery to remove the cancer and a small amount of surrounding healthy tissue. Sometimes vulvar cancer surgery requires removing the entire vulva. The earlier vulvar cancer is diagnosed, the less likely an extensive surgery is needed for treatment.","Signs and symptoms of vulvar cancer may include:
+A lump, wartlike bump or an open sore on the vulva.
+Bleeding in the genital area that isn't from menstruation.
+Itching of the skin of the vulva that doesn't go away.
+Pain and tenderness that affects the vulva.
+Skin changes, such as changes in the color of the skin of the vulva or thickening of the skin.","Make an appointment with a doctor, gynecologist or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.","It's not always clear what causes vulvar cancer. This cancer starts on the area of skin that surrounds the urethra and vagina. This area of skin is called the vulva.
+Vulvar cancer happens when cells in the vulva develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a growth called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
+Exactly what causes the DNA changes that lead to vulvar cancer isn't always known. Healthcare professionals believe some vulvar cancers are caused by human papillomavirus. Human papilloma virus, also called HPV, is a common virus passed through sexual contact. It's associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer, which is vulvar squamous cell carcinoma.","Factors that increase the risk of vulvar cancer include:
+Older age.The risk of vulvar cancer increases with age, though it can happen at any age. The average age at diagnosis is 65.
+Being exposed to human papillomavirus.Human papillomavirus, also calledHPV, is a common virus that's passed through sexual contact.HPVincreases the risk of several cancers, including vulvar cancer and cervical cancer. Many young, sexually active people are exposed toHPV. For most the infection goes away on its own. For some, the infection causes cell changes and increases the risk of cancer in the future.
+Smoking tobacco.Smoking tobacco increases the risk of vulvar cancer.
+Having a weakened immune system.If the body's germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of vulvar cancer. People with a weakened immune system include those taking medicines to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain medical conditions, such as infection withHIV, can weaken the immune system.
+Having a history of a precancerous condition of the vulva.Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of vulvar cancer. Most instances of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia will never develop into cancer. But a small number do go on to become invasive vulvar cancer.
+Having a skin condition involving the vulva.Lichen sclerosus causes the vulvar skin to become thin and itchy. It also increases the risk of vulvar cancer.",,"To lower the risk of vulvar cancer, don't smoke tobacco. Take steps to protect yourself from human papillomavirus infection. Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer.",Vulvar cancer diagnosis often begins with a physical exam and a discussion of your health history. A special magnifying device may be used to closely inspect the area. A sample of tissue may be taken for lab testing.,"Treatment for vulvar cancer usually begins with surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
+Your healthcare team considers many factors when creating a treatment plan. These factors may include your overall health, the type and stage of your cancer, and your preferences.","With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and worry of a vulvar cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find it helps to:","Make an appointment with your usual doctor, gynecologist or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If you're found to have vulvar cancer, your health professional may refer you to a doctor who specializes in cancers of the female reproductive system. This doctor is called a gynecologic oncologist.
+It's a good idea to prepare for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"pain, vulvar cancer, vulva, skin changes, bleeding, wartlike bump, open sore, lump, sore, itching, itching of the skin of the vulva, tenderness"
+224,Wilms tumor,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilms-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20352655,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilms-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352660,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilms-tumor/doctors-departments/ddc-20352662,"Wilms tumor is a rare kidney cancer that mainly affects children. Also known as nephroblastoma, it's the most common cancer of the kidneys in children. Wilms tumor most often affects children ages 3 to 4. It becomes much less common after age 5, but it can affect older children and even adults.
+Wilms tumor mostly occurs in just one kidney. But it can sometimes be in both kidneys at the same time.
+Over the years, progress in the diagnosis and treatment of Wilms tumor has greatly improved the prognosis for children with this disease. With treatment, the outlook for most children with Wilms tumor is good.","Symptoms of Wilms tumor vary a lot. Some children don't seem to have any symptoms. But others with Wilms tumor have one or more of these symptoms:
+A mass in the stomach area that can be felt.
+Swelling in the stomach area.
+Pain in the stomach area.
+Other symptoms might include:
+Fever.
+Blood in the urine.
+Low red blood cell level, also known as anemia.
+High blood pressure.",Make an appointment with your child's health care provider if you see symptoms that worry you. Wilms tumor is rare. So it's likely that something else is causing symptoms. But it's important to check out any concerns.,"It's not clear what causes Wilms tumor.
+Cancer begins when cells develop changes in their DNA. Cells' DNA holds the instructions that tell the cells what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow and multiply quickly. The cancer cells live while healthy cells die as part of their natural life cycle. With Wilms tumor, the changes make extra cells in the kidney that form the tumor.
+Rarely, DNA changes passed from parents to children can increase the risk of Wilms tumor.","Factors that may increase the risk of Wilms tumor include:
+Being Black.In North America and Europe, Black children have a slightly higher risk of getting Wilms tumor than do children of other races. Asian-American children appear to have a lower risk than children of other races.
+Having a family history of Wilms tumor.Having someone in the family who's had Wilms tumor increases the risk of getting the disease.
+Wilms tumor occurs more often in children who have certain conditions present at birth, including:
+Aniridia.In aniridia (an-ih-RID-e-uh), the colored portion of the eye, known as the iris, forms only in part or not at all.
+Hemihypertrophy.Hemihypertrophy (hem-e-hi-PUR-truh-fee) means one side of the body or a part of the body is larger than the other side.
+Wilms tumor can occur as part of rare syndromes, including:
+WAGR syndrome.This syndrome includes Wilms tumor, aniridia, genital and urinary system problems, and intellectual disabilities.
+Denys-Drash syndrome.This syndrome includes Wilms tumor, kidney disease and male pseudohermaphroditism (soo-do-her-MAF-roe-dit-iz-um). In male pseudohermaphroditism, a boy's genitals aren't clearly male.
+Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.Children with this syndrome tend to be much larger than what is typical, known as macrosomia. This syndrome might cause organs in the stomach area to jut into the base of the umbilical cord, a large tongue, large internal organs and ears that are formed unusually.",,"Wilms tumor can't be prevented.
+If a child has any of the conditions that increase the risk for Wilms tumor, a health care provider might suggest doing kidney ultrasounds at times to look for anything unusual in the kidneys. Although this screening can't prevent Wilms tumor, it may help find the disease at an early stage.","To diagnose Wilms tumor, a health care provider might take a family history and do the following:
+A physical exam.The provider will look for possible signs of Wilms tumor.
+Blood and urine tests.These lab tests can show how well the kidneys are working.
+Imaging tests.Tests that create images of the kidneys help find whether a child has a kidney tumor. Imaging tests may include ultrasound,CTscans orMRIand chest X-rays.","Treatment for Wilms tumor usually involves surgery and chemotherapy. It sometimes includes radiation therapy. Treatments depend on the stage of the cancer. Because this type of cancer is rare, a children's cancer center that has treated this type of cancer might be a good choice.",Here are some suggestions to help you guide your family through cancer treatment.,"If your child is diagnosed with Wilms tumor, you may be referred to specialists. This might be a doctor who treats cancer, which is called an oncologist, or a surgeon who specializes in kidney surgery, which is called a urologist.",,"pain, wilms tumor, mass in the stomach area, anemia, fever, low red blood cell level, blood in the urine, high blood pressure, pain in the stomach area, swelling in the stomach area"
+226,Yeast infection (vaginal),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20378999,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20379004,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/doctors-departments/ddc-20379005,"A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection. It causes irritation, discharge and itching of the vagina and the vulva. Vaginal yeast infection also is called vaginal candidiasis.
+Vaginal yeast infection affects most people assigned female at birth at some point in life. Many have at least two infections.
+People who don't have sex can get a vaginal yeast infection. So it isn't though of as a sexually transmitted infection. But you can get vaginal yeast infections through sex.
+There's a higher risk of vaginal yeast infection when you start having sex. And some vaginal yeast infections may be linked to sexual contact between the mouth and genital area, called oral-genital sex.
+Medicines can treat vaginal yeast infections. Yeast infections that happen four times or more a year may need a longer treatment course and a plan to prevent them.","Yeast infection symptoms range from mild to moderate. They may include:
+Itching and irritation in the vagina and tissues at the vaginal opening, called the vulva.
+A burning feeling, mainly during intercourse or while urinating.
+Redness and swelling of the vulva. Redness may be harder to see on Black or brown skin than on white skin.
+Vaginal pain and soreness.
+Thick, white vaginal shedding of fluid and cells, called discharge, with little or no odor. The discharge looks like cottage cheese.","Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if:
+This is the first time you've had symptoms of a yeast infection.
+You're not sure whether you have a yeast infection.
+Your symptoms don't go away after you treat them with antifungal vaginal creams or suppositories that you can get without a prescription.
+You have other symptoms.","The fungus Candida albicans causes most vaginal yeast infections.
+Most often, the vagina has a balance of yeast, including candida, and bacteria. Certain bacteria called lactobacillus work to prevent too much yeast.
+But some factors can affect the balance. Too much candida or the fungus growing deeper into vaginal cells causes symptoms of a yeast infection.
+Too much yeast can result from:
+Antibiotic use.
+Pregnancy.
+Diabetes that isn't well-managed.
+A weakened immune system.
+Use of birth control pills or hormone therapy that raises levels of the hormone estrogen.
+Candida albicans is the most common type of fungus to cause yeast infections. When other types of candida fungus cause yeast infections, they can be harder to treat.","Factors that raise the risk of getting a yeast infection include:
+Antibiotic use.Yeast infections are common in people who take antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill a range of bacteria. They also kill healthy bacteria in the vagina. This can lead to too much yeast.
+Raised estrogen levels.Yeast infections are more common in people with higher estrogen levels. Pregnancy, birth control pills and hormone therapy can raise estrogen levels.
+Diabetes that isn't well-managed.People with poorly managed blood sugar are at greater risk of yeast infections than are people with well-managed blood sugar.
+Weakened immune system.People with lowered immunity are more likely to get yeast infections. Lower immunity might be from corticosteroid therapy or HIV infection or other diseases that suppress the immune system.",,"To lower your risk of vaginal yeast infections, wear underwear that has a cotton crotch and doesn't fit too tightly.
+Also, these tips might help prevent a yeast infection:
+Do not wear tight pantyhose, underwear or jeans.
+Do not douche. This removes some of the good germs in the vagina that protect from infection.
+Do not use scented products in the vaginal area. For instance, don't use scented bubble bath, soap, menstrual pads and tampons.
+Do not use hot tubs or take hot baths.
+Do not use antibiotics you don't need. For instance, don't take antibiotics for colds or other viral infections.
+Do not stay in wet clothes, such as swimsuits and workout clothes, for longer than needed.","To diagnose a yeast infection, your healthcare professional may:
+Ask about your medical history.This might include past vaginal infections or sexually transmitted infections.
+Do a pelvic exam.This involves looking at your outer genitals for signs of infection. Then your healthcare professional puts an instrument called a speculum into your vagina. The speculum holds the vaginal walls open so the vagina and cervix are easy to see. The cervix is the lower, narrower part of the uterus.
+Test vaginal fluids.Lab tests of vaginal fluid can look for yeast or find the type of fungus causing the yeast infection. Knowing the fungus can help your healthcare professional suggest treatment.","Treatment for yeast infections depends on how bad the infections are and how often they happen.
+If you have mild to moderate symptoms and don't get infections often, treatment options include:
+Short-course vaginal therapy.Using an antifungal medicine for 3 to 7 days most often clears a yeast infection. Antifungal medicines come in the form of creams, ointments, tablets and small objects you put into your vagina, called suppositories. They include miconazole (Monistat 3) and terconazole. You can get these medicines with or without a prescription.
+One dose of medicine taken by mouth.Your healthcare professional might prescribe one dose of fluconazole (Diflucan). To manage severe symptoms, you might take two doses three days apart. Oral medicine is not used often in pregnancy, especially in the first trimester.
+The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved two medicines to treat vaginal yeast infections. One is oteseconazole (Vivjoa), taken by mouth. This medicine is only for people who can't get pregnant and who have infections that keep coming back.
+The other medicine is ibrexafungerp (Brexafemme). This also is taken by mouth. Studies show that these medicines might work for vaginal yeast infections that don't respond to other treatments.
+See your healthcare professional again if treatment doesn't clear your symptoms or if your symptoms return within two months.
+Treatment for yeast infections that have severe symptoms or that happen often might include:
+Long-course vaginal therapy.You use an antifungal medicine daily for up to two weeks. Then you take it once a week for six months.
+More than one dose of medicine taken by mouth.You take 2 to 3 doses of an antifungal medicine by mouth instead of having vaginal therapy. But this therapy isn't for pregnant people.
+Boric acid therapy.A capsule that has boric acid is put into your vagina. This medicine may be fatal if taken by mouth. It only treats candida fungus that doesn't respond to other treatments. It is not recommended for use in pregnancy.",,"If you've been treated for a yeast infection in the past, your healthcare professional may prescribe a treatment over the phone without seeing you. If not, you likely need to see your primary care professional or gynecologist.",,"pain, itching, itching and irritation, swelling, soreness, vaginal pain, thick discharge, burning, irritation, yeast infection, redness"
+227,Boils and carbuncles,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/boils-and-carbuncles/symptoms-causes/syc-20353770,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/boils-and-carbuncles/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353776,,"A boil is a painful, pus-filled bump that forms under your skin when bacteria infect and inflame one or more of your hair follicles. A carbuncle is a cluster of boils that form a connected area of infection under the skin.
+
+Boils (furuncles) usually start as reddish or purplish, tender bumps. The bumps quickly fill with pus, growing larger and more painful until they rupture and drain. Areas most likely to be affected are the face, back of the neck, armpits, thighs and buttocks.
+
+You can usually care for a single boil at home. But don't attempt to prick or squeeze it — that may spread the infection.","Boils can occur anywhere on your skin, but appear mainly on the face, back of the neck, armpits, thighs and buttocks — hair-bearing areas where you're most likely to sweat or experience friction. Signs and symptoms of a boil usually include:","You usually can care for a single, small boil yourself. But see your doctor if you have more than one boil at a time or if a boil:","Most boils are caused by Staphylococcus aureus, a type of bacterium commonly found on the skin and inside the nose. A bump forms as pus collects under the skin. Boils sometimes develop at sites where the skin has been broken by a small injury or an insect bite, which gives the bacteria easy entry.","Although anyone — including otherwise healthy people — can develop boils or carbuncles, the following factors can increase your risk:","Rarely, bacteria from a boil or carbuncle can enter your bloodstream and travel to other parts of your body. The spreading infection, commonly known as blood poisoning (sepsis), can lead to infections deep within your body, such as your heart (endocarditis) and bone (osteomyelitis).","It's not always possible to prevent boils, especially if you have a weakened immune system. But the following measures may help you avoid staph infections:","Your doctor will likely be able to diagnose a boil or carbuncle simply by looking at it. A sample of the pus may be sent to the lab for testing. This may be useful if you have recurring infections or an infection that hasn't responded to standard treatment.
+
+Many varieties of the bacteria that cause boils have become resistant to certain types of antibiotics. So lab testing can help determine what type of antibiotic would work best in your situation.","You can generally treat small boils at home by applying warm compresses to relieve pain and promote natural drainage.
+
+For larger boils and carbuncles, treatment may include:",,"You're likely to see your family doctor or primary care provider first, who may then refer you to a specialist in skin diseases (dermatologist) or infectious diseases.",,"friction, sweat, boils"
+228,Sudden cardiac arrest,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/symptoms-causes/syc-20350634,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350640,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/doctors-departments/ddc-20350641,"Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the sudden loss of all heart activity due to an irregular heart rhythm. Breathing stops. The person becomes unconscious. Without immediate treatment, sudden cardiac arrest can lead to death.
+Emergency treatment for sudden cardiac arrest includes cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and shocks to the heart with a device called an automated external defibrillator (AED). Survival is possible with fast, appropriate medical care.
+Sudden cardiac arrest isn't the same as a heart attack. A heart attack happens when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked. Sudden cardiac arrest is not due to a blockage. However, a heart attack can cause a change in the heart's electrical activity that leads to sudden cardiac arrest.","Symptoms of sudden cardiac arrest are immediate and severe and include:
+Sudden collapse.
+No pulse.
+No breathing.
+Loss of consciousness.
+Sometimes other symptoms occur before sudden cardiac arrest. These might include:
+Chest discomfort.
+Shortness of breath.
+Weakness.
+Fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heartbeat called palpitations.
+But sudden cardiac arrest often occurs with no warning.","When the heart stops, the lack of oxygen-rich blood can quickly cause death or permanent brain damage.
+Call 911 or emergency medical services for these symptoms:
+Chest pain or discomfort.
+Feeling of a pounding heartbeat.
+Rapid or irregular heartbeats.
+Unexplained wheezing.
+Shortness of breath.
+Fainting or near fainting.
+Lightheadedness or dizziness.
+If you see someone who's unconscious and not breathing, call 911 or local emergency services. Then start CPR. The American Heart Association recommends doing CPR with hard and fast chest compressions. Use an automated external defibrillator, called an AED, if one is available.",A change in the heart's electrical activity causes sudden cardiac arrest. The change makes the heart stop pumping blood. No blood flow goes to the body.,"The same things that increase the risk of heart disease can raise the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. These include:
+A family history of coronary artery disease.
+Smoking.
+High blood pressure.
+High blood cholesterol.
+Obesity.
+Diabetes.
+An inactive lifestyle.
+Other things that might increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest include:
+A previous episode of sudden cardiac arrest or a family history of it.
+A previous heart attack.
+A personal or family history of other forms of heart disease such as heart rhythm disease, heart failure and heart conditions present at birth.
+Growing older.
+Being male.
+Using illicit drugs such as cocaine or amphetamines.
+Low potassium or magnesium levels.
+A sleep disorder called obstructive sleep apnea.
+Chronic kidney disease.","When sudden cardiac arrest occurs, less blood flows to the brain. If the heart rhythm isn't rapidly restored, complications may include brain damage and death.","Keeping the heart healthy may help prevent sudden cardiac arrest. Take these steps:
+Eat healthy.
+Stay active and get regular exercise.
+Do not smoke or use tobacco.
+Have regular checkups.
+Get screened for heart disease.
+Control blood pressure and cholesterol.
+Genetic tests can be done to see if you have long QT syndrome, a common cause of sudden cardiac death. Check with your insurer to see if it is covered. If you have the long QT gene, your healthcare professional may recommend that other family members also be tested.
+If you have a known risk of cardiac arrest, your healthcare professional might recommend a heart device called an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). The device is placed under your collarbone.
+You also might consider purchasing an automated external defibrillator (AED) for home use. Discuss this with your healthcare team. AEDs help reset the heart's rhythm when a person has sudden cardiac arrest. But they can be expensive and aren't always covered by health insurance.","Sudden cardiac arrest happens suddenly and requires emergency medical care at a hospital. If the heart is quickly restored, survival is possible. When you are stable, healthcare professionals at the hospital run tests to determine the cause.","Treatment for sudden cardiac death includes:
+CPR.Immediate CPR is needed to treat sudden cardiac arrest and prevent death.
+Resetting the heart rhythm.This is called defibrillation. You can do this by using an automated external defibrillator (AED), if one is available. They are found in many public places.
+Medicinesto treat irregular heartbeats and to manage symptoms.
+Heart procedure or surgeryto place heart devices or to treat a blockage.
+At the emergency room, healthcare professionals run tests to check for the cause, such as a possible heart attack, heart failure or changes in electrolyte levels. Treatments depend on the causes.",,,"Preventing sudden cardiac arrest starts with keeping the heart and blood vessels in good shape. To live a heart-healthy lifestyle:
+Don't smoke.
+Get regular exercise and stay active.
+Keep a healthy weight.
+Limit alcohol. If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation — no more than one drink a day for women and men older than 65 and no more than two drinks a day for younger men.
+Eat a heart-healthy diet.
+Manage stress.","no pulse, weakness, pounding, cardiac arrest, palpitations, no breathing, chest discomfort, pounding heartbeat, fluttering heartbeat, fast-beating heartbeat, shortness of breath, sudden collapse, loss of consciousness"
+229,Myocardial ischemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myocardial-ischemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20375417,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myocardial-ischemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375422,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myocardial-ischemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20375423,"Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to your heart is reduced, preventing the heart muscle from receiving enough oxygen. The reduced blood flow is usually the result of a partial or complete blockage of your heart's arteries (coronary arteries).","Some people who have myocardial ischemia don't have any signs or symptoms (silent ischemia).
+
+When they do occur, the most common is chest pressure or pain, typically on the left side of the body (angina pectoris). Other signs and symptoms — which might be experienced more commonly by women, older people and people with diabetes — include:",Get emergency help if you have severe chest pain or chest pain that doesn't go away.,"Myocardial ischemia occurs when the blood flow through one or more of your coronary arteries is decreased. The low blood flow decreases the amount of oxygen your heart muscle receives.
+
+Myocardial ischemia can develop slowly as arteries become blocked over time. Or it can occur quickly when an artery becomes blocked suddenly.
+
+Conditions that can cause myocardial ischemia include:",Factors that can increase your risk of developing myocardial ischemia include:,"Myocardial ischemia can lead to serious complications, including:","The same lifestyle habits that can help treat myocardial ischemia can also help prevent it from developing in the first place. Leading a heart-healthy lifestyle can help keep your arteries strong, elastic and smooth, and allow for maximum blood flow.","Your doctor will start by asking questions about your medical history and with a physical exam. After that, your doctor might recommend:","The goal of myocardial ischemia treatment is to improve blood flow to the heart muscle. Depending on the severity of your condition, your doctor may recommend medications, surgery or both.",,"If you are experiencing chest pain, you likely will be examined and treated in the emergency room.
+
+If you don't have chest pain but are having other symptoms, or are concerned about your risk of myocardial ischemia, you might be referred to a heart specialist (cardiologist).",,"pain, myocardial ischemia, ischemia, chest pressure, diabetes, angina pectoris"
+230,Enlarged heart,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-heart/symptoms-causes/syc-20355436,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-heart/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355442,,"An enlarged heart (cardiomegaly) isn't a disease, but rather a sign of another condition.
+
+The term ""cardiomegaly"" refers to an enlarged heart seen on any imaging test, including a chest X-ray. Other tests are then needed to diagnose the condition that's causing the enlarged heart.","In some people, an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly) causes no signs or symptoms. Others may have these signs and symptoms of cardiomegaly:","An enlarged heart may be easier to treat when it's detected early. Talk to your health care provider if you have concerns about your heart.
+
+Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have signs and symptoms of a potential heart attack:","An enlarged heart (cardiomegaly) can be caused by damage to the heart muscle or any condition that makes the heart pump harder than usual, including pregnancy. Sometimes the heart gets larger and becomes weak for unknown reasons. This condition is called idiopathic cardiomyopathy.
+
+Conditions associated with an enlarged heart include:",Things that can increase the risk of an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly) include:,The risk of complications from an enlarged heart depends on the part of the heart affected and the cause. Complications of an enlarged heart can include:,"Tell your health care provider if anyone in your family has or had cardiomyopathy or other health conditions that caused an enlarged heart. When diagnosed early, proper treatment of the underlying condition may prevent the enlarged heart from getting worse.
+
+Following a heart-healthy lifestyle can help prevent or manage some conditions that can lead to an enlarged heart. Take these steps to help prevent an enlarged heart:","To diagnose an enlarged heart, a health care provider will usually do a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms and medical history.
+
+Tests that may be done to help diagnose an enlarged heart (cardiomyopathy) and its cause include:
+
+Cardiac Computerized Tomography (CT) scan or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).During a cardiac CT scan, you usually lie on a table inside a doughnut-shaped machine. An X-ray tube inside the machine rotates around your body and collects images of your heart and chest.
+
+In a cardiac MRI, you typically lie on a table inside a long tubelike machine that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce signals that create images of your heart.",Treatment of an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly) depends on what is causing the heart problem.,,"If you think you may have an enlarged heart or are worried about your heart disease risk because of your family history, make an appointment with your health care provider. You may be referred to doctor trained in heart diseases (cardiologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"cardiomegaly, no signs or symptoms"
+231,Dilated cardiomyopathy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dilated-cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20353149,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dilated-cardiomyopathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353155,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dilated-cardiomyopathy/doctors-departments/ddc-20353157,"Dilated cardiomyopathy is a type of heart muscle disease that causes the heart chambers (ventricles) to thin and stretch, growing larger. It typically starts in the heart's main pumping chamber (left ventricle). Dilated cardiomyopathy makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body.","Some people with dilated cardiomyopathy don't have any signs or symptoms in the early stages of the disease.
+
+Signs and symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy may include:","If you are short of breath or have other symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy, see your health care provider as soon as possible. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have chest pain that lasts more than a few minutes or have severe difficulty breathing.
+
+If a family member has dilated cardiomyopathy, talk to your health care provider. Some types of dilated cardiomyopathy run in families (are inherited). Genetic testing may be recommended.","It may be difficult to determine the cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. However, many things can cause the left ventricle to dilate and weaken, including:
+
+Other possible causes of dilated cardiomyopathy include:",Risk factors for dilated cardiomyopathy include:,Complications of dilated cardiomyopathy include:,Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent or reduce complications of dilated cardiomyopathy. Try these heart-smart strategies:,"To diagnose dilated cardiomyopathy, your health care provider will do a physical exam and asks questions about your personal and family medical history. The provider will use a device called a stethoscope to listen to your heart and lungs. You may be referred to a doctor specializing in heart disease (cardiologist).","Treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy depends on the causes. The goals of treatment are to reduce symptoms, improve blood flow and prevent further heart damage. Dilated cardiomyopathy treatment may include medications or surgery to implant a medical device that helps the heart beat or pump blood.",,"If you think you may have dilated cardiomyopathy or are worried about your risk because of a family history, make an appointment with your health care provider. Your provider may refer you to a doctor that specializes in heart diseases (cardiologist).
+
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"dilated cardiomyopathy, signs, symptoms"
+232,Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350198,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350204,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy/doctors-departments/ddc-20350207,"Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease in which the heart muscle becomes thickened, also called hypertrophied. The thickened heart muscle can make it harder for the heart to pump blood.
+Many people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy don't realize they have it. That's because they have few, if any, symptoms. But in a small number of people withHCM, the thickened heart muscle can cause serious symptoms. These include shortness of breath and chest pain. Some people withHCMhave changes in the heart's electrical system. These changes can result in life-threatening irregular heartbeats or sudden death.","Symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can include one or more of the following:
+Chest pain, especially during exercise.
+Fainting, especially during or just after exercise or other physical activity.
+Sensation of fast, fluttering or pounding heartbeats called palpitations.
+Shortness of breath, especially during exercise.","Many conditions can cause shortness of breath and fast, pounding heartbeats. It's important to get a prompt checkup to find the cause and receive the right care. See your healthcare professional if you have a family history ofHCMor any symptoms related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
+Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have any of the following symptoms for more than a few minutes:
+Rapid or irregular heartbeat.
+Trouble breathing.
+Chest pain.","Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually is caused by changes in genes that cause the heart muscle to thicken.
+Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy typically affects the wall between the two bottom chambers of the heart. This wall is called the septum. The chambers are called the ventricles. The thickened wall might block blood flow out of the heart. This is called obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
+If there's no significant blocking of blood flow, the condition is called nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. But the heart's main pumping chamber, called the left ventricle, might stiffen. This makes it hard for the heart to relax. The stiffness also lessens the amount of blood the ventricle can hold and send to the body with each heartbeat.
+Heart muscle cells also become arranged differently in people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This is called myofiber disarray. It can trigger irregular heartbeats in some people.","Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually is passed down through families. That means it's inherited. People with one parent with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have a 50% chance of having the gene change that causes the disease.
+Parents, children, or brothers or sisters of a person with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy should ask their healthcare team about screening tests for the disease.","Complications of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can include:
+Atrial fibrillation (AFib).A thickened heart muscle and changes in the structure of heart cells can trigger an irregular and often very rapid heartbeat called AFib.AFibalso raises the risk of blood clots, which can travel to the brain and cause a stroke.
+Blocked blood flow.In many people, the thickened heart muscle blocks the blood flow leaving the heart. This can cause shortness of breath with activity, chest pain, dizziness and fainting spells.
+Mitral valve disease.If the thickened heart muscle blocks the blood flow leaving the heart, the valve between the left heart chambers might not close properly. That valve is called the mitral valve. If it doesn't close properly, blood can leak backward into the left upper chamber. This is a condition called mitral valve regurgitation. It might make hypertrophic cardiomyopathy symptoms worse.
+Dilated cardiomyopathy.In a small number of people withHCM, the thickened heart muscle becomes weak and doesn't work well. The condition tends to start in the left lower heart chamber. The chamber becomes larger. The heart pumps with less force.
+Heart failure.Over time, the thickened heart muscle can become too stiff to fill the heart with blood. As a result, the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
+Fainting, also called syncope.An irregular heartbeat or blockage of blood flow can sometimes cause fainting. Unexplained fainting can be related to sudden cardiac death, especially if it's happened recently and in a young person.
+Sudden cardiac death.Rarely, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can cause heart-related sudden death in people of all ages. Many people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy don't realize they have it. As a result, sudden cardiac death might be the first sign of the condition. It can happen in young people who seem healthy, including high school athletes and other young, active adults.","There is no known way to prevent hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). It's important to find the condition with tests as early as possible to guide treatment and prevent complications.
+Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually is passed down in families. If you have a parent, brother, sister or child with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ask your healthcare team if genetic screening is right for you. But not everyone withHCMhas a gene change that tests can detect. Also, some insurance companies may not cover genetic testing.
+If genetic testing isn't done, or if the results aren't helpful, screening may be done with repeated echocardiograms. Echocardiograms use sound waves to make pictures of the heart.
+For people who have a family member with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:
+Echocardiogram screenings are recommended starting at about age 12.
+Screening with echocardiograms should continue every 1 to 3 years through ages 18 to 21.
+After that, the screenings can be done every five years through adulthood.
+You may need to have an echocardiogram more often based on your overall health and healthcare team's preference.","A healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart with a device called a stethoscope. A heart murmur may be heard while listening to the heart.
+A member of your healthcare team usually asks questions about your symptoms and your medical and family history. Genetic testing or counseling may be recommended if you have a family history of the condition.","The goals of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treatment are to ease symptoms and prevent sudden cardiac death in people at high risk. Treatment depends on how severe the symptoms are.
+If you have cardiomyopathy and are pregnant or thinking about pregnancy, talk with your healthcare professional. You might be referred to a doctor with experience in high-risk pregnancies. This doctor might be a perinatologist or a maternal-fetal medicine specialist.","Connect with friends and family or a support group. You may find that talking about hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with others in similar situations can help.
+It also is important to control emotional stress. Getting more exercise and practicing mindfulness are ways to ease stress. If you have anxiety or depression, talk to your healthcare team about strategies to help.",You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases. This type of care professional is called a cardiologist. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.,"Lifestyle changes can lower the risk of complications related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Try these healthy habits:
+Exercise.Ask your healthcare professional about the amount and type of exercise that's safe for you.
+Eat a healthy diet.Eat a healthy diet that's low in salt and solid fats and rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
+Don't smoke.If you smoke and can't quit on your own, talk to a healthcare professional about strategies or programs to help.
+Stay at a healthy weight.This helps prevent excessive stress on the heart. It also lowers health risks linked with surgery or other procedures. Talk with your care team to set realistic goals for body mass index (BMI) and weight.
+Limit or stay away from alcohol.Sometimes, irregular heart rhythms and blocked blood flow are triggered or made worse by alcohol use. Ask your healthcare professional how much alcohol, if any, is safe for you to drink. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
+Control blood pressure and cholesterol.High blood pressure and high cholesterol increase the risk of heart disease. Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed to manage high blood pressure or high cholesterol. Get regular health checkups. Your healthcare professional might recommend regular follow-up appointments to check on your condition. Tell your care team if you have new or worsening symptoms.
+Practice good sleep habits.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other chronic conditions. Adults should aim to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily. Go to bed and wake at the same time every day, including on weekends. If you have trouble sleeping, talk to a healthcare professional about strategies that might help.","pounding, chest pain, palpitations, fainting, shortness of breath, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy"
+233,Achalasia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/achalasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352850,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/achalasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352851,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/achalasia/doctors-departments/ddc-20352852,"Achalasia is a swallowing condition that affects the tube connecting the mouth and the stomach, called the esophagus. Damaged nerves make it hard for the muscles of the esophagus to squeeze food and liquid into the stomach. Food then collects in the esophagus, sometimes fermenting and washing back up into the mouth. This fermented food can taste bitter.
+Achalasia is a fairly rare condition. Some people mistake it for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, in achalasia, the food is coming from the esophagus. In GERD, the material comes from the stomach.
+There's no cure for achalasia. Once the esophagus is damaged, the muscles cannot work properly again. But symptoms can usually be managed with endoscopy, minimally invasive therapy or surgery.","Achalasia symptoms generally appear gradually and get worse over time. Symptoms may include:
+Difficulty swallowing, called dysphagia, which may feel like food or drink is stuck in the throat.
+Swallowed food or saliva flowing back into the throat.
+Heartburn.
+Belching.
+Chest pain that comes and goes.
+Coughing at night.
+Pneumonia from getting food in the lungs.
+Weight loss.
+Vomiting.",,"The exact cause of achalasia is poorly understood. Researchers suspect that it may be caused by a loss of nerve cells in the esophagus. There are theories about what causes this, but viral infection or autoimmune responses are possibilities. Very rarely, achalasia may be caused by an inherited genetic disorder or infection.","Risk factors for achalasia include:
+Age.Although achalasia can affect people of all ages, it's more common in people between 25 and 60 years of age.
+Certain medical conditions.The risk of achalasia is higher in people with allergic disorders, adrenal insufficiency or Allgrove syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive genetic condition.",,,"Achalasia can be overlooked or misdiagnosed because it has symptoms similar to those of other digestive disorders. To test for achalasia, a healthcare professional is likely to recommend:
+Esophageal manometry.This test measures the muscle contractions in the esophagus during swallowing. It also measures how well the lower esophageal sphincter opens during a swallow. This test is the most helpful when deciding which type of swallowing condition you might have.
+X-rays of the upper digestive system.X-rays are taken after drinking a chalky liquid called barium. The barium coats the inside lining of the digestive tract and fills digestive organs. This coating allows a healthcare professional to see a silhouette of the esophagus, stomach and upper intestine. In addition to drinking the liquid, swallowing a barium pill can help show a blockage in the esophagus.
+Upper endoscopy.An upper endoscopy uses a tiny camera on the end of a flexible tube to visually examine the upper digestive system. Endoscopy can be used to find a partial blockage of the esophagus. Endoscopy also can be used to collect a sample of tissue, called a biopsy, to be tested for complications of reflux such as Barrett esophagus.
+Functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) technology.FLIP is a new technique that can help confirm an achalasia diagnosis if other tests aren't enough.","Achalasia treatment focuses on relaxing or stretching open the lower esophageal sphincter so that food and liquid can move more easily through the digestive tract.
+Specific treatment depends on your age, health condition and the severity of the achalasia.",,,,"belching, throat, food or drink stuck in throat, vomiting, chest pain, heartburn, achalasia, pneumonia, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, dysphagia, coughing at night"
+234,Heart disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20353127,"Heart disease describes a range of conditions that affect the heart. Heart disease includes:
+Blood vessel disease, such as coronary artery disease.
+Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
+Heart conditions that you're born with, called congenital heart defects.
+Disease of the heart muscle.
+Heart valve disease.
+Many forms of heart disease can be prevented or treated with healthy lifestyle choices.",Heart disease symptoms depend on the type of heart disease.,"Get emergency medical help if you have these heart disease symptoms:
+Chest pain.
+Shortness of breath.
+Fainting.
+Always call 911 or your local emergency number if you think you might be having a heart attack.
+If you think you may have symptoms of heart disease, make an appointment for a health checkup.
+Heart disease is easier to treat when found early.",Heart disease causes depend on the specific type of heart disease. There are many different types of heart disease.,"Risk factors for heart disease include:
+Age.Growing older increases the risk of damaged and narrowed arteries and a weakened or thickened heart muscle.
+Sex assigned at birth.Men are generally at greater risk of heart disease. The risk in women increases after menopause.
+Family history.A family history of heart disease increases the risk of coronary artery disease, especially if a parent developed it at an early age. That means before age 55 for a male relative, such as a brother or your father, and 65 for a female relative, such as your mother or a sister.
+Smoking.If you smoke, quit. Substances in tobacco smoke damage the arteries. Heart attacks are more common in people who smoke than in people who don't smoke. Talk with a healthcare professional if you need help quitting.
+Unhealthy diet.Diets high in fat, salt, sugar and cholesterol have been linked to heart disease.
+High blood pressure.High blood pressure that's not controlled can cause the arteries to become hard and thick. These changes alter blood flow to the heart and body.
+High cholesterol.Having high cholesterol increases the risk of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis has been linked to heart attack and stroke.
+Diabetes.Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease. Obesity and high blood pressure increase the risk of diabetes and heart disease.
+Obesity.Excess weight typically worsens other heart disease risk factors.
+Lack of exercise.Being inactive is associated with many forms of heart disease and some of its risk factors too.
+Stress.Emotional stress may damage the arteries and make other heart disease risk factors worse.
+Poor dental health.Having unhealthy teeth and gums makes it easier for germs to get into the bloodstream and travel to the heart. This can cause an infection called endocarditis. Brush and floss your teeth often. Also get regular dental checkups.","Possible complications of heart disease are:
+Heart failure.This is one of the most common complications of heart disease. The heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
+Heart attack.A heart attack can happen if a piece of plaque in an artery or a blood clot moves to the heart.
+Stroke.The risk factors that lead to heart disease also can lead to an ischemic stroke. This type of stroke happens when the arteries to the brain are narrowed or blocked. Too little blood reaches the brain.
+Aneurysm.An aneurysm is a bulge in the wall of an artery. If an aneurysm bursts, you may have life-threatening internal bleeding.
+Peripheral artery disease.In this condition, the arms or legs — usually the legs — don't get enough blood. This causes symptoms, most notably leg pain when walking, called claudication. Atherosclerosis can lead to peripheral artery disease.
+Sudden cardiac arrest.Sudden cardiac arrest is the sudden loss of heart activity, breathing and consciousness. It's usually due to a problem with the heart's electrical system. Sudden cardiac arrest is a medical emergency. If not treated immediately, it results in sudden cardiac death.","The same lifestyle changes used to manage heart disease also may help prevent it. Try these heart-healthy tips:
+Don't smoke.
+Eat a diet that's low in salt and saturated fat.
+Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week.
+Maintain a healthy weight.
+Reduce and manage stress.
+Control high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
+Get good sleep. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.","To diagnose heart disease, a healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms and your personal and family medical history.","Heart disease treatment depends on the cause and type of heart damage. Treatment for heart disease may include:
+Lifestyle changes such as eating a diet low in salt and saturated fat, getting more exercise, and not smoking.
+Medicines.
+A heart procedure.
+Heart surgery.","Here are some ways to help manage heart disease and improve quality of life:
+Cardiac rehabilitation.This is a personalized program of education and exercise. It includes exercise training, emotional support and education about a heart-healthy lifestyle. The supervised program is often recommended after a heart attack or heart surgery.
+Support groups.Connecting with friends and family or joining a support group is a good way to reduce stress. You may find that talking about your concerns with others in similar situations can help.
+Get regular health checkups.Seeing your healthcare professional regularly helps make sure you're properly managing your heart disease.","Some types of heart disease are found at birth or during an emergency, for example, when someone has a heart attack. You may not have time to prepare.
+If you think you have heart disease or are at risk of heart disease because of family history, see your healthcare professional. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases. This type of doctor is called a cardiologist.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.","Lifestyle changes are an important part of heart disease treatment and prevention. The following changes are recommended to improve heart health:
+Don't smoke.Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease. If you smoke and can't quit, talk with your healthcare team about programs or treatments that can help.
+Eat healthy foods.Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit sugar, salt and saturated fats.
+Control blood pressure.Uncontrolled high blood pressure increases the risk of serious health conditions. Get your blood pressure checked at least every two years if you're 18 or older. If you have risk factors for heart disease or are over age 40, you may need more-frequent checks. Ask your healthcare professional what blood pressure reading is best for you.
+Get a cholesterol test.Get a cholesterol test when you're in your 20s and then at least every 4 to 6 years. You may need to start testing earlier if high cholesterol is in your family history. You may need cholesterol checks more often if your test results aren't in a desirable range or you have risk factors for heart disease.
+Manage diabetes.If you have diabetes, controlling your blood sugar can help reduce the risk of heart disease.
+Exercise.Staying active keeps the heart healthy. Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week. Talk with your healthcare team about the amount and type of exercise that's best for you.
+Keep a healthy weight.Being overweight increases the risk of heart disease. Ask your healthcare professional what weight is best for you.
+Manage stress.Find ways to help reduce emotional stress. Some tips are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups.
+Practice good hygiene.Regularly wash your hands and brush and floss your teeth to keep yourself healthy.
+Get good sleep.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other long-term health conditions. Adults should try to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily. Kids often need more. Go to bed and wake at the same time every day, including on weekends. If you have trouble sleeping, talk with your healthcare professional about strategies that might help.","There are no symptoms mentioned in the paragraph. The paragraph only talks about heart disease symptoms in general, but does not specify any particular symptoms., heart disease"
+235,Carotid artery disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carotid-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20360519,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carotid-artery-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360527,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carotid-artery-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20360530,"Carotid artery disease occurs when fatty deposits, called plaques, clog the blood vessels that deliver blood to the brain and head (carotid arteries). The clog increases the risk of stroke. Stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when the brain loses all or much of its blood supply.
+During a stroke, the brain doesn't get oxygen and brain cells begin to die within minutes. Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the U.S.
+Carotid artery disease often develops slowly. The first sign of the condition might be a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). ATIAis a temporary shortage of blood flow to the brain.
+Treatment of carotid artery disease usually involves lifestyle changes, medicines and sometimes surgery.","In its early stages, carotid artery disease often doesn't have symptoms. The condition might not be obvious until it's serious enough to deprive the brain of blood, causing a stroke orTIA.
+Symptoms of a stroke orTIAinclude:
+Sudden numbness or weaknessin the face or limbs, often on one side of the body.
+Sudden trouble speakingand understanding speech.
+Sudden trouble seeingin one or both eyes.
+Sudden dizzinessor loss of balance.
+Sudden, severe headachewith no known cause.","Seek emergency care for any symptoms of a stroke. Even if they last only a short while and then you feel OK, see a health care provider right away. You might have had aTIA. ATIAputs you at risk of a stroke.
+Talk to your health care provider if you have risk factors for carotid artery disease even if you don't have symptoms. Managing the risk factors might protect you from a stroke. Seeing a provider early increases your chances of finding carotid artery disease and getting treatment before a stroke occurs.","A buildup of fatty deposits, known as plaques, in the arteries that send blood to the brain cause carotid artery disease. Plaques are clumps that include cholesterol, fat and blood cells that form in the artery. This process is called atherosclerosis.
+Carotid arteries that are clogged with plaques narrow. A clog in carotid arteries makes it hard for oxygen and nutrients to reach the brain.","Factors that increase the risk of carotid artery disease include:
+High blood pressure.Too much pressure on artery walls can weaken them and make them easier to damage.
+Tobacco use.Nicotine can irritate the inner lining of the arteries. Smoking also increases heart rate and blood pressure.
+Diabetes.Diabetes lowers the ability to process fats, creating a greater risk of high blood pressure and atherosclerosis.
+High blood-fat levels.High levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high levels of triglycerides, a blood fat, help the buildup of plaques.
+Family history.The risk of carotid artery disease is higher if a relative has atherosclerosis or coronary artery disease.
+Age.Arteries become less flexible and more likely to be injured with age.
+Obesity.Excess weight increases the chances of high blood pressure, atherosclerosis and diabetes.
+Sleep apnea.Spells of stopping breathing at night might increase the risk of stroke.
+Lack of exercise.Not exercising leads to conditions that can damage the arteries, including high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity.","Carotid artery disease causes about 10% to 15% of strokes. A stroke is a medical emergency that can cause brain damage, muscle weakness and possibly death.
+Carotid artery disease can lead to stroke through:
+Reduced blood flow.A carotid artery might get so narrow because of atherosclerosis that not enough blood reaches parts of the brain.
+Ruptured plaques.A piece of a plaque can break off and travel to smaller arteries in the brain. The piece of plaque can get stuck in one of these smaller arteries. This blockage cuts off blood supply to part of the brain.
+Blood clot blockage.Some plaques are prone to cracking and forming irregular surfaces on the artery wall. The body reacts as it does to an injury. It sends blood cells that help the clotting process to the area. The result can be a large clot that blocks or slows blood flow to the brain, causing a stroke.","These steps can help prevent carotid artery disease or keep it from getting worse:
+Don't smoke.Within a few years of quitting, a former smoker's risk of stroke is like a nonsmoker's.
+Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight increases other risk factors, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and sleep apnea.
+Eat a healthy diet.Focus on fruits and vegetables, whole grains and fish, nuts and legumes. Limit cholesterol and fat, especially saturated and trans fats.
+Limit salt.Too much salt can increase blood pressure in some people. Experts recommend that healthy adults eat less than 1,500 milligrams of salt a day.
+Exercise regularly.Exercise can lower blood pressure, increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the ""good"" cholesterol — and improve the overall health of your blood vessels and heart. It also helps you lose weight, control diabetes and reduce stress.
+Limit or avoid alcohol.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
+Control illnesses.Managing conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure helps protect arteries.","Diagnosis usually starts with a medical history and physical exam. The exam generally includes listening for a swooshing sound, known as bruit, over the carotid artery in the neck. A narrowed artery causes the sound. The next step might be a test of physical and mental abilities such as strength, memory and speech.","The goal in treating carotid artery disease is to prevent stroke. Treatment depends on how blocked the carotid arteries are, whether the blockage is causing symptoms, and the age and other illnesses of the person who has the blockage.
+Treatment for mild to moderate blockage might involve:
+Lifestyle changes to slow the buildup of fatty deposits.These might include quitting smoking, losing weight, eating healthy foods, reducing salt and exercising regularly.
+Medicines to control blood pressure or lower cholesterol.This might include taking a daily aspirin or other blood-thinning medicine to prevent blood clots.
+For severe blockage or for people who've had aTIAor stroke, treatment might involve removing the blockage. The options include:
+Carotid endarterectomy.This is the most common treatment for severe carotid artery disease. After cutting along the front of the neck, a surgeon opens the blocked carotid artery and removes the plaques. The surgeon uses stitches or a graft to repair the artery.
+Carotid angioplasty and stenting.This treatment is for blockages too hard to reach with carotid endarterectomy or for people who have other health conditions that make surgery too risky. This involves a local numbing medicine, known as anesthesia.A surgeon uses a tube, known as a catheter, to send a tiny balloon to the area of the clog. The surgeon inflates the balloon to widen the artery. Then the surgeon puts in a small wire mesh coil, known as a stent, to keep the artery from narrowing again.",,"Your primary care provider might refer you to a health care provider who specializes in conditions of the brain and nervous system, known as a neurologist.",,"weakness, trouble seeing, trouble understanding speech, trouble speaking, dizziness, numbness, severe headache, loss of balance, stroke, carotid artery disease"
+237,Childhood apraxia of speech,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/symptoms-causes/syc-20352045,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352051,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/doctors-departments/ddc-20352054,"Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a rare speech disorder. Children with this disorder have trouble controlling their lips, jaws and tongues when speaking.
+InCAS, the brain has trouble planning for speech movement. The brain isn't able to properly direct the movements needed for speech. The speech muscles aren't weak, but the muscles don't form words the right way.
+To speak correctly, the brain has to make plans that tell the speech muscles how to move the lips, jaw and tongue. The movements usually result in accurate sounds and words spoken at the proper speed and rhythm.CASaffects this process.
+CASis often treated with speech therapy. During speech therapy, a speech-language pathologist teaches the child to practice the correct way to say words, syllables and phrases.","Children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) may have a variety of speech symptoms. Symptoms vary depending on a child's age and the severity of the speech problems.
+CAScan result in:
+Babbling less or making fewer vocal sounds than is typical between the ages of 7 to 12 months.
+Speaking first words late, typically after ages 12 to 18 months old.
+Using a limited number of consonants and vowels.
+Often leaving out sounds when speaking.
+Using speech that is hard to understand.
+These symptoms are usually noticed between ages 18 months and 2 years. Symptoms at this age may indicate suspectedCAS. SuspectedCASmeans a child may potentially have this speech disorder. The child's speech development should be watched to determine if therapy should begin.
+Children usually produce more speech between ages 2 and 4. Signs that may indicateCASinclude:
+Vowel and consonant distortions.
+Pauses between syllables or words.
+Voicing errors, such as ""pie"" sounding like ""bye.""
+Many children withCAShave trouble getting their jaws, lips and tongues to the correct positions to make a sound. They also may have a hard time moving smoothly to the next sound.
+Many children withCASalso have language problems, such as reduced vocabulary or trouble with word order.
+Some symptoms may be unique to children withCAS, which helps to make a diagnosis. However, some symptoms ofCASare also symptoms of other types of speech or language disorders. It's hard to diagnoseCASif a child has only symptoms that are found both inCASand in other disorders.
+Some characteristics, sometimes called markers, help distinguishCASfrom other types of speech disorders. Those associated withCASinclude:
+Trouble moving smoothly from one sound, syllable or word to another.
+Groping movements with the jaw, lips or tongue to try to make the correct movement for speech sounds.
+Vowel distortions, such as trying to use the correct vowel but saying it incorrectly.
+Using the wrong stress in a word, such as pronouncing ""banana"" as ""BUH-nan-uh"" instead of ""buh-NAN-uh.""
+Using equal emphasis on all syllables, such as saying ""BUH-NAN-UH.""
+Separation of syllables, such as putting a pause or gap between syllables.
+Inconsistency, such as making different errors when trying to say the same word a second time.
+Having a hard time imitating simple words.
+Voicing errors, such as saying ""down"" instead of ""town.""",,"Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) has a number of possible causes. But often a cause can't be determined. There usually isn't an observable problem in the brain of a child withCAS.
+However,CAScan be the result of brain conditions or injury. These may include a stroke, infections or traumatic brain injury.
+CASalso may occur as a symptom of a genetic disorder, syndrome or metabolic condition.
+CASis sometimes referred to as developmental apraxia. But children withCASdon't make typical developmental sound errors and they don't grow out ofCAS. This is unlike children with delayed speech or developmental disorders who typically follow patterns in speech and sounds development but at a slower pace than usual.",Changes in theFOXP2gene appear to increase the risk of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and other speech and language disorders. TheFOXP2gene may be involved in how certain nerves and pathways in the brain develop. Researchers continue to study how changes in theFOXP2gene may affect motor coordination and speech and language processing in the brain. Other genes also may impact motor speech development.,"Many children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) have other problems that affect their ability to communicate. These problems aren't due toCAS, but they may be seen along withCAS.
+Symptoms or problems that are often present along withCASinclude:
+Delayed language. This may include trouble understanding speech, reduced vocabulary, or not using correct grammar when putting words together in a phrase or sentence.
+Delays in intellectual and motor development and problems with reading, spelling and writing.
+Trouble with gross and fine motor movement skills or coordination.
+Trouble using communication in social interactions.","Diagnosing and treating childhood apraxia of speech at an early stage may reduce the risk of long-term persistence of the problem. If your child experiences speech problems, have a speech-language pathologist evaluate your child as soon as you notice any speech problems.","To evaluate your child's condition, a speech-language pathologist reviews your child's symptoms and medical history. The speech-language pathologist also conducts an exam of the muscles used for speech, and looks at how your child produces speech sounds, words and phrases.
+Your child's speech-language pathologist also may assess your child's language skills, including vocabulary, sentence structure and ability to understand speech.
+Diagnosis ofCASisn't based on a single test or observation. A diagnosis is made based on the pattern of problems that are seen. The specific tests conducted during the evaluation depend on your child's age, ability to cooperate and the severity of the speech problem.
+It can sometimes be hard to diagnoseCAS, especially when a child speaks very little or has trouble interacting with the speech-language pathologist.
+Still, it's important to identify whether your child shows symptoms ofCASbecauseCASis treated differently from other speech disorders. Your child's speech-language pathologist may be able to determine the best treatment approach for your child even if the diagnosis is not certain at first.
+Tests may include:
+Hearing tests.Your doctor may order hearing tests to determine if hearing problems could be contributing to your child's speech problems.
+Oral-motor assessment.Your child's speech-language pathologist will examine your child's lips, tongue, jaw and palate for structural problems, such as tongue-tie or a cleft palate. The speech-language pathologist also will look for other problems such as low muscle tone. Low muscle tone usually isn't associated withCAS, but it may be a sign of other conditions.Your child's speech-language pathologist will watch how your child moves his or her lips, tongue and jaw in activities such as blowing, smiling and kissing.
+Speech evaluation.Your child's ability to make sounds, words and sentences may be observed during play or other activities.Your child may be asked to name pictures. This allows the speech-language pathologist to check to see if your child has trouble making specific sounds or speaking certain words or syllables.Your child's speech-language pathologist also may evaluate your child's coordination and smoothness of movement in speech. Your child may be asked to repeat syllables such as ""pa-ta-ka"" or say words such as ""buttercup.""If your child can speak sentences, the speech-language pathologist observes your child's melody and rhythm of speech. Melody and rhythm are heard in the way your child puts stress on syllables and words.Your child's speech-language pathologist may help your child by providing cues, such as saying the word or sound more slowly or providing touch cues to the face.
+A trial of speech therapy to observe how your child responds toCAStreatment can help the speech-language pathologist confirmCAS.","Children don't outgrow childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), but speech therapy can help them make the most progress. Speech-language pathologists may treatCASwith many therapies.","It can be hard to have a child who has problems communicating. There are a number of support groups available for parents of children with childhood apraxia of speech. Support groups may offer a place for you to find people who understand what you're going through and who can share similar experiences.
+To learn about support groups in your area, see the Apraxia Kids website.","Your child is likely to start by seeing a doctor trained in the general care and treatment of children, known as a pediatrician. Or your child might see a doctor trained in treating children with neurological conditions, known as a pediatric neurologist, or a doctor specializing in developmental disorders experienced by children, known as a developmental pediatrician. Your child will likely be referred to a specialist in speech and language conditions, known as a speech-language pathologist.
+Because appointments have limited time and there's a lot to talk about, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your child's appointment. Here's some information to help you and your child get ready and to get an idea of what to expect.","You and your family can work with your child at home. Home practice, in addition to your child's speech therapy sessions, may help your child's progress.
+Encourage and support your child as your child practices speech and language skills. Your child is likely to feel good about making improvements in speech with your support.
+Be mindful of giving your child rests from therapy, as well. If your child has physical or occupational therapy along with speech therapy, schedule the sessions so that your child doesn't become too tired.","apraxia, speaking late, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+babbling less, cascan, limited consonants and vowels, trouble moving smoothly, making fewer vocal sounds, inconsistency, separation of syllables, groping movements, equal emphasis on all syllables, hard to understand, hard time imitating simple words, leaving out sounds, vowel distortions, voicing errors, wrong stress, pauses between syllables or words"
+238,Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20544249,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20544259,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia/doctors-departments/ddc-20544291,"Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare condition that happens in a baby before birth. It occurs early in pregnancy when a baby's diaphragm — the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen — fails to close as it should. This leaves a hole in the diaphragm. The hole is called a hernia.
+This hernia in the muscle of the diaphragm creates an opening between the abdomen and the chest. The intestines, stomach, liver and other abdominal organs may move through the hole into the baby's chest. If the intestines are in the chest, they don't develop the typical connections that hold them in place in the abdomen (malrotation). They may twist on themselves, cutting off their blood supply (volvulus).
+In addition, the lung is small on the side of the diaphragm with the hernia, but the development of both lungs is affected. The air sacs (alveoli) inside the lungs don't develop as they should. This results in problems with blood flow and increased pressure inside the lung's blood vessels. The blood pressure in the lungs is higher than it should be, which can make it hard for the baby to breathe after birth. Some infants may also have problems with heart development.
+Treatment ofCDHdepends on when the condition is found, how serious it is and whether there are problems with the heart.","Congenital diaphragmatic hernia ranges in severity. It may be mild and have few or no effects on the baby, or it can be more serious and affect the ability to bring oxygen to the rest of the body.
+Babies born withCDHmay have:
+Severe trouble breathing due to small lungs that don't work well (pulmonary hypoplasia).
+A type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart (pulmonary hypertension).
+Problems with development of the heart.
+Damage to the intestines, stomach, liver and other abdominal organs if they move through the hernia into the chest.",CDHmay be found during a routine fetal ultrasound. Your health care provider can discuss treatment options with you.,"In most cases, the cause of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is not known. In some cases,CDHcan be linked to a genetic disorder or random gene changes called mutations. In these cases, the baby may have more issues at birth, such as problems with the heart, eyes, arms and legs, or stomach and intestines.",,"Complications that can occur withCDHinclude:
+Lung problems.
+Stomach, intestine and liver problems.
+Heart disease.
+Recurrent infections.
+Hearing loss.
+Changes in the shape of the chest and curve of the spine.
+Gastroesophageal reflux — stomach acid flowing back into the tube called the esophagus, which connects the mouth and stomach.
+Problems with growth and weight gain.
+Developmental delays and learning disabilities.
+Other problems present from birth.",,"Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is most often found during a routine fetal ultrasound exam that's done before your baby is born. A prenatal ultrasound exam uses sound waves to make images of your uterus and baby.
+Occasionally, the diagnosis may not be made until after birth. Rarely,CDHmay not be diagnosed until childhood or later. This may be because there are no signs or symptoms or because signs and symptoms such as respiratory and intestinal problems are mild.
+Your health care provider uses prenatal ultrasound and other tests to track the growth and function of your baby's lungs, heart and other organs during your pregnancy.Prenatal ultrasoundUsually, you have your first fetal ultrasound during the first few months (first trimester) of your pregnancy. It confirms that you are pregnant and shows the number and size of your baby or babies.Most often, you have another ultrasound during months four to six (second trimester) of your pregnancy. Your health care provider checks the growth and development of your baby. Your provider looks at the size and location of your baby's lungs, heart and other organs.If your baby shows signs ofCDH, your provider may have you get ultrasound exams more often. This can show how severeCDHis and whether it's getting worse.Other testsMore tests may be done to assess the function of your baby's organs. These may include:Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).This is a medical imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues in the baby's body.Fetal echocardiogram.An echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce images of the baby's heart beating and pumping blood. The images from an echocardiogram can identify problems with the developing heart.Genetic tests.Genetic testing can identify genetic syndromes or other gene changes that are sometimes associated withCDH. Genetic counseling can help you understand these test results and give you more information about your baby's condition.Care at Mayo ClinicOur caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your congenital diaphragmatic hernia (cdh)-related health concernsStart HereMore InformationCongenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) care at Mayo ClinicGenetic testingTreatmentTreatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia depends on when the condition is found and how serious it is. Your health care team helps you decide what's best for you and your baby.Care before deliveryYour health care team watches you closely before your baby is born. You typically have ultrasounds and other tests often to check your baby's health and development.An emerging treatment for severeCDHnow being studied is called fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO). This surgery is done on your baby while you're still pregnant. The goal is to help the baby's lungs grow as much as possible before birth.FETOis done in two procedures:First procedure.The first procedure happens early in the last few months (third trimester) of your pregnancy. Your surgeon makes a small incision in your abdomen and uterus. The surgeon inserts a special tube with a camera at the end, called a fetal endoscope, through your baby's mouth and into the windpipe (trachea). A small balloon is placed in your baby's trachea and inflated.The natural uterine fluid during pregnancy, called amniotic fluid, flows in and out of your baby's lungs through the mouth. Inflating the balloon keeps amniotic fluid in your baby's lungs. The fluid expands the lungs to help them develop.Second procedure.After about 4 to 6 weeks, you have a second procedure. The balloon is removed so that your baby is ready to take air into the lungs after birth.A special delivery method may be used if labor starts before the balloon has been removed and removal of the balloon with an endoscope is not possible. This method is called an ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure. The delivery is done by C-section with placental support. This means that your baby continues to get oxygen through the placenta before the umbilical cord is cut. Placental support continues until the balloon is out and a breathing tube is in place, allowing a machine to take over breathing.FETOmay not be the right choice for everyone. And there's no guarantee about the results of surgery. Your health care team evaluates you and your baby to see whether you may be candidates for this surgery. Talk to your team about the benefits and possible complications for you and your baby.Care during deliveryUsually, you can deliver your baby either vaginally or by C-section. You and your health care provider decide which method is best for you.Care after deliveryAfter birth, the health care team helps you plan treatment that meets your baby's needs. Your baby will likely be cared for in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU).Your baby may need to have a breathing tube. The tube is attached to a machine that helps your baby breathe. This gives the lungs and heart time to grow and develop.Babies who have life-threatening lung problems may need a treatment called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This is also known as extracorporal life support (ECLS). TheECMOmachine does the work of your baby's heart and lungs, allowing these organs to rest and heal.How long your baby needs support to breathe depends on the response to treatment and other factors.Most babies who haveCDHhave surgery to close the hole in the diaphragm. When this surgery takes place depends on your baby's health and other factors. Follow-up care to ensure the repair remains in place usually includes chest X-rays.After leaving the hospital, your baby may need extra support. This can include supplemental oxygen. Oxygen is delivered by thin plastic tubing with prongs that fit into the nostrils or thin tubing connected to a mask worn over the nose and mouth. Feeding support may also be needed to help with growth and development. Medicine may be given for conditions associated withCDH, such as acid reflux or pulmonary hypertension.Regular follow-up appointments with your child's health care provider can address any problems early.More InformationCongenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) care at Mayo ClinicExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)Fetal surgeryRequest an appointmentCoping and supportLearning that your baby has congenital diaphragmatic hernia can bring a range of emotions. You may have many questions about the treatment plan for you and your baby.You don't have to face this alone. There are many resources to support you and your baby. If you have questions about your baby's condition and treatment, talk with your health care team.Preparing for your appointmentYou'll probably start by discussing your baby's condition with your obstetrician. You'll likely be referred to a health care team with experience in caring for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.What you can doTo prepare for your appointment:Ask a family member or friend to come with you,if you're comfortable with that. Sometimes it can be difficult to remember all the information provided during an appointment. Someone who goes with you may remember something that you missed or forgot. You may want to take notes.Prepare questions to ask your health care provider,so you don't forget to cover anything that's important to you.Some basic questions to ask include:What's the likely cause of my baby's condition?How severe is the condition?What other problems might my baby have withCDH?What tests will my baby need?What treatments are available, and what do you recommend?What are the chances of having another baby with this condition?Should I see a specialist?Are there brochures or other printed materials that I can have? What websites do you recommend?By Mayo Clinic Staff",Treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia depends on when the condition is found and how serious it is. Your health care team helps you decide what's best for you and your baby.,"Learning that your baby has congenital diaphragmatic hernia can bring a range of emotions. You may have many questions about the treatment plan for you and your baby.
+You don't have to face this alone. There are many resources to support you and your baby. If you have questions about your baby's condition and treatment, talk with your health care team.",You'll probably start by discussing your baby's condition with your obstetrician. You'll likely be referred to a health care team with experience in caring for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.,,"problems with development, trouble breathing, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, high blood pressure, oxygen, hernia, pulmonary hypoplasia, hypertension"
+239,Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/median-arcuate-ligament-syndrome-mals/symptoms-causes/syc-20505001,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/median-arcuate-ligament-syndrome-mals/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20505007,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/median-arcuate-ligament-syndrome-mals/doctors-departments/ddc-20505013,"Median arcuate ligament syndrome, also called MALS, happens when the band of tissue in the upper belly area presses on the artery that sends blood to the stomach, spleen and liver. This tissue is called the median arcuate ligament. The artery is called the celiac artery.
+The median arcuate ligament creates a pathway between the chest and belly area for the body's main blood vessel, called the aorta. Typically, the ligament goes across the aorta. The celiac artery sits just below the arch.
+But sometimes, the ligament or arteries may be out of place. The ligament may put pressure on the celiac artery and the network of surrounding nerves, called the celiac plexus. This pressure can cause the symptoms ofMALS. The condition can cause serious stomach pain in some people.
+MALScan occur in anyone, even children. Other names forMALSare:
+Celiac artery compression syndrome.
+Celiac axis syndrome.
+Dunbar syndrome.
+Treatment involves surgery to release pressure from the ligament on the artery and nerves.","Pressure on the celiac artery doesn't always cause symptoms.MALSsymptoms are mainly caused by pressure on the nerves.
+Symptoms ofMALSinclude:
+Stomach pain after eating or exercising.
+The stomach pain gets better by leaning forward or backward or standing while eating.
+Fear of eating food because of pain.
+Unintended weight loss.
+Bloating.
+Diarrhea.
+Nausea and vomiting.","There are many different causes of stomach pain. If your stomach pain continues despite home care, call your healthcare professional. You need a complete physical exam and tests to determine the specific cause.
+If your stomach pain is bad and activity or movement makes it worse, call your healthcare professional immediately. Get medical help right away if your stomach pain occurs with:
+Bloody stools.
+Fever.
+Nausea and vomiting that doesn't go away.
+Severe tenderness when you touch your belly.
+Swelling of the belly.
+Yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, also called jaundice.
+Sometimes upper stomach pain can be confused with chest pain. Sometimes chest pain can be due to a heart attack. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you have chest or upper stomach pain with or without any of the following symptoms:
+Pressure, fullness or tightness in your chest.
+Crushing or searing pain that spreads to your jaw, neck, shoulders, and one or both arms.
+Pain that lasts more than a few minutes or gets worse with activity.
+Shortness of breath.
+Cold sweats.
+Dizziness or weakness.
+Nausea or vomiting.","The exact cause of median arcuate ligament syndrome, also called MALS, is not known.","Because the cause ofMALSis poorly understood, the risk factors are unclear. Median arcuate ligament syndrome is more common in adults than in children. It also is more common among women than among men.
+MALSalso has been seen in identical twins, so genetics may play a role.
+Some people have developed median arcuate ligament syndrome after pancreatic surgery or blunt injury to the upper stomach area.","A complication of median arcuate ligament syndrome, also called MALS, is long-term pain, especially after meals. The pain can lead to a fear of eating and significant weight loss. The pain and related depression or anxiety can greatly impact quality of life.MALSsymptoms may be vague. The symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions. It may take some time to get an accurate diagnosis.",,"To diagnose median arcuate ligament syndrome, also called MALS, a healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms. The healthcare professional may hear a whooshing sound, called a bruit, when listening to your stomach with a stethoscope. The sound may occur when a blood vessel is narrowed.","Surgery is the only treatment for median arcuate ligament syndrome, also called MALS. Surgery forMALScan improve or reduce symptoms in most people.
+The most common surgical treatment is median arcuate ligament release, also called decompression. It's usually done as an open surgery through a cut in the belly area. Sometimes it is done using a camera and small instruments passed through several smaller openings. This is called laparoscopic surgery.
+During decompression surgery, the surgeon cuts away parts of the median arcuate ligament. This reduces pressure on the celiac artery and nerves. The surgeon removes the nerves around the celiac artery and its branches. Bundles of nerves on each side of the celiac artery also may be removed.
+Some people withMALSalso may need surgery to repair or replace a blocked celiac artery and restore blood flow.
+If you haveMALSrelease surgery, you usually stay in the hospital for 2 to 3 days. You may have an ultrasound or aCTscan about a month after surgery to make sure that blood flow is fully restored. You may need to see a nutritionist to help with returning to a healthy diet. This is particularly helpful if you have not been eating or have lost a lot of weight.","Living withMALSmay make you feel sad, anxious or depressed. The challenge of getting an accurate diagnosis may be overwhelming. Sharing your thoughts and feelings with others who have similar experiences may be helpful. A support group can provide emotional support and help you learn new coping skills.
+The NationalMALSFoundation provides information and connections for people with median arcuate ligament syndrome. Also, ask a member of your healthcare team to recommend a support group in your area.","Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have stomach pain that doesn't go away or other symptoms of median arcuate ligament syndrome.
+A medical appointment can be brief, and there is often a lot to discuss. So it's a good idea to be properly prepared for your appointment. Writing down your list of questions or concerns is one of many steps you can take to get ready for your appointment.","Pain and stress often occur in a cycle. Pain can make you feel stressed. Stress can make pain worse.MALSpain may make it difficult to eat, exercise, sleep and do everyday tasks.
+Relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing and meditation, may reduce pain and improve mental health.","pain, nausea, nausea and vomiting, bloating, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, unintended weight loss, weight loss"
+243,Barrett's esophagus,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/barretts-esophagus/symptoms-causes/syc-20352841,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/barretts-esophagus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352846,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/barretts-esophagus/doctors-departments/ddc-20352848,"Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which the flat pink lining of the swallowing tube that connects the mouth to the stomach (esophagus) becomes damaged by acid reflux, which causes the lining to thicken and become red.
+Between the esophagus and the stomach is a critically important valve, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Over time, theLESmay begin to fail, leading to acid and chemical damage of the esophagus, a condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).GERDis often accompanied by symptoms such as heartburn or regurgitation. In some people, thisGERDmay trigger a change in the cells lining the lower esophagus, causing Barrett's esophagus.
+Barrett's esophagus is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer. Although the risk of developing esophageal cancer is small, it's important to have regular checkups with careful imaging and extensive biopsies of the esophagus to check for precancerous cells (dysplasia). If precancerous cells are discovered, they can be treated to prevent esophageal cancer.","The development of Barrett's esophagus is most often attributed to long-standingGERD, which may include these signs and symptoms:
+Frequent heartburn and regurgitation of stomach contents
+Difficulty swallowing food
+Less commonly, chest pain
+Curiously, approximately half of the people diagnosed with Barrett's esophagus report little if any symptoms of acid reflux. So, you should discuss your digestive health with your doctor regarding the possibility of Barrett's esophagus.","If you've had trouble with heartburn, regurgitation and acid reflux for more than five years, then you should ask your doctor about your risk of Barrett's esophagus.
+Seek immediate help if you:
+Have chest pain, which may be a symptom of a heart attack
+Have difficulty swallowing
+Are vomiting red blood or blood that looks like coffee grounds
+Are passing black, tarry or bloody stools
+Are unintentionally losing weight","The exact cause of Barrett's esophagus isn't known. While many people with Barrett's esophagus have long-standingGERD, many have no reflux symptoms, a condition often called ""silent reflux.""
+Whether this acid reflux is accompanied byGERDsymptoms or not, stomach acid and chemicals wash back into the esophagus, damaging esophagus tissue and triggering changes to the lining of the swallowing tube, causing Barrett's esophagus.","Factors that increase your risk of Barrett's esophagus include:
+Family history.Your odds of having Barrett's esophagus increase if you have a family history of Barrett's esophagus or esophageal cancer.
+Being male.Men are far more likely to develop Barrett's esophagus.
+Being white.White people have a greater risk of the disease than do people of other races.
+Age.Barrett's esophagus can occur at any age but is more common in adults over 50.
+Chronic heartburn and acid reflux.HavingGERDthat doesn't get better when taking medications known as proton pump inhibitors or havingGERDthat requires regular medication can increase the risk of Barrett's esophagus.
+Current or past smoking.
+Being overweight.Body fat around your abdomen further increases your risk.","People with Barrett's esophagus have an increased risk of esophageal cancer. The risk is small, even in people who have precancerous changes in their esophagus cells. Fortunately, most people with Barrett's esophagus will never develop esophageal cancer.",,"Endoscopy is generally used to determine if you have Barrett's esophagus.
+A lighted tube with a camera at the end (endoscope) is passed down your throat to check for signs of changing esophagus tissue. Normal esophagus tissue appears pale and glossy. In Barrett's esophagus, the tissue appears red and velvety.
+Your doctor will remove tissue (biopsy) from your esophagus. The biopsied tissue can be examined to determine the degree of change.",Treatment for Barrett's esophagus depends on the extent of abnormal cell growth in your esophagus and your overall health.,,"Barrett's esophagus is most often diagnosed in people withGERDwho are being examined forGERDcomplications. If your doctor discovers Barrett's esophagus on an endoscopy exam, you may be referred to a doctor who treats digestive diseases (gastroenterologist).","Lifestyle changes can ease symptoms ofGERD, which may underlie Barrett's esophagus. Consider:
+Maintaining a healthy weight.
+Eliminating foods and drinks that trigger your heartburn,such as chocolate, coffee, alcohol and mint.
+Stopping smoking.
+Raising the head of your bed.Place wooden blocks under your bed to elevate your head.","regurgitation of stomach contents, chest pain, frequent heartburn, heartburn, difficulty swallowing food, barrett's esophagus, barrett's esophagus report little if any symptoms of acid reflux"
+245,Swimmer's itch,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-itch/symptoms-causes/syc-20355043,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-itch/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355049,,"Swimmer's itch is a rash that can occur after you go swimming or wading outdoors. It's most common after being in freshwater lakes and ponds, but you can get it in saltwater too.
+Swimmer's itch is usually caused by a reaction to tiny parasites in the water that burrow into your skin while you're swimming or wading in warm, calm water. These parasites can't survive in people, so they soon die.
+Swimmer's itch usually clears on its own within a few days. In the meantime, you can control itching with medicine.","Swimmer's itch symptoms include an itchy rash that looks like pimples or blisters. Symptoms may begin within minutes or as long as two days after swimming or wading in contaminated water.
+Usually the rash affects skin that's not covered by swimsuits, wetsuits or waders. Your sensitivity to swimmer's itch can increase each time you're exposed to the parasites that cause it.","Talk to your health care provider if you have a rash after swimming that lasts more than a week. If you notice pus at the rash site, check with your health care provider. You might be referred to a doctor who specializes in skin conditions (dermatologist).","Swimmer's itch is caused by an allergic reaction to parasites that burrow into your skin from warm water. These parasites are found in some animals that live near ponds and lakes, including geese, ducks and muskrats.
+The parasites' eggs get into the water through the animals' waste. When the young parasites hatch, they live and grow in a type of snail that lives in shallow water. The snails then release the parasites into the water, where they can infect humans.
+Swimmer's itch isn't contagious from person to person.","Factors that can increase the risk of swimmer's itch include:
+Spending time in water that's infested with certain parasites.
+Forgetting to dry off with a towel after getting out of the water.
+Being sensitive to the parasites that cause swimmer's itch.","Swimmer's itch usually isn't serious, but your skin can become infected if you scratch the rash.","Follow these tips to avoid swimmer's itch:
+Choose swimming spots carefully.Avoid being in water near the shore where swimmer's itch is a known problem or where signs have been posted warning of the risk. Also avoid being in marshy areas where snails are often found.
+Rinse after swimming.Rinse exposed skin with clean water right after leaving the water. Then dry the skin with a towel.
+Skip the bread crumbs.Don't feed birds on piers or near swimming areas.",Your health care provider will likely diagnose swimmer's itch by looking at your skin and talking with you about your activities and symptoms. The condition can look like poison ivy rash and other skin conditions. There are no specific tests to diagnose swimmer's itch.,"Swimmer's itch typically clears up on its own within a week. If the itching is severe, your health care provider may recommend prescription-strength lotions or creams.",,You're likely to start by seeing your primary health care provider. Or you may be referred immediately to a specialist in skin conditions (dermatologist).,"These tips might help reduce the itch:
+Apply a corticosteroid cream or an anti-itch lotion, such as those that contain calamine.
+Take an oral nonprescription antihistamine (Benadryl) or one with loratadine (Alavert, Claritin, others). The latter type causes less sleepiness than does Benadryl.
+Avoiding scratching the rash.
+Cover affected areas with a clean, damp washcloth.
+Soak in a bath sprinkled with Epsom salts, baking soda or an oatmeal-based bath product (Aveeno, others).
+Make a paste of baking soda and water, and then apply it to the affected skin.","rash, blisters, itch, pimples, itchy rash"
+247,CSF leak (Cerebrospinal fluid leak),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/csf-leak/symptoms-causes/syc-20522246,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/csf-leak/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20522247,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/csf-leak/doctors-departments/ddc-20522248,"Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds the brain and spinal cord and provides a cushion to protect them from injury. There are three layers that surround the spinal cord and brain. When there is a hole or tear in the outermost layer, aCSFleak occurs. The hole or tear in this outer layer, called the dura mater, allows some of the fluid to escape.
+There are two distinct types ofCSFleaks: spinalCSFleaks and cranialCSFleaks. Each type has different symptoms, causes and treatments.
+A spinalCSFleak occurs anywhere in the spinal column. The most common symptom of a spinalCSFleak is a headache.
+A cranialCSFleak occurs in the skull, and often causes symptoms such as clear fluid leaking from the nose or ear.
+SomeCSFleaks may heal with bed rest and other conservative treatment. ManyCSFleaks need a patch to cover the hole or surgery to repair the leak.",Symptoms vary between spinal and cranialCSFleaks.,,"SpinalCSFleaks may be caused by:
+A spinal tap, also called a lumbar puncture.
+An epidural in the spine for pain relief, such as during labor and delivery.
+An injury to the head or spine.
+Bone spurs along the spine.
+Irregularities of the dura mater around the nerve roots in the spine.
+Irregular connections between dura mater and veins. These are referred to asCSF-venous fistulas.
+Prior surgery on the spine.
+CranialCSFleaks may be caused by:
+A head injury.
+Sinus surgery.
+Increased pressure in the brain.
+Malformations of the inner ear.
+SometimesCSFleaks develop after very minor events:
+Sneezing.
+Coughing.
+Straining to have a bowel movement.
+Lifting heavy objects.
+Falling.
+Stretching.
+Exercise.
+When there is no surgery or procedure prior to the start of aCSFleak, it is called a spontaneousCSFleak.","Risk factors for spinalCSFleaks include:
+Having a previous surgery or procedure on or around the spine.
+Connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, which often also cause joint hypermobility and dislocations.
+Risk factors for cranialCSFleaks include:
+Having a previous surgery on or around the skull.
+Obesity.
+Obstructive sleep apnea.
+Head trauma.
+Tumor at the skull base.
+Irregularities of the skull base or inner ear.","If a cranialCSFleak is left untreated, complications may occur. Possible complications include meningitis and tension pneumocephalus, which is when air enters the spaces surrounding the brain. Untreated spinalCSFleaks may lead to subdural hematomas, or bleeding on the surface of the brain.",,,"SomeCSFleaks improve with bed rest alone, but most need treatment.
+Treatments for spinalCSFleaks may include:
+Epidural blood patch.This treatment involves taking a sample of your own blood, then injecting it into the spinal canal. The blood cells form a clot, which can create a patch to cover the area where theCSFis leaking.
+Fibrin sealant.Fibrin sealant is special glue made from substances in human plasma that help with blood clotting. Used alone or mixed with your blood, it is injected into the spinal canal to cover the hole and stop theCSFleak.
+Surgery.SomeCSFleaks need surgery. Surgery is performed if the other treatment options don't work and the precise site of the leak is known. There are several types of surgical treatments that repairCSFleaks. Surgery may involve repairing theCSFleak with stitches or grafts made from patches of muscle or fat.
+Trans-venous embolization.This minimally invasive procedure is used only forCSF-venous fistulas.CSF-venous fistulas are irregular connections that occur in the spine and allowCSFfluid to leak into the blood vessels. Trans-venous embolization stops the leak by gluing shut the fistula from inside the affected vein.
+Some cranialCSFleaks, such as those caused by trauma, may improve with conservative measures such as:
+Bed rest.
+Elevating the head of the bed.
+Taking stool softeners to prevent straining.
+Other cranialCSFleaks require surgical repair.",,"After discussing your symptoms with your healthcare professional, you might receive a referral to see a doctor trained in brain and spine conditions for further evaluation. Doctors with this training include neurologists, neurosurgeons and ENTs.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,symptoms vary
+248,Stroke,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20350113,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350119,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/doctors-departments/ddc-20350121,"An ischemic stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked or reduced. This prevents brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in minutes. Another type of stroke is a hemorrhagic stroke. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or bursts and causes bleeding in the brain. The blood increases pressure on brain cells and damages them.
+A stroke is a medical emergency. It's crucial to get medical treatment right away. Getting emergency medical help quickly can reduce brain damage and other stroke complications.
+The good news is that fewer Americans die of stroke now than in the past. Effective treatments also can help prevent disability from stroke.","If you or someone you're with may be having a stroke, pay attention to the time the symptoms began. Some treatments are most effective when given soon after a stroke begins.
+Symptoms of stroke include:
+Trouble speaking and understanding what others are saying.A person having a stroke may be confused, slur words or may not be able to understand speech.
+Numbness, weakness or paralysis in the face, arm or leg.This often affects just one side of the body. The person can try to raise both arms over the head. If one arm begins to fall, it may be a sign of a stroke. Also, one side of the mouth may droop when trying to smile.
+Problems seeing in one or both eyes.The person may suddenly have blurred or blackened vision in one or both eyes. Or the person may see double.
+Headache.A sudden, severe headache may be a symptom of a stroke. Vomiting, dizziness and a change in consciousness may occur with the headache.
+Trouble walking.Someone having a stroke may stumble or lose balance or coordination.","Seek immediate medical attentionif you notice any symptoms of a stroke, even if they seem to come and go or they disappear completely. Think ""FAST"" and do the following:
+Face.Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop?
+Arms.Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward? Or is one arm unable to rise?
+Speech.Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is the person's speech slurred or different from usual?
+Time.If you see any of these signs, call 911 or emergency medical help right away.
+Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. Don't wait to see if symptoms stop. Every minute counts. The longer a stroke goes untreated, the greater the potential for brain damage and disability.
+If you're with someone you suspect is having a stroke, watch the person carefully while waiting for emergency assistance.","There are two main causes of stroke. An ischemic stroke is caused by a blocked artery in the brain. A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by leaking or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain. Some people may have only a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain, known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA). ATIAdoesn't cause lasting symptoms.",Many factors can increase the risk of stroke. Potentially treatable stroke risk factors include:,"A stroke can sometimes cause temporary or permanent disabilities. Complications depend on how long the brain lacks blood flow and which part is affected. Complications may include:
+Loss of muscle movement, known as paralysis.You may become paralyzed on one side of the body. Or you may lose control of certain muscles, such as those on one side of the face or one arm.
+Trouble talking or swallowing.A stroke might affect the muscles in the mouth and throat. This can make it hard to talk clearly, swallow or eat. You also may have trouble with language, including speaking or understanding speech, reading or writing.
+Memory loss or trouble thinking.Many people who have had strokes experience some memory loss. Others may have trouble thinking, reasoning, making judgments and understanding concepts.
+Emotional symptoms.People who have had strokes may have more trouble controlling their emotions. Or they may develop depression.
+Pain.Pain, numbness or other feelings may occur in the parts of the body affected by stroke. If a stroke causes you to lose feeling in the left arm, you may develop a tingling sensation in that arm.
+Changes in behavior and self-care.People who have had strokes may become more withdrawn. They also may need help with grooming and daily chores.","You can take steps to prevent a stroke. It's important to know your stroke risk factors and follow the advice of your healthcare professional about healthy lifestyle strategies. If you've had a stroke, these measures might help prevent another stroke. If you have had a transient ischemic attack (TIA), these steps can help lower your risk of a stroke. The follow-up care you receive in the hospital and afterward also may play a role.
+Many stroke prevention strategies are the same as strategies to prevent heart disease. In general, healthy lifestyle recommendations include:
+Control high blood pressure, known as hypertension.This is one of the most important things you can do to reduce your stroke risk. If you've had a stroke, lowering your blood pressure can help prevent aTIAor stroke in the future. Healthy lifestyle changes and medicines often are used to treat high blood pressure.
+Lower the amount of cholesterol and saturated fat in your diet.Eating less cholesterol and fat, especially saturated fats and trans fats, may reduce buildup in the arteries. If you can't control your cholesterol through dietary changes alone, you may need a cholesterol-lowering medicine.
+Quit tobacco use.Smoking raises the risk of stroke for smokers and nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke. Quitting lowers your risk of stroke.
+Manage diabetes.Diet, exercise and losing weight can help you keep your blood sugar in a healthy range. If lifestyle factors aren't enough to control blood sugar, you may be prescribed diabetes medicine.
+Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight contributes to other stroke risk factors, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
+Eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.Eating five or more servings of fruits or vegetables every day may reduce the risk of stroke. The Mediterranean diet, which emphasizes olive oil, fruit, nuts, vegetables and whole grains, may be helpful.
+Exercise regularly.Aerobic exercise reduces the risk of stroke in many ways. Exercise can lower blood pressure, increase the levels of good cholesterol, and improve the overall health of the blood vessels and heart. It also helps you lose weight, control diabetes and reduce stress. Gradually work up to at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity on most or all days of the week. The American Heart association recommends getting 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity a week. Moderate intensity activities can include walking, jogging, swimming and bicycling.
+Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all.Drinking large amounts of alcohol increases the risk of high blood pressure, ischemic strokes and hemorrhagic strokes. Alcohol also may interact with other medicines you're taking. However, drinking small to moderate amounts of alcohol may help prevent ischemic stroke and decrease the blood's clotting tendency. A small to moderate amount is about one drink a day. Talk to your healthcare professional about what's appropriate for you.
+Treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).OSAis a sleep disorder that causes you to stop breathing for short periods several times during sleep. Your healthcare professional may recommend a sleep study if you have symptoms ofOSA. Treatment includes a device that delivers positive airway pressure through a mask to keep the airway open while you sleep.
+Don't use illicit drugs.Certain illicit drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine are established risk factors for aTIAor a stroke.","During a stroke, things move quickly once you get to the hospital. Your emergency team works to learn what type of stroke you're having. You'll likely have aCTscan or other imaging test soon after arrival. Healthcare professionals also need to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms, such as a brain tumor or a drug reaction.","Emergency treatment depends on whether you're having an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. During an ischemic stroke, blood vessels in the brain are blocked or narrowed. During a hemorrhagic stroke, there's bleeding into the brain.","A stroke is a life-changing event that can affect your emotional well-being as much as your physical function. Some people may feel frustrated or depressed. A stroke may cause mood changes and a lower sex drive.
+Maintaining your self-esteem, connections to others and interest in the world are essential parts of your recovery. Several strategies may help you and your caregivers, including:
+Don't be hard on yourself.Physical and emotional recovery involves tough work and takes time. Celebrate your progress. Allow time for rest.
+Join a support group.Meeting with others recovering from a stroke lets you get out and share experiences. You also can exchange information and build new friendships.
+Let friends and family know what you need.People may want to help, but they may not know what to do. Let them know how they can help. You might ask that they bring over a meal and stay to eat with you and talk. Or you might ask that they attend social events or religious activities with you.","A stroke in progress is usually diagnosed in a hospital. If you're having a stroke, your immediate care focuses on reducing brain damage. If you haven't had a stroke but you're worried about your risk, talk to your healthcare professional at your next appointment.",,"coordination problems, droop, headache, weakness, vomiting, trouble understanding speech, double vision, blurred vision, trouble speaking, dizziness, numbness, paralysis, confusion, blackened vision, loss of balance, stroke, slurred words"
+249,Earwax blockage,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/earwax-blockage/symptoms-causes/syc-20353004,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/earwax-blockage/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353007,,"Earwax blockage occurs when earwax (cerumen) builds up in your ear or becomes too hard to wash away naturally.
+
+Earwax is a helpful and natural part of your body's defenses. It cleans, coats and protects your ear canal by trapping dirt and slowing the growth of bacteria.
+
+If earwax blockage becomes a problem, your health care provider can take simple steps to remove the wax safely.",Signs and symptoms of earwax blockage may include:,"Earwax blockage that has no symptoms can sometimes clear on its own. However, if you have signs and symptoms of earwax blockage, talk to your health care provider.
+
+Signs and symptoms may signal another condition.There's no way to know if you have too much earwax without having someone, usually your health care provider, look in your ears. Having signs and symptoms, such as earache or hearing loss, doesn't always mean you have wax buildup. You may have another health condition that needs attention.
+
+Wax removal is most safely done by a health care provider.Your ear canal and eardrum are delicate and can be damaged easily. Don't try to remove earwax yourself by putting anything in your ear canal, such as a cotton swab, especially if you have had ear surgery, have a hole (perforation) in your eardrum, or are having ear pain or drainage.
+
+Children usually have their ears checked as part of any medical exam. If needed, a health care provider can remove excess earwax from your child's ear during an office visit.","The wax in your ears is made by glands in the skin of your outer ear canal. The wax and tiny hairs in these passages trap dust and other materials that could damage deeper parts of your ear, such as your eardrum.
+
+In most people, a small amount of earwax regularly makes its way to the ear opening. At the opening, it's washed away or falls out as new wax replaces it. If your ears make too much wax or if earwax isn't cleared well enough, it may build up and block your ear canal.
+
+Earwax blockages often happen when people try to get earwax out on their own by using cotton swabs or other items in their ears. This usually just pushes wax deeper into the ear, rather than removing it.",,,,Your health care provider can see if you have earwax blockage by looking in your ear. Your provider uses a special tool that lights and magnifies your inner ear (otoscope) to look in your ear.,"Your health care provider can remove excess wax by using a small, curved tool called a curet or by using suction techniques. Your provider can also flush out the wax using a syringe filled with warm water and saline or diluted hydrogen peroxide. Medicated ear drops may also be recommended to help soften the wax, such as carbamide peroxide (Debrox Earwax Removal Kit, Murine Ear Wax Removal System). Because these drops can irritate the delicate skin of the eardrum and ear canal, use them only as directed.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your health care provider. In some rare cases, however, you may be referred to a provider with special training in ear disorders (ear, nose and throat specialist).
+
+As you prepare for your appointment, it's a good idea to write a list of questions. Your health care provider may have questions for you as well, such as:",,"Here is the list of symptoms:
+
+hearing loss, itchiness, ear fullness, discharge, fever, odor, earache, cough"
+250,Incompetent cervix,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/incompetent-cervix/symptoms-causes/syc-20373836,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/incompetent-cervix/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373842,,"An incompetent cervix happens when weak cervical tissue causes or plays a part in a premature birth or the loss of a healthy pregnancy. An incompetent cervix also is called cervical insufficiency.
+The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens to the vagina. Before pregnancy, it's usually closed and firm. As pregnancy goes on and you get ready to give birth, the cervix slowly changes. It softens, gets shorter and opens. If you have an incompetent cervix, it might begin to open too soon causing you to give birth too early.
+An incompetent cervix can be a hard problem to diagnose and treat. If your cervix begins to open early, or if you've had cervical insufficiency in the past, you might benefit from treatment. This might include having a procedure done to close the cervix with strong sutures, called a cervical cerclage. You also may take medicine to help the incompetent cervix and have ultrasound exams to check how things are going.","With an incompetent cervix, there may be no signs or symptoms during early pregnancy. Some women have mild discomfort or spotting before the diagnosis. Often, this occurs before 24 weeks of pregnancy.
+Be on the lookout for:
+A feeling of pelvic pressure.
+A new backache.
+Mild stomach cramps.
+A change in vaginal discharge.
+Light vaginal bleeding.",,,"Many women don't have a known risk factor. Risk factors for an incompetent cervix include:
+Cervical trauma.A previous procedure or surgery on the cervix could lead to an incompetent cervix. This includes surgery to treat a cervical problem found during a Pap test. A procedure called a dilation and curettage (D&C) also could be associated with an incompetent cervix. Rarely, a cervical tear during a previous labor and delivery could be a risk factor for an incompetent cervix.
+A condition you're born with.This is called a congenital condition. Certain uterine conditions might cause an incompetent cervix. Genetic problems affecting a type of protein that makes up your body's connective tissues, called collagen, might cause an incompetent cervix.","An incompetent cervix may be risky for your pregnancy. Possible complications include:
+Premature birth.
+Pregnancy loss.","You can't prevent an incompetent cervix. But there's a lot you can do to have a healthy, full-term pregnancy. For example:
+Seek regular prenatal care.Regular checkups during pregnancy can help your care team monitor your health and your baby's health. Tell your doctor about any signs or problems that worry you, even if they seem silly or not important.
+Eat a healthy diet.During pregnancy, you'll need more folic acid, calcium, iron and other essential nutrients. Taking a daily prenatal vitamin can help if you're not eating enough healthy foods. Prenatal vitamins can be started a few months before conception and continued throughout your pregnancy.
+Gain weight wisely.Gaining the right amount of weight can support your baby's health. A weight gain of 25 to 35 pounds, or about 11 to 16 kilograms, is often the target if you are at a healthy weight before pregnancy.
+Avoid risky substances.If you smoke, quit. Alcohol and illegal drugs are off-limits too. Get your doctor's OK before taking any medicines or supplements, even those available without a prescription.
+If you've had an incompetent cervix during one pregnancy, you're at risk of premature birth or pregnancy loss in later pregnancies. If you're considering getting pregnant again, talk with your doctor to understand the risks and what you can do to promote a healthy pregnancy.","An incompetent cervix can be found only during pregnancy. It can be a difficult diagnosis to make, especially during a first pregnancy.
+Your doctor or other member of your care team may ask about your symptoms and medical history. Be sure to tell your care team if you've had a pregnancy loss in the second trimester of a past pregnancy or if you have a history of preterm delivery. Also tell your care team about any procedures you've had on your cervix.
+Your doctor might diagnose an incompetent cervix if you have:
+A history of painless widening of the cervix, known as dilation, and second trimester delivery during a past pregnancy.
+Advanced cervical dilation and effacement before week 24 of pregnancy. Effacement means the cervix gets thinner and softer. Cervical dilation and effacement can happen without painful contractions. They may also happen with vaginal bleeding, infection or ruptured membranes, which is when your water breaks.
+Diagnosis of an incompetent cervix during the second trimester also may include:
+An ultrasound exam.During this exam, you have a thin, wandlike device, called a transducer, placed inside the vagina. This is known as a transvaginal ultrasound. The transducer puts out sound waves that get converted to pictures you can see on a screen. This type of ultrasound can be used to check the length of your cervix and to see if any tissues are sticking out of the cervix.
+A pelvic exam.During a pelvic exam, your doctor checks the cervix to see if the amniotic sac can be felt through the opening. The amniotic sac is where the baby is growing. If the wall of the sac is in the cervical canal or vagina, it's called prolapsed fetal membranes, and it means that the cervix has started to open. Your doctor may also check to see if you're having any contractions and track them, if needed.
+Lab tests.If you have prolapsed fetal membranes, you may need other tests to rule out an infection. In some cases, this may include taking a sample of amniotic fluid. This is called an amniocentesis. Amniocentesis can be used to check for infection in the amniotic sac and fluid.
+There are no reliable tests that can be done before pregnancy to predict if you'll have an incompetent cervix. But certain tests done before pregnancy, such as an ultrasound orMRI, could help find congenital problems with the uterus that might cause an incompetent cervix.","Treatment options or ways to manage an incompetent cervix include:
+Progesterone supplementation.If you have a short cervix with no history of a preterm birth, vaginal progesterone may lower your risk of having your baby too early. This medicine comes in the form of a gel or a suppository that gets placed in the vagina each day.
+Repeated ultrasounds.If you have a history of early premature birth, or a history that may increase your risk of an incompetent cervix, your doctor might closely monitor the length of your cervix. To do this, you have ultrasounds every two weeks from week 16 through week 24 of pregnancy. If your cervix begins to open or becomes shorter than a certain length, you might need a cervical cerclage.
+Cervical cerclage.During this procedure, the cervix is stitched tightly closed. The stitches are taken out during the last month of pregnancy or just before delivery. You may need a cervical cerclage if you are less than 24 weeks pregnant, you have a history of early births and an ultrasound shows that your cervix is starting to open.Sometimes, cervical cerclage is done as a preventive measure before the cervix starts to open. This is known as a prophylactic cervical cerclage. You might have this type of cervical cerclage if you've had an incompetent cervix with past pregnancies. This procedure often is done before 14 weeks of pregnancy.Cervical cerclage isn't the right choice for everyone at risk of premature birth. For instance, the procedure isn't recommended if you're pregnant with twins or more. Be sure to talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits cervical cerclage may have for you.
+Pessary.A device called a pessary fits inside the vagina and holds the uterus in place. A pessary may help lessen pressure on the cervix. But more research is needed to see if a pessary will work well for treating an incompetent cervix.","It may be difficult to learn that you have an incompetent cervix. It may make you feel anxious about your pregnancy and afraid to think about the future. Ask your care team for suggestions on safe ways to relax.
+Having a premature birth might make you feel that you did something to cause it. Or that you could have done more to stop it from happening. If you're struggling with these feelings, talk to your partner and loved ones, as well as your doctor. Try to focus your energy on caring for and getting to know your baby.","Tell your doctor about any risk factors you may have for an incompetent cervix. Also tell your doctor if you have any symptoms during your second trimester that might mean you have an incompetent cervix. Depending on the situation, you might need immediate medical care.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, as well as what to expect from your health care provider.","If you have an incompetent cervix, your doctor might suggest limiting sexual activity or avoiding certain other physical activities. This advice will depend on your individual situation.","pelvic pressure, spotting, discomfort or spotting before the diagnosis., change in vaginal discharge, stomach cramps, backache, vaginal bleeding, discomfort"
+251,Cervical spondylosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-spondylosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370787,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-spondylosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370792,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-spondylosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20370793,"Cervical spondylosis is a general term for age-related wear and tear affecting the spinal disks in your neck. As the disks dehydrate and shrink, signs of osteoarthritis develop, including bony projections along the edges of bones (bone spurs).
+
+Cervical spondylosis is very common and worsens with age. More than 85% of people older than age 60 are affected by cervical spondylosis.
+
+For most people, cervical spondylosis causes no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, nonsurgical treatments often are effective.","Most people experience no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they typically include pain and stiffness in the neck.
+
+Sometimes, cervical spondylosis results in a narrowing of the spinal canal within the bones of the spine (the vertebrae). The spinal canal is the space inside the vertebrae that the spinal cord and the nerve roots pass through to reach the rest of the body. If the spinal cord or nerve roots become pinched, you might experience:","Seek medical attention if you notice a sudden onset of numbness or weakness, or loss of bladder or bowel control.","As people age, the structures that make up the backbone and neck gradually develop wear and tear. These changes can include:",Risk factors for cervical spondylosis include:,"If cervical spondylosis severely compresses your spinal cord or nerve roots, the damage can be permanent.",,Your health care provider will likely start with a physical exam that includes:,"Treatment for cervical spondylosis depends on its severity. The goal of treatment is to relieve pain, help you maintain your usual activities as much as possible, and prevent permanent injury to the spinal cord and nerves.",,"You might be referred to a physical therapist or a doctor specializing in spine disorders (orthopedist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and to know what to expect.",,"pain, stiffness, spondylosis"
+252,Neck pain,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neck-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20375581,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neck-pain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375587,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neck-pain/doctors-departments/ddc-20375588,"Neck pain is common. Poor posture — whether from leaning over a computer or hunching over a workbench — strains neck muscles. Osteoarthritis also is a common cause of neck pain.
+Rarely, neck pain can be a symptom of a more serious problem. Seek medical care for neck pain with numbness or loss of strength in the arms or hands or for pain that shoots into a shoulder or down an arm.","Symptoms include:
+Pain that's often worsened by holding the head in one place for long periods, such as when driving or working at a computer
+Muscle tightness and spasms
+Decreased ability to move the head
+Headache","Seek immediate care if severe neck pain results from an injury, such as a motor vehicle accident, diving accident or fall.
+Contact a health care provider if neck pain:
+Is severe
+Persists for several days without relief
+Spreads down arms or legs
+Comes with headache, numbness, weakness or tingling","Because the neck supports the weight of the head, it can be at risk of injuries and conditions that cause pain and restrict motion. Neck pain causes include:
+Muscle strains.Overuse, such as too many hours hunched over a computer or a smartphone, often triggers muscle strains. Even minor things, such as reading in bed, can strain neck muscles.
+Worn joints.As with other joints in the body, neck joints tend to wear with age. In response to this wear and tear, the body often forms bone spurs that can affect joint motion and cause pain.
+Nerve compression.Herniated disks or bone spurs in the vertebrae of the neck can press on the nerves branching out from the spinal cord.
+Injuries.Rear-end auto collisions often result in whiplash injury. This occurs when the head jerks backward and then forward, straining the soft tissues of the neck.
+Diseases.Certain diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, meningitis or cancer, can cause neck pain.",,,"Most neck pain is associated with poor posture combined with age-related wear and tear. To help prevent neck pain, keep your head centered over your spine. Some simple changes in your daily routine may help. Consider trying to:
+Use good posture.When standing and sitting, be sure your shoulders are in a straight line over your hips and your ears are directly over your shoulders. When using cell phones, tablets and other small screens, keep your head up and hold the device straight out rather than bending your neck to look down at the device.
+Take frequent breaks.If you travel long distances or work long hours at your computer, get up, move around, and stretch your neck and shoulders.
+Adjust your desk, chair and computerso that the monitor is at eye level. Knees should be slightly lower than hips. Use your chair's armrests.
+If you smoke, quit.Smoking can increase the risk of developing neck pain.
+Avoid carrying heavy bags with straps over your shoulder.The weight can strain your neck.
+Sleep in a healthy position.Your head and neck should be aligned with your body. Use a small pillow under your neck. Try sleeping on your back with your thighs elevated on pillows, which will flatten your spinal muscles.
+Stay active.If you don't move much, increase your activity level.","Your health care provider will take a medical history and do an exam. The exam will include checking for tenderness, numbness and muscle weakness. And it will test how far you can move your head forward, backward and side to side.",The most common types of mild to moderate neck pain usually respond within two or three weeks to self-care. Pain relievers and the use of heat might be all that's needed.,,"You might initially contact your primary care provider about your neck pain. You then might be referred to:
+A doctor who specializes in nonoperative treatment of musculoskeletal conditions (physical medicine and rehabilitation specialist)
+A doctor who specializes in arthritis and other diseases that affect the joints (rheumatologist)
+A doctor who specializes in treating nerve-related disorders (neurologist)
+A doctor who operates on bones and joints (orthopedic surgeon)","Besides taking pain relievers, self-care measures that might relieve neck pain include:
+Alternate heat and cold.Reduce inflammation by applying cold, such as an ice pack or ice wrapped in a towel, for up to 15 minutes several times a day during the first 48 hours. After that, use heat. Try taking a warm shower or using a heating pad on the low setting.
+Home exercises.Keeping the neck moving is important. Begin daily gentle stretching, including neck rolls and shoulder rolls, once the worst of the pain lessens. Gently tilt, bend and rotate the neck. Warm the neck and back with a heating pad or in the shower or bath before doing these exercises.","pain, headache, muscle tightness, decreased ability to move, spasms"
+253,Cystic fibrosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353706,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20353709,"Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a condition passed down in families that causes damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body.
+CF affects the cells that make mucus, sweat and digestive juices. These fluids, also called secretions, are usually thin and slippery to protect the body's internal tubes and ducts and make them smooth pathways. But in people with CF, a changed gene causes the secretions to become sticky and thick. The secretions plug up pathways, especially in the lungs and pancreas.
+CF gets worse over time and needs daily care, but people with CF usually can attend school and work. They often have a better quality of life than people with CF had in past decades. Better screening and treatments mean that people with CF now may live into their mid- to late 50s or longer, and some are being diagnosed later in life.","In the U.S., because of newborn screening, cystic fibrosis can be diagnosed within the first month of life, before symptoms develop. But people born before newborn screening became available may not be diagnosed until the symptoms of CF show up.
+CF symptoms vary, depending on which organs are affected and how severe the condition is. Even in the same person, symptoms may worsen or get better at different times. Some people may not have symptoms until their teenage years or adulthood.
+People who are not diagnosed until adulthood usually have milder symptoms and are more likely to have symptoms that aren't typical. These may include repeated bouts of an inflamed pancreas called pancreatitis, infertility and repeated bouts of pneumonia.
+People with CF have a higher than usual level of salt in their sweat. Parents often can taste the salt when they kiss their children. Most of the other symptoms of CF affect the respiratory system and digestive system.","If you or your child has symptoms of cystic fibrosis — or if someone in your family has CF — talk with your healthcare professional about testing for the condition. Make an appointment with a doctor who has skills and experience in treating CF.
+CF requires regular follow-up with your healthcare professional, at least every three months. Call your healthcare professional if you have new or worsening symptoms, such as more mucus than usual or a change in the mucus color, lack of energy, weight loss, or severe constipation.
+Get medical care right away if you're coughing up blood, have chest pain or trouble breathing, or have severe stomach pain and bloating.
+Call 911 or your local emergency number or go to the emergency department at a hospital if:
+You're having a hard time catching your breath or talking.
+Your lips or fingernails turn blue or gray.
+Others notice that you're not mentally alert.","In cystic fibrosis, a change in a gene causes problems with the protein that controls the movement of salt and water in and out of cells. This gene is the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. It affects the cells that make mucus, sweat and digestive juices. When the CFTR protein doesn't work as it should, the result is thick, sticky mucus in the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems, as well as extra salt in sweat.
+Changes in the CFTR gene that cause CF are divided into several different groups based on the problems they cause. Different groups of gene changes affect how much CFTR protein is made and how well it works.
+To have cystic fibrosis, children must get one copy of the changed CFTR gene from each parent. If children get only one copy, they won't develop CF. But they will be carriers and could pass the changed gene to their own children. People who are carriers may have no symptoms of CF or a few mild symptoms.","Because cystic fibrosis is a condition passed down in families, family history is a risk factor.
+CF occurs in all races, but it's most common in white people of Northern European ancestry. Because it's less common in people who are Black, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American or Asian, this might lead to a much later diagnosis.
+A late diagnosis may cause worse health issues. Early and effective treatment can improve your quality of life, prevent complications and help you live longer. If you're a person of color and have symptoms that could be CF, talk to your healthcare professional so that you can get tested for CF.","Complications of cystic fibrosis can affect the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems, as well as other organs.","If you or your partner have close relatives with cystic fibrosis, you both may choose to have genetic testing before having children. Testing done in a lab on a sample of blood can help find out your risk of having a child with CF.
+If you're already pregnant and the genetic test shows that your baby may be at risk of CF, your healthcare professional can do other tests on your unborn child.
+Genetic testing isn't for everyone. Before you decide to be tested, talk with a genetic counselor about the mental health impact the test results might have.","To diagnose cystic fibrosis, healthcare professionals typically do a physical exam, review your symptoms and do tests.","There is no cure for cystic fibrosis, but treatment can ease symptoms, lessen complications and improve quality of life. Close monitoring and early, aggressive intervention is recommended to slow the worsening of CF over time. This can lead to a longer life.
+Managing CF is complicated, so it's best to get treatment at a center with a multispecialty team of doctors and other healthcare professionals trained in CF. They can evaluate and treat your condition.
+The goals of treatment include:
+Preventing and controlling infections that occur in the lungs.
+Removing and loosening mucus from the lungs.
+Treating and preventing intestinal blockage.
+Getting enough nutrition.","If you or someone you love has cystic fibrosis, you may have strong emotions such as depression, anxiety, anger or fear. These feelings may be especially common in teens. These tips may help.
+Find support.Talking openly about how you feel can help. It also may help to talk with others who have the same condition. That might mean joining a support group for yourself or finding a support group for parents of children with cystic fibrosis. Older children with CF may want to join a CF group to meet and talk with others who have the condition.
+Get professional help.If you or your child is depressed or anxious, it may help to meet with a mental health professional. You can talk about feelings and ways to cope. The mental health professional may suggest medicines or other treatments too.
+Spend time with friends and family.Having their support can help you manage stress and lessen anxiety. Ask your friends or family for help when you need it.
+Take time to learn about cystic fibrosis.If your child has cystic fibrosis, encourage your child to learn about CF. Find out how medical care is managed for children with CF as they grow older and reach adulthood. Talk with your healthcare professional if you have questions about care.","Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you or your child has symptoms common to cystic fibrosis. After the evaluation, you may be referred to a specialist trained in diagnosing and treating CF.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment, as well as what to expect from your healthcare professional.",Here are some ways you can manage cystic fibrosis and lessen complications.,"repeated bouts, higher than usual level of salt in sweat, cf, pancreatitis, salt, inflamed pancreas, fibrosis, pneumonia, infertility"
+254,Hip dysplasia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-dysplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20350209,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-dysplasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350214,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-dysplasia/doctors-departments/ddc-20350215,"Hip dysplasia is the medical term for a hip socket that doesn't fully cover the ball portion of the upper thighbone. This allows the hip joint to become partially or completely dislocated. Most people with hip dysplasia are born with the condition.
+Healthcare professionals will check your baby for signs of hip dysplasia shortly after birth and during well-baby visits. If hip dysplasia is diagnosed in early infancy, a soft brace can usually correct the problem.
+Mild hip dysplasia might not start causing symptoms until a person is a teenager or young adult. Hip dysplasia can damage the cartilage lining the joint. It also can hurt the soft cartilage, called the labrum, that rims the socket portion of the hip joint. This is called a hip labral tear.
+In older children and young adults, surgery may be needed to move the bones into the proper positions for smooth joint movement.","Symptoms vary by age group. In infants, you might notice that one leg is longer than the other. Once a child begins walking, a limp may develop. During diaper changes, one hip may be less flexible than the other.
+In teenagers and young adults, hip dysplasia can cause painful complications such as osteoarthritis or a hip labral tear. This may cause activity-related groin pain. Sometimes, there might be a sensation of instability in the hip.",,"At birth, the hip joint is made of soft cartilage that gradually hardens into bone. The ball and socket need to fit together well because they act as molds for each other. If the ball isn't seated firmly into the socket, the socket will not fully form around the ball and will become too shallow.
+During the final month before birth, the space within the womb can become so crowded that the ball of the hip joint moves out of its proper position. This results in a shallower socket. Factors that may reduce the amount of space in the womb include:
+First pregnancy.
+Large baby.
+Breech presentation.",Hip dysplasia tends to run in families and is more common in girls. The risk of hip dysplasia is also higher in babies born in the breech position and in babies who are swaddled tightly with the hips and knees straight.,"Later in life, hip dysplasia can damage the soft cartilage, called the labrum, that rims the socket portion of the hip joint. This is called a hip labral tear. Hip dysplasia can also make the joint more likely to develop osteoarthritis. This happens because of higher contact pressures over a smaller surface of the socket. Over time, this wears away the smooth cartilage on the bones that helps them glide against each other as the joint moves.",,"During well-baby visits, healthcare professionals typically check for hip dysplasia by moving an infant's legs into a variety of positions that help indicate whether the hip joint fits together well. If hip dysplasia is suspected, a hip ultrasound might be ordered to check the hip joint for signs of dysplasia.
+Mild cases of hip dysplasia can be difficult to diagnose and might not start causing problems until you're a young adult. If your healthcare team suspects hip dysplasia, they might suggest imaging tests, such as X-rays or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).","Hip dysplasia treatment depends on the age of the affected person and the extent of the hip damage. Infants are usually treated with a soft brace, such as a Pavlik harness, that holds the ball portion of the joint firmly in its socket for several months. This helps the socket mold to the shape of the ball.
+The brace doesn't work as well for babies older than 6 months. Instead, the healthcare professional may move the bones into the proper position and then hold them there for several months with a full-body cast. Sometimes surgery is needed to fit the joint together properly.
+If the dysplasia is more serious, the position of the hip socket also can be corrected. In a periacetabular (per-e-as-uh-TAB-yoo-lur) osteotomy, the socket is repositioned in the pelvis so that it matches up better with the ball.
+Hip replacement surgery might be an option for older people whose dysplasia has severely damaged their hips over time, resulting in debilitating arthritis.",,You'll probably first bring your concerns to your family healthcare professional. They might refer you to an orthopedic surgeon.,,"limp, osteoarthritis, painful, painful complications such as, dysplasia, one hip may be less flexible than the other, sensation of instability in the hip, groin pain, one leg is longer than the other"
+255,Drug addiction (substance use disorder),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365113,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/doctors-departments/ddc-20365115,"Drug addiction, also called substance use disorder, is a disease that affects a person's brain and behavior and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medicine. Substances such as alcohol, marijuana and nicotine also are considered drugs. When you're addicted, you may continue using the drug despite the harm it causes.
+Drug addiction can start with experimental use of a recreational drug in social situations, and, for some people, the drug use becomes more frequent. For others, particularly with opioids, drug addiction begins when they take prescribed medicines or receive them from others who have prescriptions.
+The risk of addiction and how fast you become addicted varies by drug. Some drugs, such as opioid painkillers, have a higher risk and cause addiction more quickly than others.
+As time passes, you may need larger doses of the drug to get high. Soon you may need the drug just to feel good. As your drug use increases, you may find that it's increasingly difficult to go without the drug. Attempts to stop drug use may cause intense cravings and make you feel physically ill. These are called withdrawal symptoms.
+Help from your health care provider, family, friends, support groups or an organized treatment program can help you overcome your drug addiction and stay drug-free.","Drug addiction symptoms or behaviors include, among others:
+Feeling that you have to use the drug regularly — daily or even several times a day
+Having intense urges for the drug that block out any other thoughts
+Over time, needing more of the drug to get the same effect
+Taking larger amounts of the drug over a longer period of time than you intended
+Making certain that you maintain a supply of the drug
+Spending money on the drug, even though you can't afford it
+Not meeting obligations and work responsibilities, or cutting back on social or recreational activities because of drug use
+Continuing to use the drug, even though you know it's causing problems in your life or causing you physical or psychological harm
+Doing things to get the drug that you normally wouldn't do, such as stealing
+Driving or doing other risky activities when you're under the influence of the drug
+Spending a good deal of time getting the drug, using the drug or recovering from the effects of the drug
+Failing in your attempts to stop using the drug
+Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when you attempt to stop taking the drug","If your drug use is out of control or causing problems, get help. The sooner you seek help, the greater your chances for a long-term recovery. Talk with your health care provider or see a mental health provider, such as a doctor who specializes in addiction medicine or addiction psychiatry, or a licensed alcohol and drug counselor.
+Make an appointment to see a provider if:
+You can't stop using a drug
+You continue using the drug despite the harm it causes
+Your drug use has led to unsafe behavior, such as sharing needles or unprotected sex
+You think you may be having withdrawal symptoms after stopping drug use
+If you're not ready to approach a health care provider or mental health professional, help lines or hotlines may be a good place to learn about treatment. You can find these lines listed on the internet or in the phone book.","Like many mental health disorders, several factors may contribute to development of drug addiction. The main factors are:
+Environment.Environmental factors, including your family's beliefs and attitudes and exposure to a peer group that encourages drug use, seem to play a role in initial drug use.
+Genetics.Once you've started using a drug, the development into addiction may be influenced by inherited (genetic) traits, which may delay or speed up the disease progression.","People of any age, sex or economic status can become addicted to a drug. Certain factors can affect the likelihood and speed of developing an addiction:
+Family history of addiction.Drug addiction is more common in some families and likely involves an increased risk based on genes. If you have a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with alcohol or drug addiction, you're at greater risk of developing a drug addiction.
+Mental health disorder.If you have a mental health disorder such as depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or post-traumatic stress disorder, you're more likely to become addicted to drugs. Using drugs can become a way of coping with painful feelings, such as anxiety, depression and loneliness, and can make these problems even worse.
+Peer pressure.Peer pressure is a strong factor in starting to use and misuse drugs, particularly for young people.
+Lack of family involvement.Difficult family situations or lack of a bond with your parents or siblings may increase the risk of addiction, as can a lack of parental supervision.
+Early use.Using drugs at an early age can cause changes in the developing brain and increase the likelihood of progressing to drug addiction.
+Taking a highly addictive drug.Some drugs, such as stimulants, cocaine or opioid painkillers, may result in faster development of addiction than other drugs. Smoking or injecting drugs can increase the potential for addiction. Taking drugs considered less addicting — so-called ""light drugs"" — can start you on a pathway of drug use and addiction.","Drug use can have significant and damaging short-term and long-term effects. Taking some drugs can be particularly risky, especially if you take high doses or combine them with other drugs or alcohol. Here are some examples.
+Methamphetamine, opiates and cocaine are highly addictive and cause multiple short-term and long-term health consequences, including psychotic behavior, seizures or death due to overdose. Opioid drugs affect the part of the brain that controls breathing, and overdose can result in death. Taking opioids with alcohol increases this risk.
+GHBand flunitrazepam may cause sedation, confusion and memory loss. These so-called ""date rape drugs"" are known to impair the ability to resist unwanted contact and recollection of the event. At high doses, they can cause seizures, coma and death. The danger increases when these drugs are taken with alcohol.
+MDMA— also known as molly or ecstasy — can interfere with the body's ability to regulate temperature. A severe spike in body temperature can result in liver, kidney or heart failure and death. Other complications can include severe dehydration, leading to seizures. Long-term,MDMAcan damage the brain.
+One particular danger of club drugs is that the liquid, pill or powder forms of these drugs available on the street often contain unknown substances that can be harmful, including other illegally manufactured or pharmaceutical drugs.
+Due to the toxic nature of inhalants, users may develop brain damage of different levels of severity. Sudden death can occur even after a single exposure.","The best way to prevent an addiction to a drug is not to take the drug at all. If your health care provider prescribes a drug with the potential for addiction, use care when taking the drug and follow instructions.
+Health care providers should prescribe these medicines at safe doses and amounts and monitor their use so that you're not given too great a dose or for too long a time. If you feel you need to take more than the prescribed dose of a medicine, talk to your health care provider.","Diagnosing drug addiction (substance use disorder) requires a thorough evaluation and often includes an assessment by a psychiatrist, a psychologist, or a licensed alcohol and drug counselor. Blood, urine or other lab tests are used to assess drug use, but they're not a diagnostic test for addiction. However, these tests may be used for monitoring treatment and recovery.
+For diagnosis of a substance use disorder, most mental health professionals use criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association.","Although there's no cure for drug addiction, treatment options can help you overcome an addiction and stay drug-free. Your treatment depends on the drug used and any related medical or mental health disorders you may have. Long-term follow-up is important to prevent relapse.","Overcoming an addiction and staying drug-free require a persistent effort. Learning new coping skills and knowing where to find help are essential. Taking these actions can help:
+See a licensed therapist or licensed drug and alcohol counselor.Drug addiction is linked to many problems that may be helped with therapy or counseling, including other underlying mental health concerns or marriage or family problems. Seeing a psychiatrist, psychologist or licensed counselor may help you regain your peace of mind and mend your relationships.
+Seek treatment for other mental health disorders.People with other mental health problems, such as depression, are more likely to become addicted to drugs. Seek immediate treatment from a qualified mental health professional if you have any signs or symptoms of mental health problems.
+Join a support group.Support groups, such as Narcotics Anonymous or Alcoholics Anonymous, can be very effective in coping with addiction. Compassion, understanding and shared experiences can help you break your addiction and stay drug-free.","It may help to get an independent perspective from someone you trust and who knows you well. You can start by discussing your substance use with your primary care provider. Or ask for a referral to a specialist in drug addiction, such as a licensed alcohol and drug counselor, or a psychiatrist or psychologist. Take a relative or friend along.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"withdrawal symptoms, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+intense urges, physical harm, drug addiction symptoms or behaviors, needing more, psychological harm, taking larger amounts"
+256,Costochondritis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/costochondritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371175,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/costochondritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371180,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/costochondritis/doctors-departments/ddc-20371181,Costochondritis (kos-toe-kon-DRY-tis) is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the breastbone (sternum). Pain caused by costochondritis might mimic that of a heart attack or other heart conditions.,The pain associated with costochondritis usually:,,"Costochondritis usually has no clear cause. However, costochondritis might be associated with trauma, illness or physical strain, such as severe coughing.","Costochondritis occurs most often in women older than 40.
+
+Tietze syndrome usually occurs in teenagers and young adults, and with equal frequency in men and women.",,,"During the physical exam, a health care provider will feel along your breastbone for tenderness or swelling. The provider might also move your rib cage or your arms in certain ways to try to trigger symptoms.
+
+The pain of costochondritis can be similar to the pain associated with heart disease, lung disease, gastrointestinal problems and osteoarthritis. There is no laboratory or imaging test to confirm a diagnosis of costochondritis. But a health care provider might order certain tests, such as an electrocardiogram and chest X-ray, to rule out other conditions.","Costochondritis usually goes away on its own, although it might last for several weeks or longer. Treatment focuses on pain relief.",,You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the joints (rheumatologist).,,"pain, costochondritis"
+257,Child abuse,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/child-abuse/symptoms-causes/syc-20370864,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/child-abuse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370867,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/child-abuse/doctors-departments/ddc-20370868,"Any intentional harm or mistreatment to a child under 18 years old is considered child abuse. Child abuse takes many forms, which often occur at the same time.
+
+In many cases, child abuse is done by someone the child knows and trusts — often a parent or other relative. If you suspect child abuse, report the abuse to the proper authorities.","A child who's being abused may feel guilty, ashamed or confused. The child may be afraid to tell anyone about the abuse, especially if the abuser is a parent, other relative or family friend. That's why it's vital to watch for red flags, such as:
+
+Specific signs and symptoms depend on the type of abuse and can vary. Keep in mind that warning signs are just that — warning signs. The presence of warning signs doesn't necessarily mean that a child is being abused.","If you're concerned that your child or another child has been abused, seek help immediately. Depending on the situation, contact the child's health care provider, a local child welfare agency, the police department or a 24-hour hotline for advice. In the United States, you can get information and assistance by calling or texting the Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline at 1-800-422-4453.
+
+If the child needs immediate medical attention, call 911 or your local emergency number.
+
+In the United States, keep in mind that health care professionals and many other people, such as teachers and social workers, are legally required to report all suspected cases of child abuse to the appropriate local child welfare agency.",,Factors that may increase a person's risk of becoming abusive include:,"Some children overcome the physical and psychological effects of child abuse, particularly those with strong social support and resiliency skills who can adapt and cope with bad experiences. For many others, however, child abuse may result in physical, behavioral, emotional or mental health issues — even years later.
+
+Here are some examples.","You can take important steps to protect your child from exploitation and child abuse, as well as prevent child abuse in your neighborhood or community. The goal is to provide safe, stable, nurturing relationships for children.
+
+Here's how you can help keep children safe:
+
+Teach your child how to stay safe online.Put the computer in a common area of your home, not the child's bedroom. Use the parental controls to restrict the types of websites your child can visit. Check your child's privacy settings on social networking sites. Consider it a red flag if your child is secretive about online activities.
+
+Cover online ground rules, such as not sharing personal information; not responding to inappropriate, hurtful or frightening messages; and not arranging to meet an online contact in person without your permission. Tell your child to let you know if an unknown person makes contact through a social networking site. Report online harassment or inappropriate senders to your service provider and local authorities, if necessary.","Identifying abuse or neglect can be difficult. It requires careful evaluation of the situation, including checking for physical and behavioral signs.
+
+Factors that may be considered in determining child abuse include:
+
+If child abuse or neglect is suspected, a report needs to be made to an appropriate local child welfare agency to further investigate the case. Early identification of child abuse can keep children safe by stopping abuse and preventing future abuse from occurring.",Treatment can help both children and parents in abuse situations. The first priority is ensuring the safety and protection for children who have been abused. Ongoing treatment focuses on preventing future abuse and reducing the long-term psychological and physical consequences of abuse.,"If a child tells you he or she is being abused, take the situation seriously. The child's safety is most important. Here's what you can do:",,,"afraid, confused, guilty, ashamed"
+258,Chlamydia trachomatis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355349,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355355,,"Chlamydia (kluh-MID-e-uh) is a common sexually transmitted disease.
+Sexually transmitted diseases are infections spread mainly by contact with genitals or bodily fluids. Also called STDs, STIs or venereal disease, sexually transmitted infections are caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites.
+Chlamydia is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (truh-KOH-muh-tis) bacteria and spread through oral, vaginal or anal sex.
+You might not know you have chlamydia because many people don't have symptoms, such as genital pain and discharge from the vagina or penis. Chlamydia trachomatis affects mostly young women, but it can occur in both men and women and in all age groups.
+It's not difficult to treat, but if left untreated it can lead to more-serious health problems.","Early-stage Chlamydia trachomatis infections often cause few symptoms. Even when symptoms occur, they're often mild. That makes them easy to overlook, which is why regular screening is important.
+Symptoms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection can include:
+Painful urination.
+Vaginal discharge.
+Discharge from the penis.
+Painful vaginal sex.
+Vaginal bleeding between periods and after sex.
+Testicular pain.
+Depending on a person's sexual activity, Chlamydia trachomatis can infect the eyes, throat or rectum.
+Eye infections, called conjunctivitis, cause the inside of the eyelid to be red and irritated. In the throat, an infection may have no symptoms, or a person may have a sore throat. An infection in the rectum may have no symptoms or may cause rectal pain, discharge or bleeding.","See your healthcare professional if you have a discharge from your vagina, penis or rectum, or if you have pain during urination. Also, see your healthcare team if you learn your sexual partner has chlamydia. Your healthcare professional will likely prescribe an antibiotic even if you have no symptoms.","The Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium is most commonly spread through vaginal, oral and anal sex. It also is possible for the bacterium to spread in pregnancy, during delivery of the baby. Chlamydia can cause pneumonia or a serious eye infection in the newborn.","People who have sex before age 25 are at higher risk of chlamydia than are older people. That's because younger people are more likely to have more than one risk factor.
+Risk factors for chlamydia include:
+Not using a condom or incorrect condom use.
+Less use of health services to prevent and treat sexually transmitted infections.
+New or multiple sex partners.
+Changing sex partners before learning about a chlamydia infection.","Chlamydia trachomatis can be associated with:
+Pelvic inflammatory disease, also called PID.PID is an infection of the uterus and fallopian tubes. Severe infections might require care in the hospital. PID can damage the fallopian tubes, ovaries and uterus, including the cervix.
+Infection near the testicles.A chlamydia infection can inflame the coiled tube located beside each testicle, called the epididymis. The infection can result in fever, scrotal pain and swelling.
+Prostate gland infection.Rarely, the chlamydia bacteria can spread to the prostate gland. Prostatitis can cause pain during or after sex, fever and chills, painful urination, and lower back pain.
+Infections in newborns.The chlamydia infection can pass from the vaginal canal to your child during delivery, causing pneumonia or a serious eye infection.
+Ectopic pregnancy.This occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside of the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube. The egg needs to be removed to prevent life-threatening complications, such as a burst tube. A chlamydia infection increases this risk.
+Infertility.Chlamydia infections can cause scarring and obstruction in the fallopian tubes, which might lead to infertility.
+Reactive arthritis.People who have Chlamydia trachomatis are at higher risk of developing reactive arthritis, also known as Reiter syndrome. This condition typically affects the joints, eyes and urethra — the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of your body.","The surest way to prevent chlamydia infection is to abstain from sexual activities. Short of that, you can:
+Use condoms.Use a male latex condom or a female polyurethane condom during each sexual contact. Condoms used properly during every sexual encounter lower but don't eliminate the risk of infection.
+Limit your number of sex partners.Having multiple sex partners puts you at a high risk of contracting chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections.
+Get regular screenings.If you're sexually active, particularly if you have multiple partners, talk with your healthcare professional about how often you should be screened for chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections.
+A medicine called doxycycline may be an option to prevent infection among people at higher risk than average of getting chlamydia. Higher risk groups include men who have sex with men and transgender women.
+Taking doxycycline within 3 days of sexual activity lowers the risk of an infection with the bacteria that cause chlamydia. Your healthcare professional can prescribe doxycycline and any testing you need while taking the medicine.","The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends chlamydia testing for anyone with chlamydia symptoms. Regardless of symptoms, talk to your healthcare team to find out how often you should be screened for chlamydia. In general, some groups are screened more often than others, such as:
+Sexually active women age 25 or younger.The rate of chlamydia infection is highest in this group, so a yearly screening test is recommended. Even if you've been tested in the past year, get tested when you have a new sex partner.
+Pregnant people.Chlamydia screening may be offered during the first prenatal exam. If you have a high risk of infection, get tested again later in your pregnancy. You are at high risk if you are younger than age 25, have a new sex partner or have a sex partner who might be infected.
+People at high risk.People who have new or multiple sex partners or men who have sex with men should consider more frequent chlamydia screening. Other markers of high risk are current infection with another sexually transmitted infection and possible exposure to an STI through an infected partner.
+Screening and diagnosis of chlamydia is relatively simple. You may be able to use a test that's available without a prescription, sometimes called an at-home test, to see if you have chlamydia. If that test shows you have chlamydia, you'll need to see a healthcare professional to confirm the diagnosis and start treatment.
+To determine whether you have chlamydia, your healthcare professional will analyze a sample of cells. Samples can be collected with:
+A urine test.A sample of urine is analyzed in the laboratory for presence of this infection. This can be done for males and females.
+A swab.A sample from the cervix, vagina, throat or anus is collected on a swab for testing. From the cervix, a member of your healthcare team collects a sample of the discharge from the cervix on a swab for testing. This can be done during a routine Pap test. For a swab from the vagina, either you or the healthcare professional can do the swab. For males and females, depending on sexual history, a swab may be taken from the throat or the anus.","Chlamydia trachomatis is treated with antibiotics. You will likely need to take a medicine for seven days, or you may be given a one-time dose of a medicine.
+In most cases, the infection clears up within 1 to 2 weeks after you take the antibiotic. But you can still spread the infection at first. So avoid sexual activity from when you start treatment until all your symptoms are gone.
+Your sexual partner or partners from the last 60 days also need screening and treatment even if they don't have symptoms. Otherwise, the infection can be passed back and forth between sexual partners. Make sure to avoid sexual contact until all exposed partners are treated.
+Having chlamydia or having been treated for it in the past doesn't prevent you from getting it again.
+Three months after treatment, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends getting tested for chlamydia again. This is to make sure people haven't been reinfected with the bacteria, which can happen if sex partners aren't treated, or new sex partners have the bacteria.",,"If you think you have a sexually transmitted infection, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, see a healthcare professional.",,"painful urination, rectal pain, irritated eyelid, painful vaginal sex, testicular pain, conjunctivitis, chlamydia trachomatis, sore throat, chlamydia trachomatis infection, vaginal discharge, discharge, bleeding, red eyelid, infections, infection, discharge from the penis, pain, throat, chlamydia trachomatis infections, vaginal bleeding"
+259,Primary sclerosing cholangitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-sclerosing-cholangitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355797,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-sclerosing-cholangitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355802,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-sclerosing-cholangitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20355805,"Primary sclerosing (skluh-ROHS-ing) cholangitis (koh-lan-JIE-tis) is a disease of the bile ducts. Bile ducts carry the digestive liquid bile from your liver to your small intestine. In primary sclerosing cholangitis, inflammation causes scars within the bile ducts. These scars make the ducts hard and narrow and gradually cause serious liver damage. A majority of people with primary sclerosing cholangitis also have inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.
+In most people with primary sclerosing cholangitis, the disease progresses slowly. It can eventually lead to liver failure, repeated infections, and tumors of the bile duct or liver. A liver transplant is the only known cure for advanced primary sclerosing cholangitis, but the disease may recur in the transplanted liver in a small number of patients.
+Care for primary sclerosing cholangitis focuses on monitoring liver function, managing symptoms and, when possible, doing procedures that temporarily open blocked bile ducts.","Primary sclerosing cholangitis is often diagnosed before symptoms appear when a routine blood test or an X-ray taken for an unrelated condition shows liver abnormalities.
+Early signs and symptoms often include:
+Fatigue
+Itching
+Yellow eyes and skin (jaundice)
+Abdominal pain
+Many people diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis before they have symptoms continue to feel generally well for several years. But there's no reliable way to predict how quickly or slowly the disease will progress for any individual.
+Signs and symptoms that may appear as the disease progresses include:
+Fever
+Chills
+Night sweats
+Enlarged liver
+Enlarged spleen
+Weight loss","Make an appointment with your doctor if you have severe, unexplained itching on much of your body — itching that persists no matter how much you scratch. Also see your doctor if you feel extremely tired all the time, no matter what you do.
+It's particularly important to bring unexplained fatigue and itching to your doctor's attention if you have ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, both of which are types of inflammatory bowel disease. A majority of people with primary sclerosing cholangitis also have one of these diseases.","It's not clear what causes primary sclerosing cholangitis. An immune system reaction to an infection or toxin may trigger the disease in people who are genetically predisposed to it.
+A large proportion of people with primary sclerosing cholangitis also have inflammatory bowel disease, an umbrella term that includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
+Primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease don't always appear at the same time, though. In some cases, primary sclerosing cholangitis is present for years before inflammatory bowel disease occurs. If primary sclerosing cholangitis is diagnosed, it's important to look for inflammatory bowel disease because there is a greater risk of colon cancer.
+Somewhat less often, people being treated for inflammatory bowel disease turn out to have primary sclerosing cholangitis as well. And rarely, people with primary sclerosing cholangitis develop inflammatory bowel disease only after having a liver transplant.","Factors that may increase the risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis include:
+Age.Primary sclerosing cholangitis can occur at any age, but it's most often diagnosed between the ages of 30 and 40.
+Sex.Primary sclerosing cholangitis occurs more often in men.
+Inflammatory bowel disease.A large proportion of people with primary sclerosing cholangitis also have inflammatory bowel disease.
+Geographical location.People with Northern European heritage have a higher risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis.","Complications of primary sclerosing cholangitis may include:
+Liver disease and failure.Chronic inflammation of the bile ducts throughout your liver can lead to tissue scarring (cirrhosis), liver cell death and, eventually, loss of liver function.
+Repeated infections.If scarring of the bile ducts slows or stops the flow of bile out of the liver, you may experience frequent infections in the bile ducts. The risk of infection is particularly high after you've had a surgical procedure to expand a badly scarred bile duct or remove a stone blocking a bile duct.
+Portal hypertension.Your portal vein is the major route for blood flowing from your digestive system into your liver. Portal hypertension refers to high blood pressure in this vein.Portal hypertension can cause fluid from the liver to leak into your abdominal cavity (ascites). It can also divert blood from the portal vein to other veins, causing these veins to become swollen (varices). Varices are weak veins and tend to bleed easily, which can be life-threatening.
+Thinning bones.People with primary sclerosing cholangitis may experience thinning bones (osteoporosis). Your doctor may recommend a bone density exam to test for osteoporosis every few years. Calcium and vitamin D supplements may be prescribed to help prevent bone loss.
+Bile duct cancer.If you have primary sclerosing cholangitis, you have an increased risk of developing cancer in the bile ducts or gallbladder.
+Colon cancer.People with primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk of colon cancer. If you've been diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis, your doctor may recommend testing for inflammatory bowel disease, even if you have no signs or symptoms, since the risk of colon cancer is elevated if you have both diseases.",,"Tests and procedures used to diagnose primary sclerosing cholangitis include:
+Liver function blood test.A blood test to check your liver function, including levels of your liver enzymes, can give your doctor clues about your diagnosis.
+MRIof your bile ducts.Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (koh-lan-jee-o-pan-cree-uh-TOG-ruh-fee) uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to make images of your liver and bile ducts and is the test of choice to diagnose primary sclerosing cholangitis.
+X-rays of your bile ducts.A type of bile duct X-ray called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in addition to, or instead of, anMRImay be needed. But this test is rarely used for diagnosis because of the risk of complications.To make your bile ducts visible on an X-ray, your doctor uses a flexible tube passed down your throat to inject dye into the area of your small intestine where your bile ducts empty.AnERCPis the test of choice if signs and symptoms persist despite no abnormalities on anMRI. AnERCPis often the initial test if you're unable to have anMRIbecause of a metal implant in your body.
+Liver biopsy.A liver biopsy is a procedure to remove a piece of liver tissue for laboratory testing. Your doctor inserts a needle through your skin and into your liver to extract a tissue sample.A liver biopsy can help determine the extent of damage to your liver. The test is used only when the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis is still uncertain after less-invasive tests.","Treatments for primary sclerosing cholangitis focus on managing complications and monitoring liver damage. Many medications have been studied in people with primary sclerosing cholangitis, but so far none have been found to slow or reverse the liver damage associated with this disease.",,"Start by seeing your primary care doctor if you have signs or symptoms that worry you. If your doctor suspects you may have primary sclerosing cholangitis, you may be referred to a liver specialist (gastroenterologist or hepatologist).
+Because appointments can be brief and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well-prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and what to expect from your doctor.","If you've been diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis, take steps to care for your liver, such as:
+Don't drink alcohol.
+Get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B.
+Use care with chemicals at home and at work.
+Maintain a healthy weight.
+Follow directions on all medications, both prescription and over-the-counter. Make sure your pharmacist and any doctor prescribing for you know that you have a liver disease.
+Talk to your doctor about any herbs or supplements you're taking since some can be harmful to your liver.","itching, fatigue, liver abnormalities, night sweats
+enlarged liver
+enlarged spleen
+, night sweats, enlarged liver, chills, jaundice, yellow eyes and skin, fever, enlarged spleen, abdominal pain, primary sclerosing cholangitis, weight loss"
+260,Huntington's disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/huntingtons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20356117,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/huntingtons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356122,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/huntingtons-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20356125,"Huntington's disease causes nerve cells in the brain to decay over time. The disease affects a person's movements, thinking ability and mental health.
+Huntington's disease is rare. It's often passed down through a changed gene from a parent.
+Huntington's disease symptoms can develop at any time, but they often begin when people are in their 30s or 40s. If the disease develops before age 20, it's called juvenile Huntington's disease. When Huntington's develops early, symptoms can be different and the disease may have a faster progression.
+Medicines are available to help manage the symptoms of Huntington's disease. However, treatments can't prevent the physical, mental and behavioral decline caused by the disease.",Huntington's disease usually causes movement disorders. It also causes mental health conditions and trouble with thinking and planning. These conditions can cause a wide spectrum of symptoms. The first symptoms vary greatly from person to person. Some symptoms appear to be worse or have a greater effect on functional ability. These symptoms may change in severity throughout the course of the disease.,"See your healthcare professional if you notice changes in your movements, emotional state or mental ability. The symptoms of Huntington's disease also can be caused by a number of different conditions. Therefore, it's important to get a prompt and thorough diagnosis.","Huntington's disease is caused by a difference in a single gene that's passed down from a parent. Huntington's disease follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This means that a person needs only one copy of the nontypical gene to develop the disorder.
+With the exception of genes on the sex chromosomes, a person inherits two copies of every gene — one copy from each parent. A parent with a nontypical gene could pass along the nontypical copy of the gene or the healthy copy. Each child in the family, therefore, has a 50 percent chance of inheriting the gene that causes the genetic condition.",People who have a parent with Huntington's disease are at risk of having the disease themselves. Children of a parent with Huntington's have a 50 percent chance of having the gene change that causes Huntington's.,"After Huntington's disease starts, a person's ability to function gradually gets worse over time. How quickly the disease gets worse and how long it takes varies. The time from the first symptoms to death is often about 10 to 30 years. Juvenile Huntington's disease usually results in death within 10 to 15 years after symptoms develop.
+The depression linked with Huntington's disease may increase the risk of suicide. Some research suggests that risk of suicide is greater before a diagnosis and also when a person loses independence.
+Eventually, a person with Huntington's disease requires help with all activities of daily living and care. Late in the disease, the person will likely be confined to a bed and unable to speak. Someone with Huntington's disease is generally able to understand language and has an awareness of family and friends, though some won't recognize family members.
+Common causes of death include:
+Pneumonia or other infections.
+Injuries related to falls.
+Complications related to trouble swallowing.","People with a known family history of Huntington's disease may be concerned about whether they may pass the Huntington gene on to their children. They might consider genetic testing and family planning options.
+If an at-risk parent is considering genetic testing, it can be helpful to meet with a genetic counselor. A genetic counselor explains the potential risks of a positive test result, which may mean that the parent may develop the disease. Also, couples may need to make additional choices about whether to have children or to consider alternatives. They may decide to choose prenatal testing for the gene or in vitro fertilization with donor sperm or eggs.
+Another option for couples is in vitro fertilization and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. In this process, eggs are removed from the ovaries and fertilized with the father's sperm in a laboratory. The embryos are tested for the presence of the Huntington gene. Only those testing negative for the Huntington gene are implanted in the mother's uterus.","A preliminary diagnosis of Huntington's disease is based on your answers to questions, a general physical exam and your family medical history. Neurological tests and an evaluation of your mental health also is done.","No treatments can alter the course of Huntington's disease. But medicines can lessen some symptoms of movement and mental health conditions. And multiple interventions can help a person adapt to changes in abilities for a certain amount of time.
+The medicines you take may change over the course of the disease, depending on your overall treatment goals. Also, medicines that treat some symptoms may result in side effects that worsen other symptoms. Treatment goals are regularly reviewed and updated.",A number of strategies may help people with Huntington's disease and their families cope.,"If you have any symptoms of Huntington's disease, you'll likely be referred to a neurologist after a visit to your healthcare professional.
+A review of your symptoms, mental state, medical history and family medical history can all be important when assessing a potential neurological disorder.","Managing Huntington's disease affects the person with the disease, family members and other in-home caregivers. As the disease gets worse, the person becomes more dependent on caregivers. Several issues need to be addressed, and the ways to cope with them changes over time.","huntington's disease, mental health conditions, trouble with thinking, movement disorders, trouble with planning"
+261,Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/symptoms-causes/syc-20361940,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361959,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/doctors-departments/ddc-20362108,"Gastroesophageal reflux disease happens when stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus and causes heartburn. It's often called GERD for short. This backwash is known as acid reflux, and it can irritate the lining of the esophagus.
+Many people experience acid reflux now and then. However, when acid reflux happens repeatedly over time, it can cause GERD.
+Most people can manage the discomfort of GERD with lifestyle changes and medicines. And though it's uncommon, some may need surgery to help with symptoms.","Common symptoms of GERD include:
+A burning sensation in the chest, often called heartburn. Heartburn usually happens after eating and might be worse at night or while lying down.
+Backwash of food or sour liquid in the throat.
+Upper belly or chest pain.
+Trouble swallowing, called dysphagia.
+Sensation of a lump in the throat.
+If you have nighttime acid reflux, you also might experience:
+An ongoing cough.
+Inflammation of the vocal cords, known as laryngitis.
+New or worsening asthma.","Seek medical help right away if you have chest pain, especially if you also have shortness of breath, or jaw or arm pain. These may be symptoms of a heart attack.
+Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you:
+Have severe or frequent GERD symptoms.
+Take nonprescription medicines for heartburn more than twice a week.","GERD is caused by frequent acid reflux or reflux of nonacidic content from the stomach.
+When you swallow, a circular band of muscle around the bottom of the esophagus, called the lower esophageal sphincter, relaxes to allow food and liquid to flow into the stomach. Then the sphincter closes again.
+If the sphincter does not relax as is typical or it weakens, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus. This constant backwash of acid irritates the lining of the esophagus, often causing it to become inflamed.","Conditions that can increase the risk of GERD include:
+Obesity.
+Bulging of the top of the stomach up above the diaphragm, known as a hiatal hernia.
+Pregnancy.
+Connective tissue disorders, such as scleroderma.
+Delayed stomach emptying.
+Factors that can aggravate acid reflux include:
+Smoking.
+Eating large meals or eating late at night.
+Eating certain foods, such as fatty or fried foods.
+Drinking certain beverages, such as alcohol or coffee.
+Taking certain medicines, such as aspirin.","Over time, long-lasting inflammation in the esophagus can cause:
+Inflammation of the tissue in the esophagus, known as esophagitis.Stomach acid can break down tissue in the esophagus. This can cause inflammation, bleeding and sometimes an open sore, called an ulcer. Esophagitis can cause pain and make swallowing difficult.
+Narrowing of the esophagus, called an esophageal stricture.Damage to the lower esophagus from stomach acid causes scar tissue to form. The scar tissue narrows the food pathway, leading to problems with swallowing.
+Precancerous changes to the esophagus, known as Barrett esophagus.Damage from acid can cause changes in the tissue lining the lower esophagus. These changes are associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer.",,"A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose GERD based on a history of symptoms and a physical examination.
+To confirm a diagnosis of GERD, or to check for complications, a care professional might recommend:
+Upper endoscopy.An upper endoscopy uses a tiny camera on the end of a flexible tube to visually examine the upper digestive system. The camera helps provide a view of the inside of the esophagus and stomach. Test results may not show when reflux is present, but an endoscopy may find inflammation of the esophagus or other complications.An endoscopy also can be used to collect a sample of tissue, called a biopsy, to be tested for complications such as Barrett esophagus. In some instances, if a narrowing is seen in the esophagus, it can be stretched or dilated during this procedure. This is done to improve trouble swallowing.
+Ambulatory acid (pH) probe test.A monitor is placed in the esophagus to identify when, and for how long, stomach acid regurgitates there. The monitor connects to a small computer that's worn around the waist or with a strap over the shoulder.The monitor might be a thin, flexible tube, called a catheter, that's threaded through the nose into the esophagus. Or it might be a clip that's placed in the esophagus during an endoscopy. The clip passes into the stool after about two days.
+X-ray of the upper digestive system.X-rays are taken after drinking a chalky liquid that coats and fills the inside lining of the digestive tract. The coating allows a healthcare professional to see a silhouette of the esophagus and stomach. This is particularly useful for people who are having trouble swallowing.Sometimes, an X-ray is done after swallowing a barium pill. This can help diagnose a narrowing of the esophagus that's interfering with swallowing.
+Esophageal manometry.This test measures the rhythmic muscle contractions in the esophagus while swallowing. Esophageal manometry also measures the coordination and force exerted by the muscles of the esophagus. This is typically done in people who have trouble swallowing.
+Transnasal esophagoscopy.This test is done to look for any damage in the esophagus. A thin, flexible tube with a video camera is put through the nose and moved down the throat into the esophagus. The camera sends pictures to a video screen.","A healthcare professional is likely to recommend trying lifestyle changes and nonprescription medicines as a first line of treatment. If you don't experience relief within a few weeks, prescription medicine and additional testing may be recommended.",,"You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist.","Lifestyle changes may help reduce the frequency of acid reflux. Try to:
+Maintain a healthy weight.Excess pounds put pressure on the abdomen, pushing up the stomach and causing acid to reflux into the esophagus.
+Stop smoking.Smoking decreases the lower esophageal sphincter's ability to function properly.
+Elevate the head of your bed.If you regularly experience heartburn while trying to sleep, place wood or cement blocks under the feet at the head end of your bed. Raise the head end by 6 to 9 inches. If you can't elevate your bed, you can insert a wedge between your mattress and box spring to elevate your body from the waist up. Raising your head with additional pillows isn't effective.
+Start on your left side.When you go to bed, start by lying on your left side to help make it less likely to have reflux.
+Don't lie down after a meal.Wait at least three hours after eating before lying down or going to bed.
+Eat food slowly and chew thoroughly.Put down your fork after every bite and pick it up again once you have chewed and swallowed that bite.
+Don't consume foods and drinks that trigger reflux.Common triggers include alcohol, chocolate, caffeine, fatty foods or peppermint.
+Don't wear tight-fitting clothing.Clothes that fit tightly around the waist put pressure on the abdomen and the lower esophageal sphincter.","throat, backwash, laryngitis, chest pain, heartburn, inflammation, gerd, asthma, backwash of food, trouble swallowing, upper belly pain, ongoing cough, cough, sensation of a lump, burning sensation"
+262,Addison's disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350293,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350296,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20350298,"Addison's disease is a rare condition that happens when the body doesn't make enough of some hormones. Another name for Addison's disease is primary adrenal insufficiency. With Addison's disease, the adrenal glands make too little of the hormone cortisol. Often, they also make too little of another hormone called aldosterone.
+Damage to the adrenal glands causes Addison's disease. Symptoms can start slowly. Early symptoms may include extreme tiredness, salt cravings and weight loss.
+Addison's disease can affect anyone. Without treatment, it can be life-threatening. Treatment involves taking lab-made hormones to replace those that are missing.","Addison's disease symptoms usually happen slowly, often over months. The disease may happen so slowly that people who have it might ignore the symptoms at first. Physical stress such as an illness or injury can make symptoms get worse fast.
+Early symptoms of Addison's disease can affect you in various ways. Some early symptoms can cause discomfort or loss of energy, including:
+Extreme tiredness, also called fatigue.
+Dizziness or fainting when standing after sitting or lying down. This is due to a type of low blood pressure called postural hypotension.
+Sweating due to low blood sugar, also called hypoglycemia.
+Upset stomach, diarrhea or vomiting.
+Pain in the stomach area, also called the abdomen.
+Muscle cramps, weakness, widespread pain or joint pain.
+Other early symptoms can cause changes in how you look, such as:
+Body hair loss.
+Areas of darkened skin, especially on scars and moles. These changes may be harder to see on Black or brown skin.
+Weight loss due to less hunger.
+Early Addison's disease symptoms also can affect emotions, mental health and desires. These symptoms include:
+Depression.
+Irritable mood.
+Lower sex drive in women.
+Salt craving.","See a healthcare professional if you have common symptoms of Addison's disease, such as:
+Long-lasting fatigue.
+Muscle weakness.
+Loss of appetite.
+Darkened areas of skin.
+Weight loss that doesn't happen on purpose.
+Serious upset stomach, vomiting or stomach pain.
+Lightheadedness or fainting with standing.
+Salt cravings.
+Get emergency care right away if you have any symptoms of an adrenal crisis.","Damage to the adrenal glands causes Addison's disease. These glands sit just above the kidneys. The adrenal glands are part of the system of glands and organs that makes hormones, also called the endocrine system. The adrenal glands make hormones that affect almost every organ and tissue in the body.
+The adrenal glands are made up of two layers. The inner layer, called the medulla, makes hormones such as adrenaline. Those hormones control the body's response to stress. The outer layer, called the cortex, makes a group of hormones called corticosteroids. Corticosteroids include:
+Glucocorticoids.These hormones include cortisol, and they affect the body's ability to turn food into energy. They also play a role in the immune system and help the body respond to stress.
+Mineralocorticoids.These hormones include aldosterone. They balance the body's sodium and potassium to keep blood pressure in a healthy range.
+Androgens.In all people, the adrenal glands make small amounts of these sex hormones. They cause male sexual development. And they affect muscle mass, body hair, sex drive, and a sense of well-being in all people.
+Addison's disease also is known as primary adrenal insufficiency. A related condition is called secondary adrenal insufficiency. These conditions have different causes.","Most people who get Addison's disease don't have any factors that put them at higher risk of developing the condition. But the following may raise the risk of adrenal insufficiency:
+A history of having a disease or surgery that affects the pituitary gland or the adrenal glands.
+Certain genetic changes that affect the pituitary or adrenal glands. These include gene changes that cause the inherited disease congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
+Other autoimmune endocrine conditions, such as hypothyroidism or type 1 diabetes.
+Traumatic brain injury.","Addison's disease can lead to other health conditions called complications. These include adrenal crisis, also called addisonian crisis. If you have Addison's disease and haven't started treatment, you may develop this life-threatening complication.
+Stress on the body such as injury, infection or illness can trigger adrenal crisis. Typically, the adrenal glands make two or three times the usual amount of cortisol in response to physical stress. But with adrenal insufficiency, the adrenal glands don't make enough cortisol to meet this need. And that can lead to adrenal crisis.
+Adrenal crisis results in low blood pressure, low blood levels of sugar and high blood levels of potassium. This complication needs treatment right away.","Addison's disease can't be prevented. But you can take steps to lower the risk of adrenal crisis:
+Talk with your healthcare professional if you always feel tired or weak or are losing weight without trying. Ask if you should get tested for adrenal insufficiency.
+If you have Addison's disease, ask your healthcare professional what to do when you're sick. You'll likely need to learn how to adjust the amount of medicine that you take. You also may need to take the medicine as a shot.
+If you become very sick, go to an emergency room. This is crucial if you're vomiting and you can't take your medicine.
+Some people with Addison's disease worry about serious side effects from corticosteroid medicines. But people with Addison's disease aren't likely to get the side effects of high-dose corticosteroids used to treat many other diseases. That's because the dose prescribed is much lower and only replaces the amount that's missing.
+If you take corticosteroids, follow up with your healthcare professional regularly to make sure your dose is not too high.","Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare team takes to find out if you have Addison's disease. Your healthcare professional talks with you about your medical history and your symptoms. You might have some of the following tests that check for Addison's disease or for secondary adrenal insufficiency:
+Blood test.This test can measure blood levels of sodium, potassium, cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). A blood test also can measure proteins called antibodies related to Addison's disease caused by an autoimmune disease.
+ACTH stimulation test.ACTH tells the adrenal glands to make cortisol. This test measures the level of cortisol in the blood before and after a shot of lab-made ACTH.
+Insulin-induced hypoglycemia test.This test is done to find out if the pituitary gland is causing secondary adrenal insufficiency. The test involves checking blood sugar and cortisol levels after a shot of insulin.
+Imaging tests.A CT scan of the stomach area checks the size of the adrenal glands and looks for other issues. An MRI of the pituitary gland can spot damage that may cause secondary adrenal insufficiency.","Addison's disease treatment involves taking medicines to correct the levels of steroid hormones that the body isn't making enough of. Some treatments include corticosteroid medicines taken by mouth such as:
+Hydrocortisone (Cortef), prednisone (Rayos, Prednisone Intensol) or methylprednisolone (Medrol) to replace cortisol. You take these medicines on a schedule. This helps mimic the changes in cortisol levels the body typically goes through over 24 hours.
+Fludrocortisone acetate to replace aldosterone.
+You'll likely need plenty of sodium in your diet. This is especially true during heavy exercise and when the weather is hot. It's also true if you have digestive troubles such as diarrhea.
+Your healthcare professional may tell you to raise the dose of your medicine for a short time if your body is stressed. Such stress can come from having surgery, an infection or a minor illness. If you're vomiting and can't keep down your medicine, you may need shots of corticosteroids.
+Follow these treatment recommendations as well:
+Carry a medical alert card and bracelet at all times.A steroid emergency card and medical alert bracelet or tag let emergency care professionals know what kind of care you need. Also have a written action plan.
+Keep extra medicine handy.It can be dangerous to miss even one day of medicine. So keep a small supply at work and take extra medicine with you when you travel.
+Carry a corticosteroid medicine injection kit.The kit contains a needle, a syringe and an injectable form of corticosteroids to use in case of emergency.
+Stay in contact with your healthcare professional.Your healthcare team can monitor your hormone levels. If you have trouble with your medicine, your healthcare professional may need to change the doses or when you take them.
+Have yearly checkups.At least once a year, see your healthcare professional or a doctor who treats hormone conditions. Your healthcare professional may recommend yearly screening tests for autoimmune diseases.
+Addisonian crisis is a medical emergency. Treatment typically includes medicines or solutions given through a vein. These include:
+Corticosteroids.
+Saline solution.
+Sugar.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Then, you might be referred to a doctor called an endocrinologist who treats conditions related to hormones.
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"addison's disease, upset stomach, joint pain, illness, scars, dizziness, lower sex drive, hypoglycemia, weight loss, discomfort or loss, widespread pain, salt craving, tiredness, fatigue, sweating, hair loss, diarrhea, vomiting, fainting, body hair loss, depression, addison's disease symptoms also can affect emotions, mental health and desires., extreme tiredness, pain, weakness, addison's disease symptoms usually happen slowly, often over months., hypotension, muscle cramps, irritable mood"
+263,Chronic exertional compartment syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-exertional-compartment-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350830,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-exertional-compartment-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350835,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-exertional-compartment-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20350837,"Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is an exercise-induced muscle and nerve condition that causes pain, swelling and sometimes disability in the affected muscles of the legs or arms. Anyone can develop the condition, but it's more common in young adult runners and athletes who participate in activities that involve repetitive impact.
+
+Chronic exertional compartment syndrome may respond to nonsurgical treatment and activity modification. If nonsurgical treatment doesn't help, your doctor might recommend surgery. Surgery is successful for many people and might allow you to return to your sport.","Your limbs have specific areas of muscle (compartments). Your lower leg, for example, has four compartments. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome often occurs in the same compartment of an affected limb on both sides of the body, usually the lower leg.
+
+Signs and symptoms can include:
+
+Pain caused by chronic exertional compartment syndrome typically follows this pattern:
+
+Taking a complete break from exercise or performing only low-impact activity might relieve your symptoms, but relief is usually only temporary. Once you take up running again, for instance, those familiar symptoms usually come back.","If you have recurring unusual pain, swelling, weakness, loss of sensation or soreness while exercising or participating in sports activities, talk to your doctor.
+
+Sometimes chronic exertional compartment syndrome is mistaken for shin splints, a more common cause of leg pain in young people who do a lot of vigorous weight-bearing activity, such as running. If you think you have shin splints and the pain doesn't get better with self-care, talk to your doctor.","The cause of chronic exertional compartment syndrome isn't completely understood. When you exercise, your muscles expand in volume. If you have chronic exertional compartment syndrome, the tissue that encases the affected muscle (fascia) doesn't expand with the muscle, causing pressure and pain in a compartment of the affected limb.","Certain factors increase your risk of developing chronic exertional compartment syndrome, including:","Chronic exertional compartment syndrome isn't a life-threatening condition and usually doesn't cause lasting damage if you get appropriate treatment. However, pain, weakness or numbness associated with chronic exertional compartment syndrome may prevent you from continuing to exercise or practice your sport at the same level of intensity.",,"Other exercise-related problems are more common than chronic exertional compartment syndrome, so your doctor may first try to rule out other causes — such as shin splints or stress fractures — before moving on to more specialized testing.
+
+Results of physical exams for chronic exertional compartment syndrome are often normal. Your doctor might prefer to examine you after you've exercised to the point of bringing on symptoms. Your doctor may notice a muscle bulge, tenderness or tension in the affected area.","Options to treat chronic exertional compartment syndrome include both nonsurgical and surgical methods. However, nonsurgical measures are typically successful only if you stop or greatly reduce the activity that caused the condition.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor. He or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in sports medicine or orthopedic surgery.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, chronic exertional compartment syndrome"
+264,Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360490,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360510,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20360773,"Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complicated disorder.
+It causes extreme fatigue that lasts for at least six months. Symptoms worsen with physical or mental activity but don't fully improve with rest.
+The cause ofME/CFSis unknown, although there are many theories. Experts believe it might be triggered by a combination of factors.
+There's no single test to confirm a diagnosis. You may need a variety of medical tests to rule out other health problems that have similar symptoms. Treatment for the condition focuses on easing symptoms.","Symptoms ofME/CFScan vary from person to person, and the severity of symptoms can fluctuate from day to day. In addition to fatigue, symptoms may include:
+Extreme exhaustion after physical or mental exercise.
+Problems with memory or thinking skills.
+Dizziness that worsens with moving from lying down or sitting to standing.
+Muscle or joint pain.
+Unrefreshing sleep.
+Some people with this condition have headaches, sore throats, and tender lymph nodes in the neck or armpits. People with the condition also may become extra sensitive to light, sound, smells, food and medicines.","Fatigue can be a symptom of many illnesses. In general, see your doctor if you have persistent or excessive fatigue.","The cause of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is still unknown. A combination of factors may be involved, including:
+Genetics.ME/CFSappears to run in some families, so some people may be born with a higher likelihood of developing the disorder.
+Infections.Some people developME/CFSsymptoms after getting better from a viral or bacterial infection.
+Physical or emotional trauma.Some people report that they experienced an injury, surgery or significant emotional stress shortly before their symptoms began.
+Problems with energy usage.Some people withME/CFShave problems converting the body's fuel, primarily fats and sugars, into energy.","Factors that may increase your risk ofME/CFSinclude:
+Age.ME/CFScan occur at any age, but it most commonly affects young to middle-aged adults.
+Sex.Women are diagnosed withME/CFSmuch more often than men, but it may be that women are simply more likely to report their symptoms to a doctor.
+Other medical problems.People who have a history of other complex medical problems, such as fibromyalgia or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, may be more likely to developME/CFS.","Symptoms ofME/CFScan come and go, and often are triggered by physical activity or emotional stress. This can make it difficult for people to maintain a regular work schedule or to even take care of themselves at home.
+Many people may be too weak to get out of bed at different points during their illness. Some may need to use a wheelchair.",,"There's no single test to confirm a diagnosis of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Symptoms can mimic those of many other health problems, including:
+Sleep disorders.Fatigue can be caused by sleep disorders. A sleep study can determine if your rest is being disturbed by disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome or insomnia.
+Other medical problems.Fatigue is a common symptom in several medical conditions, such as anemia, diabetes and underactive thyroid. Lab tests can check your blood for evidence of some of the top suspects.
+Mental health issues.Fatigue is also a symptom of a variety of mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety. A counselor can help determine if one of these problems is causing your fatigue.
+It's also common for people who haveME/CFSto also have other health problems at the same time, such as sleep disorders, irritable bowel syndrome or fibromyalgia.
+In fact, there are so many overlapping symptoms between this condition and fibromyalgia that some researchers consider the two disorders to be different aspects of the same disease.",There is no cure for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Treatment focuses on symptom relief. The most disruptive or disabling symptoms should be addressed first.,"The experience ofME/CFSvaries from person to person. Emotional support and counseling may help you and your loved ones deal with the uncertainties and restrictions of this disorder.
+Talking with a counselor can help build coping skills to deal with chronic illness, address limitations at work or school, and improve family dynamics. It also can be helpful if you are dealing with symptoms of depression.
+You may find it helpful to join a support group and meet other people with your condition. Support groups aren't for everyone, and you may find that a support group adds to your stress rather than relieves it. Experiment and use your own judgment to determine what's best for you.","If you have signs and symptoms ofME/CFS, you're likely to start by seeing your family's health care professional.",,"pain, joint pain, fatigue, problems with thinking skills, sore throats, unrefreshing sleep, dizziness, extreme exhaustion, problems with memory, tender lymph nodes, muscle pain, headaches"
+265,Chronic kidney disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354527,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20354530,"Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, involves a gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then removed in your urine. Advanced chronic kidney disease can cause dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes to build up in your body.
+In the early stages of chronic kidney disease, you might have few signs or symptoms. You might not realize that you have kidney disease until the condition is advanced.
+Treatment for chronic kidney disease focuses on slowing the progression of kidney damage, usually by controlling the cause. But, even controlling the cause might not keep kidney damage from progressing. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant.","Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause:
+Nausea
+Vomiting
+Loss of appetite
+Fatigue and weakness
+Sleep problems
+Urinating more or less
+Decreased mental sharpness
+Muscle cramps
+Swelling of feet and ankles
+Dry, itchy skin
+High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control
+Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs
+Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart
+Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific. This means they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys are able to make up for lost function, you might not develop signs and symptoms until irreversible damage has occurred.","Make an appointment with your doctor if you have signs or symptoms of kidney disease. Early detection might help prevent kidney disease from progressing to kidney failure.
+If you have a medical condition that increases your risk of kidney disease, your doctor may monitor your blood pressure and kidney function with urine and blood tests during office visits. Ask your doctor whether these tests are necessary for you.","Chronic kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several months or years.
+Diseases and conditions that cause chronic kidney disease include:
+Type 1 or type 2 diabetes
+High blood pressure
+Glomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-low-nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli)
+Interstitial nephritis (in-tur-STISH-ul nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney's tubules and surrounding structures
+Polycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseases
+Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancers
+Vesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-tur-ul) reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up into your kidneys
+Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis)","Factors that can increase your risk of chronic kidney disease include:
+Diabetes
+High blood pressure
+Heart (cardiovascular) disease
+Smoking
+Obesity
+Being Black, Native American or Asian American
+Family history of kidney disease
+Abnormal kidney structure
+Older age
+Frequent use of medications that can damage the kidneys","Chronic kidney disease can affect almost every part of your body. Potential complications include:
+Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema)
+A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart's function and can be life-threatening
+Anemia
+Heart disease
+Weak bones and an increased risk of bone fractures
+Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction or reduced fertility
+Damage to your central nervous system, which can cause difficulty concentrating, personality changes or seizures
+Decreased immune response, which makes you more vulnerable to infection
+Pericarditis, an inflammation of the saclike membrane that envelops your heart (pericardium)
+Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetus
+Irreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival","To reduce your risk of developing kidney disease:
+Follow instructions on over-the-counter medications.When using nonprescription pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), follow the instructions on the package. Taking too many pain relievers for a long time could lead to kidney damage.
+Maintain a healthy weight.If you're at a healthy weight, maintain it by being physically active most days of the week. If you need to lose weight, talk with your doctor about strategies for healthy weight loss.
+Don't smoke.Cigarette smoking can damage your kidneys and make existing kidney damage worse. If you're a smoker, talk to your doctor about strategies for quitting. Support groups, counseling and medications can all help you to stop.
+Manage your medical conditions with your doctor's help.If you have diseases or conditions that increase your risk of kidney disease, work with your doctor to control them. Ask your doctor about tests to look for signs of kidney damage.","As a first step toward diagnosis of kidney disease, your doctor discusses your personal and family history with you. Among other things, your doctor might ask questions about whether you've been diagnosed with high blood pressure, if you've taken a medication that might affect kidney function, if you've noticed changes in your urinary habits and whether you have family members who have kidney disease.
+Next, your doctor performs a physical exam, checking for signs of problems with your heart or blood vessels, and conducts a neurological exam.
+For kidney disease diagnosis, you might also need certain tests and procedures to determine how severe your kidney disease is (stage). Tests might include:
+Blood tests.Kidney function tests look for the level of waste products, such as creatinine and urea, in your blood.
+Urine tests.Analyzing a sample of your urine can reveal abnormalities that point to chronic kidney failure and help identify the cause of chronic kidney disease.
+Imaging tests.Your doctor might use ultrasound to assess your kidneys' structure and size. Other imaging tests might be used in some cases.
+Removing a sample of kidney tissue for testing.Your doctor might recommend a kidney biopsy, which involves removing a sample of kidney tissue. Kidney biopsy is often done with local anesthesia using a long, thin needle that's inserted through your skin and into your kidney. The biopsy sample is sent to a lab for testing to help determine what's causing your kidney problem.","Depending on the cause, some types of kidney disease can be treated. Often, though, chronic kidney disease has no cure.
+Treatment usually consists of measures to help control signs and symptoms, reduce complications, and slow progression of the disease. If your kidneys become severely damaged, you might need treatment for end-stage kidney disease.","Receiving a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease can be worrisome. To help you cope with your feelings, consider:
+Connecting with other people who have kidney disease.They can understand what you're feeling and offer unique support. Ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Or contact organizations such as the American Association of Kidney Patients, the National Kidney Foundation or the American Kidney Fund for groups in your area.
+Maintaining your normal routine, when possible.Try to keep doing the activities you enjoy and continue working, if your condition allows. This can help you cope with feelings of sadness or loss that you might have.
+Being active most days of the week.With your doctor's advice, aim for at least 30 minutes of physical activity most days of the week. This can help you cope with fatigue and stress.
+Talking with someone you trust.You might have a friend or family member who is a good listener. Or you may find it helpful to talk with a faith leader or someone else you trust. Ask your doctor for a referral to a social worker or counselor.","You'll likely start by seeing your primary care doctor. If lab tests reveal that you have kidney damage, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in kidney problems (nephrologist).","As part of your treatment for chronic kidney disease, your doctor might recommend a special diet to help support your kidneys and limit the work they must do. Ask your doctor for a referral to a registered dietitian who can analyze your diet and suggest ways to make your diet easier on your kidneys.
+Depending on your situation, kidney function and overall health, dietary recommendations might include the following:
+Avoid products with added salt.Lower the amount of sodium you eat each day by avoiding products with added salt, including many convenience foods, such as frozen dinners, canned soups and fast foods. Other foods with added salt include salty snack foods, canned vegetables, and processed meats and cheeses.
+Choose lower potassium foods.High-potassium foods include bananas, oranges, potatoes, spinach and tomatoes. Examples of low-potassium foods include apples, cabbage, carrots, green beans, grapes and strawberries. Be aware that many salt substitutes contain potassium, so you generally should avoid them if you have kidney failure.
+Limit the amount of protein you eat.Your registered dietitian will estimate how many grams of protein you need each day and make recommendations based on that amount. High-protein foods include lean meats, eggs, milk, cheese and beans. Low-protein foods include vegetables, fruits, breads and cereals.","nausea, swelling of feet and ankles, nausea
+vomiting
+loss of appetite
+, itchy, kidney disease, shortness of breath, fatigue, loss of kidney function, loss of appetite, vomiting, kidney damage, itchy skin, weakness, chest pain, chronic kidney disease, sleep problems, decreased mental sharpness, urinating more or less, muscle cramps, dry skin, hypertension"
+266,Hashimoto's disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351855,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351860,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20351861,"Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck just below the Adam's apple. The thyroid produces hormones that help regulate many functions in the body.
+
+An autoimmune disorder is an illness caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues. In Hashimoto's disease, immune-system cells lead to the death of the thyroid's hormone-producing cells. The disease usually results in a decline in hormone production (hypothyroidism).
+
+Although anyone can develop Hashimoto's disease, it's most common among middle-aged women. The primary treatment is thyroid hormone replacement.
+
+Hashimoto's disease is also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis.","Hashimoto's disease progresses slowly over the years. You may not notice signs or symptoms of the disease. Eventually, the decline in thyroid hormone production can result in any of the following:","Signs and symptoms of Hashimoto's disease vary widely and are not specific to the disorder. Because these symptoms could result from any number of disorders, it's important to see your health care provider as soon as possible for a timely and accurate diagnosis.","Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder. The immune system creates antibodies that attack thyroid cells as if they were bacteria, viruses or some other foreign body. The immune system wrongly enlists disease-fighting agents that damage cells and lead to cell death.
+
+What causes the immune system to attack thyroid cells is not clear. The onset of disease may be related to:",The following factors are associated with an increased risk of Hashimoto's disease:,"Thyroid hormones are essential for the healthy function of many body systems. Therefore, when Hashimoto's disease and hypothyroidism are left untreated, many complications can occur. These include:",,"A number of conditions may lead to the signs and symptoms of Hashimoto's disease. If you're experiencing any of these symptoms, your health care provider will conduct a thorough physical exam, review your medical history and ask questions about your symptoms.","Most people with Hashimoto's disease take medication to treat hypothyroidism. If you have mild hypothyroidism, you may have no treatment but get regular thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) tests to monitor thyroid hormone levels.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider, but you may be referred to a specialist in hormone disorders (endocrinologist).
+
+Be prepared to answer the following questions:",,"hashimoto's disease, none"
+267,COPD,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/copd/symptoms-causes/syc-20353679,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/copd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353685,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/copd/doctors-departments/ddc-20353688,"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an ongoing lung condition caused by damage to the lungs. The damage results in swelling and irritation, also called inflammation, inside the airways that limit airflow into and out of the lungs. This limited airflow is known as obstruction. Symptoms include trouble breathing, a daily cough that brings up mucus and a tight, whistling sound in the lungs called wheezing.
+COPD is most often caused by long-term exposure to irritating smoke, fumes, dust or chemicals. The most common cause is cigarette smoke.
+Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two most common types of COPD. These two conditions usually occur together and can vary in severity among people with COPD.
+Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the lining of the tubes that bring air into the lungs. These tubes are called bronchi. The inflammation prevents good airflow into and out of the lungs and makes extra mucus. In emphysema, the small air sacs of the lungs, called alveoli, are damaged. The damaged alveoli can't pass enough oxygen into the bloodstream.
+Although COPD is a condition that can get worse over time, COPD is treatable. With proper management, most people with COPD can control symptoms and improve their quality of life. Proper management also can lower the risk of other conditions linked to COPD, such as heart disease and lung cancer.","COPD symptoms often don't appear until a lot of lung damage has occurred. Symptoms usually worsen over time, especially if smoking or other irritating exposure continues.
+Symptoms of COPD may include:
+Trouble catching your breath, especially during physical activities.
+Wheezing or whistling sounds when breathing.
+Ongoing cough that may bring up a lot of mucus. The mucus may be clear, white, yellow or greenish.
+Chest tightness or heaviness.
+Lack of energy or feeling very tired.
+Frequent lung infections.
+Losing weight without meaning to. This may happen as the condition worsens.
+Swelling in ankles, feet or legs.
+People with COPD also are likely to have times when their symptoms become worse than the usual day-to-day variation. This time of worsening symptoms is called an exacerbation (eg-zas-er-bay-shun). Exacerbations can last for several days to weeks. They can be caused by triggers such as smells, cold air, air pollution, colds or infections. Symptoms may include:
+Working harder than usual to breathe or having trouble breathing.
+Chest tightness.
+Coughing more often.
+More mucus or changes in mucus color or thickness.
+Fever.","Talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional if your symptoms don't get better with treatment or if symptoms get worse. Also talk with your healthcare professional if you notice symptoms of an infection, such as fever or a change in the mucus you cough up.
+In the U.S., call 911 or your local emergency number for help or go to the emergency department at a hospital right away if you can't catch your breath, your lips or fingernail beds are blue, you have a fast heartbeat, or you feel foggy and have trouble concentrating.","The main cause of COPD in developed countries is tobacco smoking. In the developing world, COPD often occurs in people exposed to fumes from burning fuel for cooking and heating in homes that don't have good airflow. Long-term exposure to chemical fumes, vapors and dusts in the workplace is another cause of COPD.
+Not all people who have smoked for a long time have COPD symptoms, but they may still have lung damage, so their lungs don't work as well as they used to. Some people who smoke get less common lung conditions that may be diagnosed as COPD until a more thorough exam shows a different diagnosis.","Risk factors for COPD include:
+Tobacco smoke.The biggest risk factor for COPD is long-term cigarette smoking. The more years you smoke and the more packs you smoke, the greater your risk. Pipe, cigar and marijuana smoking also may raise your risk. People who breathe in large amounts of secondhand smoke are at risk of COPD too.
+Asthma.Asthma is a condition in which the airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. Asthma may be a risk factor for developing COPD. The mix of asthma and smoking raises the risk of COPD even more.
+Workplace exposure.Long-term exposure to chemical fumes, smoke, vapors and dusts in the workplace can irritate and cause swelling in the lungs. This can raise the risk of COPD.
+Fumes from burning fuel.In the developing world, people exposed to fumes from burning fuel for cooking and heating in homes with poor airflow are at higher risk of COPD.
+Genetics.AAT deficiency caused by a gene change passed down in families is the cause of COPD in some people. This genetic form of emphysema is not common. Other genetic factors may make certain people who smoke more likely to get COPD.","COPD can cause many complications, including:
+Respiratory infections.People with COPD are more likely to have colds, the flu and pneumonia. Any respiratory infection can make it much harder to breathe and could cause more damage to lung tissue.
+Heart problems.For reasons that aren't fully understood, COPD can raise the risk of heart disease, including heart attack.
+Lung cancer.People with COPD have a higher risk of getting lung cancer.
+High blood pressure in lung arteries.COPD may cause high blood pressure in the arteries that bring blood to the lungs. This condition is called pulmonary hypertension.
+Anxiety and depression.Difficulty breathing can keep you from doing activities that you enjoy. And having a serious medical condition such as COPD can sometimes cause anxiety and depression.","Unlike some other medical conditions, COPD often has a clear cause and a clear way to prevent it. Most of the time, COPD is directly linked to cigarette smoking. The best way to prevent COPD is to never smoke. If you smoke and have COPD, stopping now can slow how fast the condition worsens.
+If you've smoked for a long time, quitting can be hard, especially if you've tried quitting once, twice or many times before. But keep trying to quit. It's critical to find a stop-smoking program that can help you quit for good. It's your best chance for lessening damage to your lungs. Talk with your healthcare professional about options that might work best for you.
+Workplace exposure to chemical fumes, vapors and dusts is another risk factor for COPD. If you work with these types of lung irritants, talk with your supervisor about the best ways to protect yourself. This may include wearing equipment that prevents you from breathing in these substances.
+Here are some steps you can take to help prevent complications linked with COPD:
+Quit smoking to help lower your risk of heart disease and lung cancer.
+Get an annual flu vaccination and vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia to lower your risk of or prevent some infections. Also talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional about when you need the COVID-19 vaccine and the RSV vaccine.
+Talk with your healthcare professional or a mental health professional if you feel sad or hopeless or think that you may have depression.","Often COPD can be hard to diagnose because symptoms can be the same as those of other lung conditions. Many people who have COPD may not be diagnosed until the disease is advanced.
+To diagnose your condition, your healthcare professional reviews your symptoms and asks about your family and medical history and any exposure you've had to lung irritants — especially cigarette smoke. Your healthcare professional does a physical exam that includes listening to your lungs. You also may have some of these tests to diagnose your condition: pulmonary function tests, lab tests and imaging.","Treatment is based on how severe your symptoms are and whether you often have bouts when symptoms get worse. These bouts are called exacerbations. Effective therapy can control symptoms, slow how fast the condition worsens, lower the risk of complications and improve your ability to lead an active life.","Living with COPD can be a challenge — especially when it becomes severe and is harder to catch your breath. You may have to give up some activities you used to enjoy. Your family and friends may find they need to adjust to some of these changes too.
+It can help to share your feelings with your family, friends, healthcare professional or mental health professional. You may benefit from counseling or medicine if you feel depressed or overwhelmed. Think about joining a support group for people with COPD.","If your primary healthcare professional thinks that you have COPD, you'll likely be referred to a doctor who specializes in lung conditions, called a pulmonologist.","If you have COPD, you can take steps to feel better and slow the damage to your lungs:
+Control your breathing.Talk with your healthcare professional or respiratory therapist about methods for breathing more efficiently throughout the day. Also talk about positions that make breathing easier; ways to conserve your energy, such as sitting for tasks when possible; and ways to relax when you have trouble catching your breath.
+Clear your airways.With COPD, mucus tends to collect in air passages and can be hard to clear. Removing mucus with controlled coughing, drinking plenty of water and using a humidifier may help.
+Get regular physical activity.It may seem difficult to be active when you have trouble breathing. But regular physical activity and exercise can improve your overall strength and endurance and strengthen the muscles you use to breathe. Talk with your healthcare professional about which activities are best for you.
+Eat healthy foods.Eating healthy foods can help you keep your strength. If you're underweight, your healthcare professional may recommend nutritional supplements. If you're overweight, losing weight can greatly help your breathing, especially during physical activities.
+Avoid smoke and poor-quality air.In addition to quitting smoking, it's important to avoid places where others smoke. Secondhand smoke may add to lung damage. Air pollution also can irritate your lungs, so check daily air quality forecasts before going out. Identify what may trigger bouts of worsening symptoms so you can avoid them as much as possible.
+See your healthcare professional regularly.Keep your appointment schedule, even if you're feeling fine. It's important to regularly monitor your lung function. And be sure to get your annual flu vaccine in the fall to help prevent infections that can worsen your COPD. Ask your healthcare professional about when to get the pneumococcal vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine and RSV vaccine. Call your healthcare professional if your symptoms get worse or you notice symptoms of infection.","swelling, coughing, copd, feeling tired, lung infections, ongoing cough, colds, wheezing, exacerbations, losing weight, cough, lack of energy, infections, frequent lung infections, working harder to breathe, whistling sounds, trouble breathing, fever, chest tightness, trouble catching your breath, heaviness"
+269,Chronic sinusitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-sinusitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351661,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-sinusitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351667,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-sinusitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351669,"Chronic sinusitis causes the spaces inside the nose and head, called sinuses, to become inflamed and swollen. The condition lasts 12 weeks or longer, even with treatment.
+This common condition keeps mucus from draining. It makes the nose stuffy. Breathing through the nose might be hard. The area around the eyes might feel swollen or tender.
+Infection, growths in the sinuses, called nasal polyps, and swelling of the lining of the sinuses might all be part of chronic sinusitis. Chronic sinusitis is also called chronic rhinosinusitis. The condition affects adults and children.","Common symptoms of chronic sinusitis include:
+Thick, discolored mucus from the nose, known as a runny nose.
+Mucus down the back of the throat, known as postnasal drip.
+Blocked or stuffy nose, known as congestion. This makes it hard to breathe through the nose.
+Pain, tenderness and swelling around the eyes, cheeks, nose or forehead.
+Reduced sense of smell and taste.
+Other symptoms can include:
+Ear pain.
+Headache.
+Aching in the teeth.
+Cough.
+Sore throat.
+Bad breath.
+Tiredness.
+Chronic sinusitis and acute sinusitis have similar symptoms. But acute sinusitis is a short-lived infection of the sinuses often linked to a cold.
+The symptoms of chronic sinusitis last at least 12 weeks. There might be many bouts of acute sinusitis before it becomes chronic sinusitis. Fever isn't common with chronic sinusitis. But fever might be part of acute sinusitis.","Repeated sinusitis, and if the condition doesn't get better with treatment.
+Sinusitis symptoms that last more than 10 days.
+See a health care provider right away ifyou have symptoms that could mean a serious infection:
+Fever.
+Swelling or redness around the eyes.
+Bad headache.
+Forehead swelling.
+Confusion.
+Double vision or other vision changes.
+Stiff neck.","The cause of chronic sinusitis usually is not known. Some medical conditions, including cystic fibrosis, can cause chronic sinusitis in children and teens.
+Some conditions can make chronic sinusitis worse. These include:
+A common coldor other infection that affects the sinuses. Viruses or bacteria can cause these infections.
+A problem inside the nose,such as a deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps or tumors.","The following factors raise the risk of getting chronic sinusitis:
+A dental infection.
+A fungal infection.
+Regularly being around cigarette smoke or other pollutants.","Serious complications of chronic sinusitis are rare. They can include:
+Vision problems.If a sinus infection spreads to an eye socket, it can reduce vision or possibly cause blindness.
+Infections.It's not common. But a serious sinus infection can spread to the membranes and fluid around the brain and spinal cord. The infection is called meningitis. Other serious infections can spread to the bones, called osteomyelitis, or to skin, called cellulitis.","Take these steps to lower the risk of getting chronic sinusitis:
+Protect your health.Try to stay away from people who have colds or other infections. Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially before meals.
+Manage allergies.Work with your health care provider to keep symptoms under control. Stay away from things you're allergic to when possible.
+Avoid cigarette smoke and polluted air.Tobacco smoke and other pollutants can irritate the lungs and inside the nose, called the nasal passages.
+Use a humidifier.If the air in your home is dry, adding moisture to the air with a humidifier may help prevent sinusitis. Be sure the humidifier stays clean and free of mold with regular, complete cleaning.","A health care provider might ask about symptoms and do an exam. The exam might include feeling for tenderness in the nose and face and looking inside the nose.
+Other ways to diagnose chronic sinusitis and rule out other conditions include:
+Nasal endoscopy.A health care provider inserts a thin, flexible tube, known as an endoscope, into the nose. A light on the tube allows a care provider to see inside the sinuses.
+Imaging tests.CT or MRI scans can show details of the sinuses and nasal area. These images might pinpoint the cause of chronic sinusitis.
+Nasal and sinus samples.Lab tests aren't often used to diagnose chronic sinusitis. But, if the condition doesn't get better with treatment or gets worse, tissue samples from the nose or sinuses might help find the cause.
+An allergy test.If allergies might be causing chronic sinusitis, an allergy skin test might show the cause.","Treatments for chronic sinusitis include:
+Nasal corticosteroids.These nasal sprays help prevent and treat swelling. Some are available without a prescription. Examples include fluticasone (Flonase Allergy Relief, Xhance), budesonide (Rhinocort Allergy), mometasone (Nasonex 24HR Allergy) and beclomethasone (Beconase AQ, Qnasl, others).
+Saline nasal rinses.Use a specially designed squeeze bottle (NeilMed Sinus Rinse, others) or neti pot. This home remedy, called nasal lavage, can help clear sinuses. Saline nasal sprays also are available.
+Corticosteroids shots or pills.These medicines ease severe sinusitis, especially for those who have nasal polyps. The shots and pills can cause serious side effects when used long term. So they're used only to treat severe symptoms.
+Allergy medicines.Using allergy medicines might lessen allergy symptoms of sinusitis caused by allergies.
+Aspirin desensitization treatment.This is for people who react to aspirin and the reaction causes sinusitis and nasal polyps. Under medical supervision, people receive larger and larger doses of aspirin to increase their ability to take it.
+Medicine to treat nasal polyps and chronic sinusitis.If you have nasal polyps and chronic sinusitis, a shot of dupilumab (Dupixent), omalizumab (Xolair) or mepolizumab (Nucala) might reduce the size of the nasal polyps and lessen stuffiness.",,"You'll likely see your primary care provider for symptoms of sinusitis. If you've had many bouts of acute sinusitis or you have symptoms of chronic sinusitis, your provider might refer you to an allergist or an ear, nose and throat specialist.
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.","These self-help steps can help ease sinusitis symptoms:
+Rest.Rest helps the body fight infection and speed recovery.
+Drink fluids.Keep drinking plenty of fluids.
+Use a warm compress.A warm compress on the nose and forehead might help ease pressure in the sinuses.
+Keep sinuses moist.Put a towel over your head while breathing in the vapor from a bowl of hot water. Or take a hot shower, breathing in the warm, moist air. This will help ease pain and help mucus drain.","headache, swelling, sinusitis, postnasal drip, bad breath, runny nose, acute sinusitis, tiredness, reduced sense of smell, congestion, aching, sore throat, tenderness, cough, postnasal, chronic sinusitis, ear pain, infection, pain, throat, fever, mucus, reduced sense of taste"
+270,Vulvodynia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvodynia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353423,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvodynia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353427,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvodynia/doctors-departments/ddc-20353430,"Vulvodynia (vul-voe-DIN-e-uh) is a type of long-term pain or discomfort around the outer part of the female genitals, called the vulva. It lasts at least three months and has no clear cause. The pain, burning or irritation linked with vulvodynia can make you so uncomfortable that sitting for a long time or having sex becomes unthinkable. The condition can last for months to years.
+If you have symptoms of vulvodynia, don't let embarrassment or a lack of visible signs stop you from talking with your gynecologist or another healthcare professional. Treatments can ease your discomfort. And your care team might be able to find a cause for your pain. So, it's key to get a medical exam.","The main vulvodynia symptom is pain in the vulva, which includes the opening of the vagina. The pain often is described as:
+Burning.
+Irritation.
+Stinging.
+Rawness.
+Soreness.
+Sharp or knife-like pain.
+You also may feel aching, throbbing and swelling.
+How often the symptoms happen and where exactly they're felt varies from person to person. Your pain might be constant, or it may come and go. It might flare up only when the vulva is touched. You might feel the pain throughout your entire vulva. This is called generalized vulvodynia. Or the pain may flare up in a certain area, such as the tissue surrounding the opening of the vagina, called the vestibule. This is known as localized vulvodynia, and it's more common than the generalized kind.
+The tissue of the vulva might look slightly inflamed or swollen. More often, your vulva doesn't look different than usual.","If you have pain in your vulva, talk with your gynecologist or another member of your healthcare team. If you don't have a gynecologist, you might be referred to one. A healthcare professional needs to find out if your pain has a treatable cause that's different from vulvodynia, such as:
+An active infection from yeast or bacteria.
+A sexually transmitted disease such as herpes.
+An inflammatory skin condition.
+Vulvar growths.
+Genitourinary syndrome of menopause.
+Some people who don't realize they have vulvodynia try to ease their symptoms by using yeast infection treatments without a prescription. But it's key to get a checkup, so a member of your healthcare team can give you an exam and recommend the right treatment for you.","Experts don't know what causes vulvodynia. Factors that might play a role include:
+Injury to or irritation of the nerves of the vulva.
+Past infections of the vagina.
+Painful swelling called inflammation that affects the vulva.
+Some genetic conditions.
+Allergies.
+Hormonal changes.
+Muscle spasm or weakness in the pelvic floor, which supports the uterus, bladder and bowel.",,"Without treatment, vulvodynia can affect mental health, relationships and other aspects of your life.
+The condition is linked with anxiety and depression. It's also tied to less sexual desire, arousal and enjoyment. Fear of having painful sex can cause spasms in the muscles around the vagina, a condition called vaginismus. Intimacy issues such as these lead many people with vulvodynia to say they feel shame, lower self-esteem, negative about body image and lacking as a sexual partner.
+The pain and other symptoms of vulvodynia might make it harder to keep up with work. You may feel less social too. And you may have trouble getting quality sleep.",,"With vulvodynia, your gynecologist or another member of your care team likely will ask you questions about your medical and sexual history. You'll also be asked if you've had any surgeries.
+You also might have a:
+Pelvic exam.Your outer genitals and vagina are checked for signs of an infection or other causes of your symptoms. A sample of cells from your vagina might be taken to test for an infection caused by yeast or bacteria. Your health care professional also might insert a gloved finger into your vagina to check the pelvic floor muscles for tenderness.
+Cotton swab test.A moistened cotton swab is used to gently check for specific areas of pain in your vulva. If a painful area is found, you'll likely be asked what it feels like and how much it hurts.
+Biopsy.If the skin of the vulva looks different than usual, your doctor or gynecologist might remove a small sample of tissue for a lab to check.
+Blood test.This may be done to check your levels of hormones such as estrogen, progesterone and testosterone.","Vulvodynia treatments focus on relieving symptoms. No one treatment works in every case. For many people, a mix of treatments works best. It can take time to find the right combination. It also can take months to get relief.","You might find it helpful to talk with other people who have vulvodynia. You can share information, talk about your experiences and feel less alone. If you don't want to join a support group, a member of your care team might be able to recommend a counselor in your area who has experience helping people with vulvodynia.","You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor. In some cases, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in conditions of the female reproductive tract, called a gynecologist.","Simple self-care steps may help you manage vulvodynia symptoms.
+Some tips for work are:
+Get comfortable.If you sit a lot during the day, use a foam rubber-donut cushion.
+Try to stand more.This takes pressure off the areas around your vulva.
+Tips for exercise include:
+Limit high-intensity exercises,such as running. These create friction that can irritate the vulva.
+Use a frozen gel pack after exercise.Wrap it in a towel and put in on your vulva for up to 15 minutes to ease any symptoms.
+Limit activities that put pressure on your vulva,such as biking or horseback riding.
+Tips for bathing and swimming include:
+Wash gently.Scrubbing the affected area harshly or washing too often can make irritation worse. Instead, use plain lukewarm or cool water to gently clean your vulva with your hand. Then pat the area dry. After you bathe, put on a preservative-free emollient, such as plain petroleum jelly. This creates a protective barrier.
+Stay away from products that can irritate the vulva.Don't use bubble bath, feminine hygiene products, or perfumed creams or soaps.
+Soak in a sitz bath.Two to three times a day, sit in lukewarm or cool water with Epsom salts or colloidal oatmeal for 5 to 10 minutes. This may help relieve burning and irritation.
+Stay out of hot tubs and hot baths.Spending time in hot water can cause discomfort and itching.
+Swim in pools that don't have a lot of chlorine.This pool disinfectant keeps the water clean, but too much can be irritating.
+Some hygiene tips are:
+Don't use deodorant tampons or pads.The deodorant can be irritating. Instead, use pads and tampons that are 100% cotton.
+Use toilet paper that is soft, white and unscented.
+Urinate before your bladder feels full.Then rinse your vulva with water and pat dry.
+Some tips for clothing and laundry are:
+Wear loose-fitting clothes.Tight clothing limits airflow to your vulva, which can be irritating to the area. Wear 100% cotton underwear instead of nylon underwear. Try sleeping without underwear at night. Also make sure to wear loose pants and skirts. Choose thigh-high or knee-high hose instead of pantyhose.
+After a workout, take off exercise clothes right away.Remove a wet bathing suit after you swim too.
+Use laundry detergents made for sensitive skin.And don't use fabric softener on underwear.
+If your washing machine has a double- or extra-rinse cycle,use it on clothes that come in contact with your vulva. This helps rinse off detergent.
+If you're sexually active:
+Use a water-based lubricant.Put it on before you have sex. Don't use products that contain alcohol, dyes, perfume, flavor, or warming or cooling ingredients.
+Choose your birth control with care.Keep in mind that spermicide or contraceptive creams may be irritating. Talk with your doctor or other member of your care team about a form of birth control that won't irritate your vulva.
+Urinate after sex.This can lower your chances of getting an infection. After you urinate, rinse your vulva with cool water and pat dry.
+Try cold compresses or gel packs to ease burning.Wrap them in a towel and place them on your vulva for 15 minutes at a time.","pain, swelling, throbbing, soreness, vulva, aching, burning, vulvodynia, irritation, stinging, rawness, sharp pain"
+271,Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20371226,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371230,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20371231,"Creutzfeldt-Jakob (KROITS-felt YAH-kobe) disease, also known as CJD, is a rare brain disorder that leads to dementia. It belongs to a group of human and animal diseases known as prion disorders. Symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease can be similar to those of Alzheimer's disease. But Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease usually gets worse much faster and leads to death.
+
+Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) received public attention in the 1990s when some people in the United Kingdom became sick with a form of the disease. They developed variant CJ, known as vCJD, after eating meat from diseased cattle. However, most cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease haven't been linked to eating beef.
+
+All types ofCJDare serious but are very rare. About 1 to 2 cases ofCJDare diagnosed per million people around the world each year. The disease most often affects older adults.","Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is marked by changes in mental abilities. Symptoms get worse quickly, usually within several weeks to a few months. Early symptoms include:
+
+Death usually occurs within a year. People with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease usually die of medical issues associated with the disease. They might include having trouble swallowing, falls, heart issues, lung failure, or pneumonia or other infections.
+
+In people with variantCJD, changes in mental abilities may be more apparent in the beginning of the disease. In many cases, dementia develops later in the illness. Symptoms of dementia include the loss of the ability to think, reason and remember.
+
+VariantCJDaffects people at a younger age thanCJD. VariantCJDappears to last 12 to 14 months.
+
+Another rare form of prion disease is called variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). It can mimic other forms of dementia. It causes changes in mental abilities and problems with speech and thinking. The course of the disease is longer than other prion diseases — about 24 months.",,"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and related conditions appear to be caused by changes to a type of protein called a prion. These proteins are typically produced in the body. But when they encounter infectious prions, they fold and become another shape that's not typical. They can spread and affect processes in the body.","Most cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease occur for unknown reasons. So risk factors can't be identified. But a few factors seem to be associated with different kinds ofCJD.
+
+Exposure to contaminated tissue.People who've received infected human growth hormone may be at risk of iatrogenicCJD. Receiving a transplant of tissue that covers the brain, called dura mater, from someone withCJDalso can put a person at risk of iatrogenicCJD.
+
+The risk of gettingvCJDfrom eating contaminated beef is very low. In countries that have implemented effective public health measures, the risk is virtually nonexistent. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects deer, elk, reindeer and moose. It has been found in some areas of North America. To date, no documented cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) have caused disease in humans.","Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has serious effects on the brain and body. The disease usually progresses quickly. Over time, people withCJDwithdraw from friends and family. They also lose the ability to care for themselves. Many slip into a coma. The disease is always fatal.","There's no known way to prevent sporadicCJD. If you have a family history of neurological disease, you may benefit from talking with a genetics counselor. A counselor can help you sort through your risks.","A brain biopsy or an exam of brain tissue after death, known as an autopsy, is the gold standard to confirm the presence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, known as CJD. But health care providers often can make an accurate diagnosis before death. They base a diagnosis on your medical and personal history, a neurological exam, and certain diagnostic tests.
+
+A neurological exam may point to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) if you're experiencing:
+
+In addition, health care providers commonly use these tests to help detectCJD:
+
+Spinal fluid tests.Spinal fluid surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord. In a test called a lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap, a small amount of spinal fluid is taken for testing. This test can rule out other diseases that cause similar symptoms toCJD. It also can detect levels of proteins that may point toCJDor variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).
+
+A newer test called real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) can detect the presence of the prion proteins that causeCJD. This test can diagnoseCJDbefore death, unlike an autopsy.",No effective treatment exists for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or any of its variants. Many medicines have been tested and haven't shown benefits. Health care providers focus on relieving pain and other symptoms and on making people with these diseases as comfortable as possible.,,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. In some cases when you call for an appointment, you may be referred immediately to a brain specialist, known as a neurologist.
+
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"thinking, dementia, lung failure, reason, heart issues, pneumonia, infections, falls, problems with speech, death, prion disease, trouble swallowing, loss of ability to think, creutzfeldt-jakob disease, remember"
+274,Depression (major depressive disorder),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356013,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/doctors-departments/ddc-20356017,"Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. You may have trouble doing normal day-to-day activities, and sometimes you may feel as if life isn't worth living.
+More than just a bout of the blues, depression isn't a weakness and you can't simply ""snap out"" of it. Depression may require long-term treatment. But don't get discouraged. Most people with depression feel better with medication, psychotherapy or both.","Although depression may occur only once during your life, people typically have multiple episodes. During these episodes, symptoms occur most of the day, nearly every day and may include:
+Feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness or hopelessness
+Angry outbursts, irritability or frustration, even over small matters
+Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities, such as sex, hobbies or sports
+Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much
+Tiredness and lack of energy, so even small tasks take extra effort
+Reduced appetite and weight loss or increased cravings for food and weight gain
+Anxiety, agitation or restlessness
+Slowed thinking, speaking or body movements
+Feelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past failures or self-blame
+Trouble thinking, concentrating, making decisions and remembering things
+Frequent or recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts or suicide
+Unexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headaches
+For many people with depression, symptoms usually are severe enough to cause noticeable problems in day-to-day activities, such as work, school, social activities or relationships with others. Some people may feel generally miserable or unhappy without really knowing why.","If you feel depressed, make an appointment to see your doctor or mental health professional as soon as you can. If you're reluctant to seek treatment, talk to a friend or loved one, any health care professional, a faith leader, or someone else you trust.","It's not known exactly what causes depression. As with many mental disorders, a variety of factors may be involved, such as:
+Biological differences.People with depression appear to have physical changes in their brains. The significance of these changes is still uncertain, but may eventually help pinpoint causes.
+Brain chemistry.Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that likely play a role in depression. Recent research indicates that changes in the function and effect of these neurotransmitters and how they interact with neurocircuits involved in maintaining mood stability may play a significant role in depression and its treatment.
+Hormones.Changes in the body's balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression. Hormone changes can result with pregnancy and during the weeks or months after delivery (postpartum) and from thyroid problems, menopause or a number of other conditions.
+Inherited traits.Depression is more common in people whose blood relatives also have this condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing depression.","Depression often begins in the teens, 20s or 30s, but it can happen at any age. More women than men are diagnosed with depression, but this may be due in part because women are more likely to seek treatment.
+Factors that seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering depression include:
+Certain personality traits, such as low self-esteem and being too dependent, self-critical or pessimistic
+Traumatic or stressful events, such as physical or sexual abuse, the death or loss of a loved one, a difficult relationship, or financial problems
+Blood relatives with a history of depression, bipolar disorder, alcoholism or suicide
+Being lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender, or having variations in the development of genital organs that aren't clearly male or female (intersex) in an unsupportive situation
+History of other mental health disorders, such as anxiety disorder, eating disorders or post-traumatic stress disorder
+Abuse of alcohol or recreational drugs
+Serious or chronic illness, including cancer, stroke, chronic pain or heart disease
+Certain medications, such as some high blood pressure medications or sleeping pills (talk to your doctor before stopping any medication)","Depression is a serious disorder that can take a terrible toll on you and your family. Depression often gets worse if it isn't treated, resulting in emotional, behavioral and health problems that affect every area of your life.
+Examples of complications associated with depression include:
+Excess weight or obesity, which can lead to heart disease and diabetes
+Pain or physical illness
+Alcohol or drug misuse
+Anxiety, panic disorder or social phobia
+Family conflicts, relationship difficulties, and work or school problems
+Social isolation
+Suicidal feelings, suicide attempts or suicide
+Self-mutilation, such as cutting
+Premature death from medical conditions","There's no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help.
+Take steps to control stress,to increase your resilience and boost your self-esteem.
+Reach out to family and friends,especially in times of crisis, to help you weather rough spells.
+Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problemto help prevent depression from worsening.
+Consider getting long-term maintenance treatmentto help prevent a relapse of symptoms.","Your doctor may determine a diagnosis of depression based on:
+Physical exam.Your doctor may do a physical exam and ask questions about your health. In some cases, depression may be linked to an underlying physical health problem.
+Lab tests.For example, your doctor may do a blood test called a complete blood count or test your thyroid to make sure it's functioning properly.
+Psychiatric evaluation.Your mental health professional asks about your symptoms, thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. You may be asked to fill out a questionnaire to help answer these questions.
+DSM-5.Your mental health professional may use the criteria for depression listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association.","Medications and psychotherapy are effective for most people with depression. Your primary care doctor or psychiatrist can prescribe medications to relieve symptoms. However, many people with depression also benefit from seeing a psychiatrist, psychologist or other mental health professional.
+If you have severe depression, you may need a hospital stay, or you may need to participate in an outpatient treatment program until your symptoms improve.
+Here's a closer look at depression treatment options.","Talk with your doctor or therapist about improving your coping skills, and try these tips:
+Simplify your life.Cut back on obligations when possible, and set reasonable goals for yourself. Give yourself permission to do less when you feel down.
+Write in a journal.Journaling, as part of your treatment, may improve mood by allowing you to express pain, anger, fear or other emotions.
+Read reputable self-help books and websites.Your doctor or therapist may be able to recommend books or websites to read.
+Locate helpful groups.Many organizations, such as the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) and the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance, offer education, support groups, counseling and other resources to help with depression. Employee assistance programs and religious groups also may offer help for mental health concerns.
+Don't become isolated.Try to participate in social activities, and get together with family or friends regularly. Support groups for people with depression can help you connect to others facing similar challenges and share experiences.
+Learn ways to relax and manage your stress.Examples include meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, yoga and tai chi.
+Structure your time.Plan your day. You may find it helps to make a list of daily tasks, use sticky notes as reminders or use a planner to stay organized.
+Don't make important decisions when you're down.Avoid decision-making when you're feeling depressed, since you may not be thinking clearly.","You may see your primary care doctor, or your doctor may refer you to a mental health professional. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Depression generally isn't a disorder that you can treat on your own. But in addition to professional treatment, these self-care steps can help:
+Stick to your treatment plan.Don't skip psychotherapy sessions or appointments. Even if you're feeling well, don't skip your medications. If you stop, depression symptoms may come back, and you could also experience withdrawal-like symptoms. Recognize that it will take time to feel better.
+Learn about depression.Education about your condition can empower you and motivate you to stick to your treatment plan. Encourage your family to learn about depression to help them understand and support you.
+Pay attention to warning signs.Work with your doctor or therapist to learn what might trigger your depression symptoms. Make a plan so that you know what to do if your symptoms get worse. Contact your doctor or therapist if you notice any changes in symptoms or how you feel. Ask relatives or friends to help watch for warning signs.
+Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs.It may seem like alcohol or drugs lessen depression symptoms, but in the long run they generally worsen symptoms and make depression harder to treat. Talk with your doctor or therapist if you need help with alcohol or substance use.
+Take care of yourself.Eat healthy, be physically active and get plenty of sleep. Consider walking, jogging, swimming, gardening or another activity that you enjoy. Sleeping well is important for both your physical and mental well-being. If you're having trouble sleeping, talk to your doctor about what you can do.","pleasure, guilt, restlessness, unexplained physical problems, weight loss, speaking, thoughts of death, headaches, body movements, tiredness, anxiety, self-blame, concentrating, making decisions, death, hopelessness, sleep disturbances, weight gain, angry outbursts, slowed thinking, sadness, agitation, remembering, lack of energy, depression, reduced appetite and weight loss, frustration, irritability, pain, emptiness, increased cravings, tearfulness, reduced appetite, back pain, trouble thinking, feelings of worthlessness, insomnia, suicidal thoughts, loss of interest"
+276,C. difficile infection,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/c-difficile/symptoms-causes/syc-20351691,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/c-difficile/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351697,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/c-difficile/doctors-departments/ddc-20351699,"Clostridioides difficile (klos-TRID-e-oi-deez dif-uh-SEEL) is a bacterium that causes an infection of the colon, the longest part of the large intestine. Symptoms can range from diarrhea to life-threatening damage to the colon. The bacterium is often called C. difficile or C. diff.
+Illness from C. difficile often occurs after using antibiotic medicines. It mostly affects older adults in hospitals or in long-term care settings. People not in care settings or hospitals also can get C. difficile infection. Some strains of the bacterium that can cause serious infections are more likely to affect younger people.
+The bacterium used to be called Clostridium (klos-TRID-e-um) difficile.",Symptoms often begin within 5 to 10 days after starting an antibiotic. But symptoms can occur as soon as the first day or up to three months later.,"Some people have loose stools during or shortly after antibiotic therapy. This may be caused by C. difficile infection. Make a health care appointment if you have:
+Three or more watery stools a day.
+Symptoms lasting more than two days.
+A new fever.
+Severe belly pain or cramping.
+Blood in your stool.","C. difficile bacteria enter the body through the mouth. They can begin reproducing in the small intestine. When they reach the part of the large intestine, called the colon, the bacteria can release toxins that damage tissues. These toxins destroy cells and cause watery diarrhea.
+Outside the colon, the bacteria aren't active. They can live for a long time in places such as:
+Human or animal feces.
+Surfaces in a room.
+Unwashed hands.
+Soil.
+Water.
+Food, including meat.
+When bacteria once again find their way into a person's digestive system, they become active again and cause infection. Because C. difficile can live outside the body, the bacteria spread easily. Not washing hands or cleaning well make it easy to spread the bacteria.
+Some people carry C. difficile bacteria in their intestines but never get sick from it. These people are carriers of the bacteria. They can spread infections without being sick.",People who have no known risk factors have gotten sick from C. difficile. But certain factors increase the risk.,"Complications of C. difficile infection include:
+Loss of fluids, called dehydration.Severe diarrhea can lead to a serious loss of fluids and minerals called electrolytes. This makes it hard for the body to work as it should. It can cause blood pressure to drop so low as to be dangerous.
+Kidney failure.In some cases, dehydration can occur so quickly that the kidneys stop working, called kidney failure.
+Toxic megacolon.In this rare condition, the colon can't get rid of gas and stool. This causes it to enlarge, called megacolon. Untreated, the colon can burst.Bacteria also may enter the bloodstream. Toxic megacolon may be fatal. It needs emergency surgery.
+A hole in the large intestine, called bowel perforation.This rare condition results from damage to the lining of the colon or occurs after toxic megacolon. Bacteria spilling from the colon into the hollow space in the middle of the body, called the abdominal cavity, can lead to a life-threatening infection called peritonitis.
+Death.Serious C. difficile infection can quickly become fatal if not treated promptly. Rarely, death can occur with mild to moderate infection.","To protect against C. difficile, don't take antibiotics unless you need them. Sometimes, you may get a prescription for antibiotics to treat conditions not caused by bacteria, such as viral illnesses. Antibiotics don't help infections caused by viruses.
+If you need an antibiotic, ask if you can get a prescription for a medicine that you take for a shorter time or is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics target a limited number of bacteria types. They're less likely to affect healthy bacteria.
+To help prevent the spread of C. difficile, hospitals and other health care settings follow strict rules to control infections. If you have a loved one in a hospital or nursing home, follow the rules. Ask questions if you see caregivers or other people not following the rules.
+Measures to prevent C. difficile include:
+Hand-washing.Health care workers should make sure their hands are clean before and after treating each person in their care. For a C. difficile outbreak, using soap and warm water is better for cleaning hands. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers don't destroy C. difficile spores.Visitors to health care facilities also should wash their hands with soap and warm water before and after leaving rooms or using the bathroom.
+Contact precautions.People who are hospitalized with C. difficile infection have a private room or share a room with someone who has the same illness. Hospital staff and visitors wear disposable gloves and isolation gowns while in the room.
+Thorough cleaning.In any health care setting, all surfaces should be carefully disinfected with a product that has chlorine bleach. C. difficile spores can survive cleaning products that don't have bleach.","A diagnosis of C. difficile infection is based on having:
+Diarrhea.
+Other symptoms of C. difficile infection.
+C. difficile in a stool sample.
+People who have regular, formed stools should not be tested for C. difficile infection. Some people get C. difficile infection without having taken antibiotics. So recent use of antibiotics is not needed for making a diagnosis of C. difficile infection.",Treatments are used only for symptoms of infection. People who carry the bacteria but aren't sick don't get treated.,,,"Supportive treatment for diarrhea includes:
+Plenty of fluids.Choose fluids that have water, salt and sugar, such as diluted fruit juice, soft drinks and broths.
+Good nutrition.For watery diarrhea, eat starchy foods, such as potatoes, noodles, rice, wheat and oatmeal. Other good choices are saltine crackers, bananas, soup and boiled vegetables. If you aren't hungry, you may need a liquid diet at first. After the diarrhea clears up, you might have trouble digesting milk and milk-based products for a while.",symptoms
+278,Valley fever,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/valley-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20378761,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/valley-fever/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378765,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/valley-fever/doctors-departments/ddc-20378766,"Valley fever is a fungal infection caused by coccidioides (kok-sid-e-OY-deze) organisms. It can cause signs and symptoms such as a fever, cough and tiredness.
+
+Two coccidioides fungi species cause valley fever. These fungi are commonly found in soil in specific regions. The fungi's spores can be stirred into the air by anything that disrupts the soil, such as farming, construction and wind.
+
+People can then breathe the fungi into their lungs. The fungi can cause valley fever, also known as acute coccidioidomycosis (kok-sid-e-oy-doh-my-KOH-sis). Mild cases of valley fever usually resolve on their own. In more-severe cases, doctors treat the infection with antifungal medications.","Valley fever is the initial form of coccidioidomycosis infection. This initial, acute illness can develop into a more serious disease, including chronic and disseminated coccidioidomycosis.","Seek medical care if you are over 60, have a weakened immune system, are pregnant, or are of Filipino or African heritage, and you develop the signs and symptoms of valley fever, especially if you:
+
+Be sure to tell your doctor if you've traveled to a place where valley fever is common and you have symptoms.","Valley fever is caused by a person inhaling spores of certain fungi. The fungi that cause valley fever — Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii — live in the soil in parts of Arizona, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, California, Texas and Washington. It's named after the San Joaquin Valley in California. The fungi can also often be found in northern Mexico and Central and South America.
+
+Like many other fungi, coccidioides species have a complex life cycle. In the soil, they grow as a mold with long filaments that break off into airborne spores when the soil is disturbed. A person can then inhale the spores.
+
+The spores are extremely small and can be carried far by the wind. Once inside the lungs, the spores reproduce, continuing the disease cycle.","Risk factors for valley fever include:
+
+Environmental exposure.Anyone who inhales the spores that cause valley fever is at risk of infection. People who live in areas where the fungi are common — especially those who spend a lot of time outdoors — have a greater risk.
+
+Also, people who have jobs that expose them to dust are most at risk — construction, road and agricultural workers, ranchers, archaeologists, and military personnel on field exercises.","Some people, especially pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems — such as those living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS— and those of Filipino or African heritage are at risk of developing a more severe form of coccidioidomycosis.
+
+Complications of coccidioidomycosis may include:","There is no vaccine to prevent valley fever.
+
+If you live in or visit areas where valley fever is common, take common-sense precautions, especially during the dry season following a rainy season when the chance of infection is highest.
+
+Consider these tips:","To diagnose valley fever, your doctor may evaluate your medical history and review your signs and symptoms. Valley fever is difficult to diagnose based on the signs and symptoms, because symptoms are usually vague and similar to those that occur in other illnesses. Even a chest X-ray can't help doctors see the difference between valley fever and other forms of lung infection such as pneumonia.
+
+To diagnose valley fever, doctors may order one or more of the following tests:
+
+If doctors think you may have pneumonia due to valley fever, they may also order imaging tests, such as a computed tomography (CT) scan, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or chest X-ray.
+
+If needed, doctors may remove a sample of tissue from the lungs for testing.
+
+In some cases, doctors may do a skin test to find out if you've had valley fever in the past and have developed immunity.",Valley fever usually involves supportive care and sometimes medications.,,"Make an appointment with your doctor if you develop signs or symptoms of valley fever and are in or have recently returned from a region where this condition is common.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your doctor.",,"coccidioidomycosis infection, acute illness, fever, initial, coccidioidomycosis"
+279,Cold urticaria,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cold-urticaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20371046,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cold-urticaria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371051,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cold-urticaria/doctors-departments/ddc-20371052,"Cold urticaria (ur-tih-KAR-e-uh) is a reaction that appears within minutes after skin is exposed to the cold. Itchy welts, also called hives, arise on affected skin.
+
+Symptoms in people with cold urticaria can range from minor to serious. For some people with this condition, swimming in cold water could lead to low blood pressure, fainting or shock.
+
+Cold urticaria occurs most often in young adults. If you think you have this condition, check in with your healthcare team. Treatment usually includes steps to keep cold urticaria from happening, such as taking antihistamines and staying away from cold air and water.","Cold urticaria symptoms may include:
+
+Serious responses may include:
+
+Cold urticaria symptoms begin soon after the skin is exposed to a sudden drop in air temperature or cold water. Damp and windy conditions may cause symptoms to flare up. Each bout of symptoms may last for about two hours.
+
+The worst reactions generally occur when all of the skin is exposed to cold, such as when swimming in cold water. These reactions could lead to fainting and drowning.","If you have skin reactions after being exposed to the cold, see your healthcare professional. Even if the reactions are mild, your healthcare professional will want to rule out other conditions that may be causing the symptoms.
+
+Seek emergency care if your whole body is affected or you find it hard to breathe after suddenly being exposed to the cold.","No one knows what causes cold urticaria. You could have sensitive skin cells due to a virus or an illness or from a trait passed down in your genes. In the most common forms of this condition, cold causes the release of histamine and other chemicals into the blood. These chemicals cause itching, and they sometimes affect the whole body.",You're more likely to have cold urticaria if:,"The main possible complication of cold urticaria is a serious response that occurs after large areas of skin are exposed to the cold, such as when swimming in cold water.",These tips may help stop cold urticaria from happening:,"An ice cube is placed on your skin for five minutes to diagnose cold urticaria. If you have cold urticaria, a raised bump, also called a hive, will form a few minutes after the ice cube is taken away. This is called the ice cube or cold contact test.
+
+In some cases, another condition, such as an infection or cancer, causes cold urticaria. This condition affects your immune system. If your healthcare professional thinks you have another condition that could be causing cold urticaria, you may need other tests.","In some people, cold urticaria goes away on its own after weeks or months. In others, it lasts longer. While there is no cure for the condition, treatment and taking steps to avoid cold urticaria can help.
+
+Your healthcare professional may recommend that you try to keep symptoms from happening or reduce those symptoms using home remedies. These remedies include antihistamines available without a prescription and staying away from the cold. If these treatments don't help, you may need prescription medicine.
+
+Medicines used to treat cold urticaria include:
+
+If you have cold urticaria because of another condition, you may need medicines or treatments for that condition as well. If you have a history of responses that affect your whole body, your healthcare professional may prescribe an epinephrine autoinjector (EpiPen, Auvi-Q, others) that you'll need to carry with you.",,"You'll probably see your primary care professional first. You also may need to see a healthcare professional who specializes in skin diseases, known as a dermatologist. Or you may need to see an allergy specialist, called an allergist-immunologist.
+
+Preparing a list of questions for your healthcare professional will help you make the most of your time together. For cold urticaria, some questions to ask include:",,"fainting, symptoms last, urticaria, reactions"
+280,Hypothermia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352682,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352688,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/doctors-departments/ddc-20352689,"Hypothermia is a condition that occurs when core body temperature drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius). It is a medical emergency. In hypothermia (hi-poe-THUR-me-uh), the body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature. Regular body temperature is around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius).
+When body temperature drops, the heart, nervous system and other organs can't work as well as they usually do. Left untreated, hypothermia can cause the heart and respiratory system to fail and eventually can lead to death.
+Common causes of hypothermia include exposure to cold weather or immersion in cold water. Treatment for hypothermia includes methods to warm the body back to a regular temperature.","When the temperature starts to drop, the body can start to shiver. Shivering is the body's attempt to warm itself. It is an automatic defense against cold temperature.
+Symptoms of hypothermia include:
+Shivering.
+Slurred speech or mumbling.
+Slow, shallow breathing.
+Weak pulse.
+Clumsiness or lack of coordination.
+Drowsiness or very low energy.
+Confusion or memory loss.
+Loss of consciousness.
+In infants, bright red, cold skin.
+People with hypothermia usually aren't aware of their condition. The symptoms often begin gradually. Also, the confused thinking associated with hypothermia prevents self-awareness. The confused thinking also can lead to risk-taking behavior.","Call 911 or your local emergency numberif you suspect someone has hypothermia.
+While waiting for emergency help to arrive, gently move the person inside if possible. Jarring movements can trigger dangerous irregular heartbeats. Carefully remove any wet clothing and replace it with warm, dry coats or blankets.","Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it produces it. The most common causes of hypothermia are exposure to cold-weather conditions or cold water. But prolonged exposure to any environment colder than the body can lead to hypothermia if a person isn't dressed properly or can't control the conditions.
+Specific conditions leading to hypothermia include:
+Wearing clothes that aren't warm enough for weather conditions.
+Staying out in the cold too long.
+Being unable to get out of wet clothes or move to a warm, dry location.
+Falling into the water, such as in a boating accident.
+Living in a house that's too cold, either from poor heating or too much air conditioning.","Risk factors for hypothermia include:
+Exhaustion.Fatigue reduces a person's ability to tolerate cold.
+Older age.The body's ability to regulate temperature and to sense cold may lessen with age. And some older adults may not be able to tell someone when they are cold or to move to a warm location if they do feel cold.
+Very young age.Children lose heat faster than adults do. Children also may ignore the cold because they're having too much fun to think about it. They may not have the judgment to dress properly in cold weather or to get out of the cold when they should.
+Mental conditions.People with a mental illness, dementia or other conditions that interfere with judgment may not dress properly for the weather or understand the risk of cold weather. People with dementia may wander from home or get lost easily, making them more likely to be stranded outside in cold or wet weather.
+Alcohol and drug use.Alcohol may make the body feel warm inside, but it causes blood vessels to expand. As a result, the surface of the skin loses heat more rapidly. Alcohol also reduces the body's natural shivering response.In addition, the use of alcohol or recreational drugs can affect judgment about the need to get inside or wear warm clothes in cold-weather conditions. A person who is intoxicated and passes out in cold weather is likely to develop hypothermia.
+Certain medical conditions.Some health disorders affect the body's ability to regulate body temperature. Examples include an underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism; poor nutrition or anorexia nervosa; diabetes; stroke; severe arthritis; Parkinson's disease; trauma; and spinal cord injuries.
+Medicines.Some drugs can change the body's ability to regulate its temperature. Examples include certain antidepressants, antipsychotics, narcotic pain medicines and sedatives.","People who develop hypothermia because of exposure to cold weather or cold water are also vulnerable to other cold-related injuries, including:
+Frostbite, which is when skin and underlying tissues become frozen.
+Gangrene, which is when body tissue decays and dies because blood flow is blocked.",,"The diagnosis of hypothermia usually is clear based on a person's symptoms. The conditions in which the person with hypothermia became ill or was found also often make the diagnosis clear. Blood tests can help confirm hypothermia and its severity.
+A diagnosis may not be clear, however, if the symptoms are mild. For example, hypothermia may not be considered when an older person who is indoors has symptoms of confusion, lack of coordination and speech problems.","Seek immediate medical attention for anyone who appears to have hypothermia. Until medical help is available, follow these first-aid guidelines for hypothermia.",,,,"weak pulse, cold skin, shallow breathing, shivering, clumsiness, shiver, drowsiness, slurred speech, bright red skin, confusion, memory loss, hypothermia, low energy, loss of consciousness"
+281,Common cold,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/symptoms-causes/syc-20351605,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351611,,"The common cold is an illness affecting your nose and throat. Most often, it's harmless, but it might not feel that way. Germs called viruses cause a common cold.
+Often, adults may have two or three colds each year. Infants and young children may have colds more often.
+Most people recover from a common cold in 7 to 10 days. Symptoms might last longer in people who smoke. Most often, you don't need medical care for a common cold. If symptoms don't get better or if they get worse, see your health care provider.
+Illnesses of the nose and throat caused by germs are called upper respiratory tract infections.","Most often, common cold symptoms start 1 to 3 days after someone is exposed to a cold virus. Symptoms vary. They can include:
+Runny or stuffy nose.
+Sore or scratchy throat.
+Cough.
+Sneezing.
+Generally feeling unwell.
+Slight body aches or a mild headache.
+Low-grade fever.
+The mucus from your nose may start out clear and become thicker and yellow or green. This change is normal. Most often, it doesn't mean that you have a bacterial illness.","For adults.Most often, you don't need medical care for a common cold. But see your health care provider if you have:
+Symptoms that get worse or do not get better.
+Fever greater than 101.3 degrees Fahrenheit (38.5 degrees Celsius) that lasts more than three days.
+Fever returning after a fever-free period.
+Shortness of breath.
+Wheezing.
+Intense sore throat, headache or sinus pain.
+For children.Most children with a common cold don't need to see a health care provider. Get medical care right away if your child has any of the following:
+Fever of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) in newborns up to 12 weeks.
+Rising fever or fever lasting more than two days in a child of any age.
+More-intense symptoms, such as headache, throat pain or cough.
+Trouble with breathing or wheezing.
+Ear pain.
+Fussiness or drowsiness that isn't typical.
+No interest in eating.","Many viruses can cause a common cold. Rhinoviruses are the most common cause.
+A cold virus enters the body through the mouth, eyes or nose. The virus can spread by:
+Droplets in the air when someone who is sick coughs, sneezes or talks.
+Hand-to-hand contact with someone who has a cold.
+Sharing objects with the virus on them, such as dishes, towels, toys or telephones.
+Touching your eyes, nose or mouth after contact with the virus.","These factors can increase the chances of getting a cold:
+Age.Infants and young children have a greater risk of colds than other people, especially if they spend time in child care settings.
+Weakened immune system.Having a long-term illness or weakened immune system increases your risk.
+Time of year.Both children and adults are more likely to get colds in fall and winter.
+Smoking.Smoking or being around secondhand smoke increases the risk of catching a cold.
+Exposure.Being in crowds, such as at school or on an airplane, increases the chance of getting a cold.","These conditions can occur along with your cold:
+Middle ear infection.This is the swelling and build-up of fluids in the space behind the eardrum. It may be caused by a virus or bacteria. Typical signs and symptoms include earaches or the return of a fever following a common cold.
+Asthma.A cold can trigger wheezing, even in people who don't have asthma. For people with asthma, a cold can make it worse.
+Sinusitis.In adults or children, a common cold that lasts a while can lead to swelling and pain in the sinuses. These are air-filled spaces in the skull above the eyes and around the nose. A virus or bacteria may cause sinusitis.
+Other illnesses.A common cold can lead to illnesses of the lungs, such as pneumonia or bronchitis. People with asthma or weakened immune systems have an increased risk of these conditions.","There's no vaccine for the common cold. You can take these steps to slow the spread of the virus and prevent illness:
+Wash your hands.Wash your hands well and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap and water aren't available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. Teach your children the importance of hand-washing. Try not to touch your eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands.
+Clean and disinfect.Clean and disinfect surfaces that are touched often. These include doorknobs, light switches, electronics, and kitchen and bathroom countertops. This is especially important when someone in your family has a cold. Wash children's toys often.
+Cover your cough.Sneeze and cough into tissues. Throw away used tissues right away, and then wash your hands. If you don't have a tissue, sneeze or cough into the bend of your elbow, and then wash your hands.
+Don't share.Don't share drinking glasses or silverware with other family members.
+Stay away from people with colds.Avoid close contact with anyone who has a cold. Stay out of crowds when possible. Try not to touch your eyes, nose and mouth when you're in crowds.
+Review your child care center's policies.Look for a child care setting with good hygiene practices and clear policies about keeping sick children at home.
+Take care of yourself.Eat well, exercise and get plenty of sleep to help you stay healthy.","You usually don't need medical care for a common cold. But if symptoms get worse or don't go away, see your health care provider.
+Most people with a common cold can be diagnosed by their symptoms. Your care provider may take a nasal or throat swab to rule out other illnesses. A chest X-ray may be ordered to rule out a lung illness.","There's no cure for the common cold. Most cases of the common cold get better without treatment within 7 to 10 days. But a cough may last a few more days.
+The best thing you can do is take care of yourself while your body heals. Care tips include:
+Rest.
+Drink plenty of liquids.
+Humidify the air.
+Use saline nasal rinses.
+Antibiotics do not treat cold viruses. They are used to treat illnesses caused by bacteria.",,"If you or your child has cold symptoms that don't go away or get worse, make an appointment with your health care provider. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","To make yourself as comfortable as possible when you have a cold, try these tips:
+Drink plenty of fluids.Water, juice, clear broth or warm lemon water are good choices. Avoid caffeine and alcohol, which can increase fluid loss.
+Sip warm liquids.Chicken soup, tea, warm apple juice or other warm liquids can soothe a sore throat and loosen a stuffy nose. Honey may help coughs in adults and children who are older than age 1. Try it in hot tea. Do not give honey to children younger than 1 year old because of the risk of an illness called infant botulism.
+Rest.Rest as much as possible. Stay home from work or school if you have a fever or a bad cough. Do not go out if you are drowsy after taking medicine.
+Adjust your room's temperature and humidity.Keep your room warm, but not overheated. If the air is dry, a cool-mist humidifier can help with stuffiness and coughing. Clean your humidifier as directed to prevent the growth of bacteria and molds.
+Use a saltwater gargle.A saltwater gargle of 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon (1250 to 2500 milligrams) of table salt in 4 to 8 fluid ounces (120 to 240 milliliters) of warm water can help soothe a sore throat. Gargle the solution and then spit it out. Most children younger than 6 years aren't able to gargle properly.
+Try other throat soothers.Use ice chips, lozenges or hard candy to soothe a sore throat. Use caution when giving lozenges or hard candy to children because they can choke on them. Don't give lozenges or hard candy to children younger than 6 years.
+Try saline nasal drops or sprays.Saline nasal drops or sprays can keep nasal passages moist and loosen mucus.
+Use a suction bulb for younger children.In infants and younger children, apply saline nasal drops, wait for a short period and then use a suction bulb to draw mucus out of each nostril. Insert the bulb syringe about 1/4 to 1/2 inch (6 to 12 millimeters).","bacterial illness, cough, throat, headache, scratchy throat, mild headache, fever, feeling unwell, low-grade fever, body aches, sneezing, sore, sore throat, runny nose, stuffy nose, aches"
+282,Ischemic colitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ischemic-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374001,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ischemic-colitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374005,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ischemic-colitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20374006,"Ischemic colitis happens when blood flow to part of the large intestine, called the colon, is temporarily reduced. When blood flow slows down, cells in the colon don't get enough oxygen, which may result in damage and swelling of the colon's tissues. Causes of reduced blood flow may include narrowing of the blood vessels supplying the colon or low blood pressure. Ischemic colitis is also called colonic ischemia.
+Any part of the colon can be affected, but ischemic colitis most commonly causes pain on the left side of the belly area.
+Ischemic colitis can be hard to diagnose because it can easily be confused with other digestive problems. You may need medicine to treat ischemic colitis or prevent infection. Or you may need surgery if your colon has been damaged. Most often, however, ischemic colitis heals on its own.","Symptoms of ischemic colitis can include:
+Pain, tenderness or cramping in the belly, which can happen suddenly or happen over time.
+Bright red or maroon blood in the stool or, at times, passage of blood alone without stool.
+A feeling of urgency to move the bowels.
+Diarrhea.
+Nausea.
+The risk of serious complications is higher when symptoms happen on the right side of the belly. This is less commonly seen compared with left-sided colitis. People with right-sided colitis tend to have more underlying medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation and kidney disease. They more often have to undergo surgery and also have a higher risk of death.","Seek immediate medical care if you have sudden, severe pain in your belly area. Pain that makes you so uncomfortable that you can't sit still or find a comfortable position is a medical emergency.
+Contact a healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you, such as bloody diarrhea. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications.","The exact cause of decreased blood flow to the colon isn't always clear. But several factors can increase the risk of ischemic colitis:
+Buildup of fatty deposits on the walls of an artery, also called atherosclerosis.
+Low blood pressure, also called hypotension, associated with dehydration, heart failure, surgery, trauma or shock.
+Bowel obstruction caused by a hernia, scar tissue or a tumor.
+Surgery involving the heart or blood vessels, or the digestive or gynecological systems.
+Medical conditions that affect the blood, including lupus, sickle cell anemia or inflammation of the blood vessels, a condition known as vasculitis.
+Cocaine or methamphetamine use.
+Colon cancer, which is rare.","Risk factors for ischemic colitis include:
+Age.The condition happens mostly in adults older than age 60. Ischemic colitis that happens in a young adult may be a sign of a blood-clotting issue. It also may be due to inflammation of the blood vessels, also known as vasculitis.
+Sex.Ischemic colitis is more common in women.
+Clotting problems.Conditions that affect the way the blood clots, such as factor V Leiden or sickle cell disease, may increase the risk of ischemic colitis.
+High cholesterol,which can lead to atherosclerosis.
+Reduced blood flow,due to heart failure, low blood pressure or shock. Blood flow also can be affected by certain conditions, including diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis.
+Previous abdominal surgery.Scar tissue that forms after surgery may cause reduced blood flow.
+Heavy exercise,such as marathon running, which can lead to reduced blood flow to the colon.
+Surgeryinvolving the heart, digestive or gynecological systems.","Ischemic colitis usually gets better on its own within 2 to 3 days. In more-serious cases, complications can include:
+Tissue death,also called gangrene, resulting from diminished blood flow.
+Hole formation,also known as perforation, in the intestine or persistent bleeding.
+Bowel obstruction,also called ischemic stricture.","Since the cause of ischemic colitis isn't always clear, there's no certain way to prevent the disorder. Most people who have ischemic colitis recover quickly and may never have another episode.
+To prevent recurrent episodes of ischemic colitis, some healthcare professionals recommend stopping any medicine that might cause the condition. Making sure to stay hydrated, especially when doing vigorous outdoor activities, is also important. This is especially true for those living in warm climates. A test for clotting problems may be recommended as well, especially if no other cause for ischemic colitis is apparent.","Ischemic colitis can often be confused with other conditions because their symptoms overlap, especially inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Based on symptoms, a healthcare professional may recommend these imaging tests:
+AbdominalCTscans,to provide images of the colon that can be helpful in ruling out other disorders, such asIBD.
+Colonoscopy.This test, which provides detailed images of the colon, can be helpful in diagnosing ischemic colitis. Colonoscopy also can be used to check for cancer, and to see how well a treatment worked. A tissue sample, called a biopsy, may be collected to help make a diagnosis.
+Stool analysis,to rule out infection as a cause of symptoms.","Treatment for ischemic colitis depends on the severity of the condition.
+Symptoms often diminish in 2 to 3 days in mild cases. A healthcare professional may recommend:
+Antibiotics, to prevent infections.
+Intravenous fluids, if the person is dehydrated.
+Treatment for any underlying medical condition, such as congestive heart failure or an irregular heartbeat.
+Not taking medicines that constrict the blood vessels, such as migraine or hormone medicines, and some heart medicines.
+Bowel rest, which may involve temporarily getting nutrients from a feeding tube.
+A care professional also may schedule follow-up colonoscopies to monitor healing and look for complications.",,"Go to the emergency room if you have bad stomach pain that makes you so uncomfortable that you can't sit still. You may be referred for immediate surgery to diagnose and treat your condition.
+If your symptoms are mild and happen only occasionally, call your healthcare team for an appointment. After the first evaluation, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in digestive disorders, called a gastroenterologist, or a surgeon who specializes in blood vessel disorders, called a vascular surgeon.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect.",,"pain, nausea, urgency to move the bowels, diarrhea, passage of blood, atrial fibrillation, cramping, left-sided colitis, death, bright red blood in the stool, tenderness, right-sided colitis, ischemic colitis"
+283,Microscopic colitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microscopic-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351478,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microscopic-colitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351483,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microscopic-colitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351485,"Microscopic colitis is swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the large intestine. This large intestine is also called the colon. Microscopic colitis causes symptoms of watery diarrhea.
+The condition gets its name from needing to look at colon tissue under a microscope to diagnose it. The tissue appears typical on exam with a colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy.
+There are two subtypes of microscopic colitis:
+Collagenous colitis, in which a thick layer of protein called collagen grows in colon tissue.
+Lymphocytic colitis, in which white blood cells called lymphocytes increase in colon tissue.
+Researchers believe collagenous (kuh-LAYJ-uh-nus) colitis and lymphocytic colitis may be forms of the same condition. Symptoms, testing and treatment are the same for both subtypes.","Symptoms of microscopic colitis include:
+Watery diarrhea.
+Belly pain, cramps or bloating.
+Weight loss.
+Nausea.
+Not being able to control bowel movements, called fecal incontinence.
+The body not having enough water, called dehydration.
+The symptoms of microscopic colitis can come and go. At times, symptoms improve on their own.","If you have watery diarrhea that lasts more than a few days, contact your healthcare professional to diagnose and treat your condition.","It's not clear what causes the swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the colon found in microscopic colitis. Researchers believe that the causes may include:
+Medicinesthat can inflame the lining of the colon.
+Bile acidnot absorbed as it should be that inflames the lining of the colon.
+Bacteriathat make toxins or viruses that interact with the lining of the colon.
+Autoimmune diseaselinked to microscopic colitis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease or psoriasis. Autoimmune disease happens when the body's immune system attacks healthy tissues.","Risk factors for microscopic colitis include:
+Age.Microscopic colitis is most common in people older than age 50.
+Sex.Women are more likely to have microscopic colitis than are men. Some studies suggest a link between post-menopausal hormone therapy and microscopic colitis.
+Autoimmune disease.People with microscopic colitis sometimes also have an autoimmune disorder, such as celiac disease, thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes or psoriasis.
+Genetic link.Research suggests that there may be a link between microscopic colitis and a family history of irritable bowel syndrome.
+Smoking.Recent research studies have shown a link between tobacco smoking and microscopic colitis, mostly in people ages 16 to 44.
+Some research studies show a link between using certain medicines that may increase the risk of microscopic colitis. But not all studies agree.
+Medicines that may be linked to the condition include:
+Pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve).
+Proton pump inhibitors including lansoprazole (Prevacid), esomeprazole (Nexium), pantoprazole (Protonix), rabeprazole (Aciphex), omeprazole (Prilosec) and dexlansoprazole (Dexilant).
+Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as sertraline (Zoloft).
+Acarbose.
+Flutamide.
+Ranitidine.
+Carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Tegretol, others).
+Clozapine (Clozaril, Versacloz).
+Entacapone (Comtan).
+Paroxetine (Paxil).
+Simvastatin (Flolipid, Zocor).
+Topiramate (Topamax, Qsymia, others).",There are minimal complications for most people once microscopic colitis is successfully treated. The condition does not increase the risk of colon cancer.,,"A complete medical history, physical exam and testing can help tell whether other conditions, such as celiac disease, may be causing diarrhea. Your healthcare professional also will ask about medicines you take.","Microscopic colitis may get better on its own. But when symptoms are severe or don't go away, you may need treatment to relieve them. Healthcare professionals most often start with the simplest treatments that are least likely to cause side effects.",,Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.,"Changes to your diet may help relieve the diarrhea of microscopic colitis. Try to:
+Drink plenty of fluids.Water is best, but fluids with added sodium and potassium, called electrolytes, may help as well. Try drinking broth or watered-down fruit juice. Don't drink beverages that are high in sugar or sorbitol or contain alcohol or caffeine, such as coffee, tea and colas. These can make symptoms worse.
+Choose soft, easy-to-digest foods.These include applesauce, bananas, melons and rice. Don't eat high-fiber foods such as beans and nuts. Eat only well-cooked vegetables. If you think your symptoms are getting better, slowly add high-fiber foods back to your diet. Talk to your healthcare professional about how long to continue this type of diet.
+Eat several small meals rather than a few large meals.Spacing meals throughout the day may ease diarrhea.
+Avoid irritating foods.Stay away from spicy, fatty or fried foods and any other foods that make your symptoms worse.","colitis, nausea, fecal incontinence, watery diarrhea, bloating, belly pain, cramps, weight loss, dehydration"
+285,Ulcerative colitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ulcerative-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353326,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ulcerative-colitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353331,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ulcerative-colitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20353334,"Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and sores, called ulcers, in part of the digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis (UL-sur-uh-tiv koe-LIE-tis) affects the innermost lining of the large intestine, called the colon, and rectum. Symptoms usually develop over time, rather than coming on suddenly.
+Ulcerative colitis can weaken the body and can sometimes lead to life-threatening complications. While it has no known cure, treatment can greatly reduce and relieve symptoms of the disease. It also may bring about long-term remission.","Ulcerative colitis symptoms can vary, depending on how serious the inflammation is and where it happens. Symptoms may include:
+Diarrhea, often with blood or pus.
+Rectal bleeding — passing a small amount of blood with stool.
+Belly pain and cramping.
+Rectal pain.
+Urgency to pass stool.
+Not being able to pass stool despite urgency.
+Weight loss.
+Fatigue.
+Fever.
+In children, failure to grow.
+About half of the people with ulcerative colitis have mild to moderate symptoms. The course of ulcerative colitis may vary, with some people having long periods of remission.","See a healthcare professional if you notice a lasting change in your bowel habits or if you have symptoms such as:
+Belly pain.
+Blood in the stool.
+Ongoing diarrhea that doesn't respond to nonprescription medicines.
+Diarrhea that awakens you from sleep.
+An unexplained fever lasting more than a day or two.
+Although ulcerative colitis usually isn't fatal, it's a serious disease that, in some cases, may cause life-threatening complications.","The exact cause of ulcerative colitis isn't known. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now healthcare professionals know that these factors may worsen but don't cause ulcerative colitis. Possible causes may include:
+Immune system issue.One possible cause is an immune system malfunction. When the immune system tries to fight off an invading virus or bacterium, an irregular immune response causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract too.
+Genetic traits.Several genetic markers have been associated with ulcerative colitis. Heredity also seems to play a role in that the condition is more common in people who have family members with the disease.","Ulcerative colitis affects about the same number of women and men. Risk factors may include:
+Age.Ulcerative colitis usually begins before the age of 30. But it can occur at any age, and some people may not develop the disease until after age 60.
+Race or ethnicity.Although white people have the highest risk of the disease, ulcerative colitis can happen in any race. The risk is even higher for those of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.
+Family history.You're at higher risk if you have a close relative, such as a parent, sibling or child, with the disease.","Possible complications of ulcerative colitis include:
+Severe bleeding.
+A hole in the colon, known as a perforated colon.
+Severe dehydration.
+Loss of red blood cells, known as anemia.
+Bone loss, called osteoporosis.
+Inflammation of the skin, joints and eyes.
+An increased risk of colon cancer.
+A rapidly swelling colon, called toxic megacolon.
+Increased risk of blood clots in veins and arteries.
+Delayed growth and development in children.",,"Endoscopic procedures with tissue biopsy are the only way to definitively diagnose ulcerative colitis. Other types of tests can help rule out complications or other forms of inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease.
+To help confirm a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, one or more of the following tests and procedures may be recommended:","Ulcerative colitis treatment usually involves either drug therapy or surgery.
+Several categories of medicines may be effective in treating ulcerative colitis. The type you take depends on the severity of your condition. The medicines that work well for some people may not work for others, so it may take time to find a medicine that helps you.
+In addition, because some medicines have serious side effects, you need to weigh the benefits and risks of any treatment.",,"Symptoms of ulcerative colitis may first prompt you to visit your primary healthcare professional. Your healthcare professional may recommend that you see a specialist who treats digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your appointment.","Sometimes you may feel helpless when facing ulcerative colitis. But changes in your diet and lifestyle may help control your symptoms and lengthen the time between flare-ups.
+There's no firm evidence that what you eat actually causes inflammatory bowel disease. But certain foods and beverages can worsen your symptoms, especially during a flare-up.
+It can be helpful to keep a food diary to keep track of what you're eating, as well as how you feel. If you discover that some foods are causing your symptoms to flare, you can try removing them from your diet.
+Here are some general dietary suggestions that may help you manage your condition:
+Limit dairy products.Many people with inflammatory bowel disease find that problems such as diarrhea, belly pain and gas improve by limiting or removing dairy products. You may be lactose intolerant — that is, your body can't digest the milk sugar, called lactose, in dairy foods. Using an enzyme product such as Lactaid may help as well.
+Eat small meals.You may find that you feel better eating five or six small meals a day rather than two or three larger ones.
+Drink plenty of liquids.Try to drink plenty of liquids daily. Water is best. Alcohol and beverages that contain caffeine stimulate your intestines and can make diarrhea worse, while carbonated drinks frequently produce gas.
+Talk to a dietitian.If you begin to lose weight or your diet becomes very limited, talk to a registered dietitian.","pain, ulcerative colitis, rectal pain, fatigue, diarrhea, belly pain, fever, ulcerative colitis symptoms, bleeding, cramping, urgency to pass stool, inability to pass stool, weight loss, inflammation, rectal bleeding"
+286,Atelectasis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/doctors-departments/ddc-20369689,"Atelectasis (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is the collapse of a lung or part of a lung, also known as a lobe. It happens when tiny air sacs within the lung, called alveoli, lose air.
+Atelectasis is one of the most common breathing complications after surgery. It's also a possible complication of other respiratory problems, including cystic fibrosis, lung tumors, chest injuries, fluid in the lung and respiratory weakness. You may develop atelectasis if you breathe in a foreign object.
+This condition can make breathing hard, particularly if you already have lung disease. Treatment depends on what's causing the collapse and how severe it is.
+The definition of atelectasis is broader than pneumothorax (noo-moe-THOR-aks). Pneumothorax is when air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall, causing part or all of a lung to collapse. Pneumothorax is one of several causes of atelectasis.","There may be no clear signs of atelectasis. If you have any signs, they may include:
+Having a hard time breathing.
+Rapid, weak breathing.
+Wheezing.
+Coughing.","Always get medical attention right away if you have a hard time breathing. Other conditions besides atelectasis can make it hard to breathe, so it's important to get the right diagnosis and treatment. If your breathing suddenly becomes difficult, get emergency medical help.","A blocked airway can cause atelectasis. This is called obstructive atelectasis. Pressure from outside the lung also can cause atelectasis. This is called nonobstructive atelectasis.
+General anesthesia — which brings on a sleeplike state with the use of medicines before a procedure or surgery — is a common cause of atelectasis. It changes your regular pattern of breathing and affects the exchange of lung gases. This can cause the air sacs in your lungs to lose air. Nearly everyone who has major surgery has some amount of atelectasis. It often occurs after heart bypass surgery.
+When a blocked airway causes atelectasis, it may be due to:
+Mucus plug.A mucus plug is a buildup of sputum or phlegm in your airways. It commonly occurs during and after surgery because you can't cough. Drugs given during surgery make you breathe less deeply. So mucus that usually would move out of your lungs may build up in your airways. Suctioning the lungs during surgery helps clear them. But sometimes mucus still builds up. Mucus plugs also are common in children, people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks.
+Foreign body.Atelectasis is common in children who have inhaled an object into their lungs, such as a peanut or part of a small toy.
+Tumor inside the airway.A growth, which may or may not be cancer, can narrow or block the airway.
+Possible causes of atelectasis due to pressure from outside the lung include:
+Injury.Chest trauma, such as from a fall or car accident, can cause you to avoid taking deep breaths due to pain. This can lead to the squeezing of your lungs.
+Pleural effusion.This condition involves the buildup of fluid in the space between the lining of your lungs and the inside of your chest wall.
+Pneumonia.Various types of pneumonia, which is a lung infection, can cause atelectasis.
+Pneumothorax.This is when air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall, causing some or all of a lung to collapse.
+Scarring of lung tissue.Injury, lung disease or surgery could cause scarring.
+Tumor.A large tumor can press against the lung and force air out of it.","Factors that make you more likely to get atelectasis include:
+Any condition that makes it hard to swallow.
+Needing to stay in bed over a long time and not having enough changes of position.
+Lung disease, such as asthma, bronchiectasis or cystic fibrosis.
+Recent surgery in the stomach area or chest.
+Recent general anesthesia.
+Weak breathing muscles due to muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury or another neuromuscular condition.
+Medicines that may cause weak breathing.
+Pain or injury that may make it painful to cough or cause weak breathing, including stomach pain or a broken rib.
+Smoking.","A small area of atelectasis, especially in adults, usually can be treated. These complications may come from atelectasis:
+Low blood oxygen (hypoxemia).Atelectasis makes it harder for your lungs to get oxygen to the air sacs.
+Pneumonia.Your risk of pneumonia continues until the atelectasis goes away. Mucus in a collapsed lung may lead to infection.
+Respiratory failure.Loss of a lobe or a whole lung, especially in an infant or someone with lung disease, can be life-threatening.","Atelectasis in children is often caused by a blockage in the airway. To lower the risk of atelectasis, keep small objects out of the reach of children.
+In adults, atelectasis most commonly occurs after major surgery. If you're scheduled for surgery, talk with your doctor about ways to lower your risk. Some research shows that certain breathing exercises and muscle training may lower the risk of atelectasis after some surgeries.","A doctor's examination and plain chest X-ray may be all that's needed to diagnose atelectasis. But other tests may be done to confirm the source of symptoms or figure out the type or severity of atelectasis.
+These tests include:
+CT scan.A CT may be better than an X-ray at finding the cause and type of atelectasis.
+Oximetry.This simple test uses a small device placed on one of your fingers to measure your blood oxygen level. It helps in finding out how severe the atelectasis is.
+Chest ultrasound.This test uses sound waves to create detailed images of structures inside your chest. A small, hand-held device is pressed against your chest and moved as needed to capture the images. It can find the causes of atelectasis, such as pneumothorax, where air leaks into the space between the lungs and chest wall, and pleural effusion, where fluid builds up around the lungs.
+Bronchoscopy.During this test, a flexible, lighted tube is placed down your throat. It allows your doctor to see what may be causing a blockage. Possible causes include a mucus plug, tumor or foreign body. This test also may be used to take out blockages.","Treatment of atelectasis depends on the cause. Mild atelectasis may go away without treatment. Sometimes, medicines are used to loosen and thin mucus. If the condition is due to a blockage, you may need surgery or other treatments.",,"Unless you need emergency care, you're likely to first see your family doctor. But in some cases, when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred right away to a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in lung conditions.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"wheezing, rapid breathing, coughing, weak breathing, hard time breathing, atelectasis"
+287,Pneumothorax,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumothorax/symptoms-causes/syc-20350367,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumothorax/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350372,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumothorax/doctors-departments/ddc-20350373,"A pneumothorax (noo-moe-THOR-aks) is a collapsed lung. A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. A pneumothorax can be a complete lung collapse or a collapse of only a portion of the lung.
+A pneumothorax can be caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury, certain medical procedures, or damage from underlying lung disease. Or it may occur for no obvious reason. Symptoms usually include sudden chest pain and shortness of breath. On some occasions, a collapsed lung can be a life-threatening event.
+Treatment for a pneumothorax usually involves inserting a needle or chest tube between the ribs to remove the excess air. However, a small pneumothorax may heal on its own.",The main symptoms of a pneumothorax are sudden chest pain and shortness of breath. Severity of symptoms may depend on how much of the lung is collapsed.,"Symptoms of a pneumothorax can be caused by a variety of health problems, and some can be life-threatening, so seek medical attention. If your chest pain is severe or breathing becomes increasingly difficult, get immediate emergency care.","A pneumothorax can be caused by:
+Chest injury.Any blunt or penetrating injury to your chest can cause lung collapse. Some injuries may happen during physical assaults or car crashes, while others may inadvertently occur during medical procedures that involve the insertion of a needle into the chest.
+Lung disease.Damaged lung tissue is more likely to collapse. Lung damage can be caused by many types of underlying diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, lung cancer or pneumonia. Cystic lung diseases, such as lymphangioleiomyomatosis and Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, cause round, thin-walled air sacs in the lung tissue that can rupture, resulting in pneumothorax.
+Ruptured air blisters.Small air blisters (blebs) can develop on the top of the lungs. These air blisters sometimes burst — allowing air to leak into the space that surrounds the lungs.
+Mechanical ventilation.A severe type of pneumothorax can occur in people who need mechanical assistance to breathe. The ventilator can create an imbalance of air pressure within the chest. The lung may collapse completely.","In general, men are far more likely to have a pneumothorax than women are. The type of pneumothorax caused by ruptured air blisters is most likely to occur in people between 20 and 40 years old, especially if the person is very tall and underweight.
+Underlying lung disease or mechanical ventilation can be a cause or a risk factor for a pneumothorax. Other risk factors include:
+Smoking.The risk increases with the length of time and the number of cigarettes smoked, even without emphysema.
+Genetics.Certain types of pneumothorax appear to run in families.
+Previous pneumothorax.Anyone who has had one pneumothorax is at increased risk of another.","Potential complications vary, depending on the size and severity of the pneumothorax as well as the cause and treatment. Sometimes air may continue to leak if the opening in the lung won't close or pneumothorax may recur.",,"A pneumothorax is generally diagnosed using a chest X-ray. In some cases, a computerized tomography (CT) scan may be needed to provide more-detailed images. Ultrasound imaging also may be used to identify a pneumothorax.","The goal in treating a pneumothorax is to relieve the pressure on your lung, allowing it to re-expand. Depending on the cause of the pneumothorax, a second goal may be to prevent recurrences. The methods for achieving these goals depend on the severity of the lung collapse and sometimes on your overall health.
+Treatment options may include observation, needle aspiration, chest tube insertion, nonsurgical repair or surgery. You may receive supplemental oxygen therapy to speed air reabsorption and lung expansion.",,,,"pneumothorax, chest pain, shortness of breath"
+291,Complicated grief,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/complicated-grief/symptoms-causes/syc-20360374,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/complicated-grief/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360389,,"Losing a loved one is one of the most distressing and, unfortunately, common experiences people face. Most people experiencing normal grief and bereavement have a period of sorrow, numbness, and even guilt and anger. Gradually these feelings ease, and it's possible to accept loss and move forward.
+For some people, feelings of loss are debilitating and don't improve even after time passes. This is known as complicated grief, sometimes called persistent complex bereavement disorder. In complicated grief, painful emotions are so long lasting and severe that you have trouble recovering from the loss and resuming your own life.
+Different people follow different paths through the grieving experience. The order and timing of these phases may vary from person to person:
+Accepting the reality of your loss
+Allowing yourself to experience the pain of your loss
+Adjusting to a new reality in which the deceased is no longer present
+Having other relationships
+These differences are normal. But if you're unable to move through these stages more than a year after the death of a loved one, you may have complicated grief. If so, seek treatment. It can help you come to terms with your loss and reclaim a sense of acceptance and peace.","During the first few months after a loss, many signs and symptoms of normal grief are the same as those of complicated grief. However, while normal grief symptoms gradually start to fade over time, those of complicated grief linger or get worse. Complicated grief is like being in an ongoing, heightened state of mourning that keeps you from healing.
+Signs and symptoms of complicated grief may include:
+Intense sorrow, pain and rumination over the loss of your loved one
+Focus on little else but your loved one's death
+Extreme focus on reminders of the loved one or excessive avoidance of reminders
+Intense and persistent longing or pining for the deceased
+Problems accepting the death
+Numbness or detachment
+Bitterness about your loss
+Feeling that life holds no meaning or purpose
+Lack of trust in others
+Inability to enjoy life or think back on positive experiences with your loved one
+Complicated grief also may be indicated if you continue to:
+Have trouble carrying out normal routines
+Isolate from others and withdraw from social activities
+Experience depression, deep sadness, guilt or self-blame
+Believe that you did something wrong or could have prevented the death
+Feel life isn't worth living without your loved one
+Wish you had died along with your loved one",Contact your doctor or a mental health professional if you have intense grief and problems functioning that don't improve at least one year after the passing of your loved one.,"It's not known what causes complicated grief. As with many mental health disorders, it may involve your environment, your personality, inherited traits and your body's natural chemical makeup.","Complicated grief occurs more often in females and with older age. Factors that may increase the risk of developing complicated grief include:
+An unexpected or violent death, such as death from a car accident, or the murder or suicide of a loved one
+Death of a child
+Close or dependent relationship to the deceased person
+Social isolation or loss of a support system or friendships
+Past history of depression, separation anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
+Traumatic childhood experiences, such as abuse or neglect
+Other major life stressors, such as major financial hardships","Complicated grief can affect you physically, mentally and socially. Without appropriate treatment, complications may include:
+Depression
+Suicidal thoughts or behaviors
+Anxiety, including PTSD
+Significant sleep disturbances
+Increased risk of physical illness, such as heart disease, cancer or high blood pressure
+Long-term difficulty with daily living, relationships or work activities
+Alcohol, nicotine use or substance misuse","It's not clear how to prevent complicated grief. Getting counseling soon after a loss may help, especially for people at increased risk of developing complicated grief. In addition, caregivers providing end-of-life care for a loved one may benefit from counseling and support to help prepare for death and its emotional aftermath.
+Talking.Talking about your grief and allowing yourself to cry also can help prevent you from getting stuck in your sadness. As painful as it is, trust that in most cases, your pain will start to lift if you allow yourself to feel it.
+Support.Family members, friends, social support groups and your faith community are all good options to help you work through your grief. You may be able to find a support group focused on a particular type of loss, such as the death of a spouse or a child. Ask your doctor to recommend local resources.
+Bereavement counseling.Through early counseling after a loss, you can explore emotions surrounding your loss and learn healthy coping skills. This may help prevent negative thoughts and beliefs from gaining such a strong hold that they're difficult to overcome.","Grieving is a highly individual process for each person, and determining when normal grief becomes complicated grief can be difficult. There's currently no consensus among mental health experts about how much time must pass before complicated grief can be diagnosed.
+Complicated grief may be considered when the intensity of grief has not decreased in the months after your loved one's death. Some mental health professionals diagnose complicated grief when grieving continues to be intense, persistent and debilitating beyond 12 months.
+There are many similarities between complicated grief and major depression, but there are also distinct differences. In some cases, clinical depression and complicated grief occur together. Getting the correct diagnosis is essential for appropriate treatment, so a comprehensive medical and psychological exam is often done.",Your doctor or mental health professional considers your particular symptoms and circumstances in determining what treatment is likely to work best for you.,"Although it's important to get professional treatment for complicated grief, these strategies also may help you cope:
+Stick to your treatment plan.Attend therapy appointments as scheduled and practice skills learned in therapy. If needed, take medications as directed.
+Practice stress management.Learn how to better manage stress. Unmanaged stress can lead to depression, overeating, or other unhealthy thoughts and behaviors.
+Take care of yourself.Get enough rest, eat a healthy diet and take time to relax. Exercise regularly. Physical activity can help relieve stress, depression and anxiety. Don't turn to alcohol or recreational drugs for relief.
+Reach out to your faith community.If you follow religious practices or traditions, you may gain comfort from rituals or guidance from a spiritual leader.
+Socialize.Stay connected with people you enjoy being around. They can offer support, a shoulder to cry on or shared laughter to give you a little boost.
+Plan ahead for special dates or anniversaries.Holidays, anniversaries and special occasions can trigger painful reminders of your loved one. Find new ways to celebrate, positively reminisce or acknowledge your loved one that provide you comfort and hope.
+Learn new skills.If you were highly dependent on your loved one, for example, to handle the cooking or finances, try to master these tasks yourself. Ask family, friends or professionals for guidance, if necessary. Seek out community classes and resources, too.
+Join a support group.You may not be ready to join a support group immediately after your loss, but over time you may find shared experiences comforting and you may form meaningful new relationships.","You may start by contacting your doctor. After your initial appointment, your doctor may refer you to a mental health professional who can help diagnose your symptoms and provide a treatment plan.
+You may want to ask a trusted family member or friend to be present for your appointment, if possible, to help you remember key information.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"trouble carrying out routines, intense longing, guilt, rumination, inability to enjoy, wish to die, bitterness, self-blame, pining, intense sorrow, numbness, death, detachment, isolation, lack of trust, depression, pain, deep sadness, problems accepting"
+292,Hoarding disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356056,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356062,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20356064,"Hoarding disorder is an ongoing difficulty throwing away or parting with possessions because you believe that you need to save them. You may experience distress at the thought of getting rid of the items. You gradually keep or gather a huge number of items, regardless of their actual value.
+Hoarding often creates extremely cramped living conditions with only narrow pathways winding through stacks of clutter. Countertops, sinks, stoves, desks, stairways and all other surfaces are usually piled with stuff. You may not be able to use some areas for their intended purpose. For example, you may not be able to cook in the kitchen. When there's no more room inside your home, the clutter may spread to the garage, vehicles, yard and other storage areas.
+Hoarding ranges from mild to severe. In some cases, hoarding may not have much impact on your life, while in other cases it seriously affects your daily functioning.
+People with hoarding disorder may not see it as a problem, so getting them to take part in treatment can be challenging. But intensive treatment can help you understand how your beliefs and behaviors can be changed so that you can live a safer, more enjoyable life.","The first symptoms of hoarding disorder often appear during the teenage to early adult years. You may get and save too many items, gradually build up clutter in living spaces, and have difficulty getting rid of things.
+As you grow older, you may continue getting and holding onto things that you may never use and don't have space for. By middle age, the clutter can become overwhelming as symptoms become more severe and increasingly difficult to treat.
+Problems with hoarding gradually develop over time and tend to be a private behavior. You may avoid having family, friends or repair workers in your home. Often, major clutter has developed by the time it reaches the attention of others.
+Symptoms of hoarding disorder may include:
+Getting and keeping too many items that you may not have a need for right now and don't have space for.
+Ongoing difficulty throwing out or parting with your things, regardless of their actual value.
+Feeling a need to save these items and being upset by the thought of getting rid of them.
+Building up clutter to the point where you can't use rooms.
+Trying to be perfect and avoiding or delaying decisions.
+Problems with planning and organizing.
+Getting too many items and refusing to part with them results in:
+Disorganized piles or stacks of items, such as newspapers, clothes, paperwork, books or sentimental items.
+Items that crowd and clutter your walking spaces and living areas. Rooms can't be used for the intended purpose, such as not being able to sleep in your bed.
+Buildup of food or trash to large, unsanitary levels.
+Distress or problems functioning or keeping yourself, others and pets safe in your home.
+Conflict with others who try to reduce or remove clutter from your home.
+Relationship issues, avoiding social activities and employment problems.
+Difficulty organizing items and sometimes losing important items in the clutter.
+With hoarding disorder, items are usually saved because:
+You believe these items are unique or that you'll need them at some point in the future.
+You feel emotionally connected to items that remind you of happier times or represent beloved people or pets.
+You feel safe and comforted when surrounded by things.
+You don't want to waste anything.
+Hoarding disorder is different from collecting. People who have collections, such as stamps or model cars, carefully search out specific items, organize them and display their collections. Collections can be large, but they aren't usually cluttered. Also, they don't cause the distress and problems functioning that are part of hoarding disorder.","If you or a loved one has symptoms of hoarding disorder, talk with a health care provider or a mental health provider with expertise in diagnosing and treating hoarding disorder as soon as possible. Some communities have agencies that help with hoarding problems. Check with the local or county government for resources in your area.
+As hard as it might be, if your loved one's hoarding disorder threatens health or safety, you may need to contact local authorities, such as police, fire, public health, child or elder protective services, or animal welfare agencies.","It's not clear what causes hoarding disorder. Genetics, brain function and stressful life events are being studied as possible causes.","Hoarding usually starts around ages 15 to 19. It tends to get worse with age. Hoarding is more common in older adults than in younger adults.
+Risk factors include:
+Personality.Many people who have hoarding disorder have a behavior style that includes trouble making decisions and problems with attention, organization and problem-solving.
+Family history.There is a strong association between having a family member who has hoarding disorder and having the disorder yourself.
+Stressful life events.Some people develop hoarding disorder after experiencing a stressful life event that they had difficulty coping with, such as the death of a loved one, divorce or losing possessions in a fire.","Hoarding disorder can cause a variety of complications, including:
+Increased risk of falls.
+Injury or being trapped by shifting or falling items.
+Family conflicts.
+Loneliness and social isolation.
+Conditions that aren't clean and can be a health risk.
+A fire hazard.
+Poor work performance.
+Legal issues, such as eviction.","Because little is understood about what causes hoarding disorder, there's no known way to prevent it. However, as with many mental health conditions, getting treatment at the first sign of a problem may help prevent hoarding from getting worse. This is especially important because by the time clutter becomes a noticeable problem, hoarding likely has been going on for a while.","People often don't seek treatment for hoarding disorder, but rather for other issues, such as depression, anxiety or relationship problems. To help diagnose hoarding disorder, it's best to see a mental health provider who has expertise in diagnosing and treating the condition. You'll have a mental health exam that includes questions about emotional well-being. You'll likely be asked about your beliefs and behaviors related to getting and saving items and the impact clutter may have on your quality of life.
+Your mental health provider may ask your permission to talk with relatives and friends. Pictures and videos of your living spaces and storage areas affected by clutter are often helpful. You also may be asked questions to find out if you have symptoms of other mental health conditions.","Treatment of hoarding disorder can be challenging but effective if you keep working on learning new skills. Some people don't recognize the negative impact of hoarding on their lives or don't believe they need treatment. This is especially true if the possessions or animals offer comfort. If these possessions or animals are taken away, people will often react with frustration and anger. They may quickly collect more to help satisfy emotional needs.
+The main treatment for hoarding disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a skills-based approach to therapy. You learn how to better manage beliefs and behaviors that are linked to keeping the clutter. Your provider also may prescribe medicines, especially if you have anxiety or depression along with hoarding disorder.",,"If you or a loved one has symptoms of hoarding disorder, your health care provider may refer you to a mental health provider, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, with experience diagnosing and treating hoarding disorder.
+Because some people with hoarding disorder symptoms don't recognize that their behavior is a problem, you as a friend or family member may experience more distress over the hoarding than your loved one does. If this is the case, you may want to first meet alone with a mental health provider with expertise in treating hoarding disorder. A provider can offer support and help on how to encourage your loved one to seek help.
+To consider the possibility of seeking treatment, your loved one will likely need reassurance that no one is going to go into their house and start throwing things out.
+Here's some information to help prepare for the first appointment and what to expect from the mental health provider.","In addition to professional treatment, here are some steps you can take to help care for yourself:
+Follow your treatment plan.It's hard work, and it's common to have some setbacks over time. But treatment can help you feel better about yourself, improve your desire to change and reduce your hoarding. Have a daily schedule to work on reducing your clutter. Do this during times of the day when you have the most energy.
+Accept assistance.Local resources, professional organizers and loved ones can work with you to make decisions about how best to organize and unclutter your home and to stay safe and healthy. It may take time to get back to a safe home environment. Help is often needed to stay organized around the home.
+Reach out to others.Hoarding can lead to isolation and loneliness, which in turn can lead to more hoarding. If you don't want visitors in your house, try to get out to visit friends and family. Joining a support group for people with hoarding disorder can let you know that you are not alone. These groups can help you learn about your behavior and available resources.
+Try to keep yourself clean and neat.If you have possessions piled in your tub or shower, resolve to move them so that you can bathe or shower.
+Make sure you're getting proper nutrition.If you can't use your stove or reach your refrigerator, you may not be eating properly. Try to clear those areas so that you can prepare healthy meals.
+Look out for yourself.Remind yourself that you don't have to live in chaos and distress — that you deserve better. Focus on your goals and what you can gain by reducing clutter in your home.
+Take small steps.With a professional's help, you can tackle one area at a time. Small and consistent wins like this can lead to big wins.
+Do what's best for your pets.If the number of pets you have has grown beyond your ability to care for them properly, remind yourself that they deserve to live healthy and happy lives. That's not possible if you can't provide them with proper nutrition, clean living conditions and veterinary care.","relationship issues, clutter, problems functioning, disorganized piles, crowded walking spaces, hoarding disorder, difficulty organizing, hoarding, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+difficulty getting rid, unsanitary levels, difficulty throwing out, distress, losing important items, upset, building up clutter, conflict, feeling a need to save"
+293,Binge-eating disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/binge-eating-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353627,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/binge-eating-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353633,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/binge-eating-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20353637,"Binge-eating disorder is a serious condition. It always involves feeling like you're not able to stop eating. It also often involves eating much larger than usual amounts of food.
+Almost everyone overeats on occasion, such as having seconds or thirds of a holiday meal. But regularly feeling that eating is out of control and eating an unusually large amount of food may be symptoms of binge-eating disorder.
+People who have binge-eating disorder often feel embarrassed or ashamed about eating binges. People with the disorder often go through periods of trying to restrict or severely cut back on their eating as a result. But this instead may increase urges to eat and lead to a cycle of ongoing binge eating. Treatment for binge-eating disorder can help people feel more in control and balanced with their eating.","If you have binge-eating disorder, you may be overweight or obese, or you may be at a healthy weight. Most people with binge-eating disorder feel upset about their body size or shape no matter what the number on the scale is.
+Symptoms of binge-eating disorder vary but can include:
+Feeling that you don't have control over your eating behavior, for example, you can't stop once you start.
+Often eating much larger than usual amounts of food in a specific amount of time, such as over a two-hour period.
+Eating even when you're full or not hungry.
+Eating very fast during eating binges.
+Eating until you're uncomfortably full.
+Often eating alone or in secret.
+Feeling depressed, disgusted, ashamed, guilty or upset about your eating.
+A person with bulimia nervosa, another eating disorder, may binge and then vomit, use laxatives or exercise excessively to get rid of extra calories. This is not the case with binge-eating disorder. If you have binge-eating disorder, you may try to diet or eat less food at mealtimes to compensate. But restricting your diet may simply lead to more binge eating.
+How much eating binges affect your mood and ability to function in daily life gives an idea of how serious the condition is for you. Binge-eating disorder can vary over time. The condition may be short-lived, may go away and come back, or may continue for years if left untreated.","If you have any symptoms of binge-eating disorder, get medical help as soon as possible. Talk with your healthcare professional or a mental health professional about your symptoms and feelings.
+If you're embarrassed by your eating and are worried about talking to your healthcare professional, start by talking with someone you trust about what you're going through. A friend, family member, teacher or faith leader can encourage and support you in taking the first steps to successful treatment of binge-eating disorder.
+Talking with a professional with specialty training in eating disorders or reaching out to an organization specializing in eating disorders might be a good place to find support from someone who understands what you're going through.","The causes of binge-eating disorder are not known. But certain genes, how your body works, long-term dieting and the presence of other mental health conditions increase your risk.","Binge-eating disorder is more common in women than in men. People of any age can have binge-eating disorder, but it often begins in the late teens or early 20s.
+Factors that can raise your risk of having binge-eating disorder include:
+Family history.You're much more likely to have an eating disorder if your parents or siblings have — or had — an eating disorder. This may point to genes passed down in your family that increase the risk of having an eating disorder.
+Dieting.Many people with binge-eating disorder have a history of dieting. Dieting or limiting calories throughout the day may trigger an urge to binge eat.
+Mental health conditions.Many people who have binge-eating disorder feel negatively about themselves and their skills and accomplishments. Triggers for bingeing can include stress, poor body self-image and certain foods. Certain situations also can be triggers, for example, being at a party, having downtime or driving in your car.","Mental health conditions and physical problems can happen from binge eating. Complications from binge-eating disorder may include:
+Not feeling comfortable or able to enjoy your life.
+Problems functioning at work, in your personal life or in social situations.
+Isolating or feeling isolated from others socially.
+Weight gain.
+Medical conditions related to weight gain. These may include joint problems, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), poor nutrition and some sleep-related breathing disorders.
+Mental health conditions that are often linked with binge-eating disorder include:
+Depression.
+Anxiety.
+Substance use disorders.
+Suicidal thoughts and behavior.","If you have a child with binge-eating behaviors:
+Model body acceptance,regardless of body shape or size. Make it clear that dieting or restricting food is not healthy unless there's a diagnosed food allergy.
+Talk with your child's healthcare professional about any concerns.The healthcare professional may be in a good position to identify early symptoms of an eating disorder and help get expert treatment right away. The professional also can recommend helpful resources you can use to support your child.","To diagnose binge-eating disorder, your healthcare professional may recommend a mental health evaluation. This includes talking about your feelings and eating habits with a mental health professional. Look for a mental health professional with expertise in treating eating disorders.
+Your healthcare professional also may want you to have other tests to check for health problems that can be caused by binge-eating disorder. These may include high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart problems, diabetes,GERD, poor nutrition, electrolyte imbalances and some sleep-related breathing disorders. Tests may include:
+A physical exam. With your permission, the exam may include getting your weight.
+Blood and urine tests.
+A visit with a sleep disorder specialist.","The goal for treatment of binge-eating disorder is to have healthy, regular eating habits. Because binge eating often involves shame, poor body self-image and other negative emotions, treatment also addresses these and related mental health conditions, such as depression. By getting help for binge eating, you can learn how to feel more in control of your eating.
+Treatment of binge-eating disorder may be done by a team of specialists. The team can include doctors and other healthcare professionals, mental health professionals, and dietitians, all with experience in eating disorders.","Living with an eating disorder can be difficult. Here are some tips to help you cope:
+Treat yourself with care.Living with and treating an eating disorder is very hard. Often other people don't understand what you're going through. Be kind to yourself, even if you're not successful with the treatment plan right away. Try to find communities where people are able to support your efforts.
+Identify situations that may trigger problem eating behavior.Identifying these triggers can help you develop a plan of action to deal with them.
+Look for positive role models.Find role models who don't accidentally add to your body dissatisfaction and pressure to eat in unhealthy ways. Remind yourself that the models, actors and influencers showcased in the media or on social media often don't represent healthy, realistic bodies.
+Look for a trusted relative or friend.Find someone you can talk with about what's going on.
+Find healthy ways to take care of yourself.Do something just for fun or to relax, such as yoga, meditation or a walk.
+Consider writing in a journal about your feelings and behaviors.Journaling can make you more aware of your feelings and actions, and how they're related.
+Visit trusted internet sites.Examples of organizations that offer support for people affected by eating disorders include the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA). Families Empowered And Supporting Treatment for Eating Disorders (F.E.A.S.T.) offers support to families.","Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. Think about asking a family member or friend to go with you. Someone who goes with you can help you remember key points and, with your permission, give extra information about your situation.","Along with getting professional help, you can take these self-care steps as part of your treatment plan:
+Stay with your treatment.Don't skip therapy sessions. If you have a meal plan, do your best to stay with it. Don't let setbacks keep you from continuing treatment.
+Stay away from dieting.Trying to diet can trigger more binge eating, leading to a vicious cycle that's hard to break.
+Eat regularly.For example, eat every 2 to 3 hours to try to break the restrict-then-binge cycle.
+Plan ahead for triggering situations.Being around certain foods can trigger eating binges for some people. Plan what to do when you're around foods that are tempting.
+Get the right nutrients.Just because you may be eating a lot during binges doesn't mean you're eating the kinds of food that have all the nutrients you need. Ask your healthcare professional if you need to adjust your diet to get essential vitamins and minerals.
+Stay connected.Don't isolate yourself from caring family members and friends who want to see you get healthy. Surround yourself with people who have your best interests at heart.
+Get active.Ask your healthcare professional what kind of physical activity is best for you.","depressed, guilty, ashamed, feeling depressed, binge-eating disorder, vomit, feeling upset, bulimia nervosa, eating disorder, eating even when full or not hungry, eating much larger than usual amounts of food, eating very fast, eating alone or in secret, eating binges, disgusted, eating until uncomfortably full"
+294,Kleptomania,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kleptomania/symptoms-causes/syc-20364732,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kleptomania/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20364753,,"Kleptomania (klep-toe-MAY-nee-uh) is a mental health disorder that involves repeatedly being unable to resist urges to steal items that you generally don't really need. Often the items stolen have little value and you could afford to buy them. Kleptomania is rare but can be a serious condition. It can cause much emotional pain to you and your loved ones — and even legal problems — if not treated.
+Kleptomania is a type of impulse control disorder — a disorder that involves problems with emotional or behavioral self-control. If you have an impulse control disorder, you have difficulty resisting the temptation or powerful urge to perform an act that's excessive or harmful to you or someone else.
+Many people with kleptomania live lives of secret shame because they're afraid to seek mental health treatment. Although there's no cure for kleptomania, treatment with medicine or skill-building therapy that focuses on dealing with urges may help to end the cycle of compulsive stealing.","Kleptomania symptoms may include:
+Inability to resist powerful urges to steal items that you don't need
+Feeling increased tension, anxiety or arousal leading up to the theft
+Feeling pleasure, relief or satisfaction while stealing
+Feeling terrible guilt, remorse, self-loathing, shame or fear of arrest after the theft
+Return of the urges and a repetition of the kleptomania cycle","If you can't stop shoplifting or stealing, seek medical advice. Many people who may have kleptomania don't want to seek treatment because they're afraid they'll be arrested or jailed. However, a mental health provider usually doesn't report your thefts to authorities.
+Some people seek medical help because they're afraid they'll get caught and have legal problems. Or they've already been arrested, and they're legally required to seek treatment.","The causes of kleptomania are not known. Several theories suggest that changes in the brain may be at the root of kleptomania, and that learned patterns of stealing items strengthens the problem over time. More research is needed to better understand these possible causes, but kleptomania may be linked to:
+Problems with a naturally occurring brain chemical called serotonin.Serotonin, a neurotransmitter, helps regulate moods and emotions. Low levels of serotonin are common in people prone to impulsive behaviors.
+Addictive disorders.Stealing may cause the release of dopamine — another neurotransmitter. Dopamine causes pleasurable feelings, and some people seek this rewarding feeling again and again.
+The brain's opioid system.Urges are regulated by the brain's opioid system. An imbalance in this system could make it harder to resist urges.
+Learned habit.Urges are very uncomfortable. Responding to these urges by stealing causes a temporary decrease in distress and relief from these urges. This creates a strong habit that becomes hard to break.","Kleptomania is not common. But some cases of kleptomania may never be diagnosed. Some people never seek treatment. Other people are jailed after repeated thefts.
+Kleptomania often begins during the teen years or in young adulthood, but it can start later. About two-thirds of people with known kleptomania are female.
+Kleptomania risk factors may include:
+Family history.Having a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with kleptomania or addictive disorders may increase the risk of kleptomania.
+Having another mental illness.People with kleptomania often have another mental health disorder, such as anxiety, depression or a substance use disorder.","Left untreated, kleptomania can result in severe emotional, family, work, legal and financial problems. For example, you know stealing is wrong but you feel powerless to resist the impulse. As a result, you may be filled with guilt, shame, self-loathing and humiliation. And you may be arrested for stealing. You may otherwise lead a law-abiding life and be confused and upset by your compulsive stealing.
+Other complications and conditions associated with kleptomania may include:
+Other impulse-control disorders, such as compulsive gambling or shopping
+Alcohol or other substance misuse
+Personality disorders
+Eating disorders
+Depression
+Bipolar disorder
+Anxiety disorders
+Suicidal thoughts and behaviors","Because the causes of kleptomania aren't clear, it's not yet known how to prevent it with any certainty. Getting treatment as soon as compulsive stealing begins may help prevent kleptomania from becoming worse and prevent some of the negative consequences.","Kleptomania is diagnosed based on your symptoms. When you decide to seek treatment for symptoms of possible kleptomania, you may have both a physical exam and psychological evaluation. The physical exam can determine if there are any medical causes triggering your symptoms.
+Because kleptomania is a type of impulse control disorder, to help pinpoint a diagnosis, your mental health provider may:
+Ask questions about your impulses and how they make you feel
+Review a list of situations to ask if these situations trigger your kleptomania episodes
+Discuss problems you have had because of this behavior
+Have you fill out questionnaires or self-assessments
+Use the guidelines in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association","Although fear, humiliation or embarrassment may make it hard for you to seek treatment for kleptomania, it's important to get help. Kleptomania is difficult to overcome on your own. Without treatment, kleptomania will likely be an ongoing, long-term condition.
+Treatment for kleptomania typically involves medicines and psychotherapy, or both, sometimes along with self-help groups. However, there's no standard kleptomania treatment, and researchers are still trying to understand what may work best. You may have to try several types of treatment to find what works well for you.","You can take steps to care for yourself with healthy coping skills while getting professional treatment:
+Follow your treatment plan.Take medicines as directed and attend scheduled therapy sessions. Remember, it's hard work and you may have occasional setbacks.
+Educate yourself.Learn about kleptomania so that you can better understand risk factors, treatments and triggering events.
+Identify your triggers.Identify situations, thoughts and feelings that may trigger urges to steal so you can take steps to manage them.
+Get treatment for substance misuse or other mental health problems.Your substance use, depression, anxiety and stress can lead to a cycle of emotional pain and unhealthy behavior.
+Find healthy outlets.Explore healthy ways to rechannel your urges to steal or shoplift through exercise and recreational activities.
+Learn relaxation and stress management.Try stress-reduction techniques such as meditation, yoga or tai chi.
+Stay focused on your goal.Recovery from kleptomania can take time. Stay motivated by keeping your recovery goals in mind. Remind yourself that you can work to repair damaged relationships and financial and legal problems.
+Be honest with loved ones.You might initially need help with controlling your urges when in higher-risk situations, such as shopping. Let your loved ones know about your struggles and consider using the ""buddy system"" for a period of time while you're learning more ways to manage your urges.","If you struggle with an irresistible urge to steal, talk to your health care provider. Be honest with your provider about your symptoms. Having that discussion can be scary, but trust that your provider is interested in caring for your health, not in judging you. You may be referred to a mental health provider, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, with experience diagnosing and treating kleptomania.
+You may want to take a trusted family member or friend along to help remember the details. Also, someone who has known you for a long time may be able to ask questions or share information with the mental health provider that you don't remember to bring up.
+Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your provider.",,"arousal, pleasure, arrest, anxiety, fear, increased tension, relief, inability to resist, guilt, terrible guilt, self-loathing, satisfaction, remorse, shame, kleptomania"
+295,Genital warts,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-warts/symptoms-causes/syc-20355234,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-warts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355240,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-warts/doctors-departments/ddc-20355241,"Genital warts are one of the most common types of sexually transmitted infections. The virus that causes the warts is called human papillomavirus (HPV). There are various types ofHPV. And nearly all sexually active people will become infected with at least one type at some point.
+Genital warts affect the moist tissues of the genital area. They can look like small, skin-colored bumps. The bumps may resemble cauliflower. Often, the warts are too small to be seen with your eyes.
+Some strains of genitalHPVcan cause genital warts. Others can cause cancer. Vaccines can help protect against certain strains of genitalHPV.","Genital warts can grow on the:
+Vulva.
+Walls of the vagina.
+Area between the outer part of the genitals and the anus.
+Anal canal.
+Cervix.
+Tip or shaft of the penis.
+Scrotum.
+Anus.
+Genital warts also can form in the mouth or throat of a person who has had oral sex with an infected person.
+The symptoms of genital warts include:
+Small swellings in the genital area that may be skin-colored or a different color.
+A cauliflower-like shape caused by a few warts close together.
+Itching or discomfort in your genital area.
+Bleeding with sex.
+Genital warts can be so small and flat that you can't see them. But rarely, they can multiply into large clusters in someone with a weakened immune system.",See a health care professional if you or your partner gets bumps or warts in the genital area.,"The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes warts. There are more than 40 strains ofHPVthat affect the genital area.
+Genital warts almost always are spread through sexual contact. Even if your warts are too small to be seen, you could spread the infection to your sexual partner.","Most people who are sexually active get infected with genitalHPVat some time. Factors that can raise your risk of infection include:
+Not getting theHPVvaccine.
+Having sex without a condom or with more than one partner.
+Having had another sexually transmitted infection.
+Having sex with a partner whose sexual history you don't know.
+Becoming sexually active at a young age.
+Having a weakened immune system, such as fromHIVor medicines from an organ transplant.","AnHPVinfection can lead to health problems such as:
+Cancer.Cervical cancer has been closely linked with genitalHPVinfection. Certain types ofHPValso are linked with cancers of the vulva, anus, penis, and mouth and throat.HPVinfection doesn't always lead to cancer. But it's important for women to have regular Pap tests, which check for cancer of the cervix. Pap tests are key for those who've been infected with higher-risk types ofHPV.
+Problems during pregnancy.Rarely during pregnancy, warts can become larger. This makes it hard to urinate. Warts on the vaginal wall can hinder the stretching of vaginal tissues during childbirth. Large warts on the vulva or in the vagina can bleed when stretched during delivery.Very rarely, a baby born to a pregnant person with genital warts get warts in the throat. The baby might need surgery to keep the airway from being blocked.","Get theHPVvaccine to help prevent genital warts. And if you have sex, limit your number of partners. It's safest to have sex with just one partner who only has sex with you. It's also a good idea to use a condom every time you have sex. But this won't fully protect you from genital warts. That's becauseHPVcan infect parts of the body that the condom doesn't cover.","Health care professionals often can find genital warts during a physical exam. Sometimes, a small piece of tissue needs to be removed and checked by a lab. This is called a biopsy.","If your warts don't cause discomfort, you might not need treatment. But medicine or surgery can help you clear an outbreak if you have itching, burning and pain. Treatment also can help if you're concerned about spreading the infection.
+Warts often return after treatment though. And there is no treatment for the virus itself.",,You'll likely start by seeing your health care professional.,,"throat, bleeding, skin-colored, small swellings, itching, discomfort"
+297,Hirschsprung's disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hirschsprungs-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351556,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hirschsprungs-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351561,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hirschsprungs-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20351563,"Hirschsprung's (HIRSH-sproongz) disease is a condition that affects the large intestine (colon) and causes problems with passing stool. The condition is present at birth (congenital) as a result of missing nerve cells in the muscles of the baby's colon. Without these nerve cells stimulating gut muscles to help move contents through the colon, the contents can back up and cause blockages in the bowel.
+
+A newborn who has Hirschsprung's disease usually can't have a bowel movement in the days after birth. In mild cases, the condition might not be detected until later in childhood. Uncommonly, Hirschsprung's disease is first diagnosed in adults.
+
+Surgery to bypass or remove the diseased part of the colon is the treatment.","Signs and symptoms of Hirschsprung's disease vary with the severity of the condition. Usually signs and symptoms appear shortly after birth, but sometimes they're not apparent until later in life.
+
+Typically, the most obvious sign is a newborn's failure to have a bowel movement within 48 hours after birth.
+
+Other signs and symptoms in newborns may include:
+
+In older children, signs and symptoms can include:",,"It's not clear what causes Hirschsprung's disease. It sometimes occurs in families and might, in some cases, be associated with a genetic mutation.
+
+Hirschsprung's disease occurs when nerve cells in the colon don't form completely. Nerves in the colon control the muscle contractions that move food through the bowels. Without the contractions, stool stays in the large intestine.",Factors that may increase the risk of Hirschsprung's disease include:,Children who have Hirschsprung's disease are prone to a serious intestinal infection called enterocolitis. Enterocolitis can be life-threatening and requires immediate treatment.,,"Your child's doctor will perform an exam and ask questions about your child's bowel movements. He or she might recommend one or more of the following tests to diagnose or rule out Hirschsprung's disease:
+
+Abdominal X-ray using a contrast dye.Barium or another contrast dye is placed into the bowel through a special tube inserted in the rectum. The barium fills and coats the lining of the bowel, creating a clear silhouette of the colon and rectum.
+
+The X-ray will often show a clear contrast between the narrow section of bowel without nerves and the normal but often swollen section of bowel behind it.","For most people, Hirschsprung's disease is treated with surgery to bypass or remove the part of the colon that's lacking nerve cells. There are two ways this can be done: a pull-through surgery or an ostomy surgery.",,"Hirschsprung's disease is often diagnosed in the hospital shortly after birth, or signs of the disease show up later. If your child has signs or symptoms that worry you, particularly constipation and a swollen abdomen, talk to your doctor.
+
+You might be referred to a digestive disorders specialist (gastroenterologist) or to the emergency department if your child's symptoms are severe.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"bowel movement, hirschsprung's disease, failure to have a bowel movement"
+298,Craniosynostosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/craniosynostosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354513,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/craniosynostosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354517,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/craniosynostosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20354519,"Craniosynostosis (kray-nee-o-sin-os-TOE-sis) is a disorder present at birth in which one or more of the fibrous joints between the bones of your baby's skull (cranial sutures) close prematurely (fuse), before your baby's brain is fully formed. Brain growth continues, giving the head a misshapen appearance.
+Usually, during infancy the sutures remain flexible, allowing a baby's skull to expand as the brain grows. In the front of the skull, the sutures meet in the large soft spot (fontanel) on top of the head. The anterior fontanel is the soft spot felt just behind a baby's forehead. The next largest fontanel is at the back (posterior). Each side of the skull has a tiny fontanel.
+Craniosynostosis usually involves premature fusion of a single cranial suture, but it can involve more than one of the sutures in a baby's skull (multiple suture craniosynostosis). In rare cases, craniosynostosis is caused by certain genetic syndromes (syndromic craniosynostosis).
+Treating craniosynostosis involves surgery to correct the shape of the head and allow for brain growth. Early diagnosis and treatment allow your baby's brain adequate space to grow and develop.
+Although neurological damage can occur in severe cases, most children develop as expected in their ability to think and reason (cognitive development) and have good cosmetic results after surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment are key.","The signs of craniosynostosis are usually noticeable at birth, but they become more apparent during the first few months of your baby's life. Signs and severity depend on how many sutures are fused and when in brain development the fusion occurs. Signs and symptoms can include:
+A misshapen skull, with the shape depending on which of the sutures are affected
+Development of a raised, hard ridge along affected sutures, with a change in the shape of the head that's not typical",Your health care provider will routinely monitor your child's head growth at well-child visits. Talk to your pediatrician if you have concerns about your baby's head growth or shape.,"Often the cause of craniosynostosis is not known, but sometimes it's related to genetic disorders.
+Nonsyndromic craniosynostosisis the most common type of craniosynostosis. Its cause is unknown, although it's thought to be a combination of genes and environmental factors.
+Syndromic craniosynostosisis caused by certain genetic syndromes, such as Apert syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome or Crouzon syndrome, which can affect a baby's skull development. These syndromes usually also include other physical features and health problems.",,"If untreated, craniosynostosis may cause, for example:
+Permanently misshapen head and face
+Poor self-esteem and social isolation
+The risk of increased pressure inside the skull (intracranial pressure) from simple craniosynostosis is small if the suture and head shape are fixed surgically. But babies with an underlying syndrome may develop increased intracranial pressure if their skulls don't expand enough to make room for their growing brains.
+If untreated, increased intracranial pressure can cause:
+Developmental delays
+Cognitive impairment
+Blindness
+Seizures
+Headaches",,"Craniosynostosis requires evaluation by specialists, such as a pediatric neurosurgeon or a specialist in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Diagnosis of craniosynostosis may include:
+Physical exam.Your health care provider feels your baby's head for features such as suture ridges and looks for facial differences such as unbalanced features.
+Imaging studies.A computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of your baby's skull can show whether any sutures have fused. Cranial ultrasound imaging may be used. Fused sutures can be identified by their absence — because they're invisible once fused — or by a ridging of the suture line. A laser scan and photographs also may be used to make precise measurements of the skull shape.
+Genetic testing.If your health care provider suspects an underlying genetic syndrome, genetic testing may help identify the syndrome.","Mild cases of craniosynostosis may not need treatment. Your health care provider may recommend a specially molded helmet to help reshape your baby's head if the cranial sutures are open and the head is misshapen. In this situation, the molded helmet can assist your baby's brain growth and correct the shape of the skull.
+However, for most babies, surgery is the primary treatment. The type and timing of surgery depends on the type of craniosynostosis and whether there's an underlying genetic syndrome. Sometimes more than one surgery is required.
+The purpose of surgery is to correct the head shape, reduce or prevent pressure on the brain, create room for the brain to grow properly, and improve your baby's appearance. This involves a process of planning and surgery.","When you learn that your baby has craniosynostosis, you may experience a range of emotions. You may not know what to expect. Information and support can help.
+Consider these steps to prepare yourself and to care for your baby:
+Find a team of trusted professionals.You'll need to make important decisions about your baby's care. Medical centers with craniofacial specialty teams can offer you information about the disorder, coordinate your baby's care among specialists, help you evaluate options and provide treatment.
+Seek out other families.Talking to people who are dealing with similar challenges can provide you with information and emotional support. Ask your health care provider about support groups in your community. If a group isn't for you, maybe your provider can put you in touch with a family who has dealt with craniosynostosis. Or you may be able to find group or individual support online.
+Expect a bright future.Most children have appropriate cognitive development and good cosmetic results after surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment are key. When needed, early intervention services offer help with developmental delays or intellectual disabilities.","In some cases, your baby's pediatrician may suspect craniosynostosis at a routine well-baby visit. In other cases, you may make an appointment because you have concerns about your baby's head growth. Your health care provider can refer you to a specialist for diagnosis and treatment.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. If possible, bring a family member or friend with you. A trusted companion can help you remember information and provide emotional support.",,"craniosynostosis, change in the shape of the head, hard ridge, raised, misshapen skull"
+299,Heart failure,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373142,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373148,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/doctors-departments/ddc-20373150,"Heart failure occurs when the heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. When this happens, blood often backs up and fluid can build up in the lungs, causing shortness of breath.
+Some heart conditions slowly leave the heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump blood properly. These conditions include narrowed arteries in the heart and high blood pressure.
+Proper treatment may improve the symptoms of heart failure and may help some people live longer. Lifestyle changes can improve quality of life. Try to lose weight, exercise, use less salt and manage stress.
+But heart failure can be life-threatening. People with heart failure may have severe symptoms. Some may need a heart transplant or a device to help the heart pump blood.
+Heart failure also may be called congestive heart failure.","If you have heart failure, your heart can't supply enough blood to meet your body's needs.
+Symptoms may develop slowly. Sometimes, heart failure symptoms start suddenly. Heart failure symptoms may include:
+Shortness of breath with activity or when lying down.
+Fatigue and weakness.
+Swelling in the legs, ankles and feet.
+Rapid or irregular heartbeat.
+Reduced ability to exercise.
+Wheezing.
+A cough that doesn't go away or a cough that brings up white or pink mucus with spots of blood.
+Swelling of the belly area.
+Very rapid weight gain from fluid buildup.
+Nausea and lack of appetite.
+Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness.
+Chest pain if heart failure is caused by a heart attack.","See your healthcare professional if you think you might have symptoms of heart failure. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you have any of the following:
+Chest pain.
+Fainting or severe weakness.
+Rapid or irregular heartbeat with shortness of breath, chest pain or fainting.
+Sudden, severe shortness of breath and coughing up white or pink, foamy mucus.
+These symptoms may be due to heart failure. But there are many other possible causes. Don't try to diagnose yourself.
+At the emergency room, healthcare professionals do tests to learn if your symptoms are due to heart failure or something else.
+Call your healthcare professional right away if you have heart failure and:
+Your symptoms suddenly get worse.
+You develop a new symptom.
+You gain 5 pounds (2.3 kilograms) or more within a few days.
+Such changes could mean that existing heart failure is getting worse or that treatment isn't working.","Heart failure can be caused by a weakened, damaged or stiff heart.
+If the heart is damaged or weakened, the heart chambers may stretch and get bigger. The heart can't pump out the needed amount of blood.
+If the main pumping chambers of the heart, called the ventricles, are stiff, they can't fill with enough blood between beats.
+The heart muscle can be damaged by certain infections, heavy alcohol use, recreational drug use and some chemotherapy medicines. Your genes also can play a role.
+Any of the following conditions also can damage or weaken the heart and cause heart failure.
+Coronary artery disease and heart attack.Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of heart failure. The disease results from the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries. The deposits narrow the arteries. This reduces blood flow and can lead to heart attack.A heart attack occurs suddenly when an artery feeding the heart becomes completely blocked. Damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack may mean that the heart can no longer pump as well as it should.
+High blood pressure.Also called hypertension, this condition forces the heart to work harder than it should to pump blood through the body. Over time, the extra work can make the heart muscle too stiff or too weak to properly pump blood.
+Heart valve disease.The valves of the heart keep blood flowing the right way. If a valve isn't working properly, the heart must work harder to pump blood. This can weaken the heart over time. Treating some types of heart valve disease may reverse heart failure.
+Inflammation of the heart muscle, also called myocarditis.Myocarditis is most commonly caused by a virus, including the COVID-19 virus, and can lead to left-sided heart failure.
+A heart condition that you're born with, also called a congenital heart defect.If the heart and its chambers or valves haven't formed correctly, the other parts of the heart have to work harder to pump blood. This may lead to heart failure.
+Irregular heart rhythms, called arrhythmias.Irregular heart rhythms may cause the heart to beat too fast, creating extra work for the heart. A slow heartbeat also may lead to heart failure. Treating an irregular heart rhythm may reverse heart failure in some people.
+Other diseases.Some long-term diseases may contribute to chronic heart failure. Examples are diabetes, HIV infection, an overactive or underactive thyroid, or a buildup of iron or protein.
+Causes of sudden heart failure also include:
+Allergic reactions.
+Any illness that affects the whole body.
+Blood clots in the lungs.
+Severe infections.
+Use of certain medicines.
+Viruses that attack the heart muscle.
+Heart failure usually begins with the lower left heart chamber, called the left ventricle. This is the heart's main pumping chamber. But heart failure also can affect the right side. The lower right heart chamber is called the right ventricle. Sometimes heart failure affects both sides of the heart.","Diseases and conditions that increase the risk of heart failure include:
+Coronary artery disease.Narrowed arteries may limit the heart's supply of oxygen-rich blood, resulting in weakened heart muscle.
+Heart attack.A heart attack is a form of coronary artery disease that occurs suddenly. Damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack may mean the heart can no longer pump as well as it should.
+Heart valve disease.Having a heart valve that doesn't work properly raises the risk of heart failure.
+High blood pressure.The heart works harder than it has to when blood pressure is high.
+Irregular heartbeats.Irregular heartbeats, especially if they are very frequent and fast, can weaken the heart muscle and cause heart failure.
+Congenital heart disease.Some people who develop heart failure were born with changes in the structure or function of their heart.
+Diabetes.Having diabetes increases the risk of high blood pressure and coronary artery disease.
+Sleep apnea.This inability to breathe properly during sleep results in low blood-oxygen levels and an increased risk of irregular heartbeats. These things can lead to a weakened heart.
+Obesity.People who have obesity have a higher risk of developing heart failure.
+Viral infections.Some viral infections can damage to the heart muscle.
+Medicines that may increase the risk of heart failure include:
+Some diabetes medicines.The diabetes medicines rosiglitazone (Avandia) and pioglitazone (Actos) have been found to increase the risk of heart failure in some people. Don't stop taking these medicines without first talking to your healthcare professional.
+Some other medicines.Other medicines that may lead to heart failure or heart conditions include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and some medicines used to treat high blood pressure, cancer, blood conditions, irregular heartbeats, nervous system diseases, mental health conditions, lung and urinary conditions, and infections.
+Other risk factors for heart failure include:
+Aging.The heart's ability to work decreases with age, even in healthy people.
+Alcohol use.Drinking too much alcohol may weaken the heart muscle and lead to heart failure.
+Smoking or using tobacco.If you smoke, quit. Using tobacco increases the risk of heart disease and heart failure.","If you have heart failure, it's important to have regular health checkups, even if symptoms improve. Your healthcare professional can examine you and run tests to check for complications.
+Complications of heart failure depend on your age, overall health and the severity of heart disease. They may include:
+Kidney damage or failure.Heart failure can reduce the blood flow to the kidneys. Untreated, this can cause kidney failure. Kidney damage from heart failure can require dialysis for treatment.
+Other heart changes.Heart failure can cause changes in the heart's size and function. These changes may damage heart valves and cause irregular heartbeats.
+Liver damage.Heart failure can cause fluid buildup that puts too much pressure on the liver. This fluid backup can lead to scarring, which makes it more difficult for the liver to work properly.
+Sudden cardiac death.If the heart is weak, there is a risk of dying suddenly due to a dangerous irregular heart rhythm.","One way to prevent heart failure is to treat and control the conditions that can cause it. These conditions include coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity.
+Some of the same lifestyle changes used to manage heart failure also may help prevent it. Try these heart-healthy tips:
+Don't smoke.
+Get plenty of exercise.
+Eat healthy foods.
+Maintain a healthy weight.
+Reduce and manage stress.
+Take medicines as directed.","To diagnose heart failure, your healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and medical history. Your care professional checks to see if you have risk factors for heart failure, such as high blood pressure, coronary artery disease or diabetes.
+Your care professional listens to your lungs and heart with a device called a stethoscope. A whooshing sound called a murmur may be heard when listening to your heart. Your care professional may look at the veins in your neck and check for swelling in your legs and belly.","Treatment of heart failure may depend on the cause. Treatment often includes lifestyle changes and medicines. If another health condition is causing the heart to fail, treating it may reverse heart failure.
+Some people with heart failure need surgery to open blocked arteries or to place a device to help the heart work better.
+With treatment, symptoms of heart failure may improve.","Managing heart failure requires open communication between you and your healthcare professional. Be honest about any challenges concerning your diet, lifestyle and medicine use. Pay attention to your body and how you feel. Tell your care professional when you're feeling better or worse. This helps your healthcare professional know what treatment works best for you.
+These steps may help you manage heart failure:
+Take medicines as directed.If side effects or costs are a concern, ask your care professional about options. Don't stop taking your medicines without first talking to a care professional. Also, go to all scheduled health appointments. If you miss one, ask your healthcare professional how and when to reschedule.
+Use caution with other medicines and supplements.Some medicines available without a prescription to treat pain and swelling can make heart failure worse. They include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). Some diet pills and supplements also may be unsafe if you take medicines for heart failure. Always tell your healthcare professional about all the medicines you take, including those bought without a prescription.
+Weigh yourself daily.Do this when you first wake up, after breakfast and after peeing. Write your weight down in a notebook. Bring the notes to your medical checkups. An increase in weight can be a sign of fluid buildup.
+Check your blood pressure at home.Write down your numbers and bring them with you to your health checkups. Doing so helps your care professional know if treatment is working or if your condition is getting worse. Home blood pressure monitors are available at local stores and pharmacies.
+Know how to contact your healthcare professional.Keep your care professional's phone number, the hospital's phone number, and directions to the hospital or clinic on hand. You'll want easy access to this information if you have health questions or if you need to go to the hospital.
+Ask for help.Sticking to treatment and lifestyle changes may be challenging. It may help to ask your friends and family to help you meet your goals.","If are worried about your heart failure risk, make an appointment with your healthcare professional. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases. This type of doctor is called a cardiologist. If heart failure is found early, treatment may be easier and more effective.
+Appointments can be brief. Because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready.","Some people with heart failure may be told to take omega-3 fatty acid supplements. Some research shows that the supplements may help reduce the need for hospital stays.
+Making certain lifestyle changes often improve heart failure symptoms. They may even stop the condition from getting worse.
+The following changes are recommended to improve heart health:
+Don't smoke.Smoking damages the blood vessels and raises blood pressure. It lowers blood oxygen levels and speeds up the heartbeat. Quitting is the best way to reduce the risk of heart disease. If you need help quitting, talk with your care professional. You can't be considered for a heart transplant if you continue to smoke. Also avoid secondhand smoke.
+Check your legs, ankles and feet for swelling.Do this every day. Call your healthcare professional if the swelling worsens.
+Weigh yourself.Ask your healthcare professional how often you should do this. Weight gain may mean your body is holding onto fluid. You may need a change in treatment. Call your care professional if you gain 5 pounds (2.3 kilograms) or more within a few days.
+Manage weight.Being overweight increases the risk of heart disease. Ask your healthcare professional what weight is best for you. Even losing a small amount of weight can help improve heart health.
+Eat a healthy diet.Aim to eat a diet that includes fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat dairy products, and lean proteins. Limit saturated or trans fats.
+Limit salt.Too much salt, also called sodium, can make the body hold onto water. This is called water retention. It makes the heart work harder. Symptoms include shortness of breath and swollen legs, ankles and feet.Ask your healthcare professional if you should follow a no-salt or low-salt diet. Remember that salt is already added to prepared foods.
+Limit alcohol.Alcohol can interfere with certain medicines. It also weakens the heart and increases the risk of irregular heartbeats. If you have heart failure, your healthcare professional may recommend that you don't drink alcohol.
+Ask how much fluids you can drink.If you have severe heart failure, your care professional may suggest that you limit the amount of fluids you drink.
+Stay as active as possible.Moderate exercise helps keep the heart and body healthy. But be sure to talk with your healthcare professional about an exercise program that's right for you. If you have heart failure, your care professional may suggest a walking program or a cardiac rehabilitation program at your local hospital.
+Reduce stress.Strong emotions such as anxiety or anger can make the heart beat faster. Breathing becomes heavier and blood pressure goes up. These changes can make heart failure worse.Find ways to reduce emotional stress. Practicing mindfulness and connecting with others in support groups are some ways to reduce and manage stress.
+Get better sleep.Heart failure can cause shortness of breath, especially when lying down. Try sleeping with your head propped up using a pillow or a wedge. If you snore or have had other sleep challenges, make sure you get tested for sleep apnea.
+Get recommended vaccinations.Ask your healthcare professional about getting influenza, pneumonia and COVID-19 vaccinations.","heart failure symptoms, nausea, fatigue, weakness, wheezing, swelling, rapid heartbeat, lack of appetite, chest pain, irregular heartbeat, decreased alertness, heart failure, shortness of breath, cough, weight gain, difficulty concentrating"
+300,Pink eye (conjunctivitis),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pink-eye/symptoms-causes/syc-20376355,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pink-eye/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376360,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pink-eye/doctors-departments/ddc-20376361,"Pink eye is an inflammation of the transparent membrane that lines the eyelid and eyeball. This membrane is called the conjunctiva. When small blood vessels in the conjunctiva become swollen and irritated, they're more visible. This is what causes the whites of the eyes to appear reddish or pink. Pink eye also is called conjunctivitis.
+Pink eye is most often caused by a viral infection. It also can be caused by a bacterial infection, an allergic reaction or — in babies — an incompletely opened tear duct.
+Though pink eye can be irritating, it rarely affects your vision. Treatments can help ease the discomfort of pink eye. Because pink eye can be contagious, getting an early diagnosis and taking certain precautions can help limit its spread.","The most common pink eye symptoms include:
+Redness in one or both eyes.
+Itchiness in one or both eyes.
+A gritty feeling in one or both eyes.
+A discharge in one or both eyes that forms a crust during the night that may prevent your eye or eyes from opening in the morning.
+Tearing.
+Sensitivity to light, called photophobia.","There are serious eye conditions that can cause eye redness. These conditions may cause eye pain, a feeling that something is stuck in your eye, blurred vision and light sensitivity. If you experience these symptoms, seek urgent care.
+People who wear contact lenses need to stop wearing their contacts as soon as pink eye symptoms begin. If your symptoms don't start to get better within 12 to 24 hours, make an appointment with your eye healthcare professional to make sure you don't have a more serious eye infection related to contact lens use.","Causes of pink eye include:
+Viruses.
+Bacteria.
+Allergies.
+A chemical splash in the eye.
+A foreign object in the eye.
+In newborns, a blocked tear duct.","Risk factors for pink eye include:
+Exposure to someone infected with the viral or bacterial form of conjunctivitis.
+Exposure to something you're allergic to, for allergic conjunctivitis.
+Using contact lenses, especially extended-wear lenses.","In both children and adults, pink eye can cause inflammation in the cornea that can affect vision. Prompt evaluation and treatment by your healthcare professional can reduce the risk of complications. See your professional if you have:
+Eye pain.
+A feeling that something is stuck in the eye.
+Blurred vision.
+Light sensitivity.",,"In most cases, your healthcare professional can diagnose pink eye by asking about your recent health history and symptoms and examining your eyes.
+Rarely, your care professional may take a sample of the liquid that drains from your eye for laboratory analysis, called a culture. A culture may be needed if your symptoms are severe or if your care professional suspects a high-risk cause, such as:
+A foreign body in your eye.
+A serious bacterial infection.
+A sexually transmitted infection.","Pink eye treatment is usually focused on symptom relief. Your care professional may recommend:
+Using artificial tears.
+Cleaning your eyelids with a wet cloth.
+Applying cold or warm compresses several times daily.
+If you wear contact lenses, you'll be advised to stop wearing them until treatment is complete. Your care professional will likely recommend that you throw out soft contacts you've already worn.
+Disinfect hard lenses overnight before you reuse them. Ask your care professional if you should discard and replace your contact lens accessories, such as the lens case used before or during the illness. Also replace any eye makeup used before your illness.
+In most cases, you won't need antibiotic eye drops. Since conjunctivitis is usually viral, antibiotics won't help. They may even cause harm by reducing their effectiveness in the future or causing a medicine reaction. Instead, the virus needs time to run its course. This typically takes around 2 to 3 weeks.
+Viral conjunctivitis often begins in one eye and then infects the other eye within a few days. Your symptoms should gradually clear on their own.
+Antiviral medicines may be an option if your viral conjunctivitis is caused by the herpes simplex virus.",,"Start by seeing your regular healthcare professional if you have any eye-related signs or symptoms that worry you. If your symptoms persist or get worse, despite treatment, your care professional may refer you to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist).
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and what to expect.","To help you cope with the symptoms of pink eye until it goes away, try to:
+Apply a compress to your eyes.To make a compress, soak a clean, lint-free cloth in water and wring it out before applying it gently to your closed eyelids. Generally, a cool water compress will feel the most soothing. You also can use a warm compress if that feels better to you. If pink eye affects only one eye, don't touch both eyes with the same cloth. This reduces the risk of spreading pink eye from one eye to the other.
+Try eye drops.Nonprescription eye drops called artificial tears may relieve symptoms. Some eye drops contain antihistamines or other medicines that can help people with allergic conjunctivitis.
+Stop wearing contact lenses.If you wear contact lenses, you may need to stop wearing them until your eyes feel better. How long you'll need to go without contact lenses depends on what's causing your conjunctivitis. Ask your healthcare professional whether you should throw away your disposable contacts, as well as your cleaning solution and lens case. If your lenses aren't disposable, clean them thoroughly before reusing them.","tearing, photophobia, itchiness, discharge, sensitivity to light, gritty feeling, redness"
+301,Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355197,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20355203,"Functional neurologic disorder — a newer and broader term that includes what some people call conversion disorder — features nervous system (neurological) symptoms that can't be explained by a neurological disease or other medical condition. However, the symptoms are real and cause significant distress or problems functioning.
+
+Signs and symptoms vary, depending on the type of functional neurologic disorder, and may include specific patterns. Typically, this disorder affects your movement or your senses, such as the ability to walk, swallow, see or hear. Symptoms can vary in severity and may come and go or be persistent. However, you can't intentionally produce or control your symptoms.
+
+The cause of functional neurologic disorder is unknown. The condition may be triggered by a neurological disorder or by a reaction to stress or psychological or physical trauma, but that's not always the case. Functional neurologic disorder is related to how the brain functions, rather than damage to the brain's structure (such as from a stroke, multiple sclerosis, infection or injury).
+
+Early diagnosis and treatment, especially education about the condition, can help with recovery.","Signs and symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may vary, depending on the type of functional neurological symptoms, and they're significant enough to cause impairment and warrant medical evaluation. Symptoms can affect body movement and function and the senses.
+
+Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include:
+
+Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include:","Seek medical attention for signs and symptoms that concern you or interfere with your ability to function. If the underlying cause is a neurological disease or another medical condition, quick diagnosis and treatment may be important. If the diagnosis is functional neurologic disorder, treatment may improve the symptoms and help prevent future problems.","The exact cause of functional neurologic disorder is unknown. Theories regarding what happens in the brain to result in symptoms are complex and involve multiple mechanisms that may differ, depending on the type of functional neurological symptoms.
+
+Basically, parts of the brain that control the functioning of your muscles and senses may be involved, even though no disease or abnormality exists.
+
+Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can't always be identified.","Factors that may increase your risk of functional neurologic disorder include:
+
+Females may be more likely than males to develop functional neurologic disorder.","Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease.
+
+Functional neurologic disorder may be associated with:",,"There are no standard tests for functional neurologic disorder. Diagnosis usually involves assessment of existing symptoms and ruling out any neurological or other medical condition that could cause the symptoms.
+
+Functional neurologic disorder is diagnosed based on what is present, such as specific patterns of signs and symptoms, and not just by what is absent, such as a lack of structural changes on an MRI or abnormalities on an EEG.
+
+Testing and diagnosis usually involves a neurologist but may include a psychiatrist or other mental health professional. Your health care provider may use any of these terms: functional neurologic disorder (FND), functional neurological symptom disorder or an older term called conversion disorder.
+
+Sometimes your disorder may be called by a term that specifies the type of functional neurological symptoms you have. For example, if your symptoms include problems walking, your health care provider may call it functional gait disorder or functional weakness.
+
+Evaluation may include:
+
+DSM-5 lists these criteria for conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder):","Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate.",,"You may start by seeing your primary care provider. He or she may refer you to a neurologist. You may want to take a family member or friend along, if possible, to help you remember information and for support.",,"impairment, functional neurologic disorder"
+303,Small vessel disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/small-vessel-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352117,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/small-vessel-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352123,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/small-vessel-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20352125,"Small vessel disease is a condition in which the walls of the small arteries in the heart aren't working properly. This reduces the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart, causing chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and other signs and symptoms of heart disease.","Small vessel disease signs and symptoms include:
+
+If you've been treated for coronary artery disease with angioplasty and stents and your signs and symptoms haven't gone away, you might also have small vessel disease.","Seek emergency medical care if you're having chest pain and other signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, dizziness, or pain that spreads beyond your chest to one or both of your arms or to your neck.
+
+It might be hard to tell if some symptoms are due to small vessel disease, especially if you don't have chest pain. See your health care provider to determine the cause of your symptoms.
+
+If you have new or unexplained chest pain or think you're having a heart attack, call 911 or emergency medical assistance immediately.","In coronary small vessel disease, the small arteries don't relax (dilate) as usual. As a result, the heart doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood.
+
+Experts think that the causes of small vessel disease are the same as the causes for diseases affecting the larger vessels of the heart, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity and diabetes.",Small vessel disease is more common in women than in men. Risk factors for small vessel disease include:,Small vessel disease can make it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. A possible complication of small vessel disease is a heart attack.,Things you can do that might reduce your risk of small vessel disease include:,"To diagnose small vessel disease, your health care provider will usually do a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history and family history of heart disease. He or she will likely listen to your heart with a stethoscope.
+
+The tests used to diagnose small vessel disease are similar to those used to diagnosis other types of heart disease and include:
+
+Coronary angiogram.This test helps determine if the main arteries to the heart are blocked. A long, thin flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the groin or wrist, and guided to the heart. Dye flows through the catheter to arteries in the heart. The dye makes the arteries easier to see on X-ray images and video.
+
+Additional tests may be done during an angiogram to measure blood flow through the heart.","The goals of treatment for small vessel disease are to control the narrowing of the small blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack and to relieve pain.
+
+Medications for small vessel disease may include:
+
+If you're diagnosed with small vessel disease, you'll need regular checkups with your health care provider.",,"If you've had chest pains or other symptoms of heart disease, your primary care provider will likely refer you to a doctor trained in heart diseases (cardiologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"vessel disease, coronary artery disease, signs, symptoms, small vessel disease"
+306,Chronic cough,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351580,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/doctors-departments/ddc-20351582,"A chronic cough is a cough that lasts eight weeks or longer in adults, or four weeks in children. A chronic cough is more than just annoying. It can interrupt your sleep and leave you feeling very tired. Severe cases of chronic cough can cause vomiting and lightheadedness, and even break a rib.
+The most common causes are tobacco use and asthma. Other common causes include fluid that drips from the nose down the back of the throat, called postnasal drip, and the backward flow of stomach acid into the tube that connects the throat to the stomach, called acid reflux. Fortunately, chronic cough usually goes away once the underlying issue is treated.","A chronic cough can occur with other symptoms, including:
+A runny or stuffy nose.
+A feeling of liquid running down the back of your throat, also known as postnasal drip.
+Clearing your throat a lot.
+Sore throat.
+Hoarseness.
+Wheezing and shortness of breath.
+Heartburn or a sour taste in your mouth.
+In rare cases, coughing up blood.","See your healthcare professional if you have a cough that lasts for weeks, especially one that brings up sputum or blood, disturbs your sleep, or affects school or work.","A cough that happens once in a while is common. It helps clear irritants and mucus from your lungs and prevents infection. But a cough that lasts for weeks is usually due to a health concern. Many times, more than one health concern causes the cough.
+Most cases of chronic cough are due to these causes, which can occur alone or together:
+Postnasal drip.When your nose or sinuses produce extra mucus, it can drip down the back of your throat and cause you to cough. This condition also is called upper airway cough syndrome.
+Asthma.An asthma-related cough may come and go with the seasons. It may appear after an upper respiratory tract infection. Or it can get worse when you're exposed to cold air or certain chemicals or fragrances. In one type of asthma known as cough-variant asthma, a cough is the main symptom.
+Gastroesophageal reflux disease.In this common condition, also called GERD, stomach acid flows back into the tube that connects your stomach and throat. This tube is also known as your esophagus. The constant irritation can lead to chronic coughing. Then the coughing can makeGERDworse, creating a vicious cycle.
+Infections.A cough can last long after other symptoms of pneumonia, flu, a cold or another infection of the upper respiratory tract have gone away. A common cause of a chronic cough in adults — but one that often isn't recognized — is whooping cough, also known as pertussis. Chronic cough also can occur with fungal infections of the lung, as well as tuberculosis infection, also called TB, or lung infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria, also called NTM.NTMis found in soil, water and dust.
+Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Also calledCOPD, this is a lifelong inflammatory lung disease that limits airflow from the lungs.COPDincludes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis can cause a cough that brings up colored sputum. Emphysema causes shortness of breath and damages the air sacs in the lungs, also known as alveoli. Most people withCOPDare current or former smokers.
+Blood pressure drugs.Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, also called ACE inhibitors, which are commonly prescribed for high blood pressure and heart failure, are known to cause chronic cough in some people.
+Less commonly, chronic cough may be caused by:
+Aspiration — when food or other items are swallowed or inhaled and go into the lungs.
+Bronchiectasis — widened and damaged airways that slowly lose the ability to clear out mucus.
+Bronchiolitis — an infection that causes swelling, irritation and buildup of mucus in the small airways of the lung.
+Cystic fibrosis — a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, digestive system and other organs.
+Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis — gradual damage and scarring of the lungs due to a cause that isn't known.
+Lung cancer — cancer that starts in the lungs, including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer.
+Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis — when airways are inflamed but asthma is not the cause.
+Sarcoidosis — groups of inflamed cells that form lumps or nodules in different parts of the body but most often in the lungs.",Being a current or former smoker is one of the leading risk factors for chronic cough. Exposure to a lot of secondhand smoke also can lead to coughing and lung damage.,"Having a cough that doesn't stop can be very tiring. Coughing can cause various concerns, including:
+Sleep disruption.
+Headache.
+Dizziness.
+Vomiting.
+Sweating a lot.
+Unintended bladder loss, also known as urinary incontinence.
+Broken ribs.
+Passing out, also known as syncope.",,"Your healthcare professional asks about your medical history and does a physical exam. A thorough medical history and physical exam can give important clues about a chronic cough. Your health professional also may order tests to look for the cause of your chronic cough.
+But many health professionals start treatment for one of the common causes of chronic cough rather than ordering expensive tests. If the treatment doesn't work, you may be tested for less common causes.","Finding out what's causing a chronic cough is very important to effective treatment. In many cases, more than one underlying condition may be causing your chronic cough.
+If you smoke, your healthcare professional likely will talk with you about your readiness to quit and give you advice on how to achieve this goal. If you're taking anACEinhibitor medicine, your health professional may switch you to another medicine that doesn't have cough as a side effect.
+Medicines used to treat chronic cough may include:
+Antihistamines, corticosteroids and decongestants.These medicines are standard treatment for allergies and postnasal drip.
+Inhaled asthma medicines.The most effective treatments for asthma-related cough are corticosteroids and bronchodilators. They reduce inflammation and open up your airways.
+Antibiotics.If a bacterial, fungal or mycobacterial infection is causing your chronic cough, your healthcare professional may prescribe antibiotic medicines for the infection.
+Acid blockers.When lifestyle changes don't take care of acid reflux, you may be treated with medicines that block acid production. Some people need surgery to resolve the problem.",,You may see your family healthcare professional at first. But you may need to see a doctor who specializes in lung disorders. This health professional is known as a pulmonologist.,"Follow the plan your healthcare professional gives you for treating the cause of your cough. In the meantime, you can try these tips to ease your cough:
+Drink fluids.Liquid helps thin the mucus in your throat. Warm liquids, such as broth, tea or juice, can soothe your throat.
+Suck on cough drops or hard candies.They may ease a dry cough and soothe an irritated throat.
+Consider taking honey.A teaspoon of honey may help loosen a cough. Don't give honey to children younger than 1 year old. Honey can contain bacteria harmful to infants.
+Moisturize the air.Use a cool-mist humidifier or take a steamy shower.
+Avoid tobacco smoke.Smoking or breathing secondhand smoke irritates your lungs and can worsen coughs. If you smoke, talk with your healthcare professional about programs and products that can help you quit.","throat, postnasal, hoarseness, wheezing, coughing up blood, heartburn, clearing throat, sour taste in mouth, liquid running down the back of throat, sore throat, shortness of breath, cough, runny nose, stuffy nose"
+307,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20479976,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/doctors-departments/ddc-20485745,"COVID-19, also called coronavirus disease 2019, is an illness caused by a virus. The virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or more commonly, SARS-CoV-2. It started spreading at the end of 2019 and became a pandemic disease in 2020.
+The virus that causesCOVID-19spreads most commonly through the air in tiny droplets of fluid between people in close contact. Many people withCOVID-19have no symptoms or mild illness. But for older adults and people with certain medical conditions,COVID-19can lead to the need for care in the hospital or death.
+Staying up to date on yourCOVID-19vaccine helps prevent serious illness, the need for hospital care due toCOVID-19and death fromCOVID-19. Other ways that may help prevent the spread of this coronavirus includes good indoor air flow, physical distancing, wearing a mask in the right setting and good hygiene.
+Medicine can limit the seriousness of the viral infection. Most people recover without long-term effects, but some people have symptoms that continue for months.","TypicalCOVID-19symptoms often show up 2 to 14 days after contact with the virus.
+Symptoms can include:
+Dry cough.
+Shortness of breath.
+Loss of taste or smell.
+Extreme tiredness, called fatigue.
+Digestive symptoms such as upset stomach, vomiting or loose stools, called diarrhea.
+Pain, such as headaches and body or muscle aches.
+Fever or chills.
+Cold-like symptoms such as congestion, runny nose or sore throat.
+People may only have a few symptoms or none. People who have no symptoms but test positive forCOVID-19are called asymptomatic. For example, many children who test positive don't have symptoms ofCOVID-19illness. People who go on to have symptoms are considered presymptomatic. Both groups can still spreadCOVID-19to others.
+Some people may have symptoms that get worse about 7 to 14 days after symptoms start.
+Most people withCOVID-19have mild to moderate symptoms. ButCOVID-19can cause serious medical complications and lead to death. Older adults or people who already have medical conditions are at greater risk of serious illness.
+COVID-19may be a mild, moderate, severe or critical illness.
+In broad terms, mild COVID-19 doesn't affect the ability of the lungs to get oxygen to the body.
+In moderate COVID-19 illness, the lungs also work properly but there are signs that the infection is deep in the lungs.
+Severe COVID-19 means that the lungs don't work correctly, and the person needs oxygen and other medical help in the hospital.
+Critical COVID-19 illness means the lung and breathing system, called the respiratory system, has failed and there is damage throughout the body.
+Rarely, people who catch the coronavirus can develop a group of symptoms linked to inflamed organs or tissues. The illness is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome. When children have this illness, it is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, shortened toMIS-C. In adults, the name isMIS-A.","Contact a healthcare professional if you test positive forCOVID-19. If you have symptoms and need to test forCOVID-19, or you've been exposed to someone withCOVID-19, a healthcare professional can help.
+People who are at high risk of serious illness may get medicine to block the spread of theCOVID-19virus in the body. Or your healthcare team may plan regular checks to monitor your health.
+Get emergency help right away for any of these symptoms:
+Can't catch your breath or have problems breathing.
+Skin, lips or nail beds that are pale, gray or blue.
+New confusion.
+Trouble staying awake or waking up.
+Chest pain or pressure that is constant.
+This list doesn't include every emergency symptom. If you or a person you're taking care of has symptoms that worry you, get help. Let the healthcare team know about a positive test forCOVID-19or symptoms of the illness.","COVID-19is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2.
+The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. When people withCOVID-19cough, sneeze, breathe, sing or talk, their breath may be infected with theCOVID-19virus.
+The coronavirus carried by a person's breath can land directly on the face of a nearby person, after a sneeze or cough, for example. The droplets or particles the infected person breathes out could possibly be breathed in by other people if they are close together or in areas with low air flow. And a person may touch a surface that has respiratory droplets and then touch their face with hands that have the coronavirus on them.
+It's possible to getCOVID-19more than once.
+Over time, the body's defense against theCOVID-19virus can fade.
+A person may be exposed to so much of the virus that it breaks through their immune defense.
+As a virus infects a group of people, the virus copies itself. During this process, the genetic code can randomly change in each copy. The changes are called mutations. If the coronavirus that causesCOVID-19changes in ways that make previous infections or vaccination less effective at preventing infection, people can get sick again.
+The virus that causesCOVID-19can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It's rare for a person to getCOVID-19from a pet.","The main risk factors forCOVID-19are:
+If someone you live with hasCOVID-19.
+If you spend time in places with poor air flow and a higher number of people when the virus is spreading.
+If you spend more than 30 minutes in close contact with someone who hasCOVID-19.
+Many factors affect your risk of catching the virus that causesCOVID-19. How long you are in contact, if the space has good air flow and your activities all affect the risk. Also, if you or others wear masks, if someone hasCOVID-19symptoms and how close you are affects your risk. Close contact includes sitting and talking next to one another, for example, or sharing a car or bedroom.
+It seems to be rare for people to catch the virus that causesCOVID-19from an infected surface. While the virus is shed in waste, called stool,COVID-19infection from places such as a public bathroom is not common.","Complications ofCOVID-19include long-term loss of taste and smell, skin rashes, and sores. The illness can cause trouble breathing or pneumonia. Medical issues a person already manages may get worse.
+Complications of severeCOVID-19illness can include:
+Acute respiratory distress syndrome, when the body's organs do not get enough oxygen.
+Shock caused by the infection or heart problems.
+Overreaction of the immune system, called the inflammatory response.
+Blood clots.
+Kidney injury.","The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends aCOVID-19vaccine for everyone age 6 months and older. TheCOVID-19vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused byCOVID-19.
+TheCOVID-19vaccines available in the United States are:
+Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine 2024-2025 formula.This vaccine is available for people age 6 months and older.Among people with a typical immune system:Children ages 6 months up to age 4 years are up to date after three doses of the 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine. If a child has had one dose of a previous Pfizer-BioNTechCOVIDvaccine, two doses of the 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine will bring the child up to date. If a child had two doses previously, one dose of the 2024-2025 formula will bring the child up to date.People age 5 and older are up to date with one 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine.
+Children ages 6 months up to age 4 years are up to date after three doses of the 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine. If a child has had one dose of a previous Pfizer-BioNTechCOVIDvaccine, two doses of the 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine will bring the child up to date. If a child had two doses previously, one dose of the 2024-2025 formula will bring the child up to date.
+People age 5 and older are up to date with one 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine.
+ModernaCOVID-19vaccine 2024-2025 formula.This vaccine is available for people age 6 months and older.Among people with a typical immune system:Children ages 6 months up to age 4 are up to date if they've had two doses of a 2024-2025 ModernaCOVID-19vaccine. If a child has had previous ModernaCOVIDvaccines, one dose of the 2024-2025 vaccine will bring the child up to date.People age 5 and older are up to date with one 2024-2025 ModernaCOVID-19vaccine.
+Children ages 6 months up to age 4 are up to date if they've had two doses of a 2024-2025 ModernaCOVID-19vaccine. If a child has had previous ModernaCOVIDvaccines, one dose of the 2024-2025 vaccine will bring the child up to date.
+People age 5 and older are up to date with one 2024-2025 ModernaCOVID-19vaccine.
+NovavaxCOVID-19vaccine, adjuvanted 2024-2025 formula.This vaccine is available for people age 12 years and older.Among people with a typical immune system:People age 12 years and older are up to date if they've had one dose of a 2024-2025 NovavaxCOVID-19vaccine.
+People age 12 years and older are up to date if they've had one dose of a 2024-2025 NovavaxCOVID-19vaccine.
+In general, people age 5 and older with typical immune systems can get any vaccine approved or authorized for their age. They usually don't need to get the same vaccine each time.
+Some people should get all their vaccine doses from the same vaccine maker, including:
+Children ages 6 months to 4 years.
+People age 5 years and older with weakened immune systems.
+People age 12 and older who have had one shot of the Novavax vaccine should get the second Novavax shot in the two-dose series.
+Talk to your healthcare professional if you have any questions about the vaccines for you or your child. Your healthcare team can help you if:
+The vaccine you or your child got earlier isn't available.
+You don't know which vaccine you or your child received.
+You or your child started a vaccine series but couldn't finish it due to side effects.
+People with weakened immune systems
+Your healthcare team may suggest added doses ofCOVID-19vaccine if you have a moderately or seriously weakened immune system. TheFDAhas also authorized the monoclonal antibody pemivibart (Pemgarda) to preventCOVID-19in some people with weakened immune systems.
+Control the spread of infection
+In addition to vaccination, there are other ways to stop the spread of the virus that causesCOVID-19.
+If you are at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself. Know what to do if you get sick so you can quickly start treatment.
+If you feel ill or haveCOVID-19, stay home and away from others, including pets, if possible. Avoid sharing household items such as dishes or towels if you're sick.
+In general, make it a habit to:
+Test forCOVID-19.If you have symptoms ofCOVID-19test for the infection. Or test five days after you came in contact with the virus.
+Help from afar.Avoid close contact with anyone who is sick or has symptoms, if possible.
+Wash your hands.Wash your hands well and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.
+Cover your coughs and sneezes.Cough or sneeze into a tissue or your elbow. Then wash your hands.
+Clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces.For example, clean doorknobs, light switches, electronics and counters regularly.
+Try to spread out in crowded public areas, especially in places with poor airflow. This is important if you have a higher risk of serious illness.
+TheCDCrecommends that people wear a mask in indoor public spaces if you're in an area with a high number of people withCOVID-19in the hospital. They suggest wearing the most protective mask possible that you'll wear regularly, that fits well and is comfortable.","If you have symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019, known as COVID-19, or you've been exposed to theCOVID-19virus, contact your healthcare team. Let them know if you've had close contact with anyone diagnosed withCOVID-19.
+In the United States, at-homeCOVID-19tests are available. Free tests can be mailed to U.S. addresses, or you can purchase tests in stores, pharmacies or online. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, also known as the FDA, approves or authorizes the tests. On theFDAwebsite, you can find a list of the tests that are validated and their expiration dates. You also can check with your healthcare professional before buying a test if you have any concerns.
+When taking a test at home, read the directions that come with the test carefully. Follow the instructions exactly to get as accurate a result as possible.
+COVID-19tests also are available from healthcare professionals, some pharmacies and clinics, or at community testing sites.
+Here are some guidelines for when to take aCOVID-19test:
+If you haveCOVID-19symptoms, test for the illness right away.
+If you were exposed to theCOVID-19virus but don't have symptoms, wait at least five days after exposure then test.
+If you have symptoms and tested positive forCOVID-19within the last 30 days, you can test again. But if you were just exposed to the coronavirus and don't have symptoms, you don't need to test.
+Also, testing before an event or contact with people at high risk of serious illness helps prevent the spread of the virus that causesCOVID-19.
+COVID-19tests use a sample taken from your nose or throat, or a sample of saliva.
+Two types of tests can help diagnoseCOVID-19.
+Molecular tests.These tests look for genetic material from theCOVID-19virus.Polymerase chain reaction tests, shortened to PCR tests, are molecular tests. You may also see this type of test called an NAAT test, short for nucleic acid amplification test.PCRtests are more accurate than the other type ofCOVID-19test, called an antigen test.PCRtests may be done at home. But they are much more likely to be done by a healthcare professional and processed in a lab.
+Antigen tests.These tests look for viral proteins called antigens.Antigen tests also may be called rapidCOVID-19tests or at-homeCOVID-19tests. These tests are useful if you need a quick result.Antigen tests are reliable and accurate, but they are less accurate thanPCRtests. This is especially true if you don't have symptoms. If you take an antigen test and are negative forCOVID-19, take another antigen test after 48 hours to get the most accurate result.","Many people withCOVID-19recover with rest, plenty of fluids and care that manages symptoms. Medicine you can get without a prescription can help, such as:
+Fever reducers.
+Pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen.
+Cough syrup or medicine.
+If you are at high risk of seriousCOVID-19illness, your healthcare professional may suggest medicine to prevent mild illness from getting worse. These medicines can include nirmatrelvir and ritonavir (Paxlovid), remdesivir (Veklury) or molnupiravir (Lagevrio).
+Paxlovid and Lagevrio are taken by mouth as pills. Veklury is given through a needle in a vein.
+If you're very ill, you may need to be treated in the hospital.",,"To be treated forCOVID-19, you may start by seeing your healthcare professional. Or you may be referred immediately to a specialist trained in treating infectious diseases.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","If you haveCOVID-19, it's important to get plenty of rest, drink fluids and keep an eye on your symptoms. Medicines you can get without a prescription can help manage pain, fever or cough.
+If you haveCOVID-19and are staying separate from others, try to keep busy and help your body clear out the infection. Some things that might help are:
+Eat healthy meals.
+Get enough sleep.
+Relaxation exercises.
+Do activities you enjoy.
+Connect with friends and family, such as with phone or video calls.
+People who haveCOVID-19or care for someone with the illness may feel new or worse symptoms of stress, depression and anxiety. If you or a loved one need help with managing the stress of illness, isolation or caregiving, contact your healthcare professional. Consider asking for a referral to a mental health professional.","upset stomach, illness, chills, muscle aches, body aches, shortness of breath, runny nose, headaches, fatigue, tiredness, congestion, multisystem inflammatory syndrome, death, sore throat, cough, covid-19 illness, loss of taste or smell, diarrhea, vomiting, loose stools, infection, extreme tiredness, oxygen, pain, fever, dry cough"
+309,Pubic lice (crabs),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pubic-lice-crabs/symptoms-causes/syc-20350300,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pubic-lice-crabs/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350306,,"Pubic lice, commonly called crabs, are tiny insects found in your genital area. They are a different type of louse from head lice and body lice. Measuring 1/16 inch (1.6 millimeters) or less, pubic lice received their nickname because their bodies resemble tiny crabs.
+
+The most common way to get pubic lice is through sexual activity. In children, pubic lice may be found in the eyebrows or eyelashes and can be a sign of sexual abuse. However, it may be possible to catch pubic lice after sharing clothing, bedsheets or towels with an infected person.
+
+Pubic lice feed on your blood, and their bites can cause severe itching. Treatment includes applying over-the-counter creams and lotions that kill the parasites and their eggs.","If you have pubic lice (crabs), you may experience intense itching in your genital region. Pubic lice can spread to other areas with coarse body hair, including the:",Seek medical advice about pubic lice treatment if:,"Pubic lice are most commonly spread during sexual activity. You may also get pubic lice from infested sheets, blankets, towels or clothes.",People who have other sexually transmitted infections are more likely to also have pubic lice.,"Pubic lice infestations can usually be treated with a louse-killing lotion or gel. However, a pubic lice infestation sometimes leads to complications such as:","To prevent pubic lice infestation, avoid having sexual contact or sharing bedding or clothing with anyone who has an infestation. If you are being treated for pubic lice, all sexual partners also must be treated.","You or your doctor can usually confirm a pubic lice infestation through a visual examination of your pubic area. The presence of moving lice confirms infestation.
+
+Lice eggs (nits) also may indicate an infestation. However, nits can cling to hairs and be present, although no longer alive, even after successful treatment.","If over-the-counter lotions or shampoos that have 1% permethrin (Nix) or pyrethrin don't kill your pubic lice, your doctor may prescribe stronger treatments, such as:
+
+Eyelash and eyebrow treatments.If pubic lice are found in eyelashes and eyebrows, you can treat them by carefully applying petroleum jelly with a cotton swab at night and washing it off in the morning. This treatment may need to be repeated for several weeks and can irritate the eyes if used incorrectly.
+
+If only a few live lice and nits are found, you may be able to remove them using a nit comb or your fingernails. If additional treatment is needed, your doctor may prescribe a topical ointment.
+
+All hairy areas of the body should be thoroughly checked and treated because lice can move away from treated areas to other hairy parts of the body. Shaving won't get rid of pubic lice.",,"If you can't get rid of pubic lice on your own, you may need to talk to your family doctor.",,"intense itching, itching"
+310,Muscle cramp,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/symptoms-causes/syc-20350820,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350825,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/doctors-departments/ddc-20350828,"A muscle cramp is a sudden, unexpected tightening of one or more muscles. Sometimes called a charley horse, a muscle cramp can be very painful. Exercising or working hard, especially in heat, can lead to muscle cramps. Some medicines and illnesses also might cause muscle cramps.
+Muscle cramps aren't usually harmful. Self-care measures can treat most muscle cramps.","Muscle cramps occur mostly in leg muscles, most often in the calf. Cramps usually last for seconds to minutes. After the cramp eases, the area might be sore for hours or days.","Muscle cramps usually go away on their own. They don't usually need medical care. However, see a health care provider for cramps that:
+Cause severe discomfort.
+Have leg swelling, redness or skin changes.
+Come with muscle weakness.
+Happen often.
+Don't get better with self-care.","A muscle cramp can happen after working a muscle too hard or straining it, losing body fluids through sweat or simply holding a position for a long time. Often, however, the cause isn't known.
+Most muscle cramps are harmless. But some might be related to a medical concern, such as:
+Not enough blood flow.A narrowing of the arteries that bring blood to the legs can cause a cramping pain in the legs and feet during exercise. These cramps usually go away soon after exercise stops.
+Nerve compression.Pressure on the nerves in the spine also can cause cramping pain in the legs. The pain usually gets worse with walking. Walking bent slightly forward, such as when pushing a shopping cart, might ease cramping.
+Not enough minerals.Too little potassium, calcium or magnesium in the diet can cause leg cramps. Medicines often prescribed for high blood pressure can cause increased urination, which may drain the body of these minerals.","Factors that might increase the risk of muscle cramps include:
+Age.Older people lose muscle mass. Then the muscles can't work as hard and can get stressed more easily.
+Poor conditioning.Not being in shape for an activity causes muscles to tire more easily.
+Extreme sweating.Athletes who get tired and sweat a lot while playing sports in warm weather often get muscle cramps.
+Pregnancy.Muscle cramps are common during pregnancy.
+Medical issues.Having diabetes or illnesses that involve nerves, liver or thyroid can increase the risk of muscle cramps.
+Weight.Being overweight can increase the risk of muscle cramps.",,"These steps might help prevent cramps:
+Drink plenty of liquids every day.Muscles need fluids to work well. During activity, drink liquids regularly. Keep drinking water or other liquids without caffeine or alcohol after the activity.
+Stretch your muscles.Stretch gently before and after using any muscle for a time. To avoid getting leg cramps at night, stretch before bedtime. Light exercise, such as riding a stationary bicycle for a few minutes before bedtime, also may help prevent cramps while you sleep.",,"Self-care measures usually can treat muscle cramps. A health care provider can show you stretching exercises that can reduce the chances of getting muscle cramps. Drinking plenty of fluids can also help prevent muscle cramps.
+If you keep getting cramps that wake you from sleep, a care provider might prescribe medicine to relax muscles or help you sleep.",,"See a health care provider if you have muscle cramps often that are severe and not getting better with self-care.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","If you have a cramp, these actions might help:
+Stretch and massage.Stretch the cramped muscle and gently rub it. For a calf cramp, keep the leg straight while pulling the top of your foot on the side that's cramped toward your face. Also try standing with your weight on your cramped leg and pressing down firmly. This helps ease a cramp in the back of the thigh too.For a front thigh cramp, try pulling the foot on that leg up toward your buttock. Hold on to a chair to steady yourself.
+Apply heat or cold.Use a warm towel or heating pad on tense or tight muscles. Taking a warm bath or directing the stream of a hot shower onto the cramped muscle also can help. Rubbing the sore muscle with ice also might relieve pain.","muscle cramps, cramp, sore"
+311,Menstrual cramps,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/symptoms-causes/syc-20374938,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374944,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/doctors-departments/ddc-20374945,"Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) are throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen. Many women have menstrual cramps just before and during their menstrual periods.
+
+For some women, the discomfort is merely annoying. For others, menstrual cramps can be severe enough to interfere with everyday activities for a few days every month.
+
+Conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids can cause menstrual cramps. Treating the cause is key to reducing the pain. Menstrual cramps that aren't caused by another condition tend to lessen with age and often improve after giving birth.","Symptoms of menstrual cramps include:
+
+Some women also have:",See your health care provider if:,"During your menstrual period, your uterus contracts to help expel its lining. Hormonelike substances (prostaglandins) involved in pain and inflammation trigger the uterine muscle contractions. Higher levels of prostaglandins are associated with more-severe menstrual cramps.
+
+Menstrual cramps can be caused by:",You might be at risk of menstrual cramps if:,"Menstrual cramps don't cause other medical complications, but they can interfere with school, work and social activities.
+
+Certain conditions associated with menstrual cramps can have complications, though. For example, endometriosis can cause fertility problems. Pelvic inflammatory disease can scar your fallopian tubes, increasing the risk of a fertilized egg implanting outside of your uterus (ectopic pregnancy).",,"Your health care provider will review your medical history and perform a physical exam, including a pelvic exam. During the pelvic exam, your provider checks for anything unusual with the reproductive organs and looks for signs of infection.
+
+Your provider may also recommend certain tests, including:
+
+Other imaging tests.A computed tomography (CT) scan or Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan provides more detail than an ultrasound and can help your doctor diagnose underlying conditions.CTcombines X-ray images taken from many angles to produce cross-sectional images of bones, organs and other soft tissues inside your body.
+
+MRIuses radio waves and a powerful magnetic field to produce detailed images of internal structures. Both tests are noninvasive and painless.","To ease your menstrual cramps, your health care provider might recommend:
+
+Pain relievers.Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve), at regular doses starting the day before you expect your period to begin can help control the pain of cramps. Prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs also are available.
+
+Start taking the pain reliever at the beginning of your period, or as soon as you feel symptoms, and continue taking the medicine as directed for two to three days, or until your symptoms are gone.",,"If you have bothersome menstrual cramps, make an appointment with either your primary physician or a doctor who specializes in the female reproductive system (gynecologist). Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,menstrual cramps
+314,Complex regional pain syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crps-complex-regional-pain-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20371151,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crps-complex-regional-pain-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371156,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crps-complex-regional-pain-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20371157,"Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a form of chronic pain that usually affects an arm or a leg. CRPS typically develops after an injury, a surgery, a stroke or a heart attack. The pain is out of proportion to the severity of the initial injury.
+
+CRPS is uncommon, and its cause isn't clearly understood. Treatment is most effective when started early. In such cases, improvement and even remission are possible.","Signs and symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) include:
+
+Symptoms may change over time and vary from person to person. Pain, swelling, redness, noticeable changes in temperature and hypersensitivity (particularly to cold and touch) usually occur first.
+
+Over time, the affected limb can become cold and pale. It may undergo skin and nail changes as well as muscle spasms and tightening. Once these changes occur, the condition is often irreversible.
+
+CRPS occasionally may spread from its source to elsewhere in the body, such as the opposite limb.
+
+In some people, signs and symptoms of CRPS go away on their own. In others, signs and symptoms may persist for months to years. Treatment is likely to be most effective when started early in the course of the illness.","If you experience constant, severe pain that affects a limb and makes touching or moving that limb seem intolerable, see your health care provider to determine the cause. It's important to treat complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) early.","The cause of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) isn't completely understood. It's thought to be caused by an injury to or difference in the peripheral and central nervous systems. CRPS typically occurs as a result of a trauma or an injury.
+
+CRPS occurs in two types, with similar signs and symptoms, but different causes:
+
+Many cases of CRPS occur after a forceful trauma to an arm or a leg. This can include a crushing injury or a fracture.
+
+Other major and minor traumas — such as surgery, heart attacks, infections and even sprained ankles — also can lead to CRPS.
+
+It's not well understood why these injuries can trigger CRPS. Not everyone who has such an injury will go on to develop CRPS. It might be due to an interaction between your central and peripheral nervous systems that isn't typical and different inflammatory responses.",,"If complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) isn't diagnosed and treated early, the disease may progress to more-disabling signs and symptoms.",These steps might help you reduce the risk of developing CRPS:,"Diagnosis of CRPS is based on a physical exam and your medical history. There's no single test that can definitively diagnose CRPS, but the following procedures may provide important clues:","There's some evidence that early treatment might help improve symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Often, a combination of different treatments, tailored to your specific case, is necessary. Treatment options include:","Living with a chronic, painful condition can be challenging, especially when — as is often the case with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) — your friends and family don't believe you could be feeling as much pain as you describe. Share information from reliable sources about CRPS with those close to you to help them understand what you're experiencing.
+
+Follow these suggestions to take care of your physical and mental health:
+
+If CRPS makes it difficult for you to do things you enjoy, ask your provider about ways to get around the obstacles.
+
+Keep in mind that your physical health can directly affect your mental health. Denial, anger and frustration are common with chronic illnesses.
+
+At times, you may need more tools to deal with your emotions. A therapist, behavioral psychologist or other professional may be able to help you put things in perspective. He or she may also be able to teach you coping skills, such as relaxation or meditation techniques.
+
+Sometimes joining a support group, where you can share experiences and feelings with other people, is a good approach. Ask your provider what support groups are available in your community.","To get the best medical care, take time to prepare for your appointment.",,"pain, cold, nail changes, swelling, regional pain syndrome, skin changes, muscle spasms, hypersensitivity, crps, pale, redness"
+315,Undescended testicle,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/symptoms-causes/syc-20351995,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352000,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/doctors-departments/ddc-20352003,"A testicle that doesn't move down into its proper place in the scrotum before birth is called an undescended testicle. It's also known as cryptorchidism (krip-TOR-kih-diz-um). Most often, it's just one testicle that doesn't descend into the scrotum, which is the bag of skin that hangs below the penis. But sometimes both testicles are affected.
+An undescended testicle is more common in premature babies than it is in full-term infants. An undescended testicle often moves down on its own within a few months after the baby is born. If your baby has an undescended testicle that doesn't correct itself, surgery can be done to move the testicle into the scrotum.","Not seeing or feeling a testicle in the scrotum is the main symptom of an undescended testicle.
+Testicles form in an unborn baby's lower belly. During the last few months of pregnancy, the testicles typically move down from the stomach area. They move through a tubelike passage in the groin, called the inguinal canal, and descend into the scrotum. With an undescended testicle, that process stops or is delayed.","An undescended testicle often is found during an exam done shortly after birth. If your baby has an undescended testicle, ask how often exams will need to be done. If the testicle hasn't moved into the scrotum by 3 to 4 months of age, the condition likely won't correct itself.
+Treating an undescended testicle when your child is still a baby might lower the risk of health problems later in life. These include cancer of the testicles and not being able to get a partner pregnant, also called infertility.
+Older boys — from infants to preteens — who have descended testicles at birth might appear to be missing a testicle later. This might be a symptom of:
+A retractile testicle,which moves back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. The testicle might be easily guided by hand into the scrotum during a physical exam. A retractile testicle is due to a muscle reflex in the scrotum.
+An ascending testicle,which has returned to the groin. The testicle can't be easily guided by hand into the scrotum. Another name for this is an acquired undescended testicle.
+Talk to your child's doctor or other member of their care team if you notice any changes in your child's genitals or if you have other concerns.","The exact cause of an undescended testicle isn't known. Genes, the health of the baby's mother and other factors might have a combined effect. Together they may disrupt the hormones, physical changes and nerve activity that play roles in how the testicles develop.","Things that might raise the risk of an undescended testicle in a newborn include:
+Premature birth or low birth weight.
+Family history of undescended testicles.
+Health conditions in the baby, such as cerebral palsy or a problem with the wall of the abdomen.
+The mother having diabetes before or during pregnancy.
+Alcohol use during pregnancy.
+Smoking cigarettes or exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy.
+Exposure to some pesticides during pregnancy.","The testicles need to be slightly cooler than regular body temperature to develop and work well. The scrotum provides this cooler place. Complications of a testicle not being located where it's supposed to be include:
+Testicular cancer.Men who've had an undescended testicle have a higher risk of testicular cancer. This disease often begins in testicle cells that make immature sperm. It's not clear why these cells turn into cancer.The risk is greater in men who've had undescended testicles located in the stomach area than in men who've had undescended testicles in the groin. The risk also is higher when both testicles are affected. Surgery to correct an undescended testicle might lower the risk of testicular cancer. But the cancer risk doesn't go away completely.
+Fertility problems.These problems make it harder to get a partner pregnant. They're more likely to happen in men who've had an undescended testicle. Fertility problems might be worse if an undescended testicle goes without treatment for a long time.
+Other health conditions linked with an undescended testicle include:
+Testicular torsion.This is the twisting of the cord that brings blood to the scrotum. It's a painful problem that cuts off blood to the testicle. Without quick treatment, the testicle might become so damaged that it needs to be removed with surgery.
+Trauma.If a testicle is in the groin, it might get damaged from pressure against the pubic bone.
+Inguinal hernia.A part of the intestines can push into the groin through a weak spot in the muscles of the stomach area. The bulge this causes can be painful.",,"With an undescended testicle, surgery may be needed to find the problem and treat it. There are two main types of surgery:
+Laparoscopy.A small tube with a camera on it is placed through a small cut in the belly. Laparoscopy is done to locate a testicle in the stomach area.
+Open surgery.This uses a larger cut to look inside the stomach area or groin to find the undescended testicle.
+If a baby's testicles can't be found in the scrotum after birth, more tests may be needed. These tests can determine if the testicles are absent — meaning not there at all — rather than undescended. Some health issues that lead to absent testicles can cause serious problems soon after birth if they're not found and treated.
+Imaging tests, such as an ultrasound andMRI, usually aren't needed to find out if a baby has an undescended testicle.","The goal of treatment is to move the undescended testicle to its proper place in the scrotum. Treatment before age 1 might lower the risk of health problems linked with an undescended testicle, such as infertility and testicular cancer. Earlier treatment is better. Experts often recommend that surgery take place before the child is 18 months old.","Your child might be sensitive about how the scrotum looks without one or both testicles. It's common to feel anxious about looking different from friends or classmates, especially in a locker room where students undress. The following tips might help:
+Teach your child the right words to use when talking about the scrotum and testicles.
+Explain that there are often two testicles in the scrotum. If one or both are missing, explain what that means and why your child is still a healthy kid.
+Tell your child that having an undescended testicle isn't an illness.
+Discuss whether a testicular prosthesis is a good option for your child.
+Help your child practice how to explain the undescended testicle to any bullies or kids who ask questions.
+Buy your child loose-fitting boxer shorts and swim trunks. These might make the undescended testicle harder to notice when changing clothes and playing sports.
+Be aware of signs of worry or shame. For example, your child might stop playing a sport they used to enjoy.","An undescended testicle often is found at birth. Your family doctor or pediatrician will check on the condition during well-baby visits and regular exams for your child.
+To prepare for your appointment, write down a list of questions to discuss with your child's care team. Questions might include:
+How often should I schedule appointments?
+How can I safely check the scrotum at home to watch for any changes in the undescended testicle?
+When would you suggest seeing a specialist?
+What kinds of tests will my child need?
+What treatment options do you suggest?
+Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take home with me? What websites do you suggest?
+Feel free to ask other questions during your appointment.","Even after surgery, it's important to check your baby's testicles to make sure they develop properly. You can check the position of the testicles during diaper changes and baths.
+When your child is about to reach puberty, the two of you can talk about what physical changes to expect. During the talk, you can explain how your child can check the testicles without your help. Your child should do a self-exam each month. This is a key skill to help find lumps and other possible symptoms of tumors early. Make an appointment with your child's doctor if your child notices any unusual changes in the testicles.","not seeing, not feeling"
+316,Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351056,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351057,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20351058,"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a rare type of cancer that begins in the white blood cells. The cancer affects white blood cells called T cells, also called T lymphocytes. These cells help the body's germ-fighting immune system. In cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, the T cells attack the skin.
+Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, also called CTCL, can cause rash and slightly raised or scaly round patches on the skin. Sometimes other growths appear on the skin.
+There are several types of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The most common types include:
+Mycosis fungoides.Mycosis fungoides is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It grows slowly. Mycosis fungoides mainly affects the skin. It often causes patches of affected skin.
+Sezary syndrome.Sezary syndrome is a less common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It grows and expands quickly. Sezary syndrome affects the skin and the blood. In time, it causes a rash over the whole body.
+Treatment depends on the type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Treatments can include skin creams, light therapy, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
+Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Another type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that affects the skin is called cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is much more common than cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.","Signs and symptoms of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma include:
+Patches of raised or scaly skin that might itch. The patches happen most often on skin that doesn't get much sun.
+Patches of skin that look pink, red, brown or gray. The color may be harder to see on Black and brown skin.
+Patches of skin that look lighter in color than the skin around them. This may be easier to see on Black and brown skin.
+Lumps that form on the skin and may break open.
+Lymph nodes that get bigger.
+Hair loss.
+Thickened skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
+A rash over all the skin that is scaly and itchy.",Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you.,"The cause of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma often isn't known. This cancer causes a growth of cells in the skin. It starts in germ-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma affects specific lymphocytes called T lymphocytes.
+Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma happens when T lymphocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do.
+DNA gives healthy cells instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+In cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, the cancer cells build up in the skin. In one type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma called Sezary syndrome, the cancer cells also are in the blood.","The risk of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma may be higher in:
+Older adults.The condition can happen at any age, but it's more common in people 50 and older.
+People assigned male at birth.The condition is twice as common in people assigned male at birth than it is in people assigned female at birth.
+Black people.Black people have the highest risk of getting cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Black people also are more likely to get this cancer at an earlier age.
+There is no way to prevent cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.",,,"To diagnose cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, a healthcare professional might start with an exam to look for signs of cancer. Tests and procedures might include blood tests, skin biopsies and imaging tests. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma may be hard to diagnose because the symptoms are like those of other skin conditions, such as eczema. And early tests may not show cancer cells in the skin. Getting the right diagnosis may take time.","Treatments for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma include medicines, radiation therapy, light therapy and bone marrow transplant. Many treatments exist for this cancer. Your treatment plan may include a mix of treatments.",A diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma can be a challenge. Here are some ideas that may help you cope.,"Start by making an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Many people with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma have itchy skin. Caring for your skin may help. Besides what your healthcare professional gives you to control itching, it also may help to:
+Use mild soap with no scent.This might help ease itching. When you wash your skin, use warm, not hot, water.
+Keep skin moisturized.Put a gentle lotion, cream or ointment with no scent on your skin after showers and baths. Use the moisturizer throughout the day as needed. This can help ease itching.","scaly rash, cutaneous t-cell lymphoma, scaly, itchy, thickened skin, broken skin, lumps, itch, brown skin, hair loss, rash, red skin, pink skin, itchy skin, raised skin, enlarged lymph nodes, scaly skin, gray skin, itchy rash, lighter skin"
+317,Peyronie disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peyronies-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353468,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peyronies-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353473,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peyronies-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20353475,"Peyronie (pay-roe-NEE) disease is a condition in which fibrous scar tissue forms in the deeper tissues under the skin of the penis. This causes curved, painful erections. It also can make the penis shorter while erect. Peyronie disease is not caused by cancer.
+Penises vary in shape and size. So having a curved erection isn't always a cause for concern. But Peyronie disease causes a serious bend or pain in some people.
+This can prevent you from having sex. Or it might make it hard to get or keep an erection, which also is called erectile dysfunction. For many people, Peyronie disease also causes stress and anxiety.
+Peyronie disease rarely goes away on its own. In most people with the condition, it will remain as is or may get slightly worse early on. Early treatment soon after you get the condition may keep it from getting worse or even improve symptoms. Even if you've had Peyronie disease for some time, treatment may help ease symptoms such as pain, curving and shortening.","Peyronie disease symptoms might start suddenly or appear over time. The most common symptoms include:
+Scar tissue.The scar tissue linked with Peyronie disease also is called plaque. It's different from plaque that can build up in blood vessels or on your teeth. It can be felt under the skin of the penis as flat lumps or a band of hard tissue. The area over the scar tissue may feel tender.
+A bend to the penis.The penis might curve upward or downward or bend to one side.
+Erection problems.Peyronie disease might cause problems getting or keeping an erection. This also is called erectile dysfunction. Often though, people with Peyronie disease say they notice erectile dysfunction before the start of their other penile symptoms.
+Shortening of the penis.The penis might become shorter during erections due to Peyronie disease.
+Pain in the penis.This symptom might happen with or without an erection.
+Other changes in how the penis looks.In some people with Peyronie disease, the erect penis might look narrow or indented. It might even take on an hourglass-like shape, with a tight, narrow band around the shaft.
+The curving and penile shortening linked with Peyronie disease might become worse over time. Physical changes in the penis often get worse or stay the same during the first year to year and a half.
+Pain during erections usually gets better within 1 to 2 years. The scar tissue, penile shortening and curving often remain. It's not common, but the curving and pain of Peyronie disease can get better without treatment.","See a health care professional if you notice symptoms of Peyronie disease. Early treatment gives you the best chance to improve the condition or keep it from getting worse. If you've had the condition for some time, get a health care checkup if the pain, curving, length, or other changes bother you or your partner.","The exact cause of Peyronie disease isn't clear. But various factors seem to be involved.
+It's thought Peyronie disease most often results from repeated injury to the penis during vigorous sex. But the penis also could be damaged during athletic activities or accidents. Many people with Peyronie disease can't recall a specific injury that led to their symptoms.
+During the healing process after injury to the penis, scar tissue forms. This can lead to a lump you can feel or to a curve in the penis.
+Each side of the penis contains a spongelike tube called a corpus cavernosum. These tubes have many tiny blood vessels. Each of the corpora cavernosa is encased in a sheath of elastic tissue called the tunica albuginea (TOO-nih-kuh al-BYOO-JIN-e-uh). The sheath stretches during an erection.
+When you become sexually aroused, more blood flows to these chambers. As the chambers fill with blood, the penis expands, straightens and stiffens into an erection.
+In Peyronie disease, when the penis becomes erect, the area with the scar tissue doesn't stretch. As a result, the penis bends or goes through other changes. This can be painful.
+In most people, Peyronie disease symptoms come on slowly and don't seem to be linked with an injury. Researchers are looking into whether Peyronie disease might be tied to a genetic trait or certain health conditions.","Minor injury to the penis doesn't always lead to Peyronie disease. Various factors can contribute to poor wound healing and scar tissue buildup that might play a role in Peyronie disease. These include:
+Family history.If a family member has Peyronie disease, you have a higher risk of the condition.
+Connective tissue diseases.People who have certain conditions that affect connective tissue in the body seem to have a higher risk of getting Peyronie disease. For example, some people with Peyronie disease also have a thick cord under the skin of the palm that can pull the fingers inward. This is called Dupuytren contracture.
+Age.Peyronie disease can happen at any age. But it becomes more common between the ages of 45 and 70. Curving of the penis in younger men less often is due to Peyronie disease. It is more commonly called congenital penile curvature. A small amount of curvature in younger men is typical and not concerning.
+Other factors might be linked to Peyronie disease. These include certain health conditions, smoking and some types of prostate surgery.","Peyronie disease might lead to troubles that include:
+Not being able to have sex.
+Trouble getting or keeping an erection, also called erectile dysfunction.
+Anxiety, stress, or depression over challenges having sex or the way your penis looks.
+Stress on your relationship with your sexual partner.
+Trouble having a child because it's challenging or not possible to have sex.
+Shorter penis length.
+Penile pain.",,"Health care professionals often can figure out if someone has Peyronie disease by doing a physical exam. They also might do tests to check for other conditions that can cause similar symptoms.
+You might need the following tests:
+Physical exam.Your health care professional feels your penis when it's not erect to figure out the location and amount of scar tissue. The length of your penis also might be measured. If the condition becomes worse, this measurement helps determine whether the penis has gotten shorter.Your health care professional also might ask you to bring in photos of your erect penis taken at home. This can help determine the degree of curving, the location of scar tissue or other details that might guide treatment.
+Other tests.Your health care professional might order an ultrasound or other tests to check your penis when it's erect. Before testing, you'll likely receive a shot directly into the penis that helps it become erect.Ultrasound is the most commonly used test for penis conditions. It uses sound waves to make images of soft tissues inside the body. These tests can show the presence of scar tissue, blood flow to the penis and any other irregular signs.","Treatment options for Peyronie disease depend on how long it's been since you began having symptoms.
+Acute phase.As scar tissue forms, changes in the curve or length of the penis become worse. You also may have pain during erections. The acute phase may last for 5 to 18 months.
+Chronic phase.The scar tissue in the penis stops growing, and your symptoms become stable. You also have no penile pain or changes in the curve, length or other aspects of the penis. The chronic phase happens later in Peyronie disease.","Peyronie disease can cause anxiety and create stress between you and your sexual partner.
+These tips might help you better cope with Peyronie disease:
+Explain to your partner what the disease is and how it affects your ability to have sex.
+Let your partner know how you feel about the appearance of your penis and your ability to have sex.
+Talk to your partner about how the two of you can maintain sexual and physical closeness.
+Talk to a mental health professional who is skilled in family relations and sexual matters.","If you have Peyronie disease symptoms, you're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or general practitioner. You might be referred to a specialist in male sexual disorders called a urologist. Encourage your partner to join you at the checkup.
+Preparing for your appointment will help you make the best use of your time.",,"pain, hourglass-like shape, peyronie disease symptoms, shortening, narrow, tender, peyronie disease, indented, bend, erection problems, erectile dysfunction"
+318,Scoliosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scoliosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350716,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scoliosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350721,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scoliosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20350725,"Scoliosis is a side-to-side curve of the spine. It's most often diagnosed after age 10 or in the early teen years. The spine can curve to either side and in different parts of the back. Experts don't know the cause of most childhood scoliosis.
+Most scoliosis is mild. But some curves get worse as children grow. If the curve gets very bad, scoliosis can cause pain and breathing problems. A bad curve of the spine can push on the lungs and make it hard to breathe.
+Healthcare professionals watch growing children who have mild scoliosis with follow-up visits a few times a year. This most often involves X-rays and a physical exam to see if the curve is getting worse. Many people with scoliosis don't need treatment.
+Some children may need to wear a brace to stop the curve from getting worse. Others may need surgery to correct the curves.","Symptoms of scoliosis may include:
+Change in posture.
+Shoulders that aren't even.
+One shoulder blade that looks bigger than the other.
+Waist that isn't even.
+One hip higher than the other.
+One side of the rib cage pushing forward.
+One side of the back poking out when bending forward.
+Most often with scoliosis, the spine rotates or twists as well as curving side to side. This causes the ribs or muscles on one side of the body to stick out farther than those on the other side.","See your child's healthcare professional if you see signs of scoliosis in your child. A mild curve might form slowly and not cause pain. You and your child might not know it's there. Sometimes, teachers, friends and sports teammates are the first to notice a child's scoliosis.","Experts don't know what causes the most common type of scoliosis. But the condition can run in families. The following may cause some types of scoliosis:
+Certain conditions of the muscles and nerves that let the body move, called neuromuscular conditions. Conditions include cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.
+Birth conditions that affect how the bones of the spine form.
+Surgery on the chest wall as a baby or surgery to remove bone over the back of the spine.
+Spinal cord conditions.","Risk factors for getting the most common type of scoliosis include:
+Being age 10 or older.Symptoms most often begin in the early teen years.
+Being assigned female at birth.Both sexes get mild scoliosis at about the same rate. But people assigned female at birth have a higher risk of the curve getting worse and needing treatment.
+Having a family history.Scoliosis can run in families. But most children with scoliosis don't have a family history of the condition.","Most people with scoliosis have a mild form. In a growing child, scoliosis can get worse. Worse scoliosis sometimes causes complications, including:
+Breathing problems.The spine may press against the lungs. This can make it harder to breathe.
+Back problems.People who get scoliosis as children may be more likely to have chronic back pain as adults. This is more often true for curves that are large and not treated.
+Changes in how the body looks.As scoliosis gets worse, it can cause body changes. These changes may include hips and shoulders that aren't even, ribs that stick out, being short, and a shift of the waist and trunk to the side.",,"To diagnose scoliosis, your child's healthcare professional may take a medical history and ask about recent growth. During the physical exam, the healthcare professional may have your child stand and bend forward from the waist, with arms hanging loosely. This is to see if one side of the rib cage stands out more than the other.
+The healthcare professional also may do an exam to check the nervous system, called a neurological exam. The exam checks for:
+Muscle weakness.
+Numbness.
+Reflexes.","Scoliosis treatment depends on the size of the curve and how much more the child is likely to grow. Even children with small curves may need regular checkups to see if the curve is getting worse as they grow. Older teenagers who have mild curves often don't need treatment.
+A moderate or large spinal curve might need bracing or surgery. That may depend on:
+How mature the child is.If a child's bones have stopped growing, the risk of the curve getting worse is low. Braces have the most effect in children whose bones are still growing. A healthcare professional can check how mature the bones are with hand X-rays.
+Size of curve.Larger curves are more likely to get worse with time.
+People assigned female at birth.They have a higher risk of the curve getting worse than do people assigned male at birth.","Coping with scoliosis can be tough for teenagers. They are dealing with many physical changes and emotional and social challenges. A diagnosis of scoliosis can add distress.
+Having caring friends can help a child or teen cope with scoliosis, bracing or surgical treatment. Urge your child to talk to friends and ask for their support.
+You might try a support group for parents and kids with scoliosis. People in the group can share advice and help you connect with others who have challenges like those of you and your child.","Your child's healthcare team may check for scoliosis at a well-child visit. Many schools also have screening programs for scoliosis. A physical exam before joining a sport may show scoliosis.
+If someone tells you your child might have scoliosis, see your healthcare professional to confirm the condition. Your healthcare professional may send you to a specialist in treating children with scoliosis, called a pediatric orthopedic surgeon.","No activities are known to cause or fix scoliosis. Most people with scoliosis don't have to restrict what they do. Carrying a heavy backpack does not cause scoliosis.
+Exercise or playing sports may improve overall health and well-being. A healthy diet with enough calcium and vitamin D also may help bone health. Physical therapy can help strengthen the back, ease pain and improve posture.","one side of the back poking out, one hip higher, one side of the rib cage pushing forward, waist that isn't even, change in posture, one shoulder blade that looks bigger, scoliosis, ribs or muscles on one side stick out farther, shoulders that aren't even"
+319,Self-injury/cutting,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350950,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350956,,"Nonsuicidal self-injury, often simply called self-injury, is the act of harming your own body on purpose, such as by cutting or burning yourself. It's usually not meant as a suicide attempt. This type of self-injury is a harmful way to cope with emotional pain, sadness, anger and stress.
+While self-injury may bring a brief sense of calm and a release of physical and emotional tension, it's usually followed by guilt and shame and the return of painful emotions. Life-threatening injuries are usually not intended, but it's possible that more-serious and even fatal self-harm could happen.
+Getting the proper treatment can help you learn healthier ways to cope.","Symptoms of self-injury may include:
+Scars, often in patterns.
+Fresh cuts, scratches, bruises, bite marks or other wounds.
+Excessive rubbing of an area to create a burn.
+Keeping sharp objects or other items used for self-injury on hand.
+Wearing long sleeves or long pants to hide self-injury, even in hot weather.
+Frequent reports of accidental injury.
+Difficulties in relationships with others.
+Behaviors and emotions that change quickly and are impulsive, intense and unexpected.
+Talk of helplessness, hopelessness or worthlessness.","If you're injuring yourself, even in a minor way, or if you have thoughts of harming yourself, reach out for help. Any form of self-injury is a sign of bigger stressors that need attention.
+Talk to someone you trust — such as a friend, family member, health care provider, spiritual leader, or a school counselor, nurse or teacher. They can help you take the first steps to successful treatment. While you may feel ashamed and embarrassed about your behavior, you can find supportive, caring help from people who aren't going to judge you.","There's no one single or simple cause that leads someone to self-injure. In general, self-injury may result from:
+Poor coping skills.Nonsuicidal self-injury is usually the result of an inability to cope in healthy ways with stress and emotional pain.
+Difficulty managing emotions.Having a hard time controlling, expressing or understanding emotions may lead to self-injury. The mix of emotions that triggers self-injury is complex. For example, there may be feelings of worthlessness, loneliness, panic, anger, guilt, rejection and self-hatred. Being bullied or having questions about sexual identity may be part of the mix of emotions.
+Self-injury may be an attempt to:
+Manage or reduce severe distress or anxiety and provide a sense of relief.
+Provide a distraction from painful emotions through physical pain.
+Feel a sense of control over the body, feelings or life situations.
+Feel something — anything — even if it's physical pain, when feeling emotionally empty.
+Express internal feelings in an external way.
+Communicate feelings of stress or depression to the outside world.
+Punish oneself.","Teenagers and young adults are most likely to self-injure, but those in other age groups do it, too. Self-injury often starts in the preteen or early teen years, when emotional changes happen fast, often and unexpectedly. During this time, teens also face increasing peer pressure, loneliness, and conflicts with parents or other authority figures.
+Certain factors may increase the risk of self-injury, including:
+Having friends who self-injure.Having friends who intentionally harm themselves makes it more likely for someone to begin self-injuring.
+Life issues.Past experiences of neglect, sexual, physical or emotional abuse, or other traumatic events may increase the risk of self-injury. So can growing up and remaining in an unstable family environment. Other risk factors include questioning personal or sexual identity and social isolation.
+Mental health issues.Being highly self-critical and struggling with problem solving increases the risk of self-injury. Also, self-injury is commonly linked with certain mental health conditions, such as borderline personality disorder, depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and eating disorders.
+Alcohol or drug use.Being under the influence of alcohol or recreational drugs may increase the risk of self-injury.","Self-injury can cause complications, such as:
+Worsening feelings of shame, guilt and low self-esteem.
+Infection, either from wounds or from sharing tools.
+Permanent scars or other permanent harm to the body.
+Worsening of underlying issues and conditions, if not properly treated.
+Severe injury that could possibly lead to death.","There is no sure way to prevent someone's self-injuring behavior. But reducing the risk of self-injury includes strategies that involve both individuals and communities. Parents, family members, teachers, school nurses, coaches or friends can help.
+Identify someone at risk and offer help.Someone at risk can be taught how to better manage stress and deal with life's problems. The person can learn healthy coping skills to use during periods of distress.
+Encourage supportive social networks.Feeling lonely and disconnected may be a part of self-injury. Helping someone form healthy connections to people who don't self-injure can improve relationship and communication skills.
+Raise awareness.Learn about the warning signs of self-injury and what to do when you suspect it.
+Encourage friends to seek help.Peers tend to be loyal to their friends. Encourage children, teens and young adults to avoid secrecy and reach out for help if they have a concern about a friend or family member.
+Talk about media influence.News media, music and other highly visible outlets that feature self-injury may nudge children and young adults with mental or emotional issues to experiment. Teaching children critical thinking skills about the influences around them might reduce the harmful impact.","Although some people may ask for help, sometimes family or friends discover the self-injury. Or a health care provider doing a routine medical exam may notice signs, such as scars or fresh injuries.
+There's no specific test to diagnose self-injury. Diagnosis is based on a physical and psychological evaluation. You may be referred to a mental health professional with experience in treating self-injury for evaluation. This professional talks to you about your life, thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
+A mental health professional also may evaluate you for other mental health conditions that could be linked to self-injury, such as depression or personality disorders.","The first step is to tell someone about your self-injuring behavior so you can get help. Treatment is based on your specific issues and any related mental health conditions you might have, such as depression. Because self-injury can become a major part of your life, it's best to get treatment from a mental health professional who is experienced in treating self-injury.
+If the self-injury behavior is linked with a mental health condition, such as depression or borderline personality disorder, the treatment plan focuses on that condition, as well as the self-injury behavior.
+Treating self-injury behavior can take time, hard work and your own desire to recover.
+Here's more information about treatment options.","If you or a friend or family member needs help in coping, consider the tips below. If there's a focus on thoughts of suicide, take action and get help right away.
+Coping tips if you self-injure include:
+Connect with others who can support you so that you don't feel alone.For example, reach out to a trusted family member or friend, contact a support group, or contact your health care provider or mental health provider.
+Avoid websites that support or glamorize self-injury.Instead, seek out sites that support your recovery efforts.
+Learn to express your emotions in positive ways.For example, to help balance your emotions and improve your sense of well-being, become more physically active or practice relaxation techniques. Or participate in activities that you find personally meaningful, such as dance, art or music.
+Coping tips if a friend or loved one self-injures include:
+Get information.Learn more about self-injury to help you understand why it occurs and how you might help stop this harmful behavior. Know the strategies and relapse prevention plan your friend or loved one has developed with the therapist so you can encourage it.
+Try not to judge or criticize.Criticism, yelling, threats or accusations may increase the risk of self-injuring behavior. Offer support, praise efforts to express emotions in healthy ways and try to spend positive time together.
+Let your loved one know you care no matter what.Remind the person that they're not alone and that you're available to talk. Recognize that you may not change the behavior, but you can help the person find resources, identify coping strategies and offer support during treatment.
+Support the treatment plan.Encourage your loved one to take prescribed medicine, if that's part of the plan. Stress the importance of keeping therapy appointments and practicing the skills learned.
+Make a safe home environment.Remove or limit access to matches, knives, razor blades or other items that may be used for self-injury.
+Share coping strategy ideas.Your loved one may benefit from hearing strategies you use when feeling distressed. You also can serve as a role model by using healthy coping strategies.
+Find support.Consider talking to people who've gone through what you're going through. Share your own experiences with trusted family members or friends. Ask the health care provider or mental health provider if there are local support groups for parents, family members or friends of people who self-injure. Or talk to a counselor or therapist.
+Take care of yourself.Take some time to do things that you enjoy. And get enough rest and physical activity.","Your first appointment may be with your primary care provider, a school nurse or a counselor. But because self-injury often requires specialized mental health care, you may be referred to a mental health professional for more evaluation and treatment.
+Be ready to provide accurate, thorough and honest information about your situation and your self-injuring behavior. You may want to take a trusted family member or friend along, if possible, for support and to help you remember information.","In addition to professional treatment, here are some important self-care tips:
+Followyour treatment plan.Keep therapy appointments. Practice and use coping skills learned in therapy. Take any prescribed medicine as directed.
+Recognize the situations or feelings that might trigger your desire to self-injure.Make a plan for other ways to soothe or distract yourself or to get support, so you're ready the next time you feel the urge to self-injure.
+Ask for help.Keep your mental health provider's phone number handy. Tell your provider about all incidents related to self-injury. Choose a trusted family member or friend as the person you'll immediately contact if you have an urge to self-injure or if self-injury happens.
+Take care of yourself.Learn how to include physical activity and relaxation exercises as a regular part of your daily routine. Eat healthy. Ask your health care provider for advice if you have sleep problems, which can have a big impact on behavior.
+Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs.They affect your ability to make good decisions and can put you at risk of self-injury.
+Take care of your wounds if you injure yourselfor seek medical treatment if needed.Call a trusted family member or friend for help and support. Don't share items used for self-injury. That raises the risk of infectious diseases.","accidental injury, frequent accidental injury, self-injury, scars, burns, bruises, fresh cuts, scratches, excessive rubbing, hopelessness, bite marks, wounds"
+321,Common variable immunodeficiency,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-variable-immunodeficiency/symptoms-causes/syc-20355821,,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-variable-immunodeficiency/doctors-departments/ddc-20355823,"Common variable immunodeficiency, also called CVID, is an immune system disorder that causes low levels of the proteins in the body that help fight infections. People withCVIDhave repeated infections in the ears, sinuses and the system for breathing, called the respiratory system.
+There's also an increased risk of digestive disorders, autoimmune disorders, blood disorders and cancer.CVIDcan be passed through families, called inherited.","How bad symptoms are varies greatly between people withCVID. Symptoms of common variable immunodeficiency may appear during childhood or the teen years. But many people don't get symptoms until they're adults.
+If you haveCVID, you'll likely have repeated infections before being diagnosed. The most common types of infections include pneumonia, sinusitis, ear infections and gastrointestinal infections.",,"In mostCVIDcases, the cause is unknown. In around 10% of people withCVID, a gene change has been found. Researchers believe that the condition is caused by a mix of factors in the environment and in genes. As of now, the environmental factors are unclear.",,,,,,,,,"sinusitis, pneumonia, infections, gastrointestinal infections, ear infections, immunodeficiency"
+322,Cyclothymia (cyclothymic disorder),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cyclothymia/symptoms-causes/syc-20371275,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cyclothymia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371281,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cyclothymia/doctors-departments/ddc-20371283,"Cyclothymia (sy-kloe-THIE-me-uh), also called cyclothymic disorder, is a rare mood disorder. Cyclothymia causes emotional ups and downs, but they're not as extreme as those in bipolar I or II disorder.
+With cyclothymia, you experience periods when your mood noticeably shifts up and down from your baseline. You may feel on top of the world for a time, followed by a low period when you feel somewhat down. Between these cyclothymic highs and lows, you may feel stable and fine.
+Although the highs and lows of cyclothymia are less extreme than those of bipolar disorder, it's critical to seek help managing these symptoms because they can interfere with your ability to function and increase your risk of bipolar I or II disorder.
+Treatment options for cyclothymia include talk therapy (psychotherapy), medications and close, ongoing follow-up with your doctor.","Cyclothymia symptoms alternate between emotional highs and lows. The highs of cyclothymia include symptoms of an elevated mood (hypomanic symptoms). The lows consist of mild or moderate depressive symptoms.
+Cyclothymia symptoms are similar to those of bipolar I or II disorder, but they're less severe. When you have cyclothymia, you can typically function in your daily life, though not always well. The unpredictable nature of your mood shifts may significantly disrupt your life because you never know how you're going to feel.","If you have any symptoms of cyclothymia, seek medical help as soon as possible. Cyclothymia generally doesn't get better on its own. If you're reluctant to seek treatment, work up the courage to confide in someone who can help you take that first step.
+If a loved one has symptoms of cyclothymia, talk openly and honestly with that person about your concerns. You can't force someone to seek professional help, but you can offer support and help find a qualified doctor or mental health provider.","It's not known specifically what causes cyclothymia. As with many mental health disorders, research shows that it may result from a combination of:
+Genetics,as cyclothymia tends to run in families
+Differences in the way the brain works,such as changes in the brain's neurobiology
+Environmental issues,such as traumatic experiences or prolonged periods of stress","Cyclothymia is thought to be relatively rare. But true estimates are hard to make because people may be undiagnosed or misdiagnosed as having other mood disorders, such as depression.
+Cyclothymia typically starts during the teenage years or young adulthood. It affects about the same number of males and females.","If you have cyclothymia:
+Not treating it can result in significant emotional problems that affect every area of your life
+There is a high risk of later developing bipolar I or II disorder
+Substance misuse is common
+You may also have an anxiety disorder
+You may be at increased risk of suicidal thoughts and suicide","There's no sure way to prevent cyclothymia. However, treatment at the earliest indication of a mental health disorder can help prevent cyclothymia from worsening. Long-term preventive treatment also can help prevent minor symptoms from becoming full-blown episodes of hypomania, mania or major depression.","Your doctor or other health care provider must determine if you have cyclothymia, bipolar I or II disorder, depression, or another condition that may be causing your symptoms. To help pinpoint a diagnosis for your symptoms, you'll likely have several exams and tests, which generally include:
+Physical exam.A physical exam and lab tests may be done to help identify any medical problems that could be causing your symptoms.
+Psychological evaluation.A doctor or mental health provider will talk with you about your thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. You may also fill out a psychological self-assessment or questionnaire. With your permission, family members or close friends may be asked to provide information about your symptoms, such as possible hypomanic or depressive symptoms.
+Mood charting.To identify what's going on, your doctor may have you keep a daily record of your moods, sleep patterns or other factors that could help with diagnosis and finding the right treatment.","Cyclothymia requires lifelong treatment — even during periods when you feel better — usually guided by a mental health provider skilled in treating the condition. To treat cyclothymia, your doctor or mental health provider works with you to:
+Decrease your risk of bipolar I or II disorder,because cyclothymia carries a high risk of developing into bipolar disorder
+Reduce the frequency and severity of your symptoms,allowing you to live a more balanced and enjoyable life
+Prevent a relapse of symptoms,through continued treatment during periods of remission (maintenance treatment)
+Treat alcohol or other substance use problems,since they can worsen cyclothymia symptoms
+The main treatments for cyclothymia are medications and psychotherapy.","Coping with cyclothymia can be difficult. During periods when you feel better, or when you're having hypomanic symptoms, you may be tempted to stop treatment. Here are some ways to cope with cyclothymia:
+Learn about the disorder.Learning about cyclothymia and its possible complications can empower you and motivate you to stick to your treatment plan. Also, you can help educate your family and friends about what you're going through.
+Join a support group.Ask your provider if there's any type of support group that might help you reach out to others facing similar challenges.
+Stay focused on your goals.Successfully managing cyclothymia can take time. Stay motivated by keeping your goals in mind.
+Find healthy outlets.Explore healthy ways to channel your energy, such as hobbies, exercise and recreational activities.
+Learn relaxation and stress management.Try relaxation methods or stress-reduction techniques such as meditation and yoga.","If you have signs and symptoms common to cyclothymia, call your doctor. After your initial appointment, your doctor may refer you to a mental health provider who can help make a diagnosis and create the right treatment plan for you.
+You might want to ask a trusted family member or friend to come to your appointment, if possible. Someone close to you may provide additional insight about your condition and can help you remember what's discussed during your appointment.","In addition to professional treatment, you can build on your treatment plan by following these lifestyle and self-care steps:
+Take your medications as directed.Even if you're feeling well, resist any temptation to skip your medications. If you stop, cyclothymia symptoms are likely to come back.
+Pay attention to warning signs.You may have identified a pattern to your cyclothymia symptoms and what triggers them. Follow your treatment plan if you feel you're facing a period of high or low symptoms. Involve family members or friends in watching for warning signs. Addressing symptoms early may keep them from getting worse.
+Quit drinking or using recreational drugs.Alcohol and recreational drugs may trigger mood changes. Talk to your doctor if you have trouble quitting on your own.
+Check first before taking other medications.Call the doctor who's treating you for cyclothymia before you take over-the-counter medications or medications prescribed by another doctor. Sometimes other medications trigger periods of cyclothymia symptoms or may interfere with medications you're already taking.
+Keep a record.Track your moods, daily routines and significant life events. These records may help you and your mental health provider understand the effect of treatments and identify thinking patterns and behaviors associated with cyclothymia symptoms.
+Get regular physical activity and exercise.Moderate, regular physical activity and exercise can help steady your mood. Working out releases brain chemicals that make you feel good (endorphins). It can also help you sleep and has a number of other benefits. Check with your doctor before starting any exercise program.
+Get plenty of sleep.Don't stay up all night. Instead, get plenty of sleep. Sleeping enough is an important part of managing your mood. If you have trouble sleeping, talk to your doctor or mental health provider about what you can do.","bipolar i or ii disorder, depressive symptoms, mood shifts, hypomanic, elevated mood, cyclothymia, depressive"
+324,Ganglion cyst,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ganglion-cyst/symptoms-causes/syc-20351156,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ganglion-cyst/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351160,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ganglion-cyst/doctors-departments/ddc-20351162,"Ganglion cysts are lumps that most often appear along the tendons or joints of wrists or hands. They also can occur in ankles and feet. Ganglion cysts are typically round or oval and are filled with a jellylike fluid. They are not cancer.
+Small ganglion cysts can be pea-sized. They can change size. Ganglion cysts can be painful if they press on a nearby nerve. Sometimes they affect joint movement.
+For a ganglion cyst that causes problems, having a health care provider drain the cyst with a needle might be an option. So might removing the cyst surgically. But if there are no symptoms, no treatment is necessary. Often, the cysts grow and shrink. Some go away on their own.","These are common features of ganglion cysts:
+Location.Ganglion cysts most often develop along the tendons or joints of wrists or hands. The next most common locations are the ankles and feet. These cysts grow near other joints too.
+Shape and size.Ganglion cysts are round or oval. Some are too small to feel. The size of a cyst can change, often getting larger over time with joint movement.
+Pain.Ganglion cysts usually are painless. But if a cyst presses on a nerve or other structures, it can cause pain, tingling, numbness or muscle weakness.","See a health care provider if you notice a lump or pain in your wrist, hand, ankle or foot. You can get a diagnosis and find out whether you need treatment.",No one knows what causes a ganglion cyst. It grows out of a joint or the lining of a tendon and looks like a tiny water balloon on a stalk. Inside the cyst is a thick fluid like the fluid found in joints or around tendons.,"Factors that may increase the risk of ganglion cysts include:
+Sex and age.Ganglion cysts can develop in anyone, but they most often occur in women between the ages of 20 and 40.
+Osteoarthritis.People who have wear-and-tear arthritis in the finger joints closest to the fingernails are at higher risk of developing ganglion cysts near those joints.
+Joint or tendon injury.Joints or tendons that have been injured are more likely to develop ganglion cysts.",,,"During the physical exam, a health care provider might press on the cyst to see if it hurts. Shining a light through the cyst might show if it's solid or filled with fluid.
+Imaging tests — such as an X-ray, ultrasound or MRI — can help confirm the diagnosis as well as rule out other conditions, such as arthritis or a tumor.
+Fluid drawn from the cyst with a needle might confirm the diagnosis. Fluid from a ganglion cyst is thick and clear.","Ganglion cysts are often painless and need no treatment. Your health care provider might recommend watching the cyst for any changes. If the cyst causes pain or gets in the way of joint movement, you may need to:
+Keep the joint from moving.Activity can cause a ganglion cyst to grow. So wearing a brace or splint to keep the joint still for a time might help. As the cyst shrinks, it may release the pressure on nerves, relieving pain. But long-term use of a brace or splint can weaken nearby muscles.
+Drain the cyst.Draining the fluid from the cyst with a needle might help. But the cyst can come back.
+Surgery.This may be a choice if other approaches don't work. Surgery involves removing the cyst and the stalk that attaches it to the joint or tendon. Rarely, surgery can injure the nearby nerves, blood vessels or tendons. And the cyst can come back, even after surgery.",,You might start by seeing your primary care provider. You might then get a referral to a hand or foot surgeon.,,"pain, joints of wrists, tingling, numbness, muscle weakness"
+325,Kidney cysts,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-cysts/symptoms-causes/syc-20374134,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-cysts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374138,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-cysts/doctors-departments/ddc-20374139,"Kidney cysts are round pouches of fluid that form on or in the kidneys. Kidney cysts can occur with disorders that may impair kidney function. But more often, kidney cysts are a type called simple kidney cysts. Simple kidney cysts aren't cancer and rarely cause problems.
+It's not clear what causes simple kidney cysts. Often, one cyst occurs on the surface of a kidney. But more than one cyst can appear on one or both kidneys. Simple kidney cysts aren't the same as cysts that form with polycystic kidney disease. Simple cysts also differ from complex cysts. Complex cysts need to be watched for changes that could be cancer.
+Simple kidney cysts are often found during an imaging test for another condition. Treatment usually isn't needed unless simple cysts cause symptoms.","Simple kidney cysts typically don't cause symptoms. But if a simple kidney cyst grows large enough, symptoms may include:
+Dull pain in the back or side
+Fever
+Upper stomach pain",Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of a kidney cyst.,"It's not clear what causes simple kidney cysts. One theory suggests that kidney cysts develop when the surface layer of the kidney weakens and forms a pouch. The pouch then fills with fluid, detaches and develops into a cyst.",The risk of having simple kidney cysts increases as you get older. But they can occur at any age. Simple kidney cysts are more common in men.,"Kidney cysts may sometimes lead to complications, including:
+An infected cyst.A kidney cyst may become infected, causing fever and pain.
+A burst cyst.A kidney cyst that bursts causes severe pain in the back or side. Sometimes a burst cyst may cause blood in the urine.
+Blocked urine flow.A kidney cyst that blocks the typical flow of urine may lead to kidney swelling.",,"Tests and procedures used to diagnose simple kidney cysts include:
+Imaging tests.MRI,CTand ultrasound are imaging tests that are often used to diagnose simple kidney cysts. Imaging tests can help determine whether a kidney mass is a cyst or a tumor.
+Kidney function tests.Testing a sample of your blood may reveal whether a kidney cyst is affecting how well your kidney works.",,,A simple kidney cyst found during an imaging test for another disease or condition may concern you. Talk with your health care provider about what having a simple kidney cyst means for your health. Gathering information may put your mind at ease and help you feel more in control of your situation.,,"pain, fever, stomach pain, upper stomach pain, dull pain in the back or side"
+326,Ovarian cysts,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cysts/symptoms-causes/syc-20353405,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cysts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353411,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cysts/doctors-departments/ddc-20353412,"Ovarian cysts are sacs, usually filled with fluid, in an ovary or on its surface. Females have two ovaries. One ovary is located on each side of the uterus.
+Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. Eggs develop and mature in the ovaries. Eggs are released in monthly cycles during the childbearing years.
+Ovarian cysts are common. Most of the time, you have little or no discomfort, and the cysts are harmless. Most cysts go away without treatment within a few months.
+But sometimes ovarian cysts can become twisted or burst open (rupture). This can cause serious symptoms. To protect your health, get regular pelvic exams and know the symptoms that can signal what might be a serious problem.","Most ovarian cysts cause no symptoms and go away on their own. But a large ovarian cyst can cause:
+Pelvic pain that may come and go. You may feel a dull ache or a sharp pain in the area below your bellybutton toward one side.
+Fullness, pressure or heaviness in your belly (abdomen).
+Bloating.","Get immediate medical help if you have:
+Sudden, severe abdominal or pelvic pain.
+Pain with fever or vomiting.
+Signs of shock. These include cold, clammy skin; rapid breathing; and lightheadedness or weakness.",Most ovarian cysts form as a result of your menstrual cycle. These are called functional cysts. Other types of cysts are much less common.,"The risk of having an ovarian cyst is higher with:
+Hormonal problems.These include taking a fertility drug that causes you to ovulate, for example clomiphene or letrozole (Femara).
+Pregnancy.Sometimes, the follicle that forms when you ovulate stays on your ovary throughout pregnancy. It can sometimes grow larger.
+Endometriosis.Some of the tissue can attach to your ovary and form a cyst.
+Severe pelvic infection.If the infection spreads to the ovaries, it can cause cysts.
+Previous ovarian cysts.If you've had one ovarian cyst, you're likely to develop more.","They don't happen often, but complications can occur with ovarian cysts. These include:
+Ovarian torsion.Cysts that become large can cause the ovary to move. This increases the chance of painful twisting of the ovary (ovarian torsion). If this happens, you might have sudden, severe pelvic pain and nausea and vomiting. Ovarian torsion can also reduce or stop blood flow to the ovary.
+Cyst rupture.A cyst that bursts open (ruptures) can cause severe pain and bleeding inside the pelvis. The larger the cyst, the greater the risk of rupture. Vigorous activity that affects the pelvis, such as vaginal sex, also increases the risk of rupture.","There's no way to prevent most ovarian cysts. But, regular pelvic exams help ensure that changes in your ovaries are diagnosed as early as possible. Be alert to changes in your monthly cycle. Make a note of unusual menstrual symptoms, especially ones that go on for more than a few cycles. Talk to your health care provider about changes that concern you.","A cyst on your ovary can be found during a pelvic exam or on an imaging test, such as a pelvic ultrasound. Depending on the size of the cyst and whether it's filled with fluid or solid, your health care provider likely will recommend tests to determine its type and whether you need treatment.
+Possible tests include:
+Pregnancy test.A positive test might suggest an early pregnancy. Corpus luteum cysts are normal to see during pregnancy.
+Pelvic ultrasound.A wandlike device (transducer) sends and receives high-frequency sound waves to create an image of your uterus and ovaries on a video screen (ultrasound). The image is used to confirm that you have a cyst, see its location, and determine whether it's solid or filled with fluid.
+Laparoscopy.A slim, lighted instrument (laparoscope) is inserted into your abdomen through a small cut (incision). Using the laparoscope, your provider can see your ovaries and any cyst. If a cyst is found, treatment is usually done during the same procedure. This is a surgical procedure that requires anesthesia.
+Tumor marker tests.Blood levels of a protein called a cancer antigen often are elevated in ovarian cancer. If your cyst appears solid and you're at high risk of ovarian cancer, your provider might order a cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) test or other blood tests.CA 125levels can also be elevated in noncancerous conditions, such as endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease.
+Sometimes, less common types of cysts develop that a health care provider finds during a pelvic exam. Solid ovarian cysts that develop after menopause might be cancerous (malignant). That's why it's important to have regular pelvic exams.","Treatment depends on your age and the type and size of your cyst. It also depends on your symptoms. Your health care provider might suggest:
+Watchful waiting.In many cases you can wait and be reexamined to see if the cyst goes away after a few months. This is typically an option — regardless of your age — if you have no symptoms and an ultrasound shows you have a small, fluid-filled cyst. You may have several follow-up pelvic ultrasounds to see if your cyst changes in size or appearance.
+Medicine.Hormonal contraceptives, such as birth control pills, keep you from ovulating. This may keep you from getting more ovarian cysts. But, birth control pills won't shrink an existing cyst.
+Surgery.Your provider might suggest removing a cyst that is large, doesn't look like a functional cyst, is growing or causes pain. Some cysts can be removed without removing the ovary (cystectomy). In some cases, the ovary with the cyst is removed (oophorectomy).Surgery can often be done using minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopy) with a laparoscope and instruments inserted through small cuts in your abdomen. If the cyst is large or cancer is a concern, an open procedure using a larger cut may be needed.An ovarian cyst that develops after menopause is sometimes cancer. In this case, you may need to see a gynecologic cancer specialist. You might need surgery to remove your uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes and ovaries. You may also need chemotherapy or radiation.",,"Your first visit may be with your primary care provider or a specialist in conditions that affect the female reproductive system (gynecologist).
+Think about bringing a family member or friend with you to the appointment, if you can. They can listen to what your provider says and help you recall information later.",,"pain, ovarian cysts, bloating, fullness, ovarian cyst, pressure, pelvic pain, dull ache, ache, sharp pain, heaviness"
+327,Pancreatic cysts,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cysts/symptoms-causes/syc-20375993,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cysts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375997,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cysts/doctors-departments/ddc-20375998,Pancreatic cysts are saclike pockets of fluid on or in your pancreas. The pancreas is a large organ behind the stomach that produces hormones and enzymes that help digest food. Pancreatic cysts are typically found during imaging testing for another problem.,"You may not have symptoms from pancreatic cysts, which are often found when imaging tests of the abdomen are done for another reason.
+
+When signs or symptoms of pancreatic cysts do occur, they typically include:","Rarely, cysts can become infected. See a doctor if you have a fever and persistent abdominal pain.
+
+A ruptured pancreatic cyst can be a medical emergency, but fortunately is rare. A ruptured cyst can also cause infection of the abdominal cavity (peritonitis).","The cause of most pancreatic cysts is unknown. Some cysts are associated with rare illnesses, including polycystic kidney disease or von Hippel-Lindau disease, a genetic disorder that can affect the pancreas and other organs.
+
+Pseudocysts often follow a bout of a painful condition in which digestive enzymes become prematurely active and irritate the pancreas (pancreatitis). Pseudocysts can also result from injury to the abdomen, such as from a car accident.","Heavy alcohol use and gallstones are risk factors for pancreatitis, and pancreatitis is a risk factor for pseudocysts. Abdominal injury is also a risk factor for pseudocysts.",,"The best way to avoid pseudocysts is to avoid pancreatitis, which is usually caused by gallstones or heavy alcohol use. If gallstones are triggering pancreatitis, you may need to have your gallbladder removed. If your pancreatitis is due to alcohol use, not drinking can reduce your risk.","Pancreatic cysts are diagnosed more often than in the past because improved imaging technology finds them more readily. Many pancreatic cysts are found during abdominal scans for other problems.
+
+After taking a medical history and performing a physical exam, your doctor may recommend imaging tests to help with diagnosis and treatment planning. Tests include:
+
+The characteristics and location of the pancreatic cyst, along with your age and sex, can sometimes help doctors determine the type of cyst you have:","Watchful waiting or treatment depends on the type of cyst you have, its size, its characteristics and whether it's causing symptoms.",,Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.,,"pancreatic cysts, none"
+328,Pilonidal cyst,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pilonidal-cyst/symptoms-causes/syc-20376329,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pilonidal-cyst/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376332,,"A pilonidal (pie-low-NIE-dul) cyst is an unusual pocket in the skin that usually contains hair and skin debris. The cyst is almost always near the tailbone at the top of the buttocks.
+Pilonidal cysts usually occur when hair punctures the skin and then becomes embedded. If a pilonidal cyst becomes infected, it can be very painful. The cyst can be drained through a small cut in the skin. Sometimes, surgery is needed.
+Pilonidal cysts are most common in young adult males, and the problem tends to recur. People who sit for long periods of time are at higher risk of developing pilonidal cysts.","A pilonidal cyst may not cause symptoms. But if it's infected, the skin around the cyst may be swollen and painful. Symptoms of an infected pilonidal cyst include:
+A pit near the top of the buttocks crease.
+Pain.
+Inflamed, swollen skin.
+Pus or blood leaking from an opening in the skin.
+An odor from draining pus.","If you notice any symptoms of a pilonidal cyst, see your health care provider.","The cause of most pilonidal cysts is loose hairs that puncture the skin. Friction and pressure from rubbed skin, tight clothing, cycling or long periods of sitting can force hair into the skin.
+The body creates a cyst around the hair to try to push it out. Most pilonidal cysts form on the tailbone. People who groom animals or cut hair can develop a cyst between their fingers.","Factors that might increase your risk of a pilonidal cyst include:
+Being a young adult white male.
+Being overweight.
+Having an inactive lifestyle.
+Sitting for long periods at a time.
+Having thick, stiff body hair.","Some people have pilonidal cysts that become infected again and again over a long time. Without treatment, these people may be at increased risk of a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma.","To help prevent pilonidal cysts, try to:
+Wash regularly.
+Achieve or maintain a healthy weight.
+Avoid prolonged sitting.
+If you've had pilonidal cysts in the past, you might want to regularly shave the affected area or use hair removal products to reduce the risk of a new cyst.","Your health care provider may be able to diagnose a pilonidal cyst by asking about your symptoms, medical history and personal habits and by looking at the affected skin.","A pilonidal cyst is usually treated in your health care provider's office. After numbing the area, your health care provider makes a small cut to drain the cysts. If the cyst returns, you may need surgery.
+If you need surgery, your health care provider numbs the area and removes the cyst through an incision.
+After removing the cyst, your health care provider might:
+Leave the wound open.In this option, the surgeon leaves the wound open and packs it with dressing. This allows the area to heal from the inside out. This takes longer but makes it less likely the cyst will come back.
+Close the wound with stitches.In this option, the surgeon closes the wound with stitches. This process results in a shorter healing time but has a greater risk of the cyst coming back.
+Wound care is very important after surgery. Your health care provider will show you how to change dressings and explain what to expect during the healing process. You'll also be told when to call your health care provider. You may need to shave around the surgical site to prevent hairs from entering the wound.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to a surgeon or to a doctor who specializes in treating skin conditions, called a dermatologist.",,"pain, pus, inflamed skin, blood, odor, swollen skin"
+329,Spermatocele,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spermatocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20377829,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spermatocele/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377833,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spermatocele/doctors-departments/ddc-20377834,"A spermatocele (SPUR-muh-toe-seel) is an abnormal sac (cyst) that develops in the epididymis — the small, coiled tube located on the upper testicle that collects and transports sperm. Noncancerous and generally painless, a spermatocele usually is filled with milky or clear fluid that might contain sperm.","A spermatocele usually causes no signs or symptoms and might remain stable in size. If it becomes large enough, however, you might feel:","Because a spermatocele usually doesn't cause symptoms, you might discover it only during a testicular self-exam, or your doctor might find it during a routine physical exam.
+
+It's a good idea to have your doctor evaluate any scrotal mass to rule out a serious condition, such as testicular cancer. Also, call your doctor if you experience pain or swelling in your scrotum. A number of conditions can cause testicular pain, and some require immediate treatment.",The cause of spermatoceles is unknown. Spermatoceles might result from a blockage in one of the multiple tubes within the epididymis that transport and store sperm from the testicle.,There aren't many known risk factors for developing a spermatocele. Men whose mothers were given the drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage and other pregnancy complications appear to have a higher risk of spermatoceles. Use of this drug was stopped in 1971 due to concerns about an increased risk of rare vaginal cancer in women.,"A spermatocele is unlikely to cause complications.
+
+However, if your spermatocele is painful or has grown so large that it's causing you discomfort, you might need to have surgery to remove the spermatocele. Surgical removal might damage the epididymis or the vas deferens, a tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the penis. Damage to either can reduce fertility. Another possible complication that can occur after surgery is that the spermatocele might come back, though this is uncommon.","Although there's no way to prevent a spermatocele, it's important for you to conduct scrotal self-exams at least monthly to detect changes, such as masses, in your scrotum. Any new mass in your scrotum should be evaluated promptly.
+
+Your doctor can instruct you in how to conduct a testicular self-examination, which can improve your chances of finding a mass.","To diagnose a spermatocele, you'll need a physical exam. Although a spermatocele generally isn't painful, you might feel discomfort when your doctor examines (palpates) the mass.
+
+You might also undergo the following diagnostic tests:","Although your spermatocele probably won't go away on its own, most spermatoceles don't need treatment. They generally don't cause pain or complications. If yours is painful, your doctor might recommend over-the-counter pain medications, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others).",,"You're likely to start by first seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner. However, you might then be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating the urinary tract and sex organs in men (urologist).
+
+Because appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot to remember, it's a good idea to arrive well-prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your doctor.",,"spermatocele, none"
+332,Epidermoid cysts,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epidermoid-cysts/symptoms-causes/syc-20352701,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epidermoid-cysts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352706,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epidermoid-cysts/doctors-departments/ddc-20352708,"Epidermoid (ep-ih-DUR-moid) cysts are harmless small bumps beneath the skin. They are most common on the face, neck and trunk.
+Epidermoid cysts are slow growing and often painless, so they rarely cause problems or need treatment. You might choose to have a cyst removed if it bothers you, breaks open, or is painful or infected.","Epidermoid cyst signs and symptoms include:
+A small, round bump under the skin, often on the face, neck or trunk
+A tiny blackhead plugging the central opening of the cyst
+A thick, smelly, cheesy substance that leaks from the cyst
+An inflamed or infected bump","Most epidermoid cysts don't cause problems or need treatment. See your healthcare professional if you have a cyst that:
+Grows or multiplies rapidly.
+Breaks open.
+Is painful or infected.
+Is in a spot that keeps getting scratched or bumped.
+Bothers you because of how it looks.
+Is in an unusual spot, such as a finger or toe.","The surface of the skin, also called the epidermis, is made up of a thin, protective layer of cells that the body sheds nonstop. Most epidermoid cysts form when these cells move deeper into the skin rather than shed. Sometimes this type of cyst forms due to irritation or injury of the skin or a hair follicle.
+Epidermal cells form the walls of the cyst and then secrete the protein keratin into it. Keratin is the thick, cheesy substance that can leak from the cyst.","Anyone can develop an epidermoid cyst, but these factors make it more likely:
+Being past puberty.
+Having a rare, inherited condition called Gardner syndrome.
+Injuring the skin.","Potential complications of epidermoid cysts include:
+Inflammation.An epidermoid cyst can become painful and swollen, even if it's not infected. An inflamed cyst is hard to remove. Your doctor is likely to postpone removing a cyst until the inflammation subsides.
+Rupture.A cyst that breaks open can lead to a boil-like infection that needs prompt treatment.
+Skin cancer.In rare cases, epidermoid cysts can lead to skin cancer.",,"Your healthcare professional will likely be able to tell whether your bump is an epidermoid cyst by checking the affected skin. A sample of your skin might be scraped off for study in a laboratory.
+Epidermoid cysts look like sebaceous cysts or pilar cysts, but they're different. True epidermoid cysts result from damage to hair follicles or the outer layer of skin, called the epidermis. Sebaceous cysts are less common and arise from the glands that secrete oily matter that lubricates hair and skin, also called sebaceous glands. Pilar cysts develop from the root of hair follicles and are common on the scalp.","You can usually leave a cyst alone if it isn't painful or embarrassing. If you seek treatment, talk with your healthcare professional about these options:
+Injection.Injecting a steroid into the cyst can ease swelling and inflammation.
+Incision and drainage.With this method, your healthcare professional makes a small cut in the cyst and gently squeezes out the contents. This is a quick and easy method that eases symptoms. But cysts might recur after this treatment.
+Minor surgery.Your healthcare professional removes the entire cyst. You may need to return to the clinic to have stitches removed. Or your healthcare professional might use absorbable stitches, which don't need to be removed. This procedure is safe and effective and often prevents the cyst from regrowing. But it may leave a scar.If the cyst is inflamed, your surgery may be delayed.",,"You'll probably first visit your primary healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment options. You may then be referred to a doctor who specializes in skin disorders (dermatologist).
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","You can't stop epidermoid cysts from forming. But you can help prevent scarring and infection by:
+Not squeezing a cyst yourself
+Placing a warm, moist cloth over the area to help the cyst drain and heal","blackhead, smelly, thick, round bump, epidermoid cyst signs and symptoms, cheesy substance, inflamed, small, infected bump"
+334,Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cmv/symptoms-causes/syc-20355358,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cmv/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355364,,"A cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a condition caused by a common virus. The CMV virus stays in the body for life after infection.
+
+CMV spreads from person to person through body fluids. These include blood, saliva, urine, semen and breast milk.
+
+Symptoms of a CMV infection can include a fever, fatigue and a sore throat. But the virus rarely causes symptoms in healthy people. If you're pregnant or if your immune system is weakened, CMV is cause for concern. Pregnant people with an active CMV infection can pass the virus to their babies. The babies might then have symptoms.
+
+For people who have weakened immune systems, CMV infection can be fatal. The risk is especially high for people who've had an organ, stem cell or bone marrow transplant.
+
+Lab tests of blood, saliva and urine can be done to find out if you have a CMV infection. Most often, healthy people don't need treatment for CMV infections. Others who become ill are prescribed medicines that help ease the symptoms.
+
+Help limit the spread of CMV infections with good hygiene. Wash your hands often. Don't touch your face after handling used tissues or diapers. And don't share food, drinks or utensils.","Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections can cause symptoms such as fever, tiredness and a sore throat. But most healthy people who are infected with CMV have no symptoms.
+
+People who are more likely to have symptoms of a CMV infection include:
+
+CMV infection can cause illness when you're first infected. This is called a primary infection. The risk of a baby being born with CMV is higher when the pregnant parent gets a primary infection. If you're healthy, CMV mainly stays dormant. That means the virus doesn't become active and make copies of itself. But in people with weakened immune systems, CMV can become active again when the body's defenses can't keep it dormant.","See your healthcare professional if:
+
+If you have mild symptoms of a CMV infection but are healthy, you likely won't need treatment. Your healthcare professional might simply tell you get plenty of rest.","A cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is caused by a virus of the same name. When CMV is active in your body, you can pass the virus to other people. The virus is spread through body fluids. These include blood, urine, saliva, breast milk, tears, semen and vaginal fluids. Casual contact doesn't spread CMV.
+
+Ways the virus can be spread include:","There are no key risk factors for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. CMV is a widespread and common virus that can infect almost anyone. For instance, 1 in 3 children in the United States get the infection by age 5. More than half of adults become infected by age 40.",Medical conditions called complications that are linked with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection vary. The possible complications depend on your overall health and when in life you were infected.,"Careful hygiene is the best way to help prevent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in people who haven't already been infected. You can take these steps:
+
+If you have a weakened immune system, your healthcare professional may recommend antiviral medicine to prevent a CMV infection. Often, this medicine is prescribed to people who get stem cell transplants.
+
+Vaccines for CMV aren't yet available. But they're being tested for young women. Someday, vaccines may help prevent CMV infection in pregnant people and infants. They also might lower the chances that babies born to pregnant people with CMV will develop long-term health conditions.","Lab tests can detect a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. These include tests of blood, saliva and urine. Sometimes, tests of tissue samples are done.","Treatment for a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can include medicines and other therapies. But most often, healthy adults and children with CMV infections don't need treatment. Healthy adults who get CMV mononucleosis tend to get well without medicine.
+
+Newborns and people who have weakened immune systems need treatment when they have symptoms of CMV infection. The type of treatment depends on the symptoms and how severe they are.
+
+Medicines that treat infections caused by viruses are the most common type of treatment. They can slow the virus from making copies of itself. But they don't get rid of the virus. Researchers are studying new medicines and experimental vaccines to treat and prevent CMV.
+
+Various types of therapy can help children with hearing loss due to CMV infections. For example, speech therapy can improve speaking, listening, language and social skills. Occupational therapy can help children do everyday tasks affected by hearing loss.
+
+Assistive devices such as hearing aids can make it easier to hear as well.
+
+The sooner children get treatment for hearing loss, the better they might adjust to living with the condition.",,Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.,,"cmv infection, tiredness, illness, fever, infections, primary infection, cmv, sore throat"
+335,Narcolepsy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/narcolepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20375497,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/narcolepsy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375503,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/narcolepsy/doctors-departments/ddc-20375505,"Narcolepsy is a condition that makes people very sleepy during the day and can cause them to fall asleep suddenly. Some people also have other symptoms, such as muscle weakness when they feel strong emotions.
+The symptoms can have serious effects on daily life. People with narcolepsy have trouble staying awake for long periods of time. When narcolepsy causes a sudden loss of muscle tone, it is known as cataplexy (KAT-uh-plek-see). This can be triggered by a strong emotion, especially one that causes laughter.
+Narcolepsy is divided into two types. Most people with type 1 narcolepsy have cataplexy. Most people with type 2 narcolepsy don't have cataplexy.
+Narcolepsy is a lifelong condition and does not have a cure. However, medicines and lifestyle changes can help manage the symptoms. Support from family, friends, employers and teachers can help people cope with the condition.","The symptoms of narcolepsy may get worse during the first few years. Then they continue for life. Symptoms include:
+Extreme daytime sleepiness.Daytime sleepiness is the first symptom to appear, and the sleepiness makes it hard to focus and function. People with narcolepsy feel less alert and focused during the day. They also fall asleep without warning. Sleep can happen anywhere and at any time. It may happen when they are bored or while doing a task. For example, people with narcolepsy can suddenly fall asleep while working or talking with friends. It can be especially dangerous to fall asleep while driving. Sleep may last only a few minutes or up to a half-hour. After waking, people with narcolepsy feel refreshed but get sleepy again.
+Automatic behaviors.Some people with narcolepsy continue doing a task when they fall asleep briefly. For example, they may fall asleep while writing, typing or driving. They might continue to perform that task while asleep. After waking, they can't remember what they did, and they probably didn't do it well.
+Sudden loss of muscle tone.This condition is called cataplexy. It can cause slurred speech or complete weakness of most muscles for up to a few minutes. It's triggered by intense emotions — often positive emotions. Laughter or excitement may cause sudden muscle weakness. But sometimes fear, surprise or anger can cause the loss of muscle tone. For example, when you laugh, your head may drop without your control. Or your knees may suddenly lose strength, causing you to fall. Some people with narcolepsy experience only one or two episodes of cataplexy a year. Others have several episodes a day. Not everyone with narcolepsy has these symptoms.
+Sleep paralysis.People with narcolepsy may experience sleep paralysis. During sleep paralysis, the person can't move or speak while falling asleep or upon waking. The paralysis is usually brief — lasting a few seconds or minutes. But it can be scary. You may be aware of it happening and can recall it afterward. Not everyone with sleep paralysis has narcolepsy.
+Hallucinations.Sometimes people see things that aren't there during sleep paralysis. Hallucinations also may happen in bed without sleep paralysis. These are called hypnagogic hallucinations if they happen as you fall asleep. They're called hypnopompic hallucinations if they happen upon waking. For example, the person might think they see a stranger in the bedroom who isn't there. These hallucinations may be vivid and frightening because you may not be fully asleep when you begin dreaming.
+Changes in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.REM sleep is when most dreaming happens. Typically, people enter REM sleep 60 to 90 minutes after falling asleep. But people with narcolepsy often move more quickly to REM sleep. They tend to enter REM sleep within 15 minutes of falling asleep. REM sleep also can happen at any time of the day.",See your healthcare professional if you experience daytime sleepiness that affects your personal or professional life.,"The exact cause of narcolepsy is not known. People with type 1 narcolepsy have low levels of hypocretin (hi-poe-KREE-tin), also called orexin. Hypocretin is a chemical in the brain that helps control being awake and entering REM sleep.
+Hypocretin levels are low in people who have cataplexy. Exactly what causes the loss of hypocretin-producing cells in the brain isn't known. But experts suspect it's due to an autoimmune reaction. An autoimmune reaction is when the body's immune system destroys its own cells.
+It's also likely that genetics plays a role in narcolepsy. But the risk of a parent passing this sleep condition to a child is very low — only about 1% to 2%.
+Narcolepsy may be linked to exposure to the H1N1 flu, sometimes called the swine flu. It also may be linked to a certain type of the H1N1 vaccine that was given in Europe.","There are only a few known risk factors for narcolepsy, including:
+Age.Narcolepsy typically begins between ages 10 and 30.
+Family history.Your risk of narcolepsy is 20 to 40 times higher if you have a close family member who has it.","Narcolepsy can cause complications, such as:
+Misbeliefs about the condition.Narcolepsy can affect work, school or your personal life. Others might see people with narcolepsy as lazy or sluggish.
+Effects on intimate relationships.Intense feelings, such as anger or joy, can trigger cataplexy. This can cause people with narcolepsy to withdraw from emotional interactions.
+Physical harm.Falling asleep suddenly may result in injury. You're at increased risk of a car accident if you fall asleep while driving. Your risk of cuts and burns is greater if you fall asleep while cooking.
+Obesity.People with narcolepsy are more likely to be overweight. Sometimes weight goes up quickly when symptoms start.",,"Your healthcare professional may suspect narcolepsy based on your symptoms of daytime sleepiness and sudden loss of muscle tone, known as cataplexy. Your healthcare professional likely will refer you to a sleep specialist. Formal diagnosis usually requires staying overnight at a sleep center for an in-depth sleep analysis.
+A sleep specialist will likely diagnose narcolepsy and determine how serious it is based on:
+Your sleep history.A detailed sleep history can help with a diagnosis. You'll likely fill out the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The scale uses short questions to measure your degree of sleepiness. You'll answer how likely it is that you would fall asleep in certain times, such as sitting down after lunch.
+Your sleep records.You may be asked to write down your sleep pattern for a week or two. This allows your healthcare professional to compare how your sleep pattern may relate to how alert you feel. You might wear a device on your wrist, known as an actigraph. It measures periods of activity and rest, along with how and when you sleep.
+A sleep study, known as polysomnography.This test measures signals during sleep using flat metal discs called electrodes placed on your scalp. For this test, you must spend a night at a medical facility. The test measures your brain waves, heart rate and breathing. It also records your leg and eye movements.
+Multiple sleep latency test.This test measures how long it takes you to fall asleep during the day. You'll be asked to take four or five naps at a sleep center. Each nap needs to be two hours apart. Specialists will observe your sleep patterns. People who have narcolepsy fall asleep easily and enter into rapid eye movement (REM) sleep quickly.
+Genetic tests and a lumbar puncture, known as a spinal tap.Occasionally, a genetic test may be performed to see if you're at risk of type 1 narcolepsy. If so, your sleep specialist may recommend a lumbar puncture to check the level of hypocretin in your spinal fluid. This test is only done in specialized centers.
+These tests also can help rule out other possible causes of your symptoms. Extreme daytime sleepiness also could be caused by not getting enough sleep, medicines that make you sleepy and sleep apnea.","There is no cure for narcolepsy, but treatment to help manage the symptoms include medicines and lifestyle changes.","Dealing with narcolepsy can be a challenge. Consider these tips:
+Talk about it.Tell your employer or teachers about your condition. Then work with them to find ways to adjust to your needs. This may include taking naps during the day. Or you might break up repetitive tasks. You might record meetings or classes to refer to later. You also might find it helps to stand during meetings or lectures, and to take brisk walks during the day. The Americans with Disabilities Act forbids discrimination against workers with narcolepsy. Employers must provide reasonable accommodation to qualified employees.
+Be safe while driving.If you must drive a long distance, work with your healthcare professional to find ways to make a safe trip. Create a medicine schedule that is most likely to keep you awake during your drive. Stop for naps and exercise breaks whenever you feel drowsy. Don't drive if you feel too sleepy.
+Support groups and counseling can help you and your loved ones cope with narcolepsy. Ask your healthcare professional to help you locate a group or qualified counselor in your area.","You're likely to start by seeing your healthcare professional. But if narcolepsy is suspected, you may be referred to a sleep specialist.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.","Lifestyle changes are important in managing the symptoms of narcolepsy. You may benefit if you:
+Stick to a schedule.Go to sleep and wake up at the same time every day, including weekends.
+Take naps.Schedule short naps at regular intervals during the day. Naps of 20 minutes during the day may be refreshing. They also may reduce sleepiness for 1 to 3 hours. Some people may need longer naps.
+Avoid nicotine and alcohol.Using these substances, especially at night, can worsen your symptoms.
+Get regular exercise.Plan for moderate, regular exercise at least 4 to 5 hours before bedtime. It may help you sleep better at night and feel more awake during the day.","cataplexy, anger, hypnopompic hallucinations, sleep paralysis, paralysis, muscle weakness, can't move, extreme daytime sleepiness, hard to focus, daytime sleepiness, slurred speech, fall asleep without warning, complete weakness, sleepiness, less focused, sudden muscle weakness, narcolepsy, less alert, hard to function, hypnagogic hallucinations, can't speak, sleep anywhere, sudden loss of muscle tone, sleep at any time, hallucinations"
+336,Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dcis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371889,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dcis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371895,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dcis/doctors-departments/ddc-20371896,"Ductal carcinoma in situ is a very early form of breast cancer. In ductal carcinoma in situ, the cancer cells are confined inside a milk duct in the breast. The cancer cells haven't spread into the breast tissue. Ductal carcinoma in situ is often shortened to DCIS. It's sometimes called noninvasive, preinvasive or stage 0 breast cancer.
+DCIS is usually found during a mammogram done as part of breast cancer screening or to investigate a breast lump. DCIS has a low risk of spreading and becoming life-threatening. However, it does require an evaluation and a consideration of treatment options.
+Treatment for DCIS often involves surgery. Other treatments may combine surgery with radiation therapy or hormone therapy.","Ductal carcinoma in situ doesn't typically cause symptoms. This early form of breast cancer also is called DCIS.
+DCIS can sometimes cause symptoms such as:
+A breast lump.
+Bloody nipple discharge.
+DCIS is usually found on a mammogram. It appears as tiny flecks of calcium in the breast tissue. These are calcium deposits, often referred to as calcifications.","Make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you notice a change in your breasts. Changes to look for may include a lump, an area of puckered or otherwise unusual skin, a thickened region under the skin, and nipple discharge.
+Ask your healthcare professional when you should consider breast cancer screening and how often it should be repeated. Most healthcare professionals recommend considering routine breast cancer screening beginning in your 40s.","It's not clear what causes ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS.
+This early form of breast cancer happens when cells inside a breast duct develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+In DCIS, the cancer cells don't yet have the ability to break out of the breast duct and spread into the breast tissue.
+Healthcare professionals don't know exactly what causes the changes in the cells that leads to DCIS. Factors that may play a part include lifestyle, environment and DNA changes that run in families.","Several factors may increase the risk of ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS. DCIS is an early form of breast cancer. Risk factors for breast cancer may include:
+A family history of breast cancer.If a parent, sibling or child had breast cancer, your risk of breast cancer is increased. The risk is higher if your family has a history of getting breast cancer at a young age. The risk also is higher if you have multiple family members with breast cancer. Still, most people diagnosed with breast cancer don't have a family history of the disease.
+A personal history of breast cancer.If you've had cancer in one breast, you have an increased risk of getting cancer in the other breast.
+A personal history of breast conditions.Certain breast conditions are a sign of a higher risk of breast cancer. These conditions include lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, and atypical hyperplasia of the breast. If you've had a breast biopsy that found one of these conditions, you have an increased risk of breast cancer.
+Beginning your period at a younger age.Beginning your period before age 12 increases the risk of breast cancer.
+Beginning menopause at an older age.Beginning menopause after age 55 increases the risk of breast cancer.
+Being female.Women are much more likely than men are to get breast cancer. Everyone is born with some breast tissue, so anyone can get breast cancer.
+Dense breast tissue.Breast tissue is made up of fatty tissue and dense tissue. Dense tissue is made of milk glands, milk ducts and fibrous tissue. If you have dense breasts, you have more dense tissue than fatty tissue in your breasts. Having dense breasts can make it harder to detect breast cancer on a mammogram. If a mammogram showed that you have dense breasts, your risk of breast cancer is increased. Talk with your healthcare team about other tests you might have in addition to mammograms to look for breast cancer.
+Drinking alcohol.Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer.
+Having your first child at an older age.Giving birth to your first child after age 30 may increase the risk of breast cancer.
+Having never been pregnant.Having been pregnant one or more times lowers the risk of breast cancer. Never having been pregnant increases the risk.
+Increasing age.The risk of breast cancer goes up as you get older.
+Inherited DNA changes that increase cancer risk.Certain DNA changes that increase the risk of breast cancer can be passed from parents to children. The most well-known changes are called BRCA1 and BRCA2. These changes can greatly increase your risk of breast cancer and other cancers, but not everyone with these DNA changes gets cancer.
+Menopausal hormone therapy.Taking certain hormone therapy medicines to control the symptoms of menopause may increase the risk of breast cancer. The risk is linked to hormone therapy medicines that combine estrogen and progesterone. The risk goes down when you stop taking these medicines.
+Obesity.People with obesity have an increased risk of breast cancer.
+Radiation exposure.If you received radiation treatments to your chest as a child or young adult, your risk of breast cancer is higher.",,"Making changes in your daily life may help lower your risk of ductal carcinoma in situ. This early form of breast cancer also is called DCIS. To lower your risk of breast cancer, try to:","Ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS, is most often discovered during a mammogram used to screen for breast cancer. A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast tissue. If your mammogram shows something concerning, you will likely have additional breast imaging and a biopsy.","Ductal carcinoma in situ can often be cured. Treatment for this very early form of breast cancer often involves surgery to remove the cancer. Ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS, also may be treated with radiation therapy and medicines.
+DCIS treatment has a high likelihood of success. In most instances, the cancer is removed and has a low chance of coming back after treatment.
+In most people, treatment options for DCIS include:
+Breast-conserving surgery, called a lumpectomy, and radiation therapy.
+Breast-removing surgery, called a mastectomy.
+In some people, treatment options may include:
+Lumpectomy only.
+Lumpectomy and hormone therapy.","A diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS, can feel overwhelming. To cope with your diagnosis, it may be helpful to:","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If an exam or imaging test shows that you might have ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS, your healthcare team will likely refer you to a specialist.
+Specialists who care for people with DCIS include:
+Breast health specialists.
+Breast surgeons.
+Doctors who specialize in diagnostic tests, such as mammograms, called radiologists.
+Doctors who specialize in treating cancer, called oncologists.
+Doctors who treat cancer with radiation, called radiation oncologists.
+Genetic counselors.
+Plastic surgeons.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"bloody nipple discharge, ductal carcinoma, calcium, breast lump, breast cancer"
+338,Dry eyes,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-eyes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371863,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-eyes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371869,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-eyes/doctors-departments/ddc-20371870,"Dry eye disease is a common condition that occurs when your tears aren't able to provide adequate lubrication for your eyes. Tears can be inadequate and unstable for many reasons. For example, dry eyes may occur if you don't produce enough tears or if you produce poor-quality tears. This tear instability leads to inflammation and damage of the eye's surface.
+
+Dry eyes feel uncomfortable. If you have dry eyes, your eyes may sting or burn. You may experience dry eyes in certain situations, such as on an airplane, in an air-conditioned room, while riding a bike or after looking at a computer screen for a few hours.
+
+Treatments for dry eyes may make you more comfortable. These treatments can include lifestyle changes and eye drops. You'll likely need to take these measures indefinitely to control the symptoms of dry eyes.","Signs and symptoms, which usually affect both eyes, may include:","See your health care provider if you've had prolonged signs and symptoms of dry eyes, including red, irritated, tired or painful eyes. Your provider can take steps to determine what's bothering your eyes or refer you to a specialist.","Dry eyes are caused by a variety of reasons that disrupt the healthy tear film. Your tear film has three layers: fatty oils, aqueous fluid and mucus. This combination usually keeps the surface of your eyes lubricated, smooth and clear. Problems with any of these layers can cause dry eyes.
+
+Reasons for tear film dysfunction are many, including hormone changes, autoimmune disease, inflamed eyelid glands or allergic eye disease. For some people, the cause of dry eyes is decreased tear production or increased tear evaporation.",Factors that make it more likely that you'll experience dry eyes include:,People who have dry eyes may experience these complications:,"If you experience dry eyes, pay attention to the situations that are most likely to cause your symptoms. Then find ways to avoid those situations in order to prevent your dry eyes symptoms. For instance:","Tests and procedures that may be used to determine the cause of your dry eyes include:
+
+A test to measure the volume of your tears.Your eye care specialist may measure your tear production using the Schirmer tear test. In this test, blotting strips of paper are placed under your lower eyelids. After five minutes your eye care specialist measures the amount of strip soaked by your tears.
+
+Another option for measuring tear volume is the phenol red thread test. In this test, a thread filled with pH-sensitive dye (tears change the dye color) is placed over the lower eyelid, wetted with tears for 15 seconds and then measured for tear volume.","For most people with occasional or mild dry eye symptoms, it's enough to regularly use nonprescription eye drops, also called artificial tears. If your symptoms are persistent and more serious, you have other options. What you do depends on what's causing your dry eyes.
+
+Some treatments focus on reversing or managing a condition or factor that's causing your dry eyes. Other treatments can improve your tear quality or stop your tears from quickly draining away from your eyes.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your family health care provider. Your provider may then refer you to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist). Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment.",,waiting for the paragraph to process...
+339,Color blindness,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/color-blindness/symptoms-causes/syc-20354988,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/color-blindness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354991,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/color-blindness/doctors-departments/ddc-20354993,"Color blindness is an eye condition in which someone can't see the difference between certain colors. Though many people commonly use the term ""color blind"" for this condition, true color blindness — in which everything is seen in shades of black and white — is rare. The medical term for color blindness is known as color vision deficiency.
+Color blindness is usually inherited, meaning it's passed down through families. Men are more likely to be born with color blindness. Most people with color blindness can't tell the difference between certain shades of red and green. Less commonly, people with color blindness can't tell the difference between shades of blue and yellow.
+Certain eye diseases and some medicines also can cause color blindness.","You may have a color vision deficiency and not know it. Some people figure out that they or their child has the condition when it causes confusion — such as when there are problems differentiating the colors in a traffic light or interpreting color-coded learning materials.
+People affected by color blindness may not be able to distinguish:
+Different shades of red and green.
+Different shades of blue and yellow.
+Any colors.
+The most common color deficiency is an inability to see some shades of red and green. Often, a person who is red-green or blue-yellow deficient isn't completely insensitive to both colors. Defects can be mild, moderate or severe.","If you suspect you have problems distinguishing certain colors or your color vision changes, see an eye doctor for testing. It's important that children get comprehensive eye exams, including color vision testing, before starting school.
+There's no cure for inherited color deficiencies, but if illness or eye disease is the cause, treatment may improve color vision.","Seeing colors across the light spectrum is a complex process that begins with your eyes' ability to respond to different wavelengths of light.
+Light, which contains all color wavelengths, enters your eye through the cornea and passes through the lens and transparent, jellylike tissue in your eye (vitreous humor) to wavelength-sensitive cells (cones) at the back of your eye in the macular area of the retina. The cones are sensitive to short (blue), medium (green) or long (red) wavelengths of light. Chemicals in the cones trigger a reaction and send the wavelength information through your optic nerve to your brain.
+If your eyes work as they should, you perceive color. But if your cones don't work properly, you will be unable to distinguish the colors red, green or blue.","Several factors increase the risk of color blindness, including:
+Gender.Colorblindness is much more common in males than in females.
+Family history.Colorblindness is often inherited, meaning it is passed down through families. You can inherit a mild, moderate or severe degree of the condition. Inherited color deficiencies usually affect both eyes, and the severity doesn't change over your lifetime.
+Diseases.Some conditions that can increase the risk of color deficiency include sickle cell anemia, diabetes, macular degeneration, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, Parkinson's disease, chronic alcoholism and leukemia. One eye may be more affected than the other, and the color deficiency may get better if the underlying disease can be treated.
+Certain medicines.Some medicines can affect color vision, such as hydrochloroquine, a medicine used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
+Damage to the eye.Color blindness can be caused by trauma to the eye as a result of injury, surgery, radiation therapy or laser treatment.",,,"If you have trouble seeing certain colors, an eye care professional can test for a color deficiency. Testing likely involves a thorough eye exam and looking at specially designed pictures. These pictures are made of colored dots that have numbers or shapes in a different color hidden in them.
+If someone has a color vision deficiency, they'll find it difficult or impossible to see some of the patterns in the dots.","There are no treatments for most types of color vision difficulties, unless the color vision problem is related to the use of certain medicines or eye conditions. Stopping the medicine causing the vision problem or treating the underlying eye disease may result in better color vision.
+Wearing a colored filter over eyeglasses or a colored contact lens may enhance perception of contrast between the confused colors. But such lenses won't improve the ability to see all colors.",,"You can start by seeing someone on your primary healthcare team or make an appointment with an eye care professional who specializes in eye disorders (ophthalmologist or optometrist).
+Preparing a list of questions can help you make the most of your time. For color blindness, some basic questions to ask include:
+How might having color deficiencies affect my life?
+Will color deficiencies affect my current or future occupation?
+Are there treatments for color blindness?
+Do you have any brochures or other printed materials I can have? What websites do you recommend?
+Are there special glasses or contact lenses I can wear to improve my color vision?","Try the following tips to help you work around your color blindness.
+Memorize the order of colored objects.If it's important to know individual colors, such as with traffic lights, memorize the order of the colors.
+Label colored items that you want to match with other items.Have someone with good color vision help you sort and label your clothing. Arrange your clothes in your closet or drawers so that colors that can be worn together are near each other.
+Use technology.There are apps for phones and tablets that can help you identify colors.","blindness, inability to distinguish any colors, problems differentiating colors, confusion, inability to distinguish different shades of blue and yellow, inability to distinguish different shades of red and green"
+341,Gastroparesis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gastroparesis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355787,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gastroparesis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355792,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gastroparesis/doctors-departments/ddc-20355795,"Gastroparesis is a condition in which the muscles in the stomach don't move food as they should for it to be digested.
+Most often, muscles contract to send food through the digestive tract. But with gastroparesis, the stomach's movement, called motility, slows or doesn't work at all. This keeps the stomach from emptying well.
+Often, the cause of gastroparesis is not known. Sometimes it's linked to diabetes. And some people get gastroparesis after surgery or after a viral illness.
+Certain medicines, such as opioid pain relievers, some antidepressants, and medicines for high blood pressure, weight loss and allergies can slow stomach emptying. The symptoms can be like those of gastroparesis. For people who already have gastroparesis, these medicines may make the condition worse.
+Gastroparesis affects digestion. It can cause nausea, vomiting and belly pain. It also can cause problems with blood sugar levels and nutrition. There's no cure for gastroparesis. But medicines and changes to diet can give some relief.","Symptoms of gastroparesis include:
+Vomiting.
+Nausea.
+Belly bloating.
+Belly pain.
+Feeling full after eating just a few bites and long after eating a meal.
+Vomiting undigested food eaten a few hours earlier.
+Acid reflux.
+Changes in blood sugar levels.
+Not wanting to eat.
+Weight loss and not getting enough nutrients, called malnutrition.
+Many people with gastroparesis don't notice any symptoms.",Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you.,"It's not always clear what leads to gastroparesis. But sometimes damage to a nerve that controls the stomach muscles can cause it. This nerve is called the vagus nerve.
+The vagus nerve helps manage what happens in the digestive tract. This includes telling the muscles in the stomach to contract and push food into the small intestine. A damaged vagus nerve can't send signals to the stomach muscles as it should. This may cause food to stay in the stomach longer.
+Conditions such as diabetes or surgery to the stomach or small intestine can damage the vagus nerve and its branches.","Factors that can raise the risk of gastroparesis include:
+Diabetes.
+Surgery on the stomach area or on the tube that connects the throat to the stomach, called the esophagus.
+Infection with a virus.
+Certain cancers and cancer treatments, such as radiation therapy to the chest or stomach.
+Certain medicines that slow the rate of stomach emptying, such as opioid pain medicines.
+A condition that causes the skin to harden and tighten, called scleroderma.
+Nervous system diseases, such as migraine, Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis.
+Underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism.
+People assigned female at birth are more likely to get gastroparesis than are people assigned male at birth.","Gastroparesis can cause several complications, such as:
+Loss of body fluids, called dehydration.Repeated vomiting can cause dehydration.
+Malnutrition.Not wanting to eat can mean you don't take in enough calories. Or your body may not be able to take in enough nutrients due to vomiting.
+Food that doesn't digest that hardens and stays in the stomach.This food can harden into a solid mass called a bezoar. Bezoars can cause nausea and vomiting. They may be life-threatening if they keep food from passing into the small intestine.
+Blood sugar changes.Gastroparesis doesn't cause diabetes. But the changes in the rate and amount of food passing into the small bowel can cause sudden changes in blood sugar levels. These blood sugar changes can make diabetes worse. In turn, poor control of blood sugar levels makes gastroparesis worse.
+Lower quality of life.Symptoms can make it hard to work and keep up with daily activities.",,Several tests help diagnose gastroparesis and rule out other conditions that may cause symptoms like those of gastroparesis. Tests may include:,"Treating gastroparesis begins with finding and treating the condition that's causing it. If diabetes is causing your gastroparesis, your healthcare professional can work with you to help you control your blood sugar levels.",,"You're likely to first see your main healthcare professional. You may then be sent to a doctor who specializes in digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist. You also may see a specialist called a dietitian who can help you choose foods that are easier to digest.","If you smoke, stop. Your gastroparesis symptoms are less likely to improve over time if you keep smoking.","nausea, vomiting, belly bloating, belly pain, acid reflux, feeling full, weight loss, gastroparesis, not wanting to eat"
+342,Delayed sleep phase,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/delayed-sleep-phase/symptoms-causes/syc-20353340,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/delayed-sleep-phase/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353341,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/delayed-sleep-phase/doctors-departments/ddc-20353342,"Delayed sleep phase is a sleep disorder that affects the internal clock, known as circadian rhythm. People with this sleep disorder have sleep patterns that are delayed two hours or more from usual sleep patterns. They go to sleep later and wake later. This makes it hard to wake in time for work or school. Delayed sleep phase also is known as delayed sleep-wake phase disorder.
+A treatment plan might include making changes to sleep habits, taking melatonin supplements and using light therapy.","People with delayed sleep phase fall asleep and wake later than they want and later than usual sleep and wake times. Sleep and wake times are delayed at least two hours and may be delayed up to 3 to 6 hours. People with delayed sleep phase may regularly go to sleep at 3 a.m. and wake at 10 a.m., for example.
+Symptoms are persistent. They last at least three months and often for years. Symptoms may include:
+Not being able to fall asleep at a typical bedtime, known as insomnia.
+Trouble waking up in the morning in time to go to work or school.
+Extreme daytime drowsiness.
+Trouble staying alert during the day.","See a health care professional if you have persistent symptoms of delayed sleep-wake phase disorder. Or make an appointment for your child if you think your child has symptoms of delayed sleep-wake phase disorder that don't go away.
+Also make an appointment if you or your child regularly has trouble waking in the morning or has excessive daytime drowsiness.","Delayed sleep phase is caused by a person's internal clock being out of sync with the environment. Your internal clock lets you know when it's time to sleep and when it's time to wake. Known as circadian rhythm, your internal clock is on a 24-hour cycle. Cues in the environment influence the sleep-wake cycle. These cues include light, darkness, eating and physical activity.
+The exact cause of delayed sleep phase isn't known. But circadian rhythms can be delayed in teenagers for biological reasons. Staying up late to do homework, watch TV or use the internet can make the sleep delay worse.","Delayed sleep phase can affect children and adults of any age. However, delayed sleep phase is more common among teenagers and young adults.",,,"To diagnose delayed sleep phase, also known as delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, a health care professional reviews your family and medical history. You also may have a physical exam.
+You may need several tests to diagnose delayed sleep phase or any related conditions, such as:
+Actigraphy.This test tracks your sleep and wake times over several days. During the test, you wear a small device on your wrist that detects your motions. The device also may monitor light exposure.
+Sleep diary.You may need to keep a sleep diary for a week or longer. Log your daily sleep and wake times to understand your sleep pattern.
+Sleep study, also known as polysomnography.If it's suspected that you might have an additional sleep disorder, you may need a sleep study. In this test, you stay in a sleep center overnight. Polysomnography monitors your brain activity, heart rate, oxygen levels, eye movements and breathing function as you sleep.","A health care professional works with you to create a treatment plan that can help adjust your sleep and wake times.
+Your plan may include:
+Improving sleep habits.Making lifestyle changes can improve your sleep habits. This is known as sleep hygiene. To practice good sleep hygiene, go to bed and wake on a regular schedule, including on the weekends. It's best not to take naps during the day. Don't drink caffeine or alcohol near bedtime. And don't use tobacco products.Exercising during the day also helps improve sleep, but schedule exercise to finish at least two hours before bedtime. It's also helpful not to engage in stimulating activities near bedtime. Use your bedroom only for sleeping and sex.
+Melatonin supplements.Melatonin is a hormone that plays a role in the sleep-wake cycle. You may be prescribed a melatonin supplement to take in the early evening. This can help adjust your circadian rhythm to go to sleep earlier.
+Light therapy.Light exposure using a light box in the morning may adjust your circadian rhythm.
+Chronotherapy.For some people, health care professionals prescribe a sleep schedule that delays bedtime by 1 to 2.5 hours every six days. This is done until the desired bedtime is reached. You need to maintain your sleep schedule once it is established.",,,,"extreme daytime drowsiness, trouble staying alert, insomnia, trouble waking up, daytime drowsiness, not being able to fall asleep"
+344,Frontotemporal dementia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontotemporal-dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354737,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontotemporal-dementia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354741,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontotemporal-dementia/doctors-departments/ddc-20354744,"Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an umbrella term for a group of brain diseases that mainly affect the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. These areas of the brain are associated with personality, behavior and language.
+In frontotemporal dementia, parts of these lobes shrink, known as atrophy. Symptoms depend on which part of the brain is affected. Some people with frontotemporal dementia have changes in their personalities. They become socially inappropriate and may be impulsive or emotionally indifferent. Others lose the ability to properly use language.
+Frontotemporal dementia can be misdiagnosed as a mental health condition or as Alzheimer's disease. ButFTDtends to occur at a younger age than does Alzheimer's disease. It often begins between the ages of 40 and 65, although it can occur later in life as well.FTDis the cause of dementia about 10% to 20% of the time.","Symptoms of frontotemporal dementia differ from one person to the next. Symptoms get worse over time, usually over years.
+People with frontotemporal dementia tend to have clusters of symptom types that occur together. They also may have more than one cluster of symptom types.",,"In frontotemporal dementia, the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain shrink and certain substances build up in the brain. What causes these changes is usually not known.
+Some genetic changes have been linked to frontotemporal dementia. But more than half of the people withFTDhave no family history of dementia.
+Researchers have confirmed that some frontotemporal dementia gene changes also are seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). More research is being done to understand the connection between the conditions.",Your risk of getting frontotemporal dementia is higher if you have a family history of dementia. There are no other known risk factors.,,,There's no single test for frontotemporal dementia. Healthcare professionals consider your symptoms and exclude other possible causes of your symptoms.FTDcan be hard to diagnose early because symptoms of frontotemporal dementia often overlap with those of other conditions. Healthcare professionals may order the following tests.,"There's currently no cure or treatment for frontotemporal dementia, although research into treatments is ongoing. Medicines used to treat or slow Alzheimer's disease don't seem to be helpful for people with frontotemporal dementia. Some Alzheimer's medicines may worsen theFTDsymptoms. But certain medicines and speech therapy can help manage your symptoms.","If you've been diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia, receiving support, care and compassion from people you trust can be invaluable.
+Through your healthcare professional or the internet, find a support group for people with frontotemporal dementia. A support group can provide information tailored for your needs. It also allows you to share your experiences and feelings.","People with frontotemporal dementia often don't recognize that they have symptoms. Family members usually notice changes and arrange for an appointment with a healthcare professional.
+Your healthcare professional may refer you to a doctor trained in nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist. Or you may be referred to a doctor trained in mental health conditions, known as a psychologist.","As frontotemporal dementia symptoms get worse, you'll need the help of caregivers. Caregivers can help you with daily activities, help maintain your safety, provide transportation and help with finances. Your healthcare professional can tell you when you may need to stop driving or let someone you trust take over your finances.
+It's also important to get regular cardiovascular exercise. It may help improve your mood and thinking skills.
+At home, it may be helpful to make adjustments so that daily living tasks are easier and you reduce the chance of injuries. For example, remove rugs to reduce falls. Or raise toilets to make it easier to use the bathroom.
+Caregivers may be able to address behavioral symptoms by changing the way they interact with people with dementia. Ask your loved one's healthcare professional about resources that provide training in caring for someone with dementia.
+Keeping a log of behavioral symptoms may help you pinpoint things in the environment that trigger symptoms. Taking these steps also may help:
+Skip events or activities that trigger behavior that's not desired.
+Remove negative environmental cues, such as car keys.
+Maintain a calm environment.
+Provide structured routines.
+Simplify daily tasks.
+Distract and redirect attention from harmful or inappropriate behaviors.","frontotemporal dementia, symptoms get worse over time"
+345,Lewy body dementia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lewy-body-dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352025,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lewy-body-dementia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352030,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lewy-body-dementia/doctors-departments/ddc-20352034,"Lewy body dementia, also known as LBD, is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Protein deposits called Lewy bodies develop in nerve cells in the brain. The protein deposits affect brain regions involved in thinking, memory and movement. There are two forms of LBD that cause cognitive symptoms — dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia.
+Lewy body dementia causes a decline in mental abilities that gradually gets worse over time. People with LBD might see things that aren't there, known as visual hallucinations. They also may have changes in alertness and attention.
+People with Lewy body dementia commonly have symptoms of Parkinson's disease. These symptoms might include rigid muscles, slow movement, trouble walking and tremors.","Lewy body dementia symptoms can include:
+Visual hallucinations.Seeing things that aren't there, known as hallucinations, might be one of the first symptoms of Lewy body dementia. This symptom often occurs regularly and may include seeing shapes, animals or people that aren't there. Hallucinations involving sounds, smells or touch are possible.
+Movement symptoms.Signs of Parkinson's disease may occur. These symptoms include slowed movement, rigid muscles, tremor or a shuffling walk. This can cause the person to fall.
+Poor regulation of body functions.The part of the nervous system that controls automatic functions is called the autonomic nervous system. Lewy body dementia can affect how well the autonomic nervous system controls blood pressure, heart rate, sweating and digestion. This can result in sudden drops in blood pressure upon standing, dizziness, falls, loss of bladder control and bowel issues such as constipation.
+Cognitive changes.People with Lewy body dementia might have changes in thinking that are similar to symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. These symptoms may include confusion, poor attention, visual-spatial problems and memory loss.
+Trouble with sleep.People with Lewy body dementia can have rapid eye movement, also known as REM sleep behavior disorder. This disorder causes people to physically act out their dreams while asleep. People with REM sleep behavior disorder may punch, kick, yell or scream while sleeping.
+Varying attention.Episodes of drowsiness, long periods of staring into space, long naps during the day or disorganized speech are possible.
+Depression or apathy.People with Lewy body dementia might develop depression or lose motivation.",,"In people with Lewy body dementia, there's a buildup of proteins known as Lewy bodies. This protein also is associated with Parkinson's disease. People who have Lewy bodies in their brains also can have the plaques and tangles associated with Alzheimer's disease.","A few factors seem to increase the risk of developing Lewy body dementia, including:
+Age.People older than 60 have a higher risk of getting the disease.
+Sex.Lewy body dementia affects more men than women.
+Family history.Those who have a family member with Lewy body dementia or Parkinson's disease are at greater risk.","Lewy body dementia is progressive. This means it gradually gets worse over time. As symptoms get worse, the disease can lead to:
+Worsening dementia.
+Aggressive behavior.
+Depression.
+Increased risk of falling and injury.
+Worsening of movement symptoms, such as tremors.
+Death, on average about 7 to 8 years after symptoms start.",,"People who are diagnosed with Lewy body dementia, also known as LBD, have a gradual decline in the ability to think. They also have at least two of the following:
+Varying alertness and thinking function.
+Repeated visual hallucinations.
+Movement symptoms.
+REM sleep behavior disorder, in which people act out their dreams during sleep.
+Other symptoms that support a Lewy body dementia diagnosis include problems with the autonomic nervous system. When this happens, the body isn't able to regulate blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and sweating.
+Sensitivity to medicines that treat psychosis also supports a diagnosis. This is particularly true for medicines such as haloperidol (Haldol). Antipsychotic medicines aren't used for people with LBD because they can make symptoms worse.
+No single test can diagnose Lewy body dementia. The diagnosis is based on your symptoms and by ruling out other conditions. You might need the following tests.","There's no cure for Lewy body dementia, also known as LBD, but many of the symptoms can improve with targeted treatments.","People with Lewy body dementia often have a mixture of emotions. The person may feel confused, frustrated, angry or afraid. They may not be certain about the future and may feel grief and depression. Offer support by listening. Provide assurance that the person can still enjoy life. Be positive and do your best to help the person retain dignity and self-respect.
+If you're a caregiver or care partner for someone with Lewy body dementia, watch the person closely. Make sure the person doesn't fall, lose consciousness or have a bad reaction to medicines. Provide reassurance during times of confusion, delusions or hallucinations.","You might first discuss your symptoms with a healthcare professional who may refer you to a doctor trained in dementia. This is usually a doctor trained in brain and nervous system conditions, called a neurologist, or a doctor trained in mental health conditions, called a psychiatrist.
+Ask a friend or family member to come to the appointment, if possible. This person can help you remember the information you're given and give your healthcare professional information about you. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Symptoms and how quickly they worsen are different for everyone with Lewy body dementia. Caregivers and spouses of people with Lewy body dementia, known as care partners, may need to adapt the following tips:
+Speak clearly and simply.Maintain eye contact and speak slowly in simple sentences. Don't rush the response. Present only one idea or instruction at a time. Use gestures and cues, such as pointing to objects.
+Encourage exercise.Exercise improves physical function, behavior and depression. Some research shows exercise might slow cognitive decline in people with dementia.
+Provide mind stimulation.Playing games, completing crossword puzzles and doing other activities that involve thinking might help slow mental decline in people with dementia. Encourage artistic and creative activities, such as painting, singing or making music.
+Create opportunities for social activity.Talk to friends. Participate in religious services.
+Establish bedtime rituals.Behavior symptoms can worsen at night. Create calming bedtime rituals without the distraction of television, meal cleanup and active family members. Leave night-lights on to prevent disorientation.
+Limit caffeine during the day. Discourage daytime napping and offer activities to stay active during the day. This might help prevent nighttime restlessness.","rigid muscles, parkinson's disease, disorganized speech, dizziness, drowsiness, falls, memory loss, yell, rem sleep behavior disorder, poor attention, slowed movement, tremor, alzheimer's disease, apathy, constipation, visual-spatial problems, lewy body dementia, rapid eye movement, long naps, punch, depression, bowel issues, dementia, loss of bladder control, visual hallucinations, hallucinations, lewy, shuffling walk, confusion, kick, scream, staring into space"
+346,Vascular dementia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vascular-dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378793,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vascular-dementia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378798,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vascular-dementia/doctors-departments/ddc-20378799,"Vascular dementia is a general term describing problems with reasoning, planning, judgment, memory and other thought processes caused by brain damage from impaired blood flow to your brain.
+
+You can develop vascular dementia after a stroke blocks an artery in your brain, but strokes don't always cause vascular dementia. Whether a stroke affects your thinking and reasoning depends on your stroke's severity and location. Vascular dementia can also result from other conditions that damage blood vessels and reduce circulation, depriving your brain of vital oxygen and nutrients.
+
+Factors that increase your risk of heart disease and stroke — including diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and smoking — also raise your vascular dementia risk. Controlling these factors may help lower your chances of developing vascular dementia.","Vascular dementia symptoms vary, depending on the part of your brain where blood flow is impaired. Symptoms often overlap with those of other types of dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease dementia. But unlike Alzheimer's disease, the most significant symptoms of vascular dementia tend to involve speed of thinking and problem-solving rather than memory loss.
+
+Vascular dementia signs and symptoms include:
+
+Vascular dementia symptoms may be most clear-cut when they occur suddenly following a stroke. When changes in your thinking and reasoning seem clearly linked to a stroke, this condition is sometimes called post-stroke dementia.
+
+Sometimes a characteristic pattern of vascular dementia symptoms follows a series of strokes or ministrokes. Changes in your thought processes occur in noticeable steps downward from your previous level of function, unlike the gradual, steady decline that typically occurs in Alzheimer's disease dementia.
+
+But vascular dementia can also develop very gradually, just like Alzheimer's disease dementia. What's more, vascular disease and Alzheimer's disease often occur together.
+
+Studies show that many people with dementia and evidence of brain vascular disease also have Alzheimer's disease.",,"Vascular dementia results from conditions that damage your brain's blood vessels, reducing their ability to supply your brain with the amounts of nutrition and oxygen it needs to perform thought processes effectively.
+
+Common conditions that may lead to vascular dementia include:
+
+Stroke (infarction) blocking a brain artery.Strokes that block a brain artery usually cause a range of symptoms that may include vascular dementia. But some strokes don't cause any noticeable symptoms. These silent strokes still increase dementia risk.
+
+With both silent and apparent strokes, the risk of vascular dementia increases with the number of strokes that occur over time. One type of vascular dementia involving many strokes is called multi-infarct dementia.","In general, the risk factors for vascular dementia are the same as those for heart disease and stroke. Risk factors for vascular dementia include:",,The health of your brain's blood vessels is closely linked to your overall heart health. Taking these steps to keep your heart healthy may also help reduce your risk of vascular dementia:,"Doctors can nearly always determine that you have dementia, but there's no specific test that confirms you have vascular dementia. Your doctor will make a judgment about whether vascular dementia is the most likely cause of your symptoms based on the information you provide, your medical history for stroke or disorders of the heart and blood vessels, and results of tests that may help clarify your diagnosis.","Treatment often focuses on managing the health conditions and risk factors that contribute to vascular dementia.
+
+Controlling conditions that affect the underlying health of your heart and blood vessels can sometimes slow the rate at which vascular dementia gets worse, and may also sometimes prevent further decline. Depending on your individual situation, your doctor may prescribe medications to:","People with any type of dementia and their caregivers — whether it's vascular dementia or Alzheimer's disease — experience a mixture of emotions, including confusion, frustration, anger, fear, uncertainty, grief and depression.","If you've had a stroke, your first conversations about your symptoms and recovery will likely take place in the hospital. If you're noticing milder symptoms, you may decide that you want to talk to your doctor about changes in your thought processes, or you may seek care at the urging of a family member who arranges your appointment and goes with you.
+
+You may start by seeing your primary care doctor, but he or she is likely to refer you to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the brain and nervous system (neurologist).
+
+Because appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your doctor.",,"post-stroke dementia, vascular disease, dementia, alzheimer's disease dementia, ministrokes, strokes, alzheimer's disease, problem-solving, changes in reasoning, vascular dementia, vascular dementia symptoms, brain vascular disease, memory loss, changes in thinking, stroke, vascular dementia signs and symptoms, speed of thinking"
+347,Dengue fever,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353078,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue-fever/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353084,,"Dengue (DENG-gey) fever is a mosquito-borne illness that occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Mild dengue fever causes a high fever and flu-like symptoms. The severe form of dengue fever, also called dengue hemorrhagic fever, can cause serious bleeding, a sudden drop in blood pressure (shock) and death.
+Millions of cases of dengue infection occur worldwide each year. Dengue fever is most common in Southeast Asia, the western Pacific islands, Latin America and Africa. But the disease has been spreading to new areas, including local outbreaks in Europe and southern parts of the United States.
+Researchers are working on dengue fever vaccines. For now, in areas where dengue fever is common, the best ways to prevent infection are to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes and to take steps to reduce the mosquito population.","Many people experience no signs or symptoms of a dengue infection.
+When symptoms do occur, they may be mistaken for other illnesses — such as the flu — and usually begin four to 10 days after you are bitten by an infected mosquito.
+Dengue fever causes a high fever — 104 F (40 C) — and any of the following signs and symptoms:
+Headache
+Muscle, bone or joint pain
+Nausea
+Vomiting
+Pain behind the eyes
+Swollen glands
+Rash
+Most people recover within a week or so. In some cases, symptoms worsen and can become life-threatening. This is called severe dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome.
+Severe dengue happens when your blood vessels become damaged and leaky. And the number of clot-forming cells (platelets) in your bloodstream drops. This can lead to shock, internal bleeding, organ failure and even death.
+Warning signs of severe dengue fever — which is a life-threatening emergency — can develop quickly. The warning signs usually begin the first day or two after your fever goes away, and may include:
+Severe stomach pain
+Persistent vomiting
+Bleeding from your gums or nose
+Blood in your urine, stools or vomit
+Bleeding under the skin, which might look like bruising
+Difficult or rapid breathing
+Fatigue
+Irritability or restlessness","Severe dengue fever is a life-threatening medical emergency. Seek immediate medical attention if you've recently visited an area in which dengue fever is known to occur, you have had a fever and you develop any of the warning signs. Warning signs include severe stomach pain, vomiting, difficulty breathing, or blood in your nose, gums, vomit or stools.
+If you've been traveling recently and develop a fever and mild symptoms of dengue fever, call your doctor.","Dengue fever is caused by any one of four types of dengue viruses. You can't get dengue fever from being around an infected person. Instead, dengue fever is spread through mosquito bites.
+The two types of mosquitoes that most often spread the dengue viruses are common both in and around human lodgings. When a mosquito bites a person infected with a dengue virus, the virus enters the mosquito. Then, when the infected mosquito bites another person, the virus enters that person's bloodstream and causes an infection.
+After you've recovered from dengue fever, you have long-term immunity to the type of virus that infected you — but not to the other three dengue fever virus types. This means you can be infected again in the future by one of the other three virus types. Your risk of developing severe dengue fever increases if you get dengue fever a second, third or fourth time.","You have a greater risk of developing dengue fever or a more severe form of the disease if:
+You live or travel in tropical areas.Being in tropical and subtropical areas increases your risk of exposure to the virus that causes dengue fever. Especially high-risk areas include Southeast Asia, the western Pacific islands, Latin America and Africa.
+You have had dengue fever in the past.Previous infection with a dengue fever virus increases your risk of severe symptoms if you get dengue fever again.","Severe dengue fever can cause internal bleeding and organ damage. Blood pressure can drop to dangerous levels, causing shock. In some cases, severe dengue fever can lead to death.
+Women who get dengue fever during pregnancy may be able to spread the virus to the baby during childbirth. Additionally, babies of women who get dengue fever during pregnancy have a higher risk of pre-term birth, low birth weight or fetal distress.",,"Diagnosing dengue fever can be difficult because its signs and symptoms can be easily confused with those of other diseases — such as chikungunya, Zika virus, malaria and typhoid fever.
+Your doctor will likely ask about your medical and travel history. Be sure to describe international trips in detail, including the countries you visited and the dates, as well as any contact you may have had with mosquitoes.
+Your doctor may also draw a sample of blood to be tested in a lab for evidence of infection with one of the dengue viruses.","No specific treatment for dengue fever exists.
+While recovering from dengue fever, drink plenty of fluids. Call your doctor right away if you have any of the following signs and symptoms of dehydration:
+Decreased urination
+Few or no tears
+Dry mouth or lips
+Lethargy or confusion
+Cold or clammy extremities
+The over-the-counter (OTC) drug acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) can help reduce muscle pain and fever. But if you have dengue fever, you should avoid otherOTCpain relievers, including aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). These pain relievers can increase the risk of dengue fever bleeding complications.
+If you have severe dengue fever, you may need:
+Supportive care in a hospital
+Intravenous (IV) fluid and electrolyte replacement
+Blood pressure monitoring
+Transfusion to replace blood loss",,"You'll likely start by seeing your primary care provider. But you might also be referred to a doctor who specializes in infectious diseases.
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your doctor.",,"shock, nausea, joint pain, organ failure, headache, nausea
+vomiting
+pain, restlessness, severe stomach pain, fatigue, bleeding from nose, rapid breathing, stomach pain, dengue hemorrhagic fever, death, blood in urine, rash, difficult breathing, vomiting, vomiting
+bleeding, bleeding, bleeding under the skin, dengue infection, pain behind the eyes, bleeding from gums, muscle pain, irritability, dengue, fever, dengue shock syndrome, blood in stools, vomit, swollen glands, bone pain, blood in vomit, dengue fever, bruising"
+349,Postpartum depression,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376623,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/doctors-departments/ddc-20376624,"The birth of a baby can start a variety of powerful emotions, from excitement and joy to fear and anxiety. But it can also result in something you might not expect — depression.
+Most new moms experience postpartum ""baby blues"" after childbirth, which commonly include mood swings, crying spells, anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Baby blues usually begin within the first 2 to 3 days after delivery and may last for up to two weeks.
+But some new moms experience a more severe, long-lasting form of depression known as postpartum depression. Sometimes it's called peripartum depression because it can start during pregnancy and continue after childbirth. Rarely, an extreme mood disorder called postpartum psychosis also may develop after childbirth.
+Postpartum depression is not a character flaw or a weakness. Sometimes it's simply a complication of giving birth. If you have postpartum depression, prompt treatment can help you manage your symptoms and help you bond with your baby.","Symptoms of depression after childbirth vary, and they can range from mild to severe.","If you're feeling depressed after your baby's birth, you may be reluctant or embarrassed to admit it. But if you experience any symptoms of postpartum baby blues or postpartum depression, call your primary health care provider or your obstetrician or gynecologist and schedule an appointment. If you have symptoms that suggest you may have postpartum psychosis, get help immediately.
+It's important to call your provider as soon as possible if the symptoms of depression have any of these features:
+Don't fade after two weeks.
+Are getting worse.
+Make it hard for you to care for your baby.
+Make it hard to complete everyday tasks.
+Include thoughts of harming yourself or your baby.","There is no single cause of postpartum depression, but genetics, physical changes and emotional issues may play a role.
+Genetics.Studies show that having a family history of postpartum depression — especially if it was major — increases the risk of experiencing postpartum depression.
+Physical changes.After childbirth, a dramatic drop in the hormones estrogen and progesterone in your body may contribute to postpartum depression. Other hormones produced by your thyroid gland also may drop sharply — which can leave you feeling tired, sluggish and depressed.
+Emotional issues.When you're sleep deprived and overwhelmed, you may have trouble handling even minor problems. You may be anxious about your ability to care for a newborn. You may feel less attractive, struggle with your sense of identity or feel that you've lost control over your life. Any of these issues can contribute to postpartum depression.","Any new mom can experience postpartum depression and it can develop after the birth of any child, not just the first. However, your risk increases if:
+You have a history of depression, either during pregnancy or at other times.
+You have bipolar disorder.
+You had postpartum depression after a previous pregnancy.
+You have family members who've had depression or other mood disorders.
+You've experienced stressful events during the past year, such as pregnancy complications, illness or job loss.
+Your baby has health problems or other special needs.
+You have twins, triplets or other multiple births.
+You have difficulty breastfeeding.
+You're having problems in your relationship with your spouse or partner.
+You have a weak support system.
+You have financial problems.
+The pregnancy was unplanned or unwanted.","Left untreated, postpartum depression can interfere with mother-child bonding and cause family problems.
+For mothers.Untreated postpartum depression can last for months or longer, sometimes becoming an ongoing depressive disorder. Mothers may stop breastfeeding, have problems bonding with and caring for their infants, and be at increased risk of suicide. Even when treated, postpartum depression increases a woman's risk of future episodes of major depression.
+For the other parent.Postpartum depression can have a ripple effect, causing emotional strain for everyone close to a new baby. When a new mother is depressed, the risk of depression in the baby's other parent may also increase. And these other parents may already have an increased risk of depression, whether or not their partner is affected.
+For children.Children of mothers who have untreated postpartum depression are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems, such as sleeping and eating difficulties, crying too much, and delays in language development.","If you have a history of depression — especially postpartum depression — tell your health care provider if you're planning on becoming pregnant or as soon as you find out you're pregnant.
+During pregnancy,your provider can monitor you closely for symptoms of depression. You may complete a depression-screening questionnaire during your pregnancy and after delivery. Sometimes mild depression can be managed with support groups, counseling or other therapies. In other cases, antidepressants may be recommended — even during pregnancy.
+After your baby is born,your provider may recommend an early postpartum checkup to screen for symptoms of postpartum depression. The earlier it's found, the earlier treatment can begin. If you have a history of postpartum depression, your provider may recommend antidepressant treatment or talk therapy immediately after delivery. Most antidepressants are safe to take while breastfeeding.","Your health care provider will usually talk with you about your feelings, thoughts and mental health to help determine if you have a short-term case of postpartum baby blues or a more severe form of depression. Don't be embarrassed — postpartum depression is common. Share your symptoms with your provider so that you and your provider can create a useful treatment plan.
+As part of your evaluation, your health care provider may do a depression screening, including having you fill out a questionnaire. Your provider may order other tests, if needed, to rule out other causes for your symptoms.","Treatment and recovery time vary, depending on how severe your depression is and what your individual needs are. If you have an underactive thyroid or an underlying illness, your health care provider may treat those conditions or refer you to the appropriate specialist. Your health care provider may also refer you to a mental health professional.","The already stressful, exhausting period following a baby's birth is more difficult when depression occurs. But remember, postpartum depression is never anyone's fault. It's a common medical condition that needs treatment.
+So, if you're having trouble coping with postpartum depression, talk with your health care provider. Ask your provider or a therapist about local support groups for new moms or women who have postpartum depression.
+The sooner you get help, the sooner you'll be fully equipped to cope with depression and enjoy your new baby.","After your first appointment, your health care provider may refer you to a mental health provider who can create the right treatment plan with you. You may want to find a trusted family member or friend to join you for your appointment to help you remember all the information discussed.","In addition to professional treatment, you can do some things for yourself that build on your treatment plan and help speed recovery.
+Make healthy lifestyle choices.Include physical activity, such as a walk with your baby, and other forms of exercise in your daily routine. Try to get enough rest. Eat healthy foods and avoid alcohol.
+Set realistic expectations.Don't pressure yourself to do everything. Scale back your expectations for the perfect household. Do what you can and leave the rest.
+Make time for yourself.Take some time for yourself and get out of the house. That may mean asking a partner to take care of the baby or arranging for a sitter. Do something you enjoy, such as a hobby or some form of entertainment. You might also schedule some time alone with your partner or friends.
+Avoid isolation.Talk with your partner, family and friends about how you're feeling. Ask other mothers about their experiences. Breaking the isolation may help you feel human again.
+Ask for help.Try to open up to the people close to you and let them know you need help. If someone offers to babysit, take them up on it. If you can sleep, take a nap, or maybe you can see a movie or meet for coffee with friends. You may also benefit from asking for help with parenting skills that can include caregiving techniques to improve your baby's sleep and soothe fussing and crying.
+Remember, taking care of your baby includes taking care of yourself.","depression, none"
+350,Teen depression,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20350985,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350991,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/doctors-departments/ddc-20350995,"Teen depression is a serious mental health problem that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities. It affects how your teenager thinks, feels and behaves, and it can cause emotional, functional and physical problems. Although depression can occur at any time in life, symptoms may be different between teens and adults.
+Issues such as peer pressure, academic expectations and changing bodies can bring a lot of ups and downs for teens. But for some teens, the lows are more than just temporary feelings — they're a symptom of depression.
+Teen depression isn't a weakness or something that can be overcome with willpower — it can have serious consequences and requires long-term treatment. For most teens, depression symptoms ease with treatment such as medication and psychological counseling.","Suicide is often associated with depression. If you think you may hurt yourself or attempt suicide, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.
+Also consider these options if you're having suicidal thoughts:
+Call your mental health professional.
+Contact a suicide hotline.In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use theLifeline Chat. The Spanish language phone line is1-888-628-9454(toll-free). Services are free and confidential.Or contact a crisis service for teenagers in the U.S. calledTXT 4 HELP: Text the word ""safe"" and your current location to 4HELP (44357) for immediate help, with the option for interactive texting.
+In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use theLifeline Chat. The Spanish language phone line is1-888-628-9454(toll-free). Services are free and confidential.
+Or contact a crisis service for teenagers in the U.S. calledTXT 4 HELP: Text the word ""safe"" and your current location to 4HELP (44357) for immediate help, with the option for interactive texting.
+Seek help from your primary care doctor or other health care provider.
+Reach out to a close friend or loved one.
+Contact a minister, spiritual leader or someone else in your faith community.
+If a loved one or friend is in danger of attempting suicide or has made an attempt:
+Make sure someone stays with that person.
+Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.
+Or, if you can do so safely, take the person to the nearest hospital emergency room.
+Never ignore comments or concerns about suicide. Always take action to get help.","If depression signs and symptoms continue, begin to interfere in your teen's life, or cause you to have concerns about suicide or your teen's safety, talk to a doctor or a mental health professional trained to work with adolescents. Your teen's family doctor or pediatrician is a good place to start. Or your teen's school may recommend someone.
+Depression symptoms likely won't get better on their own — and they may get worse or lead to other problems if untreated. Depressed teenagers may be at risk of suicide, even if signs and symptoms don't appear to be severe.
+If you're a teen and you think you may be depressed — or you have a friend who may be depressed — don't wait to get help. Talk to a health care provider such as your doctor or school nurse. Share your concerns with a parent, a close friend, a spiritual leader, a teacher or someone else you trust.","It's not known exactly what causes depression, but a variety of issues may be involved. These include:
+Brain chemistry.Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that carry signals to other parts of your brain and body. When these chemicals are abnormal or impaired, the function of nerve receptors and nerve systems changes, leading to depression.
+Hormones.Changes in the body's balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression.
+Inherited traits.Depression is more common in people whose blood relatives — such as a parent or grandparent — also have the condition.
+Early childhood trauma.Traumatic events during childhood, such as physical or emotional abuse, or loss of a parent, may cause changes in the brain that increase the risk of depression.
+Learned patterns of negative thinking.Teen depression may be linked to learning to feel helpless — rather than learning to feel capable of finding solutions for life's challenges.","Many factors increase the risk of developing or triggering teen depression, including:
+Having issues that negatively impact self-esteem, such as obesity, peer problems, long-term bullying or academic problems
+Having been the victim or witness of violence, such as physical or sexual abuse
+Having other mental health conditions, such as bipolar disorder, an anxiety disorder, a personality disorder, anorexia or bulimia
+Having a learning disability or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
+Having ongoing pain or a chronic physical illness such as cancer, diabetes or asthma
+Having certain personality traits, such as low self-esteem or being overly dependent, self-critical or pessimistic
+Abusing alcohol, nicotine or other drugs
+Being gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender in an unsupportive environment
+Family history and issues with family or others may also increase your teenager's risk of depression, such as:
+Having a parent, grandparent or other blood relative with depression, bipolar disorder or alcohol use problems
+Having a family member who died by suicide
+Having a family with major communication and relationship problems
+Having experienced recent stressful life events, such as parental divorce, parental military service or the death of a loved one","Untreated depression can result in emotional, behavioral and health problems that affect every area of your teenager's life. Complications related to teen depression may include, for example:
+Alcohol and drug misuse
+Academic problems
+Family conflicts and relationship difficulties
+Suicide attempts or suicide","There's no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help. Encourage your teenager to:
+Take steps to control stress,increase resilience and boost self-esteem to help handle issues when they arise
+Practice self-care,for example by creating a healthy sleep routine and using electronics responsibly and in moderation
+Reach out for friendship and social support,especially in times of crisis
+Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problemto help prevent depression from worsening
+Maintain ongoing treatment, if recommended,even after symptoms let up, to help prevent a relapse of depression symptoms","When teen depression is suspected, the doctor will typically do these exams and tests.
+Physical exam.The doctor may do a physical exam and ask in-depth questions about your teenager's health to determine what may be causing depression. In some cases, depression may be linked to an underlying physical health problem.
+Lab tests.For example, your teen's doctor may do a blood test called a complete blood count or test your teen's thyroid to make sure it's functioning properly.
+Psychological evaluation.A doctor or mental health professional can talk with your teen about thoughts, feelings and behavior, and may include a questionnaire. These will help pinpoint a diagnosis and check for related complications.","Treatment depends on the type and severity of your teenager's depression symptoms. A combination of talk therapy (psychotherapy) and medication can be very effective for most teens with depression.
+If your teen has severe depression or is in danger of self-harm, he or she may need a hospital stay or may need to participate in an outpatient treatment program until symptoms improve.
+Here's a closer look at depression treatment options.","Showing interest and the desire to understand your teenager's feelings lets him or her know you care. You may not understand why your teen feels hopeless or has a sense of loss or failure. But listen without judging and try to put yourself in your teen's position. Help build your teen's self-esteem by recognizing small successes and offering praise about competence.
+Encourage your teen to:
+Make and keep healthy friendships.Positive relationships can help boost your teen's confidence and help him or her stay connected with others. Encourage your teen to avoid relationships with people whose attitudes or behaviors could make depression worse.
+Stay active.Participation in sports, school activities or a job can help keep your teen focused on positive things, rather than negative feelings or behaviors.
+Ask for help.Teens may be reluctant to seek support when life seems overwhelming. Encourage your teen to talk to a family member or other trusted adult whenever needed.
+Have realistic expectations.Many teens judge themselves when they aren't able to live up to unrealistic standards — academically, in athletics or in appearance, for example. Let your teen know that it's OK not to be perfect.
+Simplify life.Encourage your teen to carefully choose obligations and commitments, and set reasonable goals. Let your teen know that it's OK to do less when he or she feels down.
+Structure time.Help your teen plan activities by making lists or using a planner to stay organized. Sticking to a regular routine may help improve mood.
+Keep a private journal.Journaling may help improve your teen's mood by allowing your teen to express and work through pain, anger, fear or other emotions.
+Connect with other teens who struggle with depression.Ask the doctor or therapist if there are local support groups for teen depression. Depression support groups are offered online, but check them out to make sure they're trustworthy sites — such as the National Alliance on Mental Illness or the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance.","It's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you and your teenager get ready, and what to expect from the doctor.","You are your teenager's best advocate to help him or her succeed. In addition to professional treatment, here are some steps you and your teen can take that may help:
+Stick to the treatment plan.Make sure your teen attends appointments, even if he or she doesn't feel like going. Even if your teen is feeling well, make sure he or she continues to take medications as prescribed. If your teen stops taking medications, depression symptoms may come back. And quitting suddenly may cause withdrawal-like symptoms.
+Learn about depression.Education can empower your teen and motivate him or her to stick to a treatment plan. It can also benefit you and other loved ones to learn about depression and understand that it's a treatable condition.
+Encourage communication with your teen.Talk to your teen about the changes you're observing and emphasize your unconditional support. Create an environment where your teen can share concerns while you listen.
+Pay attention to warning signs.Work with your teen's doctor or therapist to learn what might trigger depression symptoms. Make a plan so that you and your teen know what to do if symptoms get worse. Ask family members or friends to help watch for warning signs.
+Help your teen adopt healthy habits.Keep healthy foods in your home, keep unhealthy foods out, and set regular mealtimes. Encourage routine exercise, noting that even light physical activity can help reduce depression symptoms. Set a time for lights out at bedtime with no use of electronic devices in bed, which can help promote quality and quantity of sleep. If your teen is having problems with sleep, ask the doctor for advice.
+Help your teen avoid alcohol and other drugs.Your teen may feel as if alcohol, marijuana or other drugs lessen depression symptoms, but in the long run they worsen symptoms and make depression harder to treat. Talk with the doctor or therapist if your teen needs help to deal with alcohol or drug use.
+Eliminate or limit access to items your teen could use for self-harm.This can include removing or securing guns, and removing sharp items, alcohol or risky medications in your home if you live with a teen who has depression.","suicidal thoughts, depression"
+351,Atopic dermatitis (eczema),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/symptoms-causes/syc-20353273,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353279,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/doctors-departments/ddc-20353282,"Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a condition that causes dry, itchy and inflamed skin. It's common in young children but can occur at any age. Atopic dermatitis is long lasting (chronic) and tends to flare sometimes. It can be irritating but it's not contagious.
+People with atopic dermatitis are at risk of developing food allergies, hay fever and asthma.
+Moisturizing regularly and following other skin care habits can relieve itching and prevent new outbreaks (flares). Treatment may also include medicated ointments or creams.","Atopic dermatitis (eczema) symptoms can appear anywhere on the body and vary widely from person to person. They may include:
+Dry, cracked skin
+Itchiness (pruritus)
+Rash on swollen skin that varies in color depending on your skin color
+Small, raised bumps, on brown or Black skin
+Oozing and crusting
+Thickened skin
+Darkening of the skin around the eyes
+Raw, sensitive skin from scratching
+Atopic dermatitis often begins before age 5 and may continue into the teen and adult years. For some people, it flares and then clears up for a time, even for several years.","Talk with a health care provider if you or your child:
+Has symptoms of atopic dermatitis
+Is so uncomfortable that the condition is affecting sleep and daily activities
+Has a skin infection — look for new streaks, pus, yellow scabs
+Has symptoms even after trying self-care steps
+Seek immediate medical attentionif you or your child has a fever and the rash looks infected.","In some people, atopic dermatitis is related to a gene variation that affects the skin's ability to provide protection. With a weak barrier function, the skin is less able to retain moisture and protect against bacteria, irritants, allergens and environmental factors — such as tobacco smoke.
+In other people, atopic dermatitis is caused by too much of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus on the skin. This displaces helpful bacteria and disrupts the skin's barrier function.
+A weak skin barrier function might also trigger an immune system response that causes the inflamed skin and other symptoms.
+Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is one of several types of dermatitis. Other common types are contact dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff). Dermatitis isn't contagious.","The main risk factor for atopic dermatitis is having had eczema, allergies, hay fever or asthma in the past. Having family members with these conditions also increases your risk.","Complications of atopic dermatitis (eczema) may include:
+Asthma and hay fever.Many people with atopic dermatitis develop asthma and hay fever. This can happen before or after developing atopic dermatitis.
+Food allergies.People with atopic dermatitis often develop food allergies. One of the main symptoms of this condition is hives (urticaria).
+Chronic itchy, scaly skin.A skin condition called neurodermatitis (lichen simplex chronicus) starts with a patch of itchy skin. You scratch the area, which provides only temporary relief. Scratching actually makes the skin itchier because it activates the nerve fibers in your skin. Over time, you may scratch out of habit. This condition can cause the affected skin to become discolored, thick and leathery.
+Patches of skin that's darker or lighter than the surrounding area.This complication after the rash has healed is called post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation. It's more common in people with brown or Black skin. It might take several months for the discoloration to fade.
+Skin infections.Repeated scratching that breaks the skin can cause open sores and cracks. These increase the risk of infection from bacteria and viruses. These skin infections can spread and become life-threatening.
+Irritant hand dermatitis.This especially affects people whose hands are often wet and exposed to harsh soaps, detergents and disinfectant at work.
+Allergic contact dermatitis.This condition is common in people with atopic dermatitis. Allergic contact dermatitis is an itchy rash caused by touching substances you're allergic to. The color of the rash varies depending on your skin color.
+Sleep problems.The itchiness of atopic dermatitis can interfere with sleep.
+Mental health conditions.Atopic dermatitis is associated with depression and anxiety. This may be related to the constant itching and sleep problems common among people with atopic dermatitis.","Developing a basic skin care routine may help prevent eczema flares. The following tips may help reduce the drying effects of bathing:
+Moisturize your skin at least twice a day.Creams, ointments, shea butter and lotions seal in moisture. Choose a product or products that work well for you. Ideally, the best one for you will be safe, effective, affordable and unscented.Using petroleum jelly on your baby's skin may help prevent development of atopic dermatitis.
+Take a daily bath or shower.Use warm, rather than hot, water and limit your bath or shower to about 10 minutes.
+Use a gentle, nonsoap cleanser.Choose a cleanser that's free of dyes, alcohols and fragrance. For young children, you usually need only warm water to get them clean — no soap or bubble bath needed. Soap can be especially irritating to the skin of young children. For people of any age, deodorant soaps and antibacterial soaps can remove too much of the skin's natural oils and dry the skin. Don't scrub the skin with a washcloth or loofah.
+Pat dry.After bathing, gently pat the skin with a soft towel. Apply moisturizer while your skin is still damp (within three minutes).
+The triggers for atopic dermatitis vary widely from person to person. Try to identify and avoid irritants that trigger your eczema. In general, avoid anything that causes an itch because scratching often triggers a flare.
+Common triggers for atopic dermatitis include:
+Rough wool fabric
+Dry skin
+Skin infection
+Heat and sweat
+Stress
+Cleaning products
+Dust mites and pet dander
+Mold
+Pollen
+Smoke from tobacco
+Cold and dry air
+Fragrances
+Other irritating chemicals
+Infants and children may have flares triggered by eating certain foods, such as eggs and cow's milk. Talk with your child's health care provider about identifying potential food allergies.
+Once you understand what triggers your eczema, talk with your health care provider about how to manage your symptoms and prevent flares.","To diagnose atopic dermatitis, your health care provider will likely talk with you about your symptoms, examine your skin and review your medical history. You may need tests to identify allergies and rule out other skin diseases.
+If you think a certain food caused your child's rash, ask your health care provider about potential food allergies.","Treatment of atopic dermatitis may start with regular moisturizing and other self-care habits. If these don't help, your health care provider might suggest medicated creams that control itching and help repair skin. These are sometimes combined with other treatments.
+Atopic dermatitis can be persistent. You may need to try various treatments over months or years to control it. And even if treatment is successful, symptoms may return (flare).","Atopic dermatitis can make you feel uncomfortable and self-conscious. It can be especially stressful, frustrating or embarrassing for adolescents and young adults. It can disrupt their sleep and even lead to depression.
+Some people may find it helpful to talk with a therapist or other counselor, a family member, or a friend. Or it can be helpful to find a support group for people with eczema, who know what it's like to live with the condition.","You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. Or you may see a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions (dermatologist) or allergies (allergist).
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Taking care of sensitive skin is the first step in treating atopic dermatitis and preventing flares. To help reduce itching and soothe inflamed skin, try these self-care measures:
+Moisturize your skin at least twice a day.Find a product or combination of products that works for you. You might try bath oils, creams, lotions, shea butter, ointments or sprays. For a child, the twice-a-day regimen might be an ointment before bedtime and a cream before school. Ointments are greasier and may sting less when applied. Choose products that are free of dyes, alcohols, fragrances and other ingredients that might irritate the skin. Allow the moisturizer to absorb into the skin before getting dressed.
+Apply an anti-itch cream to the affected area.A nonprescription cream containing at least 1% hydrocortisone can temporarily relieve the itch. Apply it no more than twice a day to the affected area before moisturizing. Once your reaction has improved, you may use this type of cream less often to prevent flares.
+Take an oral allergy or anti-itch medication.Options include nonprescription allergy medicines (antihistamines) — such as cetirizine (Zyrtec Allergy) or fexofenadine (Allegra Allergy). Also, diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) may be helpful if itching is severe. But it causes drowsiness, so it's better for bedtime. The type of antihistamine that causes drowsiness may negatively affect the school performance of some children.
+Don't scratch.Rather than scratching when you itch, try pressing on or patting the skin. Cover the itchy area if you can't keep from scratching it. Keep your nails trimmed. For children, it might help to trim their nails and have them wear socks or gloves at night.
+Take a daily bath or shower.Use warm, rather than hot, water. If you're taking a bath, sprinkle the water with colloidal oatmeal, which is finely ground oatmeal made for bathing (Aveeno, others). Soak for less than 10 minutes, then pat dry. Apply moisturizer while the skin is still damp (within three minutes).
+Use a gentle, nonsoap cleanser.Choose one without dyes, alcohols or fragrances. Harsh soaps can wash away your skin's natural oils. Be sure to rinse off the cleanser completely.
+Take a bleach bath.The American Academy of Dermatology recommends a bleach bath for relief from severe or frequent flares. Talk with your health care provider about whether this is a good option for you.A diluted-bleach bath decreases bacteria on the skin and related infections. Add 1/2 cup (118 milliliters) of household bleach, not concentrated bleach, to a 40-gallon (151-liter) bathtub filled with warm water. Measurements are for a U.S.-standard-sized tub filled to the overflow drainage holes.Soak from the neck down or just the affected areas for 5 to10 minutes. Don't put the head under water. Rinse off the bleach water with tap water. Take a bleach bath 2 to 3 times a week.
+Use a humidifier.Hot, dry indoor air can parch sensitive skin and worsen itching and flaking. A portable home humidifier or a humidifier attached to your furnace adds moisture to the air inside your home.
+Wear cool, smooth-textured clothing.Avoiding clothing that's rough, tight or scratchy. Also, in hot weather or while exercising, choose lightweight clothing that lets your skin breathe. When washing your clothing, avoid harsh detergents and fabric softeners added during the drying cycle.
+Treat stress and anxiety.Stress and other emotional disorders can worsen atopic dermatitis. Being aware of stress and anxiety and taking steps to improve your emotional health may help your skin too.","rash, cracked skin, itchiness, sensitive skin, crusting, oozing, atopic dermatitis, small raised bumps, eczema, swollen skin, thickened skin, pruritus, dry, raw skin, darkening of the skin"
+353,Contact dermatitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/contact-dermatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352742,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/contact-dermatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352748,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/contact-dermatitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20352750,"Contact dermatitis is an itchy rash caused by direct contact with a substance or an allergic reaction to it. The rash isn't contagious, but it can be very uncomfortable.
+Many substances can cause this reaction, such as cosmetics, fragrances, jewelry and plants. The rash often shows up within days of exposure.
+To treat contact dermatitis successfully, you need to identify and avoid the cause of your reaction. If you avoid the substance causing the reaction, the rash often clears up in 2 to 4 weeks. You can try soothing your skin with a cool, wet cloth and other self-care steps.","Contact dermatitis shows up on skin that has been directly exposed to the substance causing the reaction. For example, the rash may show up along a leg that brushed against poison ivy. The rash can develop within minutes to hours of exposure, and it can last 2 to 4 weeks.
+Signs and symptoms of contact dermatitis vary widely and may include:
+An itchy rash
+Leathery patches that are darker than usual (hyperpigmented), typically on brown or Black skin
+Dry, cracked, scaly skin, typically on white skin
+Bumps and blisters, sometimes with oozing and crusting
+Swelling, burning or tenderness","See your health care provider if:
+The rash is so itchy that you can't sleep or go about your day
+The rash is severe or widespread
+You're worried about how your rash looks
+The rash doesn't get better within three weeks
+The rash involves the eyes, mouth, face or genitals
+Seek immediate medical carein the following situations:
+You think your skin is infected. Clues include fever and pus oozing from blisters.
+It's hard to breathe after inhaling burning weeds.
+Your eyes or nasal passages hurt after inhaling smoke from burning poison ivy.
+You think an ingested substance has damaged the lining of your mouth or digestive tract.","Contact dermatitis is caused by exposure to a substance that irritates your skin or triggers an allergic reaction. The substance could be one of thousands of known allergens and irritants. Often people have irritant and allergic reactions at the same time.
+Irritant contact dermatitisis the most common type. This nonallergic skin reaction occurs when an irritant damages your skin's outer protective layer.
+Some people react to strong irritants after a single exposure. Others may develop a rash after repeated exposures to even mild irritants, such as soap and water. And some people develop a tolerance to the substance over time.
+Common irritants include:
+Solvents
+Rubber gloves
+Bleach and detergents
+Hair products
+Soap
+Airborne substances
+Plants
+Fertilizers and pesticides
+Allergic contact dermatitisoccurs when a substance to which you're sensitive (allergen) triggers an immune reaction in your skin. It often affects only the area that came into contact with the allergen. But it may be triggered by something that enters your body through foods, flavorings, medicine, or medical or dental procedures (systemic contact dermatitis).
+People often become sensitized to allergens after many contacts with it over years. Once you develop an allergy to a substance, even a small amount of it can cause a reaction.
+Common allergens include:
+Nickel, which is used in jewelry, buckles and many other items
+Medications, such as antibiotic creams
+Balsam of Peru, which is used in many products, such as perfumes, toothpastes, mouth rinses and flavorings
+Formaldehyde, which is in preservatives, cosmetics and other products
+Personal care products, such as body washes, hair dyes and cosmetics
+Plants such as poison ivy and mango, which contain a highly allergenic substance called urushiol
+Airborne allergens, such as ragweed pollen and spray insecticides
+Products that cause a reaction when you're in the sun (photoallergic contact dermatitis), such as some sunscreens and cosmetics
+Children develop allergic contact dermatitis from the usual offenders and also from exposure to diapers, baby wipes, jewelry used in ear piercing, clothing with snaps or dyes, and so on.","The risk of contact dermatitis may be higher in people who have certain jobs and hobbies. Examples include:
+Agricultural workers
+Cleaners
+Construction workers
+Cooks and others who work with food
+Florists
+Hair stylists and cosmetologists
+Health care workers, including dental workers
+Machinists
+Mechanics
+Scuba divers or swimmers, due to the rubber in face masks or goggles","Contact dermatitis can lead to an infection if you repeatedly scratch the affected area, causing it to become wet and oozing. This creates a good place for bacteria or fungi to grow and may cause an infection.","You can take the following steps to help prevent contact dermatitis:
+Avoid irritants and allergens.Try to identify and avoid the cause of your rash. For ear and body piercings, use jewelry made of hypoallergenic material, such as surgical steel or gold.
+Wash your skin.For poison ivy, poison oak or poison sumac, you might be able to remove most of the rash-causing substance if you wash your skin right away after coming into contact with it. Use a mild, fragrance-free soap and warm water. Rinse completely. Also wash any clothing or other items that may have come into contact with a plant allergen, such as poison ivy.
+Wear protective clothing or gloves.Face masks, goggles, gloves and other protective items can shield you from irritating substances, including household cleansers.
+Apply an iron-on patch to cover metal fasteners next to your skin.This can help you avoid a reaction to jean snaps, for example.
+Apply a barrier cream or gel.These products can provide a protective layer for your skin. For example, a nonprescription skin cream containing bentoquatam (Ivy Block) may prevent or lessen your skin's reaction to poison ivy.
+Use moisturizer.Regularly applying moisturizing lotions can help restore your skin's outermost layer and keep your skin supple.
+Take care around pets.Allergens from plants, such as poison ivy, can cling to pets and then be spread to people. Bathe your pet if you think it got into poison ivy or something similar.","Your health care provider may be able to diagnose contact dermatitis by talking to you about your signs and symptoms. You might be asked questions to help identify the cause of your condition and uncover clues about the trigger substance. And you'll likely undergo a skin exam to assess the rash.
+Your health care provider may suggest a patch test to identify the cause of your rash. In this test, small amounts of potential allergens are put on sticky patches. Then the patches are placed on your skin. They stay on your skin for 2 to 3 days. During this time, you'll need to keep your back dry. Then your health care provider checks for skin reactions under the patches and determines whether further testing is needed.
+This test can be useful if the cause of your rash isn't apparent or if your rash recurs often. But the redness indicating a reaction can be hard to see on brown or Black skin, which may lead to a missed diagnosis.","If home care steps don't ease your signs and symptoms, your health care provider may prescribe medications. Examples include:
+Steroid creams or ointments.These are applied to the skin to help soothe the rash. You might apply prescription topical steroids, such as clobetasol 0.05% or triamcinolone 0.1%. Talk with your health care provider about how many times a day to apply it and for how many weeks.
+Pills.In severe cases, your health care provider may prescribe pills you take by mouth (oral medications) to reduce swelling, relieve itching or fight a bacterial infection.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider, who might then refer you to a doctor who specializes in skin disorders (dermatologist).
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment.","To help reduce itching and soothe inflamed skin, try these self-care approaches:
+Avoid the irritant or allergen.The key to this is identifying what's causing your rash and staying away from it. Your health care provider may give you a list of products that typically contain the substance that affects you. Also ask for a list of products that are free of the substance that affects you.
+Apply an anti-itch cream or ointment.Put on the itchy area 1% hydrocortisone cream or ointment (Cortizone 10, others). This is a nonprescription product that you can buy at a drugstore. Use it 1 to 2 times a day for a few days. Or try calamine lotion. Whatever product you use, try cooling it in the refrigerator before applying.
+Take an anti-itch drug.An oral antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine (Advil PM, Benadryl, others), which may also help you sleep better. A nonprescription antihistamine that won't make you so drowsy is loratadine (Alavert, Claritin, others).
+Apply cool, wet compresses.Place a cool, wet cloth over the rash for 15 to 30 minutes several times a day.
+Protect your skin.Avoid scratching. Trim your nails. If you can't keep from scratching an itchy area, cover it with a dressing. Leave blisters alone. While your skin heals, stay out of the sun or use other sun protection measures.
+Soak in a soothing cool bath.Soak the affected area in cool water for 20 minutes. Sprinkle the water an oatmeal-based bath product (Aveeno).
+Protect your hands.Rinse and dry hands well and gently after washing. Use moisturizers throughout the day — on top of any medicated cream you're using. And choose gloves based on what you're protecting your hands from. For example, plastic gloves lined with cotton are good if your hands are often wet.","rash, cracked skin, blisters, swelling, scaly, dermatitis, scaly skin, crusting, oozing, burning, bumps, leathery patches, itchy rash, tenderness, dry skin"
+354,Neurodermatitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neurodermatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20375634,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neurodermatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375639,,"Neurodermatitis is a skin condition that starts with an itchy patch of skin. Scratching makes it itch more. With more scratching, the skin becomes thick and leathery. You may develop several itchy spots, typically on the neck, wrists, forearms, legs or groin area.
+Neurodermatitis — also known as lichen simplex chronicus — is not life-threatening or contagious. But the itching can be so intense it disrupts your sleep, sexual function and quality of life.
+Breaking the itch-scratch cycle of neurodermatitis is challenging, and neurodermatitis is usually a long-term condition. It may clear up with treatment but often returns. Treatment focuses on controlling the itching and preventing scratching. It also may help to identify and eliminate factors that worsen your symptoms, such as dry skin.","Symptoms of neurodermatitis include:
+An itchy, scaly skin patch or patches
+Open sores that bleed
+Thick, leathery skin
+Discolored, wrinkled genital skin
+Raised, rough patches that are inflamed or darker than the rest of the skin
+The condition involves areas that can be reached for scratching — the scalp, neck, wrists, forearms, ankles, vulva, scrotum and anus. The itchiness, which can be intense, may come and go or be nonstop. You may scratch your skin out of habit and while sleeping.","See your health care provider if home remedies haven't helped after two days and:
+You catch yourself repeatedly scratching the same patch of skin
+The itch prevents you from sleeping or focusing on your daily routines
+Seek immediate medical care if your skin becomes painful or looks infected and you have a fever","The exact cause of neurodermatitis isn't known. It can be triggered by something that irritates the skin, such as tight clothing or a bug bite. The more you scratch, the more it itches.
+Sometimes, neurodermatitis goes along with other skin conditions, such as dry skin, atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. Stress and anxiety also can trigger itching.","Factors that can increase the risk of neurodermatitis include:
+Age.The condition is most common among people between 30 and 50 years of age.
+Other skin conditions.People who have or had other skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis, are more likely to develop neurodermatitis.
+Family history.People whose blood relatives have or had hay fever, childhood eczema or asthma may be more likely to develop neurodermatitis.
+Anxiety disorders.Anxiety and emotional stress can trigger neurodermatitis.","Persistent scratching can lead to a wound, a bacterial skin infection, or permanent scars and changes in skin color (postinflammatory hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation). The itch of neurodermatitis can affect your sleep, sexual function and quality of life.",,"To see if you have neurodermatitis, your health care provider will look at your skin and talk with you about your symptoms. To rule out other conditions, your health care provider may take a small sample of the affected skin to have it examined under a microscope in a laboratory. This test is called a skin biopsy.","Treatment for neurodermatitis focuses on controlling the itching, preventing scratching and addressing underlying causes. Even with successful treatment, the condition often returns. Your health care provider may suggest one or more of the following treatments:
+Anti-itch creams.If corticosteroid cream that you can by at a store isn't helping, your health care provider may prescribe a stronger corticosteroid or a nonsteroidal anti-itch product with a calcineurin inhibitor, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) or pimecrolimus (Elidel). A calcineurin inhibitor may be helpful in easing itching in sensitive areas such as the genitals.
+Corticosteroid injections.Your health care provider may inject corticosteroids directly into the affected skin to help it heal.
+Medicine to ease itching.Prescription antihistamines help relieve itching in many people with neurodermatitis. Some of these drugs may cause drowsiness and help prevent scratching while you sleep.
+Anti-anxiety drugs.Because anxiety and stress can trigger neurodermatitis, anti-anxiety drugs may help prevent the itchiness.
+Medicated patches.For stubborn itching, your health care provider may suggest lidocaine or capsaicin (kap-SAY-ih-sin) patches.
+OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) injection.This technique may be helpful to people who haven't had success with other treatments.
+Light therapy.This technique also may be helpful to people who haven't had success with other treatments. It involves exposing the affected skin to certain types of light.
+Talk therapy.Talking with a counselor can help you learn how your emotions and behaviors can fuel — or prevent — itching and scratching. Your counselor might suggest some behavioral techniques to try.",,"You may start by seeing your primary care provider. Or you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in skin conditions called a dermatologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","These self-care measures can help you manage neurodermatitis:
+Stop rubbing and scratching.The itching may be intense, but avoiding rubbing and scratching is key to controlling your condition and preventing the itch from coming back.
+Apply cool, wet cloths.These may soothe the skin and relieve the itch. Put a cool, wet cloth on the affected skin for a few minutes before you apply a medicated cream. This helps the cream soak into the skin.
+Try cooling lotions.Apply calamine lotion or a lotion that contains camphor or menthol.
+Try nonprescription medications.Apply an anti-itch cream or lotion to the affected area. Do this three times a day for two days. A hydrocortisone cream can temporarily relieve the itch. If you keep the cream in the refrigerator, it's cool and soothing when you use it. Or try a nonsteroidal cream with menthol or pramoxine (CeraVe, Sarna, others) to help ease the itch.An oral antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), can relieve severe itching and help you sleep. Some people have success with capsaicin cream, but it may sting at first.
+Cover the affected area.Bandages or dressings can help protect the skin and prevent scratching. These may be especially useful if you scratch during your sleep.
+Keep your nails trimmed.Short nails may do less damage to the skin, especially if you tend to scratch while you're asleep. You might try wearing mittens when you sleep too.
+Take short, warm baths and moisturize your skin.Prepare your bath with warm — not hot — water. Sprinkle in an oatmeal-based, also called colloidal, bath product (Aveeno). Use mild soaps without dyes or perfumes. Limit bathing time and frequency. Ideally, shower or bathe no more than once a day, and try to limit the shower or bath to 10 minutes or less.After washing, pat your skin dry and apply unscented moisturizer.
+Avoid triggers.Notice what seems to bring on a recurrence and avoid it. For example, if a stressful event triggered itching, try learning stress management techniques.","inflamed skin, open sores, itchiness, thick skin, scaly, scaly skin, raised patches, darker skin, discolored skin, itchy, vulva, scrotum and anus, sores that bleed, wrinkled skin, neurodermatitis"
+355,Seborrheic dermatitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-dermatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352710,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-dermatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352714,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-dermatitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20352717,"Seborrheic (seb-o-REE-ik) dermatitis is a common skin condition that mainly affects your scalp. It causes scaly patches, inflamed skin and stubborn dandruff. It usually affects oily areas of the body, such as the face, sides of the nose, eyebrows, ears, eyelids and chest. This condition can be irritating but it's not contagious, and it doesn't cause permanent hair loss.
+Seborrheic dermatitis may go away without treatment. Or you may need to use medicated shampoo or other products long term to clear up symptoms and prevent flare-ups.
+Seborrheic dermatitis is also called dandruff, seborrheic eczema and seborrheic psoriasis. When it occurs in infants, it's called cradle cap.","Seborrheic dermatitis signs and symptoms may include:
+Flaking skin (dandruff) on your scalp, hair, eyebrows, beard or mustache
+Patches of greasy skin covered with flaky white or yellow scales or crust on the scalp, face, sides of the nose, eyebrows, ears, eyelids, chest, armpits, groin area or under the breasts
+Rash that may look darker or lighter in people with brown or Black skin and redder in those with white skin
+Ring-shaped (annular) rash, for a type called petaloid seborrheic dermatitis
+Itchiness (pruritus)
+The signs and symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis tend to flare with stress, fatigue or a change of season.","See your health care provider if:
+You're so uncomfortable that you're losing sleep or are distracted from your daily routines.
+Your condition makes you feel embarrassed or anxious.
+You think your skin is infected.
+You've tried self-care steps, but your symptoms persist.","The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis isn't clear. It may be due to the yeast Malassezia, excess oil in the skin or a problem in the immune system.","Risk factors for seborrheic dermatitis include:
+Stress
+Fatigue
+A change of season
+Nervous system conditions, such as Parkinson's disease
+Having a mental health condition, such as depression
+Immune system disorders, such as HIV infection
+Recovery from stressful medical conditions, such as a heart attack",,,"To diagnose seborrheic dermatitis, your health care provider will likely talk with you about your symptoms and look at your skin. You may need to have a small piece of skin removed (biopsied) for study in a lab. This test helps rule out other conditions.","For adolescents and adults, the main treatments for seborrheic dermatitis are medicated shampoos, creams and lotions. If nonprescription products and self-care habits don't help, your health care provider might suggest that you try one or more of these treatments:
+Antifungal gels, creams, lotions, foams or shampoos alternated with another medication.Your health care provider might suggest you try a product with 2% ketoconazole or 1% ciclopirox (Loprox). Or you might rotate between two or more products. Ketoconzole can worsen the dryness of tightly coiled or chemically treated hair and increase the risk of breakage. To ease this effect, use it only once a week with a moisturizing conditioner.How often you shampoo or apply other antifungal products will depend on your hair-grooming practices and symptoms. Medicated shampoos can be used once a day or 2 to 3 times a week for several weeks. Let the product sit on your scalp for a few minutes — see package directions — so it has time to work. Then rinse. After your symptoms clear up, use a medicated shampoo just once a week or once every two weeks. This will help prevent a relapse.
+Creams, lotions, shampoos or ointments that control inflammation.Your health care provider might prescribe a prescription-strength corticosteroid you apply to the scalp or other affected area. These include hydrocortisone, fluocinolone (Capex, Synalar), clobetasol (Clobex, Temovate) and desonide (Desowen, Desonate). They are effective and easy to use. And use them only until symptoms clear up. If used for many weeks or months without a break, they can cause side effects. These include loss of skin color, thinning skin, and skin showing streaks or lines.Creams or ointments with a calcineurin inhibitor such as tacrolimus (Protopic) or pimecrolimus (Elidel) may be effective. Another benefit is that they have fewer side effects than corticosteroids do. But they are not first-choice treatments because the Food and Drug Administration has concerns about a possible association with cancer. In addition, tacrolimus and pimecrolimus cost more than mild corticosteroid medications.
+Antifungal medication you take as a pill.If your condition isn't improving with other treatments or is severe, your health care provider may prescribe an antifungal medication in pill form.",,"You'll probably first visit your primary care provider. Or you may see a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions (dermatologist).
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","You may be able to control seborrheic dermatitis with lifestyle changes and home remedies. Many of these are sold in nonprescription forms. You may need to try different products or a combination of products before your condition improves.
+The best approach for you depends on your skin type, hair-grooming practices and your symptoms. But even if your condition clears up, it's likely to come back at some point. Watch for the symptoms and resume treating the condition when it recurs. Or use nonprescription antidandruff products in your self-care routine to prevent flare-ups.","flaky white or yellow scales, rash, fatigue, itchiness, dandruff, dermatitis, greasy, flaking skin, crust, flaky, patches of greasy skin, seborrheic dermatitis, pruritus"
+356,Dermatographia (Dermatographism),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dermatographia/symptoms-causes/syc-20371411,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dermatographia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371415,,"Dermatographia is a condition in which lightly scratching your skin causes raised, inflamed lines or welts. These marks tend to go away in less than 30 minutes. The condition is also known as dermatographism and skin writing.
+The cause of dermatographia is unknown, but it may be related to an infection, emotional upset or a medicine you're taking.
+Dermatographia is harmless. Most people who have this condition don't need treatment. If your symptoms bother you, talk with your health care provider, who might prescribe an allergy medicine.","Symptoms of dermatographia may include:
+Raised, inflamed lines where you scratched.
+Welts from friction.
+Swelling.
+Itching.
+The symptoms may occur within a few minutes of the skin being rubbed or scratched. They tend to go away within 30 minutes. Rarely, the skin symptoms develop more slowly and lasts several hours to days. The condition itself can last for months or years.",See your health care provider if your symptoms bother you.,"The exact cause of dermatographia isn't clear. It may be an allergic reaction, though no specific allergen has been found.
+Simple things may cause symptoms of dermatographia. For example, rubbing from your clothes or bedsheets may irritate your skin. In some people, the symptoms are preceded by an infection, emotional stress, vibration, cold exposure or taking a medicine.","Dermatographia can occur at any age. It tends to be more common in teens and young adults. If you have other skin conditions, you may be at greater risk. One such condition is atopic dermatitis (eczema).",,"Try these tips to reduce discomfort and prevent the symptoms of dermatographia:
+Treat skin gently.Use a mild soap or nonsoap cleanser and pat skin dry. Wear things made of cloth that doesn't itch. Use warm water when you take a bath or shower.
+Don't scratch your skin.Try not to scratch. This is a good tip for any skin condition.
+Keep your skin moisturized.Use creams, lotions or ointments daily. Creams and ointments are thicker and tend to work better than lotions do. Apply your skin product while your skin is still damp from washing. Use it again during the day as needed.","To test if you have dermatographia, your health care provider may draw a tongue depressor across the skin of your arm or back. If a raised line or a welt appears within a few minutes, you likely have the condition.","Treatment for dermatographia often isn't needed, as symptoms tend to clear up on their own. But if your symptoms are bad or bother you, your health care provider may suggest a mild antihistamine medicine taken by mouth. These are sold at drugstores. First try a type doesn't cause drowsiness, such as fexofenadine (Allegra), loratadine (Alavert, Claritin, others) or cetirizine. If none of these help, your health care provider may prescribe a stronger medicine for use at bedtime. An example is doxepin.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. Or you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in skin conditions. This type of doctor is called a dermatologist. Or you might need to see a doctor who specializes in allergies. This type of doctor is called an allergist.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"swelling, dermatographia, welts, raised lines, itching"
+357,Athlete's foot,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/athletes-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20353841,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/athletes-foot/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353847,,"Athlete's foot (tinea pedis) is a fungal skin infection that usually begins between the toes. It commonly occurs in people whose feet have become very sweaty while confined within tight-fitting shoes.
+Signs and symptoms of athlete's foot include an itchy, scaly rash. The condition is contagious and can be spread via contaminated floors, towels or clothing.
+Athlete's foot is closely related to other fungal infections such as ringworm and jock itch. It can be treated with antifungal medications, but the infection often comes back.","Athlete's foot can affect one or both feet. Common signs and symptoms are:
+Scaly, peeling or cracked skin between the toes
+Itchiness, especially right after taking off shoes and socks
+Inflamed skin that might appear reddish, purplish or grayish, depending on your skin color
+Burning or stinging
+Blisters
+Dry, scaly skin on the bottom of the foot that extends up the side","If you have a rash on your foot that doesn't improve within two weeks of beginning self-treatment with an over-the-counter antifungal product, see your doctor.
+If you have diabetes, see your doctor if you suspect that you have athlete's foot. Also see your doctor if you have signs of an infection — swelling of the affected area, pus, fever.","Athlete's foot is caused by the same type of fungi (dermatophytes) that cause ringworm and jock itch. Damp socks and shoes and warm, humid conditions favor the organisms' growth.
+Athlete's foot is contagious and can spread through contact with an infected person or from contact with contaminated surfaces, such as towels, floors and shoes. You can also spread it from the foot to other parts of the body, especially if you scratch or pick the infected parts of your foot.","You are at higher risk of athlete's foot if you:
+Frequently wear enclosed footwear
+Sweat heavily
+Share mats, rugs, bed linens, clothes or shoes with someone who has a fungal infection
+Walk barefoot in public areas where the infection can spread, such as locker rooms, saunas, swimming pools, communal baths and showers","The athlete's foot infection can spread to other warm, moist parts of the body. Jock itch is often caused by the same fungus that results in athlete's foot. It's common for the infection to spread from the feet to the groin because the fungus can travel on hands or towels.
+Athlete's foot can sometimes lead to bacterial infections.","These tips can help you avoid athlete's foot or avoid spreading it to others:
+Let your feet air out.When you can, wear sandals to let your feet air out as much as possible.
+Wash your feet daily.Use warm, soapy water and rinse and dry your feet thoroughly, especially between the toes. Apply a medicated foot powder (Tinactin, Gold Bond, others) or other medicated powder (Lotrimin AF, Zeasorb, others) if you're prone to athlete's foot.
+Change socks regularly.Change your socks at least once a day — more often if your feet get really sweaty. Moisture-wicking socks, such as those made from cotton, help keep your feet drier than do nylon socks.
+Alternate pairs of shoes.Use different shoes from day to day. This gives your shoes time to dry after each use.
+Protect your feet in public places.Wear waterproof sandals or shoes around public pools, showers and lockers rooms.
+Be aware of the risk factors for spreading the condition.If you live with others, don't share shoes or unwashed bedding and towels.","Your doctor may be able to diagnose athlete's foot simply by looking at it. Some types of athletes foot look like dry skin or dermatitis. To help confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions, your doctor might take a skin scraping from the affected area for testing in a lab.","If your athlete's foot doesn't respond to nonprescription products and self-care, you may need to see a doctor to get a prescription-strength cream or ointment, such as clotrimazole, econazole (Ecoza) or ciclopirox (Loprox). If you have a more serious infection, your doctor might prescribe antifungal pills, such as terbinafine or itraconazole (Sporanox, Tolsura). Or you might need both topical and oral medicine.",,Your primary care doctor or a skin specialist (dermatologist) can diagnose athlete's foot. You don't need any special preparations for an appointment to diagnose athlete's foot.,"These tips can help you ease the symptoms of athlete's foot or avoid a recurrence:
+Keep your feet clean and dry.Wash your feet twice a day and gently towel-dry between the toes.
+Use an antifungal product.After washing and drying your feet, apply an antifungal product. The antifungal terbinafine (Lamisil AT) has been shown to be very effective. Another option is clotrimazole (Lotrimin AF). You may need to experiment to find the product and formulation — ointment, gel, cream, lotion, powder or spray — that work for you. Apply the product to the affected skin as directed — usually twice a day until a week after the rash clears up. It might take 2 to 4 weeks to see results. If the condition comes back, you might need to start applying the product again.
+Change socks regularly.Change your socks at least once a day — more often if your feet get really sweaty.
+Wear light, well-ventilated footwear.Avoid shoes made of synthetic material, such as vinyl or rubber. Wear sandals when possible to let your feet air out.
+Alternate pairs of shoes.Use different shoes from day to day. This gives your shoes time to dry after each use.
+Protect your feet in public places.Wear waterproof sandals or shoes around public pools, showers and lockers rooms.
+Try not to scratch the rash.You can try soothing your itchy feet by soaking them in cool water.
+Don't share shoes.Sharing risks spreading a fungal infection.","inflamed skin, cracked skin, blisters, itchiness, scaly, burning, stinging
+blisters
+, peeling, stinging, dry skin"
+358,Retinal detachment,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinal-detachment/symptoms-causes/syc-20351344,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinal-detachment/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351348,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinal-detachment/doctors-departments/ddc-20351350,"Retinal detachment happens when the thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye pulls away from its regular position. This layer of tissue is called the retina. Retinal detachment is an emergency.
+Retinal detachment separates the retinal cells from the layer of blood vessels that provides oxygen and nourishment to the eye. The longer retinal detachment goes without treatment, the greater the risk of permanent vision loss in the affected eye.
+Symptoms of retinal detachment can include the following: reduced vision, the sudden appearance of dark floating shapes and flashes of light in your vision, and loss of side vision. Contacting an eye doctor, called an ophthalmologist, right away can help save your vision.","Retinal detachment is painless. Often, symptoms are present before a retinal detachment happens or before it has gotten worse. You may notice symptoms such as:
+The sudden appearance of tiny specks or squiggly lines that seem to drift through your field of vision. These are called floaters.
+Flashes of light in one or both eyes. These are called photopsias.
+Blurred vision.
+Side vision, also called peripheral vision, that becomes worse.
+A curtainlike shadow over your field of vision.",See a healthcare professional right away if you have any symptoms of retinal detachment. This condition is an emergency that can cause lasting vision loss.,"There are three main types of retinal detachment, and their causes vary:
+Rhegmatogenous (reg-mu-TOJ-uh-nus).This type of retinal detachment is the most common. A rhegmatogenous detachment is caused by a hole or tear in the retina that lets fluid pass through and collect underneath the retina. This fluid builds up and causes the retina to pull away from underlying tissues. The areas where the retina detaches lose their blood supply and stop working. This causes you to lose vision.The most common cause of rhegmatogenous detachment is aging. As you age, gel-like material that fills the inside of your eye, called vitreous (VIT-ree-us), may change in texture and shrink or become more liquid. Usually, the vitreous separates from the surface of the retina without any complications. This is a common condition called a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).As the vitreous separates or peels off the retina, it may tug on the retina with enough force to create a tear. Most of the time it doesn't. But if aPVDcauses a tear and the tear isn't treated, the liquid vitreous can pass through the tear into the space behind the retina. This causes the retina to detach.
+Tractional.This type of detachment can happen when scar tissue grows on the retina's surface. The scar tissue causes the retina to pull away from the back of the eye. Tractional detachment usually is seen in people who have poorly controlled diabetes.
+Exudative.In this type of detachment, fluid builds up beneath the retina, but there are no holes or tears in the retina. Exudative detachment can be caused by age-related macular degeneration, infection, tumors or inflammatory conditions.","The following factors raise your risk of retinal detachment:
+Aging — retinal detachment is more common in people ages 40 to 70.
+Past retinal detachment in one eye.
+Family history of retinal detachment.
+Extreme nearsightedness, also called myopia.
+Past eye surgery, such as cataract removal.
+Past severe eye injury.
+History of other eye disease or condition, including retinoschisis, uveitis or thinning of the peripheral retina called lattice degeneration.",,,"Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare professional takes to find out if retinal detachment is the cause of your symptoms. Your healthcare team may use the following tests and instruments to diagnose retinal detachment:
+Retinal exam.Your healthcare professional may use an instrument with a bright light and special lenses to check the back of your eye, including the retina. This type of device provides a detailed view of your whole eye. It lets your healthcare professional see any retinal holes, tears or detachments.
+Ultrasound imaging.Your healthcare professional may use this test if bleeding has happened in your eye. Bleeding makes it hard to see the retina.
+Your healthcare professional likely will check both eyes even if you have symptoms in just one. If a retinal tear is not found at this visit, your healthcare professional may ask you to return within a few weeks. The return visit is done to confirm that your eye has not developed a delayed retinal tear due to the same vitreous detachment. Also, if you have new symptoms, it's important to return to your healthcare professional right away.","Surgery is almost always the type of treatment used to repair a retinal tear, hole or detachment. Various techniques are available. Ask your ophthalmologist about the risks and benefits of your treatment options. Together you can decide what treatment or combination of treatments is best for you.","Retinal detachment may cause you to lose vision. Depending on your amount of vision loss, your lifestyle might change a lot.
+You may find the following ideas useful as you learn to live with impaired vision:
+Get glasses.Your glasses prescription may change after retinal detachment repair, especially if the detachment is treated with a scleral buckle. Get an updated prescription once your eye has healed to make the most of your vision. Request safety lenses to protect your eyes.
+Brighten your home.Have proper light in your home for reading and other activities.
+Make your home safer.Get rid of throw rugs or secure the rugs to the floor with tape to prevent slips and falls. Move electrical cords out of the way from areas where you walk a lot. And place colored tape on the edges of steps. Think about installing lights that turn on when they detect movement.
+Ask for help if you need it.Tell friends and family members about your vision changes so that they can help you.
+Get help from technology.Digital talking books and computer screen readers can help with reading. Other new technology continues to advance.
+Explore driving services.Look into vans and shuttles, volunteer driving networks, or ride-sharing services available in your area for people with impaired vision.
+Talk to others with impaired vision.Take advantage of online networks, support groups and resources for people with impaired vision.",Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.,,"curtainlike shadow, retinal detachment, peripheral vision, blurred vision, photopsias, tiny specks, flashes of light, floaters, squiggly lines"
+360,Neuromyelitis optica,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuromyelitis-optica/symptoms-causes/syc-20375652,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuromyelitis-optica/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375655,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuromyelitis-optica/doctors-departments/ddc-20375657,"Neuromyelitis optica, also known as NMO, is a central nervous system disorder that causes inflammation in nerves of the eye and the spinal cord.
+NMOalso is called neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and Devic disease. It occurs when the immune system reacts against the body's own cells. This happens mainly in the spinal cord and in the optic nerves that connect the retina of the eye with the brain. But it sometimes happens in the brain.
+The condition may appear after an infection, or it can be linked with another autoimmune condition. Altered antibodies bind to proteins in the central nervous system and cause damage.
+Neuromyelitis optica is often misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis, also known as MS, or is seen as a type ofMS. ButNMOis a different condition.
+Neuromyelitis optica can cause blindness, weakness in the legs or arms, and painful spasms. It also can cause loss of sensation, vomiting and hiccups, and bladder or bowel symptoms.
+Symptoms can get better and then worse again, known as a relapse. Treatment to prevent relapses is important to help prevent disability.NMOcan cause permanent vision loss and trouble walking.","Symptoms of neuromyelitis optica are related to the inflammation that occurs in the nerves of the eye and spinal cord.
+Vision changes caused byNMOare called optic neuritis. These may include:
+Blurred vision or loss of vision in one or both eyes.
+Not being able to see color.
+Eye pain.
+Symptoms related to the spinal cord are called transverse myelitis. These may include:
+Stiffness, weakness or numbness in the legs and sometimes in the arms.
+Loss of feeling in the arms or legs.
+Not being able to empty the bladder or trouble managing bowel or bladder function.
+A tingling feeling or shooting pain in the neck, back or stomach.
+Other symptoms ofNMOmay include:
+Hiccups.
+Nausea and vomiting.
+Children can have confusion, seizures or coma. However, these symptoms in children are more common in a related condition known as myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD).
+Symptoms may get better and then worse again. When they get worse, it's known as a relapse. Relapses can happen after weeks, months or years. Over time, relapses can lead to total blindness or loss of feeling, known as paralysis.",,"Experts don't know exactly what causes neuromyelitis optica. In people who have the disease, the immune system attacks healthy tissues in the central nervous system. The central nervous system includes the spinal cord, brain and optic nerves that connect the retina of the eye with the brain. The attack occurs because altered antibodies bind to proteins in the central nervous system and cause damage.
+This immune system reaction causes swelling, known as inflammation, and leads to the damage of nerve cells.","Neuromyelitis optica is rare. Some factors that may raise the risk of gettingNMOinclude:
+Sex assigned at birth.Women haveNMOmore often than do men.
+Age.Most often,NMOaffects adults. The average age of diagnosis is 40. However, children and older adults also can have neuromyelitis optica.
+Race or ethnicity.People of Hispanic, Asian, or African or Afro-Caribbean descent haveNMOat higher rates than do people who are white.
+Some research suggests that not having enough vitamin D in the body, smoking and having few infections early in life also may raise the risk of neuromyelitis optica.",,,"Diagnosing neuromyelitis optica involves a physical exam and tests. Part of the diagnosis process is to rule out other nervous system conditions that have similar symptoms. Healthcare professionals also look for symptoms and test results linked toNMO. Criteria to diagnose neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) were proposed in 2015 by the International Panel forNMODiagnosis.
+A healthcare professional reviews your medical history and symptoms and does a physical exam. Other tests include:
+Neurological exam.A neurologist examines movement, muscle strength, coordination, sensation, memory, thinking, vision and speech. An eye doctor also might be involved in the exam.
+MRI.This imaging test uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create a detailed view of the brain, optic nerves and spinal cord. The results may show lesions or damaged areas in the brain, optic nerves or spinal cord.
+Blood tests.A healthcare professional might test the blood for the autoantibody that binds to proteins and causesNMO. The autoantibody is called aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin G, also known as AQP4-IgG. Testing for this autoantibody can help healthcare professionals distinguish betweenNMOandMSand make an early diagnosis ofNMO.Other biomarkers such as serum glial fibrillary acidic protein, also called GFAP, and serum neurofilament light chain help detect relapses. A myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G antibody test, also called an MOG-IgG antibody test, also might be used to look for another inflammatory disorder that mimicsNMO.
+Lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap.During this test, a healthcare professional inserts a needle into the lower back to remove a small amount of spinal fluid. This test determines the levels of immune cells, proteins and antibodies in the fluid. This test might distinguishNMOfromMS.The spinal fluid might show a very high level of white blood cells duringNMOepisodes. This is greater than the level usually seen inMS, although this symptom doesn't always happen.
+Stimuli response test.To learn how well the brain responds to stimuli such as sounds, sights or touch, you may have a test called an evoked potentials test or evoked response test.Wires called electrodes are attached to the scalp and, sometimes, the earlobes, neck, arms, legs and back. Equipment attached to the electrodes records the brain's responses to stimuli. These tests help find lesions or damaged areas in the nerves, spinal cord, optic nerve, brain or brainstem.
+Optical coherence tomography.This test looks at the retinal nerve fiber layer and its thickness. Patients with inflamed optic nerves fromNMOhave more-extensive vision loss and retinal nerve thinning than do people withMS.","Neuromyelitis optica can't be cured. But treatment can sometimes lead to a long-term period with no symptoms, known as remission.NMOtreatment involves therapies to reverse recent symptoms and prevent future attacks.
+Reversing recent symptoms.In the early stage of anNMOattack, a healthcare professional might give a corticosteroid medicine such as methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol). It's given through a vein in the arm. The medicine is taken for about five days and then it's usually tapered off slowly over several days.Plasma exchange is often recommended as the first or second treatment, usually in addition to steroid therapy. In this procedure, some blood is removed from the body, and blood cells are mechanically separated from fluid called plasma. The blood cells are mixed with a replacement solution and the blood is returned to the body. This process can remove harmful substances and cleanse the blood.Healthcare professionals also can help manage other possible symptoms, such as pain or muscle problems.
+Preventing future attacks.Your healthcare professional might recommend that you take a lower dose of corticosteroids over time to prevent futureNMOattacks and relapses.
+Reducing relapses.Monoclonal antibodies have been shown in clinical trials to be effective in reducing the risk ofNMOrelapses. These medicines include eculizumab (Soliris), satralizumab (Enspryng), inebilizumab (Uplizna), ravulizumab (Ultomiris) and rituximab (Rituxan). Many of these have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for prevention of relapses in adults.Your healthcare professional also might recommend taking a medicine that suppresses the immune system. This might include azathioprine (Imuran, Azasan), mycophenolate (Cellcept, Myhibbin), methotrexate (Trexall, Xatmep, others), cyclophosphamide or tocilizumab (Actemra).Intravenous immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, may decrease the relapse rate ofNMO.",,,,"nausea, stiffness, paralysis, eye pain, nausea and vomiting, optic neuritis, loss of feeling, numbness, hiccups, blindness, vomiting, coma, neuromyelitis optica, loss of vision, seizures, pain, myelitis, tingling feeling, weakness, shooting pain, blurred vision, confusion, inflammation"
+361,Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans/symptoms-causes/syc-20576872,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576979,,"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare type of skin cancer. It starts in connective tissue cells in the middle layer of the skin (dermis).
+Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans might look like a pimple or feel like a firm patch of skin at first. As it grows, lumps of tissue (protuberans) may form near the surface of the skin. This skin cancer often forms on the arms, legs and trunk.
+Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans grows slowly and rarely spreads beyond the skin.","Symptoms of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans include:
+A lump or lumps on the skin that look like pimples, scars or birthmarks.
+A lump or lumps on the skin that may feel hard to the touch or rubberlike.
+A patch of skin that feels firm to the touch.
+The lumps typically appear on the arms, legs or trunk. They rarely form on the head or neck.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have ongoing symptoms that worry you.,"The cause of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans often isn't known.
+This skin cancer happens when cells in the skin develop changes. The changes happen in the cells' chromosomes. Chromosomes are threadlike structures inside cells that contain DNA and proteins. The changes in the chromosomes cause the cells to make many more cells quickly. The cancer cells form a growth that starts underneath the skin and may push up to create a lump over time. Other lumps may appear as well.","Risk factors for dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans include:
+Age.This cancer can happen at any age. But it happens most often in adults ages 20 to 50.
+Race.This cancer happens more often in Black people than it does in people of other races.
+Prior skin injury.People with skin that has been burned, treated with radiation or scarred from surgery may be more likely to have this cancer.
+History of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.This cancer can come back locally after surgical removal.
+There is no way to prevent dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.",,,"Tests and procedures used to diagnose dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans include:
+Skin exam.Your healthcare professional may inspect your skin to look for signs of skin cancer.
+Skin biopsy.Your healthcare professional may remove a small amount of tissue for testing. Tests in the lab can see if cancer cells are present.
+Imaging tests.Sometimes imaging tests, such as an MRI, are needed to see the extent of the cancer and to help with treatment planning.","Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans treatment typically involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may be used to kill cancer cells that might remain after surgery.
+Treatment options may include:
+Surgery to remove the cancer.Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans tends to grow in a shape that's not regular. This makes the cancer hard to remove completely. Your healthcare professional may recommend a procedure to remove the cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it. This makes it more likely that all the cancer cells are removed.
+Mohs surgery.Mohs surgery is a type of surgery that involves cutting away thin layers of cancer-containing skin until only cancer-free tissue is left. After each layer of skin is removed, it's examined for signs of cancer. The process keeps going until there are no signs of cancer. Mohs surgery may be helpful for treating larger cancers.
+Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams, such as X-rays and protons, to kill cancer cells. Your health professional may recommend radiation therapy if all the cancer couldn't be removed during surgery.
+Targeted therapy.Targeted therapy medicines attack specific chemicals present in cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted therapy medicines cause cancer cells to die. Some people with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans have cancer cells that produce an excess protein. A medicine called imatinib (Gleevec) can target those cells and cause them to die. Your health professional may recommend this treatment if surgery is not an option or if your cancer returns after surgery.
+Clinical trials.Clinical trials to test new treatments may be an option. Ask your health professional whether you're eligible to participate in a clinical trial.",,"Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your health professional believes you may have skin cancer, that person may refer you to a specialist. Often this is a doctor who specializes in treating skin conditions, called a dermatologist.
+Appointments can be short, and being prepared can help. Here's some information that may help you get ready.",,"birthmarks, scars, firm, pimples, lump, hard, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, rubberlike, lumps"
+362,Diabetes,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371444,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371451,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/doctors-departments/ddc-20371453,"Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It's also the brain's main source of fuel.
+The main cause of diabetes varies by type. But no matter what type of diabetes you have, it can lead to excess sugar in the blood. Too much sugar in the blood can lead to serious health problems.
+Chronic diabetes conditions include type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Potentially reversible diabetes conditions include prediabetes and gestational diabetes. Prediabetes happens when blood sugar levels are higher than normal. But the blood sugar levels aren't high enough to be called diabetes. And prediabetes can lead to diabetes unless steps are taken to prevent it. Gestational diabetes happens during pregnancy. But it may go away after the baby is born.","Diabetes symptoms depend on how high your blood sugar is. Some people, especially if they haveprediabetes,gestational diabetesortype 2 diabetes, may not have symptoms. Intype 1 diabetes, symptoms tend to come on quickly and be more severe.
+Some of the symptoms of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are:
+Feeling more thirsty than usual.
+Urinating often.
+Losing weight without trying.
+Presence of ketones in the urine. Ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens when there's not enough available insulin.
+Feeling tired and weak.
+Feeling irritable or having other mood changes.
+Having blurry vision.
+Having slow-healing sores.
+Getting a lot of infections, such as gum, skin and vaginal infections.
+Type 1 diabetes can start at any age. But it often startsduring childhoodor teen years. Type 2 diabetes, the more common type, can develop at any age. Type 2 diabetes is more common in people older than 40. Buttype 2 diabetes in childrenis increasing.","If you think you or your child may have diabetes.If you notice any possible diabetes symptoms, contact your health care provider. The earlier the condition is diagnosed, the sooner treatment can begin.
+If you've already been diagnosed with diabetes.After you receive your diagnosis, you'll need close medical follow-up until your blood sugar levels stabilize.","To understand diabetes, it's important to understand how the body normally uses glucose.","Risk factors for diabetes depend on the type of diabetes. Family history may play a part in all types. Environmental factors and geography can add to the risk of type 1 diabetes.
+Sometimes family members of people with type 1 diabetes are tested for the presence of diabetes immune system cells (autoantibodies). If you have these autoantibodies, you have an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. But not everyone who has these autoantibodies develops diabetes.
+Race or ethnicity also may raise your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Although it's unclear why, certain people — including Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Asian American people — are at higher risk.
+Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes are more common in people who are overweight or obese.","Long-term complications of diabetes develop gradually. The longer you have diabetes — and the less controlled your blood sugar — the higher the risk of complications. Eventually, diabetes complications may be disabling or even life-threatening. In fact, prediabetes can lead to type 2 diabetes. Possible complications include:
+Heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease.Diabetes majorly increases the risk of many heart problems. These can include coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis). If you have diabetes, you're more likely to have heart disease or stroke.
+Nerve damage from diabetes (diabetic neuropathy).Too much sugar can injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) that nourish the nerves, especially in the legs. This can cause tingling, numbness, burning or pain that usually begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and gradually spreads upward.Damage to the nerves related to digestion can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. For men, it may lead to erectile dysfunction.
+Kidney damage from diabetes (diabetic nephropathy).The kidneys hold millions of tiny blood vessel clusters (glomeruli) that filter waste from the blood. Diabetes can damage this delicate filtering system.
+Eye damage from diabetes (diabetic retinopathy).Diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the eye. This could lead to blindness.
+Foot damage.Nerve damage in the feet or poor blood flow to the feet increases the risk of many foot complications.
+Skin and mouth conditions.Diabetes may leave you more prone to skin problems, including bacterial and fungal infections.
+Hearing impairment.Hearing problems are more common in people with diabetes.
+Alzheimer's disease.Type 2 diabetes may increase the risk of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease.
+Depression related to diabetes.Depression symptoms are common in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.","Type 1 diabetes can't be prevented. But the healthy lifestyle choices that help treat prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes can also help prevent them:
+Eat healthy foods.Choose foods lower in fat and calories and higher in fiber. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Eat a variety to keep from feeling bored.
+Get more physical activity.Try to get about 30 minutes of moderate aerobic activity on most days of the week. Or aim to get at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity a week. For example, take a brisk daily walk. If you can't fit in a long workout, break it up into smaller sessions throughout the day.
+Lose excess pounds.If you're overweight, losing even 7% of your body weight can lower the risk of diabetes. For example, if you weigh 200 pounds (90.7 kilograms), losing 14 pounds (6.4 kilograms) can lower the risk of diabetes.But don't try to lose weight during pregnancy. Talk to your provider about how much weight is healthy for you to gain during pregnancy.To keep your weight in a healthy range, work on long-term changes to your eating and exercise habits. Remember the benefits of losing weight, such as a healthier heart, more energy and higher self-esteem.
+Sometimes drugs are an option. Oral diabetes drugs such as metformin (Glumetza, Fortamet, others) may lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. But healthy lifestyle choices are important. If you have prediabetes, have your blood sugar checked at least once a year to make sure you haven't developed type 2 diabetes.","Type 1 diabetes symptoms often start suddenly and are often the reason for checking blood sugar levels. Because symptoms of other types of diabetes and prediabetes come on more gradually or may not be easy to see, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) has developed screening guidelines. The ADA recommends that the following people be screened for diabetes:
+Anyone with a body mass index higher than 25 (23 for Asian Americans), regardless of age,who has additional risk factors. These factors include high blood pressure, non-typical cholesterol levels, an inactive lifestyle, a history of polycystic ovary syndrome or heart disease, and having a close relative with diabetes.
+Anyone older than age 35is advised to get an initial blood sugar screening. If the results are normal, they should be screened every three years after that.
+Women who have had gestational diabetesare advised to be screened for diabetes every three years.
+Anyone who has been diagnosed with prediabetesis advised to be tested every year.
+Anyone who has HIVis advised to be tested.","Depending on what type of diabetes you have, blood sugar monitoring, insulin and oral drugs may be part of your treatment. Eating a healthy diet, staying at a healthy weight and getting regular physical activity also are important parts of managing diabetes.","Living with diabetes can be difficult and frustrating. Sometimes, even when you've done everything right, your blood sugar levels may rise. But stick with your diabetes management plan and you'll likely see a positive difference in your A1C when you visit your provider.
+Good diabetes management can take a great deal of time and feel overwhelming. Some people find that it helps to talk to someone. Your provider can probably recommend a mental health professional for you to speak with. Or you may want to try a support group.
+Sharing your frustrations and triumphs with people who understand what you're going through can be very helpful. And you may find that others have great tips to share about diabetes management.
+Your provider may know of a local support group. You can also call the American Diabetes Association at 800-DIABETES (800-342-2383) or the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation at 800-533-CURE (800-533-2873).","You're likely to start by seeing your health care provider if you're having diabetes symptoms. If your child is having diabetes symptoms, you might see your child's health care provider. If blood sugar levels are very high, you'll likely be sent to the emergency room.
+If blood sugar levels aren't high enough to put you or your child immediately at risk, you may be referred to a provider trained in diagnosing and treating diabetes (endocrinologist). Soon after diagnosis, you'll also likely meet with a diabetes educator and a registered dietitian to get more information on managing your diabetes.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect.","Diabetes is a serious disease. Following your diabetes treatment plan takes total commitment. Careful management of diabetes can lower your risk of serious or life-threatening complications.
+Commit tomanaging your diabetes.Learn all you can about diabetes. Build a relationship with a diabetes educator. Ask your diabetes treatment team for help when you need it.
+Choose healthy foods and stay at a healthy weight.If you're overweight, losing just 7% of your body weight can make a difference in your blood sugar control if you have prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. A healthy diet is one with plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains and legumes. And limit how much food with saturated fat you eat.
+Make physical activity part of your daily routine.Regular physical activity can help prevent prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. It can also help those who already have diabetes to maintain better blood sugar control. A minimum of 30 minutes of moderate physical activity — such as brisk walking — most days of the week is recommended. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic physical activity a week.Getting regular aerobic exercise along with getting at least two days a week of strength training exercises can help control blood sugar more effectively than does either type of exercise alone. Aerobic exercises can include walking, biking or dancing. Resistance training can include weight training and body weight exercises.Also try to spend less time sitting still. Try to get up and move around for a few minutes at least every 30 minutes or so when you're awake.","mood changes, blurry vision, vaginal infections, feeling irritable, ketones, feeling weak, type 2 diabetes, infections, diabetes symptoms, type 1 diabetes, irritable, diabetes, losing weight, feeling tired, slow-healing sores, getting infections, feeling thirsty, urinating often"
+363,Gestational diabetes,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355339,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355345,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/doctors-departments/ddc-20355347,"Gestational diabetes is diabetes that's first diagnosed during pregnancy. Pregnancy sometimes is called gestation. Like other types of diabetes, gestational diabetes affects how the body's cells use sugar, also called glucose. Gestational diabetes causes high blood sugar that can affect a pregnancy and a baby's health.
+
+The good news is that you may be able to control gestational diabetes. Eat healthy foods, exercise and, if needed, take medicine. Controlling blood sugar can help keep you and your baby healthy, and it may help prevent some problems during delivery.
+
+For most people who have gestational diabetes, blood sugar goes back to its usual level soon after a baby is born. But if you've had gestational diabetes, you have a higher risk of getting type 2 diabetes. That means you'll need to be tested for changes in blood sugar more often.","Most of the time, gestational diabetes doesn't cause symptoms that are easy to notice. Being thirsty and urinating more often are possible symptoms.","If possible, seek healthcare when you start to think about trying to get pregnant. Then your healthcare professional can check your risk of gestational diabetes and your overall wellness. Once you're pregnant, your healthcare professional will check you for gestational diabetes as part of your prenatal care.
+
+If you have gestational diabetes, you'll need checkups more often. These extra checkups are most likely to be during the last three months of pregnancy. Your healthcare professional will check your blood sugar level and your baby's health.","Experts don't yet know why some people get gestational diabetes and others don't. Extra weight before pregnancy often plays a role.
+
+Hormones, mainly insulin, keep blood sugar at the right level in the body. But during pregnancy, hormone levels change. Those changes may make it harder for the body to use blood sugar as it should. This makes blood sugar rise.",Risk factors for gestational diabetes include:,"If high blood sugar isn't controlled, it can cause health problems for you and your baby. This includes an increased risk of needing surgery to deliver the baby. That surgery is called a C-section.","There is no sure way to prevent gestational diabetes. But having healthy habits before pregnancy can help. If you've had gestational diabetes, these healthy choices also might lower your risk of getting diabetes again. That includes developing gestational diabetes during another pregnancy and developing type 2 diabetes in the future.
+
+Keep active.Exercising before and during pregnancy can help protect you from getting gestational diabetes. Aim for 30 minutes of moderate activity on most days of the week. Take a brisk daily walk. Ride a bike. Swim laps.
+
+Short bursts of activity add up. These might include parking further away from the store when you run errands or taking short walks throughout the day.","If you're at average risk of gestational diabetes, you'll likely have a screening test for gestational diabetes during the second trimester. That test often happens between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy.
+
+If you're at high risk of diabetes, you may have the screening test earlier in pregnancy. Some pregnant people at high risk for gestational diabetes have the test during their first prenatal visit.
+
+Factors that could put you at high risk of gestational diabetes include being overweight or obese before pregnancy; having a parent or sibling with diabetes; or having had gestational diabetes during an earlier pregnancy.","Treatment for gestational diabetes includes:
+
+Keeping your blood sugar level in a good range helps keep you and your baby healthy. It also may help you avoid some problems during pregnancy and delivery.","It can be stressful to know you have a condition that may affect your baby. The steps that help control blood sugar, such as healthy eating and exercising, may help relieve stress too. They also can nourish your baby and help prevent type 2 diabetes in the future.
+
+It also may ease your stress to learn more about gestational diabetes. Talk to your healthcare team or read books and articles about this condition. You may find a support group for people with gestational diabetes helpful. Ask your healthcare team for guidance.","You'll likely find out you have gestational diabetes from routine screening test during your pregnancy. Your healthcare professional may refer you to other health professionals who specialize in diabetes. These might include an endocrinologist, a certified diabetes care and education specialist, and a registered dietitian.
+
+You may want to ask a family member or friend to go to your appointment with you to help remember all the information you get.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"diabetes, urinating more often, thirsty"
+364,Type 1 diabetes,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353017,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/doctors-departments/ddc-20353020,"Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition. In this condition, the pancreas makes little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone the body uses to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy.
+Different factors, such as genetics and some viruses, may cause type 1 diabetes. Although type 1 diabetes usually appears during childhood or adolescence, it can develop in adults.
+Even after a lot of research, type 1 diabetes has no cure. Treatment is directed toward managing the amount of sugar in the blood using insulin, diet and lifestyle to prevent complications.","Type 1 diabetes symptoms can appear suddenly and may include:
+Feeling more thirsty than usual
+Urinating a lot
+Bed-wetting in children who have never wet the bed during the night
+Feeling very hungry
+Losing weight without trying
+Feeling irritable or having other mood changes
+Feeling tired and weak
+Having blurry vision",Talk to your health care provider if you notice any of the above symptoms in you or your child.,"The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the body's own immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — destroys the insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. Other possible causes include:
+Genetics
+Exposure to viruses and other environmental factors","Some factors that can raise your risk for type 1 diabetes include:
+Family history.Anyone with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a slightly higher risk of developing the condition.
+Genetics.Having certain genes increases the risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
+Geography.The number of people who have type 1 diabetes tends to be higher as you travel away from the equator.
+Age.Type 1 diabetes can appear at any age, but it appears at two noticeable peaks. The first peak occurs in children between 4 and 7 years old. The second is in children between 10 and 14 years old.","Over time, type 1 diabetes complications can affect major organs in the body. These organs include the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Having a normal blood sugar level can lower the risk of many complications.
+Diabetes complications can lead to disabilities or even threaten your life.
+Heart and blood vessel disease.Diabetes increases the risk of some problems with the heart and blood vessels. These include coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke, narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and high blood pressure.
+Nerve damage (neuropathy).Too much sugar in the blood can injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) that feed the nerves. This is especially true in the legs. This can cause tingling, numbness, burning or pain. This usually begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and spreads upward. Poorly controlled blood sugar could cause you to lose all sense of feeling in the affected limbs over time.Damage to the nerves that affect the digestive system can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. For men, erectile dysfunction may be an issue.
+Kidney damage (nephropathy).The kidneys have millions of tiny blood vessels that keep waste from entering the blood. Diabetes can damage this system. Severe damage can lead to kidney failure or end-stage kidney disease that can't be reversed. End-stage kidney disease needs to be treated with mechanical filtering of the kidneys (dialysis) or a kidney transplant.
+Eye damage.Diabetes can damage the blood vessels in the retina (part of the eye that senses light) (diabetic retinopathy). This could cause blindness. Diabetes also increases the risk of other serious vision conditions, such as cataracts and glaucoma.
+Foot damage.Nerve damage in the feet or poor blood flow to the feet increases the risk of some foot complications. Left untreated, cuts and blisters can become serious infections. These infections may need to be treated with toe, foot or leg removal (amputation).
+Skin and mouth conditions.Diabetes may leave you more prone to infections of the skin and mouth. These include bacterial and fungal infections. Gum disease and dry mouth also are more likely.
+Pregnancy complications.High blood sugar levels can be dangerous for both the parent and the baby. The risk of miscarriage, stillbirth and birth defects increases when diabetes isn't well-controlled. For the parent, diabetes increases the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic eye problems (retinopathy), pregnancy-induced high blood pressure and preeclampsia.","There's no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes. But researchers are working on preventing the disease or further damage of the islet cells in people who are newly diagnosed.
+Ask your provider if you might be eligible for one of these clinical trials. It is important to carefully weigh the risks and benefits of any treatment available in a trial.","Diagnostic tests include:
+Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test.This blood test shows your average blood sugar level for the past 2 to 3 months. It measures the amount of blood sugar attached to the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells (hemoglobin). The higher the blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin you'll have with sugar attached. AnA1Clevel of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests means you have diabetes.
+If theA1Ctest isn't available, or if you have certain conditions that can make theA1Ctest inaccurate — such as pregnancy or an uncommon form of hemoglobin (hemoglobin variant) — your provider may use these tests:
+Random blood sugar test.A blood sample will be taken at a random time and may be confirmed by additional tests. Blood sugar values are expressed in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). No matter when you last ate, a random blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher suggests diabetes.
+Fasting blood sugar test.A blood sample will be taken after you don't eat (fast) overnight. A fasting blood sugar level less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is healthy. A fasting blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes. If it's 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, you have diabetes.
+If you're diagnosed with diabetes, your provider may also run blood tests. These will check for autoantibodies that are common in type 1 diabetes. The tests help your provider decide between type 1 and type 2 diabetes when the diagnosis isn't certain. The presence of ketones — byproducts from the breakdown of fat — in your urine also suggests type 1 diabetes, rather than type 2.","Treatment for type 1 diabetes includes:
+Taking insulin
+Counting carbohydrates, fats and protein
+Monitoring blood sugar often
+Eating healthy foods
+Exercising regularly and keeping a healthy weight
+The goal is to keep the blood sugar level as close to normal as possible to delay or prevent complications. Generally, the goal is to keep the daytime blood sugar levels before meals between 80 and 130 mg/dL (4.44 to 7.2 mmol/L). After-meal numbers should be no higher than 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) two hours after eating.","Diabetes can affect emotions both directly and indirectly. Poorly controlled blood sugar can directly affect emotions by causing behavior changes, such as irritability. There may be times when you resent your diabetes.
+People living with diabetes have an increased risk of depression and diabetes-related distress. Many diabetes specialists regularly include a social worker or psychologist as part of their diabetes care team.
+You may find that it helps to talk to other people with type 1 diabetes. Online and in-person support groups are available. Group members often know about the latest treatments. They may also share their own experiences or helpful information. For example, they may share where to find carbohydrate counts for your favorite takeout restaurant.
+If you're interested in a support group, your provider may be able to recommend one in your area. Or you can visit the websites of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) or the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF). These sites may list support group information and local activities for people with type 1 diabetes. You can also reach theADAat 800-DIABETES (800-342-2383) orJDRFat 800-533-CURE (800-533-2873).","If you think that you or your child might have type 1 diabetes, see your provider immediately. A simple blood test can show if you need more evaluation and treatment.
+After diagnosis, you'll need close medical follow-up until your blood sugar level is stable. A provider who specializes in hormonal disorders (endocrinologist) usually works with other specialists on diabetes care. Your health care team will likely include:
+Certified diabetes educator
+Registered dietitian
+Social worker or mental health professional
+Pharmacist
+Dentist
+Certified diabetes educator
+Health care provider who specializes in eye care (ophthalmologist)
+Health care provider who specializes in foot health (podiatrist)
+Once you've learned how to manage type 1 diabetes, your provider likely will recommend checkups every few months. A thorough yearly exam and regular foot and eye exams also are important. This is especially true if you're having a hard time managing your diabetes, if you have high blood pressure or kidney disease, or if you're pregnant.
+These tips can help you prepare for your appointments. They can also let you know what to expect from your provider.","Careful management of type 1 diabetes can lower your risk of serious — even life-threatening — complications. Consider these tips:
+Make a commitment to manage your diabetes.Take your medications as recommended. Learn all you can about type 1 diabetes. Make healthy eating and physical activity part of your daily routine. Establish a relationship with a diabetes educator. Ask your health care team for help.
+Identify yourself.Wear a tag or bracelet that says you are living with diabetes. Keep a glucagon kit nearby in case of a low blood sugar emergency. Make sure your friends and loved ones know how to use the kit.
+Schedule a yearly physical exam and regular eye exams.Your regular diabetes checkups aren't meant to replace yearly physicals or routine eye exams. During the physical, your provider will look for any diabetes-related complications. Your provider will also look for other medical problems. Your eye care specialist will check for signs of eye complications, such as retina damage, cataracts and glaucoma.
+Keep your vaccinations up to date.High blood sugar can weaken the immune system. Get a flu shot every year. Your provider will likely recommend the pneumonia vaccine, too. They may also recommend getting the COVID-19 vaccine.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends hepatitis B vaccination if you haven't had it before and you're an adult between the ages of 19 and 59 years with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. TheCDCrecommends vaccination as soon as possible after diagnosis with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. If you are age 60 or older and have diabetes and haven't received the vaccine, talk to your provider about whether it's right for you.
+Pay attention to your feet.Wash your feet daily in lukewarm water. Dry them gently, especially between the toes. Moisturize your feet with lotion. Check your feet every day for blisters, cuts, sores, redness or swelling. Consult your provider if you have a sore or other foot problem that doesn't heal.
+Keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control.Eating healthy foods and exercising regularly can help control high blood pressure and cholesterol. Medication also may be needed.
+If you smoke or use other forms of tobacco, ask your provider to help you quit.Smoking increases your risk of diabetes complications. These include heart attack, stroke, nerve damage and kidney disease. Talk to your provider about ways to stop smoking or to stop using other types of tobacco.
+If you drink alcohol, do so responsibly.Alcohol can cause either high or low blood sugar. It depends on how much you drink and if you eat at the same time. If you choose to drink, do so only in moderation and always with a meal. Check your blood sugar levels before going to sleep.
+Take stress seriously.The hormones the body produces when you're under long-term stress may prevent insulin from working properly. This can stress and frustrate you even more. Take a step back and set some limits. Prioritize your tasks. Learn ways to relax. Get plenty of sleep.","blurry vision, hungry, weak, thirsty, bed-wetting, losing weight, tired, irritable, urinating a lot, type 1 diabetes symptoms"
+365,Type 1 diabetes in children,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20355306,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355312,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes-in-children/doctors-departments/ddc-20355316,"Type 1 diabetes in children is a condition in which your child's body no longer produces an important hormone (insulin). Your child needs insulin to survive, so the missing insulin needs to be replaced with injections or with an insulin pump. Type 1 diabetes in children used to be known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes.
+The diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children can be overwhelming, especially in the beginning. Suddenly you and your child — depending on your child's age — must learn how to give injections, count carbohydrates and monitor blood sugar.
+There's no cure for type 1 diabetes in children, but it can be managed. Advances in blood sugar monitoring and insulin delivery have improved blood sugar management and quality of life for children with type 1 diabetes.","The signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes in children usually develop quickly, and may include:
+Increased thirst
+Frequent urination, possibly bed-wetting in a toilet-trained child
+Extreme hunger
+Unintentional weight loss
+Fatigue
+Irritability or behavior changes
+Fruity-smelling breath",See your child's health care provider if you notice any of the signs or symptoms of type 1 diabetes.,"The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. But in most people with type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly destroys insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. Genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role in this process.
+Once the islet cells of the pancreas are destroyed, your child produces little or no insulin. Insulin performs the critical job of moving sugar (glucose) from the bloodstream to the body's cells for energy.
+Sugar enters the bloodstream when food is digested. Without enough insulin, sugar builds up in your child's bloodstream. This can cause life-threatening complications if left untreated.","Type 1 diabetes most often occurs in children but can occur at any age. Risk factors for type 1 diabetes in children include:
+Family history.Anyone with a parent or siblings with type 1 diabetes has a slightly increased risk of developing the condition.
+Genetics.Certain genes indicate an increased risk of type 1 diabetes.
+Race.In the United States, type 1 diabetes is more common among white children of non-Hispanic descent than among children of other races.
+Certain viruses.Exposure to various viruses may trigger the autoimmune destruction of the islet cells.","Type 1 diabetes can affect the major organs in your body. Keeping your blood sugar level close to normal most of the time can dramatically reduce the risk of many complications.
+Complications can include:
+Heart and blood vessel disease.Diabetes increases your child's risk of developing conditions such as narrowed blood vessels, high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke later in life.
+Nerve damage.Excess sugar can injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels that nourish your child's nerves. This can cause tingling, numbness, burning or pain. Nerve damage usually happens gradually over a long period of time.
+Kidney damage.Diabetes can damage the numerous tiny blood vessel clusters in the kidneys that filter waste from your child's blood.
+Eye damage.Diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the eye's retina, which may lead to vision problems.
+Osteoporosis.Diabetes may decrease bone mineral density, increasing your child's risk of osteoporosis as an adult.
+You can help your child prevent diabetes complications by:
+Working with your child to maintain good blood sugar control as much as possible
+Teaching your child the importance of eating a healthy diet and participating in regular physical activity
+Scheduling regular visits with your child's diabetes health care professional
+Children with type 1 diabetes are at risk of other autoimmune disorders, such as thyroid disease and celiac disease. Your child's health care provider may recommend tests for these conditions.","There's currently no sure way to prevent type 1 diabetes, but this is a very active area of research.
+The antibodies associated with type 1 diabetes in children who have a high risk of the disorder can be detected months or even years before the first symptoms of type 1 diabetes appear. Researchers are working on:
+Preventing or delaying the start of type 1 diabetes in people who have a high risk of the disease.
+Preventing further destruction of the islet cells in people who are newly diagnosed.","There are several blood tests for type 1 diabetes in children. These tests are used to diagnose diabetes and to monitor diabetes management:
+Random blood sugar test.This is the primary screening test for type 1 diabetes. A blood sample is taken at a random time. A blood sugar level of 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 11.1 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), or higher, along with symptoms, suggests diabetes.
+Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test.This test indicates your child's average blood sugar level for the past 3 months. AnA1Clevel of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes.
+Fasting blood sugar test.A blood sample is taken after your child hasn't eaten (fasted) for at least 8 hours or overnight. A fasting blood sugar level of 126mg/dL(7.0mmol/L) or higher suggests type 1 diabetes.","Treatment for type 1 diabetes includes:
+Taking insulin
+Monitoring blood sugar
+Eating healthy foods
+Exercising regularly
+You'll work closely with your child's diabetes treatment team — health care provider, certified diabetes care and education specialist, and registered dietitian. The goal of treatment is to keep your child's blood sugar within certain numbers. This target range helps to keep your child's blood sugar level as close to normal as possible.
+Your child's health care provider will let you know what your child's blood sugar target range is. This range may change as your child grows and changes.","If managing your child's diabetes seems overwhelming, take it one day at a time. Some days you'll manage your child's blood sugar ideally and on other days, it may seem as if nothing works well. No one can do it perfectly. But your efforts are worthwhile. Don't forget that you're not alone and that your diabetes treatment team can help.","Your child's primary care provider will probably make the initial diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Hospitalization may be needed to stabilize your child's blood sugar levels.
+Your child's long-term diabetes care will likely be handled by a pediatric endocrinologist. Your child's health care team also generally includes a certified diabetes care and education specialist, a registered dietitian, and a social worker.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Following a diabetes treatment plan requires 24-hour care and significant lifestyle changes. Careful management of type 1 diabetes helps reduce your child's risk of serious complications.
+As your child gets older:
+Encourage him or her to take an increasingly active role in diabetes management
+Stress the importance of lifelong diabetes care
+Teach your child how to test his or her blood sugar and inject insulin
+Help your child make wise food choices
+Encourage your child to remain physically active
+Foster a relationship between your child and his or her diabetes treatment team
+Make sure your child wears a medical identification tag
+The habits you teach your child today will help him or her enjoy an active and healthy life with type 1 diabetes.","increased thirst, fatigue, thirst, fruity-smelling breath, unintentional weight loss, extreme hunger, hunger
+unintentional weight loss, bed-wetting, diabetes, frequent urination, irritability"
+366,Type 2 diabetes,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351199,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/doctors-departments/ddc-20351203,"Type 2 diabetes happens when the body cannot use insulin correctly and sugar builds up in the blood. It was once called adult-onset diabetes.
+Over time, high blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes can damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart. This can happen because the pancreas doesn't make enough of a hormone called insulin that helps sugar enter the cells. It happens also because the cells respond poorly to insulin by taking in less sugar.
+Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can begin during childhood and adulthood. Type 2 is more common in older adults. But the increase in the number of children with obesity has led to more young people with type 2 diabetes.
+There's no cure for type 2 diabetes. Losing weight, eating well and exercising can help manage the condition. If diet and exercise aren't enough to manage blood sugar, diabetes medicines or insulin therapy may help.","Symptoms of type 2 diabetes often come on slowly. In fact, people can live with type 2 diabetes for years and not know it. When there are symptoms, they may include:
+More thirst.
+More urination.
+More hunger.
+Weight loss.
+Tiredness.
+Blurred vision.
+Slow-healing sores.
+Frequent infections.
+Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.
+Areas of darkened skin, most often in the armpits and neck.",See your healthcare professional if you have any symptoms of type 2 diabetes.,"Type 2 diabetes is mainly the result of two issues:
+Cells in muscle, fat and the liver don't respond to insulin as they should. As a result, the cells don't take in enough sugar.
+The gland that makes insulin, called the pancreas, can't make enough to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range.
+Being overweight and not moving enough are key factors.","Factors that may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes include:
+Excess weight.Being overweight or obese is a main risk.
+Waist size.Storing fat mainly in the belly rather than in the hips and thighs raises the risk. The risk of type 2 diabetes is higher in people assigned male at birth whose waists measure more than 40 inches (101.6 centimeters). For people assigned female at birth, a waist measure of more than 35 inches (88.9 centimeters) raises the risk.
+Sitting.The less active a person is, the higher the risk. Physical activity helps manage weight, uses up glucose as energy and helps cells take in insulin.
+Family history.Having a parent or sibling who has type 2 diabetes raises the risk.
+Race and ethnicity.It's not clear why, but people of certain races and ethnicities are more likely to get type 2 diabetes than white people are. Races and ethnicities include Black people, Hispanic people, Native American and Asian people, and Pacific Island people.
+Blood lipid levels.A higher risk is linked with low levels of high-density lipoprotein. Also called HDL cholesterol, this is the ""good"" cholesterol. Higher risk also is linked with high levels of a certain type of fat in the blood, called triglycerides.
+Age.The risk of type 2 diabetes goes up with age, mainly after age 35.
+Prediabetes.Prediabetes is a condition in which blood sugar is higher than the standard range, but not high enough to be called type 2 diabetes. If not treated, prediabetes often moves on to become type 2 diabetes.
+Pregnancy-related risks.The risk of getting type 2 diabetes is higher in people who had gestational diabetes when they were pregnant. And it's higher in those who gave birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds (4 kilograms).
+Polycystic ovary syndrome.This condition results in irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth and obesity. It raises the risk of diabetes.","Type 2 diabetes affects many major organs. These include the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Also, factors that raise the risk of diabetes are risk factors for other serious diseases. Managing diabetes and blood sugar can lower the risk for these complications and other medical conditions, including:
+Heart and blood vessel disease.Diabetes is linked with a higher risk of heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and narrowed blood vessels, called atherosclerosis.
+Nerve damage in arms and legs.This condition is called neuropathy. High blood sugar over time can damage or destroy nerves. Neuropathy may cause tingling, numbness, burning, pain or loss of feeling. It most often begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and slowly spreads upward.
+Other nerve damage.Damage to nerves of the heart can cause irregular heart rhythms. Nerve damage in the digestive system can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. Nerve damage also may cause erectile dysfunction.
+Kidney disease.Diabetes may lead to long-term kidney disease or end-stage kidney disease that can't be reversed. End-stage kidney disease may need to be treated with mechanical filtering of the kidneys, called dialysis, or a kidney transplant.
+Eye damage.Diabetes increases the risk of serious eye conditions. Conditions include cataracts and glaucoma. Diabetes also may damage the blood vessels of the retina, which is the part of the eye that senses light. This is called diabetic retinopathy. This damage can lead to blindness.
+Skin conditions.Diabetes may raise the risk of some skin problems. Skin problems may include bacterial and fungal infections.
+Slow healing.Cuts and blisters that aren't treated can become serious infections. The infections may heal poorly. Bad damage can result in the need to use surgery to remove a toe, foot or leg. This surgery is called amputation.
+Hearing impairment.Hearing problems are more common in people with diabetes.
+Sleep apnea.Obstructive sleep apnea is common in people who have type 2 diabetes. Obesity may be the main cause of both conditions.
+Dementia.Type 2 diabetes seems to raise the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other conditions that cause dementia. Poorly managed blood sugar is linked to a faster loss of memory and other thinking skills.","Healthy lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2 diabetes. If you have prediabetes, lifestyle changes may slow the condition or keep it from becoming diabetes.
+A healthy lifestyle includes the following:
+Eat healthy foods.Choose foods lower in fat and calories and higher in fiber. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
+Be active.Aim for 150 or more minutes a week of moderate to vigorous aerobic activity, such as brisk walking, bicycling, running or swimming.
+Lose weight.If you are overweight, losing some weight and keeping it off may slow prediabetes from becoming type 2 diabetes. If you have prediabetes, losing 7% to 10% of your body weight may lower the risk of diabetes.
+Don't sit for long.Sitting for long periods can raise the risk of type 2 diabetes. Get up every 30 minutes and move around for at least a few minutes.
+People with prediabetes may take metformin (Fortamet, Glumetza, others), a diabetes medicine, to lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. This is most often prescribed for older adults who are obese and who can't lower blood sugar levels with lifestyle changes.","The glycated hemoglobin test most often diagnoses type 2 diabetes. Also called the A1C test, it reflects the average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. Results mean the following:
+Below 5.7% is healthy.
+5.7% to 6.4% is prediabetes.
+6.5% or higher on two separate tests means diabetes.
+If there are no A1C tests or if you have certain conditions that get in the way of A1C test results, your healthcare professional may use the following tests to diagnose diabetes:
+Random blood sugar test.Blood sugar values show in milligrams of sugar per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles of sugar per liter (mmol/L) of blood. It doesn't matter when you last ate. A level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher suggests diabetes. This is most likely if you also have symptoms of diabetes, such as urinating often and being very thirsty.
+Fasting blood sugar test.You give a blood sample for testing after not eating overnight. Results are as follows:
+Less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is healthy.
+100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is prediabetes.
+126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two tests is diabetes.
+Oral glucose tolerance test.This mainly tests the blood sugar of people who are pregnant and those who have cystic fibrosis. You don't eat for a certain amount of time. Then you drink a sugary liquid at your healthcare team's office. You give blood samples over two hours to test blood sugar levels. Results are as follows:
+Less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) after two hours is healthy.
+140 to 199 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L and 11.0 mmol/L) is prediabetes.
+200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher after two hours suggests diabetes.
+Screening.The American Diabetes Association suggests that all adults age 35 or older have routine tests for type 2 diabetes. Others to be tested include:
+People younger than 35 who are overweight or obese and have one or more risk factors linked to diabetes.
+Women who had diabetes while pregnant, called gestational diabetes.
+People who have been diagnosed with prediabetes.
+Children who are overweight or obese and who have a family history of type 2 diabetes or other risk factors.","Living with type 2 diabetes involves learning about the condition and lifestyle changes. Diabetes education is an important part of managing the condition. Management includes:
+Healthy eating.
+Regular exercise.
+Weight loss if needed.
+Diabetes medicine or insulin therapy if needed.
+Keeping track of blood sugar.
+These steps make it more likely that blood sugar will stay in a healthy range. And they may help delay or prevent complications.","Type 2 diabetes is a serious disease. Following a diabetes treatment plan can be hard. To manage diabetes well, you may need a good support network.
+Anxiety and depression are common in people living with diabetes. Talking to a counselor or therapist may help you cope with the lifestyle changes you need to make and the stress that comes with a type 2 diabetes diagnosis.
+Support groups can be good sources of diabetes education, emotional support and helpful information. You might learn how to find local resources or where to find carbohydrate counts for a favorite restaurant. If you want to join a support group, your healthcare team may be able to suggest a group in your area.
+Visit the American Diabetes Association website to find local activities and support groups for people with type 2 diabetes. The American Diabetes Association also offers online information and online forums where you can chat with others who are living with diabetes. You also can call the organization at 800-DIABETES (800-342-2383).","Your annual wellness visit can include screening for diabetes. And it can include watching for and treating conditions that raise your risk of diabetes. These include high blood pressure, high cholesterol or a high BMI.
+If you have symptoms that may be linked to diabetes, be ready to answer the following questions at your visit:
+When did your symptoms begin?
+Does anything make the symptoms better or worse?
+What medicines do you take, including dietary supplements and herbal remedies?
+What do you eat in a typical day? Do you eat between meals or before bedtime?
+How much alcohol do you drink?
+How much daily exercise do you get?
+Is there a history of diabetes in your family?
+If you are diagnosed with diabetes, your healthcare professional may begin a treatment plan. Or you may be sent to a specialist in hormonal disorders, called an endocrinologist. Your care team also may include the following specialists:
+Dietitian.
+Certified diabetes education specialist.
+Foot doctor, also called a podiatrist.
+Specialist in eye care, called an ophthalmologist.
+Talk with your healthcare professional about other specialists you might need.","Careful management of type 2 diabetes can lower the risk of serious, or even life-threatening complications. Try these tips:
+Commit to managing your diabetes.Learn all you can about type 2 diabetes. Make healthy eating and physical activity part of your daily routine.
+Work with your team.Connect with a certified diabetes education specialist. Ask your diabetes treatment team for help when you need it.
+Let others know.Wear a necklace or bracelet that says you have diabetes. This is most important if you take insulin or other blood sugar-lowering medicine.
+Schedule a yearly physical exam and regular eye exams.Your diabetes checkups aren't meant to replace regular physicals or routine eye exams.
+Keep your vaccinations up to date.High blood sugar can weaken your immune system. Get a flu shot every year. Stay current on COVID-19 vaccines. Your healthcare team also may suggest the pneumonia vaccine.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also suggests the hepatitis B vaccination if you haven't had this vaccine and you're 19 to 59 years old. Talk to your healthcare team about other vaccinations you may need.
+Take care of your teeth.Diabetes may make you more likely to get serious gum infections. Brush and floss your teeth regularly and schedule regular dental exams. Contact your dentist right away if your gums bleed or look red or swollen.
+Watch your feet.Wash your feet daily in lukewarm water. Dry them gently, including between the toes. Use lotion to moisturize them.Check your feet every day for blisters, cuts, sores, changes in color and swelling. Contact your healthcare team if you have a sore or other foot problem that isn't healing.
+Manage your blood pressure and cholesterol.Eating healthy foods and exercising regularly can go a long way toward managing high blood pressure and cholesterol. Take medicines as prescribed.
+Don't use tobacco products.If you smoke or use other types of tobacco, ask your healthcare team to help you quit. Smoking raises the risk of diabetes complications.
+Use alcohol sparingly.Drinks with alcohol may lower or raise blood sugar levels. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so only with a meal.Drink in moderation. That means no more than one drink daily for people assigned female at birth and no more than two drinks daily for people assigned male at birth. Check your blood sugar often after drinking alcohol.
+Get good sleep.Many people with type 2 diabetes have sleep problems. Not getting enough sleep may make it harder to keep blood sugar levels in a healthy range. If you have trouble sleeping, talk with your healthcare team about ways to sleep better.","frequent infections, tiredness, thirst, blurred vision, urination, type 2 diabetes, infections, numbness, hunger, diabetes, slow-healing sores, tingling, weight loss"
+367,Type 2 diabetes in children,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20355318,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355324,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/doctors-departments/ddc-20355327,"Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic disease that affects the way your child's body processes sugar (glucose) for fuel. Without treatment, the disorder causes sugar to build up in the bloodstream, which can lead to serious long-term consequences.
+Type 2 diabetes occurs more commonly in adults. In fact, it used to be called adult-onset diabetes. But the increasing number of children with obesity has led to more cases of type 2 diabetes in younger people.
+There's plenty you can do to help manage or prevent type 2 diabetes in your child. Encourage your child to eat healthy foods, get plenty of physical activity and maintain a healthy weight. If healthy eating and exercise aren't enough to control type 2 diabetes, oral medication or insulin treatment may be needed.","Type 2 diabetes in children may develop so gradually that there are no noticeable symptoms. Sometimes, the disorder is diagnosed during a routine check-up.
+Some children might experience these signs and symptoms as a result of too much sugar in their bloodstreams:
+Increased thirst
+Frequent urination
+Increased hunger
+Fatigue
+Blurry vision
+Darkened areas of skin, most often around the neck or in the armpits and groin
+Unintended weight loss, although this is less common in children with type 2 diabetes than in children with type 1 diabetes
+Frequent infections","See your child's health care provider if you notice any of the signs or symptoms of type 2 diabetes. Undiagnosed, the disease can cause serious damage.
+Diabetes screening is recommended for children who have started puberty or are at least 10 years old, who are overweight or obese, and who have at least one other risk factor for type 2 diabetes.","The exact cause of type 2 diabetes is unknown. But family history and genetics appear to play an important role. What is clear is that children with type 2 diabetes can't process sugar (glucose) properly.
+Most of the sugar in the body comes from food. When food is digested, sugar enters the bloodstream. Insulin allows sugar to enter the cells — and lowers the amount of sugar in the blood.
+Insulin is produced by a gland located behind the stomach called the pancreas. The pancreas sends insulin to the blood when food is eaten. When the blood sugar level starts to drop, the pancreas slows down the secretion of insulin into the blood.
+When your child has type 2 diabetes, this process doesn't work as well. As a result, instead of fueling cells, sugar builds up in your child's bloodstream. This can happen because:
+The pancreas may not make enough insulin
+The cells become resistant to insulin and don't allow as much sugar in","Researchers don't fully understand why some children develop type 2 diabetes and others don't, even if they have similar risk factors. However, it's clear that certain factors increase the risk, including:
+Weight.Being overweight is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes in children. The more fatty tissue children have — especially inside and between the muscle and skin around the abdomen — the more resistant their bodies' cells become to insulin.
+Inactivity.The less active children are, the greater their risk of type 2 diabetes.
+Diet.Eating red meat and processed meat and drinking sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.
+Family history.Children's risk of type 2 diabetes increases if they have a parent or sibling with the disease.
+Race or ethnicity.Although it's unclear why, certain people — including Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Asian American people — are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes.
+Age and sex.Many children develop type 2 diabetes in their early teens, but it may occur at any age. Adolescent girls are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than are adolescent boys.
+Maternal gestational diabetes.Children born to women who had gestational diabetes during pregnancy have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
+Low birth weight or preterm birth.Having a low birth weight is associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Babies born prematurely — before 39 to 42 weeks' gestation —have a greater risk of type 2 diabetes.
+Type 2 diabetes in children is often associated with metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovarian syndrome.","Type 2 diabetes can affect nearly every organ in your child's body, including the blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. The long-term complications of type 2 diabetes develop gradually over many years. Eventually, diabetes complications may be severe or even life-threatening.
+Complications of type 2 diabetes are related to high blood sugar and include:
+High cholesterol
+Heart and blood vessel disease
+Stroke
+Nerve damage
+Kidney disease
+Eye disease, including blindness
+Keeping your child's blood sugar level close to the standard range most of the time can dramatically reduce the risk of these complications. You can help your child prevent diabetes complications by:
+Working with your child to maintain good blood sugar control as much as possible
+Teaching your child the importance of healthy eating and participating in regular physical activity
+Scheduling regular visits with your child's diabetes treatment team","Healthy-lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2 diabetes in children. Encourage your child to:
+Eat healthy foods.Offer your child foods low in fat and calories. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Strive for variety to prevent boredom.
+Get more physical activity.Encourage your child to become active. Sign up your child for a sports team or dance lessons.
+Better yet, make it a family affair. The lifestyle choices that can help prevent type 2 diabetes in children can do the same for adults.","If diabetes is suspected, your child's health care provider will likely recommend a screening test. There are several blood tests to diagnose type 2 diabetes in children.
+Random blood sugar test.A blood sample is taken at a random time, regardless of when your child last ate. A random blood sugar level of 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 11.1 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), or higher suggests diabetes.
+Fasting blood sugar test.A blood sample is taken after your child hasn't had anything to eat or drink but water for at least eight hours or overnight (fasting). A fasting blood sugar level of 126mg/dL(7.0mmol/L) or higher suggests diabetes.
+Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test.This test indicates your child's average blood sugar level for the past 3 months. AnA1Clevel of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes.
+Oral glucose tolerance test.Your child will need to fast overnight and then drink a sugary liquid at the health care provider's office or a laboratory testing site. Blood sugar levels are tested periodically for the next two hours. A blood sugar level of 200mg/dL(11.1mmol/L) or higher generally means your child has diabetes.","Treatment for type 2 diabetes is lifelong and can include:
+Healthy eating
+Regular physical activity
+Insulin or other medications
+Blood sugar monitoring
+Weight-loss surgery, in some cases
+You'll work closely with your child's diabetes treatment team — including a health care provider, certified diabetes care and education specialist, registered dietitian, and other specialists as needed. The goal of treatment is to keep your child's blood sugar within a certain range. This target range helps to keep your child's blood sugar level as close to the standard range as possible.
+Your child's health care provider will let you know what your child's blood sugar target range is, and may also set anA1Ctarget. These numbers may change as your child grows and changes and so will your child's diabetes treatment plan.","Living with type 2 diabetes isn't easy — for you or for your child. Good diabetes management requires a lot of changes, especially in the beginning. That's why some diabetes specialists regularly include a social worker or psychologist as part of their diabetes care teams. Don't forget that you're not alone and your diabetes treatment team can help.
+If you notice that your child or adolescent is persistently sad or pessimistic, or experiences dramatic changes in sleeping habits, friends or school performance, have your child assessed for depression.
+Rebellion also may be an issue, particularly for teens. A child who has been very good about sticking to the diabetes treatment plan may rebel in the teen years by ignoring diabetes care. Additionally, experimenting with drugs, alcohol and smoking can be even more dangerous for people with diabetes.
+Talking to a counselor or therapist may help your child or you cope with the dramatic lifestyle changes that come with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Websites that offer support include the American Diabetes Association (ADA).","Your child's family health care provider or pediatrician will probably make the initial diagnosis of diabetes. However, you'll likely then be referred to a specialist in metabolic disorders in children (pediatric endocrinologist).
+Your child's health care team also generally includes a certified diabetes care and education specialist and a registered dietitian.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Helping your child follow the diabetes treatment plan takes round-the-clock commitment. But careful management of type 2 diabetes can reduce your child's risk of serious complications.
+As your child gets older:
+Encourage your child to take an increasingly active role in diabetes management
+Stress the importance of lifelong diabetes care
+Teach your child how to test blood sugar levels and to take medication and inject insulin if needed
+Help your child make healthy food choices
+Encourage your child to remain physically active and limit electronic screen time
+Foster a relationship between your child and the diabetes treatment team
+Make sure your child wears a medical identification tag","increased thirst, fatigue, increased hunger, blurry vision, thirst, frequent infections, darkened areas of skin, type 2 diabetes, infections, unintended weight loss, diabetes, disorder, weight loss, frequent urination"
+368,Antibiotic-associated diarrhea,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352231,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352237,,"Antibiotic-associated diarrhea refers to passing loose, watery stools three or more times a day after taking medications used to treat bacterial infections (antibiotics).
+
+About 1 in 5 people who take antibiotics develop antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Most often, antibiotic-associated diarrhea is mild and requires no treatment. The diarrhea typically clears up within a few days after you stop taking the antibiotic. More-serious antibiotic-associated diarrhea requires stopping or sometimes switching antibiotics.","For most people, antibiotic-associated diarrhea causes mild signs and symptoms, such as:
+
+Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is likely to begin about a week after you start taking an antibiotic. Sometimes, however, diarrhea and other symptoms don't appear until days or even weeks after you've finished antibiotic treatment.",,Why antibiotic-associated diarrhea occurs isn't completely understood. It's commonly thought to develop when antibacterial medications (antibiotics) upset the balance of good and bad bacteria in your gastrointestinal tract.,Antibiotic-associated diarrhea can occur in anyone who takes an antibiotic. But you're more likely to develop antibiotic-associated diarrhea if you:,"One of the most common complications of any type of diarrhea is extreme loss of fluids and electrolytes (dehydration). Severe dehydration can be life-threatening. Signs and symptoms include a very dry mouth, intense thirst, little or no urination, dizziness, and weakness.","To help prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea, try to:","To diagnose antibiotic-associated diarrhea, your doctor is likely to question you about your health history, including whether you've had recent antibiotic treatments. If your doctor suspects that you have C. difficile infection, a sample of your stool would be tested for the bacterium.",Treatment for antibiotic-associated diarrhea depends on the severity of your signs and symptoms.,,Make an appointment with the doctor who prescribed the antibiotic. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.,,diarrhea
+369,Traveler's diarrhea,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/travelers-diarrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352182,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/travelers-diarrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352188,,"Traveler's diarrhea is a digestive tract disorder that commonly causes loose stools and stomach cramps. It's caused by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. Fortunately, traveler's diarrhea usually isn't serious in most people — it's just unpleasant.
+When you visit a place where the climate or sanitary practices are different from yours at home, you have an increased risk of developing traveler's diarrhea.
+To reduce your risk of traveler's diarrhea, be careful about what you eat and drink while traveling. If you do develop traveler's diarrhea, chances are it will go away without treatment. However, it's a good idea to have doctor-approved medicines with you when you travel to high-risk areas. This way, you'll be prepared in case diarrhea gets severe or won't go away.","Traveler's diarrhea may begin suddenly during your trip or shortly after you return home. Most people improve within 1 to 2 days without treatment and recover completely within a week. However, you can have multiple episodes of traveler's diarrhea during one trip.
+The most common symptoms of traveler's diarrhea are:
+Suddenly passing three or more looser watery stools a day.
+An urgent need to pass stool.
+Stomach cramps.
+Nausea.
+Vomiting.
+Fever.
+Sometimes, people experience moderate to severe dehydration, ongoing vomiting, a high fever, bloody stools, or severe pain in the belly or rectum. If you or your child experiences any of these symptoms or if the diarrhea lasts longer than a few days, it's time to see a healthcare professional.","Traveler's diarrhea usually goes away on its own within several days. Symptoms may last longer and be more severe if it's caused by certain bacteria or parasites. In such cases, you may need prescription medicines to help you get better.
+If you're an adult, see your doctor if:
+Your diarrhea lasts beyond two days.
+You become dehydrated.
+You have severe stomach or rectal pain.
+You have bloody or black stools.
+You have a fever above 102 F (39 C).
+While traveling internationally, a local embassy or consulate may be able to help you find a well-regarded medical professional who speaks your language.
+Be especially cautious with children because traveler's diarrhea can cause severe dehydration in a short time. Call a doctor if your child is sick and has any of the following symptoms:
+Ongoing vomiting.
+A fever of 102 F (39 C) or more.
+Bloody stools or severe diarrhea.
+Dry mouth or crying without tears.
+Signs of being unusually sleepy, drowsy or unresponsive.
+Decreased volume of urine, including fewer wet diapers in infants.","It's possible that traveler's diarrhea may stem from the stress of traveling or a change in diet. But usually infectious agents — such as bacteria, viruses or parasites — are to blame. You typically develop traveler's diarrhea after ingesting food or water contaminated with organisms from feces.
+So why aren't natives of high-risk countries affected in the same way? Often their bodies have become used to the bacteria and have developed immunity to them.","Each year millions of international travelers experience traveler's diarrhea. High-risk destinations for traveler's diarrhea include areas of:
+Central America.
+South America.
+Mexico.
+Africa.
+South Asia and Southeast Asia.
+Traveling to Eastern Europe, South Africa, Central and East Asia, the Middle East, and a few Caribbean islands also poses some risk. However, your risk of traveler's diarrhea is generally low in Northern and Western Europe, Japan, Canada, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States.
+Your chances of getting traveler's diarrhea are mostly determined by your destination. But certain groups of people have a greater risk of developing the condition. These include:
+Young adults.The condition is slightly more common in young adult tourists. Though the reasons why aren't clear, it's possible that young adults lack acquired immunity. They may also be more adventurous than older people in their travels and dietary choices, or they may be less careful about avoiding contaminated foods.
+People with weakened immune systems.A weakened immune system due to an underlying illness or immune-suppressing medicines such as corticosteroids increases risk of infections.
+People with diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, or severe kidney, liver or heart disease.These conditions can leave you more prone to infection or increase your risk of a more-severe infection.
+People who take acid blockers or antacids.Acid in the stomach tends to destroy organisms, so a reduction in stomach acid may leave more opportunity for bacterial survival.
+People who travel during certain seasons.The risk of traveler's diarrhea varies by season in certain parts of the world. For example, risk is highest in South Asia during the hot months just before the monsoons.","Because you lose vital fluids, salts and minerals during a bout with traveler's diarrhea, you may become dehydrated, especially during the summer months. Dehydration is especially dangerous for children, older adults and people with weakened immune systems.
+Dehydration caused by diarrhea can cause serious complications, including organ damage, shock or coma. Symptoms of dehydration include a very dry mouth, intense thirst, little or no urination, dizziness, or extreme weakness.",,"Diagnosing traveler's diarrhea typically involves taking a medical and travel history. A physical exam may be done to check for signs of dehydration. If symptoms are serious or don't resolve on their own, a stool sample may be done to check for microorganisms.","Traveler's diarrhea may get better without any treatment. But while you're waiting, it's important to try to stay hydrated with safe liquids, such as bottled water or water with electrolytes such as an oral rehydration solution (see below). If you don't seem to be improving quickly, several medicines are available to help relieve symptoms.
+Anti-motility agents.These medicines — which include loperamide and drugs containing diphenoxylate — provide prompt but temporary relief by:Reducing muscle spasms in your gastrointestinal tract.Slowing the transit time through your digestive system.Allowing more time for absorption.Anti-motility medicines aren't recommended for infants or people with a fever or bloody diarrhea. This is because they can delay clearance of the infectious organisms and make the illness worse.Also, stop using anti-motility agents after 48 hours if you have stomach pain or if your symptoms worsen and your diarrhea continues. In such cases, see a doctor. You may need blood or stool tests and treatment with an antibiotic.
+Reducing muscle spasms in your gastrointestinal tract.
+Slowing the transit time through your digestive system.
+Allowing more time for absorption.
+Bismuth subsalicylate.This nonprescription medicine can decrease the frequency of your stools and shorten the length of your illness. However, it isn't recommended for children, pregnant women or people who are allergic to aspirin.
+Antibiotics.If you have more than four loose stools a day or severe symptoms, including a fever or blood, pus or mucus in your stools, a doctor may prescribe a course of antibiotics.
+Before you leave for your trip, talk to your doctor about taking a prescription with you in case you get a serious bout of traveler's diarrhea.",,"Call a doctor if you have diarrhea that is severe, lasts more than a few days or is bloody. If you are traveling, call an embassy or consulate for help locating a doctor. Other signs that you should seek medical attention include:
+A fever of 102 F (39 C) or higher.
+Ongoing vomiting.
+Signs of severe dehydration, including a dry mouth, muscle cramps, decreased urine output, dizziness or fatigue.
+If you have diarrhea and you've just returned home from a trip abroad, share that trip information with your doctor when you call to make an appointment.
+Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect.","If you do get traveler's diarrhea, avoid caffeine, alcohol and dairy products, which may worsen symptoms or increase fluid loss. But keep drinking fluids.
+Drink canned fruit juices, weak tea, clear soup, decaffeinated soda or sports drinks to replace lost fluids and minerals. Later, as your diarrhea improves, try a diet of easy-to-eat complex carbohydrates, such as salted crackers, bland cereals, bananas, applesauce, dry toast or bread, rice, potatoes, and plain noodles.
+You may return to your normal diet as you feel you can tolerate it. Add dairy products, caffeinated beverages and high-fiber foods cautiously.","pain, nausea, urgent need to pass stool, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, fever, looser watery stools, bloody stools, severe pain in the belly or rectum, dehydration"
+371,Dysphagia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372028,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372033,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/doctors-departments/ddc-20372035,"Dysphagia is a medical term for difficulty swallowing. Dysphagia can be a painful condition. In some cases, swallowing is impossible.
+Occasional difficulty swallowing, such as when you eat too fast or don't chew your food well enough, usually isn't cause for concern. But ongoing dysphagia can be a serious medical condition that needs treatment.
+Dysphagia can happen at any age, but it's more common in older adults. The causes of swallowing problems vary, and treatment depends on the cause.","Symptoms associated with dysphagia can include:
+Pain while swallowing.
+Not being able to swallow.
+Feeling as if food is stuck in the throat or chest or behind the breastbone.
+Drooling.
+Hoarseness.
+Food coming back up, called regurgitation.
+Frequent heartburn.
+Food or stomach acid backing up into the throat.
+Weight loss.
+Coughing or gagging when swallowing.","See a healthcare professional if you regularly have difficulty swallowing or if weight loss, regurgitation or vomiting happens with your dysphagia.
+If a blockage makes it hard to breathe, call for emergency help immediately. If you're unable to swallow because you feel that food is stuck in your throat or chest, go to the nearest emergency department.","Swallowing is complex, involving many muscles and nerves. Any condition that weakens or damages these muscles and nerves or causes narrowing of the back of the throat or esophagus can cause dysphagia.
+Dysphagia generally falls into one of the following categories.","The following are risk factors for dysphagia:
+Aging.Older adults are at higher risk of swallowing difficulties. This is due to natural aging and wear and tear on the esophagus as well as a greater risk of certain conditions, such as stroke or Parkinson's disease. But dysphagia isn't considered a typical sign of aging.
+Certain health conditions.People with certain neurological or nervous system disorders are more likely to have difficulty swallowing.","Difficulty swallowing can lead to:
+Malnutrition, weight loss and dehydration.Dysphagia can make it difficult to take in enough food and fluids.
+Aspiration pneumonia.Food or liquid entering the airway during attempts to swallow can cause aspiration pneumonia as a result of the food introducing bacteria into the lungs.
+Choking.Food stuck in the throat can cause choking. If food completely blocks the airway and no one intervenes with a successful Heimlich maneuver, death can occur.","Although swallowing difficulties can't be prevented, you can reduce your risk of occasional difficulty swallowing by eating slowly and chewing your food well. However, if you have symptoms of dysphagia, see a healthcare professional.
+If you haveGERD, see a healthcare professional for treatment.","A member of your healthcare team will likely ask you for a description and history of your swallowing difficulties, perform a physical exam, and use various tests to find the cause of your swallowing problem.
+Tests can include:
+X-ray with a contrast material, called a barium X-ray.You drink a barium solution that coats the esophagus, making it easier to see on X-rays. A healthcare team can then see changes in the shape of the esophagus and can check the muscular activity.You also may be asked to swallow solid food or a pill coated with barium. This allows the healthcare team to watch the muscles in the throat during swallowing or to look for blockages in the esophagus that the liquid barium solution might not show.
+Dynamic swallowing study.This study involves swallowing barium-coated foods of different consistencies. It provides an image of these foods as they travel down the throat. The images might show problems in the coordination of the mouth and throat muscles during swallowing. The images also can show if food is going into the breathing tube.
+Endoscopy.Endoscopy involves passing a thin, flexible lighted instrument, called an endoscope, down the throat. This allows your healthcare team to see your esophagus. Tissue samples, called biopsies, may be collected. The samples are studied to look for inflammation, eosinophilic esophagitis, narrowing or a tumor.
+Fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES).During a FEES study, a healthcare professional examines the throat with an endoscope during swallowing.
+Esophageal muscle test, called manometry.In manometry (muh-NOM-uh-tree), a small tube is inserted into the esophagus and connected to a pressure recorder to measure the muscle contractions of the esophagus during swallowing.
+Imaging scans.These can include a CT scan or an MRI scan. A CT scan combines a series of X-ray views and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body's bones and soft tissues. An MRI scan uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues.",Treatment for dysphagia depends on the type or cause of your swallowing disorder.,,"See a healthcare professional if you're having problems swallowing. Depending on the suspected cause, you may be referred to an ear, nose and throat specialist; a doctor who specializes in treating digestive disorders, called a gastroenterologist; or a doctor who specializes in diseases of the nervous system, called a neurologist.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.","If you have trouble swallowing, be sure to see a healthcare professional. You also may try these approaches to help ease symptoms:
+Changing your eating habits.Try eating smaller, more frequent meals. Cut your food into smaller pieces, chew food thoroughly and eat more slowly. If you have difficulty swallowing liquids, there are products you can buy to thicken liquids.
+Trying foods with different textures to see if some cause you more trouble.Thin liquids, such as coffee and juice, are a problem for some people, and sticky foods, such as peanut butter or caramel, can make swallowing difficult. Avoid foods that cause you trouble.
+Limiting alcohol and caffeine.These can dry your mouth and throat, making swallowing more difficult.","pain, throat, hoarseness, pain while swallowing, not being able to swallow, frequent heartburn, heartburn, food coming back up, food or stomach acid backing up, feeling as if food is stuck, drooling, weight loss, dysphagia, coughing or gagging"
+372,Aortic dissection,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-dissection/symptoms-causes/syc-20369496,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-dissection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369499,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-dissection/doctors-departments/ddc-20369500,"An aortic dissection is a serious condition in which a tear occurs in the inner layer of the body's main artery (aorta). Blood rushes through the tear, causing the inner and middle layers of the aorta to split (dissect). If the blood goes through the outside aortic wall, aortic dissection is often deadly.","Aortic dissection symptoms may be similar to those of other heart problems, such as a heart attack. Typical signs and symptoms include:","If you have severe chest pain, fainting, sudden shortness of breath or symptoms of a stroke, call 911 or your local emergency number. These signs and symptoms aren't always due to a serious problem, but it's best to be seen by a doctor quickly. Early detection and treatment may help save your life.","An aortic dissection is caused by a weakened area of the aorta's wall.
+
+Aortic dissections are divided into two groups, depending on which part of the aorta is affected:","Some of the things that may raise your risk of aortic dissection include:
+
+Certain genetic diseases increase the risk of having an aortic dissection, including:
+
+Inflammation of the arteries (giant cell arteritis) may also increase your risk of aortic dissection.
+
+Other potential risk factors for aortic dissection include:",Possible complications of aortic dissection include:,"You can reduce your risk of an aortic dissection by preventing chest injury and taking steps to keep your heart healthy.
+
+Work with your doctor.If you have a family history of aortic dissection, a connective tissue disorder or a bicuspid aortic valve, tell your doctor. If you have an aortic aneurysm, find out how often you need monitoring and if surgery is necessary to repair your aneurysm.
+
+If you have a genetic condition that increases your risk of aortic dissection, your doctor may recommend medications, even if your blood pressure is normal.","Detecting an aortic dissection can be a challenge because the symptoms are similar to those of many other health problems. Your doctor may think you have an aortic dissection if you have:
+
+Tests to diagnose aortic dissection include:","An aortic dissection is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. Treatment may include surgery or medications, depending on the area of the aorta involved.",,,,none
+373,Foot drop,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/foot-drop/symptoms-causes/syc-20372628,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/foot-drop/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372633,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/foot-drop/doctors-departments/ddc-20372634,"Foot drop, sometimes called drop foot, is a general term for difficulty lifting the front part of the foot. If you have foot drop, the front of your foot might drag on the ground when you walk.
+Foot drop isn't a disease. Rather, it is a sign of an underlying neurological, muscular or anatomical problem.
+Sometimes foot drop is temporary, but it can be permanent. If you have foot drop, you might need to wear a brace on your ankle and foot to support the foot and hold it in position.","Foot drop makes it difficult to lift the front part of the foot, so it might drag on the floor when you walk. To help the foot clear the floor, a person with foot drop may raise the thigh more than usual when walking, as though climbing stairs. This unusual kind of walking, called steppage gait, might cause the foot to slap down onto the floor with each step. In some cases, the skin on the top of the foot and toes feels numb.
+Depending on the cause, foot drop can affect one or both feet.","If your toes drag on the floor when you walk, consult your healthcare professional. If foot drop isn't treated, it can cause a loss of mobility and function. This may lead to chronic pain, which can impact a person's quality of life.","Foot drop is caused by weakness or paralysis of the muscles involved in lifting the front part of the foot. Causes of foot drop might include:
+Nerve injury.The most common cause of foot drop is compression of a nerve in the leg that controls the muscles involved in lifting the foot. This nerve is called the peroneal nerve. A serious knee injury can lead to the nerve being compressed. It also can be injured during hip or knee replacement surgery, which may cause foot drop.A nerve root injury — ""pinched nerve"" — in the spine also can cause foot drop. People who have diabetes are more susceptible to nerve disorders, which are associated with foot drop.
+Muscle or nerve disorders.Various forms of muscular dystrophy, an inherited disease that causes progressive muscle weakness, can contribute to foot drop. So can other neurological disorders, such as polio or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
+Brain and spinal cord disorders.Disorders that affect the spinal cord or brain — such as stroke, multiple sclerosis or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — may cause foot drop.","The peroneal nerve controls the muscles that lift the foot. This nerve runs near the surface of the skin on the side of the knee closest to the hand. Activities that compress this nerve can increase the risk of foot drop. Examples include:
+Leg crossing.People who habitually cross their legs can compress the peroneal nerve on their uppermost leg.
+Prolonged kneeling.Occupations that involve prolonged squatting or kneeling — such as picking strawberries or laying floor tile — can result in foot drop.
+Wearing a leg cast.Plaster casts that enclose the ankle and end just below the knee can exert pressure on the peroneal nerve.",,,Foot drop is usually diagnosed during a physical exam. Your healthcare professional will watch you walk and check your leg muscles for weakness. Your health professional also may check for numbness on your shin and on the top of your foot and toes.,"Treatment for foot drop depends on the cause. If the cause is successfully treated, foot drop might improve or even disappear. If the cause can't be treated, foot drop can be permanent.
+Treatment for foot drop might include:
+Braces or splints.A brace on your ankle and foot or splint that fits into your shoe can help hold your foot in a normal position.
+Physical therapy.Exercises can strengthen your leg muscles and help you maintain the range of motion in your knee and ankle. These exercises might improve gait problems associated with foot drop. Stretching exercises are particularly important to prevent the stiffness in the calf and heel.
+Nerve stimulation.Sometimes stimulating the nerve that lifts the foot improves foot drop.
+Surgery.Depending on the cause, and if your foot drop is relatively new, nerve surgery might be helpful. If foot drop is long-standing, your healthcare professional might suggest surgery that transfers a working tendon to a different part of the foot to improve function.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your family healthcare professional. Depending on the suspected cause of foot drop, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in brain and nerve disorders, called a neurologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Because foot drop can increase your risk of tripping and falling, consider taking these precautions around your house:
+Keep all floors clear of clutter.
+Avoid the use of throw rugs.
+Move electrical cords away from walkways.
+Make sure rooms and stairways are well lit.
+Place fluorescent tape on the top and bottom steps of stairways.","numb, drag on the floor, numb skin, foot slap down, raise the thigh, lift the front part of the foot"
+375,Desmoplastic small round cell tumors,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dsrct/symptoms-causes/syc-20355405,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dsrct/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20449484,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dsrct/doctors-departments/ddc-20355407,"Desmoplastic (des-moe-PLAS-tik) small round cell tumors (DSRCT) are a type of cancer that often begins in the abdomen. Sometimes this type of cancer can occur in other parts of the body.
+Desmoplastic small round cell tumors are rare cancers that begin as a growth of cells. The growths often form on the tissue that lines the inside of the abdomen and pelvis. This tissue lining is called the peritoneum. The cancer cells can quickly spread to other nearby organs. This might include the bladder, colon and liver.
+Desmoplastic small round cell tumors can happen to anyone, but they're more common in young men and boys.
+Treatment for desmoplastic small round cell tumors typically involves a combination of treatments. Options might include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
+Desmoplastic small round cell tumors are a type of soft tissue sarcoma. Soft tissue sarcoma is a term used to describe a large group of cancers that all start in the tissues that connect, support and surround other body structures.","Desmoplastic small round cell tumor symptoms vary depending on where the cancer begins. Most often it begins in the abdomen.
+Signs and symptoms of desmoplastic small round cell tumors in the abdomen include:
+Swelling of the abdomen
+Abdominal pain
+Constipation
+Difficulty urinating",Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have any persistent signs and symptoms that worry you.,"It's not clear what causes desmoplastic small round cell tumors.
+Cancer begins when a cell develops changes in its DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to multiply quickly. This creates a clump of cancer cells called a tumor. The cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.","Healthcare professionals haven't found many risk factors for desmoplastic small round cell tumors. This cancer can happen to anyone, but it's more common in young men and boys.",,,"Tests and procedures used to diagnose desmoplastic small round cell tumors include:
+Removing a sample of tissue for testing.Your healthcare professional might recommend a procedure to remove a sample of cells for testing. This is called a biopsy. The sample might be collected during surgery. Another option might be to get the sample with a needle that's passed through the skin.Tissue samples are sent to a lab for testing. Tests can tell your healthcare team whether cancer is present. Other lab tests analyze the cancer cells to understand which DNA changes are present. The results can help rule out other similar types of cancer and ensure your diagnosis is correct. The results also help your care team pick the treatments that are best for you.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests help your care team understand the size and location of your cancer. Imaging tests may include ultrasound,CT,MRIand positron emission tomography (PET).",Treatment for desmoplastic small round cell tumor depends on your situation. Your healthcare team considers your cancer's location and whether it has spread to other parts of the body. Most people with this type of cancer receive a combination of treatments.,"Being diagnosed with cancer can feel overwhelming. With time you'll find ways to cope with the distress and uncertainty of cancer. Until then, you may find it helps to:
+Learn enough about cancer to make decisions about your care.Ask your healthcare professional for details about your cancer. Ask about your treatment options. If you like, ask about your prognosis. As you learn more about desmoplastic small round cell tumors, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
+Keep friends and family close.Keep your close relationships strong. They will help you deal with your diagnosis and the impact it has on your life. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need. For example, they can help with tasks like taking care of your home if you're in the hospital. They can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
+Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The concern and understanding of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also may be helpful.Ask your healthcare team about support groups in your area. Or check with a cancer organization, such as the National Cancer Institute or the American Cancer Society.","If your healthcare professional suspects you have a desmoplastic small round cell tumor, you may be referred to a specialist. Often this is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer. This doctor is called an oncologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to arrive prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"constipation, cancer, difficulty urinating, abdominal pain, tumor, swelling of the abdomen, tumors"
+378,Deep vein thrombosis (DVT),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352557,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352563,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20352565,"Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, usually in the legs. Deep vein thrombosis can cause leg pain or swelling. Sometimes there are no noticeable symptoms.","Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) symptoms can include:
+
+Deep vein thrombosis can occur without noticeable symptoms.","If you develop symptoms of Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), contact your health care provider.
+
+If you develop symptoms of a pulmonary embolism (PE) — a life-threatening complication of deep vein thrombosis — seek emergency medical help.
+
+The warning signs and symptoms of a pulmonary embolism include:","Anything that prevents the blood from flowing or properly clotting can cause a blood clot.
+
+The main causes of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are damage to a vein from surgery or inflammation and damage due to infection or injury.","Many things can increase the risk of developing DVT. The more risk factors you have, the greater your risk of DVT. Risk factors for DVT include:
+
+Sometimes, a blood clot in a vein can occur with no identifiable risk factor. This is called an unprovoked venous thromboembolism.","Complications of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) can include:
+
+Pulmonary embolism (PE).PE is a potentially life-threatening complication associated with DVT. It occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) in a leg or other body area breaks free and gets stuck in a blood vessel in a lung.
+
+Get immediate medical help if you have symptoms of PE. They include sudden shortness of breath, chest pain while breathing in or coughing, rapid breathing, rapid pulse, feeling faint or fainting, and coughing up blood.","Lifestyle changes may help prevent deep vein thrombosis. Try these strategies:
+
+Move your legs.If you've had surgery or have been on bed rest, try to move as soon as possible. Don't cross your legs while sitting. Doing so can block blood flow.
+
+When traveling, take frequent breaks to stretch your legs. When on a plane, stand or walk occasionally. If you're traveling by car, stop every hour or so and walk around. If you can't walk, do lower leg exercises. Raise and lower your heels while keeping your toes on the floor. Then raise your toes while keeping your heels on the floor.","To diagnose DVT, your health care provider will do a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms. The provider will check the legs for swelling, tenderness or changes in skin color.
+
+The tests you have depend on whether your provider thinks you are at a low or a high risk of DVT.","There are three main goals to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) treatment.
+
+DVT treatment options include:
+
+Blood thinners.These medicines, also called anticoagulants, help prevent blood clots from getting bigger. Blood thinners reduce the risk of developing more clots.
+
+Blood thinners may be taken by mouth or given by intravenous (IV) or an injection under the skin. There are many different types of blood-thinning drugs used to treat DVT. Together, you and your health care provider will discuss their benefits and risks to determine the best one for you.
+
+You might need to take blood thinner pills for three months or longer. It's important to take them exactly as prescribed to prevent serious side effects.
+
+People who take a blood thinner called warfarin (Jantoven) need regular blood tests to monitor levels of the drug in the body. Certain blood-thinning medications are not safe to take during pregnancy.
+
+Clot busters (thrombolytics).These drugs are used for more-serious types of DVT or pulmonary embolism (PE), or if other medications aren't working.
+
+Clot busters are given by IV or through a tube (catheter) placed directly into the clot. They can cause serious bleeding, so they're usually only used for people with severe blood clots.",,"DVT is considered a medical emergency. It's important to get treated quickly. If there's time before your appointment, here's some information to help you get ready.",,"vein thrombosis, none, dvt"
+380,Painful intercourse (dyspareunia),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/symptoms-causes/syc-20375967,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375973,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/doctors-departments/ddc-20375974,"Painful intercourse can happen for reasons that range from structural problems to psychological concerns. Many people have painful intercourse at some point in their lives.
+The medical term for painful intercourse is dyspareunia (dis-puh-ROO-nee-uh). It is lasting or recurrent genital pain that occurs just before, during or after sex. Talk with your healthcare professional if you're having painful intercourse. Treatments focus on the cause and can help stop or ease this common problem.","If you have painful intercourse, you might feel:
+Pain only at sexual entry, called penetration.
+Pain with every penetration, including putting in a tampon.
+Deep pain during thrusting.
+Burning pain or aching pain.
+Throbbing pain lasting hours after sex.","If you have recurrent pain during sex, talk with your healthcare professional. Treating the problem can help your sex life, your emotional intimacy and your self-image.","Physical causes of painful intercourse differ, depending on whether the pain happens at entry or with deep thrusting. Emotional factors can be linked to many types of painful intercourse.","Many factors can raise the risk of painful intercourse. They include illnesses, surgeries and other medical treatments, and mental health issues.",,,"A medical evaluation for dyspareunia usually consists of:
+A thorough medical history.Your healthcare professional might ask when your pain began, where it hurts, how it feels and if it happens with every sexual partner and every sexual position. Your healthcare professional also might ask about your sexual history, surgical history and history of childbirth.Don't let embarrassment stop you from answering truthfully. These questions provide clues to the cause of your pain.
+A pelvic exam.During a pelvic exam, your healthcare professional can check for symptoms of skin irritation, infection or anatomical problems. Your care professional also might try to locate your pain by applying gentle pressure to your genitals and pelvic muscles.A visual exam of your vagina also may be part of the evaluation. For this exam, an instrument called a speculum is used to separate the vaginal walls. Some people who have painful intercourse also have pain during a pelvic exam. You can ask to stop the exam if it's too painful.
+Other tests.If your healthcare professional suspects certain causes of painful intercourse, you might have a pelvic ultrasound.",Treatment options vary depending on the cause of the pain.,"Until vaginal penetration becomes less painful, you and your partner might find other ways to be intimate. Sensual massage, kissing and mutual masturbation offer alternatives to intercourse that might be more comfortable, more fulfilling and more fun than your regular routine.",Talking with your healthcare professional is the first step in resolving painful intercourse. Your primary healthcare professional might diagnose and treat the problem or refer you to a specialist.,"To help with pain during sex, you and your partner could try to:
+Change positions.If you have sharp pain during thrusting, try different positions, such as being on top. In this position, you might be able to regulate penetration to a depth that feels good to you.
+Communicate.Talk about what feels good and what doesn't. If you need your partner to go slow, say so.
+Don't rush.Longer foreplay can help stimulate your natural lubrication. You might reduce pain by delaying penetration until you feel fully aroused.
+Use lubricants.A personal lubricant can make sex more comfortable. Try different brands until you find one you like.","pain, aching pain, burning pain, throbbing pain, painful intercourse"
+381,Indigestion,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/indigestion/symptoms-causes/syc-20352211,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/indigestion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352215,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/indigestion/doctors-departments/ddc-20352218,"Indigestion is discomfort or pain in the belly. Symptoms may include a burning pain, feeling full while eating or feeling full long after eating. Indigestion symptoms may happen once in a while or often.
+Indigestion may be caused by a digestive system condition. But often, there is no clear underlying cause. Frequent or long-lasting indigestion often can be treated with changes in diet and lifestyle, mental health therapy, and medicines.
+Indigestion also is called upset stomach or dyspepsia.","Symptoms of indigestion may include:
+Early fullness during a mealor not being able to finish a typical meal.
+Uncomfortable fullnessthat lasts longer than it should after a meal.
+Mild to severe painin the upper abdomen, which is the area between the bottom of your breastbone and your belly button.
+Burning sensationin the upper abdomen.
+Bloatingthat feels like swelling or tightness in the upper abdomen.
+Feeling the need to vomitor vomiting.
+Burpingor burping up food.
+Sometimes people with indigestion also experience heartburn. Heartburn is a pain or burning feeling in the center of your chest during or after eating. The pain or burning feeling may radiate into your neck or back.","Mild indigestion usually is nothing to worry about. Talk with your healthcare professional if symptoms of indigestion last more than two weeks.
+Get care as soon as possible if you have indigestion and these symptoms:
+Severe or constant belly pain.
+Unintended weight loss or loss of appetite.
+Repeated vomiting or vomiting with blood.
+Black, tarry stools.
+Trouble with swallowing.
+Fatigue or weakness.
+A yellowing of the skin or eyes, also called jaundice.
+Get emergency care if you have indigestion-like symptoms that may be symptoms of a heart attack:
+Shortness of breath, sweating, or chest pain radiating to the jaw, neck or arm.
+Chest pain when you're active or stressed.","Indigestion usually has no clear underlying medical condition as a cause. Long-lasting or frequent indigestion with no clear underlying medical cause is called functional indigestion.
+Many factors may contribute to or worsen functional indigestion. These include:
+Overeating or eating too quickly.
+Fatty, greasy or spicy foods.
+Caffeine, alcohol or carbonated beverages.
+Acidic foods, such as tomatoes and oranges.
+Anxiety, depression or trauma.
+Smoking.
+Certain antibiotics and pain relievers.
+H. pylori bacteria can cause ulcers in the stomach or small intestine. H. pylori may contribute to indigestion even if it has not caused an ulcer.","Several factors can make it more likely for you to have symptoms even though they don't always cause indigestion:
+Eating too fast, overeating, or eating spicy, fatty, acidic or greasy foods.
+Too many alcoholic, caffeinated or carbonated drinks.
+Depression, anxiety or trauma.
+Smoking or using other tobacco products.
+Pregnancy-related hormones and pressure on the digestive system during pregnancy.
+Carrying extra weight, particularly around the belly.","Although indigestion doesn't usually have serious complications, it can affect your quality of life. You may eat less. You also might miss work or school because of your symptoms.",,"To diagnose indigestion, your healthcare professional asks you about your symptoms, recent meals, eating habits, medical history, life stresses, exposure to anyone who's ill and other questions. Your answers help your health professional understand the possible factors linked to your symptoms.
+You also have a thorough medical exam. This includes tapping or pressing on your abdomen and listening to your abdomen with a stethoscope.
+Your healthcare professional may be able to diagnose functional indigestion based on your symptoms, medical history and exam.",A variety of treatments may improve symptoms of indigestion.,,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect.","Lifestyle changes that can be part of your routine may help lessen symptoms or prevent the return of symptoms:
+Avoid fatty, acidic or spicy foods. Avoid caffeine, alcohol and carbonated beverages.
+Eat five or six small meals a day instead of three large meals.
+Avoid pain medicines such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve).
+Exercise regularly and maintain a healthy weight.
+Stop smoking if you smoke.
+Avoid stressors when possible.
+Practice meditation or other mindfulness exercises to help manage stress.","pain, early fullness, uncomfortable fullness, burping, bloating, fullness, swelling, vomiting, need to vomit, heartburn, indigestion, tightness, burning sensation"
+384,Persistent depressive disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/persistent-depressive-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20350929,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/persistent-depressive-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350935,,"Persistent depressive disorder is a continuous, long-term form of depression. You may feel sad and empty, lose interest in daily activities and have trouble getting things done. You may also have low self-esteem, feel like a failure and feel hopeless. These feelings last for years and may interfere with your relationships, school, work and daily activities.
+If you have persistent depressive disorder, you may find it hard to be upbeat even on happy occasions. You may be described as having a gloomy personality, constantly complaining or not able to have fun. Persistent depressive disorder is not as severe as major depression, but your current depressed mood may be mild, moderate or severe.
+Because persistent depressive disorder is long term, coping with depression symptoms can be challenging. A combination of talk therapy and medicine can be effective in treating this condition.","Persistent depressive disorder symptoms usually come and go over a period of years. The intensity of symptoms can change over time. But symptoms usually don't disappear for more than two months at a time. Also, major depression episodes may occur before or during persistent depressive disorder.
+Symptoms of persistent depressive disorder can cause major problems in your life and may include:
+Sadness, emptiness or feeling down.
+Loss of interest in daily activities.
+Tiredness and lack of energy.
+Low self-esteem, self-criticism or feeling you're not capable.
+Trouble focusing clearly and trouble making decisions.
+Problems getting things done well and on time.
+Quickly becoming annoyed, impatient or angry.
+Avoidance of social activities.
+Feelings of guilt and worries over the past.
+Poor appetite or overeating.
+Sleep problems.
+Hopelessness.
+In children, symptoms of persistent depressive disorder may include depressed mood and being irritable, which means easily becoming annoyed, impatient or angry.","If these feelings have been going on for a long time, you may think they'll always be part of your life. But if you have any symptoms of persistent depressive disorder, seek medical help.
+Talk to your health care provider about your symptoms or seek help from a mental health professional. Or you can reach out to someone else who may be able to help guide you to treatment. This could be a friend or loved one, a teacher, a faith leader, or another person you trust.
+If you think you may hurt yourself or attempt suicide, call 911 in the U.S. or your local emergency number immediately. Or contact a suicide hotline. In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use theLifeline Chat. Services are free and confidential. The Suicide & Crisis Lifeline in the U.S. has a Spanish language phone line at888-628-9454(toll-free).","The exact cause of persistent depressive disorder is not known. As with major depression, it may involve more than one cause, such as:
+Biological differences.People with persistent depressive disorder may have physical changes in their brains. It's not clear how these changes affect the disorder, but they may eventually help determine the causes.
+Brain chemistry.Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals. Research indicates that changes in neurotransmitters may play a large part in depression and its treatment.
+Inherited traits.Persistent depressive disorder appears to be more common in people whose blood relatives also have the condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing depression.
+Life events.As with major depression, traumatic events such as the loss of a loved one, financial problems or a high level of stress can trigger persistent depressive disorder in some people.","Persistent depressive disorder often begins early — in childhood, the teen years or young adult life — and continues for a long time. Certain factors appear to increase the risk of developing persistent depressive disorder, including:
+Having a first-degree blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with major depressive disorder or other depressive disorders.
+Traumatic or stressful life events, such as the loss of a loved one or major financial problems.
+Personality traits that include negativity, such as low self-esteem, being too dependent or self-critical, or always thinking the worst will happen.
+History of other mental health disorders, such as a personality disorder.","Conditions that may be linked with persistent depressive disorder include:
+Lower quality of life.
+Major depression, anxiety disorders and other mood disorders.
+Substance misuse.
+Relationship difficulties and family conflicts.
+School or work problems and trouble getting things done.
+Continuing pain and general medical illnesses.
+Suicidal thoughts or behavior.
+Personality disorders or other mental health disorders.","There's no sure way to prevent persistent depressive disorder. Because it often starts in childhood or during the teenage years, identifying children at risk of the condition may help them get early treatment.
+Strategies that may help reduce or prevent symptoms include the following:
+Take steps to control stress,to increase your ability to recover from problems — which is called resilience — and to boost your self-esteem.
+Reach out to family and friends,especially in times of crisis, to help you get through rough spells.
+Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problemto help prevent symptoms from worsening.
+Consider getting long-term treatmentto help prevent a relapse of symptoms.","If your health care provider thinks that you may have persistent depressive disorder, exams and tests may include:
+Physical exam.Your health care provider may do a physical exam and ask in-depth questions about your health to determine what may be causing your depression. In some cases, it may be linked to an underlying physical health problem.
+Lab tests.Your provider may recommend lab tests to rule out other medical conditions that may cause depressive symptoms. For example, you may have a blood test to find out whether your thyroid is not making enough thyroid hormone, which is called hypothyroidism.
+Psychological evaluation.This includes talking about your thoughts, feelings and behavior. It may include completing a questionnaire. This evaluation can help determine if you have persistent depressive disorder or another condition that can affect mood, such as major depression, bipolar disorder or seasonal affective disorder.
+For a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder, the main indication for an adult differs somewhat from that of a child:
+For an adult, depressed mood occurs most of the day for two or more years.
+For a child, depressed mood or irritability occurs most of the day for at least one year.
+Symptoms caused by persistent depressive disorder can vary from person to person. When persistent depressive disorder starts before age 21, it's called early onset. If it starts at age 21 or older, it's called late onset.","The two main treatments for persistent depressive disorder are medicines and talk therapy. What your health care provider recommends depends on factors such as:
+How severe your symptoms are.
+Your desire to explore emotional or other issues affecting your life.
+Previous treatment methods.
+Your ability to tolerate medicines.
+Other emotional problems you may have.
+What type of treatment you prefer.
+Talk therapy may be the first option suggested for children and teenagers with persistent depressive disorder, but that depends on the individual. Sometimes antidepressants also are needed.","Persistent depressive disorder makes it hard to engage in behavior and activities that can help you feel better. In addition to the treatments recommended by your doctor or therapist, consider these tips:
+Focus on your goals.Dealing with persistent depressive disorder is an ongoing process. Set reasonable goals for yourself. Stay motivated by keeping your goals in mind. But give yourself permission to do less when you feel down.
+Simplify your life.Cut back on obligations when possible.Structure your time by planning your day. You may find it helps to make a list of daily tasks, use sticky notes as reminders or use a planner to stay organized.
+Write in a journal.Journaling as part of your treatment may improve mood by allowing you to express pain, anger, fear or other emotions.
+Read reputable self-help books and websites.Ask your doctor or therapist to recommend books or websites to read.
+Stay connected.Don't become isolated. Try to participate in social activities, and get together with family or friends regularly. Support groups for people with depression can help you connect with others facing similar challenges and share experiences.
+Learn ways to relax and manage your stress.Examples include meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, yoga and tai chi.
+Don't make important decisions when you're down.Avoid decision-making when you're feeling depressed, since you may not be thinking clearly.","You may decide to schedule an appointment with your primary health care provider to talk about your concerns. Or you may decide to see a mental health provider, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, for evaluation.
+You may choose to take a family member or friend along to help you remember something that you missed or forgot.","Persistent depressive disorder generally is not a condition that you can treat on your own. But along with professional treatment, these self-care steps can help:
+Stick to your treatment plan.Don't skip therapy sessions or appointments. Even if you're feeling well, don't skip your medicine. Give yourself time to improve gradually.
+Learn about persistent depressive disorder.Education about your condition can empower you and motivate you to follow your treatment plan. Encourage your family to learn about the disorder to help them understand and support you.
+Pay attention to warning signs.Work with your health care provider or therapist to learn what might trigger your symptoms. Make a plan so that you know what to do if symptoms get worse or return. Contact your health care provider or therapist if you notice any changes in symptoms or how you feel. Consider involving family members or friends to watch for warning signs.
+Take care of yourself.Eat a healthy diet, be physically active and get plenty of sleep. Consider walking, jogging, swimming, gardening or another activity that you enjoy. Sleeping well is important for both physical and mental well-being. If you're having trouble sleeping, ask your provider what you can do.
+Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs.It may seem like alcohol or drugs lessen depression-related symptoms. But over time, they generally worsen depression and make it harder to treat. Talk with your provider or therapist if you need help dealing with alcohol or drug use.","low self-esteem, guilt, worries, trouble focusing, problems getting things done, depressive disorder symptoms usually come and go over a period of years., poor appetite, tiredness, quickly becoming annoyed, overeating, depressive disorder, avoidance of social activities, trouble making decisions, hopelessness, feeling down, impatient, sadness, lack of energy, depressed mood, depression, angry, appetite, irritability, emptiness, self-criticism, feelings of guilt, sleep problems, loss of interest, irritable"
+385,Cervical dystonia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-dystonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354123,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-dystonia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354128,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-dystonia/doctors-departments/ddc-20354130,"Cervical dystonia, also called spasmodic torticollis, is a painful condition in which your neck muscles contract involuntarily, causing your head to twist or turn to one side. Cervical dystonia can also cause your head to uncontrollably tilt forward or backward.
+
+A rare disorder that can occur at any age, cervical dystonia most often occurs in middle-aged people, women more than men. Symptoms generally begin gradually and then reach a point where they don't get substantially worse.
+
+There is no cure for cervical dystonia. The disorder sometimes resolves without treatment, but sustained remissions are uncommon. Injecting botulinum toxin into the affected muscles often reduces the signs and symptoms of cervical dystonia. Surgery may be appropriate in a few cases.","The muscle contractions involved in cervical dystonia can cause your head to twist in a variety of directions, including:
+
+The most common type of twisting associated with cervical dystonia is when your chin is pulled toward your shoulder. Some people experience a combination of abnormal head postures. A jerking motion of the head also may occur.
+
+Many people who have cervical dystonia also experience neck pain that can radiate into the shoulders. The disorder can also cause headaches. In some people, the pain from cervical dystonia can be exhausting and disabling.",,"In most people with cervical dystonia, the cause is unknown. Some people who have cervical dystonia have a family history of the disorder. Researchers have found gene mutations associated with cervical dystonia. Cervical dystonia is also sometimes linked to head, neck or shoulder injuries.",Risk factors for cervical dystonia include:,"In some cases, the involuntary muscle contractions associated with cervical dystonia can spread to nearby areas of your body. The most common locations include the face, jaw, arms and trunk.
+
+People who have cervical dystonia may also develop bone spurs that may reduce the amount of space in the spinal canal. This can cause tingling, numbness and weakness in the arms, hands, legs or feet.",,"While a physical examination alone can often confirm a diagnosis of cervical dystonia, your doctor might suggest blood tests or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to rule out any underlying conditions causing your signs and symptoms.","There is no cure for cervical dystonia. In some people, signs and symptoms may disappear without treatment, but recurrence is common. Treatment focuses on relieving the signs and symptoms.","Severe cases of cervical dystonia may make you feel uncomfortable in social situations or even limit your abilities to accomplish everyday tasks such as driving. Many people with cervical dystonia feel isolated and depressed.
+
+Remember that you're not alone. A number of organizations and support groups are dedicated to providing information and support for you and your family — whether you have the disorder or you have a friend or family member who does.
+
+Your doctor may be able to suggest support groups available in your area, or there are a number of good sites on the internet with information about local support groups.","While you might first discuss your symptoms with your family doctor, he or she may refer you to a neurologist — a doctor who specializes in disorders of the brain and nervous system — for further evaluation.",,"pain, head twist, muscle contractions, dystonia, abnormal head postures, neck pain, chin pulled toward shoulder, jerking motion of the head, pain radiating into shoulders, headaches"
+386,Swimmer's ear,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-ear/symptoms-causes/syc-20351682,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-ear/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351688,,"Swimmer's ear is an infection in the outer ear canal. The outer ear canal runs from the eardrum to the outside the head. Swimmer's ear is often brought on by water that stays in the ear. The moisture helps bacteria grow.
+
+Putting fingers, cotton swabs or other objects in the ears can damage the thin layer of skin lining the ear canal. This also can lead to swimmer's ear.
+
+Swimmer's ear also is called otitis externa. Ear drops usually can treat swimmer's ear. Treating swimmer’s ear quickly can help prevent complications and more-serious infections.","Swimmer's ear symptoms are usually mild at first. But they can get worse if the infection isn't treated or spreads. Doctors often classify swimmer's ear as mild, moderate and advanced.","Make an appointment to get medical helpfor even mild symptoms of swimmer's ear.
+
+Get urgent medical helpor go to an emergency room for:",Swimmer's ear is an infection that's usually caused by bacteria. It's less common for a fungus or virus to cause swimmer's ear.,The following can increase the risk of swimmer's ear:,Swimmer's ear usually isn't serious if treated quickly. But complications that can happen include:,"Follow these tips to avoid swimmer's ear:
+
+Keep ears dry.After swimming or bathing, tip your head from side to side with the ear on each side facing down. This helps water drain from the ear canal.
+
+Dry only the outer ear by wiping it gently with a soft towel. You also can safely dry the outer ear canal with a blow dryer. Use the lowest setting and hold it at least 1 foot (about 0.3 meters) away from the ear.
+
+At-home treatment to prevent swimmer's ear.If you know you don't have a punctured eardrum, you can make ear drops by mixing 1 part white vinegar to 1 part rubbing alcohol. Using this mixture helps the ear dry and prevents the growth of bacteria and fungi.
+
+Before and after swimming, pour 1 teaspoon (about 5 milliliters) of the mixture into each ear. Let it drain back out.",A healthcare professional usually can diagnose swimmer's ear during an office visit. An advanced or lasting infection might need more testing.,The goal of treatment is to stop the infection and let the ear canal heal.,,Here are some suggestions to help you get ready for your appointment.,,"infection, none"
+387,Ruptured eardrum (perforated eardrum),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-eardrum/symptoms-causes/syc-20351879,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-eardrum/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351884,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-eardrum/doctors-departments/ddc-20351886,"A ruptured eardrum (tympanic membrane perforation) is a hole or tear in the thin tissue that separates the ear canal from the middle ear (eardrum).
+
+A ruptured eardrum can result in hearing loss. It can also make the middle ear vulnerable to infections.
+
+A ruptured eardrum usually heals within a few weeks without treatment. But sometimes it requires a patch or surgical repair to heal.",Signs and symptoms of a ruptured eardrum may include:,Call your health care provider if you have signs or symptoms of a ruptured eardrum. The middle and inner ears are made up of delicate structures that are sensitive to injury or disease. It is important to try to figure out the cause of ear symptoms and determine whether a ruptured eardrum has occurred.,"Causes of a ruptured (perforated) eardrum may include:
+
+Barotrauma.Barotrauma is stress exerted on the eardrum when the air pressure in the middle ear and the air pressure in the environment are out of balance. If the pressure is severe, the eardrum can rupture. Barotrauma is most often caused by air pressure changes associated with air travel.
+
+Other events that can cause sudden changes in pressure — and possibly a ruptured eardrum — include scuba diving and a direct blow to the ear, such as the impact of an automobile air bag.",,"The eardrum (tympanic membrane) has two primary roles:
+
+If the eardrum ruptures, uncommon problems can occur, especially if it fails to self-heal after three to six months. Possible complications include:
+
+Middle ear cyst (cholesteatoma).Although very rare, this cyst, which is composed of skin cells and other debris, can develop in the middle ear as a long-term result of eardrum rupture.
+
+Ear canal debris normally travels to the outer ear with the help of ear-protecting earwax. If the eardrum is ruptured, the skin debris can pass into the middle ear and form a cyst.
+
+A cyst in the middle ear provides a friendly environment for bacteria and contains proteins that can damage the bones of the middle ear.","Follow these tips to avoid a ruptured (perforated) eardrum:
+
+Protect your ears during flight.If possible, don't fly if you have a cold or an active allergy that causes nasal or ear congestion. During takeoffs and landings, keep ears clear with pressure-equalizing earplugs, yawning or chewing gum.
+
+Or use the Valsalva maneuver — gently pushing air into the nose, as if blowing your nose, while pinching the nostrils and keeping the mouth closed. Don't sleep during ascents and descents.","Your provider or an ENT specialist can often determine if you have a ruptured (perforated) eardrum with a visual inspection using a lighted instrument (otoscope or microscope).
+
+Your provider may conduct or order additional tests to determine the cause of your ear symptoms or to detect the presence of any hearing loss. These tests include:
+
+Tuning fork evaluation.Tuning forks are two-pronged, metal instruments that produce sounds when struck. Simple tests with tuning forks can help your provider detect hearing loss.
+
+A tuning fork evaluation may also reveal whether hearing loss is caused by damage to the vibrating parts of the middle ear (including the eardrum), damage to sensors or nerves of the inner ear, or damage to both.","Most ruptured (perforated) eardrums heal without treatment within a few weeks. Your provider may prescribe antibiotic drops if there's evidence of infection. If the tear or hole in the eardrum doesn't heal by itself, treatment will likely involve procedures to close the tear or hole. These may include:
+
+Eardrum patch.If the tear or hole in the eardrum doesn't close on its own, an ENT specialist may seal it with a paper patch (or a patch made of other material).
+
+With this office procedure, your ENT doctor may apply a chemical to the edges of the tear, which can promote ear drum healing, and then apply a patch over the hole. The procedure may need to be repeated more than once before the hole closes.
+
+Surgery.If a patch doesn't result in proper healing or your ENT doctor determines that the tear isn't likely to heal with a patch, he or she may recommend surgery.
+
+The most common surgical procedure is called tympanoplasty. Your surgeon grafts a patch of your own tissue to close the hole in the eardrum. This procedure is done on an outpatient basis. In an outpatient procedure, you can usually go home the same day unless medical anesthesia conditions require a longer hospital stay.",,"If you have signs or symptoms of a perforated eardrum, you're likely to start by seeing your provider. However, your provider may refer you to a specialist in ear, nose and throat (ENT) disorders (otolaryngologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"nausea, discharge or fluid leaking from the ear, buzzing or ringing in the ear, vomiting, spinning sensation, ear pain, hearing loss"
+388,Precocious puberty,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/precocious-puberty/symptoms-causes/syc-20351811,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/precocious-puberty/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351817,,"Precocious puberty is when children's bodies begin to change into adult bodies too soon. This change is known as puberty. Most of the time, puberty occurs after age 8 in girls and after age 9 in boys. However, Black, Hispanic, and Native American children might naturally reach puberty earlier. Precocious puberty is when puberty begins too early for the child who's going through it.
+In puberty, muscles and bones grow quickly. Bodies change shape and size. And the body becomes able to have children.
+The cause of precocious puberty often can't be found. Rarely, certain conditions, such as infections, hormone issues, tumors, brain issues or injuries, may cause precocious puberty. Treatment for precocious puberty usually includes medicines to delay puberty.","Precocious puberty symptoms include:
+Breast growth and first period in girls.
+Testicle and penis growth, facial hair and deeper voice in boys.
+Pubic or underarm hair.
+Rapid growth.
+Acne.
+Adult body odor.",Make an appointment with your child's health care provider if your child has symptoms of precocious puberty.,"To understand the causes of precocious puberty in some children, it's helpful to know what happens at puberty. The brain starts the process by making a hormone called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
+When this hormone reaches the small, bean-shaped gland at the base of the brain, called the pituitary gland, it leads to more estrogen in the ovaries and more testosterone in the testicles. Estrogen makes female sex traits. Testosterone makes male sex traits.
+There are two types of precocious puberty: central precocious puberty and peripheral precocious puberty.","Factors that increase the risk of precocious puberty include:
+Being a girl.Girls are more likely than boys are to have precocious puberty.
+Being obese.Carrying extra weight increases the risk of precocious puberty.","Possible complications of precocious puberty include:
+Short height.Children with precocious puberty might grow quickly at first and be taller than others their ages. But their bones mature too soon. So these children often stop growing earlier than usual. This can cause them to be shorter than average as adults.
+Social and emotional problems.Children who begin puberty long before others of their age might be upset about the changes in their bodies. For example, dealing with early periods can cause distress. This might affect self-esteem and raise the risk of depression or using illegal drugs or alcohol.","No one can avoid some of the risk factors for precocious puberty, such as sex and race. But there are things that can lower children's chances of precocious puberty, including:
+Keep anything that contains estrogen or testosterone away from children. These might include prescription medicines for adults or diet supplements.
+Encourage children to stay at a healthy weight.","Diagnosing precocious puberty involves:
+Reviewing the child's and the family's medical histories.
+Doing a physical exam.
+Running blood tests to measure hormone levels.
+X-rays of children's hands and wrists also are helpful in diagnosing precocious puberty. These X-rays can show if the bones are growing too quickly.","The primary goal of treatment is for children to grow to adult height.
+Treatment for precocious puberty depends on the cause. However, when no cause can be found, treatment may not be needed, depending on the child's age and how fast puberty is moving. Watching the child for several months might be an option.","Children who begin puberty early may feel unlike other children their age. There are few studies on the emotional effects of precocious puberty. But early puberty might lead to social and emotional problems. One result of that could be having sex at an early age.
+Counseling can help families better understand and handle the feelings and issues that may come with precocious puberty. For answers to questions or for help finding a counselor, talk with a member of your child's health care team.","You're likely to start by seeing your child's primary care provider. Or you might be sent to a specialist in the treatment of hormone-related conditions in children, known as a pediatric endocrinologist.
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"testicle growth, acne, penis growth, rapid growth, underarm hair, adult body odor, first period, pubic hair, deeper voice, facial hair, breast growth"
+391,Bulimia nervosa,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bulimia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353615,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bulimia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353621,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bulimia/doctors-departments/ddc-20353625,"Bulimia (boo-LEE-me-uh) nervosa, commonly called bulimia, is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder. People with bulimia binge eat. This means people feel like they've lost control over their eating. They eat large amounts of food in one sitting. This often occurs in secret, and they often feel very guilty and shameful. Then they try to get rid of the food and extra calories in an unhealthy way, such as vomiting or misusing laxatives. This is called purging.
+If you have bulimia, you probably focus on your weight and body shape even when you're trying to think about other things. You may judge yourself severely and harshly for what you see as flaws in your appearance and personality. Bulimia is related to how you see yourself — not just about food. It can be hard to overcome, and it can be dangerous.
+It's important to remember that an eating disorder is not something you choose. Bulimia is a complex illness that affects how your brain works and how you make decisions. But effective treatment can help you feel better about yourself, eat healthier and reverse serious complications.","Bulimia symptoms may include:
+Living in fear of gaining weight and trying to lose weight in unhealthy ways.
+Repeatedly eating unusually large amounts of food in one sitting.
+Feeling a loss of control during binge eating. You may feel like you can't stop eating or can't control what you eat.
+Vomiting on purpose or exercising to extremes after binge eating so that you don't gain weight.
+Using medicines that make you urinate, called water pills or diuretics, or laxatives or enemas to pass stool when they're not needed.
+Fasting, limiting calories or not eating certain foods between binges.
+Using dietary supplements or herbal products for weight loss. These products can be dangerous.
+Being very unhappy with your body shape and weight.
+Letting your body shape and weight guide how you feel about yourself and your worth.
+Having extreme mood swings.
+People with bulimia may use different methods to purge. The severity of bulimia depends on the number of times a week that you purge and the problems caused by doing so.","If you have any bulimia symptoms, seek medical help right away. If left untreated, bulimia can severely affect your physical and mental health.
+Talk to your primary healthcare professional or a mental health professional about your bulimia symptoms and feelings. If you're not sure if you want to seek treatment, talk to someone about what you're going through. This could be a friend or loved one, a teacher, a faith leader, or someone else you trust. This person can help you take the first steps to get help.","The exact cause of bulimia is not known. Genes may play a role in the development of bulimia and other eating disorders. Emotional health and family history may play a role. Also, pressures from society to be thin may play a role.","Females are more likely to have bulimia than males. Bulimia often begins in the late teens or young adulthood.
+Factors that raise your risk of bulimia include:
+Family history and genes.Having a family history of eating problems and weight-control issues can increase the risk of an eating disorder. People with first-degree relatives — siblings, parents or children — who are diagnosed with an eating disorder may be more likely to have an eating disorder. This suggests a possible genetic link.
+Mental health and emotional issues.Mental health and emotional problems, such as depression, anxiety or substance misuse, are linked closely with eating disorders. People with bulimia may feel badly about themselves, especially if they're bullied about weight or shape. In some cases, distressing events and factors that cause emotional distress may play a part, such as being mistreated as a child.
+Dieting.People who diet are more likely to have eating disorders. Many people with bulimia severely limit calories between binge-eating sessions. This may cause them to binge eat again and then purge. Other causes for binge eating can include stress, strong emotions, having a distorted or negative body image and boredom.","Bulimia may cause many serious and even life-threatening complications, including:
+Not seeing yourself as worthy and feeling hopeless or even suicidal.
+Problems getting along with others or being socially isolated.
+Poor nutrition.
+Not drinking enough fluids, which can lead to major medical problems, such as kidney failure.
+Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat or heart failure.
+Severe tooth decay and gum disease.
+Not having a period or not having a period on a regular schedule.
+Gastrointestinal problems, including tears in the tube that carries food, or a hole in your stomach or small intestine. You also could have rectal prolapse, which is when part of the large intestine slips outside the anus.
+Conditions that often occur along with bulimia include anxiety, depression, personality disorders or bipolar disorder, and misuse of alcohol or drugs. Self-harm, thoughts about suicide or suicide also can occur.","Although there's no sure way to prevent bulimia, you can steer someone toward healthier behavior or professional treatment before it gets worse. Here's how you can help:
+Promote and support a healthy body image in your children, no matter what their size or shape. Help them become more confident in many parts of their personality, not just how they look.
+Have regular, enjoyable family meals.
+Don't talk about weight or shape at home.
+Discourage dieting. This is especially important when it involves unhealthy weight-control behaviors, such as fasting, labeling foods as good or bad, using weight-loss supplements or laxatives, or vomiting.
+Talk with your primary healthcare professional to look for early signs of an eating problem.
+If you notice a loved one or friend who seems to have food issues that could lead to or suggest an eating disorder, think about talking to the person about these issues and ask how you can help. If you do so, be supportive.","To diagnose bulimia, your healthcare professional will:
+Talk to you about your eating habits, ways to lose weight and physical symptoms.
+Do a physical exam.
+Request blood and urine tests.
+Request anECGor other tests to look for problems with your heart.
+Do a mental health evaluation, including talking about how you feel about your body and weight.
+Your healthcare professional also may request more tests to pinpoint a diagnosis, rule out medical causes for weight changes and check for any related complications.
+A diagnosis of bulimia usually includes episodes of binging and purging at least once a week for three months. But any binge and purge behaviors, even when done less often, can be dangerous and need treatment. The more often the episodes occur, the more severe the bulimia is.","When you have bulimia, you may need one or more types of treatment. Treatment includes proven therapies and medicines that may help you get better.
+Treatment generally involves a team approach that includes you, your family, your primary healthcare professional, a mental health professional and sometimes a dietitian who knows how to treat eating problems.
+Here's a look at bulimia treatment options.","You may find it hard to cope with bulimia when the media, coaches, family, and maybe your own friends or peers are giving you mixed messages. How do you cope with a disease that can be deadly when you're also getting messages that being thin is a sign of success?
+Be sure to:
+Remind yourself what a healthy weight is for your body.
+Try not to diet or skip meals, which can cause binge eating.
+Don't skip therapy sessions.
+Don't visit websites that support or praise eating disorders.
+Work with your treatment team to figure out which situations cause thoughts or behaviors that may play a part in your bulimia. Create a plan to deal with those situations.
+Make a plan to cope with the hardships of setbacks.
+Look for positive role models who can make you feel better about yourself.
+Find activities and hobbies that you enjoy to distract you from thoughts of binge eating and purging.
+Feel better about yourself by forgiving yourself, focusing on the positive, and crediting and accepting yourself.","Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your healthcare team. Ask a family member or friend to go with you, if possible, to help you remember key points and give a fuller picture of what's going on.","In addition to professional treatment, use these self-care tips:
+Follow your treatment plan.Don't skip therapy sessions. Also, try to follow what you and your therapist plan for the time between sessions, even if those plans make you uncomfortable.
+Learn about bulimia.Knowing more about your condition can help you stay with your treatment plan.
+Get the right nutrition.If you aren't eating well or you're purging a lot, your body likely isn't getting all the nutrients it needs. Talk to your primary healthcare professional or dietitian about what vitamin and mineral supplements you need. But you should try to get most of your vitamins and minerals from food.
+Stay in touch.Don't stay away from caring family members and friends who want to see you get healthy. Know that they have your best interests at heart. And having people who care about you in your life is healthy for you.
+Be kind to yourself.Try not to weigh yourself or check yourself in the mirror a lot. These actions may fuel your drive to keep unhealthy habits.
+Be cautious with exercise.Talk to your primary healthcare professional about what kind of physical activity is right for you, especially if you exercise a lot to burn off calories after binge eating.","feeling of loss of control, using laxatives or enemas, vomiting, enemas, limiting calories, exercising to extremes, fasting, bulimia, urinating, weight loss, fear of gaining weight, eating unusually large amounts of food, mood swings"
+392,Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-ventricular-contractions/symptoms-causes/syc-20376757,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-ventricular-contractions/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376762,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-ventricular-contractions/doctors-departments/ddc-20376763,"Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are extra heartbeats that begin in one of the heart's two lower pumping chambers (ventricles). These extra beats disrupt the regular heart rhythm, sometimes causing a sensation of a fluttering or a skipped beat in the chest.
+
+Premature ventricular contractions are a common type of irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). PVC are also called:
+
+Occasional premature ventricular contractions in people without heart disease usually aren't a concern and likely don't need treatment. You might need treatment if the premature ventricular contractions are very frequent or bothersome, or if you have an underlying heart condition.","Premature ventricular contractions often cause few or no symptoms. But the extra beats can cause unusual sensations in the chest, such as:","If you feel fluttering, pounding or a sensation of skipped heartbeats in your chest, talk to your health care provider. A health care provider can determine if the sensations are due to a heart condition or other health concern. Similar signs and symptoms can be caused by many other conditions such as anxiety, low red blood cell count (anemia), overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) and infections.","To understand the cause of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), it might help to learn more about how the heart typically beats.
+
+The heart is made of four chambers — two upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers (ventricles).
+
+The heart's rhythm is controlled by a natural pacemaker (the sinus node) in the right upper chamber (atrium). The sinus node sends electrical signals that typically start each heartbeat. These electrical signals move across the atria, causing the heart muscles to squeeze (contract) and pump blood into the ventricles.
+
+Next, the signals arrive at a cluster of cells called the atrioventricular (AV) node, where they slow down. This slight delay allows the ventricles to fill with blood. When the electrical signals reach the ventricles, the chambers contract and pump blood to the lungs or to the rest of the body.
+
+In a typical heart, this heart signaling process usually goes smoothly, resulting in a resting heart rate of 60 to 100 beats a minute.","Certain lifestyle choices and health conditions may make a person more likely to develop PVCs.
+
+Risk factors for PCVs include:","Having frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) or certain patterns of them might increase the risk of developing irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) or weakening of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy).
+
+Rarely, when accompanied by heart disease, frequent premature contractions can lead to chaotic, dangerous heart rhythms and possibly sudden cardiac death.",,"To diagnose premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), a health care provider will typically listen to your heart with a stethoscope. You may be asked questions about your lifestyle habits and medical history.
+
+Tests are done to confirm a diagnosis of premature ventricular contractions.","Most people with premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) who don't have heart disease won't need treatment. If you have heart disease, PVCs can lead to more-serious heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias). Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
+
+A health care provider may recommend the following treatment for frequent PVCs:",,"You're likely to start by seeing your family care provider. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases (cardiologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"unusual sensations in the chest, extra beats, premature ventricular contractions"
+394,Dyshidrosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyshidrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352342,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyshidrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352348,,"Dyshidrosis is a skin condition that causes small, fluid-filled blisters to form on the palms of the hands and sides of the fingers. Sometimes the bottoms of the feet are affected too.
+The itchy blisters last a few weeks and often come back.
+Treatment for dyshidrosis most often includes prescription steroid skin creams or ointments. Your doctor or other health care provider may suggest a different treatment, such as light therapy or medicine taken by mouth or injection. The right treatment depends on how severe your symptoms are.
+Dyshidrosis is also called dyshidrotic eczema and pompholyx.","Dyshidrosis symptoms include painful, itchy and fluid-filled blisters on the sides of the fingers, the palms of the hands and the bottoms of the feet. The blisters are small — about the width of a standard pencil lead. They are grouped in clusters and can look like tapioca.
+With severe disease, the small blisters can merge to form larger blisters. Skin affected by dyshidrosis can be painful and very itchy. After a few weeks, the blisters dry and flake off.
+Dyshidrosis tends to come back regularly for months or years.","Call your doctor if you have a rash on your hands or feet that's severe, doesn't go away, or spreads beyond the hands and feet.","The cause of dyshidrosis isn't known. It tends to happen in people who have a skin condition called atopic dermatitis (eczema) and allergic conditions, such as hay fever or glove allergy. Dyshidrosis isn't contagious.","Risk factors for dyshidrosis include:
+Stress.Dyshidrosis appears to be more common during times of emotional or physical stress.
+Exposure to certain metals.These include cobalt and nickel — often in an industrial setting.
+Sensitive skin.People who develop a rash after contact with certain irritants are more likely to form the blisters of dyshidrosis.
+Atopic dermatitis.Some people with atopic dermatitis may have dyshidrosis.","For most people with dyshidrosis, it's just an itchy inconvenience. For others, the pain and itching may limit the use of their hands or feet. Intense scratching can increase the risk of a bacterial infection of the affected skin.
+After healing, you may notice skin color changes in the affected area. This is called postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. It's more likely to occur in people with brown or Black skin. This complication most often goes away in time without treatment.","There's no way to prevent dyshidrosis. It may help to manage stress and avoid exposure to metal salts, such as cobalt and nickel.
+Good skin care practices may help protect the skin as well. These include:
+Using mild, nonsoap cleansers and lukewarm water to wash your hands.
+Drying your hands well.
+Applying moisturizer at least twice a day.
+Wearing gloves. But if you notice that wearing gloves worsens the rash, you may be sensitive to gloves. Let your doctor know about this. Try cotton gloves to prevent irritation. For wet activities, you might try wearing cotton gloves under waterproof gloves.","To diagnosis dyshidrosis, your doctor will likely talk with you about your medical history and look at the affected skin. You might need other tests to rule out conditions that can cause symptoms similar to those of dyshidrosis. For example, a scraping of the skin can be tested for the type of fungus that causes athlete's foot. Or you might have a patch test. With this test, the skin is exposed to a small amount of suspected allergen and watched for a reaction.","Dyshidrosis treatment might involve:
+Corticosteroids.Your doctor may prescribe a corticosteroid cream or ointment to help clear up the blisters. Covering the treated area in plastic wrap or a moist bandage helps the skin absorb the medicine. Long-term use of steroids can cause side effects, such as spider veins and thinning of skin.In severe cases, your doctor may prescribe a brief course of oral steroids, such as prednisone, as a bridge to other treatments.
+Phototherapy.If other treatments aren't effective, your doctor may recommend light therapy. In this treatment, aUVlight called narrowbandUVBis directed at the affected skin.
+Immune-suppressing ointments.The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus (Protopic) may be helpful for people who want to limit their exposure to steroids. Do not combine this treatment with phototherapy.
+Controlling sweating.Heavy sweating of the palms and soles may contribute to dyshidrosis. Your doctor might suggest anti-perspirants or injection with botulinum toxin A. This treatment may help reduce sweating and improve the skin.",,You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in skin disorders (dermatologist). Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.,"Home treatment might include:
+Applying a moist cloth.A wet, cool cloth may help reduce itching.
+Taking anti-itch drugs.Antihistamine medicine that you can get at a store without a prescription may help relieve itching. Examples are diphenhydramine and loratadine (Alavert, Claritin).","blisters, dyshidrosis, painful and very itchy, painful, fluid-filled blisters, dyshidrosis symptoms, larger blisters, itchy, painful, itchy, blisters dry, small blisters, very itchy, skin painful"
+395,Erectile dysfunction,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/erectile-dysfunction/symptoms-causes/syc-20355776,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/erectile-dysfunction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355782,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/erectile-dysfunction/doctors-departments/ddc-20355785,"Erectile dysfunction means not being able to get and keep an erection firm enough for sexual activity. It also is called impotence.
+Having erection trouble from time to time isn't always a cause for concern. But if erectile dysfunction is ongoing, it can cause stress, affect self-confidence and add to challenges with a partner. Problems getting or keeping an erection can be a sign of a health condition that needs treatment and a risk factor for heart disease.
+If you're worried about erectile dysfunction, talk to your healthcare professional, even if it's awkward. Sometimes, treating an underlying condition can fix erectile dysfunction. Or you might need medicines or other direct treatments.","Having trouble getting an erection once in a while is common. Erectile dysfunction symptoms are ongoing and often get worse over time. They might include:
+Trouble getting an erection.
+Trouble keeping an erection.
+Wanting sex less.","Your main healthcare professional is a good place to start when you have erectile issues. See your healthcare professional if:
+You worry about your erections or you have other sexual problems, such as ejaculating sooner than you want. This is called premature ejaculation. Ejaculating later than you want is called delayed ejaculation.
+You have diabetes, heart disease or another health condition that might be linked to erectile dysfunction.
+You have other symptoms with erectile dysfunction.","Male sexual arousal is complex. It involves the brain, hormones, emotions, nerves, muscles and blood vessels. Erectile dysfunction can result from a problem with any of these. Also, stress and mental health concerns can cause erectile dysfunction or make it worse.
+Sometimes the cause of erectile dysfunction is both physical and mental. For instance, a minor physical condition that slows your sexual response might cause worry about keeping an erection. The anxiety can add to erectile dysfunction.","As you get older, erections might take longer to start and might not be as firm. You might need more direct touch to your penis to get and keep an erection. But erectile dysfunction is not a typical part of aging.
+Risk factors that can add to erectile dysfunction include:
+Medical conditions.Diabetes or heart conditions are big risk factors.
+Tobacco use.This lowers blood flow to veins and arteries. Over time, tobacco use can cause ongoing health conditions that lead to erectile dysfunction.
+Being overweight.Being obese, especially, can lead to erectile dysfunction.
+Certain medical treatments.These include prostate surgery or radiation treatment for cancer.
+Injuries.This is especially true if injuries damage the nerves or arteries that control erections.
+Medicines.These include antidepressants, antihistamines, and medicines to treat high blood pressure, pain or prostate conditions.
+Mental health conditions.These include stress, anxiety and depression.
+Illicit drug and alcohol use.This is especially true for long-term drug use or heavy drinking.","Complications from erectile dysfunction can include:
+A poor sex life.
+Depression, stress or anxiety.
+Embarrassment or low self-esteem.
+Relationship issues.
+Not being able to get your partner pregnant.","The best way to prevent erectile dysfunction is to make healthy lifestyle choices and to manage any health conditions. For instance:
+Work with your healthcare professional to manage diabetes, heart disease or other ongoing health conditions.
+Get regular checkups and medical screening tests.
+Stop smoking, limit or don't drink alcohol, and don't use illicit drugs.
+Exercise regularly.
+Find ways to ease stress.
+Get help for anxiety, depression or other mental health issues.","Diagnosing erectile dysfunction involves having a physical exam and answering questions about your medical and sexual history. If you have ongoing health conditions that could be involved, you might need other tests. Or you might need to see a specialist.
+Tests for underlying conditions might include:
+Physical exam.This might involve an exam of your penis and testicles and checking for nerve damage.
+Blood tests.A sample of your blood sent to a lab can check for signs of heart disease, diabetes, low testosterone levels and other health conditions.
+Urine tests, also called urinalysis.Like blood tests, urine tests can show signs of diabetes and other health conditions.
+Ultrasound.This test uses sound waves to look at the blood vessels that send blood to the penis. It involves using a wandlike device called a transducer held over the blood vessels. It makes a video image that can show if you have blood flow problems.Healthcare professionals sometimes do this test after putting a shot of medicine into the penis to stimulate blood flow and make an erection.
+Mental health exam.Your healthcare professional may ask questions to screen for depression and other mental issues that can cause erectile dysfunction.","Treatment for erectile dysfunction depends on the cause of your erectile dysfunction, how bad it is and whether you have underlying health conditions. You might have several treatment choices.
+Your healthcare professional can tell you the pros and cons of each treatment. What you prefer matters. What your partner wants also might be part of your treatment choices.","No matter what causes erectile dysfunction, it can be a source of stress for you and your partner. Here are some steps you can take:
+Don't assume the issue will last.It's common to have erection problems sometimes. Thinking you'll have it again or that it's a sign of something wrong with you can cause stress. Stress can make erectile dysfunction worse.
+Involve your sexual partner.Your partner might think not being able to have an erection is a sign that you have less desire for sex. Assure your partner that this isn't true. Talk openly about your condition. Treatment can work better for you when you involve your partner.
+Don't ignore stress, anxiety or other mental health concerns.Talk to your healthcare professional or a mental health professional to deal with these issues.","You're likely to start by seeing your main healthcare professional. Your healthcare professional may send you to a specialist. This could be a doctor who specializes in male genital problems, called a urologist, or a doctor who specializes in the hormonal systems, called an endocrinologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","For many people, lifestyle choices cause erectile dysfunction or make it worse. Here are some tips that might help:
+If you smoke, quit.If you have trouble quitting, get help. Try nicotine replacement, such as over-the-counter gum or lozenges. Or ask your healthcare professional about a prescription medicine that can help you quit.
+Lose excess weight.Being overweight can cause erectile dysfunction or make it worse.
+Be more physically active.Exercise can help with underlying conditions that play a part in erectile dysfunction by easing stress, helping you lose weight and increasing blood flow.
+Get treatment for alcohol or drug overuse.Drinking too much or taking certain illicit drugs can make erectile dysfunction worse. And overuse can cause long-term health problems that make erectile dysfunction worse.
+Work through issues with your partner.Think about couples counseling for help working through problems with your partner.","trouble getting an erection, trouble keeping an erection, erectile dysfunction symptoms, wanting sex less"
+396,Pulmonary edema,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377014,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/doctors-departments/ddc-20377015,"Pulmonary edema is a condition caused by too much fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the many air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe.
+
+In most cases, heart problems cause pulmonary edema. But fluid can collect in the lungs for other reasons. These include pneumonia, contact with certain toxins, medications, trauma to the chest wall, and traveling to or exercising at high elevations.
+
+Pulmonary edema that develops suddenly (acute pulmonary edema) is a medical emergency that needs immediate care. Pulmonary edema can sometimes cause death. Prompt treatment might help. Treatment for pulmonary edema depends on the cause but generally includes additional oxygen and medications.",Pulmonary edema symptoms may appear suddenly or develop over time. Symptoms depend on the type of pulmonary edema.,"Pulmonary edema that comes on suddenly (acute pulmonary edema) is life-threatening. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you have any of the following acute symptoms:
+
+Don't drive yourself to the hospital. Instead, call 911 or emergency medical care and wait for help.","The causes of pulmonary edema vary. Pulmonary edema falls into two categories, depending on where the problem starts.
+
+Understanding the relationship between the lungs and the heart can help explain why pulmonary edema may occur.","Heart failure and other heart conditions that raise pressure in the heart increase the risk of pulmonary edema. Risk factors for heart failure include:
+
+Some nervous system conditions and lung damage due to near drowning, drug use, inhaling smoke, viral illnesses and blood clots also raise the risk.
+
+People who travel to high-altitude locations above 8,000 feet (about 2,400 meters) are more likely to develop high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). It usually affects those who don't take the time — a few days to a week or more — to get used to the elevation.
+
+Children who already have pulmonary hypertension and structural heart defects may be more likely to get HAPE.","Complications of pulmonary edema depend on the cause.
+
+In general, if pulmonary edema continues, the pressure in the pulmonary artery can rise (pulmonary hypertension). Eventually, the heart becomes weak and begins to fail, and pressures in the heart and lungs go up.
+
+Pulmonary edema complications may include:
+
+Immediate treatment is necessary for acute pulmonary edema to prevent death.","You may be able to prevent pulmonary edema by managing existing heart or lung conditions and following a healthy lifestyle.
+
+For example, controlling cholesterol and blood pressure can help lower the risk of heart disease. Follow these tips to keep your heart healthy:","Breathing problems require immediate diagnosis and treatment. A health care provider can base a diagnosis of pulmonary edema on the symptoms and the results of a physical exam and certain tests.
+
+Once the condition is more stable, the provider can ask about medical history, especially a history of cardiovascular or lung disease.
+
+Tests that can help diagnose pulmonary edema or determine the reason for fluid in the lungs include:","The first treatment for acute pulmonary edema is oxygen. Oxygen flows through a face mask or a flexible plastic tube with two openings (nasal cannula) that deliver oxygen to each nostril. This should ease some symptoms.
+
+A health care provider monitors the oxygen level. Sometimes it may be necessary to assist breathing with a machine such as a mechanical ventilator or one that provides positive airway pressure.
+
+Depending on the severity of the condition and the reason for the pulmonary edema, treatment might include one or more of the following medications:
+
+It is important to diagnosis and treat, if possible, any nervous system problems or causes of heart failure.",,"If you have pulmonary edema, you will likely first be seen by an emergency room doctor. If you think you have signs or symptoms of pulmonary edema, call 911 or emergency medical help rather than making an outpatient appointment.
+
+You may see several specialists while you're in the hospital. After you are stable, you may be referred to a doctor trained in heart conditions (cardiologist) or lung conditions (pulmonologist).",,"none, pulmonary edema"
+397,Pulmonary embolism,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354647,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354653,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/doctors-departments/ddc-20354654,"A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that blocks and stops blood flow to an artery in the lung. In most cases, the blood clot starts in a deep vein in the leg and travels to the lung. Rarely, the clot forms in a vein in another part of the body. When a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, it's called a deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
+Because one or more clots block blood flow to the lungs, pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening. However, prompt treatment greatly reduces the risk of death. Taking measures to prevent blood clots in your legs will help protect you against pulmonary embolism.","Pulmonary embolism symptoms can vary greatly, depending on how much of your lung is involved, the size of the clots, and whether you have underlying lung or heart disease.
+Common symptoms include:
+Shortness of breath.This symptom usually appears suddenly. Trouble catching your breath happens even when resting and gets worse with physical activity.
+Chest pain.You may feel like you're having a heart attack. The pain is often sharp and felt when you breathe in deeply. The pain can stop you from being able to take a deep breath. You also may feel it when you cough, bend or lean over.
+Fainting.You may pass out if your heart rate or blood pressure drops suddenly. This is called syncope.
+Other symptoms that can occur with pulmonary embolism include:
+A cough that may include bloody or blood-streaked mucus
+Rapid or irregular heartbeat
+Lightheadedness or dizziness
+Excessive sweating
+Fever
+Leg pain or swelling, or both, usually in the back of the lower leg
+Clammy or discolored skin, called cyanosis","A pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening. Seek urgent medical attention if you experience unexplained shortness of breath, chest pain or fainting.","A pulmonary embolism occurs when a clump of material, most often a blood clot, gets stuck in an artery in the lungs, blocking the flow of blood. Blood clots most commonly come from the deep veins of your legs, a condition known as deep vein thrombosis.
+In many cases, multiple clots are involved. The portions of lung served by each blocked artery can't get blood and may die. This is known as a pulmonary infarction. This makes it more difficult for your lungs to provide oxygen to the rest of your body.
+Occasionally, blockages in the blood vessels are caused by substances other than blood clots, such as:
+Fat from the inside of a broken long bone
+Part of a tumor
+Air bubbles","Although anyone can develop blood clots that result in a pulmonary embolism, certain factors can increase your risk.","A pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening. About one-third of people with an undiagnosed and untreated pulmonary embolism don't survive. When the condition is diagnosed and treated promptly, however, that number drops dramatically.
+Pulmonary embolisms also can lead to pulmonary hypertension, a condition in which the blood pressure in the lungs and in the right side of the heart is too high. When you have blockages in the arteries inside your lungs, your heart must work harder to push blood through those vessels. This increases blood pressure and eventually weakens your heart.
+In rare cases, small clots called emboli remain in the lungs and scarring develops in the pulmonary arteries over time. This restricts blood flow and results in chronic pulmonary hypertension.","Preventing clots in the deep veins in your legs will help prevent pulmonary embolisms. For this reason, most hospitals are aggressive about taking measures to prevent blood clots, including:
+Blood thinners (anticoagulants).These medicines are often given to people at risk of clots before and after surgery. Also, they're often given to people admitted to the hospital with certain medical conditions, such as heart attack, stroke or complications of cancer.
+Compression stockings.Compression stockings steadily squeeze the legs, helping veins and leg muscles move blood more efficiently. They offer a safe, simple and inexpensive way to keep blood from pooling in the legs during and after surgery.
+Leg elevation.Elevating your legs when possible and during the night can be very effective. Raise the bottom of your bed 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm) with blocks or books.
+Physical activity.Moving as soon as possible after surgery can help prevent pulmonary embolism and hasten recovery overall. This is one of the main reasons your nurse may push you to get up, even on your day of surgery, and walk despite pain at the site of your surgical incision.
+Pneumatic compression.This treatment uses thigh-high or calf-high cuffs that automatically inflate with air and deflate every few minutes. This massages and squeezes the veins in your legs and improves blood flow.","A pulmonary embolism can be difficult to diagnose, especially if you have underlying heart or lung disease. For that reason, your health care provider will likely discuss your medical history, do a physical exam, and order tests that may include one or more of the following.","Treatment of a pulmonary embolism focuses on keeping the blood clot from getting bigger and preventing new clots from forming. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent serious complications or death.
+Treatment can include medicines, surgery and other procedures, and ongoing care.",,"A pulmonary embolism is often first evaluated in a hospital, emergency room or urgent care center. If you think you might have a pulmonary embolism, seek medical attention right away.",,"swelling, blood-streaked mucus, dizziness, shortness of breath, excessive sweating, pulmonary embolism symptoms, cyanosis, cough, excessive sweating
+fever
+leg pain, lightheadedness, heart disease, pulmonary embolism, fainting, rapid or irregular heartbeat, leg pain, pain, fever, chest pain, syncope, bloody, clammy skin, trouble catching your breath"
+398,End-stage renal disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354532,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354538,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20354541,"End-stage renal disease, also called end-stage kidney disease or kidney failure, occurs when chronic kidney disease — the gradual loss of kidney function — reaches an advanced state. In end-stage renal disease, your kidneys no longer work as they should to meet your body's needs.
+Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine. When your kidneys lose their filtering abilities, dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes can build up in your body.
+With end-stage renal disease, you need dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive. But you can also choose to opt for conservative care to manage your symptoms — aiming for the best quality of life during your remaining time.","Early in chronic kidney disease, you might have no signs or symptoms. As chronic kidney disease progresses to end-stage renal disease, signs and symptoms might include:
+Nausea
+Vomiting
+Loss of appetite
+Fatigue and weakness
+Changes in how much you urinate
+Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart
+Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs
+Swelling of feet and ankles
+High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control
+Headaches
+Difficulty sleeping
+Decreased mental sharpness
+Muscle twitches and cramps
+Persistent itching
+Metallic taste
+Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific, meaning they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys can make up for lost function, signs and symptoms might not appear until irreversible damage has occurred.",,"Kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several months or years. For some people, kidney damage can continue to progress even after the underlying condition is resolved.
+Diseases and conditions that can lead to kidney disease include:
+Type 1 or type 2 diabetes
+High blood pressure
+Glomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-low-nuh-FRY-tis) — an inflammation of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli)
+Interstitial nephritis (in-tur-STISH-ul nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney's tubules and surrounding structures
+Polycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseases
+Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancers
+Vesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-tur-ul) reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up into your kidneys
+Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis)","Certain factors increase the risk that chronic kidney disease will progress more quickly to end-stage renal disease, including:
+Diabetes with poor blood sugar control
+Kidney disease that affects the glomeruli, the structures in the kidneys that filter wastes from the blood
+Polycystic kidney disease
+High blood pressure
+Tobacco use
+Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander or American Indian heritage
+Family history of kidney failure
+Older age
+Frequent use of medications that could be damaging to the kidney","Kidney damage, once it occurs, can't be reversed. Potential complications can affect almost any part of your body and can include:
+Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema)
+A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart's ability to function and may be life-threatening
+Heart disease
+Weak bones and an increased risk of bone fractures
+Anemia
+Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction or reduced fertility
+Damage to your central nervous system, which can cause difficulty concentrating, personality changes or seizures
+Decreased immune response, which makes you more vulnerable to infection
+Pericarditis, an inflammation of the saclike membrane that envelops your heart (pericardium)
+Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetus
+Malnutrition
+Irreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival","If you have kidney disease, you may be able to slow its progress by making healthy lifestyle choices:
+Achieve and maintain a healthy weight
+Be active most days
+Limit protein and eat a balanced diet of nutritious, low-sodium foods
+Control your blood pressure
+Take your medications as prescribed
+Have your cholesterol levels checked every year
+Control your blood sugar level
+Don't smoke or use tobacco products
+Get regular checkups","To diagnose end-stage renal disease, your health care provider may ask you about your family's and your medical history. You may also have physical and neurological exams, along with other tests such as:
+Blood tests,to measure the amount of waste products, such as creatinine and urea, in your blood
+Urine tests,to check the level of the protein albumin in your urine
+Imaging tests,such as ultrasound,MRIorCTscan, to assess your kidneys and look for unusual areas
+Removing a sample of kidney tissue (biopsy),to examine under a microscope to learn what type of kidney disease you have and how much damage there is
+Certain tests might be repeated over time to help your provider follow the progress of your kidney disease.","End-stage renal disease treatments include:
+Kidney transplant
+Dialysis
+Supportive care","Learning you're in kidney failure can come as a shock, even if you've known about your kidney disease for a while. It might be difficult to manage the treatment schedule if you're on dialysis.
+To help you cope, consider trying to:
+Connect with other people who have kidney disease.It might help you to talk to other people with end-stage renal disease Ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Or contact organizations such as the American Association of Kidney Patients, the National Kidney Foundation or the American Kidney Fund for groups in your area.
+Maintain your routine, when possible.Try to continue to work and do the activities you enjoy, if your condition allows.
+Be active most days of the week.With your provider's approval, aim for at least 30 minutes of physical activity most days of the week. This can help you with fatigue and stress.
+Talk with someone you trust.It might help to talk about your feelings with a friend or family member, a faith leader, or someone else you trust. Your provider might be able to recommend a social worker or counselor.","For end-stage renal disease, you'll likely continue to see the same health care provider and care team you've been seeing for treatment of chronic kidney disease. If you're not already being cared for by a doctor who specializes in kidney problems (nephrologist), you might be referred to one as your disease progresses.","As part of your treatment for kidney disease, your health care provider might recommend that you follow a special diet to help support your kidneys and limit the work they must do. Ask for a referral to a registered dietitian with expertise in kidney disease to learn ways to make your diet easier on your kidneys.
+Depending on your situation, kidney function and overall health, your dietitian might recommend that you:
+Avoid products with added salt.Lower the amount of sodium you eat each day by avoiding products with added salt, including many convenience foods, such as frozen dinners, canned soups and fast foods. Other foods with added salt include salty snack foods, canned vegetables, and processed meats and cheeses.
+Choose lower potassium foods.Your dietitian might recommend that you choose lower potassium foods at each meal. High-potassium foods include bananas, oranges, potatoes, spinach and tomatoes.Examples of low-potassium foods include apples, cabbage, carrots, green beans, grapes and strawberries. Be aware that many salt substitutes contain potassium, so you generally should avoid them if you have kidney failure.
+Limit your protein.Your dietitian will estimate the grams of protein you need each day and make recommendations based on that amount. High-protein foods include lean meats, eggs, milk, cheese and beans. Low-protein foods include vegetables, fruits, breads and cereals.","nausea, swelling of feet and ankles, metallic taste, nausea
+vomiting
+loss of appetite
+, itching
+metallic taste
+signs and symptoms of kidney disease, shortness of breath, headaches, fatigue, changes in urination, loss of appetite, itching, muscle twitches, end-stage renal disease, difficulty sleeping, vomiting, cramps, weakness, chest pain, decreased mental sharpness, muscle cramps, hypertension"
+400,Uterine polyps,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20378709,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-polyps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378713,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-polyps/doctors-departments/ddc-20378714,"Uterine polyps are growths attached to the inner wall of the uterus that expand into the uterus. Uterine polyps, also known as endometrial polyps, form as a result of cells in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) overgrowing. These polyps are usually noncancerous (benign), although some can be cancerous or can turn into cancer (precancerous polyps).
+
+Uterine polyps range in size from a few millimeters — no larger than a sesame seed — to several centimeters — golf-ball-size or larger. They attach to the uterine wall by a large base or a thin stalk.
+
+There can be one or many uterine polyps. They usually stay within the uterus, but they can slip through the opening of the uterus (cervix) into the vagina. Uterine polyps are most common in people who are going through or have completed menopause. But younger people can get them, too.","Signs and symptoms of uterine polyps include:
+
+Some people have only light bleeding or spotting; others are symptom-free.",Seek medical care if you have:,"Hormonal factors appear to play a role. Uterine polyps are estrogen-sensitive, meaning they grow in response to estrogen in the body.",Risk factors for developing uterine polyps include:,"Uterine polyps might be associated with infertility. If you have uterine polyps and you're unable to have children, removal of the polyps might allow you to become pregnant, but the data are inconclusive.",,"The following tests might be used to diagnose uterine polyps:
+
+Transvaginal ultrasound.A slender, wandlike device placed in the vagina emits sound waves and creates an image of the uterus, including its insides. A polyp might be clearly present or there might be an area of thickened endometrial tissue.
+
+A related procedure, known as hysterosonography (his-tur-o-suh-NOG-ruh-fee) — also called sonohysterography (son-oh-his-tur-OG-ruh-fee) — involves having salt water (saline) injected into the uterus through a small tube placed through the vagina and cervix. The saline expands the uterus, which gives a clearer view of the inside of the uterus during the ultrasound.
+
+Most uterine polyps are benign. This means that they're not cancer. But, some precancerous changes of the uterus, called endometrial hyperplasia, or uterine cancers appear as uterine polyps. A tissue sample of the removed polyp is analyzed for signs of cancer.","Treatment for uterine polyps might involve:
+
+If a uterine polyp contains cancer cells, your provider will talk with you about the next steps in evaluation and treatment.
+
+Rarely, uterine polyps can recur. If they do, they need more treatment.",,"Your first appointment will likely be with your primary care provider or a gynecologist. Have a family member or friend go with you, if possible. This can help you remember the information you receive.",,"spotting, uterine polyps, bleeding"
+402,Goiter,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/symptoms-causes/syc-20351829,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351834,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/doctors-departments/ddc-20351836,"A goiter (GOI-tur) is the irregular growth of the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck just below the Adam's apple.
+
+A goiter may be an overall enlargement of the thyroid, or it may be the result of irregular cell growth that forms one or more lumps (nodules) in the thyroid. A goiter may be associated with no change in thyroid function or with an increase or decrease in thyroid hormones.","Most people with goiters have no signs or symptoms other than a swelling at the base of the neck. In many cases, the goiter is small enough that it's only discovered during a routine medical exam or an imaging test for another condition.
+
+Other signs or symptoms depend on whether thyroid function changes, how quickly the goiter grows and whether it obstructs breathing.",,"Two hormones produced by the thyroid are thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3). When the thyroid releases T-4 and T-3 into the bloodstream, they play a role in many functions in the body, including the regulation of:
+
+The thyroid gland also produces calcitonin, a hormone that helps regulate the amount of calcium in the blood.",Anyone can develop a goiter. It may be present at birth or occur at any time throughout life. Some common risk factors for goiters include:,"A goiter itself usually doesn't cause complications. The appearance may be troublesome or embarrassing for some people. A large goiter may obstruct the airway and voice box.
+
+Changes in the production of thyroid hormones that may be associated with goiters have the potential for causing complications in multiple body systems.",,"A goiter is often discovered during a routine physical exam. By touching your neck, your health care provider may detect an enlargement of the thyroid, an individual nodule or multiple nodules. Sometimes a goiter is found when you are undergoing an imaging test for another condition.
+
+Additional tests are then ordered to do the following:
+
+Tests may include:","Goiter treatment depends on the size of the goiter, your signs and symptoms, and the underlying cause. If your goiter is small and your thyroid function is healthy, your health care provider may suggest a wait-and-see approach with regular checkups.",,"If you've been diagnosed with a goiter, you're likely to have further tests to determine the cause. You might find it helpful to make a list of questions to ask your health care provider, such as:",,"goiter, breathing, goiters, swelling"
+404,Tennis elbow,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tennis-elbow/symptoms-causes/syc-20351987,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tennis-elbow/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351991,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tennis-elbow/doctors-departments/ddc-20351993,"Tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis, is a condition that can result from overuse of the muscles and tendons in the elbow. Tennis elbow is often linked to repeated motions of the wrist and arm.
+Despite its name, most people who get tennis elbow don't play tennis. Some people have jobs that involve repeated movements that can lead to tennis elbow. These include plumbers, painters, carpenters and butchers. However, often tennis elbow has no clear cause.
+The pain of tennis elbow occurs mainly where the tough, cord-like tissues of the forearm muscles attach to a bony bump on the outside of the elbow. The tissues are known as tendons. Pain can spread into the forearm and wrist.
+Rest, pain medicines and physical therapy often help relieve tennis elbow. People for whom these treatments don't help or who have symptoms that get in the way of daily living might have a procedure, such as a shot or surgery.","The pain of tennis elbow can travel from the outside of the elbow into the forearm and wrist. Pain and weakness can make it hard to:
+Shake hands or grip an object.
+Turn a doorknob.
+Hold a coffee cup.","Talk to a health care provider if self-care steps such as rest, ice and pain relievers don't ease your elbow pain and tenderness.","Tennis elbow is often linked to overuse and muscle strain. But the cause is not well understood. Sometimes, repeated tensing of the forearm muscles that are used to straighten and raise the hand and wrist triggers the symptoms. This can cause a breakdown of the fibers in the tendon that attaches the forearm muscles to the bony bump at the outside of the elbow.
+Activities that can cause tennis elbow symptoms include:
+Playing racket sports, especially using backhand, with poor form.
+Using plumbing tools.
+Painting.
+Driving screws.
+Cutting up foods for cooking, particularly meat.
+Using a computer mouse a lot.
+Less often, an injury or a condition that affects the body's connective tissues causes tennis elbow. Often, the cause isn't known.","Factors that can increase the risk of tennis elbow include:
+Age.Tennis elbow affects people of all ages. But it's most common in adults between the ages of 30 and 60.
+Work.People who have jobs that involve repeating motions of the wrist and arm are more likely to develop tennis elbow. These include plumbers, painters, carpenters, butchers and cooks.
+Certain sports.Playing racket sports increases the risk of tennis elbow. Not having good form or using poor equipment increases the risk even more. Playing more than two hours a day also increases the risk.
+Other factors that can increase the risk include smoking, being obese and certain medicines.",,,"Often, medical history and an exam are enough to diagnose tennis elbow. During the physical exam, a health care provider might press on the affected area or ask you to move your elbow, wrist and fingers in various ways.
+X-rays, sonograms or other types of imaging tests might be needed if a care provider suspects something else might be causing the symptoms.","Tennis elbow often gets better on its own. But if pain medicines and other self-care measures aren't helping, physical therapy might be the next step. A procedure, such as a shot or surgery, might help tennis elbow that doesn't heal with other treatments.",,You'll likely start by seeing your health care provider. You might then go to a sports medicine specialist or an orthopedic surgeon.,"The following self-care measures might relieve tennis elbow:
+Rest.Do not do activities that aggravate elbow pain.
+Pain relievers.Try pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve).
+Ice.Apply ice or a cold pack for 15 minutes 3 to 4 times a day.","pain, weakness"
+405,Frontal lobe seizures,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures/symptoms-causes/syc-20353958,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353962,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures/doctors-departments/ddc-20353966,"Frontal lobe seizures are a common form of epilepsy. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of brain cells send a burst of electrical signals. This causes movements that can't be controlled, known as seizures. Frontal lobe seizures begin in the front of the brain, the area known as the frontal lobe.
+The frontal lobe is large and has important functions. For this reason, frontal lobe seizures can produce symptoms that are unusual and may appear to be related to a mental illness. The seizures also can be mistaken for a sleep disorder because they often occur during sleep. Frontal lobe seizures also are known as frontal lobe epilepsy.
+Changes in brain tissue, infection, injury, stroke, tumors or other conditions can cause frontal lobe seizures.
+Medicines can help control the seizures. Surgery or electrical stimulation might be options if medicines don't reduce or stop the seizures.","Frontal lobe seizures often last less than 30 seconds. Sometimes recovery is immediate.
+Symptoms of frontal lobe seizures might include:
+Head and eye movement to one side.
+Not responding to others or having trouble speaking.
+Explosive screams, including profanities or laughter.
+Body posturing. A common posture is extending one arm while the other flexes, as if the person is posing like a fencer.
+Repetitive movements. These may include rocking, bicycle pedaling or pelvic thrusting.",See a health care professional if you're having symptoms of a seizure. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you see someone having a seizure that lasts longer than five minutes.,"Frontal lobe seizures can be caused by tumors, stroke, infection or traumatic injuries in the brain's frontal lobes.
+Frontal lobe seizures also are associated with a rare inherited disorder called autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. This form of epilepsy causes brief seizures during sleep. If one of your parents has this form of epilepsy, you have a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder.
+For about half of people who have frontal lobe epilepsy, the cause is not known.","Risk factors of frontal lobe seizures include:
+Family history of seizures or brain disorders.
+Head trauma.
+Brain infection.
+Brain tumors.
+Blood vessels or brain tissues that form in an irregular way.
+Stroke.","Frontal lobe seizures can cause complications that may include:
+Seizures that last dangerously long.Frontal lobe seizures tend to occur in clusters. For this reason, they might provoke a condition in which seizure activity lasts much longer than usual, known as status epilepticus. If these seizures continue, they can cause permanent brain damage or death.Seizures that last longer than five minutes are medical emergencies. Call 911 or get medical help right away if you witness someone having a seizure for longer than five minutes.
+Injury.The motions that occur during frontal lobe seizures sometimes result in injury to the person having the seizure. Seizures also can result in accidents and drowning if they occur in certain situations, such as while driving or swimming.
+Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP).People who have seizures have a greater risk than the average person of dying suddenly. The reasons for this are not known. Possible factors include heart or breathing problems, perhaps related to genetic changes. Controlling seizures as well as possible with medicines appears to be the best way to preventSUDEP.
+Depression and anxiety.Both are common in people with epilepsy. Children also have a higher risk of developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).",,"Frontal lobe epilepsy can be hard to diagnose. Its symptoms can be mistaken for mental health problems or sleep disorders such as night terrors. It also is possible that some symptoms of frontal lobe seizures are the result of seizures that begin in other parts of the brain.
+To make a diagnosis, a health care professional reviews your symptoms and medical history. The care professional also conducts a physical exam. You may have blood drawn to test for health conditions or disorders that may be causing the seizures.
+You might need a neurological exam, which will test your:
+Muscle strength.
+Sensory skills.
+Hearing and speech.
+Vision.
+Coordination and balance.
+You also might need the following tests:
+Brain scans.Brain imaging — usually anMRI— might reveal the source of frontal lobe seizures. AnMRIuses radio waves and a powerful magnetic field to produce detailed images of soft tissues, which make up the brain.AnMRIinvolves lying on a narrow table that slides into a long tube. The test often takes about an hour. Some people have a fear of enclosed spaces. They can be given a medicine to feel sleepy and less anxious. The test itself is painless.
+Electroencephalogram, known as an EEG.AnEEGmonitors the electrical activity in the brain. This is done by attaching small metal discs called electrodes to the scalp.EEGs often help diagnose some types of epilepsy. However,EEGresults might not identify frontal lobe epilepsy.
+VideoEEG.VideoEEGis recommended for some people with seizures. This test is usually performed during an overnight stay at a sleep clinic. Both a video camera and anEEGmonitor run all night. A videoEEGallows health care professionals to match what physically occurs during a seizure with what appears on theEEG.","Over the past decade, treatment options have increased for frontal lobe seizures. There are newer types of anti-seizure medicines. There also are a variety of surgical procedures that might help if medicines don't work.","Some people who have epilepsy are frustrated by their condition. Frontal lobe seizures can involve loud utterances or sexual movements that may make the person with epilepsy anxious.
+Parents of children with frontal lobe seizures can find information, resources and emotional connections from support groups. Support groups also can help children who have epilepsy. Counseling also can be important. Adults with epilepsy can find support through in-person and online groups.","You're likely to first see a health care professional. This person may refer you to a doctor trained in nervous system conditions, called a neurologist.","You may find that some things trigger seizures. Seizures can be triggered by alcohol intake, smoking and, especially, lack of sleep. There also is evidence that severe stress can provoke seizures, and that seizures themselves can cause stress. Avoiding these triggers where possible might help improve seizure control.","explosive screams, pelvic thrusting, body posturing, frontal lobe seizures, rocking, trouble speaking, head and eye movement to one side, bicycle pedaling, repetitive movements, not responding"
+406,Parvovirus infection,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parvovirus-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20376085,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parvovirus-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376090,,"A parvovirus infection is an illness caused by a virus called parvovirus B19.
+
+The illness is most common in children. Adults may get parvovirus, too, if they didn't catch the virus as children. The virus spreads easily through the air and between people.
+
+Children with parvovirus infections often get a face rash. It can look like a slapped cheek. The rash is a symptom of an illness related to parvovirus infections called fifth disease. The rash is red on white skin. It is purplish and harder to see on brown or Black skin. Adults with parvovirus may have joint problems.
+
+Most illnesses caused by parvovirus B19 are mild. People who are pregnant, have weakened immune systems or have blood conditions may need treatment.
+
+You can help prevent a parvovirus infection by lowering your risk of catching the virus that causes it. Wash hands often, cover coughs and sneezes, and stay away from people who are sick if you can.","Symptoms of infection with parvovirus B19 appear about 5 to 10 days after contact with the virus.
+
+Many people don't have symptoms. But when symptoms do appear, they depend on your age and whether you have health issues that affect the blood or immune system.","Most people with minor parvovirus infections don't need to see a healthcare professional. But some people have conditions that can make the illness worse or lead to other medical problems. Get a healthcare checkup for symptoms of a parvovirus infection if you or your child also has:
+
+Also call your healthcare professional right away if you are pregnant.","Parvovirus infection is caused by a virus that spreads from person to person through sneezing, coughing and saliva. Infections can happen through close contact between people and through hand-to-hand contact.
+
+Parvovirus B19 also can spread through blood or blood products. A pregnant person with the virus can pass it to the unborn baby as well.
+
+Parvovirus B19 is most likely to spread early in an infection, when a person has cold-like symptoms. It's not likely to spread after later symptoms such as rashes and joint pain appear. Most often, it's safe to go back to work or school once the rash shows up.
+
+Other types of parvoviruses exist, but they only infect animals such as cats and dogs. So you can't get infected from a sick pet. You also can't pass parvovirus B19 to a pet.",,"A parvovirus infection can lead to other health conditions called complications. The risk of complications is higher for some people, including:",There's no vaccine to prevent human parvovirus infection. But you can practice healthy habits to lower the chances of getting the illness:,"Diagnosis of a parvovirus infection involves a physical exam. Often, a healthcare professional can tell if a person has a parvovirus infection based on symptoms such as a face rash that looks like a slapped cheek.
+
+People who are at risk of complications from parvovirus infections might need blood tests. Blood tests can help find out if people have natural protection from parvovirus infections or if they've recently become infected.
+
+If a person is diagnosed with a parvovirus infection while pregnant, the healthcare team may suggest more tests. Ultrasound imaging and blood tests can help track the unborn baby's health. The amniotic fluid that surrounds the baby in the womb also may be tested. This is done to find out if the virus has spread to the baby.","Treatment for parvovirus infection depends on how sick you are. It also depends on whether you have other health concerns.
+
+Rest and care at home may be enough to treat parvovirus infection for someone with no other health concerns.
+
+Parvovirus infection can be more serious for people managing:
+
+People with severe anemia may need blood from a donor, called a blood transfusion, in the hospital.
+
+People with weakened immune systems may need shots of medicine called immune globulin. This medicine helps the immune system clear out the virus.
+
+If a pregnant person gets a parvovirus infection, it may affect the unborn baby. The infection may cause the baby to have anemia and need a blood transfusion. The treatment may be done while the baby is in the womb or shortly after birth.
+
+After you've had a parvovirus infection, you're not likely to get the infection again if your immune system is healthy. About half of adults have natural protection from future parvovirus infections. This most likely is because of an earlier childhood infection that might not have been noticed at the time.
+
+If the immune system is weakened, there's a chance that the virus could become active in the body again. You might get infection symptoms again or severe anemia. If this happens, it's called a chronic parvovirus infection.",,Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you or your child has parvovirus infection symptoms and has a weakened immune system. A weakened immune system raises the risk of complications from parvovirus infection. Also make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have parvovirus infection symptoms while pregnant.,,"parvovirus b19, symptoms, infection"
+407,E. coli,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/e-coli/symptoms-causes/syc-20372058,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/e-coli/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372064,,"Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria normally live in the intestines of healthy people and animals. Most types ofE. coliare harmless or cause relatively brief diarrhea. But a few strains, such asE. coliO157:H7, can cause severe stomach cramps, bloody diarrhea and vomiting.
+You may be exposed toE. colifrom contaminated water or food — especially raw vegetables and undercooked ground beef. Healthy adults usually recover from infection withE. coliO157:H7 within a week. Young children and older adults have a greater risk of developing a life-threatening form of kidney failure.","Signs and symptoms ofE. coliO157:H7 infection usually begin three or four days after exposure to the bacteria. But you may become ill as soon as one day after exposure to more than a week later. Signs and symptoms include:
+Diarrhea, which may range from mild and watery to severe and bloody
+Stomach cramping, pain or tenderness
+Nausea and vomiting, in some people","Contact your doctor if your diarrhea is persistent, severe or bloody.","Only a few strains ofE. colitrigger diarrhea. TheE. coliO157:H7 strain belongs to a group ofE. colithat produces a powerful toxin that damages the lining of the small intestine. This can cause bloody diarrhea. You develop anE. coliinfection when you ingest this strain of bacteria.
+Unlike many other disease-causing bacteria,E. colican cause an infection even if you ingest only small amounts. Because of this, you can be sickened byE. colifrom eating a slightly undercooked hamburger or from swallowing a mouthful of contaminated pool water.
+Potential sources of exposure include contaminated food or water and person-to-person contact.","E. colican affect anyone who is exposed to the bacteria. But some people are more likely to develop problems than are others. Risk factors include:
+Age.Young children and older adults are at higher risk of experiencing illness caused byE. coliand more-serious complications from the infection.
+Weakened immune systems.People who have weakened immune systems — fromAIDSor from drugs to treat cancer or prevent the rejection of organ transplants — are more likely to become ill from ingestingE. coli.
+Eating certain types of food.Riskier foods include undercooked hamburger; unpasteurized milk, apple juice or cider; and soft cheeses made from raw milk.
+Time of year.Though it's not clear why, the majority ofE. coliinfections in the U.S. occur from June through September.
+Decreased stomach acid levels.Stomach acid offers some protection againstE. coli. If you take medications to reduce stomach acid, such as esomeprazole (Nexium), pantoprazole (Protonix), lansoprazole (Prevacid) and omeprazole (Prilosec), you may increase your risk of anE. coliinfection.",Most healthy adults recover fromE. coliillness within a week. Some people — particularly young children and older adults — may develop a life-threatening form of kidney failure called hemolytic uremic syndrome.,"No vaccine or medication can protect you fromE. coli-based illness, though researchers are investigating potential vaccines. To reduce your chance of being exposed toE. coli, avoid swallowing water from lakes or pools, wash your hands often, avoid risky foods, and watch out for cross-contamination.","To diagnose illness caused byE. coliinfection, your doctor sends a sample of your stool to a laboratory to test for the presence ofE. colibacteria. The bacteria may be cultured to confirm the diagnosis and identify specific toxins, such as those produced byE. coliO157:H7.","For illness caused byE. coli, no current treatments can cure the infection, relieve symptoms or prevent complications. For most people, treatment includes:
+Rest
+Fluids to help prevent dehydration and fatigue
+Avoid taking an anti-diarrheal medication — this slows your digestive system down, preventing your body from getting rid of the toxins. Antibiotics generally aren't recommended because they can increase the risk of serious complications and they don't appear to help treat the infection.
+If you have a seriousE. coliinfection that has caused a life-threatening form of kidney failure (hemolytic uremic syndrome), you'll be hospitalized. Treatment includesIVfluids, blood transfusions and kidney dialysis.",,"Most people don't seek medical attention forE. coliinfections. If your symptoms are particularly severe, you may want to visit your primary care doctor or seek immediate care.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your doctor.","Follow these tips to prevent dehydration and reduce symptoms while you recover:
+Drink clear liquids.Drink plenty of clear liquids, including water, clear sodas and broths, gelatin, and juices. Avoid apple and pear juices, caffeine, and alcohol.
+Avoid certain foods.Dairy products, fatty foods, high-fiber foods or highly seasoned foods can make symptoms worse.
+Eat meals.When you start feeling better, you can return to your normal diet.","pain, stomach cramping, nausea, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, vomiting, cramping, infection, ill, tenderness, watery"
+409,Hirsutism,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hirsutism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354935,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hirsutism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354941,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hirsutism/doctors-departments/ddc-20354943,"Hirsutism (HUR-soot-iz-um) is a condition in women that results in excessive growth of dark or coarse hair in a male-like pattern — face, chest and back.","Hirsutism is stiff or dark body hair, appearing on the body where women don't commonly have hair — primarily the face, chest, lower abdomen, inner thighs and back. People have widely varying opinions on what's considered excessive.
+
+When high androgen levels cause hirsutism, other signs might develop over time, a process called virilization. Signs of virilization might include:","If you think you have too much coarse hair on your face or body, talk with your doctor about treatment options.
+
+Excess facial or body hair is often a symptom of an underlying medical problem. See your doctor for assessment if over a few months you experience severe or rapid hair growth on your face or body or signs of virilization. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in hormone disorders (endocrinologist) or skin problems (dermatologist).","Hirsutism may be caused by:
+
+Often hirsutism occurs with no identifiable cause.","Several factors can influence your likelihood of developing hirsutism, including:","Hirsutism can be emotionally distressing. Some women feel self-conscious about having unwanted hair. Some develop depression. Also, although hirsutism doesn't cause physical complications, the underlying cause of a hormonal imbalance can.
+
+If you have hirsutism and irregular periods, you might have polycystic ovary syndrome, which can inhibit fertility. Women who take certain medications to treat hirsutism should avoid pregnancy because of the risk of birth defects.","Hirsutism generally isn't preventable. But losing weight if you're overweight might help reduce hirsutism, particularly if you have polycystic ovary syndrome.","Tests that measure the amount of certain hormones in your blood, including testosterone or testosterone-like hormones, might help determine whether elevated androgen levels are causing your hirsutism.
+
+Your doctor might also examine your abdomen and do a pelvic exam to look for masses that could indicate a tumor.","Treatment of hirsutism with no sign of endocrine disorder is not necessary. For women who do need or seek treatment, it may involve treating any underlying disorder, developing a self-care routine for unwanted hair, and trying various therapies and medications.",,"When you make your appointment, ask if you should avoid removing your unwanted hair so the doctor can better evaluate your condition. Make a list of:
+
+For hirsutism, some questions to ask your doctor include:
+
+Don't hesitate to ask other questions.",,"hair on lower abdomen, hair on inner thighs, hair on back, hair on face, virilization, dark body hair, hair on chest, stiff body hair, hirsutism"
+410,Acromegaly,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acromegaly/symptoms-causes/syc-20351222,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acromegaly/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351226,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acromegaly/doctors-departments/ddc-20351227,"Acromegaly is a rare condition in adults that causes some bones, organs and other tissue to grow bigger. A small gland in the brain called the pituitary gland drives these changes by making too much growth hormone. This usually happens due to a tumor of the pituitary gland. The tumor isn't cancer.
+When the body has too much growth hormone, bones get bigger. In childhood, this leads to increased height as part of a condition called gigantism. In adults with acromegaly, a change in height doesn't happen. Instead, bones in the hands, feet and face become bigger.
+These changes happen slowly over many years. So people with acromegaly and their loved ones may take a long time to notice the symptoms. And healthcare professionals may have a hard time finding and treating the condition early on.
+Without treatment, acromegaly can lead to other serious and sometimes life-threatening health conditions called complications. But treatments such as surgery, medicine and radiation can lower the risk of complications. Treatment also can improve many acromegaly symptoms.","Acromegaly symptoms can change the way some body parts look. Changes can include:
+Thick ears and lips.
+A broad nose.
+Enlarged hands and feet.
+A jutting brow or jaw.
+Gaps between teeth.
+An enlarged tongue.
+An expanded rib cage that may cause the chest to have a round shape.
+Skin changes can include:
+Acne.
+Harmless skin growths called skin tags.
+Coarse, oily and thickened skin.
+Swelling in the tissue under the skin.
+Most often, people with acromegaly don't have every possible body change. And because the changes come on slowly, they may take years to notice. But over time, rings may no longer fit fingers like they used to. Or shoe size may get bigger. Sometimes, people notice the changes only by comparing old photos with newer ones.
+Other acromegaly symptoms can include:
+Vision troubles, including loss of side vision.
+More sweating and body odor than is typical.
+Extreme tiredness.
+Headaches.
+Joint pain.
+Deeper voice.",Get a healthcare checkup if you think you have symptoms of acromegaly. The condition usually develops slowly. Even family members may take a long time to notice the physical changes that happen. But it's important for a healthcare professional to find the condition as early as possible. Treatment can help prevent serious health conditions that can happen along with acromegaly.,"The most common cause of acromegaly is a tumor in the pituitary gland. The tumor is called an adenoma. It isn't cancer. But it makes too much growth hormone over a long amount of time.
+Too much growth hormone causes many symptoms of acromegaly. Some of the symptoms, such as headaches and impaired vision, are due to the tumor pressing on nearby brain tissues.
+Rarely, tumors in other parts of the body cause acromegaly. These include tumors of the lung or pancreas. Sometimes these tumors release growth hormone. Or they make a hormone called growth hormone-releasing hormone. This signals the pituitary gland to make more growth hormone.
+The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, behind the bridge of the nose. It makes growth hormone and other hormones. Growth hormone plays an important role in controlling physical growth.
+The pituitary gland releases growth hormone into the bloodstream. This triggers the liver to make a hormone called insulin-like growth factor-1, also called IGF-1. IGF-1 is really what causes bones and other tissues to grow. Too much growth hormone leads to too much IGF-1. And that can cause acromegaly symptoms and complications.","People who have a rare genetic condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 have a higher risk of acromegaly. This condition also is called MEN 1.
+In MEN 1, the parathyroid glands, pancreas and pituitary gland may grow tumors and release extra hormones. Extra parathyroid hormone can cause thin bones and kidney stones. A pancreas tumor may make the hormone insulin and cause low blood sugar. If the pituitary tumor makes extra growth hormone, acromegaly results. Very rarely, acromegaly can run in families.","Without treatment, acromegaly can lead to other health conditions called complications. These complications can include the following.
+Conditions of the heart and blood vessels such as:
+High blood pressure.
+Higher risk of narrow arteries, which may lead to a heart attack or stroke.
+A disease of the heart muscle called cardiomyopathy.
+Cancer and conditions that can lead to cancer:
+Higher risk of some cancers.
+Growths called polyps on the lining of the colon. Without treatment, these growths can lead to colon cancer.
+Sexual and reproductive health conditions such as:
+Missed periods or irregular vaginal bleeding.
+Trouble getting or keeping an erection, also called erectile dysfunction.
+Less sexual desire.
+Other serious conditions including:
+The most common type of arthritis, called osteoarthritis.
+Type 2 diabetes.
+An irregular growth of the thyroid gland, called a goiter.
+A condition called sleep apnea in which breathing stops and starts many times during sleep.
+A condition called carpal tunnel syndrome that causes numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and arm.
+Spinal cord compression or fractures.
+Vision changes or vision loss.
+Early treatment of acromegaly can prevent these complications or keep them from becoming worse. Without treatment, acromegaly and its complications can lead to early death.",,"Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare professional takes to find out if you have acromegaly. Your healthcare professional asks about your health history and does a physical exam. You also may need the following tests:
+IGF-1 measurement.This blood test measures the level of IGF-1 in your blood. A high IGF-1 level can mean that the level of growth hormone also is high. This can be a clue for acromegaly.
+Growth hormone suppression test.This blood test measures your growth hormone level before and after you drink a type of sugar water called glucose. In people who don't have acromegaly, the glucose drink typically causes the growth hormone level to fall. But if you have acromegaly, your growth hormone level tends to stay high.
+Imaging tests.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help pinpoint the location and size of a tumor in your pituitary gland. If no pituitary tumors are seen, you may need more imaging tests to look for other types of tumors. Your healthcare professional also may recommend X-rays of the hands and feet. These can help check for bone growth.","Acromegaly treatment aims to improve symptoms and treat or prevent complications. The goal is to lower growth hormone and IGF-1 back to their proper levels and keep them there.
+To help lower your growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 levels, treatment options often include:
+Surgery to remove the tumor that's causing symptoms. Most often, this is the first treatment for acromegaly that's caused by a pituitary gland tumor.
+Medicine to help lower hormone levels. This is usually an option if surgery doesn't bring down growth hormone to the right level.
+Radiation to shrink the size of the tumor. Often, this a treatment choice if surgery isn't an option. It's also an option if surgery can't remove the whole tumor or if medicine doesn't help enough.
+Some people need a mix of these treatments. Your treatment plan depends on factors such as:
+The location and size of your tumor.
+How serious your symptoms are.
+Your age and overall health.
+It's common for some changes in physical features to improve with treatment. For example, swelling of soft tissue often goes down. And the skin often becomes less oily and coarse. But enlarged bones don't return to the size that they used to be.
+If you also have other health conditions due to acromegaly, you may need other treatments to manage them.",,"You'll likely first see your primary healthcare professional. Or you may be referred right away to a doctor called an endocrinologist who finds and treats hormone conditions.
+It's good to prepare for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready and to know what to expect from your healthcare professional.",,"joint pain, swelling, enlarged hands, thickened skin, enlarged tongue, thick ears, excessive sweating, headaches, acne, tiredness, body odor, jutting brow, enlarged feet, acromegaly, growths, coarse skin, gaps between teeth, broad nose, extreme tiredness, skin tags, pain, vision troubles, jutting jaw, oily skin, loss of side vision, thick lips, deeper voice"
+412,Heavy menstrual bleeding,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menorrhagia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352829,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menorrhagia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352834,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menorrhagia/doctors-departments/ddc-20352835,"Some women have menstrual bleeding that is heavy or lasts for more than a few days. This condition used to be called menorrhagia. Heavy menstrual bleeding is a common concern. But most women don't have enough blood loss for it to be called heavy menstrual bleeding.
+Some women have menstrual bleeding between periods, or earlier or later in their cycles than expected. This type of bleeding is called abnormal uterine bleeding or irregular menstrual bleeding.
+With heavy menstrual bleeding, blood flow and cramping make it harder to do your usual activities. If you dread your period because you have heavy menstrual bleeding, talk with your doctor. There are many treatments that can help.","Symptoms of heavy menstrual bleeding may include:
+Soaking through one or more sanitary pads or tampons every hour for several hours in a row.
+Needing double sanitary protection to control your menstrual flow.
+Getting up at night to change sanitary pads or tampons.
+Bleeding for more than a week.
+Passing blood clots larger than a quarter.
+Limiting daily activities due to heavy menstrual flow.
+Feeling tired, fatigued or short of breath as the result of blood loss.","Seek medical help before your next scheduled exam if you have:
+Vaginal bleeding so heavy it soaks at least one pad or tampon an hour for more than two hours in a row.
+Bleeding between periods or unusual vaginal bleeding.
+Vaginal bleeding after menopause.","In some cases, the reason for heavy menstrual bleeding is unknown. But a number of conditions may cause heavy menstrual bleeding. They include:
+Hormones being out of balance.In a typical menstrual cycle, there's a balance between the hormones estrogen and progesterone. This controls the buildup of the lining of the uterus. The lining of the uterus also is known as the endometrium. This lining is shed during a menstrual period. When hormones are out of balance, the lining becomes too thick and sheds by way of heavy menstrual bleeding or unexpected bleeding between periods.A number of conditions can cause hormone imbalances. These include obesity, insulin resistance, thyroid problems and polycystic ovary syndrome, which also is called PCOS.
+Problems with the ovaries.Sometimes ovaries don't release an egg during a menstrual cycle. This also is known as anovulation. When this happens, the body doesn't make the hormone progesterone the way it usually does during a menstrual cycle. This leads to hormone imbalance and may result in heavy menstrual bleeding or unexpected bleeding between periods.
+Uterine fibroids.These tumors develop during childbearing years. They are benign, which means they are not cancerous. Uterine fibroids may cause heavier than normal menstrual bleeding or bleeding that goes on for a long time.
+Polyps.These small growths on the lining of the uterus may cause menstrual bleeding that is heavy or lasts for a long time. They may cause bleeding between periods. Polyps also can cause spotting or bleeding after menopause. The growths are not cancerous.
+Adenomyosis.In this condition, glands from the lining of the uterus grow into the wall of the uterus itself. This can cause heavy bleeding and painful periods.
+Intrauterine device, also called an IUD.Heavy menstrual bleeding is a well-known side effect of using a hormone-freeIUDfor birth control. Talk to your doctor about other birth control options.IUDs with progestin may ease heavy menstrual bleeding.
+Pregnancy complications.A single, heavy, late period may be due to a miscarriage. Another cause of heavy bleeding during pregnancy includes the unusual location of the placenta, which supplies nutrition to the baby and removes waste. The placenta may be too low or covering the opening of the uterus, which is called the cervix. This condition also is known as placenta previa.
+Cancer.Cancer of the uterus or cervix can cause abnormal uterine bleeding, unexpected or heavy menstrual bleeding. These cancers can happen before or after menopause. Women who have had an abnormal Pap test in the past are at higher risk of cervical cancer.
+Genetic bleeding disorders.Some bleeding disorders that run in families cause heavy menstrual bleeding. These include von Willebrand's disease, a condition in which the blood does not clot properly.
+Medicines.Some medicines can result in heavy or lengthy menstrual bleeding. These include hormonal medicines such as birth control pills that have estrogen and progestin. These medicines typically help lessen menstrual bleeding but sometimes cause unexpected bleeding between periods. Medicines that prevent blood clots also may cause heavy menstrual bleeding. They include warfarin (Jantoven), enoxaparin (Lovenox), apixaban (Eliquis) and rivaroxaban (Xarelto).
+Other medical conditions.A number of other medical conditions may cause heavy menstrual bleeding. They include liver, kidney and thyroid disease.","Risk factors vary with age and the medical conditions you have. Usually, the release of an egg from the ovaries signals the body to make progesterone. Progesterone is the hormone most responsible for keeping periods regular. If no egg is released, the body does not make enough progesterone. This can result in heavy menstrual bleeding or unexpected bleeding between periods.
+In teenagers, an irregular period or heavy menstrual bleeding often happens when an egg is not released during a monthly cycle. Teenagers are most likely to have cycles without an egg release during the first year after they have their first period.
+In older women of reproductive age, heavy menstrual bleeding is often caused by problems with the uterus. These include fibroids, polyps and adenomyosis. But other problems also could cause heavy menstrual bleeding. Examples include cancer of the uterus, bleeding disorders, side effects of medicines, and liver or kidney disease.","Menstrual bleeding that is too heavy or lasts too long can lead to other medical conditions. These include:
+Anemia.Heavy menstrual bleeding can cause anemia related to blood loss. Anemia is a condition in which the body lacks enough red blood cells to carry oxygen to tissues. The number of red blood cells is measured by hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues throughout the body.Iron deficiency anemia occurs as the body tries to make up for lost red blood cells. The body uses iron stores to make more hemoglobin so that enough oxygen can be carried to tissues. Heavy menstrual bleeding may make iron levels too low. This may result in iron deficiency anemia.Symptoms include headaches and feeling tired. Although diet plays a role in iron deficiency anemia, the problem is made worse by heavy menstrual periods.
+Severe pain.Along with heavy menstrual bleeding, you might have painful menstrual cramps. This also is known as dysmenorrhea. Talk to your doctor if your cramps make it hard to do your daily activities.",,"A member of your health care team will likely ask about your medical history and menstrual cycles. You may be asked to keep a diary to track days with and without bleeding. Record information such as how heavy your flow was and how many sanitary pads or tampons you needed to control it.
+After doing a physical exam, your doctor or other member of your care team may recommend certain tests or procedures. They may include:
+Blood tests.A sample of your blood may be tested for iron deficiency anemia. The sample also may be tested for other conditions, such as thyroid disorders or blood-clotting problems.
+Pap test.In this test, cells from your cervix are collected. They are tested for inflammation or changes that may be precancerous, which means they could lead to cancer. Cells also are tested for human papilloma virus in women ages 25 to 30 and older.
+Endometrial biopsy.Your doctor may take a tissue sample from the inside of your uterus. A pathologist will look for signs of cancer or precancer of the uterus.
+Ultrasound.This imaging method uses sound waves to create pictures of your uterus, ovaries and pelvis.
+Results of these initial tests may lead to more testing, including:
+Sonohysterography.During this test, a fluid is injected through a tube into your uterus by way of your vagina and cervix. Your doctor then uses ultrasound to look for problems in the lining of your uterus.
+Hysteroscopy.A thin, lighted instrument is inserted through your vagina and cervix into your uterus. This allows your doctor to see the inside of your uterus.
+Your doctor can make a diagnosis of heavy menstrual bleeding or abnormal uterine bleeding only after it's known that something else isn't causing your condition. These causes may include menstrual disorders, medical conditions or medicines.","Treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding is based on a number of factors. These include:
+Your overall health and medical history.
+The cause of the condition and how serious it is.
+How well you tolerate certain medicines or procedures.
+The chance that your periods will soon become less heavy.
+Your plans to have children.
+How the condition affects your lifestyle.
+Your opinion or personal choices.",,"You may start by seeing your primary care doctor or other health care professional. Or you may be referred immediately to a specialist called an obstetrician/gynecologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"fatigued, tampons, menstrual bleeding, getting up, bleeding, feeling tired, limiting, short of breath, passing blood clots, blood loss, needing, soaking"
+415,Blepharitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blepharitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370141,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blepharitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370148,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blepharitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20370149,"Blepharitis (blef-uh-RYE-tis) is inflammation of the eyelids. Blepharitis usually affects both eyes along the edges of the eyelids.
+
+Blepharitis commonly occurs when tiny oil glands near the base of the eyelashes become clogged, causing irritation and redness. Several diseases and conditions can cause blepharitis.
+
+Blepharitis is often a chronic condition that's difficult to treat. Blepharitis can be uncomfortable and unsightly. But it usually doesn't cause permanent damage to your eyesight, and it's not contagious.",Blepharitis signs and symptoms are typically worse in the morning. They include:,If you have blepharitis signs and symptoms that don't seem to improve despite good hygiene — regular cleaning and care of the affected area — make an appointment with your doctor.,The exact cause of blepharitis isn't clear. It might be associated with one or more of the following:,,"If you have blepharitis, you might also have:
+
+Excess tearing or dry eyes.Abnormal oily secretions and other debris shed from the eyelids, such as flaking associated with dandruff, can build up in your tear film — the water, oil and mucus solution that forms tears.
+
+Abnormal tear film interferes with keeping your eyelids moist. This can irritate your eyes and cause symptoms of dry eyes or excess tearing.",,Tests and procedures used to diagnose blepharitis include:,"Self-care measures, such as washing your eyes and using warm compresses, might be all that's needed for most cases of blepharitis. If self-care measures aren't enough, your doctor might suggest prescription treatments, including:
+
+Medications that fight infection.Antibiotics applied to the eyelid have been shown to provide relief of symptoms and resolve bacterial infection of the eyelids. These are available in several forms, including eyedrops, creams and ointments.
+
+If you don't respond to topical antibiotics, your doctor might suggest an oral antibiotic.
+
+Other treatment options, such as using intense pulsed light might unclog the glands. More study is needed.
+
+Blepharitis rarely disappears completely. Even with successful treatment, the condition frequently is chronic and requires daily attention with eyelid scrubs. If you don't respond to treatment, or if you've also lost eyelashes or only one eye is affected, the condition could be caused by a localized eyelid cancer.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor. If your doctor suspects you may have an eyelid problem, such as blepharitis, you might be referred to an eye specialist (optometrist or ophthalmologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"worse in the morning, blepharitis"
+417,Bell's palsy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bells-palsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370028,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bells-palsy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370034,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bells-palsy/doctors-departments/ddc-20370035,"Bell's palsy is a condition that causes sudden weakness in the muscles on one side of the face. Often the weakness is short-term and improves over weeks. The weakness makes half of the face appear to droop. Smiles are one-sided, and the eye on the affected side is hard to close.
+Bell's palsy also is known as acute peripheral facial palsy of unknown cause. It can occur at any age. The exact cause is not known. Experts think it's caused by swelling and irritation of the nerve that controls the muscles on one side of the face. Bell's palsy could be caused by a reaction that occurs after a viral infection.
+Symptoms usually start to improve within a few weeks, with complete recovery in about six months. A small number of people continue to have some Bell's palsy symptoms for life. Rarely, Bell's palsy occurs more than once.","Symptoms of Bell's palsy come on suddenly and may include:
+Mild weakness to total paralysis on one side of the face — occurring within hours to days.
+Facial droop and trouble making facial expressions, such as closing an eye or smiling.
+Drooling.
+Pain around the jaw or pain in or behind the ear on the affected side.
+Increased sensitivity to sound on the affected side.
+Headache.
+Loss of taste.
+Changes in the amount of tears and saliva produced.
+Rarely, Bell's palsy can affect the nerves on both sides of the face.","Seek medical help right away if you experience any type of paralysis because you may be having a stroke. Bell's palsy is not caused by a stroke, but the symptoms of both conditions are similar.
+If you have facial weakness or drooping, see your healthcare professional to find out the cause and the severity of the illness.","Although the exact reason Bell's palsy occurs isn't clear, it's often related to having a viral infection. Viruses that have been linked to Bell's palsy include viruses that cause:
+Cold sores and genital herpes, also known as herpes simplex.
+Chickenpox and shingles, also known as herpes zoster.
+Infectious mononucleosis, caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.
+Cytomegalovirus infections.
+Respiratory illnesses, caused by adenoviruses.
+German measles, also known as rubella.
+Mumps, caused by the mumps virus.
+Flu, also known as influenza B.
+Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, caused by a coxsackievirus.
+The nerve that controls facial muscles passes through a narrow corridor of bone on its way to the face. In Bell's palsy, that nerve becomes inflamed and swollen — usually related to a viral infection. Besides affecting facial muscles, the nerve affects tears, saliva, taste and a small bone in the middle of the ear.","Bell's palsy occurs more often in people who:
+Are pregnant, especially during the third trimester, or who are in the first week after giving birth.
+Have an upper respiratory infection, such as the flu or a cold.
+Have diabetes.
+Have high blood pressure.
+Have obesity.
+It's rare for Bell's palsy to come back. But when it does, there's often a family history of repeated attacks. This suggests that Bell's palsy might have something to do with genes.","Mild symptoms of Bell's palsy typically disappear within a month. Recovery from more-complete facial paralysis can vary. Complications may include:
+Irreversible damage to your facial nerve.
+Irregular regrowth of nerve fibers. This may result in involuntary contraction of certain muscles when you're trying to move other muscles, known as synkinesis. For example, when you smile, the eye on the affected side may close.
+Partial or complete blindness of the eye that won't close. This is caused by excessive dryness and scratching of the clear protective covering of the eye, known as the cornea.",,"There's no specific test for Bell's palsy. Your healthcare professional looks at your face and asks you to move your facial muscles. You're asked to close your eyes, lift your brow, show your teeth and frown, among making other movements.
+Other conditions — such as a stroke, infections, Lyme disease, inflammatory conditions and tumors — can cause facial muscle weakness that mimics Bell's palsy. If the cause of your symptoms isn't clear, your healthcare professional may recommend other tests, including:
+Electromyography (EMG).This test can confirm the presence of nerve damage and determine how serious it is. AnEMGmeasures the electrical activity of a muscle in response to stimulation. It also measures the nature and speed of the conduction of electrical impulses along a nerve.
+Imaging scans.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) may be needed on occasion to rule out other possible sources of pressure on the facial nerve, such as a tumor or skull fracture.
+Blood tests.There is no blood test for Bell's palsy. But blood tests can be used to rule out Lyme disease and other infections.","Most people with Bell's palsy recover fully — with or without treatment. There's no one-size-fits-all treatment for Bell's palsy. But your healthcare professional may suggest medicines or physical therapy to help speed your recovery. Surgery is rarely an option for Bell's palsy.
+Because the eye on the affected side doesn't close, it's important to take steps to protect and care for that eye. Use lubricating eye drops during the day and an eye ointment at night to help keep your eye moist. Wear glasses or goggles during the day and an eye patch at night to protect your eye from getting poked or scratched. You may need to see a healthcare professional to monitor your eye.",,"You may start by seeing your healthcare professional. You may be referred immediately to a doctor who specializes in the nervous system, known as a neurologist.
+It's good to prepare for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready.","Home treatment may include:
+Taking pain relievers.Aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) are available without a prescription and may help ease your pain.
+Doing physical therapy exercises.Massaging and exercising your face according to your physical therapist's advice may help relax your facial muscles.","pain, droop, loss of taste., headache, weakness, loss of taste, palsy, changes in tears, trouble making facial expressions, paralysis, bell's palsy, changes in saliva, drooling, facial droop"
+418,Flatfeet,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flatfeet/symptoms-causes/syc-20372604,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flatfeet/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372609,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flatfeet/doctors-departments/ddc-20372610,"Flatfeet is a common condition, also known as flatfoot, in which the arches on the inside of the feet flatten when pressure is put on them. When people with flatfeet stand up, the feet point outward, and the entire soles of the feet fall and touch the floor.
+Flatfeet can occur when the arches don't develop during childhood. It can also develop later in life after an injury or from the simple wear-and-tear stresses of age.
+Flatfeet is usually painless. If you aren't having pain, no treatment is necessary. However, if flatfeet is causing you pain and limiting what you want to do, then an evaluation from a specialist may be warranted.","Most people have no symptoms associated with flatfeet. But some people with flatfeet experience foot pain, particularly in the heel or arch area. Pain may worsen with activity. Swelling may occur along the inside of the ankle.","Talk to your health care provider if you or your child has foot pain, particularly if it is limiting what you want to do.","Flatfeet is not unusual in infants and toddlers, because the foot's arch hasn't yet developed. Most people's arches develop throughout childhood, but some people never develop arches. People without arches may or may not have problems.
+Some children have flexible flatfeet, often called flexible flatfoot, in which the arch is visible when the child is sitting or standing on tiptoes but disappears when the child stands. Most children outgrow flexible flatfeet without problems.
+People without flatfeet can also develop the condition. Arches can collapse abruptly after an injury. Or the collapse can happen over years of wear and tear. Over time, the tendon that runs along the inside of the ankle and helps support the arch can get weakened or tear. As the severity increases, arthritis may develop in the foot.","Factors that can increase the risk of flatfeet include:
+Obesity
+Injury to the foot or ankle
+Rheumatoid arthritis
+Aging
+Diabetes",,,"To view the mechanics of your feet, a health care provider will observe your feet from the front and back and ask you to stand on your toes. The provider will test strength in the ankles and locate the main area of your pain. The wear pattern on your shoes also may reveal information about your feet.",No treatment is necessary for flatfeet if it doesn't cause pain.,,"If your feet cause you significant pain, your health care provider may refer you to a doctor specializing in foot disorders, such as an orthopedic surgeon or a podiatrist.","If flatfeet causes you minor pain, you might want to try:
+Rest.Avoid activities that aggravate the condition. Participate in low-impact activities — such as walking, biking or swimming — rather than jumping and running activities.
+Arch supports.Arch supports that are available without a prescription might increase your comfort.
+Medications.Pain relievers that are available without a prescription, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) might help.
+Weight loss.Losing weight can reduce stress on the feet.","pain, foot pain, swelling"
+419,Tetralogy of Fallot,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/symptoms-causes/syc-20353477,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353482,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/doctors-departments/ddc-20353485,"Tetralogy of Fallot (teh-TRAL-uh-jee of fuh-LOW) is a rare heart condition that is present at birth. That means it's a congenital heart defect. A baby born with the condition has four different heart problems.
+These heart problems affect the structure of the heart. The condition causes altered blood flow through the heart and to the rest of the body. Babies with tetralogy of Fallot often have blue or gray skin color due to low oxygen levels.
+Tetralogy of Fallot is usually diagnosed during pregnancy or soon after a baby is born. If the heart changes and symptoms are mild, tetralogy of Fallot may not be noticed or diagnosed until adulthood.
+People who are diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot need surgery to fix the heart. They will need regular health checkups for life.","Tetralogy of Fallot symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked from leaving the heart to go to the lungs. Symptoms may include:
+Blue or gray skin color.
+Shortness of breath and rapid breathing, especially during feeding or exercise.
+Trouble gaining weight.
+Getting tired easily during play or exercise.
+Irritability.
+Crying for long periods of time.
+Fainting.","Serious congenital heart defects are often diagnosed before or soon after your child is born. Seek medical help if you notice that your baby has these symptoms:
+Trouble breathing.
+Bluish color of the skin.
+Lack of alertness.
+Seizures.
+Weakness.
+More irritable than usual.
+If your baby becomes blue or gray, place your baby on the side and pull the baby's knees up to the chest. This helps increase blood flow to the lungs. Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.","Tetralogy of Fallot occurs as the baby's heart grows during pregnancy. Usually, the cause is unknown.
+Tetralogy of Fallot includes four problems with heart structure:
+Narrowing of the valve between the heart and the lungs, called pulmonary valve stenosis.This condition reduces blood flow from the heart to the lungs. The narrowing may just involve the valve. Or it could happen in more than one place along the pathway between the heart and lungs. Sometimes the valve isn't formed. Instead, a solid sheet of tissue blocks blood flow from the right side of the heart. This is called pulmonary atresia.
+A hole between the bottom heart chambers, called a ventricular septal defect.A ventricular septal defect changes how blood flows through the heart and lungs. Oxygen-poor blood in the lower right chamber mixes with oxygen-rich blood in the lower left chamber. The heart has to work harder to pump blood through the body. The problem may weaken the heart over time.
+Shifting of the body's main artery.The body's main artery is called the aorta. It's usually attached to the left lower heart chamber. In tetralogy of Fallot, the aorta is in the wrong place. It's shifted to the right and sits directly above the hole in the heart wall. This changes how blood flows from the aorta to the lungs.
+Thickening of the right lower chamber of the heart, called right ventricular hypertrophy.When the heart has to work too hard, the wall of the right lower heart chamber gets thick. Over time, this may cause the heart to become weak and eventually fail.
+Some people with tetralogy of Fallot have other problems that affect the aorta or heart arteries. There also may be a hole between the heart's upper chambers, called atrial septal defect.","The exact cause of tetralogy of Fallot is unknown. Some things may increase the risk of a baby being born with tetralogy of Fallot. Risk factors include:
+Family history.
+Having a virus during pregnancy. This includes rubella, also known as German measles.
+Drinking alcohol during pregnancy.
+Eating poorly during pregnancy.
+Smoking during pregnancy.
+Mother's age older than 35.
+Down syndrome or DiGeorge syndrome in the baby.","Untreated tetralogy of Fallot usually leads to life-threatening complications. The complications may cause disability or death by early adulthood.
+A possible complication of tetralogy of Fallot is infection of the inner lining of the heart or heart valves. This is called infective endocarditis. Sometimes antibiotics are given before dental work to prevent this type of infection. Ask your healthcare team if preventive antibiotics are right for you or your baby.
+Complications also are possible after surgery to repair tetralogy of Fallot. But most people do well after such surgery. When complications occur, they may include:
+Backward flow of blood through a heart valve.
+Irregular heartbeats.
+A hole in the heart that doesn't go away after surgery.
+Changes in the size of the heart chambers.
+Swelling of part of the aorta, called aortic root dilation.
+Sudden cardiac death.
+Another procedure or surgery may be needed to fix these complications.","Because the exact cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown, it may not be possible to prevent these conditions. If you have a high risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital heart defect, genetic testing and screening may be done during pregnancy.
+There are some steps you can take to help reduce your child's overall risk of birth defects, such as:
+Get proper prenatal care.Regular checkups with a healthcare team during pregnancy can help keep mom and baby healthy.
+Take a multivitamin with folic acid.Taking 400 micrograms of folic acid daily has been shown to reduce birth defects in the brain and spinal cord. It may help reduce the risk of heart defects as well.
+Don't drink or smoke.These lifestyle habits can harm a baby's health. Also avoid secondhand smoke.
+Get a rubella (German measles) vaccine.A rubella infection during pregnancy may affect a baby's heart development. Get vaccinated before trying to get pregnant.
+Control blood sugar.If you have diabetes, good control of your blood sugar can reduce the risk of congenital heart defects.
+Manage chronic health conditions.If you have other health conditions, including phenylketonuria, talk to your healthcare team about the best way to treat and manage them.
+Avoid harmful substances.During pregnancy, have someone else do any painting and cleaning with strong-smelling products.
+Check with your healthcare team before taking any medications.Some medications can cause birth defects. Tell your healthcare team about all the medications you take, including those bought without a prescription.",Tetralogy of Fallot is often diagnosed soon after birth. Your baby's skin may look blue or gray. A whooshing sound may be heard when listening to the baby's heart with a stethoscope. This is called a heart murmur.,"All babies who have tetralogy of Fallot need surgery to fix the heart and improve blood flow. A heart surgeon, called a cardiovascular surgeon, does the surgery. The timing and type of surgery depends on the baby's overall health and specific heart problems.
+Some babies or young children are given medicine while waiting for surgery to keep blood flowing from the heart to the lungs.","You may find that talking with other people who've experienced the same situation brings you comfort and encouragement. Ask your healthcare team if there are any support groups in your area.
+Living with a congenital heart problem can make some people feel stressed or anxious. Talking to a therapist or counselor also may help you and your child learn new ways to manage stress and anxiety. Your care team can suggest therapists who may be helpful to you or your child.","Serious congenital heart problems such as tetralogy of Fallot are typically diagnosed during pregnancy or soon after birth.
+If you think your child has a heart problem that wasn't noticed at birth, talk to your child's healthcare team. Be prepared to describe your child's symptoms. Ask family members if anyone was born with a heart problem, called a congenital heart defect. Some congenital heart defects may occur in families.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","After treatment for tetralogy of Fallot, your healthcare team may suggest some steps to keep the heart healthy. These may include:
+Sports and activity restrictions.Some people born with a serious heart problem such as tetralogy of Fallot may need to limit exercise or sports activities. But many others can participate in such activities. Ask your or your child's healthcare team which sports and types of activities are safe.
+Antibiotics to prevent heart infection.Sometimes, severe heart problems can increase the risk of infection in the lining of the heart or heart valves. This infection is called endocarditis. Antibiotics may be recommended before dental procedures, especially for people who have a mechanical heart valve. Ask your child's healthcare professional if preventive antibiotics are necessary for your child. Good oral care and regular dental checkups also are important ways to help prevent infection.","irritability, crying, rapid breathing, trouble gaining weight, getting tired easily, fainting, tetralogy of fallot symptoms, shortness of breath, blue or gray skin color"
+420,Familial Mediterranean fever,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-mediterranean-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20372470,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-mediterranean-fever/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372475,,"Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a genetic autoinflammatory disorder that causes recurrent fevers and painful inflammation of your abdomen, chest and joints.
+
+FMF is an inherited disorder that usually occurs in people of Mediterranean origin — including those of Jewish, Arab, Armenian, Turkish, North African, Greek or Italian ancestry. But it can affect people in any ethnic group.
+
+FMF is typically diagnosed during childhood. While there's no cure for this disorder, you may be able to relieve or even prevent signs and symptoms of FMF by following your treatment plan.","Signs and symptoms of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) usually begin during childhood. They occur in bouts called attacks that last 1-3 days. Arthritic attacks may last for weeks or months.
+
+Signs and symptoms of FMF attacks vary, but can include:
+
+The attacks generally resolve spontaneously after a few days. Between attacks, you'll likely feel back to your typical health. Symptom-free periods may be as short as a few days or as long as several years.
+
+In some people, the first sign of FMF is amyloidosis. With amyloidosis, the protein amyloid A, which is not typically found in the body, builds up in organs — especially the kidneys — causing inflammation and interfering with their function.","See your health care provider if you or your child has a sudden fever accompanied by pain in the abdomen, chest and joints.","Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is caused by a gene change (mutation) that's passed from parents to children. The gene change affects the function of an immune system protein called pyrin, causing problems in regulating inflammation in the body.
+
+In people with FMF, change occurs in a gene called MEFV. Many different changes in MEFV are linked to FMF. Some changes may cause very severe cases, while others may result in milder signs and symptoms.
+
+It's unclear what exactly triggers attacks, but they may occur with emotional stress, menstruation, exposure to cold, and physical stress such as illness or injury.",Factors that may increase the risk of familial Mediterranean fever include:,Complications can occur if familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) isn't treated. Inflammation can lead to complications such as:,,"Tests and procedures used to diagnose familial Mediterranean fever include:
+
+Genetic testing for FMF may be recommended for your first-degree relatives, such as parents, siblings or children, or for other relatives who may be at risk. Genetic counseling can help you understand gene changes and their effects.","There's no cure for familial Mediterranean fever. However, treatment can help relieve symptoms, prevent attacks and prevent complications caused by inflammation.
+
+Medications used to relieve symptoms and prevent attacks of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) include:
+
+Colchicine is effective in preventing attacks for most people. To lessen the severity of symptoms during an attack, your health care provider may recommend intravenous fluids and medications to reduce fever and inflammation and control pain.
+
+Regular appointments with your health care provider are important to monitor your medications and your health.","Learning that you or your child has a chronic illness, such as familial Mediterranean fever, can be upsetting and frustrating. Here are some tips that may help you cope:","If you have signs and symptoms of familial Mediterranean fever, you may begin by seeing your family health care provider. Your health care provider may refer you to a specialist in inflammatory diseases (rheumatologist).
+
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to arrive prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, arthritic, arthritic attacks, fever, amyloid a, attacks, amyloidosis, inflammation, fmf"
+421,Familial adenomatous polyposis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-adenomatous-polyposis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372443,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-adenomatous-polyposis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372446,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-adenomatous-polyposis/doctors-departments/ddc-20372448,"Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a rare, inherited condition caused by a defect in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Most people inherit the gene from a parent. But for 25 to 30 percent of people, the genetic mutation occurs spontaneously.
+FAP causes extra tissue (polyps) to form in your large intestine (colon) and rectum. Polyps can also occur in the upper gastrointestinal tract, especially the upper part of your small intestine (duodenum). If untreated, the polyps in the colon and rectum are likely to become cancerous when you are in your 40s.
+Most people with familial adenomatous polyposis eventually need surgery to remove the large intestine to prevent cancer. The polyps in the duodenum also can develop cancer, but they can usually be managed by careful monitoring and by removing polyps regularly.
+Some people have a milder form of the condition, called attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP). People with AFAP usually have fewer colon polyps (an average of 30) and develop cancer later in life.","The main sign of FAP is hundreds or even thousands of polyps growing in your colon and rectum, usually starting by your mid-teens. The polyps are nearly 100 percent certain to develop into colon cancer or rectal cancer by the time you're in your 40s.",,Familial adenomatous polyposis is caused by a defect in a gene that's usually inherited from a parent. But some people develop the abnormal gene that causes the condition.,"Your risk of familial adenomatous polyposis is higher if you have a parent, child, brother, or sister with the condition.","In addition to colon cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis can cause other complications:
+Duodenal polyps.These polyps grow in the upper part of your small intestine and may become cancerous. But with careful monitoring, duodenal polyps can often be detected and removed before cancer develops.
+Periampullary polyps.These polyps occur where the bile and pancreas ducts enter the duodenum (ampulla). Periampullary polyps might become cancerous but can often be detected and removed before cancer develops.
+Gastric fundic polyps.These polyps grow in the lining of your stomach.
+Desmoids.These noncancerous masses can arise anywhere in the body but often develop in the stomach area (abdomen). Desmoids can cause serious problems if they grow into nerves or blood vessels or exert pressure on other organs in your body.
+Other cancers.Rarely, FAP can cause cancer to develop in your thyroid gland, central nervous system, adrenal glands, liver or other organs.
+Noncancerous (benign) skin tumors.
+Benign bone growths (osteomas).
+Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE).These are benign pigment changes in the retina of your eye.
+Dental abnormalities.These include extra teeth or teeth that don't come in.
+Low numbers of red blood cells (anemia).","Preventing FAP is not possible, since it is an inherited genetic condition. However, if you or your child is at risk of FAP because of a family member with the condition, you will need genetic testing and counseling.
+If you have FAP, you will need regular screening, followed by surgery if needed. Surgery can help prevent the development of colorectal cancer or other complications.","You're at risk of familial adenomatous polyposis if you have a parent, child, brother or sister with the condition. If you're at risk, it's important to be screened frequently, starting in childhood. Annual exams can detect the growth of polyps before they become cancerous.","At first, your doctor will remove any small polyps found during your colonoscopy exam. Eventually, though, the polyps will become too numerous to remove individually, usually by your late teens or early 20s. Then you will need surgery to prevent colon cancer. You will also need surgery if a polyp is cancerous. You may not need surgery for AFAP.","Some people find it helpful to talk with others who share similar experiences. Consider joining an online support group, or ask your doctor about support groups in your area.",,,"colon cancer, fap, cancer, polyps, hundreds or even thousands of polyps"
+422,Factitious disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356028,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356034,,"Factitious disorder, previously called Munchausen syndrome, is a serious mental health condition in which people deceive others by pretending to be sick. They do this by faking symptoms, getting sick on purpose or hurting themselves. Factitious disorder also can happen when family members or caregivers falsely present others, such as children, as being ill, hurt or having a hard time functioning.
+Factitious disorder symptoms can range from mild to severe. People may make up symptoms or even tamper with medical tests to convince others that they need treatment, such as high-risk surgery.
+Factitious disorder isn't the same as making up medical issues for a benefit or reward, such as getting out of work or winning a lawsuit. Although people with factitious disorder know they are causing their symptoms or illnesses, they may not know why they do what they do or see themselves as having mental health issues.
+Factitious disorder is a rare condition that can be hard to diagnose and treat. Help from medical and mental health professionals is critical to prevent serious injury and even death when people with factitious disorder hurt themselves.","Factitious disorder symptoms involve people trying to look ill, making themselves ill or hurting themselves. They also may fake symptoms, make symptoms seem worse than they are or pretend they can't do certain things because of their symptoms so they can deceive others. People with the condition work hard to hide their lies. It may be hard to know that their symptoms are part of a serious mental health condition. People with this condition continue with the lies, even without any benefit or reward, or when faced with evidence that doesn't support their claims.
+Factitious disorder symptoms may include:
+Clever and convincing medical or mental health problems.
+Deep knowledge of medical terms and diseases.
+Vague symptoms or symptoms that aren't consistent.
+Conditions that get worse for no clear reason.
+Conditions that don't respond as expected to standard treatments.
+Seeking treatment from many healthcare professionals or hospitals, which may include using a fake name.
+Not wanting healthcare professionals to talk to family or friends or other healthcare professionals.
+Staying in the hospital a lot.
+Desire for frequent testing or risky surgeries and procedures.
+Many surgical scars or evidence of many procedures.
+Having few visitors when in the hospital.
+Arguing with healthcare professionals and staff.","People with factitious disorder may know the risk of injury or even death when they hurt themselves or seek treatment that's not needed. But they have a hard time managing their behaviors. They also aren't likely to seek help. Even when they see proof that they're causing their illness, such as a video, they often deny it and refuse mental health help.
+If you think that a loved one may be exaggerating or faking health problems, it may help to try to talk to that person about your concerns. Try not to be angry or to judge or confront the person. Also try to reinforce and urge healthier, more productive activities rather than focus on beliefs and behaviors that aren't healthy. Offer support and care. If possible, help find treatment for the person.
+If your loved one causes self-harm or attempts suicide, contact a suicide hotline. In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use theLifeline Chat. Services are free and confidential. The Suicide & Crisis Lifeline in the U.S. has a Spanish language phone line at1-888-628-9454(toll-free).
+If you suspect that a child is being harmed or abused by a caregiver as part of factitious disorder, you can contact the Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline at1-800-422-4453(toll-free). This hotline is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. There also may be local and state child protective services agencies in your area.",The cause of factitious disorder isn't known. But a mix of mental health issues and stressful life experiences may cause the condition.,"Several factors may raise the risk of developing factitious disorder, including:
+Childhood trauma, such as emotional, physical or sexual abuse.
+A serious illness during childhood.
+Loss of a loved one through death or illness, or feeling abandoned.
+Past experiences while sick and the attention it brought.
+A poor sense of identity or low self-esteem.
+Personality disorders.
+Depression.
+Desire to be linked with healthcare professionals or medical centers.
+Working in the healthcare field.
+Factitious disorder is thought to be rare, but it isn't known how many people have the condition. Some people use fake names. Some visit many hospitals and healthcare professionals. And some are never identified. This makes it hard to get a reliable estimate.","People with factitious disorder are willing to risk their lives to be seen as sick. They often have other mental health conditions as well. As a result, they face many possible complications, including:
+Injury or death from medical conditions that they cause themselves.
+Severe health issues from infections or from surgeries or other procedures that aren't needed.
+Loss of organs or limbs from surgeries that aren't needed.
+Misuse of alcohol or other substances.
+Major problems in daily life, including having trouble getting along with others and working.
+Abuse, when the behavior is imposed on another.","Because the cause of factitious disorder isn't known, there's no way to prevent it. Recognizing and treating factitious disorder may help avoid potentially dangerous tests and treatments that aren't needed.","Diagnosing factitious disorder is often very hard. People with factitious disorder are experts at faking many diseases and conditions. And while these people often look like they have real and even life-threatening medical conditions, they may have brought those conditions on themselves.
+The use of many healthcare professionals and hospitals, the use of fake names, and privacy and confidentiality laws may make it hard or even impossible to gather information about previous medical experiences.
+Diagnosis is based on objectively identifying symptoms that are made up, rather than the person's intent or motivation for doing so. A healthcare professional may suspect that people have factitious disorder when:
+Their medical history doesn't make sense.
+No believable reason exists for an illness or injury.
+The illness doesn't follow the usual course.
+There's no clear reason why they're not getting better, despite the right treatment.
+There are contradictory or inconsistent symptoms or lab test results.
+They don't want to give information from previous health records, other healthcare professionals or family members.
+They're caught lying or harming themselves.
+To help figure out if a person has factitious disorder, healthcare professionals:
+Do a detailed interview.
+Require past health records.
+Work with family members to get more information — if the person being examined gives permission.
+Run only tests needed to look at possible physical issues.","Treatment of factitious disorder is often hard, and there are no standard therapies. Because people with factitious disorder want to be in the sick role, they often aren't willing to seek or accept treatment for the condition. But if approached in a way that doesn't judge, people with factitious disorder may agree to have a mental health professional assess and treat them.",,"People with factitious disorder are likely to first get care for this condition when healthcare professionals raise concerns that mental health issues may play a part in an illness. If people have symptoms of factitious disorder, healthcare professionals may get permission to contact family members in advance to talk about their loved one's health history.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for that talk.","Along with professional treatment, these tips may help people who have factitious disorder:
+Stay with your treatment plan.Attend therapy appointments and take any medicines as directed. If you feel an urge to hurt yourself or cause yourself to become ill, talk honestly to your therapist or primary healthcare professional about better ways to cope with emotions.
+Have a medical gatekeeper.Rather than visiting many healthcare professionals, specialists and surgeons, have one trusted primary health professional to manage your medical care.
+Remember the risks.Remind yourself that you could be hurt for life or even die when you have a risky test or surgery that isn't needed.
+Don't run.Resist urges to find a new healthcare professional or flee to a new town where medical professionals don't know your background. Your therapist can help you overcome these powerful urges.
+Connect with someone.Many people with factitious disorder have no friends or close relationships. Try to find someone you can confide in, share enjoyable times with and offer your own support to.","few visitors, scars, many surgical scars, desire for frequent testing, arguing, vague symptoms, symptoms that aren't consistent, desire for risky surgeries, conditions that get worse, conditions that don't respond, staying in the hospital"
+423,Fuchs dystrophy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fuchs-dystrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352727,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fuchs-dystrophy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352731,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fuchs-dystrophy/doctors-departments/ddc-20352733,"Fuchs dystrophy is a condition in which fluid builds up in the clear tissue at the front of the eye, called the cornea. This causes your cornea to swell and thicken, leading to glare, blurred or cloudy vision, and eye discomfort.
+Fuchs (fewks) dystrophy usually affects both eyes. It may cause your vision to get worse over time. The disease often starts in the 30s and 40s, but many people with Fuchs dystrophy don't develop symptoms until they reach their 50s or 60s.
+Some medicines and self-care steps may help relieve symptoms of Fuchs dystrophy. When advanced disease causes more-serious vision problems, cornea transplant surgery is the best way to restore vision.","As Fuchs dystrophy gets worse, symptoms often affect both eyes. Symptoms may include:
+Blurred or cloudy vision, sometimes described as a lack of clear vision.
+Changes in vision throughout the day. Symptoms are worse in the morning when you wake up and slowly get better during the day. As the disease gets worse, blurred vision may take longer to get better or does not get better at all.
+Glare, which can decrease your vision in dim and bright light.
+Seeing halos around lights.
+Pain or grittiness from tiny blisters on the surface of your cornea.","If you have some of these symptoms, and especially if they get worse over time, see an eye care professional. The eye care professional may refer you to a corneal specialist. If symptoms develop suddenly, call for an urgent appointment. Other eye conditions that cause the same symptoms as Fuchs dystrophy also require treatment right away.","The cells lining the inside of the cornea are called endothelial cells. Those cells help maintain a healthy balance of fluid within the cornea and keep the cornea from swelling. In Fuchs dystrophy, the endothelial cells slowly die or do not work well, causing fluid buildup within the cornea. The fluid buildup, called edema, causes thickening of the cornea and blurred vision.
+Fuchs dystrophy tends to run in families. The genetic basis of the disease is complex. Family members can be affected to different degrees or not at all.","Some factors make it more likely that you'll develop Fuchs dystrophy They include:
+Sex.Fuchs dystrophy is more common in women than in men.
+Genetics.Having a family history of Fuchs dystrophy increases your risk.
+Age.There is a rare early-onset type of Fuchs dystrophy that starts in childhood. Most cases start in the 30s and 40s, but many people with Fuchs dystrophy don't develop symptoms until their 50s or 60s.",,,"An eye care professional will test your vision. You also may have tests to help diagnose Fuchs dystrophy. Those tests may include:
+Cornea examination and grading.A member of your eye care team will use a special eye microscope called a slit lamp to look for drop-shaped bumps called guttae on the back surface of the cornea. This eye care professional will then check your cornea for swelling and stage your Fuchs dystrophy.
+Corneal thickness.An eye care professional may use a test called corneal pachymetry to measure the thickness of the cornea.
+Corneal tomography.Taking a special picture of your cornea helps an eye care professional look for swelling in your cornea. This test is called corneal tomography.
+Corneal cell count.Sometimes an eye care professional uses a special instrument to record the number, shape and size of the cells that line the back of the cornea. This test is not required.","Some nonsurgical treatments may help relieve symptoms of Fuchs dystrophy. If you have advanced disease, an eye care professional may suggest surgery.",,"You may start by seeing an eye care professional called an optometrist or ophthalmologist. Or you may be referred immediately to an ophthalmologist who specializes in corneal disease.
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Follow instructions from your eye care team to take care of your eyes. You also can try other things to help reduce glare and soothe your eyes.
+Use nonprescription salt solution (5% sodium chloride) eye drops or ointment.
+Dry your eyes with a hair dryer. Hold it at arm's length and direct warm — not hot — air across your face, especially in the morning when swelling is worse. This helps remove extra fluid in the cornea, which reduces swelling.","pain, blisters, blurred or cloudy vision, cloudy vision, blurred vision, grittiness, changes in vision, seeing halos, fuchs dystrophy, glare"
+425,Cold sore,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cold-sore/symptoms-causes/syc-20371017,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cold-sore/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371023,,"Cold sores, or fever blisters, are a common viral infection. They are tiny, fluid-filled blisters on and around the lips. These blisters are often grouped together in patches. After the blisters break, a scab forms that can last several days. Cold sores usually heal in 2 to 3 weeks without leaving a scar.
+Cold sores spread from person to person by close contact, such as kissing. They're usually caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and less commonly herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Both of these viruses can affect the mouth or genitals and can be spread by oral sex. The virus can spread even if you don't see the sores.
+There's no cure for cold sores, but treatment can help manage outbreaks. Prescription antiviral medicine or creams can help sores heal more quickly. And they may make future outbreaks happen less often and be shorter and less serious.","A cold sore usually passes through several stages:
+Tingling and itching.Many people feel itching, burning or tingling around the lips for a day or so before a small, hard, painful spot appears and blisters form.
+Blisters.Small fluid-filled blisters often form along the border of the lips. Sometimes they appear around the nose or cheeks or inside the mouth.
+Oozing and crusting.The small blisters may merge and then burst. This can leave shallow open sores that ooze and crust over.
+Symptoms vary, depending on whether this is your first outbreak or a recurrence. The first time you have a cold sore, symptoms may not start for up to 20 days after you were first exposed to the virus. The sores can last several days. And the blisters can take 2 to 3 weeks to heal completely. If blisters return, they'll often appear at the same spot each time and tend to be less severe than the first outbreak.
+In a first-time outbreak, you also might experience:
+Fever.
+Painful gums.
+Sore throat.
+Headache.
+Muscle aches.
+Swollen lymph nodes.
+Children under 5 years old may have cold sores inside their mouths. These sores are often mistaken for canker sores. Canker sores involve only the mucous membrane and aren't caused by the herpes simplex virus.","Cold sores generally clear up without treatment. See your health care provider if:
+You have a weak immune system.
+The cold sores don't heal within two weeks.
+Symptoms are severe.
+The cold sores often return.
+You have gritty or painful eyes.","Cold sores are caused by certain strains of the herpes simplex virus (HSV).HSV-1usually causes cold sores.HSV-2is often the cause of genital herpes. But either type can spread to the face or genitals through close contact, such as kissing or oral sex. Shared eating utensils, razors and towels can also spreadHSV-1.
+Cold sores are most likely to spread when you have oozing blisters. But you can spread the virus even if you don't have blisters. Many people who are infected with the virus that causes cold sores never develop symptoms.
+Once you've had a herpes infection, the virus can hide in nerve cells in the skin and may cause another cold sore at the same place as before. A return of cold sores may be triggered by:
+Viral infection or fever.
+Hormonal changes, such as those related to a menstrual period.
+Stress.
+Fatigue.
+Being in the sun or wind.
+Changes in the immune system.
+Injury to the skin.","Almost everyone is at risk of cold sores. Most adults carry the virus that causes cold sores, even if they've never had symptoms.
+You're most at risk of complications from the virus if you have a weak immune system from conditions and treatments such as:
+HIV/AIDS.
+Atopic dermatitis (eczema).
+Cancer chemotherapy.
+Anti-rejection medicine for organ transplants.","In some people, the virus that causes cold sores can cause problems in other areas of the body, including:
+Fingertips.BothHSV-1andHSV-2can be spread to the fingers. This type of infection is often referred to as herpes whitlow. Children who suck their thumbs may transfer the infection from their mouths to their thumbs.
+Eyes.The virus can sometimes cause eye infection. Repeated infections can cause scarring and injury, which may lead to vision problems or loss of vision.
+Widespread areas of skin.People who have a skin condition called atopic dermatitis (eczema) are at higher risk of cold sores spreading all across their bodies. This can become a medical emergency.","Your health care provider may prescribe an antiviral medicine for you to take on a regular basis if you develop cold sores more than nine times a year or if you're at high risk of serious complications. If sunlight seems to trigger your condition, apply sunblock to the spot where the cold sore tends to form. Or talk with your health care provider about using an oral antiviral medicine before you do an activity that tends to cause a cold sore to return.
+Take these steps to help avoid spreading cold sores to other people:
+Avoid kissing and skin contact with people while blisters are present.The virus spreads most easily when the blisters leak fluid.
+Avoid sharing items.Utensils, towels, lip balm and other personal items can spread the virus when blisters are present.
+Keep your hands clean.When you have a cold sore, wash your hands carefully before touching yourself and other people, especially babies.","Your health care provider can usually diagnose cold sores just by looking at them. To confirm the diagnosis, your health care provider might take a sample from the blister for testing in a laboratory.","Cold sores often clear up without treatment in 2 to 4 weeks. Your doctor might prescribe antiviral medicine that may speed the healing process. Examples include:
+Acyclovir (Zovirax).
+Valacyclovir (Valtrex).
+Famciclovir.
+Penciclovir (Denavir).
+Some of these products are pills. Others are creams you put on the sores several times a day. In general, the pills work better than the creams. For very severe infections, some antiviral medicines can be injected.",,"Cold sores often clear up without treatment in 2 to 4 weeks. Make an appointment with your primary care provider if your cold sores:
+Are lasting or severe.
+Return often.
+Are accompanied by eye pain or gritty eyes.","The cold sore ointment docosanol (Abreva) may shorten the healing time of a cold sore. At the first sign of symptoms, apply it to the affected skin as directed on the package. Use a cotton-tipped swab to put medicine on a cold sore. This helps prevent the spread of the sores to other parts of the body.
+To ease the discomfort of a cold sore:
+Try other cold sore remedies.Some nonprescription products contain a drying agent, such as alcohol, that may speed healing.
+Use lip balms and cream.Protect your lips from the sun with a zinc oxide cream or lip balm with sunblock. If your lips become dry, apply a moisturizing cream.
+Apply a compress.A cold, damp cloth may ease symptoms and help remove crusting. Or try using a warm cloth on the blisters to ease pain.
+Rest and try pain relievers.Take nonprescription pain medicine if you have a fever or the cold sore is painful. Creams with lidocaine or benzocaine may offer some pain relief.","blisters, throat, headache, painful gums, fever, swollen lymph nodes, muscle aches, tingling, burning, painful spot, oozing, sore, itching, crusting, sore throat, cold sore"
+428,Familial hypercholesterolemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-hypercholesterolemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353755,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-hypercholesterolemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353757,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-hypercholesterolemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20353758,"Familial hypercholesterolemia affects the way the body processes cholesterol. As a result, people with familial hypercholesterolemia have a higher risk of heart disease and a greater risk of early heart attack.
+
+The genetic changes that cause familial hypercholesterolemia are inherited. The condition is present from birth, but symptoms may not appear until adulthood.
+
+People who inherit the condition from both parents usually develop symptoms in childhood. If this rare and more severe variety is left untreated, death often occurs before age 20.
+
+Treatments for both types of familial hypercholesterolemia include a variety of medications and healthy-lifestyle behaviors.","Adults and children who have familial hypercholesterolemia have very high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in their blood. low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is known as ""bad"" cholesterol because it can build up in the walls of the arteries, making them hard and narrow.
+
+This excess cholesterol is sometimes deposited in certain portions of the skin, some tendons and around the iris of the eyes:",,Familial hypercholesterolemia is caused by a gene alteration that's passed down from one or both parents. People who have this condition are born with it. This change prevents the body from ridding itself of the type of cholesterol that can build up in the arteries and cause heart disease.,"The risk of familial hypercholesterolemia is higher if one or both of your parents have the gene alteration that causes it. Most people who have the condition receive one affected gene. But in rare cases, a child can get the affected gene from both parents. This can cause a more severe form of the condition.
+
+Familial hypercholesterolemia may be more common in certain populations, including:","People who have familial hypercholesterolemia have a higher risk of heart disease and death at a younger age. Heart attacks may occur before age 50 in men and age 60 in women. The rarer and more severe variety of the condition, if undiagnosed or untreated, can cause death before age 20.",,"A detailed family history is an important key to diagnosing familial hypercholesterolemia. Doctors will be interested to know if your siblings, parents, aunts, uncles or grandparents ever had high cholesterol levels or heart disease — especially during childhood.
+
+During the physical exam, doctors usually check for cholesterol deposits that may occur in the skin around the hands, knees, elbows and eyes. Tendons in the heel and hand may be thickened, and a gray or white ring may develop around the iris of the eye.",Familial hypercholesterolemia treatment focuses on reducing the extremely high levels ofLDL(bad) cholesterol. This helps lower the risk of heart attack and death.,,,,"hard and narrow arteries, cholesterol, hypercholesterolemia"
+429,Uterine fibroids,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/doctors-departments/ddc-20354296,"Uterine fibroids are common growths of the uterus. They often appear during the years you're usually able to get pregnant and give birth. Uterine fibroids are not cancer, and they almost never turn into cancer. They aren't linked with a higher risk of other types of cancer in the uterus either. They're also called leiomyomas (lie-o-my-O-muhs) or myomas.
+Fibroids vary in number and size. You can have a single fibroid or more than one. Some of these growths are too small to see with the eyes. Others can grow to the size of a grapefruit or larger. A fibroid that gets very big can distort the inside and the outside of the uterus. In extreme cases, some fibroids grow large enough to fill the pelvis or stomach area. They can make a person look pregnant.
+Many people have uterine fibroids sometime during their lives. But you might not know you have them, because they often cause no symptoms. Your health care professional may just happen to find fibroids during a pelvic exam or pregnancy ultrasound.","Many people who have uterine fibroids don't have any symptoms. In those who do, symptoms can be influenced by the location, size and number of fibroids.
+The most common symptoms of uterine fibroids include:
+Heavy menstrual bleeding or painful periods.
+Longer or more frequent periods.
+Pelvic pressure or pain.
+Frequent urination or trouble urinating.
+Growing stomach area.
+Constipation.
+Pain in the stomach area or lower back, or pain during sex.
+Rarely, a fibroid can cause sudden, serious pain when it outgrows its blood supply and starts to die.
+Often, fibroids are grouped by their location. Intramural fibroids grow within the muscular wall of the uterus. Submucosal fibroids bulge into the uterine cavity. Subserosal fibroids form on the outside of the uterus.","See your doctor if you have:
+Pelvic pain that doesn't go away.
+Heavy or painful periods that limit what you can do.
+Spotting or bleeding between periods.
+Trouble emptying your bladder.
+Ongoing tiredness and weakness, which can be symptoms of anemia, meaning a low level of red blood cells.
+Get medical care right away if you have severe bleeding from the vagina or sharp pelvic pain that comes on fast.","The exact cause of uterine fibroids isn't clear. But these factors may play roles:
+Gene changes.Many fibroids contain changes in genes that differ from those in typical uterine muscle cells.
+Hormones.Two hormones called estrogen and progesterone cause the tissue the lines the inside of the uterus to thicken during each menstrual cycle to prepare for pregnancy. These hormones also seem to help fibroids grow.Fibroids contain more cells that estrogen and progesterone bind to than do typical uterine muscle cells. Fibroids tend to shrink after menopause due to a drop in hormone levels.
+Other growth factors.Substances that help the body maintain tissues, such as insulin-like growth factor, may affect fibroid growth.
+Extracellular matrix (ECM).This material makes cells stick together, like mortar between bricks.ECMis increased in fibroids and makes them fibrous.ECMalso stores growth factors and causes biologic changes in the cells themselves.
+Doctors believe that uterine fibroids may develop from a stem cell in the smooth muscular tissue of the uterus. A single cell divides over and over. In time it turns into a firm, rubbery mass distinct from nearby tissue.
+The growth patterns of uterine fibroids vary. They may grow slowly or fast. Or they might stay the same size. Some fibroids go through growth spurts, and some shrink on their own.
+Fibroids that form during pregnancy can shrink or go away after pregnancy, as the uterus goes back to its usual size.","There are few known risk factors for uterine fibroids, other than being a person of reproductive age. These include:
+Race.All people of reproductive age who were born female could develop fibroids. But Black people are more likely to have fibroids than are people of other racial groups. Black people have fibroids at younger ages than do white people. They're also likely to have more or larger fibroids, along with worse symptoms, than do white people.
+Family history.If your mother or sister had fibroids, you're at higher risk of getting them.
+Other factors.Starting your period before the age of 10; obesity; being low on vitamin D; having a diet higher in red meat and lower in green vegetables, fruit and dairy; and drinking alcohol, including beer, seem to raise your risk of getting fibroids.","Uterine fibroids often aren't dangerous. But they can cause pain, and they may lead to complications. These include a drop in red blood cells called anemia. That condition can cause fatigue from heavy blood loss. If you bleed heavily during your period, your doctor may tell you to take an iron supplement to prevent or help manage anemia. Sometimes, a person with anemia needs to receive blood from a donor, called a transfusion, due to blood loss.","Researchers continue to study the causes of fibroid tumors. More research is needed on how to prevent them, though. It might not be possible to prevent uterine fibroids. But only a small percentage of these tumors need treatment.
+You might be able to lower your fibroid risk with healthy lifestyle changes. Try to stay at a healthy weight. Get regular exercise. And eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables.
+Some research suggests that birth control pills or long-acting progestin-only contraceptives may lower the risk of fibroids. But using birth control pills before the age of 16 may be linked with a higher risk.","Uterine fibroids often are found by chance during a routine pelvic exam. Your doctor may feel irregular changes in the shape of your uterus, suggesting the presence of fibroids.
+If you have symptoms of uterine fibroids, you may need these tests:
+Ultrasound.This test uses sound waves to get a picture of your uterus. It can confirm that you have fibroids, and map and measure them.A doctor or technician moves the ultrasound device, called a transducer, over your stomach area. This is called a transabdominal ultrasound. Or the device is placed inside your vagina to get images of your uterus. This is called a transvaginal ultrasound.
+Lab tests.If you have irregular menstrual bleeding, you may need blood tests to look for possible causes of it. These might include a complete blood count to check for anemia due to ongoing blood loss. Other blood tests can search for bleeding disorders or thyroid problems.","There's no single best treatment for uterine fibroids. Many treatment choices exist. If you have symptoms, talk with your care team about ways to get relief.",,"Your first appointment likely will be with either your primary care doctor or a gynecologist. Appointments can be brief, so it's a good idea to prepare for your visit.",,"pain, pelvic pressure, constipation, subserosal fibroids, growing stomach area, heavy menstrual bleeding, pain during sex, submucosal fibroids bulge, sudden serious pain, menstrual bleeding, fibroids, trouble urinating, lower back pain, pain in the stomach area, uterine fibroids, painful periods, frequent urination, fibroid"
+430,Interstitial lung disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353108,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353113,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20353116,"Interstitial (in-tur-STISH-ul) lung disease, also called ILD, describes a large group of conditions. Most of these conditions cause inflammation and progressive scarring of lung tissue. As part of this process, lung tissue thickens and stiffens, making it hard for the lungs to expand and fill with air.
+At some point, the scarring from interstitial lung disease makes it harder to breathe and get enough oxygen into the bloodstream. Many people with ILD are short of breath with activity and may have a bothersome dry cough.
+Interstitial lung disease can have many causes, including long-term exposure to hazardous materials such as asbestos. Some types of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, also can cause interstitial lung disease. But the cause isn't known sometimes. ILD can have many causes, so treatment varies.
+The disease may get worse slowly or rapidly at a pace that often can't be predicted. Once lung scarring occurs, it generally isn't reversible. Treatment focuses on keeping more scarring from occurring, managing symptoms and making quality of life better. Medicines may slow the damage of interstitial lung disease, but many people never fully use their lungs again. Lung transplant is an option for some people who have ILD.","The main symptoms of interstitial lung disease are:
+Shortness of breath at rest or shortness of breath that worsens with physical activity.
+Dry cough.","By the time symptoms appear in certain types of interstitial lung disease, lasting lung damage has already occurred. That's why it's important to see your healthcare professional at the first sign of breathing problems. Many conditions other than ILD can affect your lungs. Getting an early and correct diagnosis is important for proper treatment.","Interstitial lung disease seems to occur when an injury to your lungs causes a healing response that isn't proper. Ordinarily, your body creates just the right amount of tissue to repair damage. But in ILD, the repair process doesn't work properly. Tissue in and around the lungs' air sacs, called alveoli, becomes inflamed, scarred and thickened. This makes it harder for oxygen to pass into your bloodstream.
+There are many types of interstitial lung disease. They're generally grouped by known or unknown causes:
+Your work or the environment.
+An underlying systemic condition.
+Certain types of medicines, or radiation.
+No known cause.
+Some interstitial lung diseases can be related to smoking.","Factors that may make you more likely to get interstitial lung disease include:
+Age.ILD is much more likely to affect adults, although babies and children sometimes get the disease.
+Exposure to toxins at work or in the environment.Working in mining, farming or construction, or for any reason getting exposed to pollutants known to damage lungs, raises your risk of getting ILD.
+Smoking.Some forms of ILD are more likely to occur in people with a history of smoking. Active smoking may make the condition worse, especially if you also have emphysema.
+Radiation and chemotherapy.Having radiation treatments to your chest or using certain chemotherapy drugs raises your risk of lung disease.
+Connective tissue disease.This includes autoimmune diseases that can raise your risk of ILD.","Interstitial lung disease can lead to a series of life-threatening complications, including:
+High blood pressure in your lungs, also known as pulmonary hypertension.Unlike systemic high blood pressure, this condition affects only the arteries in your lungs. Scar tissue or low oxygen levels restrict the smallest blood vessels, limiting blood flow in your lungs. This raises pressure within the pulmonary arteries and can worsen oxygen exchange, lowering oxygen levels in your blood. Pulmonary hypertension is a serious illness that may get worse over time, causing the right side of your heart to fail.
+Right-sided heart failure, also known as cor pulmonale.This serious condition occurs when your heart's lower right chamber, also known as the right ventricle, must pump harder than usual to move blood through blocked pulmonary arteries. Eventually, the right ventricle fails from the extra strain. This is often due to pulmonary hypertension.
+Respiratory failure.In the end stage of chronic ILD, respiratory failure occurs when severely low blood oxygen levels, along with rising pressures in the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle, cause the heart to fail.","To prevent interstitial lung disease, avoid exposure to toxins at work, such as asbestos, coal dust and silica dust. Also, avoid exposure to toxins in the environment, such as bird protein, mold and bacteria. If you must be around these toxins, protect yourself by wearing a respirator. Other ways to prevent ILD include not smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke.
+If you have an autoimmune disease or are taking medicines that raise your risk of getting ILD, talk with your healthcare professional about steps you can take to prevent ILD. Also, get vaccinated because respiratory infections can make symptoms of ILD worse. Be sure you get the pneumonia vaccine and a flu shot each year. Also, ask your healthcare professional about getting vaccinated for pertussis, COVID-19 and respiratory syncytial virus, also called RSV.","Finding the cause of interstitial lung disease can be challenging, and sometimes the cause can't be found. Many conditions fall into the category of ILD. In addition, the symptoms of a wide range of medical conditions can appear to be ILD. Healthcare professionals must rule out these conditions before making a diagnosis.
+Some of the following tests may be necessary.","Lung scarring that already has occurred in interstitial lung disease can't be reversed, and treatment won't always stop the disease from getting worse. Some treatments may make symptoms better for a short time or slow the disease. Others help maintain quality of life.
+Because many of the different types of scarring diseases have no approved or proven therapies, clinical trials may be an option to get an experimental treatment.","Living with a chronic lung disease is emotionally and physically challenging. You may need to change your daily routines and activities — sometimes a lot — as breathing problems worsen or health care needs become more important. Feelings of fear, anger and sadness are typical as you grieve for the loss of your old lifestyle and worry about what's next for you and your family.
+Share your feelings with your loved ones and your healthcare professional. Talking openly may help you and your loved ones cope with the emotional challenges of your disease. Also, clear communication can help you and your family plan for your needs if your disease gets worse.
+Think about joining a support group, where you can talk with people who are facing challenges like yours. Group members may share coping strategies, exchange information about new treatments or simply listen as you express your feelings. If a group isn't for you, you may want to talk with a counselor in a one-on-one setting.","You'll probably first see your family healthcare professional about your symptoms. Your family healthcare professional may refer you to a pulmonologist, who is a doctor who specializes in lung diseases.","You must be actively involved in your own treatment and stay as healthy as possible when you're living with interstitial lung disease. For that reason, it's important to:
+Learn about your disease.Understanding your condition and how it can be treated can help you decide about your care. Including family members and friends can help them learn your needs.
+Stop smoking.If you have lung disease, the best thing you can do for yourself is to stop smoking. Talk with your healthcare professional about options for quitting, including programs to help you stop smoking. These programs use various proven techniques to help people quit. And because secondhand smoke also can harm your lungs, don't allow people to smoke around you.
+Avoid exposure at work or during hobbies.When possible, stay away from substances that can irritate your lungs. Ask your healthcare professional for more information and advice.
+Eat well.If you have lung disease, you may lose weight because it isn't comfortable to eat and because of the extra energy it takes to breathe. Aim to eat a nutritionally rich diet that contains enough calories. A dietitian can give you more guidelines for healthy eating.
+Get vaccinated.Respiratory infections can make symptoms of ILD worse. Make sure you get the pneumonia vaccine and a flu shot each year.","shortness of breath, cough, dry cough, interstitial lung disease"
+431,Pulmonary fibrosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353690,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353695,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20353698,"Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease that occurs when lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred. This thickened, stiff tissue makes it harder for the lungs to work properly. Pulmonary fibrosis worsens over time. Some people can stay stable for a long time, but the condition gets worse faster in others. As it gets worse, people become more and more short of breath.
+The scarring that happens in pulmonary fibrosis can be caused by many things. Often, doctors and other healthcare professionals cannot pinpoint what's causing the problem. When a cause cannot be found, the condition is called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
+Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis usually occurs in middle-aged and older adults. Sometimes pulmonary fibrosis is diagnosed in children and infants, but this is not common.
+The lung damage caused by pulmonary fibrosis cannot be repaired. Medicines and therapies can sometimes help slow down the rate of fibrosis, ease symptoms and improve quality of life. For some people, a lung transplant might be an option.","Symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis may include:
+Shortness of breath.
+Dry cough.
+Extreme tiredness.
+Weight loss that's not intended.
+Aching muscles and joints.
+Widening and rounding of the tips of the fingers or toes, called clubbing.
+How fast pulmonary fibrosis worsens over time and how severe the symptoms are can vary greatly from person to person. Some people become ill very quickly with severe disease. Others have moderate symptoms that worsen more slowly, over months or years.","If you have symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis, contact your doctor or other healthcare professional as soon as possible. If your symptoms get worse, especially if they get worse fast, contact your healthcare team right away.","Pulmonary fibrosis is scarring and thickening of the tissue around and between the air sacs called alveoli in the lungs. These changes make it harder for oxygen to pass into the bloodstream.
+Damage to the lungs that results in pulmonary fibrosis may be caused by many different things. Examples include long-term exposure to certain toxins, radiation therapy, some medicines and certain medical conditions. In some cases, the cause of pulmonary fibrosis is not known.","Pulmonary fibrosis has been found in children and infants, but this is not common. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is much more likely to affect middle-aged and older adults. Other types of pulmonary fibrosis, such as that caused by connective tissue disease, can occur in younger people.
+Factors that can raise your risk of pulmonary fibrosis include:
+Smoking.If you smoke now or used to smoke, you're at a higher risk of pulmonary fibrosis than people who never smoked. People with emphysema are at higher risk, too.
+Certain types of work.You have a higher risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis if you work in mining, farming or construction. The risk also is higher if you have continuous or repeated contact with pollutants known to damage the lungs.
+Cancer treatments.Having radiation treatments to your chest or using certain chemotherapy medicines can raise your risk of pulmonary fibrosis.
+Genetics.Some types of pulmonary fibrosis run in families, so genes may play a role.","Complications of pulmonary fibrosis may include:
+High blood pressure in the lungs.Called pulmonary hypertension, this type of high blood pressure affects the arteries in the lungs. These are the pulmonary arteries. Stiff and thick arteries may slow down or block blood flow through the lungs. This raises the pressure inside the pulmonary arteries and the lower right heart chamber, called the right ventricle.
+Right-sided heart failure.This serious condition occurs when your heart's right chamber has to pump harder than usual to move blood through partly blocked pulmonary arteries.
+Respiratory failure.This is often the last stage of long-term lung disease. It occurs when blood oxygen levels fall dangerously low.
+Lung cancer.Long-standing pulmonary fibrosis increases your risk of developing lung cancer.
+Other lung problems.As pulmonary fibrosis gets worse over time, it may lead to serious problems such as blood clots in the lungs, a collapsed lung or lung infections.",,"To diagnose pulmonary fibrosis, your doctor or other healthcare professional reviews your medical and family history and does a physical exam. You can talk about your symptoms and review any medicines you take. You also will likely be asked about any continuous or repeated contact with dusts, gases, chemicals or similar substances, especially through work.
+During the physical exam, your healthcare professional listens carefully to your lungs while you breathe. Pulmonary fibrosis often occurs along with a crackling sound at the base of the lungs.
+You may have one or more of these tests.","The lung scarring and thickening that occurs in pulmonary fibrosis cannot be repaired. And no current treatment has proved effective in stopping the disease from getting worse over time. Some treatments may improve symptoms for a time or slow how fast the disease worsens. Others may help improve quality of life.
+Treatment depends on the cause of your pulmonary fibrosis. Doctors and other healthcare professionals evaluate how severe your condition is. Then together you can decide on the best treatment plan.","Pulmonary fibrosis is a life-long lung condition that worsens over time. Having pulmonary fibrosis can cause fear, depression and stress. Here are some tips that may help you cope.
+Learn about your condition.Understanding the condition and treatments can help you and your family cope.
+Spend time with family and friends.Let them know how they can support and help you.
+Talk to your doctor or other healthcare professional.Talk about your condition and how you feel. If you're depressed or anxious, your doctor may suggest that you see a mental health professional.
+Join a support group.Meeting with other people who have pulmonary fibrosis may help. You can talk to people who have had similar symptoms or treatments. You also can learn ways to cope.
+Learn about palliative care services.As your condition gets worse, your care team may suggest palliative care services. These services provide support for severe symptoms, such as providing relief from pain and helping to improve other symptoms. They also help you and your family discuss end-of-life issues and plan advance directives.","If your primary care doctor or other healthcare professional suspects a serious lung problem, you are likely to be referred to a pulmonologist. This is a doctor with training and skills in diagnosing and treating lung disorders.
+Pulmonary fibrosis is a serious and complex disease. Take a friend or family member with you to your appointment. That person can take notes while you talk with your healthcare team, provide emotional support and help remember information that you may forget or miss.","Being actively involved in your treatment and staying as healthy as possible are essential to living with pulmonary fibrosis. It's important to:
+Stop smoking.If you have lung disease, it is important to stop smoking. Talk with your healthcare team about options for quitting, including smoking cessation programs. These use proven techniques to help people quit. Because secondhand smoke can be harmful to your lungs, avoid being around people who are smoking.
+Avoid other things that can irritate your lungs.Breathing indoor pollutants, such as fumes from heating fuel or chemicals, can irritate your lungs. So can outdoor pollutants, such as dust or car exhaust.
+Eat well.People with lung disease may lose weight both because eating is not comfortable and because of the extra energy it takes to breathe. A healthy diet that contains enough calories is needed. Try to eat smaller meals more often during the day. A dietitian can give you more information on healthy eating for your condition.
+Get moving.Regular exercise can help you keep your lung function and manage your stress. Aim to include physical activity, such as walking or biking, into your daily routine. Talk to your healthcare team about what activities may be best for you. If over time you need help getting around, such as using a wheelchair, look for active movements you can do that do not require walking. One example is tai chi.
+Take time to rest.Make sure to get enough rest. Taking time to rest can help you have more energy and cope with the stress of your condition. If you have problems sleeping, talk with your healthcare team.
+Get vaccinated.Respiratory infections, such as colds and flu, can worsen symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis. Make sure that you get the pneumonia vaccine, an annual flu shot and COVID-19 vaccines. It's important that your family members also be vaccinated. Try to stay out of crowds when possible.
+Follow your treatment plan.You usually need ongoing treatment from your healthcare team. Follow the care team's instructions. Take your medicines as prescribed. Adjust your diet and exercise as needed. Attend pulmonary rehabilitation sessions. Go to all of your appointments and contact your care team if symptoms worsen.","clubbing, tiredness, dry cough, fibrosis, extreme tiredness, weight loss, shortness of breath, cough, aching muscles and joints"
+434,Arteriovenous fistula,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriovenous-fistula/symptoms-causes/syc-20369567,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriovenous-fistula/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369571,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriovenous-fistula/doctors-departments/ddc-20369572,"An arteriovenous (AV) fistula is an irregular connection between an artery and a vein. Usually, blood flows from the arteries to tiny blood vessels (capillaries), and then on to the veins. Nutrients and oxygen in the blood travel from the capillaries to tissues in the body.
+
+With an arteriovenous fistula, blood flows directly from an artery into a vein, avoiding some capillaries. When this happens, tissues below the avoided capillaries receive less blood.","Small arteriovenous fistulas in the legs, arms, lungs, kidneys or brain often won't have any signs or symptoms. Small arteriovenous fistulas usually don't need treatment other than monitoring by a health care provider. Large arteriovenous fistulas may cause signs and symptoms.
+
+Arteriovenous fistula signs and symptoms may include:
+
+A significant arteriovenous fistula in the lungs (pulmonary arteriovenous fistula) is a serious condition and can cause:
+
+An arteriovenous fistula in the digestive tract can cause gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.","If you have signs and symptoms of an arteriovenous fistula, make an appointment to see your health care provider. Early detection of an arteriovenous fistula may make the condition easier to treat. It may also reduce the risk of developing complications, including blood clots or heart failure.",Arteriovenous fistulas may be present at birth (congenital) or they may occur later in life (acquired). Causes of arteriovenous fistulas include:,Certain genetic or congenital conditions increase the risk of arteriovenous fistulas. Other potential risk factors for arteriovenous fistulas include:,"Left untreated, an arteriovenous fistula can cause complications. Some complications may be serious. These include:",,"To diagnose an arteriovenous fistula, a health care provider may use a stethoscope to listen to the blood flow in the arms and legs. The blood flow through an arteriovenous fistula makes a sound like humming.
+
+If your provider thinks you have a fistula, other tests are typically done to confirm the diagnosis. Tests to diagnose an arteriovenous fistula can include:","If an arteriovenous fistula is small and doesn't cause any other health problems, close monitoring by a health care provider may be the only treatment needed. Some small arteriovenous fistulas close by themselves without treatment.
+
+If an arteriovenous fistula requires treatment, your provider may recommend:",,"If you think you may have an arteriovenous fistula, make an appointment with your primary care provider. You may be referred to a doctor trained in blood vessel (vascular) or heart (cardiologist) diseases.
+
+Appointments can be brief. Because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your provider.",,"arteriovenous fistula, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, small arteriovenous fistulas, bleeding, gastrointestinal (gi) bleeding, signs, arteriovenous fistula signs and symptoms"
+435,Gas and gas pains,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gas-and-gas-pains/symptoms-causes/syc-20372709,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gas-and-gas-pains/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372714,,"Gas in your digestive system is part of the normal process of digestion. Getting rid of excess gas, either by burping or passing gas (flatus), also is normal. Gas pain may occur if gas is trapped or not moving well through your digestive system.
+
+An increase in gas or gas pain may result from eating foods that are more likely to produce gas. Often, relatively simple changes in eating habits can lessen bothersome gas.
+
+Certain digestive system disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome or celiac disease, may cause — in addition to other signs and symptoms — an increase in gas or gas pain.","Signs or symptoms of gas or gas pains include:
+
+Burping is normal, particularly during or right after a meal. Most people pass gas up to 20 times a day. Therefore, while having gas may be inconvenient or embarrassing, burping and passing gas are rarely by themselves a sign of a medical problem.","Talk to your doctor if your gas or gas pains are so persistent or severe that they interfere with your ability to function well in daily life. Gas or gas pains accompanied by other signs or symptoms may indicate more-serious conditions. See your doctor if you experience any of these additional signs or symptoms:
+
+Seek immediate care if you experience:","Gas in your stomach is primarily caused by swallowing air when you eat or drink. Most stomach gas is released when you burp.
+
+Gas forms in your large intestine (colon) when bacteria ferment carbohydrates — fiber, some starches and some sugars — that aren't digested in your small intestine. Bacteria also consume some of that gas, but the remaining gas is released when you pass gas from your anus.",,,,"Your doctor will likely determine what's causing your gas and gas pains based on:
+
+During the physical exam, your doctor may touch your abdomen to determine if there is any tenderness and if anything feels abnormal. Listening to the sound of your abdomen with a stethoscope can help your doctor determine how well your digestive tract is working.
+
+Depending on your exam and presence of other signs and symptoms — such as weight loss, blood in your stool or diarrhea — your doctor may order additional diagnostic tests.","If your gas pains are caused by another health problem, treating the underlying condition may offer relief. Otherwise, bothersome gas is generally treated with dietary measures, lifestyle modifications or over-the-counter medications. Although the solution isn't the same for everyone, with a little trial and error, most people are able to find some relief.",,Before you see your doctor be prepared to answer the following questions:,,"gas pains, gas, burping, pains"
+437,Eye floaters,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-floaters/symptoms-causes/syc-20372346,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-floaters/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372350,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-floaters/doctors-departments/ddc-20372351,"Eye floaters are spots in your vision. They may look to you like black or gray specks, strings, or cobwebs. They may drift about when you move your eyes. Floaters appear to dart away when you try to look at them directly.
+Most eye floaters are caused by age-related changes that occur as the jelly-like substance (vitreous) inside your eyes liquifies and contracts. Scattered clumps of collagen fibers form within the vitreous and can cast tiny shadows on your retina. The shadows you see are called floaters.
+If you notice a sudden increase in eye floaters, contact an eye specialist immediately — especially if you also see light flashes or lose your vision. These can be symptoms of an emergency that requires prompt attention.","Symptoms of eye floaters may include:
+Small shapes in your vision that appear as dark specks or knobby, transparent strings of floating material
+Spots that move when you move your eyes, so when you try to look at them, they move quickly out of your line of vision
+Spots that are most noticeable when you look at a plain bright background, such as a blue sky or a white wall
+Small shapes or strings that eventually settle down and drift out of the line of vision","Contact an eye specialist immediately if you notice:
+Many more eye floaters than usual
+A sudden onset of new floaters
+Flashes of light in the same eye as the floaters
+A gray curtain or blurry area that blocks part of your vision
+Darkness on a side or sides of your vision (peripheral vision loss)
+These painless symptoms could be caused by a retinal tear, with or without a retinal detachment. This is a sight-threatening condition that requires immediate attention.","Eye floaters may be caused by vitreous changes related to aging or from other diseases or conditions:
+Age-related eye changes.The vitreous is a jelly-like substance made primarily of water, collagen (a type of protein) and hyaluronan (a type of carbohydrate). The vitreous fills the space in your eye between the lens and retina and helps the eye maintain its round shape.As you age, the vitreous changes. Over time, it liquifies and contracts — a process that causes it to pull away from the eyeball's inside surface.As the vitreous changes, collagen fibers within the vitreous form clumps and strings. These scattered pieces block some of the light passing through the eye. This casts tiny shadows on your retina that are seen as floaters.
+Inflammation in the back of the eye.Uveitis is inflammation in the middle layer of tissue in the eye wall (uvea). Posterior uveitis affects the back of the eye, which includes the retina and an eye layer called the choroid. The inflammation causes floaters in the vitreous. Causes of posterior uveitis include infection, autoimmune disorders and inflammatory diseases.
+Bleeding in the eye.Bleeding into the vitreous can have many causes, including retinal tears and detachments, diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), blocked blood vessels, and injury. Blood cells are seen as floaters.
+Torn retina.Retinal tears can happen when a contracting vitreous tugs on the retina with enough force to tear it. Without treatment, a retinal tear may lead to retinal detachment. If fluid leaks behind the tear, it can cause the retina to separate from the back of your eye. Untreated retinal detachment can cause permanent vision loss.
+Eye surgeries and eye medications.Certain medications that are injected into the vitreous can cause air bubbles to form. These bubbles are seen as shadows until your eye absorbs them. Silicone oil bubbles added during certain surgeries on the vitreous and retina also can be seen as floaters.","Factors that can increase your risk of eye floaters include:
+Age over 50 years
+Nearsightedness
+Eye injury
+Complications from cataract surgery
+Diabetes complication that causes damage to the blood vessels of the retina (diabetic retinopathy)
+Eye inflammation",,,Your eye care specialist conducts a complete eye exam to determine the cause of your eye floaters. Your exam usually includes eye dilation. Eye drops widen (dilate) the dark center of your eye. This allows your specialist to better see the back of your eyes and the vitreous.,"Most eye floaters don't require treatment. However, any medical condition that is the cause of eye floaters, such as bleeding from diabetes or inflammation, should be treated.
+Eye floaters can be frustrating and adjusting to them can take time. Once you know the floaters will not cause any more problems, over time you may be able to ignore them or notice them less often.
+If your eye floaters get in the way of your vision, which happens rarely, you and your eye care specialist may consider treatment. Options may include surgery to remove the vitreous or a laser to disrupt the floaters, although both procedures are rarely done.
+Surgery to remove the vitreous.An ophthalmologist who is a specialist in retina and vitreous surgery removes the vitreous through a small incision (vitrectomy). The vitreous is replaced with a solution to help your eye maintain its shape. Surgery may not remove all the floaters, and new floaters can develop after surgery. Risks of a vitrectomy include infection, bleeding and retinal tears.
+Using a laser to disrupt the floaters.An ophthalmologist aims a special laser at the floaters in the vitreous (vitreolysis). This may break up the floaters and make them less noticeable. Some people who have this treatment report improved vision; others notice little or no difference. Risks of laser therapy include damage to your retina if the laser is aimed incorrectly.",,"If you're concerned about eye floaters, make an appointment with a specialist in eye disorders (optometrist or ophthalmologist) for an eye exam. If you have complications that require treatment, you'll need to see an ophthalmologist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"transparent strings, move when you move your eyes, floaters, most noticeable, settle down, small shapes, dark specks, move quickly out of your line of vision, drift out of the line of vision, knobby, spots"
+439,Influenza (flu),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351725,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/doctors-departments/ddc-20351727,"Flu, also called influenza, is an infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. The flu is caused by a virus. Influenza viruses are different from the ""stomach flu"" viruses that cause diarrhea and vomiting.
+Most people with the flu get better on their own. But sometimes, influenza and its complications can be deadly. To help protect against seasonal flu, you can get an annual flu shot. Although the vaccine isn't 100% effective, it lowers the chances of having severe complications from the flu. This is especially true for people who are at high risk of flu complications.
+Aside from the vaccine, you can take other steps to help prevent infection with the flu. You can clean and disinfect surfaces, wash hands, and keep the air around you moving.","The viruses that cause flu spread at high levels during certain times of the year in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. These are called flu seasons. In North America, flu season usually runs between October and May.
+Symptoms of the flu such as a sore throat and a runny or stuffy nose are common. You may also get these symptoms with other illness such as a cold. But colds tend to start slowly, and the flu tends to come on quickly, within two or three days after you come in contact with the virus. And while a cold can be miserable, you usually feel much worse with the flu.
+Other common flu symptoms include:
+Fever.
+Cough.
+Headache.
+Muscle aches.
+Feeling very tired.
+Sweating and chills.
+In children, these symptoms may show up more generally as being fussy or irritable. Children also are more likely than adults to have ear pain, feel sick to the stomach, vomit or have diarrhea with the flu.
+In some cases, people have eye pain, watery eyes or find that light hurts their eyes.","Most people who get the flu can manage it at home and often don't need to see a healthcare professional.
+If you have flu symptoms and are at risk of complications, see your healthcare professional right away. Starting antiviral medicine within two days after your symptoms show up may shorten the length of your illness and help prevent more-serious problems.
+If you have emergency symptoms of the flu, get medical care right away. For adults, emergency symptoms can include:
+Trouble breathing or shortness of breath.
+Chest pain or pressure.
+Ongoing dizziness.
+Hard to wake up or confusion.
+Dehydration.
+Seizures.
+Worsening of existing medical conditions.
+Severe weakness or muscle pain.
+Emergency symptoms in children include all the symptoms seen in adults, as well as:
+Fast breathing or ribs that pull in with each breath.
+Gray or blue lips or nail beds.
+No tears when crying and a dry mouth, along with not needing to urinate.
+Symptoms, such as fever or cough, that get better but then come back or get worse.","Influenza is caused by viruses. These viruses travel through the air in droplets when someone with the infection coughs, sneezes or talks. You can inhale the droplets directly. Or you can pick up the virus from touching an object, such as a computer keyboard, and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
+It's possible to spread the virus to others from about a day before symptoms appear until about 5 to 7 days after they start. This is called being contagious. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be contagious for a slightly longer time.
+Influenza viruses are constantly changing, with new strains appearing often.
+A person's first flu infection gives some long-term protection against similar strains of flu. But the vaccines offered each year are made to match the flu virus strains that are most likely to spread that season. The protection these vaccines offer lasts for months in most people.",There are a range of factors that may raise your risk of catching a flu virus or having complications from a flu infection.,"If you're young and healthy, the flu usually isn't serious. Although you may feel awful while you have it, the flu usually goes away in a week or two with no lasting effects.
+But people at high risk may develop other health problems after the flu, called complications.
+Getting another infection can be a complication of getting the flu. That includes illnesses such as croup and sinus or ear infections. Lung infections are another complication. Infection of the heart muscle or heart lining may happen after getting the flu. And in some cases, people may have infection of the central nervous system.
+Other complications may be:
+Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
+Muscle damage, called rhabdomyolysis, or muscle swelling, called myositis.
+Toxic shock syndrome.
+Worsening of a chronic illness, such as asthma or kidney disease.","The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccination for people age 6 months and older who do not have a medical reason to avoid the vaccine.
+Getting a flu vaccine lowers:
+The risk of getting the flu. If the vaccine is given later in pregnancy, the flu vaccine helps protect a newborn from the flu too.
+The risk of having serious illness from the flu and needing to stay in the hospital due to the flu.
+The risk of dying of the flu.
+The 2024-2025 seasonal flu vaccines each provide protection against three influenza viruses that researchers expect to be the most common this flu season.
+The vaccine is available as a shot, a jet injector and a nasal spray.
+For older children and adults, the flu shot is usually given in a muscle in the arm. Younger children may get the flu shot in a thigh muscle.
+If you are an adult under the age of 65, you can choose to get your vaccine with a jet injector. Instead of a needle, this device uses a high-pressure, narrow stream of fluid to go through the skin.
+The nasal spray is approved for people between ages 2 and 49 years old. It isn't recommended for some groups, such as:
+People who had a severe allergic reaction to a flu vaccine in the past.
+Pregnant people.
+Young people who take aspirin or a salicylate-containing medicine.
+People with weakened immune systems and people who are caregivers or close contacts of people with weakened immune systems.
+Children between ages 2 and 4 years old diagnosed with asthma or wheezing in the past 12 months.
+People who recently took antiviral medicine for the flu.
+People with a cerebrospinal fluid leak or the potential for a leak, as with a cochlear implant.
+Check with your healthcare team to see if you need to be cautious about getting a nasal spray flu vaccine. If you can take the nasal spray flu vaccine, you may be able to do so, or give it to an eligible child, without seeing a healthcare professional.
+There also are vaccines offered called high-dose or adjuvanted flu vaccines. These vaccines may help some people avoid the need for care in the hospital due to influenza. People over age 65 can get these vaccines. These vaccines also are recommended for people age 18 and older who have a solid organ transplant and take medicine to weaken their immune response.
+If you have an egg allergy, you can still get a flu vaccine.
+The first time children between 6 months and 8 years get a flu vaccine, they may need two doses given at least four weeks apart. After that, they can receive single annual doses of the flu vaccine. Check with your child's healthcare professional.
+Also, check with your healthcare team before receiving a flu vaccine if you had a serious reaction to a previous flu vaccine. People who have had Guillain-Barre syndrome also should check with a healthcare professional before getting the flu vaccine. And if you feel sick when you go to get the shot, check with your healthcare team to see if you should delay getting the vaccine.","To diagnose the flu, also called influenza, your healthcare professional does a physical exam, looks for symptoms of flu and possibly orders a test that detects flu viruses.
+The viruses that cause flu spread at high levels during certain times of the year in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. These are called flu seasons. During times when flu is widespread, you may not need a flu test.
+But a test for flu may be suggested to help guide your care or to know if you could spread the virus to others. A flu test may be done by a pharmacy, your healthcare professional's office or in the hospital. For people age 2 and older, a test you can take at home may be available. If you do use an at-home test, let your healthcare professional know the results. You may need to confirm the results, positive or negative, with a test from your healthcare team.
+Types of flu tests you may have include:
+Molecular tests.These tests look for genetic material from the flu virus. Polymerase chain reaction tests, shortened to PCR tests, are molecular tests. You also may hear this type of test called an NAAT test, short for nucleic acid amplification test.
+Antigen tests.These tests look for viral proteins called antigens. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests are one example of antigen tests.
+It's possible to have a test to diagnose both flu and other respiratory illness, such as COVID-19, which stands for coronavirus disease 2019. You may have both COVID-19 and influenza at the same time.","If you have a severe infection or are at high risk of complications from a flu infection, your healthcare professional may prescribe an antiviral medicine to treat the flu. These medicines can include oseltamivir (Tamiflu), baloxavir (Xofluza) and zanamivir (Relenza).
+You take oseltamivir and baloxavir by mouth. You inhale zanamivir using a device similar to an asthma inhaler. Zanamivir shouldn't be used by anyone with certain chronic respiratory problems, such as asthma and lung disease.
+People who are in the hospital may be prescribed peramivir (Rapivab), which is given in a vein.
+These medicines may shorten your illness by a day or so and help prevent serious complications.
+Antiviral medicine may cause side effects. The side effects often are listed on the prescription information. In general, antiviral medicine side effects may include breathing symptoms, nausea, vomiting or loose stools called diarrhea.",,,"If you have the flu, these measures may help ease your symptoms:
+Drink plenty of liquids.Choose water, juice and warm soups to help keep fluids in your body.
+Rest.Get more sleep to help your immune system fight infection. You may need to change your activity level, depending on your symptoms.
+Consider pain relievers.Use acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) for fever, headache or achiness associated with influenza. Children and teens recovering from flu-like symptoms should never take aspirin because of the risk of Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal condition.
+To help control the spread of influenza in your community, stay home and keep sick children home until the fever is gone, without the use of medicine, for 24 hours. Unless you're going to a medical appointment, avoid being around other people until you're feeling better. If you need to leave your home to get medical care, wear a face mask. Wash your hands often.","headache, chills, muscle aches, colds, eye pain, runny nose, watery, sweating, sore throat, cough, watery eyes, diarrhea, vomiting, ear pain, stuffy nose, pain, throat, fever, feeling sick to the stomach, vomit, irritable, feeling very tired"
+442,H1N1 flu (swine flu),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swine-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20378103,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swine-flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378106,,"The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus.
+During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans.
+The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the H1N1 flu to be a pandemic in 2009. That year the virus caused an estimated 284,400 deaths worldwide. In August 2010,WHOdeclared the pandemic over. But the H1N1 flu strain from the pandemic became one of the strains that cause seasonal flu.
+Most people with the flu get better on their own.
+But flu and its complications can be deadly, especially for people at high risk. The seasonal flu vaccine can now help protect against the H1N1 flu and other seasonal flu viruses.","The symptoms of flu caused by H1N1, commonly called the swine flu, are similar to those of other flu viruses.
+Symptoms usually start quickly and can include:
+Fever, but not always.
+Aching muscles.
+Chills and sweats.
+Cough.
+Sore throat.
+Runny or stuffy nose.
+Watery, red eyes.
+Eye pain.
+Body aches.
+Headache.
+Tiredness and weakness.
+Diarrhea.
+Feeling sick to the stomach, vomiting, but this is more common in children than adults.
+Flu symptoms develop about 1 to 4 days after you're exposed to the virus.","If you're generally healthy and develop flu symptoms, most people may not need to see a health care provider. But some people are at higher risk of flu complications.
+Call your care provider if you have flu symptoms and you're pregnant or have a chronic disease. Some examples are asthma, emphysema, diabetes or a heart condition.
+If you have emergency symptoms of the flu, get medical care right away. For adults, emergency symptoms can include:
+Trouble breathing or shortness of breath.
+Chest pain.
+Signs of dehydration such as not urinating.
+Ongoing dizziness.
+Seizures.
+Worsening of existing medical conditions.
+Severe weakness or muscle pain.
+Emergency symptoms in children can include:
+Trouble breathing.
+Pale, gray or blue-colored skin, lips or nail beds depending on skin color.
+Chest pain.
+Dehydration.
+Severe muscle pain.
+Seizures.
+Worsening of existing medical conditions.","Influenza viruses such as H1N1 infect the cells that line your nose, throat and lungs. The virus spreads through the air in droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes, breathes or talks. The virus enters your body when you breathe in contaminated droplets. It also can enter your body if you touch a contaminated surface and then touch your eyes, nose or mouth.
+You can't catch swine flu from eating pork.
+People with the virus are likely able to spread the virus from about a day before symptoms appear until about four days after they start. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be able to spread the virus for a slightly longer time.","Factors that may increase your risk of developing H1N1 or other influenza viruses or their complications include:
+Age.Influenza tends to have worse outcomes in children under age 2, and adults older than age 65.
+Living or working conditions.People who live or work in facilities with many other residents are more likely to get the flu. Some examples are nursing homes or military barracks. People who are staying in the hospital also are at higher risk.
+Weakened immune system.Cancer treatments, anti-rejection medications, long-term use of steroids, organ transplant, blood cancer or HIV/AIDS can weaken the immune system. This can make it easier to catch the flu and may increase the risk of developing complications.
+Chronic illnesses.Chronic conditions may increase the risk of influenza complications. Examples include asthma and other lung diseases, diabetes, heart disease, and nervous system diseases. Other examples are metabolic disorders, problems with an airway and kidney, liver or blood disease.
+Race.American Indians or Alaska Native people may have a higher risk of influenza complications.
+Aspirin use under age 19.People on long-term aspirin therapy and who are younger than 19 years of age are at risk of Reye syndrome if infected with influenza.
+Pregnancy.Pregnant people are more likely to develop influenza complications, especially in the second and third trimesters. This risk continues up to two weeks after the baby is born.
+Obesity.People with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher have a higher risk of flu complications.","Influenza complications include:
+Worsening of chronic conditions, such as heart disease and asthma.
+Pneumonia.
+Neurological symptoms, ranging from confusion to seizures.
+Respiratory failure.
+Bronchitis.
+Muscle tenderness.
+Bacterial infections.","The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone age 6 months or older. The H1N1 virus is included in the seasonal flu vaccine.
+The flu vaccine can lower your risk of getting the flu. It also can lower the risk of having serious illness from the flu and needing to stay in the hospital.
+Each year's seasonal flu vaccine protects against the three or four influenza viruses. These are the viruses expected to be the most common during that year's flu season.
+Flu vaccination is especially important because the flu and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cause similar symptoms.
+BothCOVID-19and the flu may be spreading at the same time. Vaccination is the best way to protect against both. Flu vaccination could lessen symptoms that might be confused with those caused byCOVID-19.
+Vaccination also helps lower the number of people with severe flu and complications. And that may lower the number of people needing to stay in the hospital.
+The flu vaccine is available as an injection and as a nasal spray.
+The nasal spray is approved for people between 2 and 49 years old. It isn't recommended for some groups, such as:
+Children younger than age 2.
+Adults age 50 and older.
+Pregnant people.
+Children between 2 and 17 years old who are taking aspirin or a salicylate-containing medication.
+People with weakened immune systems.
+Close contacts or caregivers of people with highly weakened immune systems. Examples are people receiving chemotherapy, or recent bone marrow or solid organ transplantation.
+Children 2 to 4 years old who have had asthma or wheezing in the past 12 months.
+If you have an egg allergy you can still get a flu vaccine.
+These measures also help prevent the flu and limit its spread:
+Wash your hands often.If available, use soap and water, washing for at least 20 seconds. Or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that has at least 60% alcohol.
+Cover your coughs and sneezes.Cough or sneeze into a tissue or your elbow. Then wash your hands.
+Avoid touching your face.Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth.
+Clean and disinfect surfaces.Regularly clean often-touched surfaces to prevent spread of infection from a surface with the virus on it to your body.
+Avoid contact with the virus.Try to avoid people who are sick or have symptoms of flu. And if you have symptoms, stay home if you can. When flu is spreading, consider keeping distance between yourself and others while indoors, especially in areas with poor air flow. If you're at high risk of complications from the flu consider avoiding swine barns at seasonal fairs and elsewhere.","Your health care provider may do a physical exam to look for symptoms of influenza, including H1N1 flu, often called swine flu. Or the provider may review your symptoms with you over the phone.
+The provider may order a test that finds influenza viruses such as H1N1.
+There are many tests used to diagnose influenza. But not everyone who has the flu needs to be tested. In most cases, knowing that someone has the flu doesn't change the treatment plan.
+Care providers are more likely to use a test to diagnose flu if:
+You're already in the hospital.
+You're at high risk of complications from the flu.
+You live with someone who is at greater risk of flu complications.
+Your care provider may use a test to find out whether a flu virus is the cause of your symptoms. Or the tests may be used to get more information to see if another condition is causing your symptoms, such as:
+Heart problems, such as heart failure or an infection of the heart muscle.
+Lung and breathing problems, such as asthma or pneumonia.
+Brain and nervous system problems, such as encephalopathy or encephalitis.
+Septic shock or organ failure.
+A test called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used to see if you have the flu. It is more sensitive than other types of tests and may be able to find the flu strain.
+It is possible to have both flu and another virus such asCOVID-19at the same time.","Most people with flu, including H1N1 flu, need only symptom relief. Supportive care such as drinking liquids, taking pain relievers for fever and headache, and resting may be helpful.
+If you have a chronic respiratory disease, your health care provider may prescribe medications to help relieve your symptoms.
+Health care providers may prescribe antiviral drugs within the first day or two of symptoms. They can reduce the severity of symptoms and may lower the risk of complications.
+The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved these four antiviral drugs to treat flu:
+Oseltamivir (Tamiflu).
+Zanamivir (Relenza).
+Peramivir (Rapivab).
+Baloxavir (Xofluza).
+But flu viruses can develop resistance to these drugs. So health care providers reserve antivirals for certain groups. This includes people at high risk of complications and those who are in close contact with people who have a high risk of complications.
+Using antivirals carefully makes development of resistance less likely and keeps supplies of these drugs for those who need them most.",,,"If you develop any type of flu, stay home. Keep sick children home until the fever has been gone for 24 hours.
+These measures may help ease your symptoms:
+Drink plenty of liquids.Choose water, juice and warm soups to prevent dehydration.
+Rest.Get more sleep to help your immune system fight infection.
+Consider pain relievers.Use a nonprescription pain reliever, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). Use caution when giving aspirin to children or teenagers. Children and teenagers recovering from flu-like symptoms should never take aspirin. This is due to the risk of Reye syndrome, a rare but potentially life-threatening condition.
+Avoid being around other people until you're feeling better, unless you're getting medical care. If you do need to leave your home and get medical care, wear a face mask. Wash your hands often.","headache, chills, flu, body aches, eye pain, runny nose, h1n1, aches, tiredness, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+fever, aching muscles, sore throat, cough, watery eyes, diarrhea, vomiting, red eyes, stuffy nose, swine, pain, throat, weakness, fever, sweats"
+443,Pericardial effusion,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/symptoms-causes/syc-20353720,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353724,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/doctors-departments/ddc-20353725,"Pericardial effusion (per-e-KAHR-dee-ul uh-FU-zhun) is the buildup of too much fluid in the double-layered, saclike structure around the heart (pericardium).
+
+The space between these layers typically contains a thin layer of fluid. But if the pericardium is diseased or injured, the resulting inflammation can lead to excess fluid. Fluid can also build up around the heart without inflammation, such as from bleeding, related to a cancer or after chest trauma.
+
+Pericardial effusion can put pressure on the heart, affecting how the heart works. If untreated, it may lead to heart failure or death in extreme cases.","Pericardial effusion may not cause any noticeable signs and symptoms, particularly if the fluid has increased slowly.
+
+If pericardial effusion signs and symptoms do occur, they might include:","Call 911 or your local emergency number if you feel chest pain that lasts more than a few minutes, if your breathing is difficult or painful, or if you have an unexplained fainting spell.
+
+See your health care provider if you have shortness of breath.","Pericardial effusion can result from inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis) after an illness or injury. In some settings, large effusions may be caused by certain cancers. A blockage of pericardial fluids or a collection of blood within the pericardium also can lead to this condition.
+
+Sometimes the cause can't be determined (idiopathic pericarditis).
+
+Causes of pericardial effusion may include:",,"A potential complication of pericardial effusion is cardiac tamponade (tam-pon-AYD). In this condition, the excess fluid within the pericardium puts pressure on the heart. The strain prevents the heart chambers from filling completely with blood.
+
+Cardiac tamponade results in poor blood flow and a lack of oxygen to the body. Cardiac tamponade is life-threatening and requires emergency medical treatment.",,"To diagnose pericardial effusion, the health care provider will typically perform a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms and medical history. He or she will likely listen to your heart with a stethoscope. If your health care provider thinks you have pericardial effusion, tests can help identify a cause.",Treatment for pericardial effusion depends on:,,"If your pericardial effusion is discovered as a result of a heart attack or another emergency, you won't have time to prepare for your appointment. Otherwise, you'll likely start by seeing your primary care provider. You might be referred to a doctor who specializes in heart diseases (cardiologist).",,"pericardial effusion, none, pericardial effusion signs and symptoms"
+448,Food poisoning,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356236,,"Food poisoning, a type of foodborne illness, is a sickness people get from something they ate or drank. The causes are germs or other harmful things in the food or beverage.
+Symptoms of food poisoning often include upset stomach, diarrhea and vomiting. Symptoms usually start within hours or several days of eating the food. Most people have mild illness and get better without treatment.
+Sometimes food poisoning causes severe illness or complications.","Symptoms vary depending on what is causing the illness. They may begin within a few hours or a few weeks depending on the cause.
+Common symptoms are:
+Upset stomach.
+Vomiting.
+Diarrhea.
+Diarrhea with bloody stools.
+Stomach pain and cramps.
+Fever.
+Headache.
+Less often food poisoning affects the nervous system and can cause severe disease. Symptoms may include:
+Blurred or double vision.
+Headache.
+Loss of movement in limbs.
+Problems with swallowing.
+Tingling or numbness of skin.
+Weakness.
+Changes in sound of the voice.","Vomiting and diarrhea can quickly cause low levels of body fluids, also called dehydration, in infants and children. This can cause serious illness in infants.
+Call your child's health care provider if your child's symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea and any of the following:
+Unusual changes in behavior or thinking.
+Excessive thirst.
+Little or no urination.
+Weakness.
+Dizziness.
+Diarrhea that lasts more than a day.
+Vomiting often.
+Stools that have blood or pus.
+Stools that are black or tarry.
+Severe pain in the stomach or rectum.
+Any fever in children under 2 years of age.
+Fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit (38.9 degrees Celsius) or higher in older children.
+History of other medical problems.
+Adults should see a health care provider or get emergency care if the following occur:
+Nervous system symptoms, such as blurry vision, muscle weakness and tingling of skin.
+Changes in thinking or behavior.
+Fever of 103 degrees Fahrenheit (39.4 degrees Celsius).
+Vomiting often.
+Diarrhea that lasts more than three days.
+Symptoms of dehydration — excessive thirst, dry mouth, little or no urination, severe weakness, dizziness, or lightheadedness.","Many germs or harmful things, called contaminants, can cause foodborne illnesses. Food or drink that carries a contaminant is called ""contaminated."" Food can be contaminated with any of the following:
+Bacteria.
+Viruses.
+Parasites that can live in the intestines.
+Poisons, also called toxins.
+Bacteria that carry or make toxins.
+Molds that make toxins.","Anyone can get food poisoning. Some people are more likely to get sick or have more-serious disease or complications. These people include:
+Infants and children.
+Pregnant people.
+Older adults.
+People with weakened immune systems due to another disease or treatments.","In most healthy adults, complications are uncommon. They can include the following.","To prevent food poisoning at home:
+Handwashing.Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Do this after using the toilet, before eating, and before and after handling food.
+Wash fruits and vegetables.Rinse fruits and vegetables under running water before eating, peeling or preparing.
+Wash kitchen utensils thoroughly.Wash cutting boards, knives and other utensils with soapy water after contact with raw meats or unwashed fruits and vegetables.
+Don't eat raw or undercooked meat or fish.Use a meat thermometer to make sure meat is cooked enough. Cook whole meats and fish to at least 145 F (63 C) and let rest for at least three minutes. Cook ground meat to at least 160 F (71 C). Cook whole and ground poultry to at least 165 F (74 C).
+Refrigerate or freeze leftovers.Put leftovers in covered containers in the refrigerator right after your meal. Leftovers can be kept for 3 to 4 days in the refrigerator. If you don't think you'll eat them within four days, freeze them right away.
+Cook leftovers safely.You can safely thaw frozen food three ways. You can microwave it. You can move it to the refrigerator to thaw overnight. Or you can put the frozen food in a leakproof container and put it in cold water on the counter. Reheat leftovers until the internal temperature reaches 165 degrees Fahrenheit (74 degrees Celsius).
+Throw it out when in doubt.If you aren't sure if a food has been prepared, served or stored safely, discard it. Even if it looks and smells fine, it may not be safe to eat.
+Throw out moldy food.Throw out any baked foods with mold. Throw out moldy soft fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes, berries or peaches. And throw away any nuts or nut products with mold. You can trim away mold from firm foods with low moisture, such as carrots, bell peppers and hard cheeses. Cut away at least 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) around the moldy part of the food.
+Clean your refrigerator.Clean the inside of the refrigerator every few months. Make a cleaning solution of 1 tablespoon (15 milliliters) of baking soda and 1 quart (0.9 liters) of water. Clean visible mold in the refrigerator or on the door seals. Use a solution of 1 tablespoon (15 milliliters) of bleach in 1 quart (0.9 liters) of water.","A diagnosis is based on a physical exam and a review of things that may be causing vomiting, diarrhea or other symptoms. Questions from your health care provider will cover:
+Your symptoms.
+Food or drinks you've had recently.
+Symptoms in people who ate with you.
+Recent changes in the drugs you take.
+Recent travel.
+Your health care provider will examine you to rule out other causes of illness and check for signs of dehydration.
+Your provider may order tests including:
+Stool sample tests to name the bacteria, viruses, parasites or toxins.
+Blood tests to name a cause of illness, rule out other conditions or identify complications.
+When one person or a family gets food poisoning, it's hard to know what food was contaminated. The time from eating the contaminated food to the time of sickness can be hours or days. During that time, you may have had one or several more meals. This makes it difficult to say what food made you sick.
+In a large outbreak, public health officials may be able to find the common food all of the people shared.","Treatment for food poisoning depends on how severe your symptoms are and what caused the illness. In most cases, drug treatment isn't necessary.
+Treatment may include the following:
+Fluid replacement.Fluids and electrolytes, maintain the balance of fluids in your body. Electrolytes include minerals such as sodium, potassium and calcium. After vomiting or diarrhea, it's important to replace fluids to prevent dehydration. Severe dehydration may require going to the hospital. You may need fluids and electrolytes delivered directly into the bloodstream.
+Antibiotics.If the illness is caused by bacteria, you may be prescribed an antibiotic. Antibiotics are generally for people with severe disease or with a higher risk of complications.
+Antiparasitics.Drugs that target parasites, called antiparasitics, are usually prescribed for parasitic infections.
+Probiotics.Your care provider may recommend probiotics. These are treatments that replace healthy bacteria in the digestive system.",,"You'll likely see your primary health care provider. In some cases, you may need to see a specialist in infectious diseases.
+Be prepared to answer the following questions.
+When did your symptoms begin?
+Have the symptoms been continuous, or do they come and go?
+Have you had bloody diarrhea or stools?
+Have you had black or tarry stools?
+Have you had a fever?
+What have you recently eaten?
+Did anyone who ate the same food have symptoms?
+Have you recently traveled? Where?
+What drugs, dietary supplements or herbal remedies do you take?
+Had you taken antibiotics in the days or weeks before your symptoms started?
+Have you recently changed medications?","For most people, symptoms improve without treatment within 48 hours. To help keep yourself more comfortable and prevent dehydration while you recover, try the following:
+Let your stomach settle.Eat after your stomach is settled and you are hungry again.
+Replace fluids.Replace fluids with water, sports drinks, juice with added water or broths. Children or people at risk for serious illness should drink rehydration fluids (Pedialyte, Enfalyte, others). Talk to your doctor before giving rehydration fluids to infants.
+Ease back into eating.Gradually begin to eat bland, low-fat, easy-to-digest foods, such as soda crackers, toast, gelatin, bananas and rice. Stop eating if you feel sick to your stomach again.
+Avoid certain foods and substances until you're feeling better.These include dairy products, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and fatty or highly seasoned foods.
+Rest.Rest to recover from illness and dehydration.","upset stomach, headache, loss of movement, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, fever, cramps, stomach pain, blurred vision, double vision, problems with swallowing, tingling, poisoning, bloody, numbness, bloody stools, changes in voice"
+449,Broken foot,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20355492,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355498,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/doctors-departments/ddc-20355499,"A broken foot, also called a fractured foot, is an injury to one or more bones in the foot. A bone might break from a sports injury, a car crash, a heavy object dropped on the foot, or a misstep or fall.
+Fractures can range from tiny cracks in the bones to breaks in more than one bone and breaks that come through the skin.
+Treatment for a broken foot bone depends on where the bone breaks and how bad the break is. A badly broken foot bone may need surgery to put plates, rods or screws into the broken bone pieces to hold them in place while they heal.","A broken foot bone might cause some of these symptoms:
+Instant throbbing pain.
+Pain that gets worse with activity and gets better with rest.
+Swelling.
+Bruising.
+Tenderness.
+Change in the typical shape of the foot, called deformity.
+Trouble or pain with walking or putting weight on the foot.
+Bone sticking through the skin, called an open fracture.","See a healthcare professional if your foot has lost its shape, if the pain and swelling don't get better with self-care, or if the pain and swelling get worse over time. It's possible to walk on some fractures, so don't assume you don't need medical care if you can put weight on your foot.","The most common causes of a broken foot include:
+Car accidents.The crushing injuries that can happen in car accidents may cause breaks that need surgery to be fixed.
+Falls.Tripping and falling can break bones in the feet. So can landing on the feet after jumping down from a height.
+Impact from a heavy weight.Dropping something heavy on the foot is a common cause of fractures.
+Missteps.Sometimes a stumble can result in a twisting injury that can cause a broken bone. A toe can break from stubbing it on furniture.
+Overuse.Stress fractures are common in the weight-bearing bones of the feet. Repeated force or overuse over time, such as running long distances, most often is the cause of these tiny cracks. But they also can happen with regular use of a bone that's been weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis.","You may be at higher risk of a broken foot or ankle if you:
+Play high-impact sports.The stresses, direct blows and twisting injuries that happen in sports such as basketball, football, gymnastics, tennis and soccer can cause foot bone breaks.
+Use poor technique or sports equipment.Poor training techniques, such as not warming up, can raise the risk of foot injuries. Bad equipment, such as shoes that are too worn or don't fit right, also can increase the risk of stress fractures and falls.
+Suddenly increase your activity level.Whether you're a trained athlete or someone who's just started exercising, suddenly boosting how long, hard or often you exercise can increase your risk of a stress fracture.
+Work in certain jobs.Certain workplaces, such as construction sites, put you at risk of falling from a height or dropping something heavy on your foot.
+Keep your home cluttered or poorly lit.Walking around in a house with too much clutter or too little light may lead to falls and foot injuries.
+Have certain conditions.Having decreased bone density, called osteoporosis, can put you at risk of injuries to your foot bones.
+Smoking.Cigarette smoking can increase the risk of getting osteoporosis. Studies also show that healing after a break may take longer in people who smoke.","Complications of a broken foot bone aren't common but may include:
+Arthritis.Fractures that extend into a joint can cause arthritis years later. If your foot starts to hurt long after a break, see your healthcare professional.
+Bone infection, called osteomyelitis.If you have an open fracture in which one end of the bone pokes through the skin, your bone may be exposed to bacteria that cause infection.
+Nerve or blood vessel damage.Trauma to the foot can injure or tear nerves and blood vessels. Seek medical help right away if you notice numbness or feel like your foot isn't getting enough blood. Lack of blood flow can cause a bone to die, called avascular necrosis.
+Compartment syndrome.This condition rarely occurs with foot fractures. It causes pain, swelling, numbness and sometimes being unable to use the affected muscles of the foot.","These sports and safety tips may help prevent a broken foot bone:
+Wear proper shoes.Use hiking shoes on rough terrain. Choose the right athletic shoes for your sport.
+Replace athletic shoes when needed.Get rid of shoes as soon as the tread or heel wears out or if the wear on the shoes isn't even. If you're a runner, replace your shoes every 300 to 400 miles.
+Start slowly.That applies to a new fitness program and to every workout you do.
+Have a balanced fitness program.A balanced fitness program includes aerobic fitness to work your heart, strength training to build muscles and movements that put your joints through their full range of motion, called flexibility.
+Build bone strength.Get enough calcium and vitamin D. Calcium-rich foods include dairy products, leafy greens and tofu. Ask your healthcare professional if you need to take vitamin D supplements.
+Use night lights.Many broken toes are the result of walking in the dark.
+Get rid of clutter in your home.Keeping clutter off the floor can help you not trip and fall.","Your healthcare professional will look at your ankle, foot and lower leg and check for tenderness. Moving your foot around can show your range of motion. Your health professional might want to watch how you walk.",Treatments for a broken foot vary depending on which bone is broken and how bad the injury is.,,"You will likely seek treatment for a broken foot bone in an emergency room or urgent care clinic. If the pieces of broken bone aren't lined up for healing, you may be referred to a doctor specializing in orthopedic surgery.",,"pain, swelling, deformity, trouble walking, fracture, throbbing pain, pain with walking, tenderness, bruising"
+450,Patent foramen ovale,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-foramen-ovale/symptoms-causes/syc-20353487,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-foramen-ovale/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353491,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-foramen-ovale/doctors-departments/ddc-20353493,"A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a hole in the heart that didn't close the way it should after birth. The hole is a small flaplike opening between the upper heart chambers. The upper chambers of the heart are called the atria.
+
+As a baby grows in the womb, an opening called the foramen ovale (foh-RAY-mun oh-VAY-lee) sits between the upper heart chambers. It typically closes during infancy. When the foramen ovale doesn't close, it's called a patent foramen ovale.
+
+Most people never need treatment for patent foramen ovale.",Patent foramen ovale occurs in about 1 in 4 people. Most people with the condition never know they have it. A patent foramen ovale is often discovered during tests for other health problems.,,It's unclear why the foramen ovale stays open in some people. Genetics may play a role.,,"A patent foramen ovale, also called a PFO usually doesn't cause complications. Some people with a PFO may have other heart defects
+
+Possible complications of patent foramen ovale may include:
+
+Some studies have found that PFO are more common in people with unexplained strokes and migraines with aura. But more research is needed. Usually, there are other reasons for these conditions. It's often just a coincidence a person also has a PFO.",,"Usually a patent foramen ovale is diagnosed when tests are done for another health concern. If your health care provider thinks you may have a PFO, imaging tests of the heart may be done.
+
+If you have a patent foramen ovale and had a stroke, your provider may refer you to a doctor trained in brain and nervous system conditions. This type of provider is called a neurologist.","Most people with a patent foramen ovale (PFO) don't need treatment. If a PFO is found when an echocardiogram is done for other reasons, a procedure to close the hole usually isn't done.
+
+When treatment for a PFO is needed, it may include:",,"After a patent foramen ovale has been diagnosed, you'll likely have a lot of questions for your health care providers. Some questions you may want to ask include:",,"patent foramen ovale, none"
+452,Growth plate fractures,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/growth-plate-fractures/symptoms-causes/syc-20351979,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/growth-plate-fractures/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351984,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/growth-plate-fractures/doctors-departments/ddc-20351985,"A growth plate fracture affects the layer of growing tissue near the ends of a child's bones. Growth plates are the softest and weakest sections of the skeleton — sometimes even weaker than surrounding ligaments and tendons. An injury that might cause a joint sprain for an adult can cause a growth plate fracture in a child.
+Growth plate fractures often need immediate treatment because they can affect how the bone will grow. An improperly treated growth plate fracture could result in a fractured bone ending up more crooked or shorter than its opposite limb. With proper treatment, most growth plate fractures heal without complications.","Most growth plate fractures occur in bones of the fingers, forearm and lower leg. Signs and symptoms of a growth plate fracture may include:
+Pain and tenderness, particularly in response to pressure on the growth plate
+Inability to move the affected area or to put weight or pressure on the limb
+Warmth and swelling at the end of a bone, near a joint
+If you suspect a fracture, take your child to be examined by a doctor. Also have your child evaluated if you notice a visible deformity in your child's arms or legs, or if your child is having trouble playing sports because of persistent pain.",,"Growth plate fractures often are caused by a fall or a blow to the limb, as might occur in:
+A car accident
+Competitive sports, such as football, basketball, running, dancing or gymnastics
+Recreational activities, such as biking, sledding, skiing or skateboarding
+Growth plate fractures can occasionally be caused by overuse, which can occur during sports training or repetitive throwing.","Growth plate fractures occur twice as often in boys as in girls, because girls finish growing earlier than do boys. By the age of 12, most girls' growth plates have already matured and been replaced with solid bone.","Most growth plate fractures heal with no complications. But the following factors can increase the risk of crooked, accelerated or stunted bone growth.
+Severity of the injury.If the growth plate has been shifted, shattered or crushed, the risk of limb deformity is greater.
+Age of the child.Younger children have more years of growth ahead of them, so if the growth plate is permanently damaged, there is more chance of deformity developing. If a child is almost done growing, permanent damage to the growth plate may cause only minimal deformity.
+Location of the injury.The growth plates around the knee are more sensitive to injury. A growth plate fracture at the knee can cause the leg to be shorter, longer or crooked if the growth plate has permanent damage. Growth plate injuries around the wrist and shoulder usually heal without problems.",,"Because growth plates haven't hardened into solid bone, they are difficult to interpret on X-rays. Doctors may ask for X-rays of both the injured limb and the opposite limb so that they can be compared.
+Sometimes a growth plate fracture cannot be seen on X-ray. If the child is tender over the area of the growth plate, your doctor may recommend a cast or a splint to protect the limb. X-rays are taken again in three to four weeks and, if there was a fracture, new bone healing will typically be seen at that time.
+For more-serious injuries, scans that can visualize soft tissue — such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT) or ultrasound — may be ordered.","Treatment for growth plate fractures depends on the severity of the fracture. The least serious fractures usually require only a cast or a splint. If the fracture crosses the growth plate or goes into the joint and is not well-aligned, surgery may be necessary. Growth plates that are surgically realigned may have a better chance of recovering and growing again than do growth plates that are left in a poor position.
+At the time of injury, it's difficult to tell if a growth plate has permanent damage. Your doctor may recommend checking X-rays for several years after the fracture to make sure the growth plate is growing appropriately. Depending on the location and severity of the fracture, your child may need follow-up visits until his or her bones have finished growing.",,"If your child is injured, you may go straight to an emergency room or urgent care clinic. Depending on the severity of the break, the doctor who first examines your child may recommend a consultation with a pediatric orthopedic surgeon.",,"pain, swelling, warmth, fractures, inability to move, fracture, tenderness"
+454,Broken leg,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-leg/symptoms-causes/syc-20370412,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-leg/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370416,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-leg/doctors-departments/ddc-20370417,"A broken leg (leg fracture) is a break or crack in one of the bones in your leg. Common causes include falls, motor vehicle accidents and sports injuries.
+Treatment of a broken leg depends on the location and severity of the injury. A severely broken leg may require metal pins and plates to hold the fragments together. Less severe breaks may be treated with a cast or splint. In all cases, prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical to complete healing.","The thighbone (femur) is the strongest bone in the body. It is usually obvious when the thighbone is broken because it takes so much force to break. But a break in the shinbone (tibia) or in the bone that runs alongside the shinbone (fibula) may be less obvious.
+Signs and symptoms of a broken leg may include:
+Severe pain, which may worsen with movement
+Swelling
+Tenderness
+Bruising
+Obvious deformity or shortening of the affected leg
+Inability to walk
+Toddlers or young children who break a leg may start limping or simply stop walking, even if they can't explain why.","If you or your child has any signs or symptoms of a broken leg, seek care right away. Delays in diagnosis and treatment can result in problems later, including poor healing.
+Seek emergency medical attention for any leg fracture from a high-impact trauma, such as a car or motorcycle accident. Fractures of the thighbone are severe, potentially life-threatening injuries that require emergency medical services to help protect the area from further damage and to provide safe transfer to a local hospital.","A broken leg can be caused by:
+Falls.A simple fall can fracture one or both lower leg bones. A much higher impact is usually needed to break the thighbone.
+Motor vehicle accidents.All three leg bones can break during a motor vehicle accident. Fractures can occur when your knees become jammed against the dashboard during a collision or with damage to the car hitting your legs.
+Sports injuries.Extending your leg beyond its natural limits during contact sports can cause a broken leg. So can a fall or a direct blow — such as from a hockey stick or an opponent's body.
+Child abuse.In children, a broken leg may be the result of child abuse, especially when such an injury occurs before the child can walk.
+Overuse.Stress fractures are tiny cracks that develop in the weight-bearing bones of the body, including the shinbone. Stress fractures are usually caused by repetitive force or overuse, such as running long distances. But they can occur with regular use of a bone that's been weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis.","Stress fractures are often the result of repetitive stress to the leg bones from physical activities, such as:
+Running
+Ballet dancing
+Basketball
+Marching
+Contact sports, such as hockey and football, also may pose a risk of direct blows to the leg, which can result in a fracture.
+Stress fractures outside of sport situations are more common in people who have:
+Decreased bone density (osteoporosis)
+Diabetes
+Rheumatoid arthritis","Complications of a broken leg may include:
+Knee or ankle pain.A broken bone in your leg may produce pain in your knee or ankle.
+Bone infection (osteomyelitis).If a broken bone cuts through the skin and causes a wound, it is called an open fracture. If you have an open fracture, the bone may be exposed to germs that can cause infection.
+Poor or delayed healing.A severe leg fracture may not heal quickly or completely. This is particularly common in an open fracture of the tibia because of lower blood flow to this bone.
+Nerve or blood vessel damage.Leg fractures can injure nearby nerves and blood vessels. Seek immediate medical help if you notice any numbness, pale skin or circulation problems.
+Compartment syndrome.This condition causes pain, swelling and sometimes disability in muscles near the broken bone. This is a rare complication that is more common with high-impact injuries, such as a car or motorcycle accident.
+Arthritis.Fractures that extend into the joint and poor bone alignment can cause osteoarthritis years later. If your leg starts to hurt long after a break, see your health care provider for an evaluation.
+Unequal leg length.The long bones of a child grow from the ends of the bones, in softer areas called growth plates. If a fracture goes through a growth plate, that limb might eventually become shorter or longer than the opposite limb.","A broken leg can't always be prevented. But these basic tips may reduce your risk:
+Build bone strength.Calcium-rich foods, such as milk, yogurt and cheese, can help build strong bones. A calcium or vitamin D supplement also may improve bone strength. Ask your health care provider if these supplements are right for you.
+Wear proper athletic shoes.Choose the appropriate shoe for your favorite sports or activities. And replace athletic shoes regularly. Discard sneakers as soon as the tread or heel wears out or if the shoes are wearing unevenly.
+Cross-train.Alternating activities can prevent stress fractures. Rotate running with swimming or biking. If you run on a sloped track indoors, alternate the direction of your running to even out the stress on your skeleton.","During the physical exam, the health care provider will inspect the affected area for tenderness, swelling, deformity or an open wound.
+X-rays can usually pinpoint the location of the break and determine the extent of injury to any adjacent joints. Occasionally, computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is needed for more detailed images. For instance, you may need aCTscan or anMRIfor a suspected stress fracture, since X-rays often fail to reveal this injury.","Treatment of a broken leg will vary, depending on the type and location of the break. Stress fractures may require only rest and immobilization, while other breaks may need surgery for best healing. Fractures are classified into one or more of the following categories:
+Open fracture.In this type of fracture, the skin is pierced by the broken bone. This is a serious condition that requires immediate treatment to decrease the chance of an infection.
+Closed fracture.In closed fractures, the surrounding skin remains intact.
+Incomplete fracture.This term means that the bone is cracked but not separated into two parts.
+Complete fracture.In complete fractures, the bone has broken into two or more parts.
+Displaced fracture.In this type of fracture, the bone fragments on each side of the break are not aligned. A displaced fracture may require surgery to realign the bones properly.
+Greenstick fracture.In this type of fracture, the bone cracks but doesn't break all the way through — like when you try to break a green stick of wood. Greenstick fractures are more likely to occur in children because a child's bones are softer and more flexible than those of an adult.",,"Depending on the severity of the break, your health care provider may recommend examination by an orthopedic surgeon.",,"pain, shortening, inability to walk, swelling, obvious deformity, severe pain, limping, tenderness, bruising"
+455,Stress fractures,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stress-fractures/symptoms-causes/syc-20354057,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stress-fractures/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354063,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stress-fractures/doctors-departments/ddc-20354065,"Stress fractures are tiny cracks in a bone. Repeated stress to the bone causes them. The stress often comes from using the same body part too much. Some examples include jumping up and down a lot or running long distances. Stress fractures also can happen with regular use of a bone that's weaker due to a condition such as osteoporosis.
+
+Stress fractures are most common in the weight-bearing bones of the lower leg and foot. People at highest risk of this injury include runners and gymnasts. Military recruits who carry heavy packs over long distances also have a high risk. But anyone can get a stress fracture. You might get this injury if you start a new exercise program or sport, and you do too much too soon.","At first, you might barely notice the pain from a stress fracture. But it tends to become worse if you do more of an activity that puts stress on the cracked bone. The tender feeling often starts at a certain spot and gets better during rest. You also might have swelling around the painful area.","Call your doctor if you have ongoing pain. Get help as soon as possible if you feel pain even when resting or at night. When people with stress fractures get treatment early, they're more likely to recover faster. And they're less likely to have complications.","Stress fractures often happen when you increase the amount or intensity of an activity too fast.
+
+Bone can adapt to greater amounts of stress, but it needs time to do so. During a lifelong process called remodeling, old bone tissue is destroyed and then rebuilt. This process speeds up when the weight-bearing load on the bone increases.
+
+The risk of a stress fracture rises when a bone bears an unusual amount of force without enough time to recover. Bone tissue is destroyed faster than the body can replace it.",Factors that can raise your risk of stress fractures include:,Some stress fractures don't heal properly. That can cause long-term problems. It's important to not restart the activity that caused the stress fracture too soon. Doing so could put you at higher risk of larger stress fractures that may be harder to heal.,Simple steps can help you prevent stress fractures.,"To find out if you have a stress fracture, your doctor asks you about your health and does a physical exam. Often, imaging tests are needed too. They might include:","Treatment aims to lessen the bone's weight-bearing load until it heals. You might need to wear a walking boot or brace or use crutches.
+
+Sometimes, surgery is needed to help a stress fracture heal completely. You may be more likely to need surgery for stress fractures that happen in areas with a poor blood supply. Surgery also might be a treatment choice to help healing in elite athletes who want to return to their sport sooner. It may be an option for laborers whose work involves using the affected body part.
+
+Let your doctor know if you have pain. You may be told to take small amounts of acetaminophen for relief. You'll likely be told to stay away from pain relievers called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). NSAIDs can slow bone healing.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary doctor. If you are a competitive athlete, you might go straight to a doctor who treats muscle and bone problems.",,"pain, tender feeling, swelling, stress fracture"
+456,Broken nose,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-nose/symptoms-causes/syc-20370439,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-nose/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370444,,"A broken nose, also called a nasal fracture, is a crack or break in one of the bones in the nose. Typically, the bone at the bridge of your nose is the one that breaks.
+
+Common causes of a broken nose include contact sports, physical fights and falls. Motor vehicle accidents that injure the face also may cause a nose to break.
+
+A broken nose can be painful and often causes a nosebleed. You may have swelling and bruising around your nose and under your eyes. Your nose may look crooked. And you may have trouble breathing through it.
+
+Most broken noses don't require surgery. Treatment often involves procedures to realign the nose to help it heal properly.",Symptoms of a broken nose include:,Seek emergency medical care if you experience a nose injury along with any of the following symptoms:,Common causes of a broken nose include:,Any activity that increases the risk of injuries to the face can increase the risk of a broken nose. Such activities may include:,"A broken nose can sometimes lead to other injuries or complications, including:",You can reduce the risk of a nose fracture by following these safety tips:,"Your healthcare professional may press gently on your nose and the areas around it to check for pain, swelling and broken bones. Your healthcare professional also may look inside your nose to see if there's a blockage or other signs of injury.
+
+You may be given numbing medicine to make the exam more comfortable.
+
+X-rays and other imaging typically are not needed to diagnose a broken nose. But if the injury is serious, or if a full exam isn't possible, your healthcare professional may order a CT scan to check for broken bones or other injuries.","If the fracture is minor and your nose isn't crooked or misshapen, you may not need medical treatment. In many cases, using ice to lessen swelling and taking pain medicine you can buy without a prescription is enough to help you heal.",,"If your injury is serious, you won't have time to prepare for your appointment because you'll need to seek medical attention right away.
+
+If the injury to your nose is less serious and you have only swelling and moderate pain, you may choose to wait before seeking care. This allows time for the swelling to lessen, making it easier to evaluate the injury.
+
+If your symptoms don't start to improve, it's best to see a healthcare professional within 3 to 5 days of the injury. Get medical help right away if:
+
+When you make an appointment, you typically start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Depending on your injury, you may be referred to a specialist in conditions of the ear, nose and throat.",,none
+457,Broken ribs,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-ribs/symptoms-causes/syc-20350763,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-ribs/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350769,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-ribs/doctors-departments/ddc-20350770,"A broken rib is a common injury that occurs when one of the bones in the rib cage breaks or cracks. The most common causes are hard impacts from falls, car accidents or contact sports.
+Many broken ribs are simply cracked. Cracked ribs are painful. But they don't cause the problems that ribs that have broken into pieces can. The sharp edge of a broken bone can harm major blood vessels or lungs and other organs.
+Usually, broken ribs heal on their own in about six weeks. Pain control is important for being able to breathe deeply and avoid lung issues, such as pneumonia.","The following can cause pain with a broken rib or make pain worse:
+A deep breath.
+Pressure on the injured area.
+A bend or a twist of the body.","See a health care provider if part of your rib area is tender after an accident or if you have trouble breathing or pain with deep breathing.
+Seek medical help right away if you feel pressure, fullness or a squeezing pain in the center of your chest that lasts for more than a few minutes or pain that goes beyond your chest to your shoulder or arm. These symptoms can mean a heart attack.","Direct impact — such as from a car accident, a fall, child abuse or contact sports — is the most common cause of broken ribs. Ribs also can be broken by repeated impact from sports such as golf and rowing or from coughing hard and long.","The following can increase the risk of breaking a rib:
+Osteoporosis.This disease in which bones lose their bulk increases the risk of breaking a bone.
+Sports.Playing contact sports, such as hockey or football, increases the risk of injury to the chest.
+Cancer in a rib.Cancer can weaken the bone, making it more likely to break.","A broken rib can harm blood vessels and internal organs. Having more than one broken rib increases the risk.
+Complications depend on which ribs break. Possible complications include:
+Tear in the main artery of the body, known as the aorta.A sharp end from a break in one of the first three ribs at the top of the rib cage could pierce a major blood vessel, including the aorta.
+Tear in a lung.The jagged end of a broken middle rib can punch a hole in a lung and cause it to cave in.
+Ripped spleen, liver or kidneys.The bottom two ribs rarely break because they can move more than the upper and middle ribs. But the ends of a broken lower rib can cause serious harm to the spleen, liver or a kidney.","To help keep a rib from breaking:
+Protect from athletic injuries.Wear protective equipment when playing contact sports.
+Reduce the risk of falls in the house.Remove clutter from floors. Wipe up spills right away. Use a rubber mat in the shower. Keep your home well lit. Put backing on carpets and area rugs to keep them from sliding.
+Strengthen bones.Getting enough calcium and vitamin D in the diet is important for strong bones. Get about 1,200 milligrams of calcium and 600 international units of vitamin D daily from food and supplements.","During the physical exam, a health care provider might press gently on the ribs, listen to your lungs and watch your rib cage move as you breathe.
+One or more of the following imaging tests might help with the diagnosis:
+X-ray.Using low levels of radiation, X-rays allow the bones to be seen.  But X-rays might not show a fresh break, especially if the bone is only cracked. X-rays also can help diagnose a lung that has caved in.
+CTscan.This often can find breaks that X-rays might miss.CTscans also make it easier to see injuries to soft tissues and blood vessels.
+MRI.This scan can look for harm to the soft tissues and organs around the ribs. It also can help find smaller breaks.
+Bone scan.This is good for viewing cracked bones, also called stress fractures. A bone can crack after repetitive trauma, such as long bouts of coughing. During a bone scan, a small amount of radioactive material is injected into your bloodstream. It collects in the bones, particularly in places where a bone is healing, and is detected by a scanner.",Most broken ribs heal on their own within six weeks. Being less active and icing the area regularly can help with healing and pain relief.,,"Because car accidents often cause broken ribs, many people learn they have a broken rib in a hospital's emergency department. There's no time to prepare. But if you break a rib because of repeated stress over time, you might see your primary care provider.
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,pain
+460,Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fsgs/symptoms-causes/syc-20354693,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fsgs/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20562383,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fsgs/doctors-departments/ddc-20354695,"Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a disease in which scar tissue develops on the glomeruli, the small parts of the kidneys that filter waste from the blood.FSGScan be caused by a variety of conditions.
+FSGSis a serious condition that can lead to kidney failure, which can only be treated with dialysis or kidney transplant. Treatment options forFSGSdepend on the type you have.
+Types ofFSGSinclude:
+PrimaryFSGS.Many people diagnosed withFSGShave no known cause for their condition. This is called primary (idiopathic)FSGS.
+SecondaryFSGS.Several factors, such as infection, drug toxicity, diseases including diabetes or sickle cell disease, obesity, and even other kidney diseases can cause secondaryFSGS. Controlling or treating the underlying cause often slows ongoing kidney damage and might lead to improved kidney function over time.
+GeneticFSGS.This is a rare form ofFSGScaused by genetic changes. It also is called familialFSGS. It's suspected when several members of a family show signs ofFSGS. FamilialFSGScan also occur when neither parent has the disease but each one carries a copy of an altered gene that can be passed on to the next generation.
+UnknownFSGS.In some cases, the underlying cause ofFSGScannot be determined despite the evaluation of clinical symptoms and extensive testing.","Symptoms of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) might include:
+Swelling, called edema, in the legs and ankles, around the eyes and in other body parts.
+Weight gain from fluid buildup.
+Foamy urine from protein buildup, called proteinuria.",See a healthcare professional if you have any of the symptoms ofFSGS.,"Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as diabetes, sickle cell disease, other kidney diseases and obesity. Infections and damage from illicit drugs, medicines or toxins also can cause it. Gene changes passed through families, called inherited gene changes, can cause a rare form ofFSGS. Sometimes there's no known cause.","Factors that can raise the risk of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) include:
+Medical conditions that can damage the kidneys.Certain diseases and conditions increase the risk of gettingFSGS. These include diabetes, lupus, obesity and other kidney diseases.
+Certain infections.Infections that increase the risk ofFSGSinclude HIV and hepatitis C.
+Gene changes.Certain genes passed through families can raise the risk ofFSGS.","Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) may lead to other health concerns, also called complications, including:
+Nephrotic syndrome.This kidney condition causes the body to pass too much protein in the urine. Nephrotic syndrome raises the risk of other health conditions, such as blood clots and high blood pressure.
+Kidney failure.Damage to the kidneys that can't be fixed causes the kidneys to stop working. The only treatments for kidney failure are dialysis or kidney transplant.",,"For possible focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), your healthcare professional reviews your medical history and orders lab tests to see how well your kidneys work. Testing may include:
+Urine tests.These include a 24-hour urine collection that measures the amount of protein and other substances in the urine.
+Blood tests.A blood test called glomerular filtration rate measures how well the kidneys are getting rid of waste from the body.
+Kidney imaging.These tests are used to show kidney shape and size. They might include ultrasound and CT or MRI scans. Nuclear medicine studies also might be used.
+Kidney biopsy.A biopsy usually involves placing a needle through the skin to take a tiny sample from the kidney. The results of the biopsy can confirm a diagnosis ofFSGS.",Treatment for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) depends on the type and the cause.,,"You may start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Or you may be referred to a specialist in kidney conditions, called a nephrologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","The following lifestyle changes can help keep the kidneys healthier:
+Don't use medicines that can damage your kidneys.These include some pain relievers such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).NSAIDSyou can get without a prescription include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve).
+Eat a healthy diet.To protect your kidneys and lower your blood pressure, limit salt and protein.
+Don't smoke.If you need help quitting, talk with a member of your healthcare team.
+Stay at a healthy weight.Lose weight if you're overweight.
+Be active on most days.Being active is good for your health.Ask your healthcare team what types of exercise and how much exercise you can do.","proteinuria, foamy urine, swelling, fsgs, glomerulosclerosis, weight gain, edema"
+464,Nail fungus,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nail-fungus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353294,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nail-fungus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353300,,"Nail fungus is a common infection of the nail. It begins as a white or yellow-brown spot under the tip of your fingernail or toenail. As the fungal infection goes deeper, the nail may discolor, thicken and crumble at the edge. Nail fungus can affect several nails.
+If your condition is mild and not bothering you, you may not need treatment. If your nail fungus is painful and has caused thickened nails, self-care steps and medications may help. But even if treatment is successful, nail fungus often comes back.
+Nail fungus is also called onychomycosis (on-ih-koh-my-KOH-sis). When fungus infects the areas between your toes and the skin of your feet, it's called athlete's foot (tinea pedis).","Symptoms of nail fungus include a nail or nails that are:
+Thickened
+Discolored
+Brittle, crumbly or ragged
+Misshapen
+Separated from the nail bed
+Smelly
+Nail fungus can affect fingernails, but it's more common in toenails.","You may want to see a health care provider if self-care steps haven't helped and the nail becomes increasingly discolored, thickened or misshapen. Also talk with your health care provider if you have:
+Diabetes and think you're developing nail fungus
+Bleeding around the nails
+Swelling or pain around the nails
+Difficulty walking","Nail fungus is caused by various fungal organisms (fungi). The most common is a type called dermatophyte. Yeast, bacteria and molds also can cause nail infections. The discoloration from a bacterial infection tends to be green or black.
+Fungal infection of the foot (athlete's foot) can spread to the nail, and a fungal infection of the nail can spread to the foot. You can also get the infection from contact with spaces where fungi can thrive, such as the floor tile in a gym shower or inside dark, sweaty, moist shoes.","Factors that can increase your risk of developing nail fungus include:
+Older age
+Wearing shoes that make your feet sweat heavily
+Having had athlete's foot in the past
+Walking barefoot in damp public areas, such as swimming pools, gyms and shower rooms
+Having a minor skin or nail injury
+Having a skin condition that affects the nails, such as psoriasis
+Having diabetes, blood flow problems or a weakened immune system","A severe case of nail fungus can be painful and may cause permanent damage to your nails. And it may lead to other serious infections that spread beyond your feet if you have a suppressed immune system due to medication, diabetes or other conditions.","The following habits can help prevent nail fungus or reinfections and athlete's foot, which can lead to nail fungus:
+Keep your nails clean and dry. Wash your hands and feet regularly. Wash your hands after touching an infected nail. Dry well, apply an antifungal foot powder and moisturize your nails. Consider applying a nail hardener, which might help strengthen nails and cuticles.
+Keep your nails trimmed. Cut nails straight across, smooth the edges with a file and file down thickened areas. Disinfect your nail clippers after each use. Letting your nails grow long creates more places for the fungus to grow.
+Wear absorbent socks or change your socks throughout the day.
+Choose shoes made of materials that breathe.
+Discard old shoes or treat them with disinfectants or antifungal powders.
+Wear footwear in pool areas and locker rooms.
+Choose a nail salon that uses sterilized manicure tools for each customer. Or disinfect tools you use for home pedicures.
+Give up nail polish and artificial nails.
+If you have athlete's foot, treat it with an antifungal product.","Your health care provider will examine your nails and perhaps take some nail clippings or scrape debris from under your nail. These samples are sent to a lab to identify the cause of your symptoms.
+Other conditions, such as psoriasis, can mimic a fungal infection of the nail. Microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria also can infect nails. Knowing the cause of your infection helps determine the best treatment.","Treatment for toenail fungus isn't always needed. And sometimes self-care and nonprescription products clear up the infection. Talk with your health care provider if your condition doesn't improve. Treatment depends on the severity of your condition and the type of fungus causing it. It can take months to see results. And even if your nail condition improves, repeat infections are common.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to either a doctor who specializes in skin conditions (dermatologist) or one who specializes in foot conditions (podiatrist).
+Here are some steps you can take to prepare for your appointment:
+List your symptoms,including any that may seem unrelated to nail fungus.
+List key personal information,including any major stresses or recent life changes.
+List all the medications,vitamins and supplements you're taking.
+List questions to askyour health care provider.
+For nail fungus, your questions might include:
+What is likely causing my symptoms or condition?
+What are other possible causes for my symptoms or condition?
+What tests do I need?
+What is the best course of action?
+What are the alternatives to the primary approach you're suggesting?
+I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?
+Is a generic alternative available for the medicine you're prescribing?
+Do you have any brochures or other printed material that I can take home? Do you recommend any websites on nail fungus?","Often, you can take care of a fungal nail infection at home:
+Try nonprescription antifungal nail creams and ointments.Several products are available, such as terbinafine (Lamisil). If you notice white markings on the surfaces of the nails, file them off, soak your nails in water, dry them, and apply the medicated cream or lotion. Even if this clears up your symptoms, it's common for the infection to come back.
+Trim and thin the nails.This helps reduce pain by reducing pressure on the nails. Also, if you do this before applying an antifungal, the drug can reach deeper layers of the nail.
+Before trimming or using a nail file to thin thick nails, soften them with urea-containing creams. See a health care provider for foot care if you have a condition that causes poor blood flow to your feet.","thickened, smelly, discolored, separated, brittle, crumbly, misshapen, ragged"
+465,Pectus excavatum,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-excavatum/symptoms-causes/syc-20355483,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-excavatum/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355488,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-excavatum/doctors-departments/ddc-20355490,"Pectus excavatum is a condition in which the breastbone is sunken into the chest. The sunken breastbone often can be seen shortly after birth. If the breastbone sinks a lot over time, the center of the chest may look like it's been scooped out. This change leaves a deep dent or dip. But many people with the condition just have a slight dip in the breastbone.
+This condition also is known as funnel chest. But it can affect much more than the look of the chest. It also can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and a fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heart. The symptoms tend to become worse during the teenage growth spurt.
+The exact cause of pectus excavatum isn't clear. When the condition is serious, it can affect how well the heart and lungs work over time. But even mild pectus excavatum that causes a slight dip in the breastbone can make children feel self-conscious about their bodies.
+Surgery to repair pectus excavatum can improve symptoms and the appearance of the chest. But surgery isn't right for everyone with the condition. Other treatment choices may include physical therapy and medical devices.","For many people with pectus excavatum, the only symptom is a slight dip in their chests. In some children, the dip becomes deeper during early puberty. It can keep getting deeper into adulthood.
+In people with pectus excavatum, the breastbone may compress the lungs and heart. Symptoms can include:
+A fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heart.
+Chest pain.
+Loss of endurance that becomes worse over time.
+Shortness of breath or extreme tiredness during physical activity.
+A high-pitched whistling sound made while breathing that's triggered by exercise.
+Fainting or dizziness.
+Frequent infections of the upper airway.
+Stress and concern about how the chest looks.",See a healthcare professional if you or your child has any symptoms of pectus excavatum. This is key if the symptoms become worse or if the chest keeps becoming more sunken.,The exact cause of pectus excavatum isn't known. Some experts think it has to do with connective tissue called cartilage. Cartilage that connects the breastbone to the ribs may develop in an irregular way. Genes may play a role in this process.,"Pectus excavatum risk factors may include the following:
+Having a family history of pectus excavatum.
+Living with a connective tissue condition such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or osteogenesis imperfecta.
+Having a genetic condition such as Noonan syndrome or Turner syndrome.","Sometimes, pectus excavatum can lead to serious health issues called complications. The complications can affect the heart, lungs and mental health.",,"Diagnosis involves the steps that a healthcare professional takes to find out if you or your child has pectus excavatum. The healthcare professional starts by doing an exam of the chest. This may be enough to diagnose the condition. Other tests can check for health issues linked with pectus excavatum that affect the heart and lungs. These tests may include:
+Chest X-ray.This test can make images of the dip in the breastbone. It often shows the heart being pushed into the left side of the chest. X-rays take only a few minutes to do.
+CT scan or MRI.Each of these tests can help find out how serious the pectus excavatum is. They also can show whether the heart or lungs are being compressed. CT scans and MRI scans take many images from various angles to make detailed images of the organs and tissues in the body.
+Electrocardiogram.An electrocardiogram can show whether the heart's rhythm is regular or not. It also can show whether the electrical signals that control the heartbeat are timed properly. To do the test, a healthcare professional places sticky patches called electrodes on the chest. Wires connect the patches to a computer that prints or shows results.
+Echocardiogram.An echocardiogram can show real-time images of how well the heart and heart valves are working. To do the test, a healthcare professional presses a wand against the chest. The wand gives off sound waves that make pictures of the heart. An echocardiogram also shows whether the chest wall may be affecting heart function and the flow of blood through the heart.
+Lung function tests.These types of tests measure the amount of air that the lungs can hold. They also measure how quickly the lungs can push out air.
+Exercise function test.This test tracks how well the heart and lungs work during exercise, usually on a bike or treadmill.","Pectus excavatum treatments include physical therapy, medical devices and surgery. Surgery is mainly for people who have moderate to severe symptoms. People who have mild symptoms may get better with other treatments.
+Some treatments aim only to improve how the chest looks. For example, dermal fillers or silicone implants can help fill in the sunken part of the chest.",Most children and teens just want to fit in and look like their peers. This can be very hard for young people who have pectus excavatum. Counseling may help some kids and teens feel better about themselves. Online support groups and forums also are available. These can help connect kids and teens with other young people who have pectus excavatum.,"If you or your child has pectus excavatum, you might first talk about the condition with your family healthcare professional. Then you might be referred to a doctor who does pediatric or chest surgery.",,"frequent infections, tiredness, high-pitched whistling sound, pounding, fluttering heart, loss of endurance, chest pain, dizziness, infections, fast-beating heart, fainting, extreme tiredness, shortness of breath, pectus, pounding heart"
+467,Cholecystitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20364867,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20364895,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20365146,"Cholecystitis (ko-luh-sis-TIE-tis) is swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of the belly under the liver. The gallbladder holds fluid that digests food. This fluid is called bile. The gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine.
+Most often, gallstones that block the tube leading out of the gallbladder cause cholecystitis. This results in a bile buildup that can cause inflammation. Other causes of cholecystitis include bile duct changes, tumors, serious illness and certain infections.
+If not treated, cholecystitis can lead to serious complications, such as gallbladder rupture. These can be life-threatening. Treatment for cholecystitis often involves surgery to remove the gallbladder.","Symptoms of cholecystitis may include:
+Severe pain in the upper right or center belly area.
+Pain that spreads to the right shoulder or back.
+Tenderness over the belly area when it's touched.
+Nausea.
+Vomiting.
+Fever.
+Cholecystitis symptoms often come on after a meal. A large or fatty meal is most likely to cause symptoms.","Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. If your belly pain is so bad that you can't sit still or get comfortable, have someone drive you to the emergency room.","Cholecystitis is when your gallbladder is inflamed. Gallbladder inflammation can be caused by:
+Gallstones.Most often, cholecystitis is the result of hard particles of bile that can form in the gallbladder, called gallstones. Gallstones can block the tube that carries bile when it leaves the gallbladder. The tube is called the cystic duct. Bile builds up in the gallbladder, causing swelling and irritation.
+Tumor.A tumor may keep bile from draining out of the gallbladder as it should. This causes bile buildup that can lead to cholecystitis.
+Bile duct blockage.Stones or thickened bile and tiny particles called sludge can block the bile duct and lead to cholecystitis. Kinking or scarring of the bile ducts also can cause blockage.
+Infection.AIDS and other infections caused by viruses can cause gallbladder swelling and irritation.
+Serious illness.Very serious illness can damage blood vessels and lessen blood flow to the gallbladder. This can lead to cholecystitis.",Having gallstones is the main risk factor for getting cholecystitis.,"If not treated, cholecystitis can lead to serious complications, including:
+Infection within the gallbladder.If bile builds up in the gallbladder, the bile may get infected.
+Death of gallbladder tissue.Cholecystitis that isn't treated can cause tissue in the gallbladder to die. This is called gangrene. This most common complication mainly affects older people, those who wait to get treatment and those with diabetes. Gangrene can lead to a tear in the gallbladder. Or it may cause the gallbladder to burst.
+Torn gallbladder.A tear, called a perforation, in the gallbladder may result from gallbladder swelling or infection or the death of gallbladder tissue.","You can reduce your risk of cholecystitis by taking the following steps to prevent gallstones:
+Lose weight slowly.Fast weight loss can raise the risk of gallstones.
+Be at a healthy weight.Being overweight makes you more likely to get gallstones. To get to a healthy weight, cut calories and increase your physical activity. Stay at a healthy weight through healthy eating and exercise.
+Choose a healthy-eating plan.Eating foods high in fat and low in fiber may raise the risk of gallstones. To lower your risk, eat a lot of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.","To diagnose cholecystitis, your healthcare professional does a physical exam and asks about your symptoms and medical history. Tests and procedures used to diagnose cholecystitis include:
+Blood tests.Blood tests can look for signs of an infection or other gallbladder issues.
+Imaging tests that show your gallbladder.Abdominal ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound, CT scan or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography can make pictures of your gallbladder and bile ducts. These pictures may show signs of cholecystitis or stones in the bile ducts and gallbladder.
+A scan that shows the movement of bile through the body.A hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan tracks the making and flow of bile from the liver to the small intestine. A HIDA scan involves putting a radioactive dye into your body. The dye attaches to the cells that make bile. During the scan, the dye can be seen as it travels with the bile through the bile ducts. This can show any blockages.","Treatment for cholecystitis most often involves a hospital stay to control the swelling and irritation, called inflammation, in your gallbladder. Sometimes, surgery is needed.
+At the hospital, treatments to control your symptoms may include:
+Fasting.You may not be able to eat or drink at first to take stress off your inflamed gallbladder.
+Fluids through a vein in your arm.This treatment helps prevent loss of body fluids, called dehydration.
+Antibiotics to fight infection.You might need these if your gallbladder is infected.
+Pain medicines.These can help control pain until the inflammation in your gallbladder is relieved.
+Procedure to remove stones.You may have a procedure called an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). This procedure uses dye to make the bile ducts show up during imaging. Then a healthcare professional can use instruments to remove stones blocking the bile ducts or cystic duct.
+Gallbladder drainage.Sometimes, gallbladder drainage, called cholecystostomy, can remove infection. You might have this procedure if you can't have surgery to remove your gallbladder. To drain the gallbladder, a healthcare professional can go through the skin on the belly. This method is called percutaneous drainage. Or the health professional could pass a scope through the mouth, called endoscopic drainage.
+Your symptoms are likely to get better in 2 to 3 days. But gallbladder inflammation often returns. In time, most people with cholecystitis need surgery to remove the gallbladder.",,"Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. For cholecystitis, you may be sent to a specialist in the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist. Or you may be sent to a hospital.",,"pain, nausea, fatty meal, vomiting, fever, severe pain, cholecystitis, tenderness"
+471,Dumping syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dumping-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20371915,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dumping-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371922,,"Dumping syndrome is a condition in which food, especially food high in sugar, moves from your stomach into your small bowel too quickly after you eat. Sometimes called rapid gastric emptying, dumping syndrome most often occurs as a result of surgery on your stomach or esophagus.
+
+Most people with dumping syndrome develop signs and symptoms, such as abdominal cramps and diarrhea, 10 to 30 minutes after eating. Other people have symptoms 1 to 3 hours after eating. And still others have both early and late symptoms.
+
+Generally, you can help prevent dumping syndrome by changing your diet after surgery. Changes might include eating smaller meals and limiting high-sugar foods. In more-serious cases of dumping syndrome, you may need medications or surgery.","Signs and symptoms of dumping syndrome generally occur within minutes after eating, especially after a meal rich in table sugar (sucrose) or fruit sugar (fructose). They include:
+
+Late dumping syndrome starts 1 to 3 hours after you eat a high-sugar meal. It takes time for signs and symptoms to develop because after you eat your body releases large amounts of insulin to absorb the sugars entering your small intestine. The result is low blood sugar.
+
+Signs and symptoms of late dumping syndrome can include:
+
+Some people have both early and late signs and symptoms. And dumping syndrome can develop years after surgery.",Contact your health care provider if any of the following apply to you.,"In dumping syndrome, food and gastric juices from your stomach move to your small intestine in an uncontrolled, abnormally fast manner. This is most often related to changes in your stomach associated with surgery, including any stomach surgery or major esophageal surgery, such as removal of the esophagus (esophagectomy). But in rare cases, dumping syndrome can develop without a history of surgery or other obvious causes.","Surgery that alters your stomach can increase your risk of dumping syndrome. These surgeries are most commonly performed to treat obesity, but are also part of treatment for stomach cancer, esophageal cancer and other conditions. These surgeries include:",,,Your health care provider may use some of the following methods to determine if you have dumping syndrome.,"Early dumping syndrome is likely to resolve on its own within three months. In the meantime, there's a good chance that dietary changes will ease your symptoms. If not, your health care provider may recommend medications or surgery.",,"If you have signs and symptoms of dumping syndrome, you're likely to first see your family health care provider. You may then be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating digestive system disorders (gastroenterologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"dumping syndrome, low blood sugar, sucrose"
+472,Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-gastroenteritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378847,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-gastroenteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378852,,"Viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection that includes signs and symptoms such as watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes fever.
+
+The most common way to develop viral gastroenteritis — often called stomach flu — is through contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or water. If you're otherwise healthy, you'll likely recover without complications. But for infants, older adults and people with compromised immune systems, viral gastroenteritis can be deadly.
+
+There's no effective treatment for viral gastroenteritis, so prevention is key. Avoid food and water that may be contaminated and wash your hands thoroughly and often.","Although it's commonly called stomach flu, gastroenteritis isn't the same as influenza. The flu (influenza) affects only your respiratory system — your nose, throat and lungs. Gastroenteritis, on the other hand, attacks your intestines, causing signs and symptoms such as:
+
+Depending on the cause, viral gastroenteritis symptoms may appear within 1-3 days after you're infected and can range from mild to severe. Symptoms usually last just a day or two, but occasionally they may last up to 14 days.
+
+Because the symptoms are similar, it's easy to confuse viral diarrhea with diarrhea caused by bacteria, such as Clostridioides difficile, salmonella and Escherichia coli, or parasites, such as giardia.","If you're an adult, call your health care provider if:","You're most likely to get viral gastroenteritis when you eat or drink contaminated food or water. You may also be likely to get gastroenteritis if you share utensils, towels or food with someone who has one of the viruses that cause the condition.
+
+Many viruses can cause gastroenteritis, including:
+
+Noroviruses.Both children and adults are affected by noroviruses, the most common cause of foodborne illness worldwide. Norovirus infection can sweep through families and communities. It's especially likely to spread among people in confined spaces.
+
+In most cases, you pick up the virus from contaminated food or water. But it can also spread between people who are in close contact or who share food. You can also get the virus by touching a surface that's been contaminated with norovirus and then touching your mouth.
+
+Rotavirus.Worldwide, this is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children, who are usually infected when they put their fingers or other objects contaminated with the virus into their mouths. It can also spread through contaminated food. The infection is most severe in infants and young children.
+
+Adults infected with rotavirus may not have symptoms, but can still spread the illness. This is of particular concern in institutional settings such as nursing homes because adults with the virus unknowingly can pass the virus to others. A vaccine against viral gastroenteritis is available in some countries, including the United States, and appears to be effective in preventing the infection.
+
+Some shellfish, especially raw or undercooked oysters, also can make you sick. Contaminated drinking water is a cause of viral diarrhea. But in many cases the virus is passed when someone with a virus handles food you eat without washing his or her hands after using the toilet.","Gastroenteritis occurs all over the world and can affect people of all ages.
+
+People who may be more susceptible to gastroenteritis include:
+
+Each gastrointestinal virus has a season when it's most active. If you live in the Northern Hemisphere, for instance, you're more likely to have rotavirus or norovirus infections in the winter and spring.","The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration — a severe loss of water and essential salts and minerals. If you're healthy and drink enough to replace fluids you lose from vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration shouldn't be a problem.
+
+Infants, older adults and people with weakened immune systems may become severely dehydrated when they lose more fluids than they can replace. Hospitalization might be needed so that lost fluids can be replaced through an IV in their arms. Dehydration can rarely lead to death.","The best way to prevent the spread of intestinal infections is to follow these precautions:
+
+Wash your hands thoroughly.And make sure your children do, too. If your children are older, teach them to wash their hands, especially after using the toilet.
+
+Wash your hands after changing diapers and before preparing or eating food, too. It's best to use warm water and soap and to rub hands well for at least 20 seconds. Wash around cuticles, beneath fingernails and in the creases of the hands. Then rinse thoroughly. Carry sanitizing wipes and hand sanitizer for times when soap and water aren't available.","Your doctor will likely diagnose viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) based on symptoms, a physical exam and sometimes on the presence of similar cases in your community. A rapid stool test can detect rotavirus or norovirus, but there are no quick tests for other viruses that cause gastroenteritis. In some cases, your doctor may have you submit a stool sample to rule out a possible bacterial or parasitic infection.","There's often no specific medical treatment for viral gastroenteritis. Antibiotics aren't effective against viruses. Treatment first involves self-care measures, such as staying hydrated.",,"If you or your child needs to see a doctor, you'll likely see your doctor first. If there are questions about the diagnosis, your doctor may refer you to an infectious disease specialist.",,"gastroenteritis, throat, diarrhea, viral gastroenteritis symptoms"
+473,Glioblastoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glioblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20569077,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glioblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20569078,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glioblastoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20569079,"Glioblastoma is a type of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the brain or spinal cord. It grows quickly and can invade and destroy healthy tissue. Glioblastoma forms from cells called astrocytes that support nerve cells.
+Glioblastoma can happen at any age. But it tends to happen more often in older adults. Glioblastoma symptoms may include headaches that keep getting worse, nausea and vomiting, blurred or double vision, trouble speaking, altered sense of touch, and seizures. There also may be trouble with balance, coordination, and moving parts of the face or body.
+There's no cure for glioblastoma. Treatments might slow cancer growth and reduce symptoms.","Signs and symptoms of glioblastoma may include:
+Headache, particularly one that hurts the most in the morning.
+Nausea and vomiting.
+Confusion or a decline in brain function, such as problems with thinking and understanding information.
+Memory loss.
+Personality changes or irritability.
+Vision changes, such as blurred vision, double vision or loss of peripheral vision.
+Speech difficulties.
+Trouble with balance or coordination.
+Muscle weakness in the face, arms or legs.
+Reduced sensation of touch.
+Seizures, especially in someone who hasn't had seizures before.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you.,"The cause of most glioblastomas isn't known.
+Glioblastoma happens when cells in the brain or spinal cord develop changes in their DNA. Healthcare professionals sometimes call these changes mutations or variations. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to press on nearby nerves and parts of the brain or spinal cord. This leads to glioblastoma symptoms and can cause complications. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue.","Factors that can increase the risk of glioblastoma include:
+Getting older.Glioblastomas are most common in older adults. But glioblastoma can happen at any age.
+Being exposed to radiation.People who have been exposed to a type of radiation called ionizing radiation have an increased risk of glioblastoma. One example of ionizing radiation is radiation therapy used to treat cancer.
+Inherited syndromes that increase cancer risk.In some families, DNA changes passed from parents to children may increase the risk of glioblastoma. Inherited syndromes may include Lynch syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Genetic testing can detect these syndromes.
+Researchers haven't found anything you can do to prevent glioblastoma.",,,"Tests and procedures used to diagnose glioblastoma include:
+Neurological exam.This type of exam checks vision, hearing, balance, coordination, strength and reflexes. Problems in one or more of these areas might give clues about the part of the brain the glioblastoma affects.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests can help find the location and size of a glioblastoma.MRIis the imaging test used most often. Sometimes you have an injection of dye in a vein before yourMRI. This helps create better pictures. Other imaging tests may includeCTand positron emission tomography, which also is called aPETscan.
+Removing a sample of tissue for testing.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing. It can be done with a needle before surgery or during surgery to remove the glioblastoma. The sample is sent to a lab for testing. Tests can tell whether the cells are cancerous and if they're glioblastoma cells.Special tests of the cancer cells can give your health care team more information about your glioblastoma and your prognosis. The team uses this information to create a treatment plan.","Glioblastoma treatment may begin with surgery. But surgery isn't always an option. For example, if the glioblastoma grows deeper into the brain, it might be too risky to remove all of the cancer. Other treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, might be recommended as the first treatment.
+Which treatments are best for you will depend on your particular situation. Your healthcare team considers the size of the glioblastoma and where it's located in the brain. Your treatment plan also depends on your health and your preferences.
+Glioblastoma treatment options include:","With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and worry of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find it helps to:","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If your healthcare professional thinks you might have a brain tumor, such as glioblastoma, you may be referred to a specialist. Specialists who care for people with glioblastoma include:
+Doctors who specialize in brain nervous system diseases, called neurologists.
+Doctors who use medicine to treat cancer, called medical oncologists.
+Doctors who use radiation to treat cancer, called radiation oncologists.
+Doctors who specialize in brain and nervous system cancers, called neuro-oncologists.
+Surgeons who operate on the brain and nervous system, called neurosurgeons.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"nausea, nausea and vomiting, headache, loss of peripheral vision, personality changes, trouble with balance, vomiting, double vision, reduced sensation of touch, blurred vision, muscle weakness, speech difficulties, glioblastoma, confusion, memory loss, coordination, seizures, irritability"
+474,Gender dysphoria,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gender-dysphoria/symptoms-causes/syc-20475255,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gender-dysphoria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20475262,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gender-dysphoria/doctors-departments/ddc-20475277,"Gender dysphoria is a feeling of distress that can happen when a person's gender identity differs from the sex assigned at birth.
+Some transgender and gender-diverse people have gender dysphoria at some point in their lives. Other transgender and gender-diverse people feel at ease with their bodies and gender identities, and they don't have gender dysphoria.
+A diagnosis for gender dysphoria is included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). TheDSM-5is published by the American Psychiatric Association. The diagnosis was created to help people with gender dysphoria get access to the healthcare and treatment that they need. A diagnosis of gender dysphoria focuses on the feeling of distress as the issue, not gender identity.","Gender identity is having the internal sense of being male or female or being somewhere along the gender spectrum, or having an internal sense of gender that is beyond male and female. People who have gender dysphoria feel a big difference between their gender identity and their sex assigned at birth. Gender dysphoria is different from simply not following stereotypical gender behaviors. It involves feelings of distress due to a strong, lasting desire to be another gender.
+Gender dysphoria might start in childhood and continue into the teen years and adulthood. But some people may have periods of time in which they don't notice gender dysphoria. Or the feelings may seem to come and go. Some people have gender dysphoria when puberty starts. In others, it may not develop until later in life.
+Some teens might express their feelings of gender dysphoria to their parents or a healthcare professional. But others might have symptoms of a mood disorder, anxiety or depression instead. Or they might have social difficulties or problems in school.",,,,"Gender dysphoria can affect many parts of life, including daily activities. For example, school might be hard for people with gender dysphoria. That may be due to pressure to dress or act in a way that's linked to their sex assigned at birth. Being harassed, teased or bullied due to gender identity also can make it very challenging to do well in school.
+If gender dysphoria makes school or work very hard, the result may be dropping out of school or not being able to find a job. Gender dysphoria can pose problems within relationships. Anxiety, depression, self-harm, eating disorders, substance misuse and other mental health concerns can happen too.
+People who have gender dysphoria often are the targets of discrimination and prejudice. That can lead to ongoing stress and fear. This is called gender minority stress.
+Accessing healthcare services and mental health services may be hard. This can be due to a lack of insurance coverage, being refused care, trouble finding a healthcare professional with expertise in transgender care or fear of discrimination in healthcare settings.
+People with gender dysphoria who don't receive the support and treatment they need are at higher risk of thinking about or attempting suicide.",,"A diagnosis of gender dysphoria includes distress due to gender identity differing from sex assigned at birth that lasts at least six months and involves two or more of the following:
+A difference between gender identity and genitals or secondary sex characteristics. Examples of those characteristics include breasts and facial hair. In young teens who haven't started puberty, the distress may be caused by a difference between gender identity and the secondary sex characteristics that they expect will develop in their bodies.
+A strong desire to be rid of genitals or secondary sex characteristics, or a desire to prevent the development of secondary sex characteristics.
+A strong desire to have the genitals and secondary sex characteristics of another gender.
+A strong desire to be or to be treated as another gender.
+A strong belief of having the typical feelings and behaviors of another gender.
+Gender dysphoria also includes distress that makes it hard to handle work, school, social situations and other parts of daily life.","The purpose of treatment is to ease gender dysphoria. Specific goals for gender dysphoria treatment depend on the person.
+If you have gender dysphoria, it's important to find a healthcare professional who has expertise in the care of gender-diverse people. If you need help, you can look online for organizations such as the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH).WPATHoffers a search on its website that can find healthcare professionals in your area who work with transgender and gender-diverse people.
+Treatment for gender dysphoria can include changes in gender expression, hormone therapy, surgery and supportive behavioral health therapy.","Gender dysphoria often can be eased by being in a supportive environment. Social support from family, friends and other loved ones may help prevent depression, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, anxiety or high-risk behaviors.
+Talking to other transgender or gender-diverse people also may help. Ask your healthcare professional about support groups in your area. Some community centers or LGBTQ+ centers have support groups. Online support groups are available too.
+Joining an LGBTQ+ organization can help you build community and may offer useful support. Or consider getting involved in other community organizations where you feel comfortable and supported expressing your gender identity.","You may start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Or you may be referred to a behavioral health professional.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"mood disorder, anxiety, feelings of distress, social difficulties, depression, distress, dysphoria"
+476,Rubella,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377310,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377315,,"Rubella is a contagious viral infection best known by its distinctive red rash. It's also called German measles or three-day measles. This infection may cause mild or no symptoms in most people. However, it can cause serious problems for unborn babies whose mothers become infected during pregnancy.
+
+Rubella isn't the same as measles, but the two illnesses share some signs and symptoms, such as the red rash. Rubella is caused by a different virus than measles, and rubella isn't as infectious or as severe as measles.
+
+The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is safe and highly effective in preventing rubella. The vaccine provides lifelong protection against rubella.
+
+In many countries, rubella infection is rare or even nonexistent. However, because the vaccine isn't used everywhere, the virus still causes serious problems for babies whose mothers are infected during pregnancy.","The signs and symptoms of rubella are often difficult to notice, especially in children. Signs and symptoms generally appear between two and three weeks after exposure to the virus. They usually last about 1 to 5 days and may include:","Contact your health care provider if you think you or your child may have been exposed to rubella or if you notice the signs or symptoms that may be rubella.
+
+If you're considering getting pregnant, check your vaccination record to make sure you've received your measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. If you're pregnant and you develop rubella, especially during the first trimester, the virus can cause death or serious birth defects in the developing fetus. Rubella during pregnancy is the most common cause of congenital deafness. It's best to be protected against rubella before pregnancy.
+
+If you're pregnant, you'll likely undergo a routine screening for immunity to rubella. But if you've never received the vaccine and you think you might have been exposed to rubella, contact your health care provider immediately. A blood test might confirm that you're already immune.","Rubella is caused by a virus that's passed from person to person. It can spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread by direct contact with infected mucus from the nose and throat. It can also be passed on from pregnant women to their unborn children through the bloodstream.
+
+A person who has been infected with the virus that causes rubella is contagious for about one week before the onset of the rash until about one week after the rash disappears. An infected person can spread the illness before the person realizes he or she has it.
+
+Rubella is rare in many countries because most children are vaccinated against the infection at an early age. In some parts of the world, the virus is still active. This is something to consider before going abroad, especially if you're pregnant.
+
+Once you've had the disease, you're usually permanently immune.",,"Rubella is a mild infection. Some women who have had rubella experience arthritis in the fingers, wrists and knees, which generally lasts for about one month. In rare cases, rubella can cause an ear infection or inflammation of the brain.
+
+However, if you're pregnant when you get rubella, the effect on your unborn child may be severe, and in some cases, fatal. Up to 90% of infants born to mothers who had rubella during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy develop congenital rubella syndrome. This syndrome can cause one or more problems, including:
+
+The highest risk to the fetus is during the first trimester, but exposure later in pregnancy also is dangerous.","The rubella vaccine is usually given as a combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. This vaccine may also include the chickenpox (varicella) vaccine — measles-mumps-rubella varicella (MMRV) vaccine. Health care providers recommend that children receive the MMR vaccine between 12 and 15 months of age, and again between 4 and 6 years of age — before entering school.
+
+The MMR vaccine prevents rubella and protects against it for life. Getting the vaccine can prevent rubella during future pregnancies.
+
+Babies born to women who have received the vaccine or who are already immune are usually protected from rubella for 6 to 8 months after birth. If a child requires protection from rubella before 12 months of age — for example, for certain foreign travel — the vaccine can be given as early as 6 months of age. But children who are vaccinated early still need to be vaccinated at the recommended ages later.
+
+Providing the MMR vaccine as a combination of recommended vaccines can prevent delays in protection against measle, mumps and rubella — and with fewer shots. The combination vaccine is as safe and effective as the vaccines given separately.","The rubella rash can look like many other viral rashes. So health care providers usually confirm rubella with the help of lab tests. You may have a virus culture or a blood test, which can detect the presence of different types of rubella antibodies in your blood. These antibodies show whether you've had a recent or past infection or a rubella vaccine.","No treatment shortens the course of rubella infection, and symptoms don't usually need to be treated because they're often mild. However, health care providers usually recommend isolation from others — especially from pregnant women — during the infectious period. Isolate from others as soon as rubella is suspected and until at least seven days after the rash disappears.
+
+Support of an infant born with congenital rubella syndrome varies depending on the extent of the infant's problems. Children who have multiple complications may require early treatment from a team of specialists.",,"As you prepare for your appointment, it's a good idea to write down any questions you have. Your health care provider is likely to ask you a number of questions as well. Being ready to answer them may reserve time to go over any points you want to spend more time on.
+
+Your provider may ask:
+
+When you check in for the appointment, be sure to tell the check-in desk that you suspect an infectious disease. You and your child may be asked to wear a face mask or shown to an exam room immediately.",,"symptoms, signs"
+480,Gaucher disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gauchers-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20355546,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gauchers-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355551,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gauchers-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20355553,"Gaucher (go-SHAY) disease is a rare, inherited condition that leads to the buildup of a fatty substance in tissues. This buildup causes damage and dysfunction of tissues and organs. The spleen, liver and bones are most often affected.
+There are three general types of Gaucher disease. More than 90% of cases are type 1.
+Primary treatments either break down the fatty substance or limit its production. Regular tests are done to monitor treatments and look for signs of tissue damage.
+Type 1 Gaucher disease is more common among people with Eastern and Central European Jewish ancestry, also called Ashkenazi Jews.","Some symptoms are shared by all types of Gaucher disease, but each type varies in important ways.","If you or your child has symptoms associated with Gaucher disease, make an appointment with your healthcare professional.","A fatty substance, called glucocerebroside, is a part of a cell's wall and plays an important role in cell activity. When a cell dies, a particular enzyme breaks down this fatty substance.
+In Gaucher disease, the gene responsible for making this enzyme has an irregular change, called a mutation. The fatty substances aren't broken down. Instead, they build up in white blood cells that are responsible for eating up the debris from dead cells.
+These irregular white blood cells, called Gaucher cells, damage tissues.","People of Eastern and Central European Jewish ancestry, called Ashkenazi Jews, are at a higher risk than the general population of developing type 1 Gaucher disease.","Complications of type 1 Gaucher disease include:
+Parkinson's disease risk.People with type 1 Gaucher disease have a greater risk of developing Parkinson's disease than the general population. People who carry one copy of a Gaucher-related gene mutation also have an increased risk. Also, there's an increased risk of the related disorder called Lewy body dementia.
+Cancer risk.People with type 1 Gaucher disease have an increased risk of cancers of bone marrow and blood.
+Pregnancy complications.Gaucher disease symptoms may worsen during pregnancy. Also, there's an increased risk of bleeding after delivery.",,"A complete exam typically includes questions about symptoms and family medical history. Diagnostic exams may include:
+Applying pressure to the belly to check the size and condition of organs.
+Measurements of height and weight of children and a review of growth charts.
+Tests of movement, coordination and reflexes.
+Examination of skin for signs of bruising.","Treatment goals for type 1 Gaucher disease are to lessen symptoms, prevent damage to tissues and organs, and improve quality of life. Regularly scheduled imaging tests monitor disease progression and treatment effect.","Individuals and families affected by Gaucher disease face challenges in managing care and coping with the stress of a lifelong illness. The National Gaucher Foundation and the Gaucher Community Alliance have resources for community services, support groups and education.","You'll likely start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. You will likely see other specialists such as doctors who specialize in blood disorders, called hematologists, or specialists in inherited disorders, called geneticists.",,"and I'll be happy to extract the medical symptoms for you., gaucher disease, (no symptoms mentioned in the paragraph)
+
+Please provide a paragraph where a patient describes their health condition"
+481,Celiac disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352220,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/celiac-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352225,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/celiac-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20352229,"Celiac disease is an illness caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten. Gluten is a protein found in foods containing wheat, barley or rye.
+If you have celiac disease, eating gluten triggers an immune response to the gluten protein in your small intestine. Over time, this reaction damages your small intestine's lining and prevents it from absorbing nutrients, a condition called malabsorption.
+The intestinal damage often causes symptoms such as diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, bloating or anemia. It also can lead to serious complications if it is not managed or treated. In children, malabsorption can affect growth and development in addition to gastrointestinal symptoms.
+There's no definite cure for celiac disease. But for most people, following a strict gluten-free diet can help manage symptoms and help the intestines heal.","The symptoms of celiac disease can vary greatly. They also may be different in children and adults. Digestive symptoms for adults include:
+Diarrhea.
+Fatigue.
+Weight loss.
+Bloating and gas.
+Abdominal pain.
+Nausea and vomiting.
+Constipation.
+However, more than half the adults with celiac disease have symptoms that are not related to the digestive system, including:
+Anemia, usually from iron deficiency due to decreased iron absorption.
+Loss of bone density, called osteoporosis, or softening of bones, called osteomalacia.
+Itchy, blistery skin rash, called dermatitis herpetiformis.
+Mouth ulcers.
+Headaches and fatigue.
+Nervous system injury, including numbness and tingling in the feet and hands, possible problems with balance, and cognitive impairment.
+Joint pain.
+Reduced functioning of the spleen, known as hyposplenism.
+Elevated liver enzymes.","Consult your health care team if you have diarrhea or digestive discomfort that lasts for more than two weeks. Consult your child's health care team if your child:
+Is pale.
+Is irritable.
+Is failing to grow.
+Has a potbelly.
+Has foul-smelling, bulky stools.
+Be sure to consult your health care team before trying a gluten-free diet. If you stop or even reduce the amount of gluten you eat before you're tested for celiac disease, you can change the test results.
+Celiac disease tends to run in families. If someone in your family has the condition, ask a member of your health care team if you should be tested. Also ask about testing if you or someone in your family has a risk factor for celiac disease, such as type 1 diabetes.","Your genes, combined with eating foods with gluten and other factors, can contribute to celiac disease. However, the precise cause isn't known. Infant-feeding practices, gastrointestinal infections and gut bacteria may contribute, but these causes have not been proved. Sometimes celiac disease becomes active after surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, viral infection or severe emotional stress.
+When the body's immune system overreacts to gluten in food, the reaction damages the tiny, hairlike projections, called villi, that line the small intestine. Villi absorb vitamins, minerals and other nutrients from the food you eat. If your villi are damaged, you can't get enough nutrients, no matter how much you eat.","Celiac disease tends to be more common in people who have:
+A family member with celiac disease or dermatitis herpetiformis.
+Type 1 diabetes.
+Down syndrome, William syndrome or Turner syndrome.
+Autoimmune thyroid disease.
+Microscopic colitis.
+Addison's disease.","Celiac disease that is not treated can lead to:
+Malnutrition.This occurs if your small intestine can't absorb enough nutrients. Malnutrition can lead to anemia and weight loss. In children, malnutrition can cause slow growth and short stature.
+Bone weakening.In children, malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D can lead to a softening of the bone, called osteomalacia or rickets. In adults, it can lead to a loss of bone density, called osteopenia or osteoporosis.
+Infertility and miscarriage.Malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D can contribute to reproductive issues.
+Lactose intolerance.Damage to your small intestine might cause you abdominal pain and diarrhea after eating or drinking dairy products that contain lactose. Once your intestine has healed, you might be able to tolerate dairy products again.
+Cancer.People with celiac disease who don't maintain a gluten-free diet have a greater risk of developing several forms of cancer, including intestinal lymphoma and small bowel cancer.
+Nervous system conditions.Some people with celiac disease can develop conditions such as seizures or a disease of the nerves to the hands and feet, called peripheral neuropathy.",,"Many people with celiac disease don't know they have it. Two blood tests can help diagnose it:
+Serology testinglooks for antibodies in your blood. Elevated levels of certain antibody proteins indicate an immune reaction to gluten.
+Genetic testingfor human leukocyte antigens (HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8) can be used to rule out celiac disease.
+It's important to be tested for celiac disease before trying a gluten-free diet. Eliminating gluten from your diet might make the results of blood tests appear in the standard range.
+If the results of these tests indicate celiac disease, one of the following tests will likely be ordered:
+Endoscopy.This test uses a long tube with a tiny camera that's put into your mouth and passed down your throat. The camera enables the practitioner to view your small intestine and take a small tissue sample, called a biopsy, to analyze for damage to the villi.
+Capsule endoscopy.This test uses a tiny wireless camera to take pictures of your entire small intestine. The camera sits inside a vitamin-sized capsule, which you swallow. As the capsule travels through your digestive tract, the camera takes thousands of pictures that are transmitted to a recorder. This test is used in some situations where an exam of the entire or end of the small intestine is desired.
+If you might have dermatitis herpetiformis, your health care professional may take a small sample of skin tissue to examine under a microscope.
+If you're diagnosed with celiac disease, additional testing may be recommended to check your nutritional status. This includes levels of vitamins A, B-12, D and E, as well as mineral levels, hemoglobin and liver enzymes. Your bone health also may be checked with a bone density scan.","A strict, lifelong gluten-free diet is the only way to manage celiac disease. Besides wheat, foods that contain gluten include:
+Barley.
+Bulgur.
+Durum.
+Farina.
+Graham flour.
+Malt.
+Rye.
+Semolina.
+Spelt (a form of wheat).
+Triticale.
+A dietitian who works with people with celiac disease can help you plan a healthy gluten-free diet. Even trace amounts of gluten in your diet can be damaging, even if they don't cause symptoms.
+Gluten can be hidden in foods, medicines and nonfood products, including:
+Modified food starch, preservatives and food stabilizers.
+Prescription and over-the-counter medications.
+Vitamin and mineral supplements.
+Herbal and nutritional supplements.
+Lipstick products.
+Toothpaste and mouthwash.
+Communion wafers.
+Envelope and stamp glue.
+Play dough.
+Certain makeup products.
+Removing gluten from your diet will typically reduce inflammation in your small intestine, causing you to feel better and eventually heal. Children tend to heal more quickly than adults.","It can be difficult, and stressful, to follow a completely gluten-free diet. Here are some ways to help you cope and to feel more in control.
+Get educated and teach family and friends.They can support your efforts in dealing with the disease.
+Follow your health care professional's recommendations.It's critical to eliminate all gluten from your diet.
+Find a support group.You might find comfort in sharing your struggles with people who face similar challenges. Organizations such as the Celiac Disease Foundation, Gluten Intolerance Group, the National Celiac Association and Beyond Celiac can help put you in touch with others who share your challenges.","You might be referred to a doctor who treats digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.","If you've been diagnosed with celiac disease, you'll need to avoid all foods that contain gluten. Ask your health care team for a referral to a dietitian, who can help you plan a healthy gluten-free diet.","ulcers, joint pain, anemia, loss of bone density, weight loss, numbness and tingling, mouth ulcers, headaches, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, bloating, skin rash, numbness, osteoporosis, bloating and gas, reduced functioning, dermatitis herpetiformis, constipation, diarrhea, iron, elevated liver enzymes, iron deficiency, pain, abdominal pain, celiac disease, hyposplenism, itchy skin rash, balance problems, cognitive impairment"
+483,Blood in urine (hematuria),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blood-in-urine/symptoms-causes/syc-20353432,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blood-in-urine/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353436,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blood-in-urine/doctors-departments/ddc-20353437,"It can be scary to see blood in urine, also called hematuria. In many cases, the cause is harmless. But blood in urine also can be a sign of a serious illness.
+If you can see the blood, it's called gross hematuria. Blood that can't be seen with the naked eye is called microscopic hematuria. It's such a small amount that it can be seen only under a microscope when a lab tests the urine. Either way, it's important to figure out the reason for the bleeding.
+Treatment depends on the cause.","Blood in the urine can look pink, red or cola-colored. Red blood cells cause the urine to change color. It takes only a small amount of blood to turn urine red.
+The bleeding often isn't painful. But if blood clots get passed in the urine, that can hurt.","See a health care provider whenever urine looks like it might have blood in it.
+Red urine isn't always caused by red blood cells. Some medicines can cause urine to turn red, such as a medicine called phenazopyridine that eases urinary tract symptoms. Certain foods also can turn urine red, including beets and rhubarb.
+It can be hard to tell whether a change of urine color is caused by blood. That's why it's always best to get a checkup.","This condition happens when the kidneys or other parts of the urinary tract let blood cells leak into urine. Different problems can cause this leaking to happen, including:
+Urinary tract infections (UTIs).These happen when bacteria get into the tube through which urine leaves the body, called the urethra. Then the bacteria multiply in the bladder.UTIscan cause bleeding that makes urine look red, pink or brown. With aUTI, you also may have a strong urge to pee that lasts a long time. You may have pain and burning while peeing. Your urine may have a very strong smell too.
+Kidney infection.This type ofUTIalso is called pyelonephritis.Kidney infections can happen when bacteria enter the kidneys from the bloodstream. Infections also can happen when bacteria move to the kidneys from a pair of tubes that connect the kidneys with the bladder, called the ureters. Kidney infections can cause the same urine-related symptoms that otherUTIscan. But they're more likely to cause a fever and pain in the back, side or groin.
+A bladder or kidney stone.The minerals in urine can form crystals on the walls of the kidneys or bladder. Over time, the crystals can become small, hard stones.The stones are often painless. But they can hurt a lot if they cause a blockage or leave the body through urine. Bladder or kidney stones can cause blood in urine that can be seen with the naked eye as well as bleeding that can be seen only in the lab.
+Enlarged prostate.The prostate gland is just below the bladder, and it surrounds the top part of the urethra. It often gets bigger toward middle age. It then puts pressure on the urethra, partly blocking the flow of urine. With an enlarged prostate, you might have trouble peeing, an urgent or lasting need to pee, or blood in the urine. Infection of the prostate, called prostatitis, can cause the same symptoms.
+Kidney disease.Blood in urine that can be seen only in the lab is a common symptom of a kidney disease called glomerulonephritis. With this disease, the tiny filters in the kidneys that remove waste from blood become inflamed.Glomerulonephritis may be part of a condition that affects the whole body, such as diabetes. Or it can happen on its own.
+Cancer.Blood in urine that can be seen with the naked eye may be a sign of advanced kidney, bladder or prostate cancer. These cancers might not cause symptoms sooner, when treatments could work better.
+Inherited illnesses.A genetic condition that affects red blood cells, called sickle cell anemia, can cause blood in urine. The blood cells could be visible or too tiny to see. A condition that damages tiny blood vessels in the kidneys, called Alport syndrome, also can cause blood in the urine.
+Kidney injury.A blow or other injury to the kidneys from an accident or contact sports can cause blood to show up in urine.
+Medicines. The anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and the antibiotic penicillin are linked to blood in urine. Medicines that prevent blood clots also are tied to blood in urine. These include medicines that keep blood cells called platelets from sticking together, such as the pain reliever aspirin. Medicines that thin the blood, such as heparin, also may be a cause.
+Hard exercise.Blood in the urine can happen after playing contact sports, such as football. It may be linked to bladder damage caused by getting hit. Blood in urine also can happen with long-distance sports, such as marathon running, but it's less clear why. It may be linked to bladder damage or other reasons that don't involve an injury. When hard exercise causes blood in urine, it may go away on its own within a week.If you see blood in your urine after exercise, don't assume it's from exercising. See your health care provider.
+Often the cause of hematuria is unknown.","Almost anyone can have red blood cells in the urine. This includes children and teens. Some things that can raise the risk of blood in the urine include:
+Age.Middle-aged and older men may be more likely to have hematuria due to an enlarged prostate gland. The risk of some cancers that can cause blood in urine also may rise after the age of 50.
+Urinary tract infection.This is one of the top causes of blood that can be seen in children's urine.
+Family history.The chances of having blood in the urine may go up if one or more family members have had kidney disease.
+Certain medicines.Some pain relievers, blood thinners and antibiotics can raise the risk of blood in urine.
+Hard exercise.Marathon runner's hematuria is one nickname for hematuria. Contact sports can raise the risk too.",,,"These tests and exams play a key role in finding a cause for blood in the urine:
+Physical exam.This includes a talk with a health care provider about your health history.
+Urine tests.These can be used to diagnose blood in the urine. They also can be used weeks or months later to see if the urine still has blood in it. Urine tests also can check for a urinary tract infection or for minerals that cause kidney stones.
+Imaging tests.An imaging test is often needed to find the cause of blood in the urine. You might need aCTorMRIscan, or an ultrasound exam.
+Cystoscopy.A health care provider threads a narrow tube fitted with a tiny camera into your bladder to check for signs of disease.
+Sometimes the cause of blood in the urine can't be found. In that case, you might need regular follow-up tests, mainly if you have risk factors for bladder cancer. These risk factors include smoking, radiation therapy to the pelvis or exposure to certain chemicals.","The treatment for blood in the urine depends on the cause. Treatment might involve:
+Taking antibiotic medicines to clear a urinary tract infection.
+Trying a prescription medicine to shrink an enlarged prostate.
+Having a treatment that uses sound waves to break up bladder or kidney stones.
+In some cases, no treatment is needed.
+If you get treatment, see your provider afterward to make sure there's no more blood in your urine.",,"You can start by making an appointment with your regular health care provider. Or you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary tract disorders, called a urologist.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"hurt, blood in the urine, bleeding, painful"
+485,Gingivitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gingivitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354453,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gingivitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354459,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gingivitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20354461,"Gingivitis is a common and mild form of gum disease, also called periodontal disease. It causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of your gingiva, which is the part of your gum around the base of your teeth. It's important to take gingivitis seriously and treat it promptly. Gingivitis does not cause bone loss. But left untreated, it can lead to a much more serious gum disease, called periodontitis, and tooth loss.
+The most common cause of gingivitis is not keeping your teeth and gums clean and healthy. Good oral health habits, such as brushing at least twice a day, flossing daily and getting regular dental checkups, can help prevent and reverse gingivitis.","Healthy gums are firm and pale pink. They fit tightly around the teeth. Symptoms of gingivitis include:
+Swollen or puffy gums.
+Bright red or dark red gums, or gums that are darker than usual.
+Gums that bleed easily when you brush or floss.
+Tender gums.
+Bad breath.",,"The most common cause of gingivitis is poor care of teeth and gums, which allows plaque to form on teeth. This causes swelling of the surrounding gum tissues.
+Here's how plaque can lead to gingivitis:
+Plaque forms on your teeth.Plaque is a sticky film that has no color. It's mainly made up of bacteria that form on your teeth after eating starches and sugars in food. Plaque needs to be removed every day because it forms quickly.
+Plaque turns into tartar.Plaque that stays on your teeth can harden under your gumline into tartar. This tartar, also known as calculus, then collects bacteria. Tartar makes plaque harder to remove, creates a protective shield for bacteria and irritates the gumline. You need professional dental cleaning to remove tartar.
+Gingiva becomes irritated and swells.The gingiva is the part of your gum around the base of your teeth. The longer that plaque and tartar remain on your teeth, the more they irritate the gingiva. In time, your gums become swollen and bleed easily. This is called gingivitis. If not treated, gingivitis can lead to tooth decay, periodontitis and tooth loss.","Gingivitis is common, and anyone can develop it. Factors that can increase your risk of gingivitis include:
+Poor oral care habits.
+Smoking or chewing tobacco.
+Older age.
+Dry mouth.
+Poor nutrition, including not getting enough vitamin C.
+Repairs to teeth that don't fit properly or are in poor condition, such as fillings, bridges, dental implants or veneers.
+Crooked teeth that are hard to clean.
+Conditions that lower immunity, such as leukemia,HIV/AIDSor cancer treatment.
+Certain drugs, such as phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek, others) for epileptic seizures and some calcium channel blockers used for angina, high blood pressure and other conditions.
+Hormonal changes, such as those related to pregnancy, the menstrual cycle or use of birth control pills.
+Certain genes.
+Medical conditions, such as certain viral and fungal infections.","Untreated gingivitis can lead to gum disease that spreads to underlying tissue and bone, called periodontitis. This is a much more serious condition that can lead to tooth loss.
+Ongoing gum disease may be related to some diseases that affect the entire body, such as respiratory disease, diabetes, coronary artery disease, stroke and rheumatoid arthritis. Some research suggests that the bacteria responsible for periodontitis can enter your bloodstream through gum tissue, possibly affecting your heart, lungs and other parts of your body. But more studies are needed to confirm a link.
+Trench mouth, also known as necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis or NUG, is a severe form of gingivitis that causes painful, infected, bleeding gums and ulcers. Trench mouth is rare today in developed nations, though it's common in developing countries that have poor nutrition and poor living conditions.","To prevent gingivitis:
+Practice good oral care.That means brushing your teeth for two minutes at least twice daily — in the morning and before going to bed — and flossing at least once a day. Better yet, brush after every meal or snack or as your dentist recommends. Flossing before you brush cleans away loosened food particles and bacteria.
+Go to the dentist regularly.See your dentist or dental hygienist regularly for cleanings, usually every 6 to 12 months. If you have risk factors that increase your chance of developing periodontitis — such as having dry mouth, taking certain medicines or smoking — you may need professional cleaning more often. Annual dental X-rays can help pinpoint diseases not seen by a visual dental exam and watch for changes in your dental health.
+Take steps to lead a healthy lifestyle.Practices such as healthy eating and managing blood sugar if you have diabetes, for example, also are important to supporting gum health.","Dentists usually diagnose gingivitis based on:
+Review of your dental and medical historyand conditions that may contribute to your symptoms.
+Looking at your teeth, gums, mouth and tonguefor signs of plaque, irritation or swelling.
+Measuring the pocket depthof the groove between your gums and teeth. A dental probe is inserted beside your tooth beneath your gumline, usually at several sites in your mouth. In a healthy mouth, the pocket depth is between 1 and 3 millimeters (mm). Pockets deeper than 4mmmay mean gum disease.
+Dental X-raysto check for bone loss in areas where your dentist sees deeper pockets.
+Other tests as needed.If it's not clear what has caused your gingivitis, your dentist may recommend that you get a medical evaluation to check for other health conditions. If your gum disease is further along, your dentist may refer you to a periodontist. This is a dentist with advanced training who specializes in treating gum diseases.","Prompt treatment usually reverses symptoms of gingivitis and prevents it from leading to more-serious gum disease and tooth loss. You have the best chance for successful treatment when you also practice good oral care daily and stop using tobacco.
+Professional gingivitis care includes:
+Dental cleaning.Your first professional cleaning will include the removal of all traces of plaque, tartar and bacterial products. This procedure is known as scaling and root planing. Scaling removes tartar and bacteria from the surface of your teeth and under your gums. Root planing removes the bacterial products produced by swelling and irritation, and it smooths the root surfaces. This discourages further buildup of tartar and bacteria, and it allows proper healing. The procedure may be done using instruments, a laser or an ultrasonic device.
+Any needed dental repairs.Crooked teeth or poorly fitting crowns, bridges or other dental repairs may irritate your gums and make it harder to remove plaque during daily oral care. If problems with your teeth or dental repairs play a part in your gingivitis, your dentist may recommend fixing these problems.
+Ongoing care.Gingivitis usually clears up after a thorough professional cleaning — as long as you continue good oral care at home. Your dentist will help you plan an effective at-home program and a schedule of regular checkups and cleaning.
+If you follow your dentist's suggestions and regularly brush and floss your teeth, healthy gum tissue should return within days or weeks.",,"Follow your dentist's recommended schedule for regular checkups. If you notice any symptoms of gingivitis, make an appointment with your dentist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to do to prepare.","Steps you can take at home to prevent and reverse gingivitis include:
+Brush your teeth twice a day or, better yet, after every meal or snack.
+Use a soft toothbrush and replace it at least every three months.
+Think about using an electric toothbrush, which may remove plaque and tartar better.
+Floss daily. If you have a hard time handling dental floss, try a floss holder. Or floss with a dental pick, brush or stick designed to clean between your teeth. Work with your dentist or dental hygienist to determine the best dental tool that fits your needs.
+Use a mouth rinse to reduce plaque between your teeth.
+Get regular professional dental cleanings on a schedule recommended by your dentist.
+Don't smoke or chew tobacco.","gingivitis, swollen or puffy gums, bright red or dark red gums, gums that bleed easily, bad breath, tender gums"
+486,Periodontitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/periodontitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354473,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/periodontitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354479,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/periodontitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20354481,"Periodontitis (per-e-o-don-TIE-tis), also called gum disease, is a serious gum infection that damages the soft tissue around teeth. Without treatment, periodontitis can destroy the bone that supports your teeth. This can cause teeth to loosen or lead to tooth loss.
+Periodontitis is common but can usually be prevented. It's often the result of not taking care of your mouth and teeth. To help prevent periodontitis or improve your chance of successful treatment, brush at least twice a day, floss daily and get regular dental checkups.","Healthy gums are firm and fit snugly around teeth. The color of healthy gums can vary. They may range from light pink in some people to dark pink and brown in others.
+Symptoms of periodontitis can include:
+Swollen or puffy gums.
+Bright red, dark red or dark purple gums.
+Gums that feel tender when touched.
+Gums that bleed easily.
+A toothbrush that looks pink after brushing your teeth.
+Spitting out blood when brushing or flossing your teeth.
+Bad breath that won't go away.
+Pus between your teeth and gums.
+Loose teeth or loss of teeth.
+Painful chewing.
+New spaces that develop between your teeth that look like black triangles.
+Gums that pull away from your teeth, making your teeth look longer than usual, called receding gums.
+A change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite.",,"In most cases, the development of periodontitis starts with plaque. Plaque is a sticky film mainly made up of bacteria. If not treated, here's how plaque can advance over time to periodontitis:
+Plaque forms on your teethwhen starches and sugars in food interact with bacteria commonly found in your mouth. Brushing your teeth twice a day and flossing once a day removes plaque, but plaque quickly comes back.
+Plaque can harden under your gumline into tartarif it stays on your teeth. Tartar is more difficult to remove. You can't get rid of it by brushing and flossing — you need a professional dental cleaning to remove it. Because plaque and tartar are filled with bacteria, the longer they stay on your teeth, the more damage they can do.
+Plaque can cause gingivitis,the mildest form of gum disease. Gingivitis is irritation and swelling of the gum tissue around the base of your teeth. Gingiva is another word for gum tissue. Gingivitis can be reversed with professional treatment and good home oral care, but only if treated early before you have bone loss.
+Ongoing gum irritation and swelling, called inflammation, can cause periodontitis.Eventually this causes deep pockets to form between your gums and teeth. These pockets fill with plaque, tartar and bacteria and become deeper over time. If not treated, these deep infections cause a loss of tissue and bone. Eventually you may lose one or more teeth. Also, ongoing inflammation can put a strain on your immune system, causing other health problems.","Factors that can increase your risk of periodontitis include:
+Gingivitis.
+Poor oral health care habits.
+Smoking or chewing tobacco.
+Hormonal changes, such as those related to pregnancy or menopause.
+Recreational drug use, such as smoking marijuana or vaping.
+Obesity.
+Poor nutrition, including a low vitamin C level.
+Genetics.
+Certain medicines that cause dry mouth or gum changes.
+Conditions that lower immunity, such as leukemia,HIV/AIDSand cancer treatment.
+Certain diseases, such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.","Periodontitis can cause tooth loss. The bacteria that cause periodontitis can enter your bloodstream through gum tissue, possibly affecting other parts of your body. For example, periodontitis is linked with respiratory disease, rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery disease, preterm birth and low birth weight, and problems controlling blood sugar in diabetes.","The best way to prevent periodontitis is to get into the habit of taking good care of your mouth and teeth. Start this routine at a young age and keep it throughout life.
+Good oral care.This means brushing your teeth for two minutes at least twice a day — in the morning and before going to bed — and flossing at least once a day. Flossing before you brush allows you to clean away the loosened food bits and bacteria. Good oral care keeps your teeth and gums clean and removes the bacteria that cause periodontal disease.
+Regular dental visits.See your dentist regularly for cleanings, usually every 6 to 12 months. If you have risk factors that increase your chance of developing periodontitis — such as having dry mouth, taking certain medicines or smoking — you may need professional cleaning more often.","To tell whether you have periodontitis and how severe it is, your dentist may:
+Review your medical historyto identify any factors that could be linked to your symptoms. Examples include smoking or taking certain medicines that cause dry mouth.
+Examine your mouthto look for plaque and tartar buildup and check for easy bleeding.
+Measure how deep the pockets are between your gums and teethby placing a tiny ruler called a dental probe between your teeth and gumline. Pockets are measured at several places in your upper and lower gums. In a healthy mouth, the pocket depth is usually between 1 and 3 millimeters (mm). Pockets deeper than 4mmmay indicate periodontitis. Pockets deeper than 5mmcannot be cleaned well with routine care.
+Take dental X-raysto check for bone loss in areas where your dentist sees deeper pockets.
+Your dentist may assign a stage and a grade to periodontitis based on how severe the disease is, the complexity of treatment, your risk factors and your health. Then a treatment plan is made.","Treatment may be done by a dentist or a periodontist. A periodontist is a dentist who specializes in gum disease. A dental hygienist may work with your dentist or periodontist as part of your treatment plan. The goal of treatment is to thoroughly clean the pockets around teeth and prevent damage to surrounding gum tissue and bone. You have the best chance for successful treatment when you also have a daily routine of good oral care, manage health conditions that may impact dental health and stop tobacco use.",,"You may start by seeing your general dentist. Depending on how severe your periodontitis is, your dentist may refer you to a specialist in the treatment of periodontal disease called a periodontist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Try these measures to reduce or prevent periodontitis:
+Brush your teeth twice a day or, better yet, after every meal or snack.
+Use a soft toothbrush and replace it at least every three months.
+Consider using an electric toothbrush, which may be more effective at removing plaque and tartar.
+Floss every day. If it's hard to use standard dental floss, try a floss holder. Other options include interdental brushes, water flossers or interdental cleaning aids designed to clean between your teeth. Talk with your dentist or dental hygienist about what would work best for you.
+Use a mouth rinse to help reduce plaque between your teeth, if recommended by your dentist.
+Get regular professional dental cleanings on a schedule recommended by your dentist.
+Don't smoke or chew tobacco.","change in bite, receding gums, swollen or puffy gums, bright red gums, bad breath, bleeding gums, periodontitis, new spaces between teeth, loose teeth, dark red gums, painful chewing, dark purple gums, pus between teeth and gums, spitting, tender gums"
+487,Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/doctors-departments/ddc-20351801,"Gynecomastia (guy-nuh-koh-MAS-tee-uh) is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men. An imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone causes it. Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly.
+Pseudogynecomastia is an increase in fat but not gland tissue in male breasts.
+Newborns, boys going through puberty and older men may develop gynecomastia due to natural changes in hormone levels. There are other causes too.
+Most often, gynecomastia isn't a serious problem. But it can be tough to cope with the condition. People with gynecomastia sometimes have pain in their breasts. And they may feel embarrassed.
+Gynecomastia may go away on its own. If it doesn't, medicine or surgery may help.","Gynecomastia symptoms can include:
+Pain, especially in teenagers.
+Swollen breast tissue.
+Tender breasts.
+Sensitive nipples when they rub against clothes.","See a member of your health care team if you have:
+Swelling.
+Pain or tenderness.
+Fluid coming out of one or both breast nipples. This is called nipple discharge.
+A firm or hard lump.
+Dimpled skin on the breast.","In people assigned male at birth, the body mainly makes the sex hormone testosterone. It also makes small amounts of the hormone estrogen. Gynecomastia can happen when the amount of testosterone in the body drops compared with estrogen. The decrease can be caused by conditions that lower testosterone or block its effects. Or it can be caused by conditions that raise the estrogen level.
+Some things that can change the body's hormone balance include the following:","Risk factors for gynecomastia include:
+Puberty.
+Older age.
+Obesity.
+Use of anabolic steroids to improve athletic performance.
+Certain health conditions. These include liver and kidney disease, thyroid disease, Klinefelter syndrome and some tumors.",Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks.,"Several factors within your control may lower the risk of gynecomastia:
+Don't use drugs.Examples include anabolic steroids, amphetamines, heroin and marijuana.
+Limit or stay away from alcohol.It helps not to drink alcohol. If you do drink, do so in moderation. That means no more than two drinks a day for men.","To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. For example, you'll likely be asked about your symptoms and any medicines you take. You're also given a medical exam to check your breast tissue, stomach area and genitals.","Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment.
+If you take medicine that may be the cause of gynecomastia, ask your health care team about your choices. Your doctor may have you stop the medicine or try a different one.
+Often, no treatment is needed for teenagers who have gynecomastia due to natural hormone changes during puberty. A teen's health care team may recommend checkups every 3 to 6 months to see if the condition is getting better on its own. Gynecomastia in teens often goes away without treatment in less than two years.
+Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn't get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment.","For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. Sometimes, it can be a challenge to romantic relationships. During puberty, gynecomastia can make teens a target for teasing from peers as well. It can make activities such as swimming or changing in the locker room traumatic.
+Whatever your age, if you have gynecomastia, you might feel unhappy with your body. But you can take steps that may help you cope:
+Get a checkup.Some people with gynecomastia worry that their symptoms are due to a more serious condition. It can be a relief to learn that gynecomastia is the cause.
+Get counseling.Talk therapy can help you manage anxiety or depression caused by gynecomastia. It also can help you talk with your partner or family members, so they understand what you're going through.
+Reach out to your family and friends.You may feel embarrassed to talk about gynecomastia with the people you care about. But if you explain your situation and ask for support, that could strengthen your relationships and ease stress.
+Connect with others who have gynecomastia.It might feel good to talk with people who understand what you're going through. Websites such as Gynecomastia.org can help you connect with others who have the condition.",,,"pain, tender breasts, swollen breast, gynecomastia symptoms, sensitive nipples, swollen breast tissue"
+488,Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/h-pylori/symptoms-causes/syc-20356171,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/h-pylori/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356177,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/h-pylori/doctors-departments/ddc-20356178,"A Helicobacter pylori infection is a common stomach infection. It's caused by a germ called Helicobacter pylori, a bacteria also known as H. pylori.
+
+More than half the people in the world may have an H. pylori infection at some point in their lives. These infections often happen during childhood, especially in developing countries. H. pylori germs seem to spread through contact with an infected person's bodily fluids, including vomit, stool or saliva. This includes contact that happens through poor hand hygiene. The germs also can spread through tainted food and water.
+
+H. pylori infections can cause stomach pain, bloating, gas and other symptoms. But most people who become infected don't have symptoms. Sometimes, H. pylori infections lead to sores called peptic ulcers in the lining of the stomach or small intestine. Much less often, these infections can lead to stomach cancer.
+
+Your healthcare professional likely will test you for an H. pylori infection if you get symptoms of a peptic ulcer. Treatment for the infection includes medicines called antibiotics to clear up the bacteria.
+
+Help prevent an H. pylori infection by not sharing food or utensils.","Most H. pylori infections don't cause symptoms. When a person gets symptoms, they often come from swelling of the stomach lining or a peptic ulcer. The symptoms can include:",Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have ongoing stomach pain or other stomach symptoms. Get medical help right away for:,"H. pylori infections are caused by H. pylori germs that get into the stomach lining. The germs appear to be passed from person to person through contact with saliva, vomit or stool. They also may be spread through contaminated surfaces, or tainted food or water.","Risk factors for H. pylori infections include your living conditions, health history and eating habits. These risk factors include:",An H. pylori infection can lead to other health conditions called complications. These can include:,You may be able to help prevent an H. pylori infection by not sharing food or utensils with family or friends.,Diagnosis of an H. pylori infection involves testing to find out if your symptoms are caused by H. pylori germs. Your healthcare professional may recommend one or more of the following tests:,"Treatment for H. pylori infections usually involve taking at least two different antibiotics at once. This helps prevent the germs from resisting the effects of one particular antibiotic.
+
+Treatment also may include medicine to help your stomach heal, such as:
+
+Follow-up testing for H. pylori at least four weeks after your treatment is recommended. If the tests show that the treatment didn't work, you may need more treatment with a different mix of antibiotics.",,"See your healthcare professional if you have symptoms of an H. pylori infection. Your healthcare team may test and treat you for H. pylori infection. Or you might be referred to a healthcare professional called a gastroenterologist, who treats diseases of the digestive system.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your healthcare appointment, and what to expect.",,"peptic ulcer, swelling of the stomach lining, swelling, pylori infections"
+492,Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichotillomania/symptoms-causes/syc-20355188,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichotillomania/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355193,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichotillomania/doctors-departments/ddc-20355195,"Trichotillomania (trik-o-til-o-MAY-nee-uh), also called hair-pulling disorder, is a mental health condition. It involves frequent, repeated and irresistible urges to pull out hair from your scalp, eyebrows or other areas of your body. You may try to resist the urges, but you can't stop. Trichotillomania is part of a group of conditions known as body-focused repetitive behaviors.
+Pulling out hair from the scalp often leaves patchy bald spots. This can cause a lot of distress and can affect your work, school and social life. You may go to great lengths to hide the hair loss.
+For some people, trichotillomania may be mild and can be managed. For others, the automatic or deliberate urge to pull out hair is too much to handle emotionally. Some treatment options may help reduce hair pulling or stop it entirely.","Symptoms of trichotillomania often include:
+Repeatedly pulling out your hair, whether it's automatic or on purpose, usually from your scalp, eyebrows or eyelashes, but sometimes from other body areas. The sites may vary over time.
+An increasing sense of tension before pulling out your hair, or when you try to resist pulling.
+A sense of pleasure or relief after the hair is pulled out.
+Hair loss that's easy to see, such as shortened hair or thinned or bald areas on the scalp or other areas of your body. This may include thin or missing eyelashes or eyebrows.
+Pulling out specific types of hair, taking the same steps in the same way each time hair is pulled out or pulling out hair in certain patterns.
+Biting, chewing or eating pulled-out hair.
+Playing with pulled-out hair or rubbing it across your lips or face.
+Repeatedly trying to stop pulling out your hair or trying to do it less often without success.
+Experiencing a great deal of distress or problems at work, school or in social situations related to pulling out your hair.
+Often trichotillomania also includes picking your skin, biting your nails or chewing your lips. Sometimes pulling out hairs from pets or dolls or from materials, such as clothes or blankets, may be a sign. Pulling out hair is usually done in private. An episode can last from a few seconds to hours. You may try to hide your condition from others.
+With trichotillomania, pulling out hair can be:
+Automatic.You may pull out your hair without even realizing that you're doing it. This might happen, for example, when you're bored, reading or watching TV.
+Focused.You may pull out your hair on purpose to relieve tension or distress. You may develop specific rituals for pulling out hair, such as finding just the right hair. You may play with, bite or eat pulled-out hairs.
+You may do both automatic and focused hair pulling, depending on the situation and your mood. Certain positions or activities may trigger pulling out hair, such as resting your head on your hand or brushing your hair.
+Trichotillomania can be related to emotions, including:
+Negative feelings.Pulling out hair may be a way of dealing with negative or uncomfortable feelings, such as stress, anxiety, tension, boredom, loneliness, extreme tiredness or frustration.
+Positive feelings.You may find that pulling out hair feels satisfying and provides some relief. As a result, you may continue to pull out your hair to keep these positive feelings.
+Trichotillomania is a long-term disorder. If not treated, symptoms may come and go for weeks, months or years at a time. Also, symptoms can vary in severity over time. For example, hormone changes during the menstrual period can worsen symptoms in some females. Rarely, pulling out hair ends within a few years of starting.","If you can't stop pulling out your hair or you feel embarrassed or ashamed by your appearance as a result, talk to your health care provider. Trichotillomania is not just a bad habit, it's a mental health condition. It's not likely to get better without treatment.","The cause of trichotillomania is not clear. But like many complex disorders, trichotillomania likely results from a combination of genetic and learned factors.","These factors tend to increase the risk of trichotillomania:
+Family history.Genetics may play a role in the development of trichotillomania. You may be more likely to have the condition if you have a close relative with trichotillomania.
+Health conditions.Some people may have hair or skin conditions that feel uncomfortable. This may focus their attention toward pulling hair or picking at their scalp.
+Age.Trichotillomania usually develops just before or during the early teens — most often between the ages of 10 and 13 years. It's often a lifelong problem. Babies may pull out their hair, but this is usually mild and goes away on its own without treatment.
+Other mental health conditions.Other conditions, such as depression, anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may occur along with trichotillomania.
+Stress.Severely stressful situations or events may trigger trichotillomania in some people.
+Environment.Boredom, isolation and privacy often increase the likelihood of hair pulling.
+Although far more women than men are treated for trichotillomania, this may be because women are more likely to seek medical advice. In early childhood, trichotillomania occurs just as often in boys and girls.","Although it may not seem serious, trichotillomania can have harmful effects on your life. Complications may include:
+Emotional distress.You may feel frustrated, ashamed and embarrassed because of your condition and hair loss. You may feel that you don't have control over pulling out your hair. You may experience low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and problems with alcohol or drugs.
+Problems in your social life and with work.Hair loss may lead you to avoid social activities and school and job opportunities. You may wear wigs, style your hair to disguise bald patches or wear false eyelashes. You may avoid intimacy to hide your condition.
+Skin and hair damage.Constantly pulling out hair can cause scarring, infections and other damage to the skin on your scalp or the area where hair is pulled out. This can permanently affect hair growth.
+Hairballs.Eating your hair may lead to a large, matted hairball that stays in your digestive tract. Over a period of years, the hairball can cause weight loss, vomiting, an intestinal block and even death.",,"To diagnose trichotillomania, you'll likely start by having a physical exam. You may then be referred to a mental health professional with experience in treating trichotillomania. Diagnosing trichotillomania may include:
+Examining your hair loss.
+Checking for possible medical causes of your hair loss. This may include lab tests.
+Talking with you about hair loss, including your behaviors and emotions related to pulling out your hair.
+Identifying any physical or mental health conditions that may occur along with pulling out your hair.",Some treatment options have helped many people reduce hair pulling or stop completely. These include therapy and sometimes medicine.,"You may find dealing with trichotillomania challenging. It may help to join a support group for people with trichotillomania so that you can meet others with similar experiences who can relate to your feelings and offer support. Having a family member or loved one join you to learn how to respond to your hair pulling also can be helpful.
+Ask your health care provider or mental health professional for a suggestion. The TLC Foundation for Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors is an excellent resource for education, support and treatment options for trichotillomania.",Seeking help is the first step in treating trichotillomania. At first you may see your primary care provider or a specialist in skin disorders called a dermatologist. Your provider may refer you to a mental health professional with experience in diagnosing and treating trichotillomania.,,"pleasure, satisfying, eating, thinned areas, picking, negative feelings, trichotillomania, tiredness, boredom, anxiety, loneliness, relief, chewing, hair loss, positive feelings, bald areas, shortened hair, rubbing, playing, tension, extreme tiredness, distress, frustration, automatic, biting, focused, problems"
+493,Black hairy tongue,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/black-hairy-tongue/symptoms-causes/syc-20356077,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/black-hairy-tongue/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356080,,"Black hairy tongue is a condition of the tongue that gives it a dark, furry look. The look usually results from a buildup of dead skin cells on the many tiny, rounded bumps on the surface of the tongue. These bumps, called papillae, contain taste buds. When these bumps become longer than usual, they can easily trap and be stained by tobacco, food, drinks, bacteria or yeast, or other substances.
+Black hairy tongue may look alarming, but it's usually painless and doesn't cause any health problems. The condition usually goes away by dealing with the causes and by regular mouth and tongue cleaning.","Symptoms of black hairy tongue include:
+Black color of the tongue, but the color may be brown, green, yellow or white.
+A hairy or furry look to the tongue.
+Changed taste or a metallic taste in your mouth.
+Bad breath.
+Gagging or tickling feeling in your mouth, if the papillae are very large.
+Rarely, a burning feeling on the tongue if hairy black tongue is caused by a yeast or bacterial infection.","Though it doesn't look good, black hairy tongue is usually a harmless condition. It's usually short term when steps are taken to get rid of or manage the cause.
+See your healthcare professional or dentist if:
+You don't know what's causing black hairy tongue and want to talk about what steps to take.
+You're worried that it might be related to a health issue.
+Black hairy tongue doesn't go away even though you brush your teeth and tongue twice a day.","Black hairy tongue usually happens when the many tiny, rounded bumps on the tongue, called papillae, grow too long because they don't shed dead skin cells. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. This makes the tongue look dark and hairy.
+The cause of black hairy tongue can't always be found. Possible causes of black hairy tongue include:
+Changes in the healthy bacteria or yeast found in the mouth when taking antibiotics.
+Poor cleaning of the mouth and tongue.
+Dry mouth.
+Eating a soft diet that doesn't help to rub dead skin cells from your tongue.
+Regularly using mouthwashes that have oxidizing agents, such as peroxide, that can irritate your mouth.
+Using tobacco.
+Drinking a lot of coffee or black tea.
+Regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol.
+Certain medicines.
+Having a condition that lowers your ability to fight infections, such as cancer orHIV.","Poor mouth and tongue cleaning, dry mouth, and eating only soft foods may raise your risk of black hairy tongue.
+If you're male or an older adult, if you smoke, or if you've had hairy black tongue in the past, you may have a higher risk of the condition.",,,"Diagnosis of black hairy tongue is based on how your tongue looks and possible causes or risk factors. Making a diagnosis also includes checking for other conditions that may cause a similar look to the tongue, such as:
+Normal differences in tongue color.
+Foods or medicines that have stained the tongue.
+Fungal or viral infections.
+Patches that occur on the tongue, such as oral hairy leukoplakia.
+Blackened tongue, called pseudo-black hairy tongue. This can happen if you use products containing bismuth, such as Pepto-Bismol.","Black hairy tongue usually doesn't need medical treatment. Though it may not look good, it's usually a short-term, harmless condition.
+Good mouth and tongue cleaning can help get rid of black hairy tongue. So can stopping things that may lead to the condition, for example, not using tobacco or irritating mouthwashes. Don't stop any prescription medicine without talking to your healthcare professional first.
+If you smoke, talk with your healthcare team about options for quitting, including smoking cessation programs. These use proven techniques to help people quit.",,"Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment, and to know what to expect from your healthcare professional or dentist.","To keep your mouth and tongue healthy:
+Brush your tongue.Give your tongue a gentle brushing whenever you brush your teeth. This removes dead cells, bacteria and food bits. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush or a flexible tongue scraper.
+Brush after eating.Brush your teeth at least twice a day and ideally after every meal. Use a fluoride toothpaste.
+Floss at least once a day.Proper flossing gets rid of food bits and plaque from between your teeth.
+Visit your dentist regularly.Get professional teeth cleanings and regular mouth exams. This can prevent problems or help your dentist spot them early. Your dentist can let you know how often you should visit.
+Eat a healthy diet.Drink plenty of water and eat a balanced diet that includes fresh fruits and vegetables.","changed taste, metallic taste, tickling feeling, bacterial infection, gagging, burning feeling, bad breath, black color, hairy or furry look"
+494,Bad breath,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/symptoms-causes/syc-20350922,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350925,,"Bad breath, also called halitosis, can be embarrassing and in some cases may even cause anxiety. It's no wonder that store shelves are overflowing with gum, mints, mouthwashes and other products to fight bad breath. But many of these products are only short-term measures. That's because they don't address the cause of the problem.
+Certain foods, health conditions and habits are among the causes of bad breath. In many cases, you can make bad breath better by keeping your mouth and teeth clean. If you can't solve bad breath yourself, see your dentist or another healthcare professional to be sure a more serious condition isn't causing it.","Bad breath odors vary, depending on the cause. Some people worry too much about their breath even though they have little or no mouth odor. Others have bad breath and don't know it. Because it's hard to know how your breath smells, ask a close friend or relative to confirm if you have bad breath.","If you have bad breath, review how you keep your mouth and teeth clean. Try making lifestyle changes, such as brushing your teeth and tongue after eating, using dental floss, and drinking plenty of water.
+If you still have bad breath after making changes, see your dentist. If your dentist thinks a more serious condition is causing your bad breath, you may need to see another healthcare professional to find the cause of the odor.","Most bad breath starts in your mouth. There are many possible causes, including:
+Food.The breakdown of food particles in and around your teeth can lead to more bacteria and cause a foul odor. Eating certain foods, such as onions, garlic and spices, also can cause bad breath. After you digest these foods, they enter your bloodstream, are carried to your lungs and affect your breath.
+Tobacco products.Smoking causes unpleasant mouth odor. Tobacco users also are more likely to have gum disease, which is another source of bad breath.
+Not keeping your mouth and teeth clean.If you don't brush and floss daily, food particles remain in your mouth, causing bad breath. A colorless, sticky film of bacteria called plaque forms on your teeth. If not brushed away, plaque can irritate your gums. Eventually, it can form plaque-filled pockets between your teeth and gums. The early stage of gum disease is known as gingivitis. Late-stage gum disease with bone loss is called periodontitis. Your tongue also can trap bacteria that produce odors. Dentures also can collect odor-causing bacteria and food particles, as can fixed or removable oral appliances such as braces that aren't cleaned regularly or don't fit properly.
+Dry mouth.Saliva helps cleanse your mouth, removing particles that cause bad odors. A condition called dry mouth or xerostomia (zeer-o-STOE-me-uh) can be a part of bad breath because you produce less saliva. Dry mouth naturally occurs during sleep, leading to ""morning breath."" It gets worse if you sleep with your mouth open. Constant dry mouth can be caused by a problem with the glands that produce saliva and by some diseases.
+Medicines.Some medicines can lead to bad breath by causing dry mouth. The body breaks down other medicines and releases chemicals that can be carried on your breath.
+Infections in your mouth.Surgical wounds after mouth surgery, such as tooth removal, as well as tooth decay, gum disease or mouth sores, can cause bad breath.
+Other mouth, nose and throat conditions.Small stones that form in the tonsils, called tonsil stones or tonsilloliths, are covered with bacteria that can cause bad breath. Infections, or constant swelling in the nose, sinuses or throat, can lead to postnasal drip. This is when fluid from your nose runs down the back of your throat. This condition also can cause bad breath.
+Other causes.Diseases such as some cancers can cause a distinctive breath odor. The same is true for disorders related to the body's process of breaking food down into energy. Constant heartburn, which is a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD, can lead to bad breath. A foreign body, such as a piece of food lodged in a nostril, can cause bad breath in young children.","Your risk of bad breath is higher if you eat foods known to cause bad breath, such as garlic, onions and spices. Smoking, not keeping your mouth clean and some medicines also can play a part, as can dry mouth, infections of the mouth and some diseases. In addition, other conditions such asGERDor cancer can lead to bad breath.",,,"Your dentist likely will smell the breath from your mouth and the breath from your nose and rate the odor on a scale. Because the back of the tongue most often causes the smell, your dentist also may scrape it and rate its odor.
+Some devices also can detect certain chemicals that cause bad breath. But these tools aren't always available.","To reduce bad breath, help avoid cavities and lower your risk of gum disease, regularly keep your mouth and teeth clean. Further treatment for bad breath can vary. If your dentist thinks another health condition is causing your bad breath, you likely will need to see your primary healthcare professional or a specialist.
+Your dentist will work with you to help you better control bad breath caused by mouth issues. Dental measures may include:
+Mouth rinses and toothpastes.If your bad breath is due to a buildup of bacteria called plaque on your teeth, your dentist may recommend a mouth rinse that kills the bacteria. Your dentist also may recommend a toothpaste that contains an antibacterial agent to kill the bacteria that cause plaque buildup.
+Treatment of dental disease.If you have gum disease, your dentist may suggest that you see a gum specialist, known as a periodontist. Gum disease can cause gums to pull away from your teeth, leaving deep pockets that fill with odor-causing bacteria. Sometimes only professional cleaning removes these bacteria. Your dentist also might recommend replacing faulty fillings, a breeding ground for bacteria.",,"If you're going to see your dentist about bad breath, these tips can help:
+Dentists generally prefer morning appointments to test for bad breath. This lowers the chances that foods you eat during the day will affect the exam.
+Don't wear perfume, scented lotions, or scented lipstick or lip gloss to your appointment. These products could mask any odors.
+If you've taken antibiotics within the last month, check with your dentist to see if you need to reschedule your appointment.","To reduce or prevent bad breath:
+Brush your teeth after you eat.Keep a toothbrush at work to use after eating. Brush using a fluoride-containing toothpaste at least twice a day, especially after meals. Toothpaste with antibacterial properties has been shown to reduce bad breath.
+Floss at least once a day.Proper flossing removes food particles and plaque from between your teeth, helping to control bad breath.
+Brush your tongue.Your tongue collects bacteria, so carefully brushing it may reduce odors. A tongue scraper may help people who have a coated tongue from a major overgrowth of bacteria, such as from smoking or dry mouth. Or use a toothbrush that has a built-in tongue cleaner.
+Clean bridges, dentures, retainers and mouth guards.If you wear a bridge or a denture, clean it thoroughly at least once a day or as directed by your dentist. If you have a dental retainer or mouth guard, clean it each time before you put it in your mouth. Your dentist can recommend the best cleaning product.
+Keep your mouth moist.Stay away from tobacco and drink plenty of water. Don't take in too much caffeine, spicy food or alcohol. All can dry out your mouth. Chew gum or suck on candy, preferably sugarless, to make more saliva. For constant dry mouth, your healthcare professional may prescribe an artificial saliva preparation or a medicine that you take by mouth that raises the flow of saliva.
+Change your diet.Stay away from foods such as onions and garlic that can cause bad breath. Eating a lot of sugary foods also is linked with bad breath.
+Replace your toothbrush.Change your toothbrush when it becomes frayed, about every 3 to 4 months or sooner as needed. Also, choose a soft-bristled toothbrush.
+Schedule regular dental checkups.See your dentist regularly — generally twice a year. During these checkups, your dentist can look at your teeth or dentures and clean them.","bad breath, worry"
+495,Broken hand,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-hand/symptoms-causes/syc-20450240,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-hand/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20450277,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-hand/doctors-departments/ddc-20450290,"A broken hand is a break or crack in one or more of the bones of your hand. This injury can be caused by direct blows or falls. Motor vehicle crashes can cause hand bones to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair.
+
+You may be at higher risk of a broken hand if you participate in contact sports like football or hockey, or if you have a condition in which bones become thinner and more fragile (osteoporosis).
+
+It's important to treat a broken hand as soon as possible. Otherwise, the bones might not heal in proper alignment, which might affect your ability to do everyday activities, such as writing or buttoning a shirt. Early treatment will also help minimize pain and stiffness.",A broken hand might cause these signs and symptoms:,,"Hand fractures can be caused by a direct blow or crushing injury. Motor vehicle crashes can cause hand bones to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair.","Your risk of a broken hand may be increased if you participate in sports like football, soccer, rugby, or hockey. Osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones, may also increase your risk of a broken hand.","Complications of a broken hand are rare, but they might include:",It's impossible to prevent the unforeseen events that often cause a broken hand. But these tips might offer some protection.,The diagnosis of a broken hand generally includes a physical exam of the affected hand and X-rays.,"If the broken ends of the bone aren't aligned, there can be gaps between the pieces of bone or fragments might overlap. Your doctor will need to manipulate the pieces back into position, a procedure known as a reduction. Depending on the amount of pain and swelling you have, you might need a local or general anesthetic before this procedure.
+
+Whatever your treatment, it's important to move your fingers regularly while the fracture is healing to keep them from stiffening. Ask your doctor about the best ways to move them. If you smoke, quit. Smoking can delay or prevent bone healing.",,"You might first seek treatment for a broken hand in an emergency room or urgent care clinic. If the pieces of broken bone aren't lined up properly to allow healing with immobilization, you might be referred to a doctor specializing in orthopedic surgery.",,none
+497,Hepatitis A,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20367055,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/doctors-departments/ddc-20367081,"Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is one of several types of hepatitis viruses that cause liver inflammation and affect your liver's ability to function.
+You're most likely to get hepatitis A from contaminated food or water or from close contact with a person or object that's infected. Mild cases of hepatitis A don't require treatment. Most people who are infected recover completely with no permanent liver damage.
+Practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently, can prevent the spread of the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine can protect against hepatitis A.","Hepatitis A symptoms typically appear a few weeks after you've had the virus. But not everyone with hepatitis A develops symptoms. If you do, symptoms can include:
+Unusual tiredness and weakness
+Sudden nausea and vomiting and diarrhea
+Abdominal pain or discomfort, especially on the upper right side beneath your lower ribs, which is over your liver
+Clay- or gray-colored stool
+Loss of appetite
+Low-grade fever
+Dark urine
+Joint pain
+Yellowing of the skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
+Intense itching
+These symptoms may be relatively mild and go away in a few weeks. Sometimes, however, hepatitis A results in a severe illness that lasts several months.","Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of hepatitis A.
+Getting the hepatitis A vaccine or an injection of an antibody called immunoglobulin within two weeks of exposure to the hepatitis A virus may protect you from infection.
+Ask your health care provider or your local health department about receiving the hepatitis A vaccine if:
+You traveled recently to areas where the virus is common, particularly Mexico, Central America and South America or to areas with poor sanitation
+You ate at a restaurant with a hepatitis A outbreak
+You live with someone who has hepatitis A
+You recently had sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A","Hepatitis A is caused by a virus that infects liver cells and causes inflammation. The inflammation can affect how your liver works and cause other symptoms of hepatitis A.
+The virus spreads when infected stool, even just tiny amounts, enters the mouth of another person (fecal-oral transmission). You may get hepatitis A when you eat or drink something contaminated with infected stool. You may also get the infection through close contact with a person who has hepatitis A. The virus can live on surfaces for a few months. The virus does not spread through casual contact or by sneezing or coughing.
+Here are some of the specific ways the hepatitis A virus can spread:
+Eating food handled by someone with the virus who doesn't thoroughly wash hands after using the toilet
+Drinking contaminated water
+Eating food washed in contaminated water
+Eating raw shellfish from water polluted with sewage
+Being in close contact with a person who has the virus — even if that person has no symptoms
+Having sexual contact with someone who has the virus","You're at increased risk of hepatitis A if you:
+Travel or work in areas of the world where hepatitis A is common
+Live with another person who has hepatitis A
+Are a man who has sexual contact with other men
+Have any type of sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A
+AreHIVpositive
+Are homeless
+Use any type of recreational drugs, not just those that are injected","Unlike other types of viral hepatitis, hepatitis A does not cause long-term liver damage, and it doesn't become an ongoing (chronic) infection.
+In rare cases, hepatitis A can cause a sudden (acute) loss of liver function, especially in older adults or people with chronic liver diseases. Acute liver failure requires a stay in the hospital for monitoring and treatment. Some people with acute liver failure may need a liver transplant.","The hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus. The vaccine is typically given in two shots. The first shot is followed by a booster shot six months later. The hepatitis A vaccine can be given in a combination that includes the hepatitis B vaccine. This vaccine combination is given in three shots over six months.
+The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the hepatitis A vaccine for the following people:
+All children at age 1 year, or older children who didn't receive the childhood vaccine
+Anyone age 1 year or older who is homeless
+Infants ages 6 to 11 months traveling to parts of the world where hepatitis A is common
+Family and caregivers of adoptees from countries where hepatitis A is common
+People in direct contact with others who have hepatitis A
+Laboratory workers who may come into contact with hepatitis A
+Men who have sex with men
+People who work or travel in parts of the world where hepatitis A is common
+People who use any type of recreational drugs, not just injected ones
+People with chronic liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C
+Anyone wishing to obtain protection (immunity)
+If you're concerned about your risk of hepatitis A, ask your health care provider if you should be vaccinated.","Blood tests are used to look for signs of the hepatitis A virus in your body. A sample of blood is taken, usually from a vein in your arm. It's sent to a laboratory for testing.","No specific treatment exists for hepatitis A. Your body will clear the hepatitis A virus on its own. In most cases of hepatitis A, the liver heals within six months with no lasting damage.
+Hepatitis A treatment usually focuses on keeping comfortable and controlling symptoms. You may need to:
+Rest.Many people with hepatitis A feel tired and sick and have less energy.
+Get adequate food and liquid.Eat a balanced healthy diet. Nausea can make it difficult to eat. Try snacking throughout the day rather than eating full meals. To get enough calories, eat more high-calorie foods. For instance, drink fruit juice or milk rather than water. Drinking plenty of fluids is important to prevent dehydration, especially if vomiting or diarrhea occurs.
+Avoid alcohol and use medications with care.Your liver may have difficulty processing medications and alcohol. If you have hepatitis, don't drink alcohol. It can cause liver damage. Talk to your health care provider about all the medications you take, including medications available without a prescription.",,"If someone close to you is diagnosed with hepatitis A, ask your health care provider or local health department if you should have the hepatitis A vaccine to prevent infection.
+If you have symptoms of hepatitis A, make an appointment with your health care provider.","If you have hepatitis A, you can take steps to reduce the risk of passing the virus to others.
+Avoid sexual activity.Avoid all sexual activity if you have hepatitis A. Many kinds of sexual activity can spread the infection to your partner. Condoms don't offer adequate protection.
+Wash your hands thoroughly after using the toilet and changing diapers.Scrub vigorously for at least 20 seconds and rinse well. Dry your hands with a disposable towel.
+Don't prepare food for others while you're actively infected.You can easily pass the infection to others.","nausea, joint pain, illness, hepatitis a, clay-colored stool, tiredness, jaundice, dark urine, loss of appetite, itching, diarrhea, vomiting, sudden nausea and vomiting, pain, loss of appetite
+low-grade fever, weakness, fever, yellowing of the skin, abdominal pain"
+498,Hepatitis B,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms-causes/syc-20366802,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366821,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/doctors-departments/ddc-20366893,"Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). For most people, hepatitis B is short term, also called acute. Acute hepatitis B lasts less than six months. But for others, the infection lasts more than six months and is called chronic. Chronic hepatitis B raises the risk of liver failure, liver cancer and serious scarring of the liver called cirrhosis.
+Most adults with hepatitis B recover fully, even if their symptoms are bad. Infants and children are more likely to develop a chronic, long-lasting hepatitis B virus infection.
+A vaccine can prevent infection with the hepatitis B virus. For those who get infected, treatment depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic. Some people need medicine. Others with serious liver damage from a chronic infection need a liver transplant. If you're infected, taking certain safety measures can help prevent spreading the virus to others.","Symptoms of acute hepatitis B range from mild to serious. The symptoms usually start about 1 to 4 months after you've been infected withHBV. But you could notice them as early as two weeks after you're infected. Some people with acute or chronic hepatitis B may not have any symptoms, especially young children.
+Hepatitis B symptoms may include:
+Pain in the stomach area, also called the abdomen.
+Dark urine.
+Fever.
+Joint pain.
+Loss of appetite.
+Upset stomach and vomiting.
+Weakness and extreme tiredness.
+Jaundice, which is a yellowing of the whites of the eyes and the skin. Depending on skin color, this change may be harder or easier to see.","If you know you've been exposed to the hepatitis B virus, call your healthcare professional right away. A preventive treatment may lower your risk of infection if you get the treatment within 24 hours of exposure to the virus.
+If you think you have symptoms of hepatitis B, call your healthcare professional.","Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus passes from person to person through blood, semen or other body fluids. It does not spread by sneezing or coughing.
+Common ways thatHBVcan spread are:
+Sexual contact.You may get hepatitis B if you have sex with someone who is infected and you don't use a condom. The virus can pass to you if the person's blood, saliva, semen or vaginal fluids enter your body.
+Sharing of needles.HBVeasily spreads through needles and syringes that are tainted with infected blood. Sharing equipment used to inject illicit drugs puts you at high risk of hepatitis B.
+Accidental needlesticks.Hepatitis B is a concern for healthcare workers and anyone else who comes in contact with human blood.
+Pregnant person to newborn.Pregnant people infected withHBVcan pass the virus to their babies during childbirth. But the newborn can be vaccinated to prevent getting infected in almost all cases. Talk with your healthcare professional about being tested for hepatitis B if you are pregnant or want to become pregnant.","The hepatitis B virus spreads through contact with blood, semen or other body fluids from an infected person. Your risk ofHBVinfection rises if you:
+Have sex without a condom with multiple sex partners or with someone who's infected withHBV.
+Share needles during the use of drugs injected into a vein.
+Are born male and have sex with men.
+Live with someone who has a chronicHBVinfection.
+Are an infant who was born to an infected pregnant person.
+Have a job that exposes you to human blood.
+Have hepatitis C orHIV.
+Receive dialysis treatment.
+Are or have been in prison.
+Need to take medicine that can weaken the immune system, such as chemotherapy.
+Travel to regions with high infection rates ofHBV, such as Asia, the Pacific Islands, Africa and Eastern Europe.","Having a chronicHBVinfection can lead to serious health conditions called complications. These include:
+Scarring of the liver, also called cirrhosis.Swelling called inflammation is linked with hepatitis B. The inflammation can lead to cirrhosis that may prevent the liver from working as it should.
+Liver cancer.People with chronic hepatitis B have a higher risk of liver cancer.
+Liver failure.Acute liver failure is a condition in which the vital functions of the liver shut down. When that happens, a liver transplant is needed to stay alive.
+Sudden increase in the level of hepatitis B virus.In some people with chronic hepatitis B, levels of the virus are low or haven't yet been found by tests. If the virus starts to quickly make copies of itself, tests may spot this rise or find the virus. This is called reactivation of the virus. It can lead to liver damage or even liver failure.Reactivation tends to affect people who have weakened immune systems, also called suppressed immune systems. This includes people on medicines that weakens the immune system, such as high-dose corticosteroids or chemotherapy. Before taking these medicines, you should be tested for hepatitis B. If testing shows that you have hepatitis B, see a liver specialist called a hepatologist before you start these medicines.
+Other conditions.People with chronic hepatitis B may develop kidney disease or inflammation of blood vessels.","The hepatitis B vaccine is the main way to prevent infection withHBV. The vaccine is given as two shots one month apart, or three or four shots over six months. How many shots you get depends on the type of hepatitis B vaccine that you're given. You can't get hepatitis B from the vaccine.
+In the United States, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that infants get their first shot of the vaccine after they're born. If you didn't get vaccinated as a baby or child, the committee still recommends the vaccine for everyone through age 59. If you're age 60 or older and haven't gotten vaccinated, get the vaccine if you're at risk of being exposed to the hepatitis B virus. People 60 and over who haven't been vaccinated and are not at high risk also can choose to get the vaccine.
+The hepatitis B vaccine is strongly recommended for:
+Newborns.
+Children and adolescents not vaccinated at birth.
+Those who work or live in centers for people who have developmental disabilities.
+People who live with someone who has hepatitis B.
+Healthcare workers, emergency workers and other people who come into contact with blood.
+Anyone who has a sexually transmitted infection, includingHIV.
+People born male who have sex with men.
+People who have multiple sexual partners.
+Sexual partners of someone who has hepatitis B.
+People who inject street drugs or share needles and syringes.
+People with chronic liver disease.
+People with end-stage kidney disease.
+Travelers planning to go to an area of the world with a highHBVinfection rate.","Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare professional takes to find out if you have hepatitis B. Your healthcare professional gives you a physical exam and looks for symptoms of liver damage. These symptoms can include yellowing skin and stomach pain. Tests that can help diagnose hepatitis B or its complications are:
+Blood tests.Blood tests can detect the hepatitis B virus in your body. They also can tell your healthcare professional if the infection is acute or chronic. A simple blood test also can find out if you're immune to the condition.
+Liver ultrasound.A special ultrasound called transient elastography can show the amount of liver damage.
+Liver biopsy.Your healthcare professional might remove a small sample of your liver for testing to check for liver damage. This is called a liver biopsy. During this test, your healthcare professional inserts a thin needle through your skin and into your liver. The needle removes a tissue sample for the lab to check.",,"If you have hepatitis B, the following tips might help you cope:
+Learn about hepatitis B.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a good place to start.
+Stay connected to friends and family.You can't spread hepatitis B through casual contact, so don't cut yourself off from people who can offer support.
+Take care of yourself.Eat a healthy diet full of fruits and vegetables, exercise regularly, and get enough sleep.
+Take care of your liver.Don't drink alcohol or take new medicines without talking with your healthcare professional first. Get tested for hepatitis A and C. Get vaccinated for hepatitis A if you haven't been exposed.","You're likely to start by seeing your family healthcare professional. You may be referred to a specialist right away. Doctors who specialize in treating hepatitis B include:
+Doctors called gastroenterologists, who treat digestive diseases.
+Doctors called hepatologists, who treat liver diseases.
+Doctors who treat infectious diseases.","If you've been infected with the hepatitis B virus, take steps to protect others.
+Make sex safer.If you're sexually active, tell your partner you haveHBV. Talk about the risk of your partner catching the virus from you. Use a new latex condom every time you have sex. Be aware that condoms lower the risk but don't get rid of the risk completely.
+Tell your sexual partner to get tested.Anyone with whom you've had sex needs to be tested for the virus. Your partners also need to know theirHBVstatus so that they don't infect others. If tests show that they've been infected, they should get healthcare checkups to see if they need treatment.
+Don't share personal care items.If you use injected drugs, never share needles and syringes. And don't share razor blades or toothbrushes, because they may carry traces of infected blood.","pain, upset stomach, joint pain, tiredness, weakness, hepatitis b, vomiting, fever, jaundice, dark urine, extreme tiredness, loss of appetite, pain in the stomach area"
+499,Hepatocellular carcinoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatocellular-carcinoma/cdc-20354552,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353664,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20353667,,"Hepatocellular carcinoma might not cause symptoms that are noticed right away. This liver cancer happens most often in people with liver scarring, called cirrhosis, caused by hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection. In these people, the cancer symptoms might be the same as the cirrhosis symptoms.
+If signs and symptoms of hepatocellular carcinoma develop, they may include:
+Losing weight without trying.
+Loss of appetite.
+Upper abdominal pain.
+A growth in the abdomen.
+Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, known as jaundice.
+Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.",,"It's not always clear what causes hepatocellular carcinoma. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the liver. Most people with this type of cancer have an ongoing liver condition, such as cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection.
+Hepatocellular carcinoma happens when cells in the liver called hepatocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","Factors that may increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma include:
+Older age.Hepatocellular carcinoma is more common in older adults.
+Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus.Ongoing or previous infection with the hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
+Cirrhosis.Cirrhosis is a progressive and irreversible condition that causes scar tissue to form in the liver. It increases the chances of developing hepatocellular carcinoma.
+Certain inherited liver diseases.Some liver diseases that can run in families may increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Examples include hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease.
+Excess fat in the liver.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, also called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, happens when fat builds up in the liver. People with this condition are at an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
+Diabetes.People with this blood sugar condition have a greater risk of hepatocellular carcinoma than those who don't have diabetes.
+Obesity.People with obesity have a higher risk of cirrhosis and excess fat in the liver. These conditions increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
+Exposure to aflatoxins.Aflatoxins are poisons produced by molds that grow on crops that are stored poorly. Crops, such as grains and nuts, can become contaminated with aflatoxins, which can end up in foods made of these products.
+Excessive alcohol consumption.Consuming more than a moderate amount of alcohol daily over many years can lead to irreversible liver damage and increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
+Smoking cigarettes.People who smoke cigarettes are at an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.",,"Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver, and it increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. You can reduce your risk of cirrhosis if you:
+Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
+Maintain a healthy weight.If your weight is healthy, work to maintain that weight. If you need to lose weight, ask a healthcare professional about healthy ways to lower your weight. Eat fewer calories and slowly increase the amount of exercise.
+Infection with the hepatitis B virus increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. You can reduce your risk of hepatitis B by receiving the hepatitis B vaccine. The vaccine can be given to almost anyone, including infants, children, adults and older adults.
+Infection with the hepatitis C virus increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. No vaccine for hepatitis C exists, but you can reduce your risk of infection.
+Know the health status of any sexual partner.Don't engage in unprotected sex unless you're certain your partner isn't infected with hepatitis B, hepatitis C or any other sexually transmitted infection. If you don't know the health status of your partner, use a condom every time you have sexual intercourse.
+Don't use intravenous drugs, but if you do, use a clean needle.Reduce your risk of hepatitis C by not injecting legal or illegal drugs that may be sold on the streets. But if that isn't an option for you, make sure any needle you use is sterile, and don't share it. Contaminated needles are a common cause of hepatitis C infection. Take advantage of needle-exchange programs in your community and consider seeking help for your drug use.
+Seek safe, clean shops when getting a piercing or tattoo.Needles that may not be properly sterilized can spread the hepatitis C virus. Before getting a piercing or tattoo, check out the shops in your area and ask staff members about their safety practices. If employees at a shop won't answer your questions or don't take your questions seriously, take that as a sign that the facility isn't right for you.
+Treatments are available for hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections. Research shows that treatment can reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
+For most people, screening for liver cancer hasn't been proved to reduce the risk of dying of liver cancer, and it isn't generally recommended. People with conditions that increase the risk of liver cancer might consider screening. People with an increased risk include those who have:
+Hepatitis B infection.
+Hepatitis C infection.
+Liver cirrhosis.
+Talk about the pros and cons of screening with your healthcare team. Together you can decide whether screening is right for you based on your risk. Hepatocellular carcinoma screening typically involves a blood test and an abdominal ultrasound every six months.",,"Treatments for primary liver cancer depend on the extent (stage) of the disease as well as your age, overall health and personal preferences.","Learning you have any life-threatening illness can be devastating. Each person finds his or her own ways of coping with a diagnosis of liver cancer. Although there are no easy answers for people dealing with liver cancer, the following suggestions may be of help:
+Learn enough about liver cancer to make decisions about your care.Ask your doctor about your liver cancer, including the stage of your cancer, your treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about liver cancer, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
+Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with your liver cancer. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your house if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
+Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener with whom you can talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The support of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer survivors group also may be helpful.Ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Or check your phone book, library or a cancer organization, such as the National Cancer Institute or the American Cancer Society.
+Make plans for the unknown.Having a life-threatening illness, such as cancer, requires you to prepare for the possibility that you may die. For some people, having a strong faith or a sense of something greater than themselves makes it easier to come to terms with a life-threatening illness.Ask your doctor about advance directives and living wills to help you plan for end-of-life care, should you need it.","If you think you may have liver cancer, you're likely to start by seeing your family doctor. If your doctor suspects you may have liver cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the liver (hepatologist) or to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer (oncologist).
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and what to expect from your doctor.",,"cancer, liver cancer, cirrhosis, hepatitis b, jaundice, worry, yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, abdominal pain, upper abdominal pain, hepatocellular carcinoma, losing weight, hepatitis c infection, loss of appetite, growth in the abdomen"
+500,Hepatitis C,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-c/symptoms-causes/syc-20354278,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-c/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354284,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-c/doctors-departments/ddc-20354286,"Hepatitis C is a viral infection that causes liver swelling, called inflammation. Hepatitis C can lead to serious liver damage. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) spreads through contact with blood that has the virus in it.
+Newer antiviral medicines are the treatment of choice for most people with the ongoing, called chronic, hepatitis C infection. These medicines often can cure chronic hepatitis C.
+But many people with hepatitis C don't know they have it. That's mainly because symptoms can take decades to appear. So, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that all adults ages 18 to 79 years be screened for hepatitis C.
+Screening is for everyone, even those who don't have symptoms or known liver disease.","Every long-term hepatitis C infection starts with what's called an acute phase. Acute hepatitis C usually isn't diagnosed because it rarely causes symptoms. When there are symptoms in this phase, they may include jaundice, fatigue, nausea, fever and muscle aches.
+Long-term infection with the hepatitis C virus is called chronic hepatitis C. Chronic hepatitis C usually has no symptoms for many years. Symptoms appear only after the virus damages the liver enough to cause them.
+Symptoms can include:
+Bleeding easily.
+Bruising easily.
+Fatigue.
+Not wanting to eat.
+Yellowing of the skin, called jaundice. This might show up more in white people. Also, yellowing of the whites of the eyes in white, Black and brown people.
+Dark-colored urine.
+Itchy skin.
+Fluid buildup in the stomach area, called ascites.
+Swelling in the legs.
+Weight loss.
+Confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech, called hepatic encephalopathy.
+Spiderlike blood vessels on the skin, called spider angiomas.
+Acute hepatitis C infection doesn't always become chronic. Some people clear the infection from their bodies after the acute phase. This is called spontaneous viral clearance. Antiviral therapy also helps clear acute hepatitis C.",,"Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infection spreads when blood that has the virus enters the bloodstream of a person who isn't affected.
+Around the world, hepatitis C infection exists in several forms, called genotypes. There are seven genotypes and 67 subtypes. The most common hepatitis C genotype in the United States is type 1.
+Chronic hepatitis C follows the same course no matter what the genotype of the infecting virus. But treatment can vary depending on viral genotype. However, newer antiviral drugs can treat many genotypes.",,"Hepatitis C infection that continues over many years can cause serious complications, such as:
+Scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis.Scarring can occur after decades of hepatitis C infection. Liver scarring makes it hard for the liver to work.
+Liver cancer.A small number of people with hepatitis C infection get liver cancer.
+Liver failure.A lot of scarring can cause the liver to stop working.","The following might protect from hepatitis C infection:
+Stop using illegal drugs.If you use illegal drugs, seek help.
+Be careful about body piercing and tattooing.For piercing or tattooing, look for a shop that's known to be clean. Ask questions about how the equipment is cleaned. Make sure the employees use sterile needles. If employees won't answer questions, look for another shop.
+Practice safer sex.Don't have sex without protection with any partner whose health status you don't know. Don't have sex with more than one partner. The risk of couples who only have sex with each other getting hepatitis C through sex is low.","If a screening test shows hepatitis C, other blood tests can:
+Measure the quantity of the hepatitis C virus in the blood, called the viral load.
+Show the genotype of the virus.",,,"If you think you might be at risk of hepatitis C, see your health care provider. If you're diagnosed with a hepatitis C infection, your provider might refer you to a specialist in liver diseases, called a hepatologist, or a specialist in infectious diseases.","Certain lifestyle changes can help manage hepatitis C. These measures can help keep you healthy longer and protect the health of others:
+Stop drinking alcohol.Alcohol speeds liver disease.
+Don't use medicines that might cause liver damage.Review all medicines you take with your health care provider. You might need to not take certain medicines.
+Keep others from coming in contact with your blood.Cover wounds you have. Don't share razors or toothbrushes. Don't donate blood, body organs or semen. Tell health care workers that you have the virus.Tell your partner about your infection before you have sex. Always use condoms during intercourse.","bruising easily, nausea, muscle aches, drowsiness, hepatitis c infection, weight loss, hepatitis, not wanting to eat, spiderlike blood vessels on the skin, fatigue, jaundice, slurred speech, hepatic encephalopathy, swelling in the legs, angiomas, bleeding, chronic hepatitis c, ascites, infection, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+jaundice, fluid buildup in the stomach area, itchy skin, fever, bleeding easily, dark-colored urine, confusion, damages, bruising"
+501,Coma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coma/symptoms-causes/syc-20371099,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371103,,"Coma is a state of prolonged loss of consciousness. It can have a variety of causes, including traumatic head injury, stroke, brain tumor, or drug or alcohol intoxication. A coma may even be caused by an underlying illness, such as diabetes or an infection.
+Coma is a medical emergency. Quick action is needed to preserve life and brain function. Healthcare professionals typically order a series of blood tests and a brain scan to try to learn what's causing the coma so that proper treatment can begin.
+A coma doesn't usually last longer than several weeks. People who are unconscious for a longer time might transition to a lasting vegetative state, known as a persistent vegetative state, or brain death.","The symptoms of a coma commonly include:
+Closed eyes.
+Depressed brainstem reflexes, such as pupils not responding to light.
+No responses of limbs except for reflex movements.
+No response to painful stimuli except for reflex movements.
+Irregular breathing.",A coma is a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical care for the person in a coma.,"Many types of problems can cause a coma. Some examples are:
+Traumatic brain injuries.These are often caused by traffic collisions or acts of violence.
+Stroke.Reduced or stopped blood supply to the brain, known as a stroke, can result from blocked arteries or a burst blood vessel.
+Tumors.Tumors in the brain or brainstem can cause a coma.
+Diabetes.Blood sugar levels that become too high or too low can cause a coma.
+Lack of oxygen.People who have been rescued from drowning or revived after a heart attack might not awaken due to lack of oxygen to the brain.
+Infections.Infections such as encephalitis and meningitis cause swelling of the brain, spinal cord or the tissues that surround the brain. Severe cases of these infections can result in brain damage or a coma.
+Seizures.Ongoing seizures can lead to a coma.
+Toxins.Exposure to toxins, such as carbon monoxide or lead, can cause brain damage and a coma.
+Drugs and alcohol.Overdosing on drugs or alcohol can result in a coma.","Risk factors for coma include:
+Serious head injury.
+Stroke.
+Bleeding in and around the brain, known as an intracranial bleed.
+Brain tumor.
+Diabetes with blood sugar that's very high or very low.
+Health conditions, such as hypothyroidism or very low sodium in the blood.
+Very low blood pressure from serious heart failure.
+Epilepsy, including having seizures that last more than five minutes or that happen one after another without the person regaining consciousness.
+Serious infection, such as sepsis, encephalitis or meningitis.
+Near drowning, which decreases oxygen to the brain.
+Excessive use of alcohol or use of illegal drugs.
+Exposure to carbon monoxide, lead or other toxins.
+The risk of coma goes up with age. This is especially true if older adults:
+Have a brain disease or another condition such as diabetes, high blood pressure or kidney disease.
+Take several medicines, which can lead to drug interactions or accidental overdose.","Although many people gradually recover from a coma, others enter a persistent vegetative state or die. Some people who recover from a coma end up with major or minor disabilities.
+During a coma, bedsores, urinary tract infections, blood clots in the legs and other problems may develop.",,"Because people in comas can't express themselves, healthcare professionals must rely on physical clues and information provided by family members and friends. Be prepared to provide information about the affected person, including:
+Events leading up to the coma such as vomiting or headaches.
+Details about how the affected person lost consciousness, including whether it occurred quickly or over time.
+Noticeable symptoms before losing consciousness.
+Medical history, including other conditions the person may have had in the past. This includes whether the person has had a stroke or ministroke.
+Recent changes in the person's health or behavior.
+The person's drug use, including prescription and nonprescription medicines, unapproved medicines, and illicit drugs.","A coma is a medical emergency. Healthcare professionals typically first check the affected person's airway and help maintain breathing and circulation. A person in a coma might need breathing assistance, medicines through a vein and other supportive care.
+Treatment depends on the cause of the coma. A procedure or medicines to relieve pressure on the brain due to brain swelling might be needed. Emergency responders might give glucose or antibiotics through a vein in the arm. These may be given even before blood test results return in cases of very low blood sugar or an infection affecting the brain.
+If the coma is the result of a medicine or an illegal drug overdose, healthcare professionals typically give medicines to treat the condition. If the coma is due to seizures, medicines can control seizures. Other treatments might focus on medicines or therapies to address an underlying disease, such as diabetes or liver disease.
+Sometimes the cause of a coma can be completely reversed, and the affected person regains function. Recovery usually occurs gradually. A person with severe brain damage might have permanent disabilities or never regain consciousness.",,"A coma is an emergency medical condition. If you are with a person who develops symptoms of a coma, call 911 or emergency medical help immediately.
+When you arrive at the hospital, emergency room staff will need as much information as possible from family and friends about what happened to the affected person before the coma. You might be asked the following questions while riding in the ambulance:
+Did the coma start abruptly or gradually?
+Were there problems with vision, dizziness or weakness beforehand?
+Does the affected person have a history of diabetes, seizures or strokes?
+Did the affected person talk about changes in health in the time leading up to the coma, such as a fever or worsening headache?
+Did you notice changes in the affected person's ability to function in the time leading up to the coma, such as frequent falls or confusion?
+Did the affected person use prescription or nonprescription drugs?",,"depressed reflexes, coma, closed eyes, irregular breathing, no responses"
+502,Chronic daily headaches,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-daily-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20370891,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-daily-headaches/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370897,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-daily-headaches/doctors-departments/ddc-20370898,"Most people have headaches from time to time. But if you have a headache more days than not, you might have chronic daily headaches.
+Rather than a specific headache type, chronic daily headaches include a variety of headache subtypes. Chronic refers to how often the headaches occur and how long the condition lasts.
+The constant nature of chronic daily headaches makes them one of the most disabling headache conditions. Aggressive initial treatment and steady, long-term management might reduce pain and lead to fewer headaches.","By definition, chronic daily headaches occur 15 days or more a month, for longer than three months. True (primary) chronic daily headaches aren't caused by another condition.
+There are short-lasting and long-lasting chronic daily headaches. Long-lasting headaches last more than four hours. They include:
+Chronic migraine
+Chronic tension-type headache
+New daily persistent headache
+Hemicrania continua","Occasional headaches are common, and usually require no medical attention. However, consult your doctor if:
+You usually have two or more headaches a week
+You take a pain reliever for your headaches most days
+You need more than the recommended dose of over-the-counter pain remedies to relieve your headaches
+Your headache pattern changes or your headaches worsen
+Your headaches are disabling
+Seek prompt medical care if your headache:
+Is sudden and severe
+Accompanies a fever, stiff neck, confusion, seizure, double vision, weakness, numbness or difficulty speaking
+Follows a head injury
+Gets worse despite rest and pain medication","The causes of many chronic daily headaches aren't well-understood. True (primary) chronic daily headaches don't have an identifiable underlying cause.
+Conditions that might cause nonprimary chronic daily headaches include:
+Inflammation or other problems with the blood vessels in and around the brain, including stroke
+Infections, such as meningitis
+Intracranial pressure that's either too high or too low
+Brain tumor
+Traumatic brain injury","Factors associated with developing frequent headaches include:
+Female sex
+Anxiety
+Depression
+Sleep disturbances
+Obesity
+Snoring
+Overuse of caffeine
+Overuse of headache medication
+Other chronic pain conditions","If you have chronic daily headaches, you're also more likely to have depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and other psychological and physical problems.","Taking care of yourself might help ease chronic daily headaches.
+Avoid headache triggers.Keeping a headache diary can help you determine what triggers your headaches so that you can avoid the triggers. Include details about every headache, such as when it started, what you were doing at the time and how long it lasted.
+Avoid medication overuse.Taking headache medications, including over-the-counter medications, more than twice a week can increase the severity and frequency of your headaches. Consult your doctor about how to wean yourself off the medication because there can be serious side effects if done improperly.
+Get enough sleep.The average adult needs seven to eight hours of sleep a night. It's best to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. Talk to your doctor if you have sleep disturbances, such as snoring.
+Don't skip meals.Eat healthy meals at about the same times daily. Avoid food or drinks, such as those containing caffeine, that seem to trigger headaches. Lose weight if you're obese.
+Exercise regularly.Regular aerobic physical activity can improve your physical and mental well-being and reduce stress. With your doctor's OK, choose activities you enjoy — such as walking, swimming or cycling. To avoid injury, start slowly.
+Reduce stress.Stress is a common trigger of chronic headaches. Get organized. Simplify your schedule. Plan ahead. Stay positive. Try stress-reduction techniques, such as yoga, tai chi or meditation.
+Reduce caffeine.While some headache medications include caffeine because it can be beneficial in reducing headache pain, it can also aggravate headaches. Try to minimize or eliminate caffeine from your diet.","Your doctor will likely examine you for signs of illness, infection or neurological problems and ask about your headache history.
+If the cause of your headaches remains uncertain, your doctor might order imaging tests, such as a CT scan or MRI, to look for an underlying medical condition.","Treatment for an underlying condition often stops frequent headaches. If no such condition is found, treatment focuses on preventing pain.
+Prevention strategies vary, depending on the type of headache you have and whether medication overuse is contributing to your headaches. If you're taking pain relievers more than three days a week, the first step might be to wean yourself off these drugs with your doctor's guidance.
+When you're ready to begin preventive therapy, your doctor may recommend:
+Antidepressants.Tricyclic antidepressants — such as nortriptyline (Pamelor) — can be used to treat chronic headaches. These medications can also help treat the depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances that often accompany chronic daily headaches.Other antidepressants, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem, others), might help in treating depression and anxiety, but have not been shown to be more effective than placebo for headaches.
+Beta blockers.These drugs, commonly used to treat high blood pressure, are also a mainstay for preventing episodic migraines. These include atenolol (Tenormin), metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol-XL) and propranolol (Inderal, Innopran XL).
+Anti-seizure medications.Some anti-seizure drugs seem to prevent migraines and might be used to prevent chronic daily headaches, as well. Options include topiramate (Topamax, Qudexy XR, others), divalproex sodium (Depakote) and gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise).
+NSAIDs.Prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs — such as naproxen sodium (Anaprox, Naprelan) — might be helpful, especially if you're withdrawing from other pain relievers. They can also be used periodically when the headache is more severe.
+Botulinum toxin.OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) injections provide relief for some people and might be a viable option for people who don't tolerate daily medication well. Botox would most likely be considered if the headaches have features of chronic migraines.
+The use of one drug is preferred, but if one drug doesn't work well enough, your doctor might consider combining drugs.","Chronic daily headaches can interfere with your job, your relationships and your quality of life. Here are suggestions to help you cope with the challenges.
+Take control.Commit yourself to living a full, satisfying life. Work with your doctor to develop a treatment plan that works for you. Take good care of yourself. Do things that lift your spirits.
+Seek understanding.Don't expect friends and loved ones to instinctively know what's best for you. Ask for what you need, whether it's time alone or less attention paid to your headaches.
+Check out support groups.You might find it useful to talk to other people who have painful headaches.
+Consider counseling.A counselor or therapist offers support and can help you manage stress. Your therapist can also help you understand the psychological effects of your headache pain. In addition, there's evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy can reduce headache frequency and severity.","You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner. However, you may be referred to a headache specialist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"short-lasting, chronic tension-type headache, headache, hemicrania continua, last more than four hours, long-lasting, migraine, headaches"
+504,Exercise headaches,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/exercise-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20372276,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/exercise-headaches/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372280,,"Exercise headaches occur during or after sustained, strenuous exercise. Some activities associated with exercise headaches include running, rowing, tennis, swimming and weightlifting.
+
+Health care providers divide exercise headaches into two categories. Primary exercise headaches are usually harmless, aren't connected to any underlying problems and can often be prevented with medication.
+
+Secondary exercise headaches are caused by an underlying, often serious problem within the brain — such as bleeding or a tumor — or outside the brain — such as coronary artery disease. Secondary exercise headaches may require emergency medical attention.",These headaches:,"If you experience a headache during or after exercise, consult your provider. Call your provider right away if the headache begins abruptly or if it's your first headache of this type.",The exact cause of primary exercise headaches is unknown. One theory is that strenuous exercise dilates blood vessels inside the skull.,You may be at greater risk of exercise headaches if you:,,"Exercise headaches tend to occur more often when the weather is hot and humid, or if you're exercising at high altitudes. If you're prone to exercise headaches, you may want to avoid exercising in these conditions.
+
+Some people experience exercise headaches only during the performance of certain activities, so they may prevent their headaches by avoiding these activities. A warm-up prior to strenuous exercise also can help prevent exercise headaches.","Your provider will likely recommend an imaging test, especially if:
+
+In these cases, different types of imaging tests can help your provider verify that you have the harmless variety of exercise headache, rather than the type caused by a structural or vascular irregularity.
+
+Sometimes a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) is needed as well, especially if the headache started abruptly and very recently and brain imaging appears normal.","If no underlying structural or vascular problem is causing your exercise headaches, your provider may recommend medications to take regularly to help prevent the headaches.
+
+Other therapies, including naproxen (Naprosyn), phenelzine (Nardil) and dihydroergotamine mesylate (Migranal, Trudhesa), have been reported to be effective in some people.
+
+If your exercise headaches are predictable, you may be able to take a medication an hour or two before a scheduled event, such as a tennis match or a hike at high altitude. If your exercise headaches are frequent or unpredictable, you might need to take the preventive medicine every day.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your provider. In some cases, you may be referred to a neurologist. It's good to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and to know what to expect from your provider.",,headaches
+505,Migraine,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/doctors-departments/ddc-20360213,"A migraine is a headache that can cause intense throbbing pain or a pulsing feeling, usually on one side of the head. It often happens with nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. Migraine attacks can last for hours to days, and the pain can be so bad that it interferes with your daily activities.
+For some people, a warning symptom known as an aura occurs before or with a migraine. An aura can include visual changes, such as flashes of light or blind spots. The aura also can cause tingling on one side of the face or in an arm or leg and trouble speaking.
+Medicines can help prevent some migraines and make them less painful. Combining medicines with self-help remedies and lifestyle changes also might help.","Migraines can affect children and teenagers as well as adults. A migraine can progress through four stages that have different symptoms: prodrome, aura, attack and postdrome. Not everyone who has migraines goes through all stages.","Migraines are often not diagnosed or treated. If you regularly have symptoms of migraines, keep a record of your attacks and how you treated them. Then make an appointment with your healthcare professional to discuss your headaches.
+If you have a history of headaches, see your healthcare professional if the pattern changes or your headaches suddenly feel different.
+See your healthcare professional right away or go to the emergency roomif you have any of the following symptoms. They could be caused by a more serious medical issue.
+An abrupt, very bad headache like a thunderclap.
+Headache with a fever, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, double vision, or numbness or weakness in any part of the body. These symptoms could be a sign of a stroke.
+Headache after a head injury.
+A chronic headache that is worse after coughing, exertion, straining or sudden movement.
+New headache pain after age 50.","Though migraine causes aren't fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role.
+Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. Imbalances in brain chemicals also might be involved — including serotonin, which helps regulate pain in your nervous system. Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines.
+Other chemical messengers play a role in migraine pain, including calcitonin gene-related peptide, also known as CGRP.","Several risk factors make you more prone to having migraines, including:
+Family history.Having a family member with migraines means you have a higher chance of developing them yourself.
+Age.Migraines can begin at any age, though the first often occurs when you're a teenager. Migraines tend to peak during your 30s and then gradually become less frequent.
+Sex.Women are three times more likely than men to have migraines.
+Hormonal changes.Migraines might begin just before or shortly after your first menstrual period. They also might change during pregnancy or menopause. Migraines generally improve after menopause.","A complication for some people with migraines is medication overuse headaches. Taking painkillers too often can trigger these headaches. Medication overuse headaches may occur if you take aspirin or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) for more than 14 days a month. Or they can occur if you take medicines known as triptans for more than nine days a month. The risk seems to be highest with medicines that combine aspirin, acetaminophen and caffeine.
+Medication overuse headaches can lead to a painful cycle. If medicines stop relieving pain and begin to cause headaches, you might then try taking more pain medicine to find relief.",,"Migraines can be diagnosed by a specialist trained in treating headaches, known as a neurologist. The diagnosis is based on your medical history, symptoms, and a physical and neurological exam.
+If your condition is complex or suddenly becomes serious, tests to rule out other causes of your pain might include:
+An MRI scan.A magnetic resonance imaging scan, also known as an MRI scan, uses a powerful magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain and blood vessels. MRI scans help diagnose tumors, strokes, bleeding in the brain, infections, and other brain and nervous system conditions.
+A CT scan.A computerized tomography scan, also called a CT scan, uses a series of X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the brain. This helps diagnose tumors, infections, brain damage, bleeding in the brain and other medical conditions that can cause headaches.",Migraine treatment is aimed at stopping symptoms and preventing future attacks.,,"You'll probably first see your primary healthcare professional, who might then refer you to a doctor trained in evaluating and treating headaches, called a neurologist.","When symptoms of migraine start, try heading to a quiet, darkened room. Close your eyes and rest or take a nap. Place a cool cloth or ice pack wrapped in a towel or cloth on your forehead and drink lots of water.
+To help soothe migraine pain, you also might want to:
+Try relaxation techniques.Breathing exercises and other forms of relaxation training teach you ways to deal with stressful situations, which might help reduce the number of migraines you have.
+Develop a sleeping and eating routine.Don't sleep too much or too little. Set and follow a consistent sleep and wake schedule daily. Try to eat meals at the same time every day.
+Drink plenty of fluids.Staying hydrated, particularly with water, might help.
+Keep a headache diary.Recording your symptoms in a headache diary can help you learn more about what triggers your migraines and what treatment is most effective. It also can help your healthcare professional diagnose your condition and track your progress between visits.
+Exercise regularly.Regular aerobic exercise reduces tension and can help prevent a migraine. If your healthcare professional agrees, choose aerobic activities you enjoy, such as walking, swimming and cycling. Warm up slowly, however, because sudden, intense exercise can cause headaches.Regular exercise also can help you lose weight or maintain a healthy body weight. Obesity is thought to be a factor in migraines.","migraines, none, postdrome, migraine"
+506,Cough headaches,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-cough-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20371200,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-cough-headaches/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371204,,"Cough headaches are a type of head pain triggered by coughing and other types of straining. This may include sneezing, blowing your nose, laughing, crying, singing, bending over or having a bowel movement.
+
+Cough headaches are fairly uncommon. There are two types: primary cough headaches and secondary cough headaches. Primary cough headaches are usually harmless, are caused only by coughing and get better quickly without treatment. A primary cough headache is diagnosed only when a provider has ruled out possible causes other than coughing.
+
+A secondary cough headache may be triggered by a cough, but it is caused by problems with the brain or structures near the brain and spine. Secondary cough headaches can be more serious and may require treatment with surgery.
+
+Anyone who has a cough headache for the first time should see their health care provider. The provider can determine whether a cough or something else caused the pain.","Symptoms of cough headaches:
+
+Secondary cough headaches often present with only a cough headache, but you may also experience:
+
+A cough headache only happens right after coughing. Other headache pain is not a cough headache if you already had a headache when you coughed, or if you have a headache condition such as migraine. For example, people with migraine might find that their headaches get worse when they cough. This is normal, and not a cough headache.","Consult your doctor or health care provider if you experience sudden headaches after coughing — especially if the headaches are new, frequent or severe or you have any other troubling signs or symptoms, such as imbalance or blurred or double vision.",The cause of primary cough headaches is unknown.,Risk factors for cough headaches vary widely based on the type and cause of the headache.,,"After talking with your provider, here are some tips to prevent actions that trigger your cough headaches — whether that's coughing, sneezing or straining while using the toilet. This may help reduce the number of headaches you experience. Some preventive measures may include:
+
+While these steps may help prevent a cough headache, any headache related to coughing or straining should always be checked by your provider.","Your doctor may recommend brain-imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, to rule out other possible causes for your headaches.","Treatment differs, depending on whether you have primary or secondary cough headaches.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner. However, in some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to a neurologist.
+
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and know what to expect from your doctor.",,"headache, cough headache, cough headaches, migraine, cough, headache pain, headaches"
+507,Sex headaches,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sex-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20377477,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sex-headaches/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377481,,"In rare instances, headaches can be brought on by sexual activity — especially with orgasm. You may notice a dull ache in the head and neck that builds up as sexual excitement increases. Or, more commonly, you may experience a sudden, severe headache just before or during orgasm.
+
+Most sex headaches are nothing to worry about. But some can be a sign of something serious, such as problems with the blood vessels that feed the brain.","There are two types of sex headaches:
+
+In some people, both types of headaches are combined.
+
+Most sex headaches last at least several minutes. Others may linger for hours or even 2 to 3 days.
+
+Many people who have sex headaches will experience them in clusters over a few months, and then they may go for a year or more without having any. Up to half of all people with sex headaches experience them over the course of about six months. Some people may only have one attack during their lives.",Sex headaches aren't usually a cause for concern. But consult your health care provider right away if you experience a headache during sexual activity — especially if it begins abruptly or it's your first headache of this type.,"Any type of sexual activity that leads to orgasm can trigger sex headaches.
+
+Abrupt-onset and slow-to-build sex headaches can be primary headache disorders not associated with any underlying condition. Sex headaches that come on suddenly are more likely to be associated with:
+
+Sex headaches associated with loss of consciousness, vomiting, stiff neck, other neurological symptoms and severe pain lasting more than 24 hours are more likely to be due to an underlying cause.",Sex headaches can affect anyone. But risk factors for these headaches include:,,Sometimes sex headaches can be prevented by stopping sexual activity before orgasm. Taking a more passive role during sex also may help.,"Your provider will likely recommend brain imaging.
+
+Computerized tomography (CT).In some cases, especially if your headache occurred less than 48 to 72 hours beforehand, a computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain may be done.
+
+CTuses an X-ray unit that rotates around the body and a computer to create cross-sectional images of the brain and head.","In some cases, your first sex headache may also be your only one. Some sex headaches improve rapidly, so the pain is gone before any pain reliever can work.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your provider. However, you may be referred to a neurologist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect from your provider.",,"linger, last, headaches"
+508,Sinus headaches,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sinus-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20377580,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sinus-headaches/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377584,,"Sinus headaches are headaches that may feel like an infection in the sinuses (sinusitis). You may feel pressure around the eyes, cheeks and forehead. Perhaps your head throbs.
+
+But, this pain might actually be caused by a migraine.",Signs and symptoms of sinus headaches may include:,Consult your provider if:,"Sinus headaches are usually associated with migraines or other forms of headaches.
+
+Sinus headaches are associated with pain and pressure in the face and sinuses and can cause nasal symptoms. Most of these headaches are not caused by sinus infections and generally should not be treated with antibiotics.",Sinus headaches can affect anyone but may be more likely if you have:,,"Whether or not you take preventive medications, you may benefit from lifestyle changes that can help reduce the number and severity of headaches. One or more of these suggestions may be helpful for you:
+
+Avoid triggers.If certain foods or odors seem to have triggered your headaches in the past, avoid them. Your provider may recommend you reduce your caffeine and alcohol intake and avoid tobacco.
+
+In general, establish a daily routine with regular sleep patterns and regular meals. In addition, try to control stress.
+
+Exercise regularly.Regular aerobic exercise reduces tension and can help prevent headaches. If your provider agrees, choose any aerobic exercise you enjoy, including walking, swimming and cycling.
+
+Warm up slowly, however, because sudden, intense exercise can cause headaches.
+
+Obesity is also thought to be a factor in headaches, and regular exercise can help you maintain a healthy weight or lose weight.
+
+Reduce the effects of estrogen.If estrogen seems to trigger or make your headaches worse, you may want to avoid or reduce the medications you take that contain estrogen.
+
+These medications include birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy. Talk with your provider about the appropriate alternatives or dosages for you.","The cause of headaches can be difficult to determine. The provider will question you about your headaches and do a physical exam.
+
+Your provider may perform imaging tests to help determine the cause of your headache, including:","Most people who assume they have sinus headaches actually have migraines or tension-type headaches.
+
+Migraines and chronic or recurrent headaches may be treated with prescription medication that is either taken every day to reduce or prevent headaches or taken at the onset of a headache to prevent it from getting worse.
+
+To treat these types of headaches, your provider may recommend:
+
+Triptans.Many people with migraine attacks use triptans to relieve pain. Triptans work by blocking pain pathways in the brain, but promote constriction of blood vessels and should be avoided if you have a history of heart disease or stroke.
+
+Medications include sumatriptan (Imitrex, Tosymra, others), rizatriptan (Maxalt), almotriptan, naratriptan (Amerge), zolmitriptan (Zomig), frovatriptan (Frova) and eletriptan (Relpax). Triptans are available as tablets, nasal sprays and injections.
+
+A single-tablet combination of sumatriptan and naproxen sodium (Treximet) has proved to be more effective in relieving migraine symptoms than either medication on its own.
+
+Ergots.Ergotamine and caffeine combination drugs (Migergot) are less effective than triptans. Ergots seem to be most effective in those whose pain lasts for more than 72 hours.
+
+Ergotamine may cause worsened nausea and vomiting related to your migraines and other side effects, and it may also lead to medication overuse headaches.
+
+Dihydroergotamine (D.H.E. 45, Migranal) is an ergot derivative that is more effective and has fewer side effects than ergotamine. It's available as a nasal spray and in injection form. This medication may cause fewer side effects than ergotamine and is less likely to lead to medication-overuse headaches.
+
+Ergots, including dihydroergotamine, promote constriction of blood vessels and should be avoided if you have a history of heart disease or stroke.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your provider. You may be referred to a neurologist who specializes in headaches and migraines.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect from your provider.",,"sinus headaches, none"
+509,Spinal headaches,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20377913,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-headaches/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377917,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-headaches/doctors-departments/ddc-20377918,"Spinal headaches are a fairly common complication in those who undergo a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) or spinal anesthesia. Both procedures require a puncture of the membrane that surrounds the spinal cord and, in the lower spine, the lumbar and sacral nerve roots.
+During a spinal tap, a sample of cerebrospinal fluid is withdrawn from the spinal canal. During spinal anesthesia, medication is injected into the spinal canal to numb the nerves in the lower half of the body. If spinal fluid leaks through the tiny puncture site, you may develop a spinal headache.
+Most spinal headaches — also known as post-dural puncture headaches — resolve on their own with no treatment. However, severe spinal headaches lasting 24 hours or more may need treatment.","Spinal headache symptoms include:
+Dull, throbbing pain that varies in intensity from mild to very severe
+Pain that typically gets worse when you sit up or stand and decreases or goes away when you lie down
+Spinal headaches are often accompanied by:
+Dizziness
+Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
+Hearing loss
+Blurred or double vision
+Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
+Nausea and vomiting
+Neck pain or stiffness
+Seizures",Tell your health care provider if you develop a headache after a spinal tap or spinal anesthesia — especially if the headache gets worse when you sit up or stand.,"Spinal headaches are caused by leakage of spinal fluid through a puncture hole in the membrane (dura mater) that surrounds the spinal cord. This leakage decreases the pressure exerted by the spinal fluid on the brain and spinal cord, which leads to a headache.
+Spinal headaches typically appear within 48 to 72 hours after a spinal tap or spinal anesthesia.
+Sometimes epidural anesthesia may lead to a spinal headache as well. Although epidural anesthetic is injected just outside the membrane that surrounds the spinal cord, a spinal headache is possible if the membrane is unintentionally punctured.","Risk factors for spinal headaches include:
+Being between the ages of 18 and 30
+Being female
+Being pregnant
+Having a history of frequent headaches
+Undergoing procedures involving the use of larger needles or multiple punctures in the membrane that surrounds the spinal cord
+Having a small body mass",,,"The provider will ask questions about your headache and do a physical exam. Be sure to mention any recent procedures — particularly a spinal tap or spinal anesthesia.
+Sometimes the provider will recommend magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to rule out other causes of your headache. During the exam, a magnetic field and radio waves create cross-sectional images of the brain.","Treatment for spinal headaches begins conservatively. Your provider may recommend getting bed rest, drinking plenty of fluids, consuming caffeine and taking oral pain relievers.
+If your headache hasn't improved within 24 hours, your provider might suggest an epidural blood patch. Injecting a small amount of your blood into the space over the puncture hole will often form a clot to seal the hole, restoring normal pressure in the spinal fluid and relieving your headache. This is the usual treatment for persistent spinal headaches that don't resolve on their own.",,"If you've recently had a spinal procedure and develop a headache that lasts 24 hours or longer, your provider can help you determine the seriousness of your condition. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect from your provider.",,"nausea, stiffness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting
+neck pain, throbbing pain, headaches, blurred or double vision
+, neck pain, hearing loss, sensitivity to light, photophobia, ringing in the ears, vomiting, double vision, spinal headache symptoms, seizures, pain, tinnitus, blurred vision, dull pain"
+510,Tension headache,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tension-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20353977,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tension-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353982,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tension-headache/doctors-departments/ddc-20353986,"A tension-type headache causes mild to moderate pain that's often described as feeling like a tight band around the head. A tension-type headache is the most common type of headache, yet its causes aren't well understood.
+Treatments are available. Managing a tension-type headache is often a balance between practicing healthy habits, finding effective nonmedicine treatments and using medicines appropriately.","Symptoms of a tension-type headache include:
+Dull, aching head pain.
+Feeling of tightness or pressure across the forehead or on the sides and back of the head.
+Tenderness in the scalp, neck and shoulder muscles.
+Tension-type headaches are divided into two main categories — episodic and chronic.","See your health care professional if you need to take medicine for tension-type headaches more than twice a week. Also make an appointment if tension-type headaches disrupt your life.
+Even if you have a history of headaches, see your health care professional if the headache pattern changes. Also see your care professional if your headaches suddenly feel different. Occasionally, headaches may be caused by a serious medical condition. These can include a brain tumor or rupture of a weakened blood vessel, known as an aneurysm.
+Get emergency care if you have any of these symptoms:
+A sudden, very bad headache.
+Headache with a fever, stiff neck, mental confusion, seizures, double vision, weakness, numbness or trouble speaking.
+Headache after a head injury, especially if the headache gets worse.","The cause of tension-type headaches is not known. In the past, experts thought tension-type headaches were caused by muscle contractions in the face, neck and scalp. They thought the muscle contractions were a result of emotions, tension or stress. But research suggests that muscle contraction isn't the cause.
+The most common theory is that people who have tension-type headaches have increased sensitivity to pain. Muscle tenderness, a common symptom of tension-type headaches, may result from this sensitized pain system.","Most people experience a tension-type headache at some point in their lives. However, some research has found that women are more likely to have frequent episodic tension-type headaches and chronic tension-type headaches. Age also might play a factor. One study found that episodic tension-type headaches were more likely to affect people in their 40s.","Because tension-type headaches are so common, they can have an effect on job productivity and quality of life, particularly if they're chronic. Frequent headache pain may make it hard to attend activities. You might need to stay home from work. If you do go to your job, it may be hard to function as usual.","Regular exercise can help prevent tension-type headaches. Other techniques also can help, such as:
+Biofeedback training.This training teaches you to control certain body responses that help reduce pain. A device monitors and gives you feedback on your muscle tension, heart rate and blood pressure. You then learn how to reduce muscle tension and slow your heart rate and breathing.
+Cognitive behavioral therapy.This type of talk therapy may help you learn to manage stress. Doing this may help you have fewer or less painful headaches.
+Other relaxation techniques.Anything that helps you relax may help your headaches. This can include deep breathing, yoga, meditation and progressive muscle relaxation. You can learn these methods in classes or at home using books or apps.
+Using medicines along with stress management may be more effective than any one treatment in reducing your tension-type headaches.
+Also, living a healthy lifestyle may help prevent headaches:
+Get enough, but not too much, sleep.
+Don't smoke.
+Stay physically active.
+Eat regular, balanced meals.
+Drink plenty of water.
+Limit alcohol, caffeine and sugar.","If you have regular headaches, your health care professional may give you a physical and a neurological exam. Your care professional works to pinpoint the type and cause of your headaches using these approaches.",Some people with tension-type headaches don't see a health care professional and try to treat the pain on their own. But repeated use of pain relievers available without a prescription can cause another type of headache known as medication overuse headache. Your health care professional can work with you to find the right treatment for your headaches.,"Chronic pain can cause anxiety and depression. It also can affect your relationships, your productivity and the quality of your life.
+Here are some suggestions:
+Talk to a counselor or therapist.Talk therapy may help you cope with the effects of chronic pain.
+Join a support group.Support groups can be good sources of information and a source of comfort. Group members often know about the latest treatments. Your health care provider may be able to recommend a group in your area.","You may start by seeing your health care professional. Or you may be referred to a specialist with expertise in the nervous system, known as a neurologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Rest, ice packs or a long, hot shower may be all you need to relieve a tension-type headache. If you experience chronic tension-type headaches, these strategies can help you reduce how many you have or how painful they are:
+Manage your stress level.One way to help reduce stress is by planning ahead and organizing your day. Another way is to allow more time to relax.
+Go hot or cold.Applying heat or ice — whichever you prefer — to sore muscles may ease a tension-type headache. For heat, use a heating pad set on low, a hot-water bottle, a warm compress or a hot towel. A hot bath or shower also may help. For cold, wrap ice, an ice pack or frozen vegetables in a cloth to protect your skin.
+Perfect your posture.Good posture can help keep your muscles from tensing. When standing, hold your shoulders back and your head level. Pull in your abdomen and buttocks. When sitting, make sure your thighs are parallel to the ground and your head isn't slumped forward.","dull, feeling of tightness or pressure, aching head pain, head pain, neck and shoulder muscles, tension-type headache, tenderness in the scalp, tightness, tenderness, headaches"
+511,Thunderclap headaches,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thunderclap-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20378361,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thunderclap-headaches/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378366,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thunderclap-headaches/doctors-departments/ddc-20378367,"Thunderclap headaches live up to their name, striking suddenly like a clap of thunder. The pain of these severe headaches peaks within 60 seconds.
+Thunderclap headaches are uncommon, but they can warn of potentially life-threatening conditions — usually having to do with bleeding in and around the brain. Seek emergency medical attention for a thunderclap headache.","Thunderclap headaches are dramatic. Symptoms include pain that:
+Strikes suddenly and severely
+Peaks within 60 seconds
+Can be accompanied by nausea or vomiting
+Thunderclap headaches might be accompanied by other signs and symptoms, such as:
+Altered mental state
+Fever
+Seizures
+These signs and symptoms might reflect the underlying cause.",Seek immediate medical attention for any headache that comes on suddenly and severely.,"There's no obvious cause for some thunderclap headaches. In other cases, a variety of potentially life-threatening conditions might be responsible, including:
+Bleeding between the brain and membranes covering the brain (subarachnoid hemorrhage)
+A rupture of a blood vessel in the brain
+A tear in the lining of an artery that supplies blood to the brain
+Leaking of cerebrospinal fluid — usually due to a tear of the covering around a nerve root in the spine
+Death of tissue or bleeding in the pituitary gland
+A blood clot in the brain
+Severe elevation in blood pressure (hypertensive crisis)
+Infection such as meningitis or encephalitis
+Ischemic stroke",,,,"The following tests are commonly used to try to determine the cause of a thunderclap headache.
+CTscan of the head.CTscans take X-rays that create slice-like, cross-sectional images of your brain and head. A computer combines these images to create a full picture of your brain. Sometimes an iodine-based dye is used to augment the picture.
+Spinal tap (lumbar puncture).The doctor removes a small amount of the fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord. The cerebrospinal fluid sample can be tested for signs of bleeding or infection.
+MRI.In some cases, this imaging study might be done for further assessment. A magnetic field and radio waves are used to create cross-sectional images of the structures within your brain.
+Magnetic resonance angiography.MRImachines can be used to map the blood flow inside your brain in a test called a magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).",Treatment is aimed at the cause of the headaches — if one can be found.,,"Thunderclap headaches are often diagnosed in an emergency room. However, if you call to set up an appointment with your own doctor, you might be referred immediately to a doctor who specializes in the brain and nervous system (neurologist).
+If you have time to prepare for your appointment, here's some information to help you get ready.",,"pain, nausea, thunderclap headaches, vomiting, fever, altered mental state, nausea or vomiting
+thunderclap headaches, seizures"
+512,Illness anxiety disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373782,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373787,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20373788,"Illness anxiety disorder, sometimes called hypochondriasis or health anxiety, is worrying excessively that you are or may become seriously ill. You may have no physical symptoms. Or you may believe that normal body sensations or minor symptoms are signs of severe illness, even though a thorough medical exam doesn't reveal a serious medical condition.
+You may experience extreme anxiety that body sensations, such as muscle twitching or fatigue, are associated with a specific, serious illness. This excessive anxiety — rather than the physical symptom itself — results in severe distress that can disrupt your life.
+Illness anxiety disorder is a long-term condition that can fluctuate in severity. It may increase with age or during times of stress. But psychological counseling (psychotherapy) and sometimes medication can help ease your worries.","Symptoms of illness anxiety disorder involve preoccupation with the idea that you're seriously ill, based on normal body sensations (such as a noisy stomach) or minor signs (such as a minor rash). Signs and symptoms may include:
+Being preoccupied with having or getting a serious disease or health condition
+Worrying that minor symptoms or body sensations mean you have a serious illness
+Being easily alarmed about your health status
+Finding little or no reassurance from doctor visits or negative test results
+Worrying excessively about a specific medical condition or your risk of developing a medical condition because it runs in your family
+Having so much distress about possible illnesses that it's hard for you to function
+Repeatedly checking your body for signs of illness or disease
+Frequently making medical appointments for reassurance — or avoiding medical care for fear of being diagnosed with a serious illness
+Avoiding people, places or activities for fear of health risks
+Constantly talking about your health and possible illnesses
+Frequently searching the internet for causes of symptoms or possible illnesses","Because symptoms can be related to health problems, it's important to be evaluated by your primary care provider if this hasn't already been done. If your provider believes that you may have illness anxiety disorder, he or she may refer you to a mental health professional.","The exact cause of illness anxiety disorder isn't clear, but these factors may play a role:
+Beliefs.You may have a difficult time tolerating uncertainty over uncomfortable or unusual body sensations. This could lead you to misinterpret that all body sensations are serious, so you search for evidence to confirm that you have a serious disease.
+Family.You may be more likely to have health anxiety if you had parents who worried too much about their own health or your health.
+Past experience.You may have had experience with serious illness in childhood, so physical sensations may be frightening to you.","Illness anxiety disorder usually begins in early or middle adulthood and may get worse with age. Often for older individuals, health-related anxiety may focus on the fear of losing their memory.
+Risk factors for illness anxiety disorder may include:
+A time of major life stress
+Threat of a serious illness that turns out not to be serious
+History of abuse as a child
+A serious childhood illness or a parent with a serious illness
+Personality traits, such as having a tendency toward being a worrier
+Excessive health-related internet use","Illness anxiety disorder may be associated with:
+Relationship or family problems because excessive worrying can frustrate others
+Work-related performance problems or excessive absences
+Problems functioning in daily life, possibly even resulting in disability
+Financial problems due to excessive health care visits and medical bills
+Having another mental health disorder, such as somatic symptom disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression or a personality disorder","Little is known about how to prevent illness anxiety disorder, but these suggestions may help.
+If you have problems with anxiety, seek professional adviceas soon as possible to help stop symptoms from getting worse and impairing your quality of life.
+Learn to recognize when you're stressed and how this affects your body— and regularly practice stress management and relaxation techniques.
+Stick with your treatment planto help prevent relapses or worsening of symptoms.","To determine a diagnosis, you'll likely have a physical exam and any tests your primary care provider recommends. Your provider can help determine if you have any medical conditions that require treatment and set limits on lab testing, imaging and referrals to specialists.
+Your primary care provider may also refer you to a mental health professional. He or she may:
+Conduct a psychological evaluation to talk about your symptoms, stressful situations, family history, fears or concerns, and ways that your anxiety is negatively affecting your life
+Have you fill out a psychological self-assessment or questionnaire
+Ask you about alcohol, drug or other substance use
+Determine whether your illness preoccupation is better explained by another mental disorder, such as somatic symptom disorder or generalized anxiety disorder.",The goal of treatment is to help you manage anxiety about your health and improve your ability to function in daily life. Psychotherapy — also called talk therapy — can be helpful for illness anxiety disorder. Sometimes medications may be added.,,"In addition to your medical evaluation, your primary care provider may refer you to a mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, for evaluation and treatment.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment and what to expect from your primary care provider or mental health professional.","In addition to profession treatment for illness anxiety disorder, these self-care steps can help:
+Work with your provider.Work with your primary care provider or mental health professional to determine a regular schedule for visits to discuss your concerns and build a trusting relationship. Discuss setting reasonable limits on tests, evaluations and specialist referrals. Avoid seeking advice from multiple doctors or emergency room visits that can make your care harder to coordinate and may subject you to duplicate testing.
+Practice stress management and relaxation techniques.Learning stress management and relaxation methods, such as progressive muscle relaxation, may help reduce anxiety.
+Get physically active.A graduated activity program may have a calming effect on your mood, reduce your anxiety and help improve your physical functioning.
+Participate in activities.Staying involved in your work, as well as social and family activities, can provide you with support.
+Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs.Substance use can make your care more difficult. Talk to your primary care provider if you need help quitting.
+Avoid searching the internet for possible diseases.The vast amount of health information that may or may not be related to your situation can cause confusion and anxiety. If you have symptoms that concern you, talk to your primary care provider at your next scheduled appointment.","rash, frequently searching internet, illness anxiety disorder, illness or disease, repeatedly checking body, constantly talking about health, avoiding people, being easily alarmed, minor rash, distress, frequent medical appointments, worrying, noisy stomach"
+513,Congenital heart disease in adults,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20355456,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355461,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20355463,"Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. Congenital means that you're born with the condition. A congenital heart condition can change the way blood flows through the heart.
+There are many different types of congenital heart defects. This article focuses on congenital heart disease in adults.
+Some types of congenital heart disease may be mild. Others may cause life-threatening complications. Advances in diagnosis and treatment have improved survival for those born with a heart problem.
+Treatment for congenital heart disease may include regular health checkups, medicines or surgery. If you have adult congenital heart disease, ask your healthcare professional how often you need a checkup.","Some people born with a heart problem don't notice symptoms until later in life. Symptoms also may return years after a congenital heart defect is treated.
+Common congenital heart disease symptoms in adults include:
+Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
+Blue or gray skin, lips and fingernails due to low oxygen levels. Depending on the skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see.
+Shortness of breath.
+Feeling tired very quickly with activity.
+Swelling due to fluid collecting inside body tissues, called edema.","Get emergency medical help if you have unexplained chest pain or shortness of breath.
+Make an appointment for a health checkup if:
+You have symptoms of adult congenital heart disease.
+You received treatment for a congenital heart defect as a child.","Researchers aren't sure what causes most types of congenital heart disease. They think that gene changes, certain medicines or health conditions, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking, may play a role.","Risk factors for congenital heart disease include:
+Genetics.Congenital heart disease appears to run in families, which means it is inherited. Changes in genes have been linked to heart problems present at birth. For instance, people with Down syndrome are often born with heart conditions.
+German measles, also called rubella.Having rubella during pregnancy may affect how the baby's heart grows while in the womb. A blood test done before pregnancy can find out if you're immune to rubella. A vaccine is available for those who aren't immune.
+Diabetes.Having type 1 or type 2 diabetes during pregnancy also may change how the baby's heart grows while in the womb. Gestational diabetes generally doesn't increase the risk of congenital heart disease.
+Medicines.Taking certain medicines during pregnancy can cause congenital heart disease and other health problems present at birth. Medicines linked to congenital heart defects include lithium (Lithobid) for bipolar disorder and isotretinoin (Claravis, Myorisan, others), which is used to treat acne. Always tell your healthcare team about the medicines you take.
+Alcohol.Drinking alcohol while pregnant has been linked to heart conditions in the baby.
+Smoking.If you smoke, quit. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby.","Complications of congenital heart disease may occur years after the heart condition is treated.
+Complications of congenital heart disease in adults include:
+Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.Scar tissue in the heart from surgeries to fix a congenital heart condition can lead to changes in heart signaling. The changes can cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow or irregularly. Some irregular heartbeats may cause stroke or sudden cardiac death if not treated.
+Infection of the lining of the heart and heart valves, called endocarditis.Untreated, this infection can damage or destroy the heart valves or cause a stroke. Antibiotics may be recommended before dental care to prevent this infection. Regular dental checkups are important. Healthy gums and teeth reduce the risk of endocarditis.
+Stroke.Congenital heart disease can let a blood clot pass through the heart and travel to the brain, causing a stroke.
+High blood pressure in the lung arteries, called pulmonary hypertension.Some heart conditions present at birth send more blood to the lungs, causing pressure to build. This eventually causes the heart muscle to weaken and sometimes to fail.
+Heart failure.The heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.","Because the exact cause of most congenital heart disease is unknown, it may not be possible to prevent these heart conditions. Some types of congenital heart disease occur in families. If you have a high risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital heart defect, genetic testing and screening may be done during pregnancy.","To diagnose congenital heart disease in adults, your healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart with a stethoscope. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms and medical and family history.","A person born with a congenital heart defect can often be treated successfully in childhood. But sometimes, the heart condition may not need repair during childhood or the symptoms aren't noticed until adulthood.
+Treatment of congenital heart disease in adults depends on the specific type of heart condition and how severe it is. If the heart condition is mild, regular health checkups may be the only treatment needed.
+Other treatments for congenital heart disease in adults may include medicines and surgery.","You may find that talking with other people who have congenital heart disease brings you comfort and encouragement. Ask your healthcare team if there are any support groups in your area.
+It also may be helpful to become familiar with your condition. You want to learn:
+The name and details of your heart condition and how it's been treated.
+Symptoms of your specific type of congenital heart disease and when you should contact your healthcare team.
+How often you should have health checkups.
+Information about your medicines and their side effects.
+How to prevent heart infections and whether you need to take antibiotics before dental work.
+Exercise guidelines and work restrictions.
+Birth control and family planning information.
+Health insurance information and coverage options.","If you were born with a heart condition, make an appointment for a health checkup with a doctor trained in treating congenital heart disease. Do this even if you aren't having any complications. It's important to have regular health checkups if you have congenital heart disease.","If you have congenital heart disease, lifestyle changes may be recommended to keep the heart healthy and prevent complications.","irregular heartbeats, swelling, blue or gray skin, arrhythmias, congenital heart disease, feeling tired, oxygen, shortness of breath, edema"
+514,Plantar fasciitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plantar-fasciitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354846,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plantar-fasciitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354851,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plantar-fasciitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20354853,"Plantar fasciitis (PLAN-tur fas-e-I-tis) is one of the most common causes of heel pain. It involves inflammation of a thick band of tissue that runs across the bottom of each foot and connects the heel bone to the toes, known as the plantar fascia.
+Plantar fasciitis commonly causes stabbing pain that often occurs with your first steps in the morning. As you get up and move, the pain normally decreases, but it might return after long periods of standing or when you stand up after sitting.
+The cause of plantar fasciitis is poorly understood. It is more common in runners and in people who are overweight.","Plantar fasciitis typically causes a stabbing pain in the bottom of your foot near the heel. The pain is usually the worst with the first few steps after awakening, although it also can be triggered by long periods of standing or when you get up from sitting.",,"The plantar fascia is a band of tissue, called fascia, that connects your heel bone to the base of your toes. It supports the arch of the foot and absorbs shock when walking.
+Tension and stress on the fascia can cause small tears. Repeated stretching and tearing of the facia can irritate or inflame it, although the cause remains unclear in many cases of plantar fasciitis.","Even though plantar fasciitis can develop without an obvious cause, some factors can increase your risk of developing this condition. They include:
+Age.Plantar fasciitis is most common in people between the ages of 40 and 60.
+Certain types of exercise.Activities that place a lot of stress on your heel and attached tissue — such as long-distance running, ballet dancing and aerobic dance — can contribute to the onset of plantar fasciitis.
+Foot mechanics.Flat feet, a high arch or even an atypical pattern of walking can affect the way weight is distributed when you're standing and can put added stress on the plantar fascia.
+Obesity.Excess pounds put extra stress on your plantar fascia.
+Occupations that keep you on your feet.Factory workers, teachers and others who spend most of their work hours walking or standing on hard surfaces can be at increased risk of plantar fasciitis.","Ignoring plantar fasciitis can result in chronic heel pain that hinders your regular activities. You're likely to change your walk to try to avoid plantar fasciitis pain, which might lead to foot, knee, hip or back problems.",,"Plantar fasciitis is diagnosed based on your medical history and physical exam. During the exam, your health care professional will check for areas of tenderness in your foot. The location of your pain can help determine its cause.","Most people who have plantar fasciitis recover in several months with conservative treatment, such as icing the painful area, stretching, and modifying or staying away from activities that cause pain.",,Your health care professional might refer you to someone who specializes in foot disorders or sports medicine.,"To reduce the pain of plantar fasciitis, try these self-care tips:
+Maintain a healthy weight.Extra weight can put extra stress on your plantar fascia.
+Choose supportive shoes.Buy shoes with a low to moderate heel, thick soles, good arch support and extra cushioning. Don't wear flats or walk barefoot.
+Don't wear worn-out athletic shoes.Replace your old athletic shoes before they stop supporting and cushioning your feet.
+Change your sport.Try a low-impact sport, such as swimming or bicycling, instead of walking or jogging.
+Apply ice.Hold a cloth-covered ice pack over the area of pain for 15 minutes three or four times a day to help reduce pain and swelling. Or try rolling a frozen bottle of water under your foot for an ice massage.
+Stretch your arches.Simple home exercises can stretch your plantar fascia, Achilles tendon and calf muscles.","pain, fasciitis, stabbing pain"
+515,Liver hemangioma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-hemangioma/symptoms-causes/syc-20354234,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-hemangioma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354239,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-hemangioma/doctors-departments/ddc-20354240,"A liver hemangioma (he-man-jee-O-muh) is a noncancerous (benign) mass in the liver made up of a tangle of blood vessels. Also known as hepatic hemangiomas or cavernous hemangiomas, these liver masses are common and are estimated to occur in up to 20% of the population.","In most cases, a liver hemangioma doesn't cause any signs or symptoms.",Make an appointment with your doctor if you experience any persistent signs and symptoms that worry you.,"It's not clear what causes a liver hemangioma to form. Doctors believe liver hemangiomas are present at birth (congenital).
+
+A liver hemangioma usually occurs as a single abnormal collection of blood vessels that is less than about 1.5 inches (about 4 centimeters) wide. Occasionally liver hemangiomas can be larger or occur in multiples. Large hemangiomas can occur in young children, but this is rare.
+
+In most people, a liver hemangioma will never grow and never cause any signs and symptoms. But in a small number of people, a liver hemangioma will grow to cause symptoms and require treatment. It's not clear why this happens.",Factors that can increase the risk that a liver hemangioma will be diagnosed include:,"Women who have been diagnosed with liver hemangiomas face a risk of complications if they become pregnant. The female hormone estrogen, which increases during pregnancy, is believed to cause some liver hemangiomas to grow larger.
+
+Very rarely, a growing hemangioma can cause signs and symptoms that may require treatment, including pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, abdominal bloating or nausea. Having a liver hemangioma doesn't mean you can't become pregnant. However, discussing the possible complications with your doctor can help you make a more informed choice.
+
+Medications that affect hormone levels in your body, such as birth control pills, could cause an increase in size and complications if you've been diagnosed with a liver hemangioma. But this is controversial. If you're considering this type of medication, discuss the benefits and risks with your doctor.",,"Tests used to diagnose liver hemangiomas include:
+
+Other tests may be used depending on your situation.","If your liver hemangioma is small and doesn't cause any signs or symptoms, you won't need treatment. In most cases a liver hemangioma will never grow and will never cause problems. Your doctor may schedule follow-up exams to check your liver hemangioma periodically for growth if the hemangioma is large.
+
+Liver hemangioma treatment depends on the location and size of the hemangioma, whether you have more than one hemangioma, your overall health, and your preferences.
+
+Treatment options may include:",,"Most liver hemangiomas are discovered during a test or procedure for something else. If it's thought that you have a liver mass, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the digestive system (gastroenterologist) or one who specializes in the liver (hepatologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect from your doctor.",,"no symptoms mentioned, liver hemangioma"
+516,Intracranial hematoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intracranial-hematoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20356145,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intracranial-hematoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356149,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intracranial-hematoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20356151,"An intracranial hematoma is a collection of blood within the skull. The blood may collect in the brain tissue or underneath the skull, pressing on the brain. It's usually caused by a blood vessel that bursts in the brain. It also may be caused by a head injury due to a car accident or fall.
+Some head injuries, such as one that causes only a short period of unconsciousness, can be minor. However, an intracranial hematoma is potentially life-threatening. It usually requires immediate treatment. This might include surgery to remove the blood.","Symptoms of an intracranial hematoma may develop right after a head injury, or they may take weeks or longer to appear. There may be a period of time without symptoms after a head injury. This is called the lucid interval.
+Over time, pressure on the brain increases, producing some or all of the following symptoms:
+Headache that gets worse.
+Vomiting.
+Drowsiness and gradual loss of consciousness.
+Dizziness.
+Confusion.
+Pupils that are different sizes.
+Slurred speech.
+Loss of movement, known as paralysis, on the opposite side of the body from the head injury.As more blood fills the brain or the narrow space between the brain and skull, other symptoms may appear, such as:Feeling very sleepy or sluggish.Seizures.Loss of consciousness.
+Feeling very sleepy or sluggish.
+Seizures.
+Loss of consciousness.","An intracranial hematoma can be life-threatening and needs emergency treatment.
+Seek immediate medical attentionafter a blow to the head if you or someone you know experiences:
+Loss of consciousness.
+A headache that doesn't go away.
+Vomiting, weakness, blurred vision, trouble staying steady.
+If you don't notice symptoms right after a hit to the head, watch for physical, mental and emotional changes. For example, if someone seems fine after a head injury and can talk but later becomes unconscious, seek immediate medical care.
+And even if you feel fine, ask someone to watch you. Memory loss after a blow to your head can make you forget about the blow. Someone you tell might be more likely to recognize the warning signs and get you medical attention.","The most common cause of an intracranial hematoma is a head injury. A head injury that causes bleeding within the skull may result from motor vehicle or bicycle accidents, falls, assaults, and sports injuries.
+If you're an older adult, even mild head trauma can cause a hematoma. This is especially true if you're taking a blood-thinning medicine or an anti-platelet medicine, such as aspirin.
+A head injury can cause an intracranial hematoma even if there's no open wound, bruise or other obvious damage.
+What happens in the brain to cause bleeding varies based on the type of hematoma. There are three categories of hematoma — subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma and intracerebral hematoma. An intracerebral hematoma also is known as an intraparenchymal hematoma.","Intracranial hematomas can be caused by a head injury. Activities that increase the risk of a bad head injury, such as riding a motorcycle or bicycle without a helmet, also raise the risk of an intracranial hematoma.
+The risk of a subdural hematoma increases with age. The risk also is greater for people who:
+Take aspirin or another blood-thinning medicine daily.
+Have alcohol use disorder.
+Some conditions also may increase the risk of having an intracerebral hematoma. They include being born with poorly connected arteries and veins, and having a bulging blood vessel in the brain, known as an aneurysm. High blood pressure, tumors and some diseases also increase the risk.",,"To prevent or minimize a head injury that may cause an intracranial hematoma:
+Wear a helmet and make sure your kids wear helmets.Wear an appropriate and properly fitted helmet when doing any activity that could result in head injury. This includes while playing contact sports, bicycling, motorcycling, skiing, horseback riding, skating, skateboarding and snowboarding.
+Buckle your seat belt and make sure your kids are buckled in.Do so every time you drive or ride in a motor vehicle.
+Protect young children.Always use properly fitted car seats. Pad countertops and edges of tables, block stairways, and attach heavy furniture or appliances to the wall to prevent tipping. Keep children from climbing on objects that aren't safe or steady. Place safety gates on stairs and guards on windows.","Diagnosing an intracranial hematoma can be a challenge because people with a head injury may seem fine at first. Healthcare professionals usually assume that bleeding inside the skull is the cause of a loss of consciousness after a head injury until proved otherwise.
+Imaging techniques are the best ways to determine the position and size of a hematoma. These include:
+CT scan.This uses a sophisticated X-ray machine linked to a computer to produce detailed images of your brain. You lie still on a movable table that's guided into what looks like a large doughnut where the images are taken. CT is the most commonly used imaging scan to diagnose intracranial hematomas.
+MRI scan.This is done using magnetic field and radio waves to make computerized images. During an MRI scan, you lie on a movable table that's guided into a tube.
+Angiogram.If there is concern about a possible aneurysm in the brain or other blood vessel issue, an angiogram can provide more information. This test uses X-rays and a special dye to produce pictures of the blood flow in the blood vessels in the brain.","Intracranial hematomas that are small and produce no symptoms don't need to be removed. However, symptoms can appear or worsen days or weeks after the injury. As a result, you might have to be watched for neurological changes, have your intracranial pressure monitored and undergo repeated head CT scans.
+If you take blood-thinning medicine, such as warfarin (Jantoven), you may need therapy to reverse the effects of the medicine. This will reduce the risk of further bleeding. Options for reversing blood thinners include giving vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma.","Patience is important for coping with brain injuries. The majority of recovery for adults happens during the first six months. Then you might have smaller, more-gradual improvements for up to two years after the hematoma.
+To aid your recovery:
+Get enough sleep at night,and rest in the daytime when you feel tired.
+Ease back into your typical activitieswhen you feel stronger.
+Don't participate in contact and recreational sportsuntil you get your doctor's OK.
+Check with your healthcare teambefore you begin driving, playing sports, riding a bicycle or operating heavy machinery. Your reaction times likely will have slowed as a result of your brain injury.
+Check with your healthcare teambefore taking medicine.
+Don't drink alcohol until you've recovered fully.Alcohol may slow recovery, and drinking too much can increase your risk of a second injury.
+Write down thingsyou have trouble recalling.
+Talk with someone you trustbefore making important decisions.",,,"head injury, headache, feeling very sleepy or sluggish, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, slurred speech, paralysis, intracranial hematoma, confusion, seizures, loss of consciousness"
+524,Autoimmune hepatitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-hepatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352153,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-hepatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352158,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-hepatitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20352159,"Autoimmune hepatitis is a liver disease that happens when the body's immune system attacks the liver. This can cause swelling, irritation and damage to the liver. The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis is unclear, but genetic and environmental factors appear to interact over time to trigger the disease.
+Untreated autoimmune hepatitis can lead to scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis. It can also eventually lead to liver failure. When diagnosed and treated early, however, autoimmune hepatitis often can be controlled with medicines that suppress the immune system.
+A liver transplant may be an option when autoimmune hepatitis doesn't respond to medicines or liver disease becomes advanced.","Symptoms of autoimmune hepatitis vary from person to person and may come on suddenly. Some people have few, if any, recognized problems in the early stages of the disease, whereas others experience symptoms that may include:
+Fatigue.
+Belly discomfort.
+Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, called jaundice. Depending on skin color, this change may be harder or easier to see.
+An enlarged liver.
+Irregular blood vessels on the skin, called spider angiomas.
+Skin rash.
+Joint pain.
+Loss of menstrual periods.",Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"Autoimmune hepatitis occurs when the body's immune system, which usually attacks viruses, bacteria and other causes of disease, instead targets the liver. This attack on the liver can lead to long-lasting inflammation and serious damage to liver cells. Just why the body turns against itself is unclear, but researchers think autoimmune hepatitis could be caused by the interaction of genes controlling immune system function and exposure to viruses or medicines.","Factors that may increase your risk of autoimmune hepatitis include:
+Being female.Although both males and females can develop autoimmune hepatitis, the disease is most common in females.
+Genetics.Evidence suggests that a predisposition to autoimmune hepatitis may run in families.
+Having an autoimmune disease.People who already have an autoimmune disease, such as celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis or hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease or Hashimoto thyroiditis), may be more likely to develop autoimmune hepatitis.","Autoimmune hepatitis that goes untreated can cause permanent scarring of the liver tissue, known as cirrhosis. Complications of cirrhosis include:
+Enlarged veins in the esophagus, called esophageal varices.The portal vein carries blood from the intestine to the liver. When circulation through the portal vein is blocked, blood may back up into other blood vessels, mainly those in the stomach and esophagus.These blood vessels have thin walls. And because they become filled with more blood than they're meant to carry, they're likely to bleed. Massive bleeding in the esophagus or stomach from these blood vessels is a life-threatening emergency that needs immediate medical care.
+Fluid in the abdomen, called ascites (uh-SY-teez).Liver disease can cause large amounts of fluid to build up in the belly. Ascites can be uncomfortable and may interfere with breathing. It's usually a sign of advanced cirrhosis.
+Liver failure.Liver failure happens when extensive damage to liver cells makes it not possible for the liver to function well. At this point, a liver transplant is needed.
+Liver cancer.People with cirrhosis have an increased risk of liver cancer.",,"Tests and procedures used to diagnose autoimmune hepatitis include:
+Blood tests.Testing a sample of blood for antibodies can distinguish autoimmune hepatitis from viral hepatitis and other conditions with similar symptoms. Antibody tests also help pinpoint the type of autoimmune hepatitis you have.
+Liver biopsy.A sample of liver tissue may be taken to confirm the diagnosis and to determine the degree and type of liver damage. During the biopsy procedure, a thin needle is passed into the liver through a small cut in the skin. The needle is used to take a small sample of liver tissue. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for testing.","The goal of treatment for autoimmune hepatitis is to slow or stop the immune system attack on the liver. This may help increase the time before the disease gets worse. To meet this goal, you'll likely need medicines that lower immune system activity. The first treatment is usually prednisone. A second medicine, azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran), may be recommended in addition to prednisone.
+Prednisone, especially when taken long term, can cause a wide range of serious side effects, including diabetes, weakened or broken bones, high blood pressure, cataracts, glaucoma, and weight gain.
+Healthcare professionals typically prescribe prednisone at a high dose for about the first month of treatment. Then, to reduce the risk of side effects, they gradually reduce the dose over the next several months until reaching the lowest possible dose that controls the disease. Adding azathioprine also helps you avoid prednisone side effects.
+Although you may experience remission a few years after starting treatment, the disease often returns if the drug is discontinued. Depending on your situation, you may need lifelong treatment.",,"If you have any symptoms that worry you, start by making an appointment with someone on your primary healthcare team. If your care team suspects that you may have autoimmune hepatitis, you may be referred to a specialist in liver diseases. This type of specialist is called a hepatologist.
+Because appointments can be brief and there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect.",,"pain, rash, joint pain, fatigue, enlarged liver, loss of menstrual periods, angiomas, skin rash, jaundice, yellowing of the skin, irregular blood vessels, belly discomfort, autoimmune hepatitis"
+525,Toxic hepatitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toxic-hepatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352202,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toxic-hepatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352208,,"Toxic hepatitis is an inflammation of your liver in reaction to certain substances to which you're exposed. Toxic hepatitis can be caused by alcohol, chemicals, drugs or nutritional supplements.
+In some cases, toxic hepatitis develops within hours or days of exposure to a toxin. In other cases, it may take months of regular use before signs and symptoms appear.
+The symptoms of toxic hepatitis often go away when exposure to the toxin stops. But toxic hepatitis can permanently damage your liver, leading to irreversible scarring of liver tissue (cirrhosis) and in some cases to liver failure, which can be life-threatening.","Mild forms of toxic hepatitis may not cause any symptoms and may be detected only by blood tests. When signs and symptoms of toxic hepatitis occur, they may include:
+Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)
+Itching
+Abdominal pain in the upper right portion of the abdomen
+Fatigue
+Loss of appetite
+Nausea and vomiting
+Rash
+Fever
+Weight loss
+Dark or tea-colored urine","See your doctor right away if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you.
+Overdoses of some medications, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), can lead to liver failure. Get immediate medical care if you think an adult or a child has taken an overdose of acetaminophen. Signs and symptoms of a possible acetaminophen overdose include:
+Loss of appetite
+Nausea and vomiting
+Upper abdominal pain
+Coma
+If you suspect an acetaminophen overdose, immediately call 911, your local emergency services, or the poison help line. There are two ways to get help from Poison Control in the U.S: online atwww.poison.orgor by calling800-222-1222. Both options are free, confidential, and available 24 hours a day. Do not wait for symptoms to develop. An acetaminophen overdose can be fatal but can be successfully treated if addressed early after ingestion.","Toxic hepatitis occurs when your liver develops inflammation because of exposure to a toxic substance. Toxic hepatitis may also develop when you take too much of a prescription or over-the-counter medication.
+The liver normally removes and breaks down most drugs and chemicals from your bloodstream. Breaking down toxins creates byproducts that can damage the liver. Although the liver has a great capacity for regeneration, constant exposure to toxic substances can cause serious, sometimes irreversible harm.
+Toxic hepatitis can be caused by:
+Alcohol.Heavy drinking over many years can lead to alcoholic hepatitis — inflammation in the liver due to alcohol, which can lead to liver failure.
+Over-the-counter pain relievers.Nonprescription pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen (Aleve, others) can damage your liver, especially if taken frequently or combined with alcohol.
+Prescription medications.Some medications linked to serious liver injury include the statin drugs used to treat high cholesterol, the combination drug amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin), phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek), azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran), niacin (Niaspan), ketoconazole, certain antivirals and anabolic steroids. There are many others.
+Herbs and supplements.Some herbs considered dangerous to the liver include aloe vera, black cohosh, cascara, chaparral, comfrey, kava and ephedra. There are many others. Children can develop liver damage if they mistake vitamin supplements for candy and take large doses.
+Industrial chemicals.Chemicals you may be exposed to on the job can cause liver injury. Common chemicals that can cause liver damage include the dry cleaning solvent carbon tetrachloride, a substance called vinyl chloride (used to make plastics), the herbicide paraquat and a group of industrial chemicals called polychlorinated biphenyls.","Factors that may increase your risk of toxic hepatitis include:
+Taking over-the-counter pain relievers or certain prescription drugs.Taking a medication or over-the-counter pain reliever that carries a risk of liver damage increases your risk of toxic hepatitis. This is especially true if you take multiple medications or take more than the recommended dose of medication.
+Having a liver disease.Having a serious liver disorder such as cirrhosis or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease makes you much more susceptible to the effects of toxins.
+Having hepatitis.Chronic infection with a hepatitis virus (hepatitis B, hepatitis C or one of the other — extremely rare — hepatitis viruses that may persist in the body) makes your liver more vulnerable.
+Aging.As you age, your liver breaks down harmful substances more slowly. This means that toxins and their byproducts stay in your body longer.
+Drinking alcohol.Drinking alcohol while taking medications or certain herbal supplements increases the risk of toxicity.
+Being female.Because women seem to metabolize certain toxins more slowly than men do, their livers are exposed to higher blood concentrations of harmful substances for a longer time. This increases the risk of toxic hepatitis.
+Having certain genetic mutations.Inheriting certain genetic mutations that affect the production and action of the liver enzymes that break down toxins may make you more susceptible to toxic hepatitis.
+Working with industrial toxins.Working with certain industrial chemicals puts you at risk of toxic hepatitis.","The inflammation associated with toxic hepatitis can lead to liver damage and scarring. Over time, this scarring, called cirrhosis, makes it difficult for your liver to do its job. Eventually cirrhosis leads to liver failure. The only treatment for chronic liver failure is to replace your liver with a healthy one from a donor (liver transplant).","Because it's not possible to know how you'll react to a particular medication, toxic hepatitis can't always be prevented. But you may reduce your risk of liver problems if you:
+Limit medications.Take prescription and nonprescription drugs only when absolutely necessary. Investigate nondrug options for common problems such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and arthritis pain.
+Take medications only as directed.Follow the directions exactly for any drug you take. Don't exceed the recommended amount, even if your symptoms don't seem to improve. Because the effects of over-the-counter pain relievers sometimes wear off quickly, it's easy to take too much.
+Be cautious with herbs and supplements.Don't assume that a natural product won't cause harm. Discuss the benefits and risks with your doctor before taking herbs and supplements. The National Institutes of Health maintains the LiverTox website, where you can look up medications and supplements to see if they're linked to liver damage.
+Don't mix alcohol and drugs.Alcohol and medications are a bad combination. If you're taking acetaminophen, don't drink alcohol. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about the interaction between alcohol and other prescription and nonprescription drugs you use.
+Take precautions with chemicals.If you work with or use hazardous chemicals, take all necessary precautions to protect yourself from exposure. If you do come in contact with a harmful substance, follow the guidelines in your workplace, or call your local emergency services or your local poison control center for help.
+Keep medications and chemicals away from children.Keep all medications and vitamin supplements away from children and in childproof containers so that children can't accidentally swallow them.","Tests and procedures used to diagnose toxic hepatitis include:
+Physical exam.Your doctor will likely perform a physical exam and take a medical history. Be sure to bring to your appointment all medications you're taking, including over-the-counter drugs and herbs, in their original containers. Tell your doctor if you work with industrial chemicals or may have been exposed to pesticides, herbicides or other environmental toxins.
+Blood tests.Your doctor may order blood tests that look for high levels of certain liver enzymes. These enzyme levels can show how well your liver is functioning.
+Imaging tests.Your doctor may recommend an imaging test to create a picture of your liver using ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additional imaging tests may include magnetic elastography and transient elastography.
+Liver biopsy.A liver biopsy can help confirm the diagnosis of toxic hepatitis and help exclude other causes. During a liver biopsy, a needle is used to extract a small sample of tissue from your liver. The sample is examined under a microscope.","Doctors will work to determine what's causing your liver damage. Sometimes it's clear what's causing your symptoms, and other times it takes more detective work to pinpoint a cause. In most cases, stopping exposure to the toxin causing liver inflammation will reduce the signs and symptoms you experience.
+Treatments for toxic hepatitis may include:
+Supportive care.People with severe symptoms are likely to receive supportive therapy in the hospital, including intravenous fluids and medication to relieve nausea and vomiting. Your doctor will also monitor for liver damage.
+Medication to reverse liver damage caused by acetaminophen.If your liver damage was caused by an overdose of acetaminophen, you'll receive a chemical called acetylcysteine right away. The sooner this medication is administered, the greater the chance of limiting liver damage. It's most effective if administered within 16 hours of the acetaminophen overdose.
+Emergency care.For people who overdose on a toxic medication, emergency care is essential. People who overdose on certain medications other than acetaminophen may benefit from treatments to remove the offending medication from the body or reduce its toxic effect.
+Liver transplant.When liver function is severely impaired, a liver transplant may be the only option for some people. A liver transplant is an operation to remove your diseased liver and replace it with a healthy liver from a donor.Most livers used in liver transplants come from deceased donors. In some cases, livers can come from living donors who donate a portion of their livers.",,"Make an appointment with your family doctor or a general practitioner if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you. If you're thought to have a liver problem, such as toxic hepatitis, you'll likely be referred to a liver specialist (hepatologist).
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot to cover, it's a good idea to be well-prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your doctor.",,"nausea, rash, loss of appetite
+nausea and vomiting
+rash
+fever
+weight loss, fatigue, vomiting, fever, jaundice, dark urine, weight loss, yellowing of the skin, abdominal pain, toxic hepatitis, loss of appetite, itching, tea-colored"
+526,Wilson's disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353251,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilsons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353256,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilsons-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20353258,"Wilson's disease is a rare inherited condition that causes copper levels to build up in several organs, especially the liver, brain and eyes. Most people with Wilson's disease are diagnosed between the ages of 5 and 35. But younger and older people can be affected too.
+Copper plays a key role in building healthy nerves, bones, collagen and the skin pigment melanin. You usually take in copper from the food you eat. Your liver produces a substance called bile that removes any extra copper.
+But in people with Wilson's disease, copper isn't removed properly and instead builds up. Sometimes it can be life-threatening if it's not treated. When diagnosed early, Wilson's disease is treatable, and many people with the condition live normal lives.","Wilson's disease is present at birth, but symptoms don't appear until copper levels build up in the brain, liver, eyes or another organ. Symptoms vary based on the parts of your body the disease affects.
+These symptoms can include:
+Tiredness and loss of appetite.
+A yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eye, known as jaundice.
+Golden-brown or copper-colored rings around the irises of the eyes, known as Kayser-Fleischer rings.
+Fluid buildup in the legs or stomach area.
+Problems with speech, swallowing or physical coordination.
+Depression, mood changes and personality changes.
+Having a hard time falling asleep and staying asleep.
+Uncontrolled movements or muscle stiffness.","Make an appointment with your doctor or other primary care provider if you have symptoms that worry you, especially if a family member has Wilson's disease.","Wilson's disease is caused by a changed gene passed down from each parent. If you get only one affected gene, you won't get the disease yourself, but you'll be a carrier. This means you could pass the affected gene to your children.",You can be at greater risk of Wilson's disease if your parents or siblings have the condition. Ask your doctor whether you should have genetic testing to find out if you have Wilson's disease. Diagnosing the condition as early as possible greatly increases the chances of successful treatment.,"If Wilson's disease isn't treated, sometimes it can lead to death. Serious complications include:
+Scarring of the liver, also known as cirrhosis.As liver cells try to repair damage due to high copper levels, scar tissue forms in the liver. This makes it harder for the liver to work.
+Liver failure.This can occur suddenly — what's known as acute liver failure or decompensated Wilson's disease. It also can come about slowly over years. A liver transplant might be a treatment option.
+Lasting nervous system issues.Tremors, involuntary muscle movements, clumsy walking and having a hard time speaking usually improve with treatment for Wilson's disease. But some people have lasting nervous system problems, even with treatment.
+Kidney problems.Wilson's disease can damage the kidneys, leading to issues such as kidney stones and an unusual number of amino acids removed in the urine.
+Mental health issues.These might include personality changes, depression, irritability, bipolar disorder or psychosis.
+Blood problems.These might include the destruction of red blood cells — what's known as hemolysis. This leads to anemia and jaundice.",,"Diagnosing Wilson's disease can be hard because its symptoms often are like other liver diseases, such as hepatitis. Also, symptoms can occur over time. Changes in behavior that come on gradually can be especially hard to link to Wilson's disease.
+Doctors rely on symptoms and test results to make the diagnosis. Tests and procedures used to diagnose Wilson's disease include:
+Blood and urine tests.Blood tests can monitor your liver function and check the level of a protein called ceruloplasmin that binds copper in the blood. They can check the level of copper in your blood too. Your doctor also might want to measure the amount of copper removed in your urine during a 24-hour period.
+Eye exam.Using a microscope with a high-intensity light, an eye doctor checks your eyes for Kayser-Fleischer rings. This is called a slit-lamp exam. These rings are caused by extra copper in the eyes. Wilson's disease also is related to a type of cataract, called a sunflower cataract. This cataract can be seen during an eye exam.
+Removing a sample of liver tissue for testing, also known as a biopsy.In a biopsy, your doctor inserts a thin needle through your skin and into your liver. Then your doctor draws a small sample of tissue. A laboratory tests the tissue for extra copper.
+Genetic testing.A blood test can pinpoint the genetic changes that cause Wilson's disease. If you have the changed gene that causes Wilson's disease, doctors also can screen any siblings. If any have the changed gene, that sibling can start treatment before symptoms begin.","Your doctor might recommend medicines called copper chelating agents. These medicines attach themselves to copper and cause your organs to release that copper into your bloodstream. Your kidneys then filter the copper and release it into your urine.
+Treatment then focuses on stopping copper from building up again. For severe liver damage, a liver transplant might be needed.",,"You'll likely first see your family doctor. Then you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in the liver, also known as a hepatologist.","If you have Wilson's disease, your doctor likely will recommend that you limit the amount of copper in your diet. Also, if you have copper pipes in your home, you might want to test the copper levels in your tap water. Be sure to stay away from multivitamins that contain copper.
+Foods that contain high amounts of copper include:
+Liver.
+Shellfish.
+Mushrooms.
+Nuts.
+Chocolate.
+Ask your healthcare team for more information on foods that have high amounts of copper.","wilson's disease, hard time falling asleep, mood changes, tiredness, golden-brown rings, swallowing problems, jaundice, uncontrolled movements, muscle stiffness, loss of appetite, staying asleep, movements, fluid buildup, physical coordination problems, depression, problems with speech, copper, appetite, personality changes, yellowing of the skin"
+527,Enlarged liver,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-liver/symptoms-causes/syc-20372167,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-liver/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372171,,"An enlarged liver is one that's bigger than normal. The medical term is hepatomegaly (hep-uh-toe-MEG-uh-le).
+
+Rather than a disease, an enlarged liver is a sign of an underlying problem, such as liver disease, congestive heart failure or cancer. Treatment involves identifying and controlling the cause of the condition.","An enlarged liver might not cause symptoms.
+
+When enlarged liver results from liver disease, it might be accompanied by:
+
+When to see a doctor
+
+Make an appointment with your doctor if you have symptoms that worry you.",,"The liver is a large, football-shaped organ found in the upper right portion of your abdomen. The size of the liver varies with age, sex and body size. Many conditions can cause it to enlarge, including:","You're more likely to develop an enlarged liver if you have a liver disease. Factors that can increase your risk of liver problems include:
+
+Large doses of medicines, vitamins or supplements.Taking larger than recommended doses of vitamins, supplements, or over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription medicines can increase your risk of liver damage.
+
+Acetaminophen overdose is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. Besides being the ingredient in over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers such as Tylenol, it's in more than 600 medications, bothOTCand prescription.
+
+Know what's in the medications you take. Read labels. Look for ""acetaminophen,"" ""acetam"" or ""APAP."" Check with your doctor if you're not sure what's too much.",,"To reduce your risk of liver disease, you can:
+
+Use supplements with caution.Talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits of herbal supplements before you take them. Some alternative medicine treatments can harm your liver.
+
+Herbs and supplements to avoid include black cohosh, ma huang and other Chinese herbs, comfrey, germander, greater celandine, kava, pennyroyal, skullcap, and valerian.","Your doctor might start by feeling your abdomen during a physical exam to determine liver size, shape and texture. However this might not be enough to diagnose an enlarged liver.",Treatment for enlarged liver involves treating the condition that's causing it.,,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor. If your doctor suspects you have an enlarged liver, he or she might refer you to the appropriate specialist after testing to determine the cause.
+
+If you have a liver disease, you might be referred to a specialist in liver problems (hepatologist).
+
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"symptoms, worry, liver disease"
+528,Hemochromatosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemochromatosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351443,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemochromatosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351448,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemochromatosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351450,"Hemochromatosis (he-moe-kroe-muh-TOE-sis) is a condition that causes the body to absorb too much iron from food. Excess iron is stored in the organs, especially the liver, heart and pancreas. Too much iron can lead to life-threatening conditions, such as liver disease, heart problems and diabetes.
+There are a few types of hemochromatosis, but the most common type is caused by a gene change passed down through families. Only a few people who have the genes ever develop serious problems. Symptoms usually appear in midlife.
+Treatment includes regularly removing blood from the body. Because much of the body's iron is contained in red blood cells, this treatment lowers iron levels.","Some people with hemochromatosis never have symptoms. Early symptoms often overlap with those of other common conditions.
+Symptoms may include:
+Joint pain.
+Belly pain.
+Fatigue.
+Weakness.
+Diabetes.
+Loss of sex drive.
+Impotence.
+Heart failure.
+Liver failure.
+Bronze or gray skin color.
+Memory fog.","See a healthcare professional if you experience any of the symptoms of hemochromatosis. If you have an immediate family member who has hemochromatosis, ask your healthcare team about genetic testing. Genetic testing can check if you have the gene that increases your risk of hemochromatosis.",Hemochromatosis is most often caused by a change in a gene. This gene controls the amount of iron the body absorbs from food. The altered gene is passed from parents to children. This type of hemochromatosis is by far the most common type. It's called hereditary hemochromatosis.,"Factors that increase the risk of hemochromatosis include:
+Having two copies of an altered HFE gene.This is the greatest risk factor for hereditary hemochromatosis.
+Family history.Having a parent or sibling with hemochromatosis increases the likelihood of developing the disease.
+Ethnicity.People of Northern European descent are more prone to hereditary hemochromatosis than are people of other ethnic backgrounds. Hemochromatosis is less common in people of Black, Hispanic and Asian ancestry.
+Sex.Men are more likely than women to develop symptoms of hemochromatosis at an earlier age. Because women lose iron through menstruation and pregnancy, they tend to store less of the mineral than men do. After menopause or a hysterectomy, the risk increases for women.","Untreated, hemochromatosis can lead to several complications. These complications especially affect the joints and organs where excess iron tends to be stored, such as the liver, pancreas and heart. Complications can include:
+Liver issues.Cirrhosis — permanent scarring of the liver — is just one of the complications that may happen. Cirrhosis increases the risk of liver cancer and other life-threatening complications.
+Diabetes.Damage to the pancreas can lead to diabetes.
+Heart problems.Excess iron in the heart affects the heart's ability to circulate enough blood for the body's needs. This is called congestive heart failure. Hemochromatosis also can cause irregular heart rhythms, called arrhythmias.
+Reproductive problems.Excess iron can lead to erectile dysfunction and loss of sex drive in men. It can cause an absence of the menstrual cycle in women.
+Skin color changes.Deposits of iron in skin cells can make the skin appear bronze or gray in color.",,"Hemochromatosis can be difficult to diagnose. Early symptoms such as stiff joints and fatigue may be due to conditions other than hemochromatosis.
+Many people with the disease don't have any symptoms other than high levels of iron in their blood. Hemochromatosis may be identified because of irregular blood test results after testing is done for other reasons. It also may be revealed when screening family members of people diagnosed with the disease.",,,"Make an appointment with someone on your primary healthcare team if you have any symptoms that worry you. You may be referred to a specialist in digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist, or to another specialist, depending on your symptoms. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect.","In addition to therapeutic blood removal, making some lifestyle changes may further reduce the risk of complications from hemochromatosis, such as:
+Don't take iron supplements and multivitamins containing iron.These can increase iron levels even more.
+Don't take vitamin C supplements.Vitamin C increases absorption of iron. There's usually no need to restrict vitamin C in your diet, however.
+Stay away from alcohol.Alcohol greatly increases the risk of liver damage in people with hemochromatosis. If you have hemochromatosis and you already have liver disease, avoid alcohol completely.
+Don't eat raw fish and shellfish.People with hemochromatosis are at risk of infections, particularly those caused by certain bacteria in raw fish and shellfish.
+Additional dietary changes generally aren't required for people receiving blood removal treatment.","pain, joint pain, fatigue, weakness, belly pain, liver failure, bronze or gray skin color, memory fog, heart failure, impotence, hemochromatosis, loss of sex drive"
+529,Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/charcot-marie-tooth-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350517,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/charcot-marie-tooth-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350522,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/charcot-marie-tooth-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20350525,"Charcot (shahr-KOH)-Marie-Tooth disease is a group of inherited disorders that cause nerve damage. This damage is mostly in the arms and legs (peripheral nerves). Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is also called hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy.
+
+Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease results in smaller, weaker muscles. You may also experience loss of sensation and muscle contractions, and difficulty walking. Foot deformities such as hammertoes and high arches also are common. Symptoms usually begin in the feet and legs, but they may eventually affect your hands and arms.
+
+Symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease typically appear in adolescence or early adulthood, but may also develop in midlife.","Signs and symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease may include:
+
+As Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease progresses, symptoms may spread from the feet and legs to the hands and arms. The severity of symptoms can vary greatly from person to person, even among family members.",,"Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is an inherited, genetic condition. It occurs when there are mutations in the genes that affect the nerves in your feet, legs, hands and arms.
+
+Sometimes, these mutations damage the nerves. Other mutations damage the protective coating that surrounds the nerve (myelin sheath). Both cause weaker messages to travel between your limbs and brain.","Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is hereditary, so you're at higher risk of developing the disorder if anyone in your immediate family has the disease.
+
+Other causes of neuropathies, such as diabetes, may cause symptoms similar to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. These other conditions can also cause the symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease to become worse. Medications such as the chemotherapy drugs vincristine (Marqibo), paclitaxel (Abraxane) and others can make symptoms worse. Be sure to let your doctor know about all of the medications you're taking.","Complications of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease vary in severity from person to person. Foot abnormalities and difficulty walking are usually the most serious problems. Muscles may get weaker, and you may injure areas of the body that experience decreased sensation.
+
+Sometimes the muscles in your feet may not receive your brain's signal to contract, so you're more likely to trip and fall. And your brain may not receive pain messages from your feet, so if you've rubbed a blister on your toe, for example, it may get infected without your realizing it.
+
+You may also experience difficulty breathing, swallowing or speaking if the muscles that control these functions are affected by Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.",,"During the physical exam, your doctor may check for:
+
+Your doctor may also recommend the following tests, which can help provide information about the extent of your nerve damage and what may be causing it.","There's no cure for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. But the disease generally progresses slowly, and it doesn't affect expected life span.
+
+There are some treatments to help you manage Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.","Support groups, in conjunction with your doctor's advice, can be valuable in dealing with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Support groups bring together people who are coping with the same kinds of challenges, and offer a setting in which people can share common problems.
+
+Ask your doctor about support groups in your community. The internet and your local health department, public library and telephone book also may be good sources to find a support group in your area.","You might first discuss your symptoms with your family doctor, but he or she will probably refer you to a neurologist for further evaluation.
+
+Because there's much to discuss in a short time, try to arrive well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your doctor.",,"feet, arms, hands, charcot-marie-tooth disease, symptoms may spread, legs"
+530,Lynch syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lynch-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20374714,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lynch-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374719,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lynch-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20374721,"Lynch syndrome is a condition that increases the risk of many kinds of cancer. This condition is passed from parents to children.
+Families that have Lynch syndrome have more instances of cancer than expected. This might include colon cancer, endometrial cancer and other types of cancer. Lynch syndrome also causes cancers to happen at an earlier age.
+People with Lynch syndrome may need careful testing to look for cancer when it's small. Treatment is more likely to be successful when the cancer is caught early. Some people with Lynch syndrome might consider treatments to prevent cancer.
+Lynch syndrome used to be called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).HNPCCis a term used to describe families with a strong history of colon cancer. Lynch syndrome is the term used when healthcare professionals find a gene that runs in the family and causes cancer.","People with Lynch syndrome may experience:
+Colon cancer before age 50
+Cancer of the inside lining of the uterus (endometrial cancer) before age 50
+A personal history of more than one type of cancer
+A family history of cancer before age 50
+A family history of other cancers caused by Lynch syndrome, including stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, ureteral cancer, brain cancer, small bowel cancer, gallbladder cancer, bile duct cancer and skin cancer","If a family member has Lynch syndrome, tell your healthcare professional. Ask your healthcare professional to help set up an appointment with a professional trained in genetics, such as a genetic counselor. This person can help you understand Lynch syndrome, what causes it and whether genetic testing is right for you.","Lynch syndrome is caused by genes that are passed from parents to children.
+Genes are pieces of DNA. DNA is like a set of instructions for every chemical process that happens in the body.
+As cells grow and make new cells as part of their lifecycle, they make copies of their DNA. Sometimes the copies have errors. The body has a set of genes that hold the instructions for finding the errors and fixing them. Healthcare professionals call these genes mismatch repair genes.
+People with Lynch syndrome have mismatch repair genes that don't work as expected. If an error happens in the DNA, it might not get fixed. This could cause cells that grow out of control and become cancer cells.
+Lynch syndrome runs in families in an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This means that if one parent has genes that cause Lynch syndrome, there's a 50% chance that each child will have the genes that cause Lynch syndrome. Which parent carries the gene doesn't affect the risk.","The risk of Lynch syndrome is higher in people who have a personal history or family history of the cancers caused by this syndrome. Cancers caused by Lynch syndrome include:
+Biliary system cancers, including gallbladder cancer and bile duct cancer.
+Brain cancer.
+Digestive system cancers, including stomach cancer, small bowel cancer and colon cancer.
+Female reproductive system cancers, including endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer.
+Pancreatic cancer.
+Skin cancer.
+Urinary system cancers, including kidney cancer, ureteral cancer and bladder cancer.","Knowing that you have Lynch syndrome can raise concerns about your health. It may also raise some concerns about other parts of your life. These might include:
+Your privacy.You may have questions about what could happen if others find out you have Lynch syndrome. For instance, you might be concerned that your job or insurance companies might find out. A genetics professional can explain the laws that may protect you.
+Your children.If you have Lynch syndrome, your children have a risk of inheriting it from you. A genetics professional can help you come up with a plan for talking about this with your children. The plan might include how and when to tell them and when they should consider testing.
+Your extended family.Having Lynch syndrome has implications for your entire family. Other blood relatives may have a chance of having Lynch syndrome. A genetics professional can help you come up with the best way to tell family members.",,"Diagnosing Lynch syndrome might start with a review of your family history of cancer. Your healthcare professional will want to know whether you or anyone in your family has had colon cancer, endometrial cancer and other cancers. This may lead to other tests and procedures to diagnose Lynch syndrome.","There's no cure for Lynch syndrome. People with Lynch syndrome often have tests to look for early signs of cancer. If cancer is found when it's small, treatment is more likely to be successful.
+Sometimes cancer can be prevented with operations to remove some organs before they can develop cancer. Talk with your healthcare professional about your options.","Having Lynch syndrome can be stressful. Knowing that you have an increased risk of cancer can make you feel worried about your future. In time, you'll find ways to cope with the stress and worry. Until then, you might find it helpful to:
+Find out all you can about Lynch syndrome.Make a list of questions about Lynch syndrome and ask them at your next appointment. Ask your healthcare team for further sources of information. Learning about Lynch syndrome can help you feel more confident when making decisions about your health.
+Take care of yourself.Knowing that you have an increased risk of cancer can make you feel as if you can't control your health. Make healthy choices for the parts of your health you can control. For instance, choose a healthy diet. Exercise most days of the week. Maintain a healthy weight. Get enough sleep so that you wake feeling rested. Go to all your scheduled medical appointments, including your cancer-screening exams.
+Connect with others.Find friends and family with whom you can discuss your fears. Connect with other people with Lynch syndrome through advocacy groups. Examples include Lynch Syndrome International and Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered (FORCE). Find other trusted people you can talk with, such as clergy members. Ask for a referral to a therapist who can help you understand your feelings.","If your healthcare professional thinks you could have Lynch syndrome, they may suggest that you meet with a genetics professional, such as a genetic counselor.
+A genetics professional can help you decide whether genetic testing would be useful for you. If you choose to have the test, they can help you understand your results.",,"kidney cancer, stomach cancer, lynch syndrome, colon cancer, cancer, small bowel cancer, bladder cancer, ovarian cancer, skin cancer, gallbladder cancer, cancers, ureteral cancer, endometrial cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, bile duct cancer"
+531,Hiatal hernia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373385,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/doctors-departments/ddc-20373387,"A hiatal hernia happens when the upper part of the stomach bulges through the large muscle that separates the abdomen and the chest. The muscle is called the diaphragm.
+The diaphragm has a small opening called a hiatus. The tube used for swallowing food, called the esophagus, passes through the hiatus before connecting to the stomach. In a hiatal hernia, the stomach pushes up through that opening and into the chest.
+A small hiatal hernia usually doesn't cause problems. You may never know you have one unless your healthcare team discovers it when checking for another condition.
+But a large hiatal hernia can allow food and acid to back up into your esophagus. This can cause heartburn. Self-care measures or medicines can usually relieve these symptoms. A very large hiatal hernia might need surgery.","Most small hiatal hernias cause no symptoms. But larger hiatal hernias can cause:
+Heartburn.
+Backward flow of swallowed food or liquids into the mouth, called regurgitation.
+Backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, called acid reflux.
+Trouble swallowing.
+Chest or abdominal pain.
+Feeling full soon after you eat.
+Shortness of breath.
+Vomiting of blood or passing of black stools, which could mean bleeding in the digestive tract.",Make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any lasting symptoms that worry you.,"A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It's not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by:
+Age-related changes in your diaphragm.
+Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery.
+Being born with a very large hiatus.
+Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.","Hiatal hernias are most common in people who are:
+Age 50 or older.
+Obese.",,,"A hiatal hernia is often discovered during a test or procedure to determine the cause of heartburn or pain in the chest or upper abdomen. These tests or procedures include:
+X-ray of your upper digestive system.X-rays are taken after you drink a chalky liquid that coats and fills the inside lining of your digestive tract. The coating allows your healthcare team to see an outline of your esophagus, stomach and upper intestine.
+A procedure to look at the esophagus and stomach, called an endoscopy.Endoscopy is a procedure to examine your digestive system with a long, thin tube with a tiny camera, called an endoscope. The endoscope is passed down your throat and looks at the inside of your esophagus and stomach and checks for inflammation.
+A test to measure muscle contractions of the esophagus, called an esophageal manometry.This test measures the rhythmic muscle contractions in your esophagus when you swallow. Esophageal manometry also measures the coordination and force used by the muscles of your esophagus.","Most people with a hiatal hernia don't experience any symptoms and won't need treatment. If you experience symptoms, such as frequent heartburn and acid reflux, you may need medicine or surgery.",,"Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If you've been diagnosed with a hiatal hernia and your problems persist after you make lifestyle changes and start medicine, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.","Making a few lifestyle changes may help control the symptoms caused by a hiatal hernia. Try to:
+Eat several smaller meals throughout the day rather than a few large meals.
+Don't eat foods that trigger heartburn. These include fatty or fried foods, tomato sauce, alcohol, chocolate, mint, garlic, onion, and caffeine.
+Avoid lying down after a meal or eating late in the day.
+Maintain a healthy weight.
+Stop smoking.
+Elevate the head of your bed 8 inches (20 centimeters).","hiatal hernias, regurgitation, black stools, vomiting, chest pain, bleeding, vomiting of blood or passing of black stools, heartburn, abdominal pain, acid reflux, feeling full, trouble swallowing, shortness of breath, hernias"
+532,Inguinal hernia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351547,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351553,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/doctors-departments/ddc-20351554,"An inguinal hernia occurs when tissue, such as part of the intestine, protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles. The resulting bulge can be painful, especially when you cough, bend over or lift a heavy object. However, many hernias do not cause pain.",Inguinal hernia signs and symptoms include:,"Seek immediate care if a hernia bulge turns red, purple or dark or if you notice any other signs or symptoms of a strangulated hernia.
+
+See your doctor if you have a painful or noticeable bulge in your groin on either side of your pubic bone. The bulge is likely to be more noticeable when you're standing, and you usually can feel it if you put your hand directly over the affected area.","Some inguinal hernias have no apparent cause. Others might occur as a result of:
+
+In many people, the abdominal wall weakness that leads to an inguinal hernia occurs prior to birth when a weakness in the abdominal wall muscle doesn't close properly. Other inguinal hernias develop later in life when muscles weaken or deteriorate due to aging, strenuous physical activity or coughing that accompanies smoking.
+
+Weaknesses can also occur in the abdominal wall later in life, especially after an injury or abdominal surgery.
+
+In men, the weak spot usually occurs in the inguinal canal, where the spermatic cord enters the scrotum. In women, the inguinal canal carries a ligament that helps hold the uterus in place, and hernias sometimes occur where connective tissue from the uterus attaches to tissue surrounding the pubic bone.",Factors that contribute to developing an inguinal hernia include:,Complications of an inguinal hernia include:,"You can't prevent the congenital defect that makes you susceptible to an inguinal hernia. You can, however, reduce strain on your abdominal muscles and tissues. For example:","A physical exam is usually all that's needed to diagnose an inguinal hernia. Your doctor will check for a bulge in the groin area. Because standing and coughing can make a hernia more prominent, you'll likely be asked to stand and cough or strain.
+
+If the diagnosis isn't readily apparent, your doctor might order an imaging test, such as an abdominal ultrasound, CT scan or MRI.","If your hernia is small and isn't bothering you, your doctor might recommend watchful waiting. Sometimes, wearing a supportive truss may help relieve symptoms, but check with your doctor first because it's important that the truss fits properly, and is being used appropriately. In children, the doctor might try applying manual pressure to reduce the bulge before considering surgery.
+
+Enlarging or painful hernias usually require surgery to relieve discomfort and prevent serious complications.
+
+There are two general types of hernia operations — open hernia repair and minimally invasive hernia repair.",,You'll likely start by seeing your primary care provider. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.,,"none, inguinal hernia signs and symptoms"
+533,Umbilical hernia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378689,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/doctors-departments/ddc-20378690,An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine bulges through the opening in your abdominal muscles near your bellybutton (navel). Umbilical hernias are common and typically harmless.,"An umbilical hernia creates a soft swelling or bulge near the navel. In babies who have an umbilical hernia, the bulge may be visible only when they cry, cough or strain.
+
+Umbilical hernias in children are usually painless. Umbilical hernias that appear during adulthood may cause abdominal discomfort.","If you suspect that your baby has an umbilical hernia, talk with the baby's doctor. Seek emergency care if your baby has an umbilical hernia and:
+
+Similar guidelines apply to adults. Talk with your doctor if you have a bulge near your navel. Seek emergency care if the bulge becomes painful or tender. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications.","During gestation, the umbilical cord passes through a small opening in the baby's abdominal muscles. The opening normally closes just after birth. If the muscles don't join together completely in the midline of the abdominal wall, an umbilical hernia may appear at birth or later in life.
+
+In adults, too much abdominal pressure contributes to umbilical hernias. Causes of increased pressure in the abdomen include:","Umbilical hernias are most common in infants — especially premature babies and those with low birth weights. In the United States, black infants appear to have a slightly increased risk of umbilical hernias. The condition affects boys and girls equally.
+
+For adults, being overweight or having multiple pregnancies may increase the risk of developing an umbilical hernia. This type of hernia tends to be more common in women.","For children, complications of an umbilical hernia are rare. Complications can occur when the protruding abdominal tissue becomes trapped (incarcerated) and can no longer be pushed back into the abdominal cavity. This reduces the blood supply to the section of trapped intestine and can lead to abdominal pain and tissue damage.
+
+If the trapped portion of intestine is completely cut off from the blood supply, it can lead to tissue death. Infection may spread throughout the abdominal cavity, causing a life-threatening situation.
+
+Adults with umbilical hernias are somewhat more likely to experience a blockage of the intestines. Emergency surgery is typically required to treat these complications.",,An umbilical hernia is diagnosed during a physical exam. Sometimes imaging studies — such as an abdominal ultrasound or a CT scan — are used to screen for complications.,"Most umbilical hernias in babies close on their own by age 1 or 2.Your doctor may even be able to push the bulge back into the abdomen during a physical exam. Don't try this on your own, however.
+
+Although some people claim a hernia can be fixed by taping a coin down over the bulge, don't try this. Placing tape or an object over the bulge doesn't help and germs may accumulate under the tape, causing infection.
+
+For children, surgery is typically reserved for umbilical hernias that:
+
+For adults, surgery is typically recommended to avoid possible complications, especially if the umbilical hernia gets bigger or becomes painful.
+
+During surgery, a small incision is made near the bellybutton. The herniated tissue is returned to the abdominal cavity, and the opening in the abdominal wall is stitched closed. In adults, surgeons often use mesh to help strengthen the abdominal wall.",,"If you or your child has signs or symptoms common to an umbilical hernia, make an appointment with your family doctor or your child's pediatrician.
+
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment and know what to expect from your doctor.",,"umbilical hernia, bulge, swelling, soft swelling, umbilical hernias, abdominal discomfort, cough"
+534,Shingles,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shingles/symptoms-causes/syc-20353054,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shingles/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353060,,"Shingles is a viral infection that causes a painful rash. Shingles can occur anywhere on your body. It typically looks like a single stripe of blisters that wraps around the left side or the right side of your torso.
+
+Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus — the same virus that causes chickenpox. After you've had chickenpox, the virus stays in your body for the rest of your life. Years later, the virus may reactivate as shingles.
+
+Shingles isn't life-threatening. But it can be very painful. Vaccines can help lower the risk of shingles. Early treatment may shorten a shingles infection and lessen the chance of complications. The most common complication is postherpetic neuralgia. This is a painful condition that causes shingles pain for a long time after your blisters have cleared.","Shingles symptoms usually affect only a small section on one side of your body. These symptoms may include:
+
+Some people also experience:
+
+Pain is usually the first symptom of shingles. For some people, the pain can be intense. Depending on the location of the pain, it can sometimes be mistaken for problems with the heart, lungs or kidneys. Some people experience shingles pain without ever developing the rash.
+
+Most commonly, the shingles rash develops as a stripe of blisters that wraps around either the left or right side of the torso. Sometimes the shingles rash occurs around one eye or on one side of the neck or face.","Contact your health care provider as soon as possible if you suspect shingles, especially in the following situations:","Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus — the same virus that causes chickenpox. Anyone who's had chickenpox may develop shingles. After you recover from chickenpox, the virus enters your nervous system and stays inactive for years.
+
+Sometimes the virus reactivates and travels along nerve pathways to your skin — producing shingles. But not everyone who's had chickenpox will develop shingles.
+
+The reason for shingles is unclear. It may be due to lowered immunity to infections as people get older. Shingles is more common in older adults and in people who have weakened immune systems.
+
+Varicella-zoster is part of a group of viruses called herpes viruses. This is the same group that includes the viruses that cause cold sores and genital herpes. As a result, shingles is also known as herpes zoster. But the virus that causes chickenpox and shingles isn't the same virus that causes cold sores or genital herpes, which is a sexually transmitted infection.","Anyone who has ever had chickenpox can develop shingles. Most adults in the United States had chickenpox when they were children. That was before the availability of the routine childhood vaccination that now protects against chickenpox.
+
+Factors that may increase your risk of developing shingles include:",Complications from shingles can include:,"A shingles vaccine may help prevent shingles. People who are eligible should get the Shingrix vaccine, which has been available in the United States since its approval by the Food and Drug Administration in 2017. The Zostavax vaccine is no longer available in the U.S., but other countries may still use it.
+
+Shingrix is approved and recommended for people age 50 and older, whether they've had shingles or not. People who've had the Zostavax vaccine in the past or don't know whether they've had chickenpox may also receive the Shingrix vaccine.
+
+Shingrix is also recommended for people who are 19 years of age and older who have weakened immune systems due to disease or medication.
+
+Shingrix is a nonliving vaccine made of a virus component. It's given in two doses, with 2 to 6 months between doses. The most common side effects of the shingles vaccine are redness, pain and swelling at the injection site. Some people also experience fatigue, headache and other side effects.
+
+The shingles vaccine doesn't guarantee that you won't get shingles. But this vaccine will likely reduce the course and severity of the disease. And it will likely lower your risk of postherpetic neuralgia. Studies suggest that Shingrix offers protection against shingles for more than five years.
+
+Talk to your health care provider about your vaccination options if you:
+
+The shingles vaccine is used only as a way to prevent shingles. It's not intended to treat people who currently have the disease.","Health care providers usually diagnose shingles based on the history of pain on one side of your body, along with the telltale rash and blisters. Your health care provider may also take a tissue sample or culture of the blisters to send to the lab.","There's no cure for shingles. Early treatment with prescription antiviral drugs may speed healing and lower your risk of complications. These drugs include:
+
+Shingles can cause severe pain, so your health care provider also may prescribe:
+
+Talk with your health care provider or pharmacist about benefits and potential side effects of any drugs you're prescribed.
+
+Shingles generally lasts between 2 and 6 weeks. Most people get shingles only once. But it's possible to get it two or more times.",,"You may start by seeing your primary care health care provider.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, rash, blisters, shingles rash, intense pain, shingles pain"
+535,Ramsay Hunt syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ramsay-hunt-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351783,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ramsay-hunt-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351789,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ramsay-hunt-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20351791,"Ramsay Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster oticus) occurs when a shingles outbreak affects the facial nerve near one of your ears. In addition to the painful shingles rash, Ramsay Hunt syndrome can cause facial paralysis and hearing loss in the affected ear.
+
+Ramsay Hunt syndrome is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox. After chickenpox clears up, the virus still lives in your nerves. Years later, it may reactivate. When it does, it can affect your facial nerves.
+
+Prompt treatment of Ramsay Hunt syndrome can reduce the risk of complications, which can include permanent facial muscle weakness and deafness.","The two main signs and symptoms of Ramsay Hunt syndrome are:
+
+Usually, the rash and the facial paralysis occur at the same time. Sometimes one can happen before the other. Other times, the rash never occurs.
+
+If you have Ramsay Hunt syndrome, you might also experience:",Call your doctor if you experience facial paralysis or a shingles rash on your face. Treatment that starts within three days of the start of signs and symptoms may help prevent long-term complications.,"Ramsay Hunt syndrome occurs in people who've had chickenpox. Once you recover from chickenpox, the virus stays in your body — sometimes reactivating in later years to cause shingles, a painful rash with fluid-filled blisters.
+
+Ramsay Hunt syndrome is a shingles outbreak that affects the facial nerve near one of your ears. It can also causes one-sided facial paralysis and hearing loss.","Ramsay Hunt syndrome can occur in anyone who has had chickenpox. It's more common in older adults, typically affecting people older than 60. Ramsay Hunt syndrome is rare in children.
+
+Ramsay Hunt syndrome isn't contagious. However, reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus can cause chickenpox in people who haven't previously had chickenpox or been vaccinated for it. The infection can be serious for people who have immune system problems.
+
+Until the rash blisters scab over, avoid physical contact with:",Complications of Ramsay Hunt syndrome may include:,"Children are now routinely vaccinated against chickenpox, which greatly reduces the chances of becoming infected with the chickenpox virus. A shingles vaccine for people age 50 or older also is recommended.","Doctors often can identify Ramsay Hunt syndrome based on medical history, a physical exam, and the disorder's distinctive signs and symptoms. To confirm the diagnosis, your doctor might take a sample of fluid from one of the rash blisters in your ear for testing.",Prompt treatment of Ramsay Hunt syndrome can ease pain and decrease the risk of long-term complications. Medications may include:,,"You're likely to start by first seeing your family doctor. He or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in nervous system disorders (neurologist) or to an ear, nose and throat specialist (otolaryngologist).",,"rash, paralysis, facial paralysis, hunt syndrome"
+536,Genital herpes,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-herpes/symptoms-causes/syc-20356161,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-herpes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356167,,"Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). The herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes genital herpes. Genital herpes can often be spread by skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity.
+Some people infected with the virus may have very mild symptoms or no symptoms. They can still able to spread the virus. Other people have pain, itching and sores around the genitals, anus or mouth.
+There is no cure for genital herpes. Symptoms often show up again after the first outbreak. Medicine can ease symptoms. It also lowers the risk of infecting others. Condoms can help prevent the spread of a genital herpes infection.","Most people infected withHSVdon't know they have it. They may have no symptoms or have very mild symptoms.
+Symptoms start about 2 to 12 days after exposure to the virus. They may include:
+Pain or itching around the genitals
+Small bumps or blisters around the genitals, anus or mouth
+Painful ulcers that form when blisters rupture and ooze or bleed
+Scabs that form as the ulcers heal
+Painful urination
+Discharge from the urethra, the tube that releases urine from the body
+Discharge from the vagina
+During the first outbreak, you may commonly have flu-like symptoms such as:
+Fever
+Headache
+Body aches
+Swollen lymph nodes in the groin","If you suspect you have genital herpes, or any otherSTI, see your health care provider.",Genital herpes is caused by two types of herpes simplex virus. These types include herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). People withHSVinfections can pass along the virus even when they have no visible symptoms.,"A higher risk of getting genital herpes is linked to:
+Contact with genitals through oral, vaginal or anal sex.Having sexual contact without using a barrier increases your risk of genital herpes. Barriers include condoms and condom-like protectors called dental dams used during oral sex. Women are at higher risk of getting genital herpes. The virus can spread more easily from men to women than from women to men.
+Having sex with multiple partners.The number of people you have sex with is a strong risk factor. Contact with genitals through sex or sexual activity puts you at higher risk. Most people with genital herpes do not know they have it.
+Having a partner who has the disease but is not taking medicine to treat it.There is no cure for genital herpes, but medicine can help limit outbreaks.
+Certain groups within the population.Women, people with a history of sexually transmitted diseases, older people, Black people in in the United States and men who have sex with men diagnosed with genital herpes at a higher than average rate. People in groups at higher risk may choose to talk to a health care provider about their personal risk.","Complications associated with genital herpes may include:
+Other sexually transmitted infections.Having genital sores raises your risk of giving or getting otherSTIs, includingHIV/AIDS.
+Newborn infection.A baby can be infected withHSVduring delivery. Less often, the virus is passed during pregnancy or by close contact after delivery. Newborns withHSVoften have infections of internal organs or the nervous system. Even with treatment, these newborns have a high risk of developmental or physical problems and a risk of death.
+Internal inflammatory disease.HSVinfection can cause swelling and inflammation within the organs associated with sexual activity and urination. These include the ureter, rectum, vagina, cervix and uterus.
+Finger infection.AnHSVinfection can spread to a finger through a break in the skin causing discoloration, swelling and sores. The infections are called herpetic whitlow.
+Eye infection.HSVinfection of the eye can cause pain, sores, blurred vision and blindness.
+Swelling of the brain.Rarely,HSVinfection leads to inflammation and swelling of the brain, also called encephalitis.
+Infection of internal organs.Rarely,HSVin the bloodstream can cause infections of internal organs.","Prevention of genital herpes is the same as preventing other sexually transmitted infections.
+Have one long-term sexual partner who has been tested forSTIs and isn't infected.
+Use a condom or dental dam during sexual activity. These reduce the risk of disease, but they don't prevent all skin-to-skin contact during sex.
+Don't have sex when a partner with genital herpes has symptoms.","Your health care provider can usually make a diagnosis of genital herpes based on a physical exam and a history of your sexual activity.
+To confirm a diagnosis, your provider will likely take a sample from an active sore. One or more tests of these samples are used to see if you have herpes simplex virus (HSV), infection and show whether the infection isHSV-1orHSV-2.
+Less often, a lab test of your blood may be used for confirming a diagnosis or ruling out other infections.
+Your care provider will likely recommend that you get tested for otherSTIs. Your partner should also be tested for genital herpes and otherSTIs.","There's no cure for genital herpes. Treatment with prescription antiviral pills may be used for the following:
+Help sores heal during a first outbreak
+Lower the frequency of recurrent outbreaks
+Lessen the severity and duration of symptoms in recurrent outbreaks
+Reduce the chance of passing the herpes virus to a partner
+Commonly prescribed medicines used for genital herpes include:
+Acyclovir (Zovirax)
+Famciclovir
+Valacyclovir (Valtrex)
+Your health care provider will talk to you about the right treatment for you. Treatment depends on the severity of disease, the type ofHSV, your sexual activity and other medical factors. The dose will vary depending on whether you currently have symptoms. Long-term use of the antiviral drugs is considered safe.","A diagnosis of genital herpes may cause embarrassment, shame, anger or other strong emotions. You may be suspicious or resentful of your partner. Or you might be worried about rejection by your current partner or future partners.
+Healthy ways to cope with having genital herpes include the following:
+Communicate with your partner.Be open and honest about your feelings. Trust your partner and believe what your partner tells you.
+Educate yourself.Talk with your health care provider or a counselor. They can help you learn how to live with the condition. They can also help you lessen the chance of infecting others. Learn about your treatment options and how to manage outbreaks.
+Join a support group.Look for a group in your area or online. Talk about your feelings and learn from others' experiences.","If you think you have genital herpes or anotherSTI, make an appointment to see your health care provider.
+Be prepared to answer the following questions:
+What are your symptoms? When did they start?
+Do you have sores or unusual discharge?
+Do you have pelvic pain?
+Do you have pain while urinating?
+Do you have a new sexual partner or multiple partners?
+Have you ever been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection?
+Do you regularly use condoms?
+What medications or supplements do you take regularly?",,"pain, painful urination, ulcers, blisters, headache, scabs, discharge, fever, swollen lymph nodes, painful urination
+, painful ulcers, body aches, bumps, itching, or mouth, aches, blisters rupture"
+537,Secondary hypertension,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/secondary-hypertension/symptoms-causes/syc-20350679,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/secondary-hypertension/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350684,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/secondary-hypertension/doctors-departments/ddc-20350686,"Secondary high blood pressure (secondary hypertension) is high blood pressure that's caused by another medical condition. It can be caused by conditions that affect the kidneys, arteries, heart or endocrine system. Secondary hypertension can also occur during pregnancy.
+
+Secondary hypertension differs from the usual type of high blood pressure (primary hypertension or essential hypertension), which is often called simply high blood pressure.
+
+Proper treatment of secondary hypertension can often control both the high blood pressure and the condition that causes it. Effective treatment reduces the risk of serious complications — including heart disease, kidney failure and stroke.","Like primary hypertension, secondary hypertension usually has no specific symptoms, even if blood pressure has reached dangerously high levels.
+
+For people diagnosed with high blood pressure, having any of these signs may mean the condition is secondary hypertension:","If you have a condition that can cause secondary hypertension, you may need your blood pressure checked more frequently. Ask your health care provider how often to have your blood pressure checked.","Many health conditions can cause secondary hypertension. Several kidney diseases may cause secondary hypertension, including:
+
+Renovascular hypertension.This type of high blood pressure is caused by narrowing (stenosis) of one or both arteries leading to the kidneys.
+
+Renovascular hypertension is often caused by the same type of fatty plaques that can damage the coronary arteries (atherosclerosis) or a separate condition in which the muscle and fibrous tissues of the renal artery wall thicken and harden into rings (fibromuscular dysplasia).
+
+Medical conditions affecting hormone levels also may cause secondary hypertension. These conditions include:
+
+Other possible causes of secondary hypertension include:
+
+Sleep apnea.In this condition, often marked by severe snoring, breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, causing a lack of oxygen.
+
+Not getting enough oxygen may damage the lining of the blood vessel walls, which may make it harder for the blood vessels to control blood pressure. Also, sleep apnea causes part of the nervous system to be overactive and release certain chemicals that increase blood pressure.
+
+Obesity.As body weight increases, the amount of blood flowing through the body increases. This increase in blood flow puts added pressure on artery walls, increasing blood pressure.
+
+Being overweight also increases the heart rate and makes it harder for the blood vessels to move blood. In addition, fat deposits can release chemicals that raise blood pressure.
+
+Medications and supplements.Various prescription medications — such as pain relievers, birth control pills, antidepressants and drugs used after organ transplants — can cause or worsen high blood pressure in some people.
+
+Some decongestants and herbal supplements, including ginseng, licorice and ephedra (ma-huang), may have the same effect. Many illegal drugs, such as cocaine and methamphetamine, also increase blood pressure.","The greatest risk factor for developing secondary hypertension is having a medical condition that can cause high blood pressure, such as kidney, artery, heart or endocrine system problems.","Secondary hypertension can worsen the underlying medical condition that's causing the high blood pressure. Without treatment, secondary hypertension can lead to other health problems, such as:
+
+Metabolic syndrome.This syndrome is a cluster of disorders of the body's metabolism — including increased waist circumference, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (the ""good"" cholesterol), high blood pressure and high insulin levels.
+
+If you have high blood pressure, you're more likely to have other components of metabolic syndrome. The more components you have, the greater your risk of developing diabetes, heart disease or stroke.",,"To diagnose secondary hypertension, a health care provider will take a blood pressure reading using an inflatable cuff.
+
+A care provider might not diagnose secondary hypertension based on a single high blood pressure reading. It may take 3 to 6 high blood pressure measurements at separate appointments to diagnose secondary hypertension. Home blood pressure monitoring and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring might make up some of these readings. With ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, a device takes blood pressure measurements automatically at specific times throughout the day.
+
+Other tests to help pinpoint the cause of the high blood pressure might include:
+
+Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).This painless noninvasive test records the electrical signals in the heart. This test can help determine whether a heart problem might be causing secondary hypertension.
+
+In this test, sensors (electrodes) are attached to the chest and sometimes to the limbs. The sensors connect to a computer that records the heart's electrical signal information and displays it as waves on a monitor or on paper. This test shows how the heart is beating.","Treatment for secondary hypertension involves treating the medical condition that's causing it with medications or surgery. Once the condition is treated, blood pressure might decrease or return to normal.
+
+Treatment might require continuing to take blood pressure medication, as well. The underlying medical condition might affect this choice of medication.
+
+Possible drug choices include:
+
+Thiazide diuretics.Diuretics, sometimes called water pills, are medications that help kidneys eliminate sodium and water. Thiazide diuretics are often the first — but not the only — choice in high blood pressure medications.
+
+Diuretics are often generic and tend to be less expensive than other high blood pressure medications. If you're not taking a diuretic and your blood pressure remains high, talk to your provider about adding one or replacing a drug you take with a diuretic. Possible side effects of diuretics include weakness, leg cramps and a higher risk of having sexual issues.
+
+Beta blockers.These medications reduce the workload on the heart and open the blood vessels. This causes the heart to beat slower and with less force. When prescribed alone, beta blockers don't work as well in Black people — but they're effective when combined with a thiazide diuretic.
+
+Possible side effects include fatigue, sleep problems, a slowed heart rate, and cold hands and feet. Beta blockers generally aren't used for people with asthma, as they can increase muscle spasms in the lungs.
+
+Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.These medications help relax blood vessels by blocking the formation of a natural chemical that narrows blood vessels. angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may be especially important in treating high blood pressure in people with coronary artery disease, heart failure or kidney failure.
+
+Like beta blockers,ACEinhibitors don't work as well in Black people when prescribed alone, but they're effective when combined with a thiazide diuretic. Possible side effects include dizziness and coughing.ACEinhibitors should not be taken during pregnancy.
+
+Angiotensin II receptor blockers.These medications help relax blood vessels by blocking the action of a natural chemical that narrows blood vessels. LikeACEinhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers often are useful for people with coronary artery disease, heart failure or kidney failure.
+
+These medications have fewer potential side effects than doACEinhibitors. Angiotensin II receptor blockers should not be used during pregnancy.
+
+Calcium channel blockers.These medications help relax the muscles of the blood vessels or slow the heart rate. Calcium channel blockers may work better for some people thanACEinhibitors or beta blockers alone. Possible side effects include water retention, dizziness and constipation.
+
+Grapefruit juice interacts with some calcium channel blockers, increasing levels of the medication in the blood and increasing the risk of side effects. Ask your health care provider or pharmacist if grapefruit juice affects your medication.
+
+Direct renin inhibitors.These medications relax and widen the arteries by preventing the action of a protein (enzyme) called renin. An example of a direct renin inhibitor is as aliskiren (Tekturna).
+
+Common side effects of aliskiren include dizziness and diarrhea. People with diabetes or moderate to severe kidney problems shouldn't use aliskiren in combination withACEinhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers.
+
+Treatment for secondary hypertension can sometimes be complicated. It might take more than one medication combined with lifestyle changes to control high blood pressure. Your health care provider will want to see you more often — possibly as often as once a month — until your blood pressure is controlled. Your provider may also recommend that you keep track of your blood pressure at home.",,"High blood pressure may be discovered during a routine physical. At that point, your primary care provider may order more tests or refer you to a provider who specializes in treating the suspected cause of your high blood pressure. For example, if your provider believes that a kidney problem is causing your high blood pressure, you'll likely be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating kidney disorders (nephrologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"no symptoms mentioned, hypertension"
+538,Priapism,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/symptoms-causes/syc-20352005,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352010,,"Priapism is a prolonged erection of the penis. The full or partial erection continues hours beyond or isn't caused by sexual stimulation. The main types of priapism are ischemic and nonischemic. Ischemic priapism is a medical emergency.
+
+Although priapism is an uncommon condition overall, it occurs commonly in certain groups, such as people who have sickle cell disease. Prompt treatment for priapism is usually needed to prevent tissue damage that could result in the inability to get or maintain an erection (erectile dysfunction).
+
+Priapism most commonly affects males in their 30s and older, but can begin in childhood for males with sickle cell disease.",Priapism symptoms vary depending on the type of priapism. The two main types of priapism are ischemic priapism and nonischemic priapism.,"If you have an erection lasting more than four hours, you need emergency care. The emergency room doctor will determine whether you have ischemic priapism or nonischemic priapism.
+
+If you experience recurrent, persistent, painful erections that resolve on their own, see your doctor. You might need treatment to prevent further episodes.","An erection normally occurs in response to physical or psychological stimulation. This stimulation causes certain smooth muscles to relax, increasing blood flow to spongy tissues in the penis. As a result, the blood-filled penis becomes erect. After stimulation ends, the blood flows out and the penis returns to its nonrigid (flaccid) state.
+
+Priapism occurs when some part of this system — the blood, vessels, smooth muscles or nerves — changes normal blood flow, and an erection persists. The underlying cause of priapism often can't be determined, but several conditions may play a role.",,Ischemic priapism can cause serious complications. The blood trapped in the penis is deprived of oxygen. When an erection lasts for too long — usually more than four hours — this lack of oxygen can begin to damage or destroy tissues in the penis. Untreated priapism can cause erectile dysfunction.,"If you have stuttering priapism, to prevent future episodes your doctor might recommend:","If you have an erection lasting more than four hours, you need emergency care.
+
+The emergency room doctor will determine whether you have ischemic priapism or nonischemic priapism. This is necessary because the treatment for each is different, and treatment for ischemic priapism needs to happen as soon as possible.","Ischemic priapism — the result of blood not being able to exit the penis — is an emergency situation that requires immediate treatment. After pain relief, this treatment usually begins with a combination of draining blood from the penis and using medications.
+
+If you have sickle cell disease, you might receive additional treatments that are used to treat disease-related episodes.",,"If you have an erection lasting more than four hours, you need emergency care. If you experience recurrent, persistent, partial erections that resolve on their own, see your doctor. Treatment might be needed to prevent further episodes. The doctor might suggest that you make a follow-up appointment with a specialist in the urinary tract and male reproductive system, such as a urologist or andrologist.
+
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor.",,"priapism, nonischemic priapism, none, ischemic priapism"
+539,Chronic hives,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-hives/symptoms-causes/syc-20352719,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-hives/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352723,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-hives/doctors-departments/ddc-20352725,"Hives — also called urticaria (ur-tih-KAR-e-uh) — is a skin reaction that causes itchy welts. Chronic hives are welts that last for more than six weeks and return often over months or years. Often, the cause of chronic hives isn't clear.
+The welts often start as itchy patches that turn into swollen welts that vary in size. These welts appear and fade at random as the reaction runs its course. Each individual welt typically lasts less than 24 hours.
+Chronic hives can be very uncomfortable and interfere with sleep and daily activities. For many people, anti-itch medicines, called antihistamines, provide relief.","Symptoms of chronic hives include:
+Batches of welts, called weals, that can arise anywhere on the body.
+Welts that might be red, purple or skin-colored, depending on your skin color.
+Welts that vary in size, change shape, and appear and fade repeatedly.
+Itchiness, also called pruritus, which can be intense.
+Painful swelling, called angioedema, around the eyes, cheeks or lips.
+Flares triggered by heat, exercise or stress.
+Symptoms that persist for more than six weeks and recur often and anytime, sometimes for months or years.",See a healthcare professional if you have severe hives or hives that last for more than a few days.,"The welts that come with hives are caused by the release of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, into your bloodstream. It's often not known why chronic hives happen or why short-term hives sometimes turn into a long-term problem.
+The skin reaction may be triggered by:
+Heat or cold.
+Sunlight.
+Vibration, such as caused by jogging or using lawn mowers.
+Pressure on the skin, as from a tight waistband.
+Medical conditions, such as thyroid disease, infection, allergy and cancer.","In most cases, chronic hives is not predictable. In some people, the risk of chronic hives increases if they have certain medical conditions. These include infection, thyroid disease, allergy, cancer and swelling of the blood vessels, called vasculitis.","Chronic hives don't put you at sudden risk of a serious allergic reaction, called anaphylaxis. If you do get hives as part of a severe allergic reaction, seek emergency care. Symptoms of anaphylaxis include dizziness, trouble breathing, and swelling of the tongue, lips, mouth or throat.","To lower your likelihood of getting hives, use these self-care tips:
+Avoid known triggers.If you know what has triggered your hives, try to avoid that substance.
+Bathe and change your clothes.If pollen or animal contact has triggered your hives in the past, take a bath or shower and change your clothes if you're exposed to pollen or animals.","To diagnose chronic hives, your healthcare professional will likely talk with you about your symptoms and look at your skin. One of the telling features of chronic hives is that the welts come and go at random, with each spot usually lasting less than 24 hours. You might be asked to keep a diary to keep track of:
+Your activities.
+Any medicines, herbal remedies or supplements you take.
+What you eat and drink.
+Where hives appear and how long it takes a welt to fade and whether it leaves behind a bruise or other mark.
+Whether your hives come with painful swelling.
+You also may need blood tests to determine the cause of your symptoms. An accurate diagnosis will guide your treatment. If needed to clarify the diagnosis, your healthcare professional might do a skin biopsy. A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab.","Treatment for chronic hives often starts with nonprescription anti-itch medicines, called antihistamines. If these don't help, your healthcare professional might suggest that you try one or more prescription-strength medicines. These include:
+Montelukast (Singulair).
+Doxepin (Silenor, Zonalon).
+Ranitidine.
+Omalizumab (Xolair).
+For chronic hives that resist these treatments, your healthcare professional might prescribe a medicine that can calm an overactive immune system. Examples are cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), tacrolimus (Prograf, Protopic, others), hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) and mycophenolate (Cellcept).",,You'll likely start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Or you may be referred to an allergy specialist or a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions. This type of doctor is called a dermatologist.,,"angioedema, flares, itchiness, weals, swelling, skin-colored, batches of welts, welts, painful swelling, pruritus"
+540,Laryngitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/laryngitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374262,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/laryngitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374267,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/laryngitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20374268,"Laryngitis is an inflammation of your voice box (larynx) from overuse, irritation or infection.
+
+Inside the larynx are your vocal cords — two folds of mucous membrane covering muscle and cartilage. Normally, your vocal cords open and close smoothly, forming sounds through their movement and vibration.","In most cases laryngitis symptoms last less than a couple of weeks and are caused by something minor, such as a virus. Less often, laryngitis symptoms are caused by something more serious or long lasting. Laryngitis signs and symptoms can include:","You can manage most acute cases of laryngitis with self-care steps, such as resting your voice and drinking plenty of fluids. Strenuous use of your voice during an episode of acute laryngitis can damage your vocal cords.
+
+Make an appointment with a doctor if your laryngitis symptoms last more than two weeks.",Most cases of laryngitis are temporary and improve after the underlying cause gets better. Causes of acute laryngitis include:,Risk factors for laryngitis include:,"In some cases of laryngitis caused by infection, the infection may spread to other parts of the respiratory tract.",To prevent dryness or irritation to your vocal cords:,"The most common sign of laryngitis is hoarseness. Changes in your voice can vary with the degree of infection or irritation, ranging from mild hoarseness to almost total loss of your voice. If you have chronic hoarseness, your doctor may review your medical history and symptoms. He or she may want to listen to your voice and examine your vocal cords, and he or she may refer you to an ear, nose and throat specialist.
+
+These techniques sometimes are used to help diagnose laryngitis:","Acute laryngitis often gets better on its own within a week or so. Self-care measures, such as voice rest, drinking fluids and humidifying your air, also can help improve symptoms.
+
+Chronic laryngitis treatments are aimed at treating the underlying causes, such as heartburn, smoking or excessive use of alcohol.
+
+Medications used in some cases include:
+
+You may also have voice therapy to learn to lessen behaviors that worsen your voice.
+
+In some cases, you may need surgery.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or a pediatrician. You may be referred to a doctor trained in ear, nose and throat disorders.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and to know what to expect from your doctor.",,"laryngitis, sore throat, hoarseness"
+542,Stye (sty),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sty/symptoms-causes/syc-20378017,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sty/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378022,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sty/doctors-departments/ddc-20378023,"A stye (sty) is a red, painful lump near the edge of your eyelid that may look like a boil or a pimple. Styes are often filled with pus. A stye usually forms on the outside of your eyelid, but sometimes it can form on the inner part of your eyelid.
+
+In most cases, a stye will begin to disappear on its own in a couple days. In the meantime, you may be able to relieve the pain or discomfort of a stye by applying a warm washcloth to your eyelid.","Signs and symptoms of a stye include:
+
+Another condition that causes inflammation of the eyelid is a chalazion. A chalazion occurs when there's a blockage in one of the small oil glands near the eyelashes. Unlike a stye, a chalazion usually isn't painful and tends to be most prominent on the inner side of the eyelid. Treatment for both conditions is similar.","Most styes are harmless to your eye and won't affect your ability to see clearly. Try self-care measures first, such as applying a warm washcloth to your closed eyelid for five to 10 minutes several times a day and gently massaging the eyelid. Contact your doctor if:",A stye is caused by an infection of oil glands in the eyelid. The bacterium staphylococcus is commonly responsible for most of these infections.,You are at increased risk of a stye if you:,,To prevent eye infections:,Your doctor will usually diagnose a stye just by looking at your eyelid. Your doctor may use a light and a magnifying device to examine your eyelid.,"In most cases, a stye doesn't require specific treatment, but using warm compresses can hasten the healing. A stye typically goes away on its own. Recurrences are common.
+
+For a stye that persists, your doctor may recommend treatments, such as:",,"Start by seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner if your stye is painful or doesn't start to get better in two days. In some cases, your doctor may refer you to a specialist who treats eye diseases and conditions (ophthalmologist).
+
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"stye, painful, blockage, inflammation, chalazion"
+543,Horner syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/horner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20373547,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/horner-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373551,,Horner syndrome is a condition that affects the face and eye on one side of the body. It is caused by the disruption of a nerve pathway from the brain to the head and neck.,"Horner syndrome usually affects only one side of the face. Common signs and symptoms include:
+
+Signs and symptoms, particularly ptosis and anhidrosis, may be subtle and difficult to detect.","A number of factors, some more serious than others, can cause Horner syndrome. It is important to get a prompt and accurate diagnosis.
+
+Get emergency care if signs or symptoms associated with Horner syndrome appear suddenly, appear after a traumatic injury, or are accompanied by other signs or symptoms, such as:","Horner syndrome is caused by damage to a certain pathway in the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system regulates heart rate, pupil size, perspiration, blood pressure and other functions that enable you to respond quickly to changes in your environment.
+
+The nerve pathway affected by Horner syndrome is divided into three groups of nerve cells (neurons).",,,,"In addition to a general medical examination, your doctor will likely conduct tests to determine the nature of your symptoms and identify a possible cause.","There's no specific treatment for Horner syndrome. Often, Horner syndrome disappears when an underlying medical condition is effectively treated.",,"In most nonemergency situations, you typically start by seeing a family doctor or an (ophthalmologist). You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in nervous system disorders (neurologist) or a specialist in both neurological disorders and disorders affecting the eye and visual pathways (neuro-ophthalmologist).",,"anhidrosis, horner syndrome, ptosis"
+545,HPV infection,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351596,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/doctors-departments/ddc-20351603,"HPV infection is a viral infection. There are more than 100 types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Some types of HPV infection cause skin growths called warts and some types of HPV infection can cause cancer.
+
+Most HPV infections don't lead to cancer. But some types of genital HPV can cause cancer of the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina, called the cervix. Other types of cancers have been linked to HPV infection. These include cancers of the anus, penis, vagina, vulva and back of the throat. Cancer at the back of the throat is called oropharyngeal cancer.
+
+These infections are often passed through sex or through other skin-to-skin contact. Vaccines can help protect against the strains of HPV most likely to cause genital warts or cervical cancer.","Usually, the body's immune system defeats an HPV infection before it creates warts. Different types of HPV produce different warts, including:
+
+Genital warts.Some appear flat. Others look like small cauliflower-like bumps or tiny stemlike bumps. In women, genital warts appear mostly on the vulva. But they also can occur near the anus, on the cervix or in the vagina.
+
+In men, genital warts appear on the penis and scrotum or around the anus. Genital warts rarely cause discomfort or pain. But they might itch or feel tender.","If you or your child has any warts that cause embarrassment, discomfort or pain, seek advice from your healthcare professional.","HPV infection occurs when the virus enters the body, usually through a cut or other damage to skin. The virus spreads mainly by skin-to-skin contact.
+
+Genital HPV infections are contracted through having sex, anal sex and other skin-to-skin contact of the genitals. Some HPV infections spread through oral sex.
+
+People who are pregnant and have an HPV infection with genital warts can give the infection to the baby. Rarely, the infection may cause a noncancerous growth in the baby's voice box, called the larynx.
+
+Warts spread easily. This means that warts are contagious and can spread through direct contact with a wart. Warts also can spread by touching something that has touched a wart.",HPV infections are common. Risk factors for HPV infection include:,,"It's hard to prevent HPV infections that cause common warts. If you have a common wart, you can prevent the spread of the infection and keep new warts from forming by not picking at a wart and not biting your nails.","A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts.
+
+If genital warts don't show, one or more of the following tests can find them:","Warts often go away without treatment, particularly in children. But there's no cure for the virus. So the warts can come back in the same place or other places.",,"You'll likely start by seeing your main healthcare professional. Depending on where your warts are, you may be referred to a specific healthcare professional. For example, you may be referred to a specialist who treats skin, called a dermatologist; a specialist who treats feet, called a podiatrist; or a reproductive organs specialist, either a gynecologist or urologist.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, hpv infection, itch, tender, discomfort"
+546,Kyphosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374205,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374209,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20374211,"Kyphosis is an excessive forward rounding of the upper back.
+In older people, kyphosis is often due to weakness in the spinal bones that causes them to compress or crack. Other types of kyphosis can appear in infants or teens. These types are due to malformation of the spine or wedging of the spinal bones over time.
+Mild kyphosis causes few problems. Serious kyphosis can cause pain and be disfiguring. Treatment for kyphosis depends on your age, and the cause and seriousness of the curvature.","Mild kyphosis may not have any noticeable symptoms. In fact, the upper back naturally has a little kyphosis. People who have excessive curvature may experience back pain and stiffness.",Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you notice an increased curve in your upper back or in your child's spine.,"The bones that make up a healthy spine look like cylinders stacked in a column. These bones are called vertebrae. Kyphosis happens when the vertebrae in the back become more wedge shaped.
+The shape of vertebrae can be changed by:
+Fractures.Broken vertebrae can result in curvature of the spine. Compression fractures, which can happen in weakened bone, are the most common. Mild compression fractures may not produce noticeable symptoms.
+Osteoporosis.Weak bones can cause spinal curvature, especially if weakened vertebrae develop compression fractures. Osteoporosis is most common in older women and people who have taken corticosteroids for long periods of time.
+Disk degeneration.Soft, circular disks act as cushions between spinal vertebrae. With age, these disks flatten and shrink, which often worsens kyphosis.
+Scheuermann's disease.Also called Scheuermann's kyphosis, this disease usually becomes noticeable during adolescence.
+Other problems.Spinal bones that don't develop properly before birth can cause kyphosis. Kyphosis in children also can be associated with certain medical conditions.","The risk of developing kyphosis as an adult increases with age as bone density decreases and spinal disks degenerate. In children, certain genetic and metabolic conditions may put them at increased risk for kyphosis, including osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome.","In addition to causing back pain, kyphosis may cause:
+Limited physical functions.Kyphosis is associated with weakened back muscles and difficulty doing tasks such as walking and getting out of chairs. The spinal curvature can also make it difficult to gaze upward or drive and can cause pain when you lie down.
+Digestive problems.Serious kyphosis can compress the digestive tract, causing problems such as acid reflux and difficulty with swallowing.
+Back pain.Some patients with serious kyphosis experience back pain.
+Body image problems.People with kyphosis, especially adolescents, may have poor body image from having a rounded back.",,"Your healthcare professional will generally conduct a thorough physical exam. You may be asked to bend forward from the waist to allow your healthcare professional to view your spine from the side. You also may undergo a neurological exam to check your reflexes and muscle strength.
+Tests that may be ordered include:
+X-rays or CT scans.X-rays can determine the degree of curvature and detect deformities of the vertebrae. A CT scan might be recommended if your healthcare professional needs more detailed imaging.
+MRI.Using a strong magnetic field, MRIs can detect a recent fracture in your spine.
+Nerve tests.If you are experiencing numbness or muscle weakness, you may need tests to determine how well nerve impulses are traveling between your spinal cord and your extremities.
+Bone density tests.Low-density bone can increase the risk for compression fractures and often can be improved with medicines.",Kyphosis treatment depends on the cause and seriousness of your condition.,,You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of spine disorders.,,"pain, kyphosis, stiffness, back pain"
+548,Progeria,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/progeria/symptoms-causes/syc-20356038,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/progeria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356043,,"Progeria (pro-JEER-e-uh), also known as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, is an extremely rare, progressive genetic disorder. It causes children to age rapidly, starting in their first two years of life.
+Children with progeria generally appear healthy at birth. During the first year, symptoms such as slowed growth, loss of fat tissue and hair loss begin to appear.
+Heart problems or strokes are the eventual cause of death in most children with progeria. The average life expectancy for a child with progeria is about 15 years. Some with the condition may die younger and others may live longer, even to about 20 years.
+There's no cure for progeria, but new treatments and research show some promise for managing symptoms and complications.","Usually within the first year of life, you'll notice that your child's growth has slowed. But motor development and intelligence are not affected.
+Symptoms of this progressive disorder cause a distinctive appearance. They include:
+Slowed growth and poor weight gain, with below-average height and weight.
+Lack of fat that's stored just beneath the skin.
+Head that is large compared with the face.
+Small jaw, chin and mouth and thin lips.
+Thin, curved nose with a slight hook at the end, which may look like a bird's beak.
+Large eyes and eyelids that don't close completely.
+Hair loss, including eyelashes and eyebrows.
+Thin, spotty and wrinkled skin.
+Veins easily seen through the skin.
+High-pitched voice.
+Premature aging.
+Symptoms also include health issues:
+Severe progressive heart and blood vessel disease, also known as cardiovascular disease.
+Hardening and tightening of skin.
+Delayed tooth formation and tooth shape that is not usual.
+Some hearing loss.
+Loss of fat under the skin and loss of muscle.
+Problems with the growth and development of bones.
+Joint problems, including stiff joints.
+A hip that's forced out of the correct position, known as hip dislocation.
+Dental problems.
+No significant progression of puberty.
+Insulin resistance, which means the body doesn't respond well to insulin made by an organ called the pancreas.","Progeria is usually found in infancy or early childhood. This often happens at regular checkups, when a baby first shows the distinctive signs of premature aging.
+If you notice changes in your child that could be symptoms of progeria, or you have any concerns about your child's growth or development, make an appointment with your child's health care provider.","A change in one gene causes progeria. This gene, known as lamin A (LMNA), makes a protein that's needed to hold the center of a cell, called the nucleus, together. When theLMNAgene has a change, a flawed lamin A protein called progerin is made. Progerin makes cells unstable and appears to lead to progeria's aging process.
+The changed gene that causes progeria is rarely passed down in families. In most cases, the rare gene change that causes progeria happens by chance.","There are no known factors, such as lifestyle or environmental issues, that increase the risk of having progeria or giving birth to a child with progeria. But the age of the father has been described as a possible risk factor. Progeria is extremely rare. If you've had one child with progeria, the chances of having a second child with progeria are slightly higher than the general population but are still low.
+If you have a child with progeria, a genetic counselor can give you information about the risk of having other children with progeria.","Severe hardening of the arteries, known as atherosclerosis, is common in progeria. Arteries are blood vessels that carry nutrients and oxygen from the heart to the rest of the body. Atherosclerosis is a condition in which the walls of the arteries stiffen and thicken. This often limits blood flow. The condition especially affects arteries in the heart and brain.
+Most children with progeria die of complications related to atherosclerosis, including:
+Problems with blood vessels that supply the heart, resulting in heart attack and congestive heart failure.
+Problems with blood vessels that supply the brain, resulting in stroke.
+Other health problems frequently linked with aging — such as an increased cancer risk — usually don't develop as part of progeria.",,"Health care providers may suspect progeria based on symptoms. A genetic test for changes in theLMNAgene can confirm the diagnosis of progeria.
+A thorough physical exam of your child includes:
+Measuring height and weight.
+Putting measurements on a growth curve chart.
+Testing hearing and vision.
+Measuring vital signs, including blood pressure.
+Looking for visible symptoms of progeria.
+Feel free to ask questions during your child's exam. Progeria is a very rare condition. Your health care provider may need to gather more information before deciding on the next steps in caring for your child. Discussion of your questions and concerns will be helpful.","There's no cure for progeria. But regular monitoring for heart and blood vessel disease may help with managing your child's condition.
+During medical visits, your child's weight and height are measured and put on a chart that shows average measurements of children who are your child's age. Routine evaluations often include electrocardiograms and echocardiograms to check the heart, imaging tests, such as X-ray and MRI, and dental, vision and hearing exams.
+Certain therapies may ease or delay some of the symptoms of progeria. Treatments depend on your child's condition and symptoms. These may include:
+Lonafarnib (Zokinvy).This oral medicine helps prevent the buildup of faulty progerin and progerin-like proteins in cells. Preventing this buildup in cells can slow the progression of symptoms that occur in progeria, which can help some children live longer. The medicine is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for children 1 year and older.
+Low-dose aspirin.A daily dose may help prevent heart attacks and strokes.
+Other medicines.Depending on your child's condition, the health care provider may prescribe other medicines to treat complications. These may include dietary therapy, possibly with statins to help blood vessels and heart function. Also, blood thinners to help prevent blood clots. Medicines to treat headaches and other symptoms may be needed.
+Physical and occupational therapy.Physical therapy can help with joint stiffness and hip problems to help your child remain active. Occupational therapy can help your child learn ways to manage daily activities, such as dressing, brushing teeth and eating.
+Nutrition.A balanced diet that includes healthy, high-calorie foods can help maintain adequate nutrition. Sometimes nutrition supplements are needed to provide extra calories.
+Hearing aids.Although low-frequency hearing loss does not usually affect daily activities, sometimes listening devices or hearing aids are needed.
+Eye and vision care.Not being able to close eyelids completely can cause dry eyes and damage to the surface of the eye. Moisturizing eye products and regular vision care can help.
+Dental care.Dental problems are common in progeria. Regular visits with a pediatric dentist experienced with progeria can treat problems early.","Learning that your child has progeria can be emotionally upsetting. Suddenly you know that your child is facing many difficult challenges and a shortened life span. For you and your family, coping with the condition can involve a major commitment of physical, emotional and financial resources.
+Some helpful resources include:
+Support network.Your health care team, family and friends can all be a valuable part of your support network. Also, ask your health care provider about self-help groups or therapists in your community. Your local health department, public library and trustworthy sources on the internet may be helpful in finding resources.
+Support groups.In a support group, you'll be with people who are facing challenges like yours. If you can't find a progeria support group, you may be able to find a group for parents of children with long-term illness.
+Other families dealing with progeria.The Progeria Research Foundation may be able to help you connect with other families who have a child with progeria.
+Therapists.If a group isn't for you, talking to a therapist or someone in your faith community may help.","It's likely that your family health care provider or your child's pediatrician will notice symptoms of progeria during regular checkups. After evaluation, your child may be referred to a medical genetics specialist.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.","Here are some steps you can take at home to help your child:
+Make sure your child drinks plenty of water.Loss of water, called dehydration, can be more serious in children with progeria. Dehydration is when your body doesn't have enough water and other fluids to carry out normal functions. Be sure your child drinks plenty of water and other fluids, especially during an illness, with activity or in hot weather.
+Provide frequent, small meals.Because nutrition and growth can be an issue for children with progeria, giving your child smaller meals more often may help provide more calories. Add healthy, high-calorie foods and snacks as needed. Talk with your health care provider about nutritional supplements. Visits with a registered dietitian can help.
+Provide opportunities for regular physical activity.Check with your child's health care provider to learn which activities are safe and healthy for your child.
+Get cushioned shoes or shoe inserts for your child.Loss of body fat in the feet can cause discomfort.
+Use sunscreen.Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30. Apply sunscreen generously, and reapply it every two hours. Apply sunscreen more often if your child is swimming or sweating.
+Make sure your child is up to date on childhood vaccinations.A child with progeria isn't at increased risk of infection. But like all children, your child is at risk if exposed to infectious diseases.
+Provide learning and social opportunities.Progeria won't affect your child's intellect. Your child can attend school at an age-appropriate level. Some adjustments for size and physical ability may be needed.
+Make changes at home to allow independence.You may need to make some changes at home that allow your child to have some independence and to be comfortable. These can include ways to allow your child to reach items such as faucets or light switches. Your child may need clothes with special closures or in special sizes. Extra padding for chairs and beds can increase comfort.","curved nose, loss of fat under the skin, thin skin, eyelids that don't close completely, high-pitched voice, heart and blood vessel disease, tooth formation, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+slowed growth, large head, hip dislocation, large eyes, hearing loss, spotty skin, hair loss, delayed tooth formation, weight gain, chin and mouth, unusual tooth shape, loss of muscle, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, bone growth and development problems, small jaw, stiff joints, dental problems, dislocation, hardening and tightening of skin, thin lips, below-average height and weight, veins easily seen, lack of fat, wrinkled skin, premature aging, poor weight gain"
+549,High cholesterol,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/symptoms-causes/syc-20350800,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350806,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/doctors-departments/ddc-20350809,"Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in the blood. The body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells. But high levels of cholesterol can raise the risk of heart disease.
+With high cholesterol, fats and other substances can build up in blood vessels called arteries. This buildup is called plaque. As more plaque forms over time, the arteries can become narrowed or clogged. That makes it hard for enough blood to flow through the arteries. Sometimes a piece of plaque can break loose and form a blood clot. The clot may cause a heart attack or stroke.
+High cholesterol can be inherited. That means it can pass from parents to children through genes. But high cholesterol often is the result of lifestyle choices such as not getting enough exercise, not eating a balanced diet or consuming large amounts of saturated fat. You can make changes to help prevent it. And if you have high cholesterol, you can help lower it with a healthy diet, regular exercise and sometimes medicine.",High cholesterol has no symptoms. A blood test is the only way to find out if you have it.,"The American Heart Association recommends that children get checked, also called screened, for high cholesterol once between ages 9 and 11. Screening may start earlier if a child has a family history of high cholesterol, heart attack or stroke. Screening also may start earlier if a child has conditions such as diabetes or obesity.
+The next cholesterol screening is recommended for people between ages 17 and 21. After that, many adults get their cholesterol checked every 4 to 6 years. People who have health conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes may need to get screened more often. So might those who take cholesterol-lowering medicine. Those who have a family history of high cholesterol or heart disease also may need more-frequent screenings.
+If your test results aren't within the desirable range, your healthcare professional might recommend more-frequent testing as well.","Lifestyle factors that may be within your control are the most common cause of high cholesterol. These factors include eating a diet high in saturated and trans fats and not getting enough exercise.
+Sometimes factors that aren't within your control can lead to high cholesterol. These include gene changes that pass from parents to children, some health conditions, and some medicines.
+Conditions that can cause high cholesterol include:
+Familial hypercholesterolemia.
+Chronic kidney disease.
+Chronic liver disease.
+Diabetes.
+HIV/AIDS.
+Hypothyroidism.
+Lupus.
+Overweight and obesity.
+Sleep apnea.
+Some types of medicines taken for other health conditions also can make cholesterol levels worse. These include treatments for:
+Acne.
+Cancer.
+High blood pressure.
+HIV/AIDS.
+Irregular heartbeats.
+Organ transplants.
+Cholesterol travels through the blood, attached to proteins. This mix of proteins and cholesterol is called a lipoprotein. There are various types of cholesterol. The types are based on what the lipoprotein carries. They are:
+Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.This is known as the ""bad"" cholesterol. LDL carries cholesterol particles throughout the body. ""Bad"" cholesterol builds up in the walls of arteries. This makes the arteries hard and narrow.When a gene change causes high cholesterol, the body has trouble removing LDL cholesterol from the blood. Or the body has trouble breaking down LDL cholesterol in the liver.
+High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.This is known as the ""good"" cholesterol. HDL picks up extra cholesterol and takes it back to the liver.
+Most often, a blood test to check cholesterol levels also measures a type of fat in the blood that is not a type of cholesterol, called triglycerides. Having a high triglyceride level also can raise the risk of heart disease. Lifestyle factors that you may be able to control play a role in triglyceride levels.","Risk factors for high cholesterol levels include:
+Eating habits.Eating too much saturated fat or trans fats can lead to high cholesterol. Saturated fats are found in fatty cuts of meat and full-fat dairy products. Sometimes trans fats are found in packaged snacks or desserts.
+Obesity.This complex disease involves having too much body fat.
+Lack of exercise.Exercise helps boost the body's ""good"" HDL cholesterol.
+Smoking.Cigarette smoking may lower the level of HDL.
+Alcohol.Drinking lots of alcohol can raise total cholesterol. Try to limit alcohol to up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
+Age.Even young children can have high cholesterol. But it's much more common in people over 40. As you age, your liver becomes less able to remove ""bad"" LDL cholesterol.","High cholesterol can lead to other health conditions called complications. With high cholesterol, a dangerous amount of plaque can build up on the walls of arteries. This is called atherosclerosis. Over time, the plaque buildup can cause arteries to narrow and block blood flow. Less blood flow through the arteries can cause complications such as:
+Chest pain, also called angina.If the arteries that supply the heart with blood are affected, that may cause chest pain. It also may cause other symptoms of a common type of heart disease called coronary artery disease.
+Heart attack.If plaques tear or break, a blood clot can form. The clot may block the flow of blood at the site where it broke. Or it may completely break free and block an artery farther away. If blood flow to part of the heart stops, a heart attack happens. A heart attack is an emergency that needs treatment right away.
+Stroke.A stroke happens when a blood clot blocks blood flow to part of the brain. It's also an emergency that needs treatment right away.","The same heart-healthy lifestyle changes that can lower cholesterol also can help prevent high cholesterol. You can practice the following habits:
+Eat a diet that focuses on lean protein, fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit sodium and added sugar.
+Also limit the amount of saturated and trans fats you eat. Instead, eat foods with healthy fats such as fatty or oily fish, nuts, and olive or canola oil.
+Lose extra weight and keep it off.
+If you smoke, ask your care team to help you quit.
+Exercise on most days of the week for at least 30 minutes.
+Drink less alcohol, if at all. Limit alcohol to no more than up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.","Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare professional takes to find out if you have high cholesterol. You receive a blood test to check cholesterol levels. You might hear the blood test called a lipid panel or a lipid profile. The results of the test usually show your:
+Total cholesterol.
+Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
+High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.
+Triglycerides.
+In general, you can't have food or liquids other than water for around 9 to 12 hours before the test. This is called fasting. Some cholesterol tests don't require fasting, so follow your healthcare professional's instructions.","Treatment choices to reach ideal cholesterol and triglyceride levels should be tailored to meet your needs. Talk with your healthcare professional about what levels are best for you.
+Treatment for high cholesterol can include medicine. Together with healthy lifestyle changes, medicine can lower the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
+You may benefit from one or more medicines. It depends on things such as your risk factors, age, health and possible medicine side effects. Your healthcare professional helps choose the right treatments for you.
+Common cholesterol medicines include:",,"If you're an adult who hasn't had regular cholesterol level checks, make an appointment with your healthcare professional. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Lifestyle changes are important if you have high cholesterol. Try to make the following healthy changes:
+Lose extra weight.Losing weight can help lower cholesterol.
+Eat a heart-healthy diet.Focus on plant-based foods. These include fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit added sugar and sodium. Also limit saturated fats and trans fats. Healthy fat, found in olive and canola oils, is a better option. Avocados, nuts and oily fish are other sources of healthy fat.
+Be active in your daily life and exercise regularly.Talk with your healthcare professional if you're not active already. Work up to at least 30 minutes of exercise five times a week.
+Don't smoke.If you smoke, you can ask your healthcare professional to help you quit.
+Limit alcohol or don't drink it.Limit alcohol to no more than up to one drink a day for women and up to two for men.
+Manage stress.Activities such as exercise and meditation can help.
+Get enough sleep.It's ideal for adults to get about 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night.","none, cholesterol"
+551,Cushing syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351310,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351314,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20351317,"Cushing syndrome happens when the body has too much of the hormone cortisol for a long time. This can result from the body making too much cortisol, or from taking medicines called glucocorticoids, which affect the body the same way as cortisol.
+Too much cortisol can cause some of the main symptoms of Cushing syndrome — a fatty hump between the shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks on the skin. Cushing syndrome also can cause high blood pressure or bone loss. Sometimes, it can cause type 2 diabetes.
+Treatments for Cushing syndrome can lower the body's cortisol levels and improve symptoms. The sooner treatment starts, the better the chances for recovery.",Symptoms of Cushing syndrome can vary depending on the level of extra cortisol.,"Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of Cushing syndrome, especially if you're taking glucocorticoid medicine to treat a health issue such as asthma, arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease.","Cushing syndrome is caused by having too much cortisol in the body. Cortisol is a hormone that is made in the adrenal glands. It helps the body respond to stress and plays many other important roles, including:
+Controlling blood pressure.
+Reducing inflammation.
+Helping the heart and blood vessels work correctly.
+Controlling blood sugar.
+Helping the body use food for energy.",,"Without treatment, Cushing syndrome can cause complications, including:
+Bone loss, also called osteoporosis, which can lead to broken bones.
+High blood pressure, also called hypertension.
+Type 2 diabetes.
+Serious or multiple infections.
+Loss of muscle mass and strength.",,"Taking glucocorticoid medicines is the most common way to get Cushing syndrome. Your health care provider can look at all your medicines — pills, injections, creams and inhalers — to see if you're taking medicines that can cause the syndrome. If you are, you won't need other tests.
+When Cushing syndrome is caused by the body making too much cortisol, it can be hard to diagnose. That's because other illnesses have similar symptoms. Diagnosing Cushing syndrome can be a long and complex process. You'll need to see a doctor who specializes in hormonal diseases, called an endocrinologist.
+The endocrinologist likely will do a physical exam and look for signs of Cushing syndrome, such as a round face, a hump on the back of the neck, and thin, bruised skin with stretch marks.
+If you haven't been using a glucocorticoid medicine, these tests may help pinpoint the cause of Cushing syndrome:
+Urine and blood tests.These tests measure hormone levels and show if the body is making too much cortisol. For the urine test, you may be asked to collect your urine over a 24-hour period. Cortisol, ACTH and other hormones are be measured in urine and blood samples.Your health care provider also might recommend other tests. These tests measure cortisol levels before and after using hormone medicines to trigger or block cortisol.
+Saliva test.Cortisol levels typically rise and fall during the day. In people without Cushing syndrome, cortisol drops in the evening. By looking at cortisol levels from a small sample of saliva collected at night, the health care team can see if cortisol levels are too high.
+Imaging tests.CT or MRI scans can take pictures of the pituitary and adrenal glands to see if anything shows up, such as tumors.
+Inferior petrosal sinus sampling.This test can help decide if Cushing syndrome is caused by an ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma, or ACTH-producing tumor in another organ. For the test, blood samples are taken from the veins that drain the pituitary gland, called the inferior petrosal sinuses.During the test, you are given medicine through a vein to help you stay calm and comfortable. A thin tube is placed in your groin or neck area and is threaded to the inferior petrosal sinuses to collect a blood sample. Another blood sample is taken from your forearm. You are then given a medicine that causes the tumor to make more ACTH, and blood samples are taken again from the same areas. Levels of ACTH are then compared between the two sample areas.If the ACTH level is higher in the sinus sample, the problem is coming from the pituitary. If the ACTH levels are similar between the sinuses and forearm, the problem is outside of the pituitary gland.
+These tests help your health care provider diagnose Cushing syndrome. They also may help rule out other health conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome — a hormone problem in people with enlarged ovaries. Depression, eating disorders and alcoholism also can have symptoms similar to Cushing syndrome.",Treatments for Cushing syndrome are designed to lower the amount of cortisol in the body. The best treatment for you depends on the cause of the syndrome. Options include:,"Support groups can be helpful in dealing with Cushing syndrome and recovery. They bring you together with other people who have the same kinds of challenges, along with their families and friends. Support groups offer a place where you can share common problems with others who understand.
+Ask your health care provider about support groups in your community. Your local health department, public library and the internet also may be good sources to find a support group in your area.","You're likely to see your primary care provider first. However, sometimes when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to a doctor who specializes in hormonal disorders, called an endocrinologist.
+It's a good idea to prepare for your visit. This way, you can make the most of your time with your health care provider. Here's how you can get ready, and what to expect.","Recovering from Cushing syndrome is usually a slow, gradual process. It can take time before you start to feel better. These tips may help you on your journey back to health.
+Increase activities slowly.Work up to a comfortable level of exercise or activity without overdoing it. Don't do activities that could cause you to get hurt, such as high-impact exercise. With patience and consistency, you'll improve little by little over time.
+Eat sensibly.Nutritious foods are a good source of fuel for your body during recovery. They also can help you lose any weight you gained from Cushing syndrome. Make sure you're getting enough calcium and vitamin D. Taken together, they help your body absorb calcium, which may strengthen your bones. This can counteract the bone density loss caused by Cushing syndrome.
+Keep an eye on your mental health.Depression can be a side effect of Cushing syndrome, but it also can continue or start after treatment begins. Don't ignore depression or wait it out. Seek help quickly from your health care provider or a therapist if you're depressed, overwhelmed or having trouble coping during your recovery.
+Gently soothe aches and pains.Hot baths, massages and low-impact exercises, such as water aerobics and tai chi, can help reduce some of the muscle and joint pain that happens during Cushing syndrome recovery.","cushing syndrome, cortisol, none"
+553,Farsightedness,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/farsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20372495,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/farsightedness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372499,,"Farsightedness, also called hyperopia, is a common vision condition in which distant objects are clear, but close objects look blurry.
+People with extreme farsightedness may only be able to clearly see distant objects. Those with mild farsightedness may be able to clearly see closer objects.
+Farsightedness usually is present at birth and tends to run in families. You can easily correct farsightedness with eyeglasses or contact lenses. Another treatment option is surgery.","Farsightedness symptoms include:
+Nearby objects appear blurry.
+You need to squint to see clearly.
+You have eyestrain, including burning eyes and aching in or around the eyes.
+You have general eye discomfort or a headache after doing close tasks, such as reading, writing, computer work or drawing, for a time.","If your farsightedness is pronounced enough that you can't perform a task as well as you wish or if your quality of vision affects your enjoyment of activities, see an eye doctor. An eye doctor can check the degree of your farsightedness and offer options to correct your vision.
+Since it may not always be obvious that you're having trouble with your vision, the American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends the following schedule for regular eye exams:
+If you're at high risk of certain eye diseases, such as glaucoma, get a dilated eye exam every 1 to 2 years, starting at age 40.
+If you don't wear glasses or contacts, have no symptoms of eye trouble, and are at a low risk of developing eye diseases, such as glaucoma, get an eye exam at the following intervals.
+First exam at 40.
+Every 2 to 4 years between ages 40 and 54.
+Every 1 to 3 years between ages 55 and 64.
+Every 1 to 2 years beginning at age 65.
+If you wear glasses or contacts or you have a health condition that affects the eyes, such as diabetes, you'll likely need to have your eyes checked regularly. Ask your eye doctor how often you need to schedule your appointments. But if you notice problems with your vision, schedule an appointment with your eye doctor as soon as possible, even if you've recently had an eye exam. Blurred vision, for example, may suggest you need a prescription change, or it could be a sign of another problem.
+Children need to be screened for eye disease and have their vision tested by a pediatrician, an ophthalmologist, an optometrist or another trained screener at the following ages and intervals.
+Starting in the newborn phase and during routine checkups.
+Age 3 years.
+Before first grade and every 1 to 2 years during school years, at well-child visits, or through school or public screenings.","Your eye has two parts that focus images:
+The corneais the clear, dome-shaped front surface of your eye.
+The lensis a clear structure about the size and shape of an M&M's candy.
+In a typically shaped eye, each of these focusing elements has a perfectly smooth curvature, like the surface of a marble. A cornea and lens with such curvature bend (refract) all incoming light to make a sharply focused image directly on the retina, at the back of your eye.",Farsightedness can run in families. You're more likely to be farsighted if other family members have the condition.,"Complications that may accompany farsightedness include:
+Crossed eyes.Some children with farsightedness may develop crossed eyes. Specially designed eyeglasses that correct for part or all of the farsightedness may treat this condition.
+Reduced quality of life.If farsightedness is not corrected, you might not be able to perform a task as well as you wish. And your limited vision may take away from your enjoyment of everyday activities.
+Eyestrain.If farsightedness is not corrected, it may cause you to squint or strain your eyes to maintain focus. This can lead to eyestrain and headaches.
+Compromised safety.Your own safety and that of others may be jeopardized if you have a vision problem that is not corrected. This could be especially serious if you are driving a car or operating heavy equipment.",,"Farsightedness is diagnosed by a basic eye exam, which includes a refraction assessment and an eye health exam.
+A refraction assessment determines if you have vision problems such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, astigmatism, or presbyopia. Your eye doctor may use various instruments and ask you to look through several lenses to test your distance and close-up vision.
+Your eye doctor likely will put drops in your eyes to dilate your pupils for the eye health exam. This may make your eyes more light sensitive for a few hours after the exam. Dilation allows your doctor to see wider views inside of your eyes.",The goal of treating farsightedness is to help focus light on the retina through the use of corrective lenses or refractive surgery.,,"There are three kinds of specialists for various eye conditions:
+Ophthalmologist.This is an eye specialist with a doctor of medicine (M.D.) degree or a doctor of osteopathy (D.O.) degree followed by a residency. Ophthalmologists are trained to provide complete eye exams, prescribe corrective lenses, diagnose and treat common and complex eye conditions, and perform eye surgery.
+Optometrist.An optometrist has a doctor of optometry (O.D.) degree. Optometrists are trained to provide complete eye exams, prescribe corrective lenses, and diagnose and treat common eye conditions.
+Optician.An optician is a specialist who helps fit people for eyeglasses or contact lenses, using prescriptions from ophthalmologists and optometrists. Some states require opticians to be licensed. Opticians are not trained to diagnose or treat eye disease.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","You can't prevent farsightedness, but you can help protect your eyes and your vision by following these tips:
+Have your eyes checked.Do this regularly even if you see well.
+Control ongoing health conditions.Certain conditions, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, can affect your vision if not treated.
+Protect your eyes from the sun.Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
+Prevent eye injuries.Wear protective eyewear when doing certain things, such as playing sports, mowing the lawn, and painting or using other products with toxic fumes.
+Eat healthy foods.Try to eat plenty of leafy greens, other vegetables and fruits. And studies show that your eyes benefit if you also include in your diet fish high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as tuna and salmon.
+Don't smoke.Just as smoking isn't good for the rest of your body, smoking can adversely affect your eye health as well.
+Use the right corrective lenses.The right lenses optimize your vision. Having regular exams will ensure that your prescription is updated.
+Use good lighting.Turn up or add light to see better.
+Reduce eyestrain.Look away from your computer or near-task work, including reading, every 20 minutes — for 20 seconds — at something 20 feet away.
+See a healthcare professional right away if you have any of these symptoms: Sudden loss of vision in one eye with or without pain; sudden hazy or blurred vision; double vision; or visual flashes of light, black spots or halos around lights. This may represent a serious medical or eye condition.","headache, blurry, squint, aching, burning eyes, eye discomfort, eyestrain"
+554,Compulsive sexual behavior,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/compulsive-sexual-behavior/symptoms-causes/syc-20360434,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/compulsive-sexual-behavior/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360453,,"Compulsive sexual behavior is sometimes called hypersexuality or sexual addiction. It's an intense focus on sexual fantasies, urges or behaviors that can't be controlled. This causes distress and problems for your health, job, relationships or other parts of your life.
+Compulsive sexual behavior may involve different kinds of commonly enjoyable sexual experiences. Examples include masturbation, sexual arousal by using a computer to communicate, multiple sexual partners, use of pornography or paying for sex. But when these sexual behaviors become a major, constant focus in your life, are difficult to control, cause problems in your life, or are harmful to you or others, that's likely compulsive sexual behavior.
+No matter what it's called or the exact nature of the behavior, untreated compulsive sexual behavior can damage your self-esteem, relationships, career, health and other people. But with treatment and self-help, you can learn to manage compulsive sexual behavior.","Some signs that you may have compulsive sexual behavior include:
+You have repeated and intense sexual fantasies, urges, and behaviors that take up a lot of your time and feel as if they're beyond your control.
+You feel driven or have frequent urges to do certain sexual behaviors, feel a release of the tension afterward, but also feel guilt or deep regret.
+You've tried without success to reduce or control your sexual fantasies, urges or behavior.
+You use compulsive sexual behavior as an escape from other problems, such as loneliness, depression, anxiety or stress.
+You continue to engage in sexual behaviors in spite of them causing serious problems. These could include the possibility of getting or giving someone else a sexually transmitted infection, the loss of important relationships, trouble at work, financial issues, or legal problems.
+You have trouble making and keeping healthy and stable relationships.","Ask for help if you feel you've lost control of your sexual behavior, especially if your behavior causes problems for you or other people. Compulsive sexual behavior tends to get worse over time without treatment, so get help when you first notice a problem.
+As you decide whether to seek professional help, ask yourself:
+Can I manage my sexual impulses?
+Am I distressed by my sexual behaviors?
+Is my sexual behavior hurting my relationships, affecting my work or causing serious problems, such as getting arrested?
+Do I try to hide my sexual behavior?
+Getting help for compulsive sexual behavior can be difficult because it's such a deeply personal and private matter. Try to:
+Set aside any shame or embarrassmentand focus on the benefits of getting treatment.
+Remember that you're not alone— many people struggle with compulsive sexual behavior. Mental health professionals are trained to be understanding and not judge people. But not all mental health providers are experienced in treating this condition. Look for a provider who has experience in diagnosing and treating compulsive sexual behavior.
+Keep in mind that what you say to a health care or mental health provider is private.But providers are required to make a report if you tell them that you're going to hurt yourself or someone else. They also are required to report if you give information about sexual abuse of a child or abuse or neglect of someone who is vulnerable, such as an elderly or disabled person.","Although the exact causes of compulsive sexual behavior are not clear, possible causes may include:
+Changes in brain pathways.Compulsive sexual behavior, over time, might cause changes in the brain's pathways, called neural circuits. This may happen especially in areas of the brain that are related to reinforcement. Over time, more-intense sexual content and stimulation are usually needed to get satisfaction or relief.
+An imbalance of natural brain chemicals.Certain chemicals in your brain called neurotransmitters — such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine — help control your mood. When these are out of balance, your sexual desire and behavior could be affected.
+Conditions that affect the brain.Certain health conditions, such as dementia, may cause damage to parts of the brain that affect sexual behavior. Also, treatment of Parkinson's disease with certain medicines may cause compulsive sexual behavior.","Compulsive sexual behavior can happen in both men and women, though it may be more common in men. It can affect anyone, regardless of sexual orientation. Factors that may increase the risk of compulsive sexual behavior include:
+How easy it is to get sexual content.Advances in technology and social media give people easy access to intense sexual images and information.
+Privacy.The secret and private nature of compulsive sexual activities can allow these problems to worsen over time.
+Also, the risk of compulsive sexual behavior may be higher in people who have:
+Problems with alcohol or drug use.
+Another mental health condition, such as depression, anxiety or a gambling addiction.
+Family conflicts or family members with problems such as addiction.
+A history of physical or sexual abuse.","Compulsive sexual behavior can cause many problems that affect both you and others. You may:
+Struggle with feelings of guilt,shame and low self-esteem.
+Develop other mental health conditions,such as depression, severe distress and anxiety. You also may think about or attempt suicide.
+Neglect or lie to your partner and family,harming or destroying important relationships.
+Lose your focus or engage in sexual activity or search internet pornography at work,risking your job.
+Have financial problemsfrom buying pornography, internet or telephone sex, and sexual services.
+GetHIV, hepatitis or another sexually transmitted infection,or pass a sexually transmitted infection to someone else.
+Have problems with drugs and alcohol,such as using recreational drugs or drinking too much alcohol.
+Get arrestedfor sexual offenses.","Because the cause of compulsive sexual behavior isn't known, it's not clear how to prevent it. But a few things may help you keep control of problem behavior:
+Get help early for problems with sexual behavior.Identifying and treating early problems may help prevent compulsive sexual behavior from getting worse over time. Getting help also may prevent shame, relationship problems and harmful acts from getting worse.
+Seek treatment early for mental health conditions.Depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions can make compulsive sexual behavior worse.
+Get help for problems with alcohol and drug use.These can cause a loss of control that leads to poor judgment and sexual behaviors that aren't healthy.
+Avoid risky situations.Don't risk your health or that of others by putting yourself into situations where you'll be tempted to engage in risky sexual activities.","You can ask your health care provider to refer you to a mental health provider with experience in diagnosing and treating compulsive sexual behavior. Or you may decide to contact a mental health provider directly. A mental health exam may include talking about your:
+Physical and mental health, as well as your overall emotional well-being.
+Sexual thoughts, behaviors and urges that are hard to control.
+Use of recreational drugs and alcohol.
+Family, relationships and social life.
+Concerns and problems caused by your sexual behavior.
+With your permission, your mental health provider also may request information from family and friends.","Treatment for compulsive sexual behavior usually involves talk therapy — also called psychotherapy — medicines and self-help groups. The main goal of treatment is to help you manage urges and reduce problem behaviors while still enjoying healthy sexual activities and relationships.
+If you have compulsive sexual behavior, you also may need treatment for another mental health condition. People with compulsive sexual behavior often have alcohol or drug use problems or other mental health conditions, such as anxiety or depression, which need treatment.
+People with other addictions or severe mental health conditions or who may be a danger to others may benefit from treatment that starts with a hospital stay. Whether inpatient or outpatient, treatment may be intense at first. Ongoing treatment across time may help prevent relapses.","You can take steps to care for yourself while getting professional treatment:
+Follow your treatment plan.Attend scheduled therapy sessions and take medicines as directed. Remember that it's hard work, and you may have occasional setbacks.
+Educate yourself.Learn about compulsive sexual behavior so that you can better understand its causes and your treatment.
+Find out what drives you.Identify situations, thoughts and feelings that may trigger sexual urges so that you can take steps to manage them.
+Avoid risky behaviors.Set up boundaries to avoid risky situations. For example, stay away from strip clubs, bars or other areas where it might be tempting to look for a new sexual partner or engage in risky sexual behavior. Or stay off the smartphone and computer or install software that blocks pornographic websites. Making these behaviors less private and more difficult to do can help break the addictive cycle.
+Get treatment for problems with drugs or alcohol or other mental health conditions.Your addictions, depression, anxiety and stress can feed off each other, leading to a cycle of behavior that isn't healthy.
+Find healthy outlets.If you use sexual behavior as a way to cope with negative emotions, explore healthy ways to cope. For example, start exercising or get involved in recreational activities.
+Practice relaxation and stress management.Try stress-reduction methods such as meditation, yoga or tai chi.
+Stay focused on your goal.Recovery from compulsive sexual behavior can take time. Stay motivated by keeping your recovery goals in mind. Remind yourself that you can repair damaged relationships, friendships and financial problems.","You can look for help for compulsive sexual behavior in several ways. To begin, you may:
+Talk with your primary care provider.Your provider can do a physical exam to look for any health problems that may be linked to your sexual behavior. Your provider may then refer you to a psychiatrist, psychologist or other licensed therapist for a more in-depth exam and treatment. Your provider also may give you information about support groups, websites or other resources.
+Make an appointment with a mental health provider.If you don't have a health care provider's suggestion, check with a local medical center or mental health services to find a psychiatrist, psychologist or other licensed therapist with experience in sexual behavior issues. Or look at trusted websites online. Government websites and local agencies such as the Department of Health and Human Services or the Department of Veterans Affairs may be able to help you find a mental health provider.
+Look into online or local support groups that are known as trustworthy.These groups may be able to refer you to an appropriate mental health provider for diagnosis and treatment. They also may have other suggestions for support online or in person. Some groups are faith-based, and others are not.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"compulsive sexual behavior, regret, sexual behaviors, anxiety, stress, loneliness, guilt, intense sexual fantasies, urges, tension, depression, infection"
+555,High blood pressure (hypertension),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373410,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373417,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/doctors-departments/ddc-20373418,,"Most people with high blood pressure have no symptoms, even if blood pressure readings reach dangerously high levels. You can have high blood pressure for years without any symptoms.
+
+A few people with high blood pressure may have:
+
+However, these symptoms aren't specific. They usually don't occur until high blood pressure has reached a severe or life-threatening stage.","Blood pressure screening is an important part of general health care. How often you should get your blood pressure checked depends on your age and overall health.
+
+Ask your provider for a blood pressure reading at least every two years starting at age 18. If you're age 40 or older, or you're 18 to 39 with a high risk of high blood pressure, ask for a blood pressure check every year.
+
+Your care provider will likely recommend more-frequent readings if have high blood pressure or other risk factors for heart disease.
+
+Children age 3 and older may have blood pressure measured as a part of their yearly checkups.
+
+If you don't regularly see a care provider, you may be able to get a free blood pressure screening at a health resource fair or other locations in your community. Free blood pressure machines are also available in some stores and pharmacies. The accuracy of these machines depends on several things, such as a correct cuff size and proper use of the machines. Ask your health care provider for advice on using public blood pressure machines.","Blood pressure is determined by two things: the amount of blood the heart pumps and how hard it is for the blood to move through the arteries. The more blood the heart pumps and the narrower the arteries, the higher the blood pressure.
+
+There are two main types of high blood pressure.","High blood pressure has many risk factors, including:
+
+High blood pressure is most common in adults. But kids can have high blood pressure too. High blood pressure in children may be caused by problems with the kidneys or heart. But for a growing number of kids, high blood pressure is due to lifestyle habits such as an unhealthy diet and lack of exercise.","The excessive pressure on the artery walls caused by high blood pressure can damage blood vessels and body organs. The higher the blood pressure and the longer it goes uncontrolled, the greater the damage.
+
+Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to complications including:",,,"Changing your lifestyle can help control and manage high blood pressure. Your health care provider may recommend that you make lifestyle changes including:
+
+Sometimes lifestyle changes aren't enough to treat high blood pressure. If they don't help, your provider may recommend medicine to lower your blood pressure.",High blood pressure isn't something that you can treat and then ignore. It's a condition that requires regular health checkups. Some things you can do to help manage the condition are:,"If you think you may have high blood pressure, make an appointment with your health care provider for a blood pressure test. You might want to wear a short-sleeved shirt to your appointment so it's easier to place the blood pressure cuff around your arm.
+
+No special preparations are necessary for a blood pressure test. To get an accurate reading, avoid caffeine, exercise and tobacco for at least 30 minutes before the test.
+
+Because some medicines can raise blood pressure, bring a list of all medicines, vitamins and other supplements you take and their doses to your medical appointment. Don't stop taking any medicines without your provider's advice.
+
+Appointments can be brief. Because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,symptoms
+556,Preeclampsia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/preeclampsia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355745,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/preeclampsia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355751,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/preeclampsia/doctors-departments/ddc-20355753,"Preeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy. With preeclampsia, you might have high blood pressure, high levels of protein in urine that indicate kidney damage (proteinuria), or other signs of organ damage. Preeclampsia usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had previously been in the standard range.
+
+Left untreated, preeclampsia can lead to serious — even fatal — complications for both the mother and baby.
+
+Early delivery of the baby is often recommended. The timing of delivery depends on how severe the preeclampsia is and how many weeks pregnant you are. Before delivery, preeclampsia treatment includes careful monitoring and medications to lower blood pressure and manage complications.
+
+Preeclampsia may develop after delivery of a baby, a condition known as postpartum preeclampsia.","The defining feature of preeclampsia is high blood pressure, proteinuria, or other signs of damage to the kidneys or other organs. You may have no noticeable symptoms. The first signs of preeclampsia are often detected during routine prenatal visits with a health care provider.
+
+Along with high blood pressure, preeclampsia signs and symptoms may include:
+
+Weight gain and swelling (edema) are typical during healthy pregnancies. However, sudden weight gain or a sudden appearance of edema — particularly in your face and hands — may be a sign of preeclampsia.","Make sure you attend your prenatal visits so that your health care provider can monitor your blood pressure. Contact your provider immediately or go to an emergency room if you have severe headaches, blurred vision or other visual disturbances, severe belly pain, or severe shortness of breath.
+
+Because headaches, nausea, and aches and pains are common pregnancy complaints, it's difficult to know when new symptoms are simply part of being pregnant and when they may indicate a serious problem — especially if it's your first pregnancy. If you're concerned about your symptoms, contact your doctor.","The exact cause of preeclampsia likely involves several factors. Experts believe it begins in the placenta — the organ that nourishes the fetus throughout pregnancy. Early in a pregnancy, new blood vessels develop and evolve to supply oxygen and nutrients to the placenta.
+
+In women with preeclampsia, these blood vessels don't seem to develop or work properly. Problems with how well blood circulates in the placenta may lead to the irregular regulation of blood pressure in the mother.","Conditions that are linked to a higher risk of preeclampsia include:
+
+Conditions that are associated with a moderate risk of developing preeclampsia include:","Complications of preeclampsia may include:
+
+hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome.HELLPstands for hemolysis (the destruction of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count. This severe form of preeclampsia affects several organ systems.HELLPsyndrome is life-threatening to the mother and baby, and it may cause lifelong health problems for the mother.
+
+Signs and symptoms include nausea and vomiting, headache, upper right belly pain, and a general feeling of illness or being unwell. Sometimes, it develops suddenly, even before high blood pressure is detected. It also may develop without any symptoms.
+
+Eclampsia.Eclampsia is the onset of seizures or coma with signs or symptoms of preeclampsia. It is very difficult to predict whether a patient with preeclampsia will develop eclampsia. Eclampsia can happen without any previously observed signs or symptoms of preeclampsia.
+
+Signs and symptoms that may appear before seizures include severe headaches, vision problems, mental confusion or altered behaviors. But, there are often no symptoms or warning signs. Eclampsia may occur before, during or after delivery.","The best clinical evidence for prevention of preeclampsia is the use of low-dose aspirin. Your primary care provider may recommend taking an 81-milligram aspirin tablet daily after 12 weeks of pregnancy if you have one high-risk factor for preeclampsia or more than one moderate-risk factor.
+
+It's important that you talk with your provider before taking any medications, vitamins or supplements to make sure it's safe for you.",A diagnosis of preeclampsia happens if you have high blood pressure after 20 weeks of pregnancy and at least one of the following findings:,"The primary treatment for preeclampsia is either to deliver the baby or manage the condition until the best time to deliver the baby. This decision with your health care provider will depend on the severity of preeclampsia, the gestational age of your baby, and the overall health of you and your baby.
+
+If preeclampsia isn't severe, you may have frequent provider visits to monitor your blood pressure, any changes in signs or symptoms, and the health of your baby. You'll likely be asked to check your blood pressure daily at home.","Discovering that you have a potentially serious pregnancy complication can be frightening.
+
+If you're diagnosed with preeclampsia late in your pregnancy, you may be surprised to learn that immediate delivery may be recommended. If you're diagnosed earlier in your pregnancy, you may be concerned about monitoring signs and symptoms at home and keeping more frequent appointments with your primary care provider.
+
+It may help to learn more about your condition. In addition to talking to your provider, do some research. Make sure you understand when to call your provider and how to monitor signs and symptoms.","Preeclampsia is often diagnosed during a regularly scheduled prenatal appointment. If your primary care provider recommends certain tests for a preeclampsia diagnosis, you may also be discussing some of the following questions:
+
+After a diagnosis of preeclampsia and at follow-up appointments, you might ask the following questions:",,"proteinuria, preeclampsia, swelling, high blood pressure, weight gain, edema"
+557,Pulmonary hypertension,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/symptoms-causes/syc-20350697,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350702,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/doctors-departments/ddc-20350704,"Pulmonary hypertension is a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart.
+In one form of pulmonary hypertension, called pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), blood vessels in the lungs are narrowed, blocked or destroyed. The damage makes it hard for blood to move through the lungs. Blood pressure in the lung arteries goes up. The heart must work harder to pump blood through the lungs. The extra effort eventually causes the heart muscle to become weak and fail.
+In some people, pulmonary hypertension slowly gets worse. It can be life-threatening. There's no cure for pulmonary hypertension. But treatments are available to help you feel better, live longer and improve your quality of life.","The symptoms of pulmonary hypertension develop slowly. You may not notice them for months or even years. Symptoms get worse as the disease continues.
+Pulmonary hypertension symptoms include:
+Shortness of breath. It may first start during exercise and eventually happen at rest.
+Blue or gray skin. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see.
+Chest pressure or pain.
+Dizziness or fainting.
+Fast pulse or pounding heartbeat.
+Fatigue.
+Swelling in the ankles, legs and belly area.
+These symptoms may be caused by many other health conditions. See a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis.",,"Pulmonary hypertension is caused by changes in the cells that line the lung arteries. The changes can make the artery walls narrow, stiff, swollen and thick. It gets harder for blood to flow through the lungs.
+Pulmonary hypertension is sorted into five groups, depending on the cause.","Pulmonary hypertension is usually seen in people ages 30 to 60. Growing older can increase the risk of developing Group 1 pulmonary hypertension, called pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH from an unknown cause is more common in younger adults.
+Other things that can raise the risk of pulmonary hypertension are:
+A family history of the condition.
+Being overweight.
+Smoking.
+Blood-clotting disorders or a family history of blood clots in the lungs.
+A history of being around asbestos.
+A heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect.
+Living at an altitude of 8,000 feet (2,438 meters) or higher.
+Use of some medicines, including those used for weight loss.
+Illicit drugs such as cocaine or methamphetamine.","Potential complications of pulmonary hypertension are:
+Right-sided heart enlargement and heart failure.Also called cor pulmonale, this condition causes the heart's right lower chamber to get larger. The chamber has to pump harder than usual to move blood through narrowed or blocked lung arteries.As a result, the heart walls get thick. The right lower heart chamber stretches to increase the amount of blood it can hold. These changes create more strain on the heart. Eventually the right lower heart chamber fails.
+Blood clots.Pulmonary hypertension increases the risk of blood clots in the small arteries in the lungs.
+Irregular heartbeats, also called arrhythmias.Pulmonary hypertension can cause changes in the heartbeat, which can be life-threatening.
+Bleeding in the lungs.Pulmonary hypertension can lead to life-threatening bleeding in the lungs and coughing up blood.
+Pregnancy complications.Pulmonary hypertension can be life-threatening for the mother and the developing baby.",,"Pulmonary hypertension is hard to diagnose early. It's not often found during a routine physical exam. Even when pulmonary hypertension is more advanced, its symptoms are similar to those of other heart and lung conditions.
+To diagnose pulmonary hypertension, a healthcare professional examines you and asks about your symptoms. You are usually asked questions about your medical and family history.","There's no cure for pulmonary hypertension. But treatments can improve symptoms and help you live longer. Treatment also can help keep the disease from getting worse.
+It often takes some time to find the best pulmonary hypertension treatment. The treatments are often complex. You usually need a lot of health checkups.",You may find that talking with other people who have pulmonary hypertension brings you comfort and encouragement. Ask your healthcare team if there are any support groups in your area.,"If you think that you are at risk of or that you might have pulmonary hypertension, make an appointment for a health checkup.
+There's often a lot to discuss at your appointment, so it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Lifestyle changes may help improve pulmonary hypertension symptoms. Try these tips:
+Eat healthy.Eat a healthy diet rich in whole grains, fruits and vegetables, lean meats, and low-fat dairy products. Try to stay away from saturated fat, trans fat and cholesterol. Use less salt.
+Stay as active as possible and manage weight.Even mild forms of activity might be too exhausting for some people who have pulmonary hypertension. For others, moderate exercise, such as walking, might be helpful — especially when done during oxygen therapy. Your healthcare team can help you plan an appropriate exercise program.
+Don't smoke.If you smoke, quit. If you need help, ask your healthcare team for treatment that can help. Avoid secondhand smoke too, if possible.
+Get plenty of rest.Resting can reduce tiredness related to pulmonary hypertension.
+Avoid high altitudes.High altitudes can make pulmonary hypertension worse. If you live at an altitude of 8,000 feet (2,438 meters) or higher, you might be told to consider moving to a lower altitude.
+Avoid activities that can lower blood pressure a lot.These include sitting in a hot tub or sauna or taking long hot baths or showers. Such activities lower blood pressure and can cause fainting. Also, do not do activities that cause a lot of straining, such as lifting heavy objects or weights.
+Tell your healthcare team about the medicines you take.Some medicines can make pulmonary hypertension worse or affect its treatment.
+Get regular health checkups.Tell your healthcare team about any new or worsening symptoms or medicine side effects. If pulmonary hypertension affects your quality of life, ask about treatments that could help.
+Get recommended vaccines.Respiratory infections can cause serious health concerns for people with pulmonary hypertension. Ask your healthcare team which vaccines you need to prevent common viral infections.
+Talk to a healthcare professional before becoming pregnant.Pulmonary hypertension can cause serious complications for the pregnant person and unborn baby, also called a fetus. Birth control pills can increase the risk of blood clots. Talk to your healthcare team about other birth control options.","pain, dizziness or fainting, fatigue, pounding, pulmonary hypertension, blue or gray skin, swelling in the ankles, legs and belly area, dizziness, fainting, chest pressure or pain, pulmonary hypertension symptoms, fast pulse or pounding heartbeat, shortness of breath"
+558,Low sex drive in women,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sex-drive-in-women/symptoms-causes/syc-20374554,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sex-drive-in-women/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374561,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sex-drive-in-women/doctors-departments/ddc-20374562,"Women's levels of sexual desire change over the years. It's common for highs and lows to happen along with the start or end of a relationship. Or they can happen with major life changes such as pregnancy, menopause or illness. Some medicines used for conditions that affect mood also can cause low sex drive in women.
+If your lack of interest in sex continues or returns and causes personal distress, talk with your healthcare professional. You may have a treatable condition called sexual interest-arousal disorder.
+But you don't have to meet this medical definition to seek help. If you're bothered by a low or reduced sex drive, you can take steps to boost your libido. Lifestyle changes and sexual techniques may put you in the mood more often. Some medicines may offer promise as well.","neither of you may have a sex drive that's outside what's typical for people at your stage in life.
+And even if your sex drive is lower than it once was, your relationship may be strong. Bottom line: There is no magic number to define low sex drive. It varies.
+Symptoms of low sex drive in women include:
+Having less or no interest in any type of sexual activity, including masturbation.
+Never or only seldom having sexual fantasies or thoughts.
+Being sad or concerned about your lack of sexual activity or fantasies.","If you're concerned about your low desire for sex, talk to your gynecologist or other healthcare professional. The answer might be as simple as changing a medicine that you take. Or you may need to get a condition such as high blood pressure or diabetes under tighter control.","Desire for sex is based on a complex mix of many things that affect intimacy. These factors include:
+Physical and emotional well-being.
+Experiences.
+Beliefs.
+Lifestyle.
+Your current relationship.
+If you have challenges in any of these areas, it can affect your desire for sex.","Factors that can raise the risk of low sex drive include:
+Conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure and coronary artery disease.
+Pain during sex or not being able orgasm.
+Mental health conditions and life circumstances that affect your state of mind.
+Various prescription medicines, including depression medicines called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
+Surgeries related to the breasts or genital tract.
+Changes in hormone levels during menopause, pregnancy or breastfeeding.
+Relationship issues that lessen emotional closeness with your partner.",,,"If low sex desire concerns you, talk with your gynecologist or another member of your healthcare team. For some women, low sex drive is part of an ongoing condition called sexual interest-arousal disorder. It involves having at least three of the following symptoms, which cause sadness or anxiety:
+No desire to have any type of sexual activity or to masturbate.
+Few or no sexual thoughts or fantasies.
+Not wanting to make the first move in a sexual encounter with a partner.
+Less or no pleasure during sexual activity.
+Less or no interest in any sexual or erotic cues from a partner.
+Few or no physical sensations during sexual activity in most sexual encounters.
+You don't have to fit this definition to reach out for help. Your healthcare professional can look for reasons that your sex drive isn't as high as you'd like.
+During your appointment, your healthcare professional asks you questions about your medical and sexual history. Your health professional also might:
+Do a pelvic exam.This checks for signs of physical changes that sometimes play a role in low sexual desire. These changes can include certain skin diseases of the vulva, thinning of the vaginal tissues, vaginal dryness or pain-triggering spots.
+Recommend testing.Blood tests can check hormone levels. They also can look for thyroid problems, diabetes, high cholesterol and liver disorders.
+Refer you to a specialist.A counselor or sex therapist can help check for emotional and relationship factors that can cause low sex drive.","Most women benefit from a treatment approach aimed at the many causes behind this condition. Recommendations may include sex education, counseling, and sometimes medicine and hormone therapy.","Low sex drive can be challenging for you and your partner. It's natural to feel frustrated or sad if you aren't able to be as sexy and romantic as you want or used to be.
+At the same time, low sex drive can make your partner feel rejected. That can lead to conflicts and strife. And this type of relationship stress can lessen the desire for sex even more.
+It may help to remember that changes in sex drive are typical. They're part of every relationship and every stage of life. Try not to focus all of your attention on sex. Instead, spend some time nurturing yourself and your relationship.
+Go for a long walk. Get a little extra sleep. Kiss your partner goodbye before you head out the door. Make a date night at your favorite restaurant. Feeling good about yourself and your partner can be the best foreplay.","Primary healthcare professionals and gynecologists often ask about sex and intimacy as part of a routine medical visit. Take this chance to talk about your sexual concerns.
+If your healthcare professional doesn't mention the subject, you can bring it up. You might feel embarrassed to talk about sex with your healthcare professional. But this topic is perfectly fine to talk about. In fact, your sexual satisfaction is a vital part of your overall health and well-being.","Healthy lifestyle changes can make a big difference in your desire for sex:
+Exercise.Regular aerobic exercise and strength training are great for you in general. But they also can increase your stamina, improve your body image, lift your mood and boost your libido.
+Stress less.Finding ways to cope with stress tied to work, money and daily hassles can enhance your sex drive. For instance, you could try journaling or meditation.
+Talk with your partner.Couples who learn to talk in an open, honest way often keep up a stronger emotional connection. And that can lead to better sex. Talking about sex also is important. Sharing your likes and dislikes can set the stage for more intimacy.
+Set aside time for intimacy.Schedule sex into your calendar. It may seem contrived and boring. But making the extra effort to be intimate can help put your sex drive back on track.
+Add a little spice to your sex life.Try a different sexual position, a different time of day or a different location for sex. Ask your partner to spend more time on foreplay. If you and your partner are open to new ideas, sex toys and fantasy can help spark your sexual desire.
+Try vaginal lubricants and moisturizers.If you have genitourinary syndrome of menopause, these products may ease certain symptoms, such as vaginal dryness. With regular use, they might work about as well as estrogen therapy.
+Be aware of your habits.Smoking, using illegal drugs and drinking too much alcohol can dampen your sex drive. Stopping these habits may help give your sex drive a boost. It can improve your overall health too.","never or only seldom having sexual fantasies or thoughts, being sad or concerned, having less or no interest in any type of sexual activity"
+560,Diabetic hypoglycemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-hypoglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20371525,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-hypoglycemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371529,,"Diabetic hypoglycemia refers to low blood sugar levels in a person with diabetes. Blood sugar, also called glucose, is the main source of fuel for the body and brain. You can't function well if your blood sugar drops below a healthy range.
+
+For many people, hypoglycemia is a blood sugar level below 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or 3.9 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). But your numbers might be different. Ask your healthcare professional about the right range for your blood sugar. This also is called your target range.
+
+Pay attention to the early symptoms of hypoglycemia. Treat low blood sugar right away. You can raise your blood sugar quickly by taking glucose tablets. Or have a source of simple sugar, such as hard candy, fruit juice or regular soda. Also, tell family and friends to be aware of the symptoms that you might have with hypoglycemia. Let them know what to do if you're not able to treat the condition yourself.","Diabetic hypoglycemia can cause a number of symptoms. The symptoms depend on factors such as how long you've been getting low blood sugar and how serious it is. Even the time of day can play a role.
+
+At first, symptoms of diabetic hypoglycemia include:","Severe hypoglycemia can lead to serious medical problems that need emergency care. These include seizures and loss of consciousness. Make sure your family, friends and co-workers know what to do in an emergency.
+
+Teach people you trust how to recognize symptoms of hypoglycemia. If others know what symptoms to look for, they might be able to alert you to early symptoms. It's also important that family members and close friends know how to help you in case of an emergency.
+
+For example, if you pass out due to very low blood sugar, you'll need someone to give you treatment. The treatment for severe hypoglycemia is an injection of glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone that causes the liver to release sugar into the blood. Tell family and friends where you keep glucagon and how to give it to you.
+
+Here's some emergency information to give to others. If you're with someone who loses consciousness or can't swallow due to low blood sugar:
+
+If you have symptoms of hypoglycemia several times a week, see your healthcare professional. Your treatment plan may need to be changed.","Diabetic hypoglycemia has a number of causes. Low blood sugar is most common among people who take insulin. But low blood sugar also can happen if you use certain oral diabetes medicines, which are taken by mouth.
+
+Common causes of diabetic hypoglycemia include:","Some people have a greater risk of diabetic hypoglycemia, including:","Diabetic hypoglycemia can lead to other medical problems. If you ignore the symptoms of hypoglycemia too long, you may lose consciousness. That's because your brain needs blood sugar to work. So, it's important to spot the symptoms of hypoglycemia early.
+
+Without treatment, hypoglycemia can lead to:
+
+Take early symptoms seriously. Diabetic hypoglycemia can raise the risk of serious — even deadly — accidents.",To help prevent diabetic hypoglycemia:,"If you have symptoms of low blood sugar, check your blood sugar level with a blood glucose meter. The meter is a small device that measures and displays your blood sugar level. For many people, hypoglycemia is when blood sugar level drops below 70 mg/dL or 3.9 mmol/L. But your numbers might be different. Ask your healthcare professional about the right range for your blood sugar.","Treatment for diabetic hypoglycemia depends on how serious your low blood sugar becomes.
+
+If you think your blood sugar may be too low, check your blood sugar level with a blood glucose meter. Be extra careful if you have symptoms of low blood sugar but can't check your blood sugar level right away. Assume your blood sugar is low and treat for hypoglycemia.",,"If you have low blood sugar several times a week, make an appointment with your healthcare professional. Together you can determine what's leading to your hypoglycemia and figure out what changes to make to prevent it.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"diabetic hypoglycemia, no symptoms mentioned in the paragraph"
+561,Dehydration,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/symptoms-causes/syc-20354086,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354092,,"Dehydration occurs when the body uses or loses more fluid than it takes in. Then the body doesn't have enough water and other fluids to do its usual work. Not replacing lost fluids leads to dehydration.
+
+Anyone can become dehydrated. But the condition is more serious for infants, children and older adults.
+
+The most common cause of dehydration in young children is diarrhea and vomiting. Older adults have a lower volume of water in their bodies to begin with. And older adults might have conditions or take medicines, such as water pills, that increase the risk of dehydration.
+
+Dehydration also can occur in anyone who doesn't drink enough water during hot weather. It's more likely in people who are active in the heat.
+
+Drinking more fluids usually fixes mild to moderate dehydration. But severe dehydration needs medical treatment right away.","Thirst isn't always a good way to tell if the body needs water. Many people, mainly older adults, don't feel thirsty until they're dehydrated. That's why it's important to increase water intake during hot weather or while ill.
+
+The symptoms of dehydration can differ by age.",,"Sometimes dehydration occurs for simple reasons. These include not drinking enough water. This can happen when you're sick or too busy to remember to drink enough. Or there might be no safe water to drink when traveling, hiking or camping.
+
+Other dehydration causes include:
+
+In general, the higher the fever, the more severe dehydration might be. The problem is even worse when there's fever plus diarrhea and vomiting.
+
+Even without a fever, people who have a cold or sore throat are less likely to feel like eating or drinking. This can lead to dehydration.","Anyone can get dehydrated. But certain people are at greater risk. They include:
+
+Adding to these problems can be illnesses such as diabetes and dementia and taking certain medicines. Some older people might not be able to get water for themselves.","Dehydration can lead to serious complications, including:","To keep from getting dehydrated, drink fluids and eat foods that hold a lot of water, such as fruits and vegetables. Don't drink fluids that have caffeine or a lot of sugar, such as sodas and some energy drinks. They can be dehydrating.
+
+Conditions that can create a need for more fluids include:","A healthcare professional often can diagnose dehydration from symptoms. For a child, a change in weight might be used in the diagnosis.
+
+To help confirm the diagnosis and to find out how dehydrated you are, you may have other tests. These might include:","The only way to treat dehydration is to replace lost fluids and lost electrolytes. The best way to replace lost fluids depends on age, how bad the dehydration is and its cause.
+
+For infants and children who are dehydrated from diarrhea, vomiting or fever, use water with electrolytes such as Pedialyte or Smart Water.
+
+Start with about a teaspoon (5 milliliters) every 1 to 5 minutes and increase as your child is able to take it. It might be easier to use a syringe for very young children. Older children can drink watered-down sports drinks, such as Gatorade or Powerade. Use 1 part sports drink to 1 part water.
+
+Most adults with mild to moderate dehydration from diarrhea, vomiting or fever can get better by drinking more water or other liquids. For children and adults, drinking full-strength fruit juice and soft drinks might make diarrhea worse.
+
+If you work or exercise outdoors during hot or humid weather, drink cool water. Sports drinks that have electrolytes and a carbohydrate solution also may be helpful.
+
+Severe dehydration should be treated right away, either by emergency workers who come in an ambulance or in a hospital emergency room. Salts and fluids given through a vein, called intravenously, are absorbed quickly and speed recovery.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your or your child's family healthcare professional. If you or your child shows signs of serious dehydration, such as having no energy or not responding to others, seek immediate care at a hospital right away.
+
+If you have time to prepare for your appointment, here's some information to help you get ready.",,"dehydrated, thirst, dehydration"
+562,Low blood pressure (hypotension),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355470,,"Low blood pressure is a condition in which the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is too low. It's also called hypotension.
+Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). In general, low blood pressure is a reading lower than 90/60 mm Hg.
+What's considered low blood pressure for one person might be OK for someone else though. Low blood pressure might cause no symptoms that you notice. Or it might cause dizziness and fainting. Sometimes, low blood pressure can be life-threatening.
+The causes of low blood pressure include dehydration and other serious medical conditions. It's important to find out what's causing low blood pressure so that it can be treated, if needed.","Low blood pressure symptoms can include:
+Blurred or fading vision.
+Dizzy or lightheaded feelings.
+Fainting.
+Fatigue.
+Trouble concentrating.
+Upset stomach.
+For some people, low blood pressure may be a symptom of an underlying health condition. That's especially so when blood pressure drops suddenly or when low blood pressure occurs with symptoms.
+A sudden fall in blood pressure can be dangerous. A change of just 20 mm Hg can make you feel dizzy or faint. For example, those symptoms could happen after a drop in systolic pressure from 110 mm Hg to 90 mm Hg. And big drops can be life-threatening. These can happen for reasons such as serious bleeding, serious infections or allergic reactions.
+Extreme low blood pressure can lead to a condition known as shock. Symptoms of shock include:
+Confusion, especially in older people.
+Cold, clammy skin.
+Decrease in skin color, also called pallor.
+Rapid, shallow breathing.
+Weak and rapid pulse.","If you have symptoms of extreme low blood pressure or shock, call 911 or your local emergency number.
+Most healthcare professionals consider blood pressure to be too low only if it causes symptoms. Minor dizzy or lightheaded feelings from time to time can be caused by many things. Causes could include spending too much time in the sun or in a hot tub. It's important to see a healthcare professional to find out the cause of your symptoms.
+If you often have low blood pressure readings but feel fine, you might not need treatment. Instead, your healthcare professional tracks your health during routine checkups. It can help to keep a record of your symptoms, when they occur and what you're doing at the time.","Low blood pressure has various causes. Some health conditions and the use of certain medicines can cause it. Other factors affect blood pressure as well.
+Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood the heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries. A blood pressure reading has two numbers:
+Top number, called systolic pressure.The top number is the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats.
+Bottom number, called diastolic pressure.The bottom number is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.
+The American Heart Association classifies healthy blood pressure as normal. Normal blood pressure usually is lower than 120/80 mm Hg.
+Blood pressure varies throughout the day. It depends on:
+Body position.
+Breathing.
+Food and drink.
+Medicines.
+Physical condition.
+Stress.
+Time of day.
+Blood pressure usually is lowest at night and rises sharply on waking.","Anyone can have low blood pressure. Risk factors for hypotension include:
+Age.Drops in blood pressure when standing up or after eating occur mainly in adults older than 65. Neurally mediated hypotension mainly affects children and younger adults.
+Medications.Certain medicines have the potential to cause low blood pressure. These include all medicines that treat high blood pressure.
+Certain diseases.Parkinson's disease, diabetes and some heart conditions can lead to low blood pressure.
+Alcohol or illegal drugs.Either of these may raise the risk of low blood pressure.","Complications of low blood pressure can include:
+Dizzy feeling.
+Weakness.
+Fainting.
+Injury from falls.
+Severely low blood pressure can lower the body's oxygen levels, which can lead to heart and brain damage.",,"To find out if you have low blood pressure, also called hypotension, your healthcare professional gives you a physical exam. You're also asked questions about your medical history. The exam includes checking your blood pressure.
+You also can measure your blood pressure at home. Checking your blood pressure at home can help your healthcare professional diagnose high blood pressure earlier than usual. Ask a member of your healthcare team to:
+Help you pick a blood pressure monitor.
+Tell you how often to check your blood pressure.
+Explain what blood pressure numbers should prompt you to call the medical office right away.
+If you get a home blood pressure reading at or just below 90/60 mm Hg, it's not always a cause for concern. Your healthcare professional might tell you that the reading is OK for you, especially if you have no symptoms.","Low blood pressure without symptoms or with only mild symptoms rarely requires treatment.
+If low blood pressure causes symptoms, the treatment depends on the cause. For instance, if medicine causes low blood pressure, your healthcare professional may recommend changing or stopping the medicine. Or the dose of medicine might be lowered. Don't change or stop taking your medicine without first talking to your healthcare professional.
+If the cause of low blood pressure isn't clear or if no treatment exists, the goal is to raise blood pressure and relieve symptoms. Depending on your age, health and the type of low blood pressure you have, there are various ways to do this:
+Use more salt.Experts usually recommend limiting table salt and foods high in sodium. That's because salt and sodium can raise blood pressure, sometimes by a lot. For people with low blood pressure, though, that can be a good thing. But too much salt or sodium can lead to heart failure, especially in older adults. So it's important to check with a healthcare professional before eating more salt or high-sodium foods.
+Drink more water.Fluids increase blood volume and help prevent dehydration, both of which are important in treating hypotension.
+Wear compression stockings.Also called support stockings, these elastic stockings are often used to relieve the pain and swelling of varicose veins. They improve blood flow from the legs to the heart. Some people have an easier time using compression belts around the stomach area than they do using compression stockings. The compression belts are called abdominal binders.
+Medicines.Various medicines can treat low blood pressure that occurs when standing up, also called orthostatic hypotension. For example, the drug fludrocortisone boosts blood volume. It's often used to treat orthostatic hypotension.If you have long-term orthostatic hypotension, midodrine (Orvaten) may be prescribed to raise standing blood pressure levels. This medicine lessens the ability of the blood vessels to expand, which raises blood pressure.",,"You don't have to take any special steps to prepare to have your blood pressure checked. Don't stop taking medicines you think might affect your blood pressure without a healthcare professional's advice.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Depending on the reason for low blood pressure, the following lifestyle and home remedies might help ease or prevent symptoms:
+Drink more water, less alcohol.Alcohol is dehydrating and can lower blood pressure, even in moderation. Water boosts the amount of blood in the body and prevents dehydration.
+Pay attention to body positions.Gently move from lying flat or squatting to a standing position. Don't sit with legs crossed.If symptoms of low blood pressure begin while standing, cross the thighs like a pair of scissors and squeeze. Or put one foot on a ledge or chair and lean as far forward as you can. These moves encourage blood flow from the legs to the heart.
+Eat small, low-carb meals.To help prevent blood pressure from dropping sharply after meals, eat small meals several times a day. Limit high-carbohydrate foods such as potatoes, rice, pasta and bread.A healthcare professional also might recommend drinking one or two strong cups of caffeinated coffee or tea with breakfast. Caffeine can cause dehydration, though, so be sure to drink plenty of water and other fluids without caffeine.
+Exercise regularly.As a general goal, work up to at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise a week. For example, you could aim to get about 30 minutes of activity most days. Also, aim to do strength-training exercises at least twice a week. But try not to exercise in hot, humid conditions.","upset stomach, cold clammy skin, dizzy, fatigue, decrease in skin color, blurred vision, bleeding, allergic reactions, trouble concentrating, infections, fainting, lightheaded, confusion, weak and rapid pulse, shock, drops, rapid shallow breathing"
+563,Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353315,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353320,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20353324,"Inflammatory bowel disease, also called IBD, is an umbrella term for a group of conditions that cause swelling and inflammation of the tissues in the digestive tract.
+The most common types ofIBDinclude:
+Ulcerative colitis.This condition involves inflammation and sores, called ulcers, along the lining of the colon and rectum.
+Crohn's disease.In this type ofIBD, the lining of the digestive tract is inflamed. The condition often involves the deeper layers of the digestive tract. Crohn's disease most commonly affects the small intestine. However, it also can affect the large intestine and, uncommonly, the upper gastrointestinal tract.
+Symptoms of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease usually include belly pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, extreme tiredness and weight loss.
+For some people,IBDis only a mild illness. But for others, it's a condition that causes disability and can lead to life-threatening complications.","Inflammatory bowel disease symptoms vary depending on how bad the inflammation is and where it occurs. Symptoms may range from mild to severe. A person withIBDis likely to have periods of active illness followed by periods of remission.
+Symptoms that are common to both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis include:
+Diarrhea.
+Belly pain and cramping.
+Blood in the stool.
+Loss of appetite.
+Losing weight without trying.
+Feeling extremely tired.","See a healthcare professional if you experience a lasting change in your bowel habits or if you have any of the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease. Although inflammatory bowel disease usually isn't fatal, it's a serious disease that, in some people, may cause life-threatening complications.","The exact cause of inflammatory bowel disease remains unknown. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now, healthcare professionals know that these factors may aggravateIBDbut aren't the cause of it. Several factors likely play a role in its development.
+Immune system.One possible cause is change in the function of the immune system. When the immune system tries to fight off an invading virus or bacterium, an immune response that is not typical causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract too.
+Genes.Several genetic markers have been associated withIBD. Traits passed down in families also seem to play a role in thatIBDis more common in people who have family members with the disease. However, most people withIBDdon't have this family history.
+Environmental triggers.Researchers believe environmental factors may play a role in gettingIBD, especially factors that affect the gut microbiome. These may include:Being raised in a sterile environment as a child, with limited exposure to germs.Having a gastrointestinal infection early in life.Taking antibiotics during the first year of life.Being mostly bottle-fed.
+Being raised in a sterile environment as a child, with limited exposure to germs.
+Having a gastrointestinal infection early in life.
+Taking antibiotics during the first year of life.
+Being mostly bottle-fed.","Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease include:
+Age.Most people who getIBDare diagnosed before they're 30 years old. But some people don't get the disease until their 50s or 60s.
+Race or ethnicity.IBDis more common in white people, but it can occur in anyone. The number of people withIBDalso is increasing in other races and ethnicities.
+Family history.You're at higher risk if you have a blood relative — such as a parent, sibling or child — with the disease.
+Cigarette smoking.Cigarette smoking is the most important controllable risk factor for getting Crohn's disease.Smoking may help prevent ulcerative colitis. However, its harm to overall health outweighs any benefit, and quitting smoking can improve the general health of your digestive tract as well as provide many other health benefits.
+Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines.These include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve), diclofenac sodium and others. These medicines may increase the risk of gettingIBDor worsen the disease in people who haveIBD.","Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease have some complications in common and others that are specific to each condition. Complications found in both conditions may include:
+Colon cancer.Having ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease that affects most of your colon can increase your risk of colon cancer. Screening for cancer with a colonoscopy at regular intervals begins usually about 8 to 10 years after the diagnosis is made. Ask a healthcare professional when and how often you need to have this test done.
+Skin, eye and joint inflammation.Certain conditions, including arthritis, skin lesions and eye inflammation, called uveitis, may occur duringIBDflare-ups.
+Medicine side effects.Certain medicines forIBDare associated with a risk of infections. Some carry a small risk of developing certain cancers. Corticosteroids can be associated with a risk of osteoporosis, high blood pressure and other conditions.
+Primary sclerosing cholangitis.In this uncommon condition seen in people withIBD, inflammation causes scarring within the bile ducts. This scarring eventually narrows the ducts, restricting bile flow. This can eventually cause liver damage.
+Blood clots.IBDincreases the risk of blood clots in veins and arteries.
+Severe dehydration.Too much diarrhea can result in dehydration.
+Complications of Crohn's disease may include:
+Bowel obstruction.Crohn's disease affects the full thickness of the bowel wall. Over time, parts of the bowel can thicken and narrow, which may block the flow of digestive contents. Surgery may be needed to remove the diseased part of the bowel. Rarely, bowel or colon obstruction may be seen in ulcerative colitis and could be a sign of colon cancer.
+Malnutrition.Diarrhea, belly pain and cramping may make it difficult for you to eat or for your intestine to absorb enough nutrients to keep you nourished. It's also common to develop anemia due to low iron or vitamin B-12 caused by the disease.
+Fistulas.Sometimes inflammation can extend completely through the intestinal wall and create a fistula — a connection between different body parts that is not typical. Fistulas near or around the anal area are the most common kind. But fistulas also can occur internally or toward the wall of the abdominal area. In some cases, a fistula may become infected and form a pocket of pus known as an abscess.
+Anal fissure.This is a small tear in the tissue that lines the anus or in the skin around the anus where infections can occur. It's often associated with painful passing of stool and may lead to a fistula around the anus.
+Complications of ulcerative colitis may include:
+Toxic megacolon.Ulcerative colitis may cause the colon to rapidly widen and swell, a serious condition known as toxic megacolon.
+A hole in the colon, called perforated colon.A perforated colon most commonly is caused by toxic megacolon, but it also may occur on its own.",,"To help confirm a diagnosis ofIBD, a healthcare professional generally recommends a combination of tests and procedures:","The goal of inflammatory bowel disease treatment is to reduce the inflammation that triggers symptoms. In the best cases, this may lead not only to symptom relief but also to long-term remission and reduced risk of complications.IBDtreatment usually involves either medicines or surgery.","IBDdoesn't just affect you physically — it takes an emotional toll as well. If signs and symptoms are severe, your life may revolve around a constant need to run to the toilet. Even if your symptoms are mild, you may find it difficult to be out in public. All of these factors can alter your life and may lead to depression. Here are some things you can do:
+Be informed.One of the best ways to better manage yourIBDis to find out as much as possible about inflammatory bowel disease. Look for information from reputable sources such as the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation.
+Join a support group.Although support groups aren't for everyone, they can provide valuable information about your condition as well as emotional support. Group members frequently know about the latest medical treatments or integrative therapies. You may also find it reassuring to be among others withIBD.
+Talk with a therapist.Some people find it helpful to consult a mental health professional who's familiar with inflammatory bowel disease and the emotional difficulties it can cause.
+Although you may feel discouraged about living withIBD, research is ongoing, and the outlook is improving.","Symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease may first prompt a visit to your main healthcare team. However, you may then be referred to a professional who specializes in treating digestive disorders, called a gastroenterologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and what to expect at your visit.",Sometimes you may feel helpless when facing inflammatory bowel disease. But changes in your diet and lifestyle may help manage your symptoms and lengthen the time between flare-ups.,"ulcerative colitis, diarrhea, belly pain, cramping, inflammatory bowel disease symptoms vary depending on how bad the inflammation, losing weight, loss of appetite, crohn's disease, blood in the stool, feeling extremely tired"
+564,Irritable bowel syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360016,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360064,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20360066,"Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common condition that affects the stomach and intestines, also called the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include cramping, belly pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhea or constipation, or both.IBSis an ongoing condition that needs long-term management.
+Only a small number of people withIBShave severe symptoms. Some people can control their symptoms by managing diet, lifestyle and stress. More-severe symptoms can be treated with medicine and counseling.
+IBSdoesn't cause changes in bowel tissue or increase risk of colorectal cancer.","Symptoms ofIBSvary but are usually present for a long time. The most common include:
+Belly pain, cramping or bloating that is related to passing stool.
+Changes in appearance of stool.
+Changes in how often you are passing stool.
+Other symptoms that are often related include sensation of incomplete evacuation and increased gas or mucus in the stool.","See a healthcare professional if you have a persistent change in bowel habits or other symptoms ofIBS. They may mean a more serious condition, such as colon cancer. More-serious symptoms include:
+Weight loss.
+Diarrhea at night.
+Rectal bleeding.
+Iron deficiency anemia.
+Unexplained vomiting.
+Pain that isn't relieved by passing gas or stool.","The exact cause ofIBSisn't known. Factors that appear to play a role include:
+Muscle contractions in the intestine.The walls of the intestines are lined with layers of muscle that contract as they move food through the digestive tract. Contractions that are stronger and last longer than usual can cause gas, bloating and diarrhea. Weak contractions can slow food passage and lead to hard, dry stools.
+Nervous system.Issues with the nerves in the digestive system may cause discomfort when the belly area, called the abdomen, stretches from gas or stool. Poorly coordinated signals between the brain and the intestines can cause the body to overreact to changes that typically occur in the digestive process. This can result in pain, diarrhea or constipation.
+Severe infection.IBScan develop after a severe bout of diarrhea caused by bacteria or a virus. This is called gastroenteritis.IBSalso might be associated with a surplus of bacteria in the intestines, known as bacterial overgrowth.
+Early-life stress.People exposed to stressful events, especially in childhood, tend to have more symptoms ofIBS.
+Changes in gut microbes.Examples include changes in bacteria, fungi and viruses, which typically live in the intestines and play a key role in health. Research indicates that the microbes in people withIBSmight differ from those in people who don't haveIBS.","Many people have occasional symptoms ofIBS. But you're more likely to have the syndrome if you:
+Are young.IBSoccurs more often in people under age 50.
+Are female.In the United States,IBSis more common among women. Estrogen therapy before or after menopause also is a risk factor forIBS.
+Have a family history ofIBS.Genes may play a role, as may shared factors in a family's environment or a combination of genes and environment.
+Have anxiety, depression or other mental health issues.A history of sexual, physical or emotional abuse also might be a risk factor.","Long-lasting constipation or diarrhea can cause hemorrhoids.
+In addition,IBSis associated with:
+Poor quality of life.Many people with moderate to severeIBSreport poor quality of life. Research indicates that people withIBSmiss three times as many days from work as do those without bowel symptoms.
+Mood disorders.Experiencing the symptoms ofIBScan lead to depression or anxiety. Depression and anxiety also can makeIBSworse.",,"There's no test to definitively diagnoseIBS. A healthcare professional is likely to start with a complete medical history, physical exam and tests to rule out other conditions, such as celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
+After other conditions have been ruled out, a care professional is likely to use one of these sets of diagnostic criteria forIBS:
+Rome criteria.These criteria include belly pain and discomfort averaging at least one day a week in the last three months. This also usually occurs with at least two of the following: pain and discomfort related to defecation, a change in the frequency of defecation, or a change in stool consistency.
+Type ofIBS.For the purpose of treatment,IBScan be divided into four types, based on symptoms: constipation-predominant, diarrhea-predominant, mixed or unclassified.
+A healthcare professional also will likely explore whether you have other symptoms that might suggest another, more serious condition. These include:
+Onset of symptoms after age 50.
+Weight loss.
+Rectal bleeding.
+Fever.
+Nausea or repeated vomiting.
+Belly pain, especially if it's not related to passing stool, or occurs at night.
+Diarrhea that is ongoing or awakens you from sleep.
+Anemia related to low iron.
+If you have these symptoms, or if an initial treatment forIBSdoesn't work, you'll likely need more tests.","Treatment ofIBSfocuses on relieving symptoms so that you can live as symptom-free as possible.
+Mild symptoms often can be controlled by managing stress and by making changes in diet and lifestyle. Try to:
+Stay away from foods that trigger symptoms.
+Eat high-fiber foods.
+Drink plenty of fluids.
+Exercise regularly.
+Get enough sleep.
+A healthcare professional might suggest eliminating these foods:
+High-gas foods.If bloating or gas are an issue, don't consume carbonated and alcoholic beverages or certain foods that may lead to increased gas.
+Gluten.Research shows that some people withIBSreport improvement in diarrhea symptoms if they stop eating gluten even if they don't have celiac disease. Gluten is found in foods containing wheat, barley and rye.
+FODMAPs.Some people are sensitive to certain carbohydrates such as fructose, fructans, lactose and others, known as FODMAPs — fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols.FODMAPsare found in certain grains, vegetables, fruits and dairy products.
+A dietitian can help with these diet changes.
+If problems are moderate or severe, a healthcare professional might suggest counseling — especially if depression or stress tends to make symptoms worse.
+Based on symptoms, medicines may be recommended, including:
+Fiber supplements.Taking a supplement such as psyllium husk (Metamucil) with fluids may help control constipation.
+Laxatives.If fiber doesn't help constipation, nonprescription laxatives, such as magnesium hydroxide oral (Milk of Magnesia) or polyethylene glycol (Miralax), may be recommended.
+Antidiarrheal medicines.Nonprescription medicines, such as loperamide (Imodium A-D), can help control diarrhea. A care professional also might prescribe a bile acid binder, such as cholestyramine (Prevalite), colestipol (Colestid) or colesevelam (Welchol). Bile acid binders can cause bloating.
+Anticholinergic medicines.Medicines such as dicyclomine (Bentyl) can help relieve painful bowel spasms. They are sometimes prescribed for people who have bouts of diarrhea. These medicines are generally safe but can cause constipation, dry mouth and blurred vision.
+Tricyclic antidepressants.This type of medicine can help relieve depression, but it also blocks the activity of neurons that control the intestines. This may help reduce pain. If you have diarrhea and belly pain without depression, a healthcare professional may suggest a lower than typical dose of imipramine (Tofranil), desipramine (Norpramin) or nortriptyline (Pamelor). Side effects — which might be reduced if you take the medicine at bedtime — can include drowsiness, blurred vision, dizziness and dry mouth.
+SSRIantidepressants.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, such as fluoxetine (Prozac) or paroxetine (Paxil), may help if you are depressed and have pain and constipation.
+Pain medicines.Pregabalin (Lyrica) or gabapentin (Neurontin) might ease severe pain or bloating.",,"You may be referred to a provider who specializes in the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist.","Simple changes in your diet and lifestyle often provide relief fromIBS. Your body typically needs time to respond to these changes. Try to:
+Experiment with fiber.Fiber helps reduce constipation but also can worsen gas and cramping. Try slowly increasing the amount of fiber in your diet over a period of weeks with foods such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables and beans. A fiber supplement might cause less gas and bloating than fiber-rich foods.
+Stay away from problem foods.Get rid of foods that trigger your symptoms.
+Eat at regular times.Don't skip meals, and try to eat at about the same time each day to help regulate bowel function. If you have diarrhea, you may find that eating small, frequent meals makes you feel better. But if you're constipated, eating larger amounts of high-fiber foods may help move food through your intestines.
+Exercise regularly.Exercise helps relieve depression and stress, stimulates contractions of your intestines, and can help you feel better about yourself. Ask a healthcare professional about an exercise program.","bloating, belly pain, mucus in the stool, changes in appearance of stool, cramping, changes in how often you are passing stool, sensation of incomplete evacuation, increased gas"
+565,Pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri/symptoms-causes/syc-20354031,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354036,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri/doctors-departments/ddc-20354038,"Pseudotumor cerebri (SOO-doe-too-mur SER-uh-bry) occurs when the pressure inside your skull (intracranial pressure) increases for no obvious reason. It's also called idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
+
+Symptoms mimic those of a brain tumor. The increased intracranial pressure can cause swelling of the optic nerve and result in vision loss. Medications often can reduce this pressure and the headache, but in some cases, surgery is necessary.
+
+Pseudotumor cerebri can occur in children and adults, but it's most common in women of childbearing age who are obese.","Pseudotumor cerebri signs and symptoms might include:
+
+Sometimes, symptoms that have resolved can recur months or years later.",,"The cause of pseudotumor cerebri is unknown. If a cause is determined, the condition is called secondary intracranial hypertension, rather than idiopathic.
+
+Your brain and spinal cord are surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions these vital tissues from injury. This fluid is produced in the brain and eventually is absorbed into the bloodstream at a rate that usually allows the pressure in your brain to remain constant.
+
+The increased intracranial pressure of pseudotumor cerebri might result from a problem in this absorption process.",The following factors have been associated with pseudotumor cerebri:,"For some people with pseudotumor cerebri, their vision continues to worsen, leading to blindness.",,"To diagnose your condition, your doctor will review your symptoms and medical history, conduct a physical examination, and order tests.","The goal of pseudotumor cerebri treatment is to improve your symptoms and keep your eyesight from worsening.
+
+If you're obese, your doctor might recommend a low-sodium weight-loss diet to help improve your symptoms. You might work with a dietitian to help with your weight-loss goals. Some people benefit from weight-loss programs or gastric surgery.",,"After discussing your symptoms with your family doctor, he or she might refer you to a doctor trained in brain and nervous system conditions (neurologist) or eye conditions (ophthalmologist) or both (neuro-ophthalmologist) for further evaluation.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,symptoms
+567,Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura/symptoms-causes/syc-20352325,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352330,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura/doctors-departments/ddc-20352332,"Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an illness that can lead to bruising and bleeding. Low levels of the cells that help blood clot, also known as platelets, most often cause the bleeding.
+Once known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,ITPcan cause purple bruises. It also can cause tiny reddish-purple dots on the skin that look like a rash.
+Children can getITPafter a virus. They most often get better without treatment. In adults, the illness often lasts months or years.
+People withITPwho aren't bleeding and whose platelet count isn't too low might not need treatment. For worse symptoms, treatment might include medicines to raise platelet count or surgery to remove the spleen.","Immune thrombocytopenia might not have symptoms. When symptoms occur, they might include:
+Easy bruising.
+Bleeding into the skin that looks like tiny reddish-purple spots, also known as petechiae. The spots mostly show up on the lower legs. They look like a rash.
+Bleeding into the skin that's larger than petechiae, also known as purpura.
+Bleeding from the gums or nose.
+Blood in urine or stools.
+Really heavy menstrual flow.",Make an appointment with your health care provider if you or your child has symptoms that worry you. Bleeding that won't stop is a medical emergency. Seek help right away if you or your child has bleeding that the usual first aid efforts can't control. These include applying pressure to the area.,"Immune thrombocytopenia usually happens when the immune system makes a mistake. It attacks and destroys the cells that help blood clot, also known as platelets.
+In adults, an infection withHIV, hepatitis or the bacteria that causes stomach ulcers, known as H. pylori, can causeITP. In most children withITP,  the disorder follows a virus, such as the mumps or the flu.","ITPis more common among young women. The risk appears to be higher in people who also have other diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.","Rarely, immune thrombocytopenia causes bleeding into the brain. This can be fatal.
+Someone who's pregnant with a low platelet count or who's bleeding has a greater risk of heavy bleeding during delivery. A health care provider might suggest treatment to keep the platelet count even.
+ITPdoesn't usually affect the fetus. However, the baby's platelet count should be tested soon after birth.",,"To diagnose immune thrombocytopenia, a health care provider will try to rule out other possible causes of bleeding and a low platelet count.
+No one test can prove the diagnosis. Blood tests can check platelet levels. Rarely, adults might need a bone marrow biopsy to rule out other problems.","People with mild immune thrombocytopenia might need only regular platelet checks. Children usually improve without treatment. Most adults withITPwill need treatment at some point. The condition often gets worse or lasts long, also known as chronic.
+Treatment might include medicines to increase platelet count or surgery to remove the spleen, known as a splenectomy. A health care provider can talk about the pros and cons of treatment options. Some people find the side effects of treatment are worse than the disease.",,"A low platelet count might not cause symptoms so a blood test for something else often finds the problem.
+Diagnosing immune thrombocytopenia usually involves more blood tests. Your provider might send you to a specialist in blood diseases, also known as a hematologist.","If you have immune thrombocytopenia, try to:
+Avoid contact sports.Getting hit in the head during sports like boxing, martial arts and football could cause bleeding in the brain. Talk to your health care provider about what activities are safe.
+Watch for signs of infection.If you've had your spleen removed, look for signs of infection, including fever. Get treatment quickly. Infections can be worse in people without spleens.
+Take care with medicines you get without a prescription.Medicines such as aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) can increase bleeding risk.","thrombocytopenia, rash, bleeding from nose, easy bruising, blood in stools, bleeding, purpura, petechiae, bleeding from gums, blood in urine, heavy menstrual flow, bruising"
+568,Toe walking in children,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toe-walking/symptoms-causes/syc-20378410,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toe-walking/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378414,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toe-walking/doctors-departments/ddc-20378415,"Walking on the toes or the balls of the feet, also known as toe walking, is fairly common in children who are just beginning to walk. Most children outgrow it.
+
+Kids who continue toe walking beyond the toddler years often do so out of habit. As long as your child is growing and developing normally, toe walking is unlikely to be a cause for concern.
+
+Toe walking sometimes can result from certain conditions, including cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy and autism spectrum disorder.",Toe walking is walking on the toes or the ball of the foot.,"If your child is still toe walking after age 2, talk to your doctor about it. Make an appointment sooner if your child also has tight leg muscles, stiffness in the Achilles tendon or a lack of muscle coordination.","Typically, toe walking is a habit that develops when a child learns to walk. In a few cases, toe walking is caused by an underlying condition, such as:","Toe walking out of habit, also known as idiopathic toe walking, sometimes runs in families.",Persistent toe walking can increase a child's risk of falling. It can also result in a social stigma.,,"Toe walking can be observed during a physical exam. In some cases, the doctor may do a gait analysis or an exam known as electromyography (EMG).
+
+During an electromyography (EMG), a thin needle with an electrode is inserted into a muscle in the leg. The electrode measures the electrical activity in the affected nerve or muscle.
+
+If the doctor suspects a condition such as cerebral palsy or autism, he or she may recommend a neurological exam or testing for developmental delays.","If your child is toe walking out of habit, treatment isn't needed. He or she is likely to outgrow the habit. Your doctor might simply monitor your child's gait during office visits.
+
+If a physical problem is contributing to toe walking, treatment options might include:
+
+If the toe walking is associated with cerebral palsy, autism or other problems, treatment focuses on the underlying condition.",,"You'll probably first bring your concerns to the attention of your primary care provider — family doctor, nurse practitioner, physician assistant or pediatrician. He or she might refer you to a doctor specializing in nerve function (neurologist) or orthopedic surgery.",,"walking on the ball of the foot, walking on the toes"
+569,Henoch-Schonlein purpura,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/henoch-schonlein-purpura/symptoms-causes/syc-20354040,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/henoch-schonlein-purpura/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354045,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/henoch-schonlein-purpura/doctors-departments/ddc-20354047,"Henoch-Schonlein purpura (also known as IgA vasculitis) is a disorder that causes the small blood vessels in your skin, joints, intestines and kidneys to become inflamed and bleed.",The four main characteristics of Henoch-Schonlein purpura include:,,"In Henoch-Schonlein purpura, some of the body's small blood vessels become inflamed, which can cause bleeding in the skin, abdomen and kidneys. It's not clear why this initial inflammation develops. It may be the result of the immune system responding inappropriately to certain triggers.
+
+Nearly half the people who have Henoch-Schonlein purpura developed it after an upper respiratory infection, such as a cold. Other triggers include chickenpox, strep throat, measles, hepatitis, certain medications, food, insect bites and exposure to cold weather.",Factors that increase the risk of developing Henoch-Schonlein purpura include:,"For most people, symptoms improve within a month, leaving no lasting problems. But recurrences are fairly common.
+
+Complications associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura include:",,"Your doctor will be able to diagnose the condition as Henoch-Schonlein purpura if the classic rash, joint pain and digestive tract symptoms are present. If one of these signs and symptoms is missing, your doctor may suggest one or more of the following tests.","Henoch-Schonlein purpura usually goes away on its own within a month with no lasting ill effects. Rest, plenty of fluids and over-the-counter pain relievers may help with symptoms.",,You'll likely first see your family doctor or your child's pediatrician for this condition. You may later be referred to a kidney specialist (nephrologist) if kidney complications develop. Here's some information that may help you get ready for your appointment.,,"none, henoch-schonlein purpura"
+572,Prediabetes,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prediabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355278,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prediabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355284,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prediabetes/doctors-departments/ddc-20355285,"Prediabetes means you have a higher than normal blood sugar level. It's not high enough to be considered type 2 diabetes yet. But without lifestyle changes, adults and children with prediabetes are at high risk to develop type 2 diabetes.
+If you have prediabetes, the long-term damage of diabetes — especially to your heart, blood vessels and kidneys — may already be starting. There's good news, however. Progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes isn't inevitable.
+Eating healthy foods, making physical activity part of your daily routine and staying at a healthy weight can help bring your blood sugar level back to normal. The same lifestyle changes that can help prevent type 2 diabetes in adults might also help bring children's blood sugar levels back to normal.","Prediabetes doesn't usually have any signs or symptoms.
+One possible sign of prediabetes is darkened skin on certain parts of the body. Affected areas can include the neck, armpits and groin.
+Classic signs and symptoms that suggest you've moved from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes include:
+Increased thirst
+Frequent urination
+Increased hunger
+Fatigue
+Blurred vision
+Numbness or tingling in the feet or hands
+Frequent infections
+Slow-healing sores
+Unintended weight loss",See your health care provider if you're concerned about diabetes or if you notice any type 2 diabetes signs or symptoms. Ask your health care provider about blood sugar screening if you have any risk factors for diabetes.,"The exact cause of prediabetes is unknown. But family history and genetics appear to play an important role. What is clear is that people with prediabetes don't process sugar (glucose) properly anymore.
+Most of the glucose in your body comes from the food you eat. When food is digested, sugar enters your bloodstream. Insulin allows sugar to enter your cells — and lowers the amount of sugar in your blood.
+Insulin is produced by a gland located behind the stomach called the pancreas. Your pancreas sends insulin to your blood when you eat. When your blood sugar level starts to drop, the pancreas slows down the secretion of insulin into the blood.
+When you have prediabetes, this process doesn't work as well. As a result, instead of fueling your cells, sugar builds up in your bloodstream. This can happen because:
+Your pancreas may not make enough insulin
+Your cells become resistant to insulin and don't allow as much sugar in","The same factors that increase the odds of getting type 2 diabetes also increase the risk of prediabetes. These factors include:
+Weight.Being overweight is a primary risk factor for prediabetes. The more fatty tissue you have — especially inside and between the muscle and skin around your abdomen — the more resistant your cells become to insulin.
+Waist size.A large waist size can indicate insulin resistance. The risk of insulin resistance goes up for men with waists larger than 40 inches and for women with waists larger than 35 inches.
+Diet.Eating red meat and processed meat, and drinking sugar-sweetened beverages, is associated with a higher risk of prediabetes.
+Inactivity.The less active you are, the greater your risk of prediabetes.
+Age.Although diabetes can develop at any age, the risk of prediabetes increases after age 35.
+Family history.Your risk of prediabetes increases if you have a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes.
+Race or ethnicity.Although it's unclear why, certain people — including Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Asian American people — are more likely to develop prediabetes.
+Gestational diabetes.If you had diabetes while pregnant (gestational diabetes), you and your child are at higher risk of developing prediabetes.
+Polycystic ovary syndrome.Women with this common condition — characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth and obesity — have a higher risk of prediabetes.
+Sleep.People with obstructive sleep apnea — a condition that disrupts sleep repeatedly — have an increased risk of insulin resistance. People who are overweight or obese have a higher risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea.
+Tobacco smoke.Smoking may increase insulin resistance and can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in people with prediabetes. Smoking also increases your risk of complications from diabetes.
+Other conditions associated with an increased risk of prediabetes include:
+High blood pressure
+Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the ""good"" cholesterol
+High levels of triglycerides — a type of fat in your blood","Prediabetes has been linked with long-term damage, including to your heart, blood vessels and kidneys, even if you haven't progressed to type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes is also linked to unrecognized (silent) heart attacks.
+Prediabetes can progress to type 2 diabetes, which can lead to:
+High blood pressure
+High cholesterol
+Heart disease
+Stroke
+Kidney disease
+Nerve damage
+Fatty liver disease
+Eye damage, including loss of vision
+Amputations","Healthy lifestyle choices can help you prevent prediabetes and its progression to type 2 diabetes — even if diabetes runs in your family. These include:
+Eating healthy foods
+Getting active
+Losing excess weight
+Controlling your blood pressure and cholesterol
+Not smoking","The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends that diabetes screening for most adults begin at age 35. TheADAadvises diabetes screening before age 35 if you're overweight and have additional risk factors for prediabetes or type 2 diabetes.
+If you've had gestational diabetes, your health care provider will likely check your blood sugar levels at least once every three years.
+There are several blood tests for prediabetes.","Healthy lifestyle choices can help you bring your blood sugar level back to normal, or at least keep it from rising toward the levels seen in type 2 diabetes.
+To prevent prediabetes from progressing to type 2 diabetes, try to:
+Eat healthy foods.A diet high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains and olive oil is associated with a lower risk of prediabetes. Choose foods low in fat and calories and high in fiber. Eat a variety of foods to help you achieve your goals without compromising taste or nutrition.
+Be more active.Physical activity helps you control your weight, uses up sugar for energy and helps the body use insulin more effectively. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity a week, or a combination of moderate and vigorous exercise.
+Lose excess weight.If you're overweight, losing just 5% to 7% of your body weight — about 14 pounds (6.4 kilograms) if you weigh 200 pounds (91 kilograms) — can significantly reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. To keep your weight in a healthy range, focus on permanent changes to your eating and exercise habits.
+Stop smoking.Stopping smoking can improve the way insulin works, improving your blood sugar level.
+Take medications as needed.If you're at high risk of diabetes, your health care provider might recommend metformin (Glumetza). Medications to control cholesterol and high blood pressure might also be prescribed.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. He or she may refer you to a specialist in diabetes treatment (endocrinologist), a dietitian or a certified diabetes educator.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"increased thirst, fatigue, increased hunger, frequent infections, thirst, darkened skin, blurred vision, unintended weight loss, infections, numbness, prediabetes, diabetes, slow-healing sores, numbness or tingling, weight loss, frequent urination"
+574,Inherited metabolic disorders,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inherited-metabolic-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20352590,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inherited-metabolic-disorders/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20561225,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inherited-metabolic-disorders/doctors-departments/ddc-20352592,"Inherited metabolic disorders are medical conditions caused by changes in specific genes that affect metabolism. Different gene changes cause different types of inherited metabolic disorders. These gene changes are most commonly passed down from both parents. But sometimes the gene change comes only from one parent, most often from the mother. These disorders also are called inborn errors of metabolism.
+Metabolism is the complex set of chemical reactions that your body uses to maintain life. These include:
+Making energy.Special enzymes break down food or certain chemicals so your body can use them right away for fuel or store them for later use.
+Making or getting rid of substances.Certain chemical processes make substances your body needs. Other chemical processes break down substances that your body no longer needs.
+When these processes don't work properly, a metabolic disorder occurs. It may be due to an enzyme that's too low or missing or to another problem. Inherited metabolic disorders fall into different groups. They're grouped by the substance affected and whether it builds up too much because it can't be broken down or it's too low or missing.","There are hundreds of inherited metabolic disorders caused by different genes. Symptoms depend on the type of disorder and how severe it is.
+Examples of inherited metabolic disorders include:
+Familial hypercholesterolemia.
+Gaucher disease.
+Hunter syndrome.
+Krabbe disease.
+Maple syrup urine disease.
+Metachromatic leukodystrophy.
+Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like episodes (MELAS).
+Niemann-Pick.
+Phenylketonuria (PKU).
+Porphyria.
+Tay-Sachs disease.
+Wilson's disease.","If you have concerns about your child's growth and development or your own health, talk to your doctor or other healthcare professional.","Inherited metabolic disorders are caused by changes in specific genes that affect metabolism. Different gene changes cause different types of inherited metabolic disorders. These gene changes are most commonly passed down from both parents. But sometimes the gene change comes only from one parent, most often from the mother. There are hundreds of inherited metabolic disorders caused by different genes.","The risk of an inherited metabolic disorder is higher if one or both parents have the gene change that can cause the condition. In some cases, future parents may decide to have carrier testing before pregnancy. This test can identify some gene changes in parents that may raise the risk that future children will have certain types of inherited metabolic disorders.",,,"Some inherited metabolic disorders may be diagnosed before birth. Others can be diagnosed by routine newborn screening tests done at birth. Others are identified only after a child or adult shows symptoms of a disorder.
+To find out if you or your child has an inherited metabolic disorder, you may have:
+Physical exam.You may have a physical exam and talk about your or your child's symptoms and medical history. You also may be asked about any family history.
+Tests.Blood and urine tests check to see how the metabolism is working. Sometimes other types of tests may be recommended.
+Genetic testing.Genetic testing can identify the type of inherited metabolic disorder you or your child has. If one person in the family has an inherited metabolic disorder, specialists often recommend genetic testing and counseling for other family members as well.In some cases, future parents may choose to have carrier testing before pregnancy, also called preconception screening. This test can identify some gene changes in parents that may increase the risk that future children will have certain types of inherited metabolic disorders.
+Genetic counseling.Genetic counseling can include discussion of newborn screening or other genetic testing. Counseling also can include information on the risk of an inherited metabolic disorder for future children.
+Specialist exams.Certain inherited metabolic disorders may increase the risk of other conditions, such as heart, vision or hearing problems. You may be referred to other specialists as needed.","Treatment depends on the type of inherited metabolic disorder and how severe it is. Because there are so many types of inherited metabolic disorders, treatment can vary a great deal. A few examples of treatments include special diets, enzyme replacement, vitamin therapy, medicines and liver transplants. Sometimes care begins with a stay in the hospital. For some types of inherited metabolic disorders, there are no treatments currently available.
+Inherited metabolic disorders are rare and complex. Depending on the type and severity of the disorder and your or your child's age, you may see several experts in inherited metabolic disorders. These may include specialists in:
+Medical genetics.
+Nutrition.
+Pediatrics and developmental pediatrics.
+Nervous system.
+Endocrine and metabolic disorders.
+Heart and blood vessels.
+Ear, nose and throat (ENT).
+Eyes and vision.
+Digestive system.
+Kidneys.
+Life-long care with regular healthcare visits is important to take care of problems early and adjust treatment as needed.",,,,"gaucher disease, metabolic disorders, stroke-like episodes, stroke-like, hypercholesterolemia, hunter syndrome, maple syrup urine disease, urine disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, encephalopathy, phenylketonuria, porphyria, tay-sachs disease, wilson's disease, lactic acidosis, melas, krabbe disease, pku"
+578,Hemangioma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemangioma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352334,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemangioma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352339,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemangioma/doctors-departments/ddc-20352340,"A hemangioma (he-man-jee-O-muh), also known as an infantile hemangioma or hemangioma of infancy, is a bright red birthmark. It looks like a rubbery bump or flat red patch and is made up of extra blood vessels in the skin. The mark shows up at birth or in the first month of life.
+A hemangioma typically appears on the face, scalp, chest or back, though it can be anywhere on the skin. Treatment generally isn't needed for a baby's hemangioma, as the mark fades over time. Typically, there is little trace of it by age 10. You may want to think about treatment for the child if a hemangioma leads to problems with vision, breathing or other bodily functions. You also may think about treatment if the hemangioma is in a cosmetically sensitive area.","A hemangioma may be visible at birth, but it appears more often during the first month of life. It starts as a flat red mark on the body, most often on the face, scalp, chest or back. A child generally only has one mark, but some children may have more than one mark.
+During your child's first year, the red mark may grow rapidly into a spongy, rubbery-looking bump that sticks out from the skin. The hemangioma then enters a rest phase. Then it will begin to slowly go away.
+Many hemangiomas go away by age 5, and most go away by age 10. The skin may be slightly discolored or raised after the hemangioma goes away.","Your child's health care provider will check the hemangioma during routine visits. Contact your child's health care provider if the hemangioma bleeds, forms a sore or looks infected.
+Seek medical care if the condition causes problems with an important bodily function, such as your child's vision, breathing, hearing or ability to go to the bathroom.",A hemangioma is made up of extra blood vessels that group together into a dense clump. What causes the vessels to clump isn't known.,"Hemangiomas occur more often in babies who are female, white or born prematurely. Babies with a low birth weight also are more likely to have a hemangioma.","At times, a hemangioma can break down and develop a sore. This can lead to pain, bleeding, scarring or infection. Depending on the hemangioma's location, it may cause problems with your child's vision, breathing, hearing or ability to go to the bathroom. But this is rare.",,"In most cases, a health care provider can diagnose a hemangioma by looking at it. Tests typically aren't needed.","Treating hemangiomas generally isn't necessary because they go away on their own with time. Some hemangiomas can affect important structures or are of cosmetic concern due to size or location. If a hemangioma causes problems, treatments include:
+Beta blocker medicines.In small hemangiomas, you may need to apply a gel containing the medicine timolol to the affected skin. Some hemangiomas may go away if treated with propranolol, which is a liquid medicine taken by mouth. Treatment typically needs to continue until about 1 to 2 years of age. Side effects can include high blood sugar, low blood pressure and wheezing.
+Corticosteroid medicines.If beta blocker treatments don't work for a child, corticosteroids may be an option. They can be given as a shot or applied to the skin. Side effects can include poor growth and thinning of the skin.
+Laser surgery.Sometimes laser surgery can remove a small, thin hemangioma or treat sores on a hemangioma.
+If you're considering treatment for your child's hemangioma, talk with your child's health care provider. Remember that most infantile hemangiomas go away on their own and treatments could have side effects.",,,,"raised skin, flat red mark, spongy, rubbery-looking bump, discolored skin, hemangiomas, rapid growth"
+580,Female infertility,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/symptoms-causes/syc-20354308,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/doctors-departments/ddc-20354315,"Infertility is defined as trying to get pregnant with frequent, unprotected sex for at least a year with no success.
+
+Infertility results from female factors about one-third of the time and both female and male factors about one-third of the time. The cause is either unknown or a combination of male and female factors in the remaining cases.
+
+Female infertility causes can be difficult to diagnose. There are many treatments, depending on the infertility cause. Many infertile couples will go on to conceive a child without treatment.","The main symptom of infertility is the inability to get pregnant. A menstrual cycle that's too long (35 days or more), too short (less than 21 days), irregular or absent can mean that you're not ovulating. There might be no other signs or symptoms.","When to seek help can depend on your age:
+
+Your doctor might also want to begin testing or treatment right away if you or your partner has known fertility problems, or if you have a history of irregular or painful periods, pelvic inflammatory disease, repeated miscarriages, cancer treatment, or endometriosis.","For pregnancy to occur, every step of the human reproduction process has to happen correctly. The steps in this process are:","Certain factors may put you at higher risk of infertility, including:",,"For women thinking about getting pregnant soon or in the future, these tips might help:","If you've been unable to conceive within a reasonable period of time, seek help from your doctor for evaluation and treatment of infertility. You and your partner should be evaluated. Your doctor will take a detailed medical history and conduct a physical exam.
+
+Fertility tests might include:","Infertility treatment depends on the cause, your age, how long you've been infertile and personal preferences. Because infertility is a complex disorder, treatment involves significant financial, physical, psychological and time commitments.
+
+Treatments can either attempt to restore fertility through medication or surgery, or help you get pregnant with sophisticated techniques.","Dealing with infertility can be physically and emotionally exhausting. To cope with the ups and downs of infertility testing and treatment, consider these strategies:","For an infertility evaluation, you'll likely see a doctor who specializes in treating disorders that prevent couples from conceiving (reproductive endocrinologist). Your doctor will likely want to evaluate both you and your partner.",,"long menstrual cycle, irregular menstrual cycle, inability to get pregnant, short menstrual cycle, absent menstrual cycle, infertility"
+581,Male infertility,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/symptoms-causes/syc-20374773,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374780,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/doctors-departments/ddc-20374782,"Nearly 1 in 7 couples is infertile, which means they haven't been able to conceive a child even though they've had frequent, unprotected sexual intercourse for a year or longer. In up to half of these couples, male infertility plays at least a partial role.
+Male infertility can be caused by low sperm production, abnormal sperm function or blockages that prevent the delivery of sperm. Illnesses, injuries, chronic health problems, lifestyle choices and other factors may contribute to male infertility.
+The inability to conceive a child can be stressful and frustrating, but a number of treatments are available for male infertility.","The main sign of male infertility is the inability to conceive a child. There may be no other obvious signs or symptoms.
+In some cases, however, an underlying problem such as an inherited disorder, hormonal imbalance, dilated veins around the testicle or a condition that blocks the passage of sperm causes signs and symptoms. Signs and symptoms you may notice include:
+Problems with sexual function — for example, difficulty with ejaculation or small volumes of fluid ejaculated, reduced sexual desire, or difficulty maintaining an erection (erectile dysfunction)
+Pain, swelling or a lump in the testicle area
+Recurrent respiratory infections
+Inability to smell
+Abnormal breast growth (gynecomastia)
+Decreased facial or body hair or other signs of a chromosomal or hormonal abnormality
+A lower than normal sperm count (fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter of semen or a total sperm count of less than 39 million per ejaculate)","See a doctor if you have been unable to conceive a child after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse or sooner if you have any of the following:
+Erection or ejaculation problems, low sex drive, or other problems with sexual function
+Pain, discomfort, a lump or swelling in the testicle area
+A history of testicle, prostate or sexual problems
+A groin, testicle, penis or scrotum surgery
+A partner over age 35","Male fertility is a complex process. To get your partner pregnant, the following must occur:
+You must produce healthy sperm.Initially, this involves the growth and formation of the male reproductive organs during puberty. At least one of your testicles must be functioning correctly, and your body must produce testosterone and other hormones to trigger and maintain sperm production.
+Sperm have to be carried into the semen.Once sperm are produced in the testicles, delicate tubes transport them until they mix with semen and are ejaculated out of the penis.
+There needs to be enough sperm in the semen.If the number of sperm in your semen (sperm count) is low, it decreases the odds that one of your sperm will fertilize your partner's egg. A low sperm count is fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter of semen or fewer than 39 million per ejaculate.
+Sperm must be functional and able to move.If the movement (motility) or function of your sperm is abnormal, the sperm may not be able to reach or penetrate your partner's egg.","Risk factors linked to male infertility include:
+Smoking tobacco
+Using alcohol
+Using certain illicit drugs
+Being overweight
+Having certain past or present infections
+Being exposed to toxins
+Overheating the testicles
+Having experienced trauma to the testicles
+Having a prior vasectomy or major abdominal or pelvic surgery
+Having a history of undescended testicles
+Being born with a fertility disorder or having a blood relative with a fertility disorder
+Having certain medical conditions, including tumors and chronic illnesses, such as sickle cell disease
+Taking certain medications or undergoing medical treatments, such as surgery or radiation used for treating cancer","Complications of male infertility can include:
+Stress and relationship difficulties related to the inability to have a child
+Expensive and involved reproductive techniques
+Increased risk of testicular cancer, melanoma, colon cancer and prostate cancer","Male infertility isn't always preventable. However, you can try to avoid some known causes of male infertility. For example:
+Don't smoke.
+Limit or abstain from alcohol.
+Steer clear of illicit drugs.
+Maintain a healthy weight.
+Don't get a vasectomy.
+Avoid things that lead to prolonged heat for the testicles.
+Reduce stress.
+Avoid exposure to pesticides, heavy metals and other toxins.","Many infertile couples have more than one cause of infertility, so it's likely you will both need to see a doctor. It might take a number of tests to determine the cause of infertility. In some cases, a cause is never identified.
+Infertility tests can be expensive and might not be covered by insurance — find out what your medical plan covers ahead of time.
+Diagnosing male infertility problems usually involves:
+General physical examination and medical history.This includes examining your genitals and asking questions about any inherited conditions, chronic health problems, illnesses, injuries or surgeries that could affect fertility. Your doctor might also ask about your sexual habits and about your sexual development during puberty.
+Semen analysis.Semen samples can be obtained in a couple of different ways. You can provide a sample by masturbating and ejaculating into a special container at the doctor's office. Because of religious or cultural beliefs, some men prefer an alternative method of semen collection. In such cases, semen can be collected by using a special condom during intercourse.
+Your semen is then sent to a laboratory to measure the number of sperm present and look for any abnormalities in the shape (morphology) and movement (motility) of the sperm. The lab will also check your semen for signs of problems such as infections.
+Often sperm counts fluctuate significantly from one specimen to the next. In most cases, several semen analysis tests are done over a period of time to ensure accurate results. If your sperm analysis is normal, your doctor will likely recommend thorough testing of your female partner before conducting any more male infertility tests.
+Your doctor might recommend additional tests to help identify the cause of your infertility. These can include:
+Scrotal ultrasound.This test uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images inside your body. A scrotal ultrasound can help your doctor see if there is a varicocele or other problems in the testicles and supporting structures.
+Transrectal ultrasound.A small, lubricated wand is inserted into your rectum. It allows your doctor to check your prostate and look for blockages of the tubes that carry semen.
+Hormone testing.Hormones produced by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and testicles play a key role in sexual development and sperm production. Abnormalities in other hormonal or organ systems might also contribute to infertility. A blood test measures the level of testosterone and other hormones.
+Post-ejaculation urinalysis.Sperm in your urine can indicate your sperm are traveling backward into the bladder instead of out your penis during ejaculation (retrograde ejaculation).
+Genetic tests.When sperm concentration is extremely low, there could be a genetic cause. A blood test can reveal whether there are subtle changes in the Y chromosome — signs of a genetic abnormality. Genetic testing might be ordered to diagnose various congenital or inherited syndromes.
+Testicular biopsy.This test involves removing samples from the testicle with a needle. If the results of the testicular biopsy show that sperm production is normal your problem is likely caused by a blockage or another problem with sperm transport.
+Specialized sperm function tests.A number of tests can be used to check how well your sperm survive after ejaculation, how well they can penetrate an egg, and whether there's any problem attaching to the egg. These tests aren't often used and usually don't significantly change recommendations for treatment.","Often, an exact cause of infertility can't be found. Even if an exact cause isn't clear, your doctor might be able to recommend treatments or procedures that will lead to conception.
+In cases of infertility, it's recommended that the female partner also be checked. There may be specific treatments recommended for your partner. Or, you may learn that proceeding with assisted reproductive techniques is appropriate in your situation.
+Treatments for male infertility include:
+Surgery.For example, a varicocele can often be surgically corrected or an obstructed vas deferens repaired. Prior vasectomies can be reversed. In cases where no sperm are present in the ejaculate, sperm can often be retrieved directly from the testicles or epididymis using sperm retrieval techniques.
+Treating infections.Antibiotic treatment might cure an infection of the reproductive tract, but doesn't always restore fertility.
+Treatments for sexual intercourse problems.Medication or counseling can help improve fertility in conditions such as erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation.
+Hormone treatments and medications.Your doctor might recommend hormone replacement or medications in cases where infertility is caused by high or low levels of certain hormones or problems with the way the body uses hormones.
+Assisted reproductive technology (ART).ARTtreatments involve obtaining sperm through normal ejaculation, surgical extraction or from donor individuals, depending on your specific case and wishes. The sperm are then inserted into the female genital tract, or used to perform in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection.","Coping with infertility can be difficult. It's an issue of the unknown — you can't predict how long it will last or what the outcome will be. Infertility isn't necessarily solved with hard work. The emotional burden on a couple is considerable, and plans for coping can help.","If you have never been evaluated by a doctor, you might begin by seeing your family doctor. If, however, you have a known condition resulting in infertility or have any abnormalities on your testing by your primary care doctor, then you may be referred to a specialist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor.","There are a few steps you can take at home to increase your chances of achieving pregnancy:
+Increase frequency of sex.Having sexual intercourse every day or every other day beginning at least five days before ovulation increases your chances of getting your partner pregnant.
+Have sex when fertilization is possible.A woman is likely to become pregnant during ovulation — which occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle, between periods. This will ensure that sperm, which can live several days, are present when conception is possible.
+Avoid the use of lubricants.Products such as Astroglide or K-Y jelly, lotions, and saliva might impair sperm movement and function. Ask your doctor about sperm-safe lubricants.
+Live a healthy lifestyle.Eat a variety of healthy foods, maintain a healthy weight, get enough sleep, and exercise regularly.
+Avoid things that damage your overall health.Stop or reduce your use of alcohol, quit smoking, and don't use illicit drugs.","pain, swelling, recurrent respiratory infections, decreased facial or body hair, reduced sexual desire, inability to smell
+abnormal breast growth (gynecomastia, erectile dysfunction, small volumes of fluid ejaculated, difficulty maintaining an erection, difficulty with ejaculation, inability to smell, abnormal breast growth, lump, infertility, respiratory infections, inherited disorder"
+583,Pancreatitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20360227,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360233,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20360239,"Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. Inflammation is immune system activity that can cause swelling, pain, and changes in how an organ or tissues work.
+The pancreas is a long, flat gland that's tucked behind the stomach. The pancreas helps the body digest food and regulates blood sugars.
+Pancreatitis can be an acute condition. This means it appears suddenly and generally lasts a short time. Chronic pancreatitis is a long-term condition. The damage to the pancreas can get worse over time.
+Acute pancreatitis may improve on its own. More-serious disease requires treatment in a hospital and can cause life-threatening complications.","Symptoms of pancreatitis may vary. Acute pancreatitis symptoms may include:
+Pain in the upper belly.
+Pain in the upper belly that radiates to the back.
+Tenderness when touching the belly.
+Fever.
+Rapid pulse.
+Upset stomach.
+Vomiting.
+Chronic pancreatitis signs and symptoms include:
+Pain in the upper belly.
+Belly pain that feels worse after eating.
+Losing weight without trying.
+Oily, smelly stools.
+Some people with chronic pancreatitis only develop symptoms after they get complications of the disease.",Make an appointment with your doctor if you have sudden belly pain or belly pain that doesn't improve. Seek immediate medical help if your pain is so severe that you can't sit still or find a position that makes you more comfortable.,"The pancreas has two major roles. It produces insulin, which helps the body manage and use sugars.
+The pancreas also produces dietary juices, called enzymes, that help with digestion. The pancreas makes and stores ""turned off"" versions of the enzymes. After the pancreas sends the enzymes into the small intestine, they are ""turned on"" and break down proteins in the small intestine.
+If the enzymes are turned on too soon, they can start acting like digestive juices inside the pancreas. The action can irritate, damage or destroy cells. This problem, in turn, leads to immune system responses that cause swelling and other events that affect how the pancreas works.
+Several conditions can lead to acute pancreatitis, including:
+Blockage in the bile duct caused by gallstones.
+Heavy alcohol use.
+Certain medicines.
+High triglyceride levels in the blood.
+High calcium levels in the blood.
+Pancreas cancer.
+Injuries from trauma or surgery.
+Conditions that can lead to chronic pancreatitis include:
+Damage from repeated acute pancreatitis.
+Heavy alcohol use.
+Inherited genes linked to pancreatitis.
+High triglyceride levels in the blood.
+High calcium levels in the blood.
+Sometimes, a cause for pancreatitis is never found. This is known as idiopathic pancreatitis.","Factors that increase your risk of pancreatitis include:
+Excessive alcohol use.Research shows that having four or five drinks a day increases the risk of pancreatitis.
+Cigarette smoking.Compared with nonsmokers, smokers are on average three times more likely to develop chronic pancreatitis. Quitting smoking can decrease the risk.
+Obesity.People with a body mass index of 30 or higher are at increased risk of pancreatitis.
+Diabetes.Having diabetes increases the risk of pancreatitis.
+Family history of pancreatitis.A number of genes have been linked to chronic pancreatitis. A family history of the disease is linked to an increased risk, especially when combined with other risk factors.","Pancreatitis can cause serious complications, including:
+Kidney failure.Acute pancreatitis may result in the kidneys not filtering waste from the blood. Artificial filtering, called dialysis, may be needed for short-term or long-term treatment.
+Breathing problems.Acute pancreatitis can cause changes in how the lungs work, causing the level of oxygen in the blood to fall to dangerously low levels.
+Infection.Acute pancreatitis can make the pancreas vulnerable to infections. Pancreatic infections are serious and require intensive treatment, such as surgery or other procedures to remove the infected tissue.
+Pseudocyst.Acute and chronic pancreatitis can cause fluid and debris to collect in a ""pocket"" in the pancreas, called a pseudocyst. A large pseudocyst that ruptures can cause complications such as internal bleeding and infection.
+Malnutrition.With both acute and chronic pancreatitis, the pancreas may not produce enough enzymes for the digestive system. This can lead to malnutrition, diarrhea and weight loss.
+Diabetes.Diabetes can develop when chronic pancreatitis damages cells that produce insulin.
+Pancreatic cancer.Long-standing inflammation in the pancreas is a risk factor for cancer of the pancreas.",,"Your healthcare professional will ask you questions about your health history and symptoms, give you a general physical, and check for pain or tenderness in your belly.
+Tests and procedures that may be used include the following.
+Blood testscan give clues about how the immune system, pancreas and related organs are working.
+Ultrasoundimages can show gallstones in the gallbladder or inflammation of the pancreas.
+Computerized tomography (CT) scanshow gallstones and the extent of inflammation.
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)to look for irregular tissues or structures in the gallbladder, pancreas and bile ducts.
+Endoscopic ultrasoundis an ultrasound device on a small tube fed through the mouth and into the digestive system. It can show inflammation, gallstones, cancer, and blockages in the pancreatic duct or bile duct.
+Stool testscan measure levels of fat that could suggest your digestive system isn't absorbing nutrients as it should.
+Your doctor may recommend other tests, depending on your symptoms or other conditions you may have.","There is no specific medicine to treat pancreatitis. Treatment begins with a hospital stay to manage symptoms and complications. These include:
+Pain medicines.Pancreatitis can cause severe pain. Your healthcare team will give you medicines to help control the pain.
+Intravenous (IV) fluids.You will receive fluids through a vein in your arm to keep you hydrated.
+Nutrition.You will begin eating again when you can do so without vomiting or pain. In some cases, a feeding tube is used.
+When the symptoms and complications are under control, other treatments are used to treat underlying causes. These may include:
+Procedures to open bile ducts.A procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is used to locate and remove a gallstone. A long tube with a camera is fed through the mouth and digestive system to the bile duct. This tube also is used to get tiny tools to the site to remove the stone and clear the bile duct.ERCPmay itself trigger acute pancreatitis, but research about risk factors have helped improve outcomes.
+Gallbladder surgery.If gallstones caused the pancreatitis, surgery to remove the gallbladder may be recommended. This procedure is called a cholecystectomy.
+Pancreas procedures.Procedures with an endoscopic camera and tools may be used to drain fluid from the pancreas or remove diseased tissue.
+Treatment for alcohol dependence.If excessive alcohol use has caused pancreatitis, a treatment program for alcohol addiction is recommended. Continuing to drink alcohol worsens pancreatitis and leads to serious complications.
+Changes in medicines.If a medicine is the likely cause of acute pancreatitis, your healthcare professional will work with you to find other options.",,"You'll likely see your primary care professional first. You may be referred to a specialist in the digestive system called a gastroenterologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your doctor.","Once you leave the hospital, you can take steps to continue your recovery from pancreatitis, such as:
+Stop drinking alcohol.Even if alcohol was not the likely cause of pancreatitis, it is best to stop drinking alcohol while recovering. If it was the expected cause, stop drinking. If you're unable to stop drinking alcohol on your own, ask your doctor for help. Your doctor can refer you to local programs to help you stop drinking.
+Stop smoking.If you smoke, quit. If you can't quit on your own, ask your doctor for help. Medicines and counseling can help you quit smoking.
+Choose a low-fat diet.Choose a diet that limits fat and emphasizes fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein.
+Drink more fluids.Pancreatitis can cause dehydration, so drink more fluids throughout the day. It may help to keep a water bottle or glass of water with you.","pain, pain in the upper belly, upset stomach, vomiting, belly pain, pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, fever, oily stools, rapid pulse, losing weight, tenderness, acute pancreatitis symptoms, chronic pancreatitis signs and symptoms"
+584,Pericarditis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericarditis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352510,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericarditis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352514,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericarditis/doctors-departments/ddc-20352516,"Pericarditis is swelling and irritation of the thin, saclike tissue surrounding the heart. This tissue is called the pericardium. Pericarditis often causes sharp chest pain. The chest pain occurs when the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against each other.
+Pericarditis often is mild. It may go away without treatment. Treatment for more-serious symptoms can include medicines and, very rarely, surgery. When healthcare professionals find and treat pericarditis early, that may help lower the risk of long-term complications from pericarditis.","Chest pain is the most common symptom of pericarditis. It usually feels sharp or stabbing. But some people have dull, achy or pressure-like chest pain.
+Most often, pericarditis pain is felt behind the breastbone or on the left side of the chest. The pain may:
+Spread to the left shoulder and neck, or to both shoulders.
+Get worse when coughing, lying down or taking a deep breath.
+Get better when sitting up or leaning forward.
+Other symptoms of pericarditis can include:
+Cough.
+Fatigue or general feeling of weakness or being sick.
+Swelling of the legs or feet.
+Low-grade fever.
+Pounding or racing heartbeat, also called heart palpitations.
+Shortness of breath when lying down.
+Swelling of the belly, also called the abdomen.
+The specific symptoms depend on the type of pericarditis. Pericarditis is grouped into different categories, according to the pattern of symptoms and how long symptoms last.
+Acute pericarditisbegins suddenly but doesn't last longer than four weeks. Future episodes can occur. It may be hard to tell the difference between acute pericarditis and pain due to a heart attack.
+Recurrent pericarditisoccurs about 4 to 6 weeks after a bout of acute pericarditis. No symptoms happen in between.
+Incessant pericarditislasts about 4 to 6 weeks but less than three months. The symptoms continue over this whole time.
+Chronic constrictive pericarditisusually develops slowly and lasts longer than three months.","Get medical care right away if you have new symptoms of chest pain.
+Many of the symptoms of pericarditis are like those of other heart and lung conditions. It's important to be thoroughly checked by a healthcare professional if you have any type of chest pain.","The cause of pericarditis is often hard to determine. A cause may not be found. When this happens, it's called idiopathic pericarditis.
+Pericarditis causes can include:
+Immune system response after heart damage due to a heart attack or heart surgery. Other names for this include Dressler syndrome, post-myocardial infarction syndrome and post-cardiac injury syndrome.
+Infections, such as those caused by viruses.
+Injury to the heart or chest.
+Lupus.
+Rheumatoid arthritis.
+Other long-term health conditions, including kidney failure and cancer.
+Some medicines, such as the seizure treatment phenytoin (Dilantin) and medicine called procainamide to treat an irregular heartbeat.",,"When pericarditis is found and treated early, the risk of complications usually becomes lower. Complications of pericarditis can include:
+Fluid buildup around the heart, also called pericardial effusion.The fluid buildup can lead to further heart complications.
+Thickening and scarring of the heart lining, also called constrictive pericarditis.Some people with long-term pericarditis develop permanent thickening and scarring of the pericardium. The changes prevent the heart from filling and emptying properly. This complication often leads to severe swelling of the legs and abdomen, and shortness of breath.
+Pressure on the heart due to fluid buildup, also called cardiac tamponade.This life-threatening condition prevents the heart from filling properly. Less blood leaves the heart, causing a large drop in blood pressure. Cardiac tamponade requires emergency treatment.","There's no specific way to prevent pericarditis. But you can take these steps to prevent infections, which might help lower the risk of heart inflammation:
+Stay away from people who have a viral or flu-like illnessuntil they've recovered. If you're sick with symptoms of a viral infection, try not to expose others. For instance, cover your mouth when you sneeze or cough.
+Follow good hygiene.Regular hand-washing can help prevent spreading illness. Scrub your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
+Get recommended vaccines.Stay up to date on the recommended vaccines, including those that protect against COVID-19, rubella and influenza. These are examples of viral diseases that can cause inflammation of the heart muscle, called myocarditis. Myocarditis and pericarditis can happen together due to a viral infection. Rarely, the COVID-19 vaccine can cause pericarditis and myocarditis, especially in males ages 12 through 17. Talk to your healthcare professional about the benefits and risks of vaccines.","To diagnose pericarditis, a healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and medical history.
+The care professional listens to your heart using a device called a stethoscope. Pericarditis causes a specific sound, called a pericardial rub. The noise occurs when the two layers of the sac surrounding the heart, called the pericardium, rub against each other.",Treatment for pericarditis depends on the cause of the symptoms and how serious they are. Mild pericarditis may get better without treatment.,,"You're likely to start by seeing a primary care professional or an emergency room doctor. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases. This type of care professional is called a cardiologist.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.","Lifestyle and home remedies for mild pericarditis include rest and pain medicines sold without a prescription. If your healthcare professional recommends pain medicines, take them as directed.
+While you recover, do not take part in strenuous physical activity and competitive sports. Such activity can trigger pericarditis symptoms. Ask your healthcare professional how long you need to rest.","racing heartbeat, pounding heartbeat, pericarditisbegins, shortness of breath, sharp pain, swelling of abdomen, fatigue, swelling of feet, pain in neck, stabbing pain, achy pain, cough, pericarditis pain, heart palpitations, achy, swelling of belly, pericarditis, low-grade fever, swelling of legs, pain, weakness, pounding, pressure-like pain, fever, chest pain, dull pain, pain in left shoulder"
+588,Metabolic syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351916,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351921,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20351923,"Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. These conditions include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, too much fat around the waist, and high cholesterol or triglyceride levels.
+
+Metabolic syndrome means having three or more of these conditions. But having even one of the conditions increases the risk of serious disease.
+
+The number of people with metabolic syndrome is growing. Up to one-third of U.S. adults have it. Healthy lifestyle changes can slow or stop metabolic syndrome from causing serious health conditions.","A large waist size can point to metabolic syndrome. Also, people with high blood sugar might notice symptoms of diabetes. These include being thirstier than usual, urinating more than usual, being tired and having blurred vision.","If you have at least one metabolic syndrome condition, such as high blood pressure, ask your healthcare professional about testing for other conditions that are part of the syndrome.","Metabolic syndrome is closely linked to overweight or obesity and inactivity.
+
+It's also linked to a condition called insulin resistance. Usually, the digestive system breaks down foods into sugar. The pancreas makes the hormone insulin. And insulin helps sugar enter cells to be used as fuel.
+
+In people with insulin resistance, cells don't respond as expected to insulin. So sugar, known as glucose, can't get into the cells as easily. As a result, blood sugar levels rise even though the body is making more insulin to try to lower the blood sugar.",The following can increase the chances of having metabolic syndrome:,Having metabolic syndrome can increase the risk of:,Living a healthy lifestyle might prevent the conditions that cause metabolic syndrome. A healthy lifestyle includes:,"Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is based on medical history, family medical history, a physical exam, and blood pressure and blood tests.
+
+The National Institutes of Health defines metabolic syndrome as having three or more of the following conditions or being on medicine to manage these conditions:","Lifestyle changes that involve diet and exercise often are the first treatment for metabolic syndrome. If lifestyle changes aren't enough, medicines may help you manage blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar levels.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diabetes and other endocrine disorders, called an endocrinologist. Or you may be referred to a cardiologist, who specializes in heart disease.",,"urinating more, blurred vision, metabolic syndrome, tired, diabetes, thirstier than usual"
+589,Claudication,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/claudication/symptoms-causes/syc-20370952,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/claudication/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370959,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/claudication/doctors-departments/ddc-20370961,"Claudication is pain caused by too little blood flow to muscles during exercise. Most often this pain occurs in the legs after walking at a certain pace and for a certain amount of time — depending on the severity of the condition.
+
+The condition is also called intermittent claudication because the pain usually isn't constant. It begins during exercise and ends with rest. As claudication worsens, however, the pain may occur during rest.
+
+Claudication is technically a symptom of disease, most often peripheral artery disease, a narrowing of arteries in the limbs that restricts blood flow.
+
+Treatments focus on lowering the risks of vascular disease, reducing pain, increasing mobility and preventing damage to tissues.","Claudication refers to muscle pain due to lack of oxygen that's triggered by activity and relieved by rest. Symptoms include the following:
+
+The pain may become more severe over time. You may even start to have pain at rest.
+
+Signs or symptoms of peripheral artery disease, usually in more-advanced stages, include:","Talk to your health care provider if you have pain in your legs or arms when you exercise. Claudication can lead to a cycle that results in worsening cardiovascular health. Pain may make exercise intolerable, and a lack of exercise results in poorer health.
+
+Peripheral artery disease is a sign of poor cardiovascular health and an increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
+
+Other conditions involving the blood, nerves and bones can contribute to leg and arm pain during exercise. It's important to have a complete exam and appropriate tests to diagnose potential causes of pain.","Claudication is most often a symptom of peripheral artery disease. The peripheral arteries are the large vessels that deliver blood to the legs and arms.
+
+Peripheral artery disease is damage to an artery that restricts the flow of blood in an arm or leg (a limb). When you're at rest, the limited blood flow is generally enough. When you're active, however, the muscles aren't getting enough oxygen and nutrients to work well and remain healthy.
+
+Damage to peripheral arteries is usually caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called plaque. The plaque can cause the arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque can also burst, leading to a blood clot.",Potential risk factors for peripheral artery disease and claudication include:,"Claudication is generally considered a warning of significant atherosclerosis, indicating an increased risk of heart attack or stroke. Other complications of peripheral artery disease due to atherosclerosis include:",The best way to prevent claudication is to maintain a healthy lifestyle and control certain medical conditions. That means:,"Claudication may go undiagnosed because many people consider the pain to be an unwelcome but typical part of aging. Some people simply reduce their activity level to avoid the pain.
+
+A diagnosis of claudication and peripheral artery disease is based on a review of symptoms, a physical exam, evaluation of the skin on the limbs, and tests to check blood flow.","The goals of treating claudication and peripheral artery disease are to reduce pain and manage the risk factors that contribute to heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease.
+
+Exercise is an important part of claudication treatment. Exercise reduces pain, increases exercise duration, improves vascular health in the affected limbs, and contributes to weight management and an overall improvement in quality of life.
+
+Recommended walking programs include:
+
+Supervised exercise is recommended for beginning the treatment, but long-term exercise at home is important for ongoing management of claudication.","Learning all you can about what's causing your claudication may help you better manage the condition.
+
+Some people also find it helpful to talk with other people who are going through similar experiences. In a support group, you may find encouragement, advice, and maybe even an exercise partner or two. Ask your health care provider if there are any support groups in your area.","You're likely to start by seeing your health care provider. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases (cardiologist) or a blood vessel (vascular) surgeon.
+
+To make the best of your appointment time, be prepared to answer the following questions:",,"pain, peripheral artery disease, pain at rest, oxygen, muscle pain, claudication"
+590,Whipple's disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/whipples-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20378946,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/whipples-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378950,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/whipples-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20378951,"Whipple disease is a rare bacterial infection that most often affects your joints and digestive system. Whipple disease interferes with normal digestion by impairing the breakdown of foods, and hampering your body's ability to absorb nutrients, such as fats and carbohydrates.","Digestive signs and symptoms are common in Whipple disease and may include:
+
+Other frequent signs and symptoms associated with Whipple disease include:","Whipple disease is potentially life-threatening yet usually treatable. Contact your doctor if you experience unusual signs or symptoms, such as unexplained weight loss or joint pain. Your doctor can perform tests to determine the cause of your symptoms.
+
+Even after the infection is diagnosed and you're receiving treatment, let your doctor know if your symptoms don't improve. Sometimes antibiotic therapy isn't effective because the bacteria are resistant to the particular drug you're taking. The disease can recur, so it's important to watch for symptoms that reappear.","Whipple disease is caused by a type of bacterium called Tropheryma whipplei. The bacteria affect the mucosal lining of your small intestine first, forming small sores (lesions) within the wall of the intestine. The bacteria also damage the fine, hairlike projections (villi) that line the small intestine.
+
+Not much is known about the bacteria. Although they seem readily present in the environment, scientists don't know where they come from or how they're spread to humans. Not everyone who carries the bacteria develops the disease. Some researchers believe that people with the disease may have a genetic defect in their immune system response that makes them more likely to become sick when exposed to the bacteria.
+
+Whipple disease is extremely uncommon, affecting fewer than 1 in 1 million people.","Because so little is known about the bacteria that cause Whipple disease, risk factors for the disease haven't been clearly identified. Based on available reports, it appears more likely to affect:","The lining of your small intestine has fine, hairlike projections (villi) that help your body absorb nutrients. Whipple disease damages the villi, impairing nutrient absorption. Nutritional deficiencies are common in people with Whipple disease and can lead to fatigue, weakness, weight loss and joint pain.
+
+Whipple disease is a progressive and potentially fatal disease. Although the infection is rare, associated deaths continue to be reported. This is due in large part to late diagnoses and delayed treatment. Death often is caused by the spread of the infection to the central nervous system, which can cause irreversible damage.",,"The process of diagnosing Whipple disease typically includes the following tests:
+
+Biopsy.An important step in diagnosing Whipple disease is taking a tissue sample (biopsy), usually from the lining of the small intestine. To do this, your doctor typically performs an upper endoscopy. The procedure uses a thin, flexible tube (scope) with a light and a camera attached that passes through your mouth, throat, windpipe and stomach to your small intestine. The scope allows your doctor to view your digestive passages and take tissue samples.
+
+During the procedure, doctors remove tissue samples from several sites in the small intestine. A doctor examines this tissue under a microscope in a lab. He or she looks for the presence of disease-causing bacteria and their sores (lesions), and specifically for Tropheryma whipplei bacteria. If these tissue samples don't confirm the diagnosis, your doctor might take a tissue sample from an enlarged lymph node or perform other tests.
+
+In some cases, your doctor may ask you to swallow a capsule that holds a small camera. The camera can take images of your digestive passages for your doctor to view.
+
+A DNA-based test known as polymerase chain reaction, which is available at some medical centers, can detect Tropheryma whipplei bacteria in biopsy specimens or spinal fluid samples.","Treatment of Whipple disease is with antibiotics, either alone or in combination, which can destroy the bacteria causing the infection.
+
+Treatment is long-term, generally lasting a year or two, with the aim of destroying the bacteria. But symptom relief generally comes much quicker, often within the first week or two. Most people with no brain or nervous system complications recover completely after a full course of antibiotics.
+
+When choosing antibiotics, doctors often select those that wipe out infections in the small intestine and also cross a layer of tissue around your brain (the blood-brain barrier). This is done to eliminate bacteria that may have entered your brain and central nervous system.
+
+Because of the lengthy use of antibiotics, your doctor will need to monitor your condition for development of resistance to the drugs. If you relapse during treatment, your doctor may change your antibiotics.",,"If you have signs and symptoms common to Whipple disease, make an appointment with your doctor. Whipple disease is rare, and the signs and symptoms can indicate other, more common disorders, so it can be hard to diagnose. As a result, it's often diagnosed in its later stages. However, an early diagnosis reduces the risk of serious health effects associated with not treating the condition.
+
+If your doctor is uncertain about the diagnosis, he or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in digestive diseases or to another specialist depending on the symptoms you're having.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and know what to expect from your doctor.",,"whipple disease, digestive signs"
+593,Cholestasis of pregnancy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholestasis-of-pregnancy/symptoms-causes/syc-20363257,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholestasis-of-pregnancy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20363258,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholestasis-of-pregnancy/doctors-departments/ddc-20363259,"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, commonly known as cholestasis of pregnancy, is a liver condition that can occur in late pregnancy. The condition triggers intense itching, but without a rash. Itching is usually on the hands and feet but also can occur on other parts of the body.
+Cholestasis of pregnancy can make you very uncomfortable. But more worrisome are the potential complications, especially for your baby. Because of the risk of complications, your pregnancy care provider may recommend early term delivery around 37 weeks.","Intense itching is the main symptom of cholestasis of pregnancy. But there is no rash. Typically, you feel itchy on the palms of your hands or the soles of your feet, but you may feel itchy everywhere. The itching is often worse at night and may bother you so much that you can't sleep.
+The itching is most common during the third trimester of pregnancy but sometimes begins earlier. It may feel worse as your due date gets near. But once your baby arrives, the itchiness usually goes away within a few days.
+Other less common signs and symptoms of cholestasis of pregnancy may include:
+Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, called jaundice
+Nausea
+Loss of appetite
+Oily, foul-smelling stools",Contact your pregnancy care provider right away if you begin to feel constant or extreme itchiness.,"The exact cause of cholestasis of pregnancy is unclear. Cholestasis is reduced or stopped bile flow. Bile is the digestive fluid made in the liver that helps break down fats. Instead of leaving the liver for the small intestine, bile builds up in the liver. As a result, bile acids eventually enter the bloodstream. High levels of bile acids appear to cause the symptoms and complications of cholestasis of pregnancy.
+Pregnancy hormones, genetics and the environment may all play a role.
+Hormones.Pregnancy hormones rise the closer you get to your due date. This may slow the flow of bile.
+Genes.Sometimes, the condition runs in families. Certain gene changes have been identified that may be linked to cholestasis of pregnancy.
+Environment.Although the exact environmental factors aren't clear, risk varies by geographic location and season.","Some factors that may increase your risk of developing cholestasis of pregnancy include:
+Personal or family history of cholestasis of pregnancy
+History of liver damage or disease, including hepatitis C and gallbladder stones
+Being pregnant with multiple babies
+Pregnancy at an older age, such as 35 years or older
+If you have a history of cholestasis in a prior pregnancy, your risk of developing it during another pregnancy is high. About 60% to 70% of females have it happen again. This is called a recurrence. In severe cases, the risk of recurrence may be as high as 90%.","Complications from cholestasis of pregnancy appear to be due to high bile acid levels in the blood. Complications may occur in the mom, but the developing baby is especially at risk.
+In moms, the condition may temporarily affect the way the body absorbs fat. Poor absorption of fat could result in decreased levels of vitamin K-dependent factors involved with blood clotting. But this complication is rare. Future liver problems may occur but are uncommon.
+Also, cholestasis of pregnancy increases the risk of complications during pregnancy such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes.
+In babies, the complications of cholestasis of pregnancy can be severe. They may include:
+Being born too early, also called preterm birth.
+Lung problems from breathing in meconium. Meconium is the sticky, green substance that typically collects in the developing baby's intestines. Meconium may pass into the amniotic fluid if a mom has cholestasis.
+Death of the baby late in pregnancy before delivery, also called stillbirth.
+Because complications can be very dangerous for your baby, your pregnancy care provider may consider inducing labor before your due date.",There is no known way to prevent cholestasis of pregnancy.,"To diagnose cholestasis of pregnancy, your pregnancy care provider usually will:
+Ask questions about your symptoms and medical history
+Do a physical exam
+Order blood tests to measure the level of bile acids in your blood and to check how well your liver is working",The goals of treatment for cholestasis of pregnancy are to ease itching and prevent complications in your baby.,,"It's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment with your obstetrician or pregnancy care provider. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect.","Home remedies may not offer much relief for itching due to cholestasis of pregnancy. But it doesn't hurt to try these soothing tips:
+Cool baths, which may make the itching feel less intense
+Oatmeal baths, creams or lotions, which may soothe the skin
+Icing a particularly itchy patch of skin, which may briefly reduce the itch","nausea
+, nausea, itchy, yellowing of the whites of the eyes, foul-smelling stools, jaundice, cholestasis, loss of appetite
+, itchy soles, itching, loss of appetite, rash, itchiness, no rash, itchy everywhere, oily stools, itchy palms, yellowing of the skin, can't sleep"
+595,Intestinal ischemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-ischemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373946,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-ischemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373950,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-ischemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20373951,"Intestinal ischemia (is-KEE-me-uh) refers to a range of conditions that happen when blood flow to the intestines slows or stops. Ischemia can be due to a fully or partly blocked blood vessel, most often an artery. Or low blood pressure may lead to less blood flow. Intestinal ischemia can affect the small intestine, the large intestine or both.
+Less blood flow means that too little oxygen goes to the cells in the system through which food travels, called the digestive system. Intestinal ischemia is a serious condition that can cause pain. It can make it hard for the intestines to work well.
+In severe cases, loss of blood flow to the intestines can cause lifelong damage to the intestines. And it may lead to death.
+There are treatments for intestinal ischemia. Getting medical help early improves the chances of recovery.","Symptoms of intestinal ischemia can come on quickly. When this happens, the condition is called acute intestinal ischemia. When symptoms come on slowly, the condition is called chronic intestinal ischemia. Symptoms may differ from person to person. But certain symptoms suggest a diagnosis of intestinal ischemia.","Seek medical care right away if you have sudden, severe belly pain. Pain that feels so bad that you can't sit still or find a position that feels OK is a medical emergency.
+If you have other symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with your healthcare professional.","Intestinal ischemia happens when the blood flow through the major blood vessels that send blood to and from the intestines slows or stops. The condition has many possible causes. Causes may include:
+A blood clot that blocks an artery.
+A narrowed artery due to buildup of fatty deposits, such as cholesterol. This condition is called atherosclerosis.
+Low blood pressure leading to less blood flow.
+Blockage in a vein, which happens less often.
+Intestinal ischemia often is split into groups. Colon ischemia, also called ischemic colitis, affects the large intestine. Other types of ischemia affect the small intestine. These are acute mesenteric ischemia, chronic mesenteric ischemia and ischemia due to mesenteric venous thrombosis.","Factors that may increase your risk of intestinal ischemia include:
+Buildup of fatty deposits in your arteries, called atherosclerosis.If you've had other conditions caused by atherosclerosis, you have an increased risk of intestinal ischemia. These conditions include less blood flow to the heart, called coronary artery disease; less blood flow to the legs, called peripheral vascular disease; or less blood flow to the arteries that go to the brain, called carotid artery disease.
+Age.People older than 50 are more likely to get intestinal ischemia.
+Smoking.Using cigarettes and other forms of smoked tobacco increases your risk of intestinal ischemia.
+Heart and blood vessel conditions.Your risk of intestinal ischemia is higher if you have congestive heart failure or an irregular heartbeat such as atrial fibrillation. Blood vessel diseases that result in irritation, called inflammation, of veins and arteries also may increase risk. This inflammation is known as vasculitis.
+Medicines.Certain medicines may increase your risk of intestinal ischemia. Examples include birth control pills and medicines that cause your blood vessels to expand or contract, such as some allergy medicines and migraine medicines.
+Blood-clotting problems.Diseases and conditions that raise your risk of blood clots also may raise your risk of intestinal ischemia. Examples include sickle cell anemia and a genetic condition known as the factor V Leiden mutation.
+Other health conditions.Having high blood pressure, diabetes or high cholesterol can increase the risk of intestinal ischemia.
+Illicit drug use.Cocaine and methamphetamine use have been linked to intestinal ischemia.","Complications of intestinal ischemia can include:
+Death of intestinal tissue.A sudden and complete blockage in blood flow to the intestines can kill intestinal tissue. This is called gangrene.
+A hole through the wall of the intestines, called a perforation.A hole can cause what's in the intestine to leak into the belly. This may cause a serious infection called peritonitis.
+Scarring or narrowing of the intestine.Sometimes the intestines recover from ischemia. But as part of the healing process, the body forms scar tissue that narrows or blocks the intestines. This happens most often in the colon. Rarely, this happens in the small intestine.
+Other health conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, also calledCOPD, can make intestinal ischemia worse. Emphysema, a type ofCOPD, and other smoking-related lung diseases increase this risk.
+Sometimes, intestinal ischemia can be fatal.",,"If your healthcare professional suspects intestinal ischemia after a physical exam, you may have several diagnostic tests based on your symptoms. Tests may include:
+Blood tests.Although blood tests alone can't diagnose intestinal ischemia, certain blood test results might suggest the condition. An example of such a result is a high white cell count.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests let your healthcare professional see your internal organs and rule out other causes for your symptoms. Imaging tests may include an X-ray, an ultrasound, aCTscan or anMRI.To look at the blood flow in your veins and arteries, your health professional may use an angiogram using a certain type ofCTscan orMRI.
+Use of a scope to see inside your digestive tract.This involves putting a lighted, flexible tube with a camera on its tip into your rectum to view your digestive tract. The scope can look at the last 2 feet of your colon, a test called sigmoidoscopy. When the test looks at your whole colon, it's called colonoscopy.
+Use of dye that tracks blood flow through the arteries.During this test, called angiography, a long, thin tube called a catheter goes into an artery in your groin or arm. A dye injected through the catheter flows to your intestinal arteries.The dye moving through the arteries lets narrowed areas or blockages show up on X-rays. Angiography also lets a healthcare professional treat a blockage in an artery. The health professional can remove a clot, put in medicine or use special tools to widen an artery.
+Surgery.In some cases, you may need surgery to find and remove damaged tissue. Opening the belly allows diagnosis and treatment during one procedure.",Treatment of intestinal ischemia involves restoring the blood supply to the digestive tract. Choices vary depending on the cause of the condition and how bad it is.,,"Seek medical care right away if you have severe belly pain that makes you so uncomfortable that you can't sit still.
+Maybe your belly pain isn't too bad and you know when it will start, such as soon after you eat. Then make an appointment with your healthcare professional. You may be sent to a doctor who specializes in digestive issues, called a gastroenterologist, or to a vascular surgeon.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"intestinal ischemia, none"
+598,Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20352489,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20475299,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors/doctors-departments/ddc-20352491,"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are a rare type of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the pancreas. The pancreas is a long, flat gland that sits behind the stomach. It makes enzymes and hormones that help digest food.
+Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors start from the hormone-producing cells in the pancreas. These cells are called islet cells. Another term for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor is islet cell cancer.
+Some pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cells keep making hormones. These are known as functional tumors. Functional tumors create too much of the given hormone. Examples of functional tumors include insulinoma, gastrinoma and glucagonoma.
+Most pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors do not produce an excess amount of hormones. Tumors that don't produce extra hormones are called nonfunctional tumors.","Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors sometimes don't cause symptoms. When they do, symptoms can include:
+Heartburn.
+Weakness.
+Fatigue.
+Muscle cramps.
+Indigestion.
+Diarrhea.
+Weight loss.
+Skin rash.
+Constipation.
+Pain in the abdomen or back.
+Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes.
+Dizziness.
+Blurred vision.
+Headaches.
+Increased thirst and hunger.",Make an appointment with a health care professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors happen when cells in the pancreas develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes, which doctors call mutations, tell the cells to multiply quickly. The changes let the cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes many extra cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. Sometimes the cells can break away and spread to other organs, such as the liver. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
+In pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, the DNA changes happen in hormone-producing cells called islet cells. It's not clear what causes the changes that lead to cancer.","Factors that are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors include:
+A family history of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.If a family member was diagnosed with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, your risk is increased.
+Syndromes present at birth that increase the risk of tumors.Some syndromes that are passed from parents to children can increase the risk of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Examples of these include multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1), von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and tuberous sclerosis. These inherited syndromes are caused by changes in the DNA. These changes allow cells to grow and divide more than needed.
+There's no way to prevent pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. If you develop this type of cancer, you didn't do anything to cause it.",,,"Tests and procedures used to diagnose pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors include:
+Blood tests.Blood tests may show excess hormones or other signs of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Blood samples also can be used to look for the DNA changes that signal an increased risk of these tumors.
+Urine tests.A test of your urine may show breakdown products that happen when your body processes hormones.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests take pictures of the body. They can show the location and size of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Tests might include X-ray,MRI,CTand positron emission tomography, which also is called a PET scan.Imaging also might be done with nuclear medicine tests. These tests involve injecting a radioactive tracer into your body. The tracer sticks to pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors so that they show clearly on the images. The pictures are often made with aPETscan that's combined withCTorMRI.
+Creating images of your pancreas from the inside of your body.During an endoscopic ultrasound, a thin, flexible tube with a camera on the tip, called an endoscope, is passed down your throat. It passes into your stomach and small intestine. The tube has a special ultrasound tool to create pictures of your pancreas. Other tools can be passed through the tube to collect a sample of the tissue.
+Removing a sample of tissue for testing, also called biopsy.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. The tissue might be removed during an endoscopic ultrasound. Sometimes surgery is needed to get the tissue sample. The sample is tested in a lab to see if it is cancer. Other special tests give more details about the cancer cells. Your health care team uses this information to make a treatment plan.
+Collecting cells from other areas for testing.If cancer has spread to your liver, lymph nodes or other locations, a needle may be used to collect cells for testing.","Treatment for a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor depends on the types of cells involved in your cancer, the extent and characteristics of your cancer, your preferences, and your overall health.
+Options may include:
+Surgery.If the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor is only in the pancreas, treatment usually includes surgery. For cancers in the tail of the pancreas, surgery may involve removing the tail of the pancreas, called a distal pancreatectomy. This surgery leaves the head of the pancreas intact.Cancers that affect the head of the pancreas may require the Whipple procedure, also called pancreaticoduodenectomy. This surgery involves removing the cancer and part or most of the pancreas.If the cancer spreads to other parts of the body, surgery might be an option to remove it from those locations.
+Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, also called PRRT.PRRTcombines a medicine that targets cancer cells with a small amount of a radioactive substance that's injected into a vein. The medicine sticks to the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cells wherever they are in the body. Over days to weeks, the medicine delivers radiation directly to the cancer cells, causing them to die.OnePRRT, lutetium Lu 177 dotatate (Lutathera), is used to treat advanced cancers.
+Targeted therapy.Targeted therapy uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Targeted therapy is used to treat certain advanced or recurrent pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
+Radiofrequency ablation.Radiofrequency ablation involves applying energy waves to cancer cells using a special probe with tiny electrodes. Radiofrequency ablation causes the cancer cells to heat up and die. The probe may be inserted directly in the skin or through a cut in the abdomen.
+Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill cancer cells. The energy comes from X-rays, protons or other sources. During radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a machine moves around you. The machine directs radiation to precise points on your body.
+Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells. It's used in certain situations to treat pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.","With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and distress of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find that it helps to:
+Learn enough about your cancer to make decisions about your care.Ask your health care team about your cancer, including your test results, treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about cancer, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
+Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with your cancer. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your home if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
+Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who is willing to hear you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The concern and understanding of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also may be helpful.Ask your health care team about support groups in your area. Other sources of information include the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, the North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society and the Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Foundation.","Make an appointment with a health care professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If you're diagnosed with cancer, you'll likely be referred to a specialist. Often this is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"heartburn, increased thirst and hunger, dizziness, weight loss, headaches, fatigue, thirst, skin rash, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, indigestion, rash, constipation, diarrhea, pain in the abdomen or back, pain, weakness, yellowing of the skin, blurred vision, muscle cramps"
+600,Patellar tendinitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patellar-tendinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20376113,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patellar-tendinitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376118,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patellar-tendinitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20376119,"Patellar tendinitis is an injury to the tendon that joins the kneecap, also called the patella, to the shinbone. The patellar tendon works with the muscles at the front of the thigh to straighten the knee.
+
+Patellar tendinitis also is called jumper's knee. It's most common in athletes whose sports involve a lot of jumping. Examples are basketball and volleyball. But people who don't play jumping sports also can get patellar tendinitis.
+
+For most people, treatment of patellar tendinitis begins with physical therapy to strengthen the muscles that straighten the knee called the quadriceps muscles.","Pain is the first symptom of patellar tendinitis. The pain most often is between the kneecap and where the tendon joins the shinbone, also called the tibia.
+
+At first, you may feel pain in your knee with jumping, as you start an activity or just after a hard workout. Over time, the pain can worsen. It can get in the way of playing your sport. In time, the pain affects daily movements such as climbing stairs or rising from a chair.","For knee pain, try self-care measures first. These include icing the area and reducing or not doing the activities that cause your symptoms for a time.
+
+Call your doctor if your pain:","Patellar tendinitis is a common injury caused by too much use. The repeated stress on the patellar tendon results in tiny tears in the tendon.
+
+Repeated stress on the tendon without enough time to recover can lead to a weakened tendon. The body tries to heal the damage, which thickens the tendon.",A mix of factors may be part of getting patellar tendinitis. They include:,"Working through the pain can cause more and larger tears in the patellar tendon. Rarely, the tendon can rupture.
+
+Patellar tendinitis can keep athletes from returning to their sports.","To reduce your risk of developing patellar tendinitis, take these steps:","During the exam, your healthcare professional may press on parts of your knee to find where you hurt. Often, pain from patellar tendinitis is on the front part of your knee, just below your kneecap.",Surgery is rarely needed for patellar tendinitis. Treatment often starts with limiting activities that cause the pain and some of the following:,,"If you have knee pain during or after physical activity that doesn't get better with ice or rest, see your healthcare professional. After an exam, your healthcare professional might send you to a sports medicine specialist.
+
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, pain can worsen, patellar tendinitis, pain affects daily movements, pain in your knee"
+604,Actinic keratosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/actinic-keratosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354969,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/actinic-keratosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354975,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/actinic-keratosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20354976,"An actinic keratosis (ak-TIN-ik ker-uh-TOE-sis) is a rough, scaly patch on the skin that develops from years of sun exposure. It's often found on the face, lips, ears, forearms, scalp, neck or back of the hands.",Actinic keratoses vary in appearance. Symptoms include:,"It can be difficult to distinguish between noncancerous spots and cancerous ones. So it's best to have new skin changes evaluated by a health care provider — especially if a scaly spot or patch persists, grows or bleeds.",An actinic keratosis is caused by frequent or intense exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or tanning beds.,Anyone can develop actinic keratoses. But you're at increased risk if you:,"If treated early, actinic keratosis can be cleared up or removed. If left untreated, some of these spots might progress to squamous cell carcinoma. This is a type of cancer that usually isn't life-threatening if detected and treated early.","Sun safety helps prevent actinic keratoses. Take these steps to protect your skin from the sun:
+
+Use sunscreen.Before spending time outdoors, apply a broad-spectrum water-resistant sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30, as the American Academy of Dermatology recommends. Do this even on cloudy days.
+
+Use sunscreen on all exposed skin. And use lip balm with sunscreen on your lips. Apply sunscreen at least 15 minutes before going outside and reapply it every two hours — or more often if you're swimming or sweating.
+
+Sunscreen is not recommended for babies under 6 months. Rather, keep them out of the sun if possible. Or protect them with shade, hats, and clothing that covers the arms and legs.","Your health care provider will likely be able to determine whether you have an actinic keratosis simply by looking at your skin. If there's any doubt, your health care provider may do other tests, such as a skin biopsy. During a skin biopsy, a small sample of skin is taken for analysis in a lab. A biopsy can usually be done in a clinic after a numbing injection.
+
+Even after treatment for actinic keratosis, your health care provider might suggest that you have your skin checked at least once a year for signs of skin cancer.","An actinic keratosis sometimes disappears on its own but might return after more sun exposure. It's hard to tell which actinic keratoses will develop into skin cancer, so they're usually removed as a precaution.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred directly to a specialist in skin diseases (dermatologist).",,none
+605,Seborrheic keratosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-keratosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353878,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-keratosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353882,,"A seborrheic keratosis (seb-o-REE-ik ker-uh-TOE-sis) is a common noncancerous (benign) skin growth. People tend to get more of them as they get older.
+
+Seborrheic keratoses are usually brown, black or light tan. The growths (lesions) look waxy or scaly and slightly raised. They appear gradually, usually on the face, neck, chest or back.",A seborrheic keratosis grows gradually. Signs and symptoms might include:,"See your doctor if the appearance of the growth bothers you or if it gets irritated or bleeds when your clothing rubs against it. Also see your doctor if you notice suspicious changes in your skin, such as sores or growths that grow rapidly, bleed and don't heal. These could be signs of skin cancer.","Experts don't completely understand what causes a seborrheic keratosis. This type of skin growth does tend to run in families, so there is likely an inherited tendency. If you've had one seborrheic keratosis, you're at risk of developing others.
+
+A seborrheic keratosis isn't contagious or cancerous.",The peak time for developing seborrheic keratoses is after your 50s. You're also more likely to have them if you have a family history of the condition.,,,"Your doctor can usually tell whether you have a seborrheic keratosis by looking at the affected skin. If there is a question about the diagnosis, your doctor might recommend removing the growth so that it can be examined under a microscope.","A seborrheic keratosis typically doesn't go away on its own, but treatment isn't needed. You might choose to have it removed if it becomes irritated or bleeds, or if you don't like how it looks or feels.
+
+Seborrheic keratosis removal can be achieved with one or a combination of the following methods:
+
+Talk with your doctors about the risks and benefits of each method. Some methods can cause permanent or temporary skin discoloration and scarring. After treatment, you might develop a new seborrheic dermatosis elsewhere on your body.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred directly to a specialist in skin diseases (dermatologist).
+
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"seborrheic keratosis, none"
+606,Diabetic ketoacidosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371551,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371555,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20371556,"Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes.
+
+The condition develops when the body can't produce enough insulin. Insulin plays a key role in helping sugar — a major source of energy for muscles and other tissues — enter cells in the body.
+
+Without enough insulin, the body begins to break down fat as fuel. This causes a buildup of acids in the bloodstream called ketones. If it's left untreated, the buildup can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis.
+
+If you have diabetes or you're at risk of diabetes, learn the warning signs of diabetic ketoacidosis and when to seek emergency care.","Diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms often come on quickly, sometimes within 24 hours. For some, these symptoms may be the first sign of having diabetes. Symptoms might include:
+
+More-certain signs of diabetic ketoacidosis — which can show up in home blood and urine test kits — include:","If you feel ill or stressed or you've had a recent illness or injury, check your blood sugar level often. You might also try a urine ketone test kit you can get at a drugstore.
+
+Contact your health care provider right away if:
+
+Seek emergency care if:
+
+Remember, untreated diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to death.","Sugar is a main source of energy for the cells that make up muscles and other tissues. Insulin helps sugar enter the cells in the body.
+
+Without enough insulin, the body can't use sugar to make the energy it needs. This causes the release of hormones that break down fat for the body to use as fuel. This also produces acids known as ketones. Ketones build up in the blood and eventually spill over into the urine.
+
+Diabetic ketoacidosis usually happens after:
+
+Other things that can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis include:","The risk of diabetic ketoacidosis is highest if you:
+
+Sometimes, diabetic ketoacidosis can occur with type 2 diabetes. In some cases, diabetic ketoacidosis may be the first sign of having diabetes.","Diabetic ketoacidosis is treated with fluids, electrolytes — such as sodium, potassium and chloride — and insulin. Perhaps surprisingly, the most common complications of diabetic ketoacidosis are related to this lifesaving treatment.","There are many ways to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis and other diabetes complications.
+
+Diabetes complications are scary. But don't let fear keep you from taking good care of yourself. Follow your diabetes treatment plan carefully. Ask your diabetes treatment team for help when you need it.","A physical exam and blood tests can help diagnose diabetic ketoacidosis. In some cases, other tests may be needed to help find what caused the diabetic ketoacidosis.","If you're diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis, you might be treated in the emergency room or admitted to the hospital. Treatment usually involves:",,"Diabetic ketoacidosis is life-threatening. If you develop mild symptoms, contact your health care provider immediately.
+
+Call 911 or your local emergency number if:
+
+A health care provider who sees you for possible diabetic ketoacidosis needs answers to these questions as quickly as possible:",,"diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms, diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetes, symptoms"
+609,Mononucleosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mononucleosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350328,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mononucleosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350333,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mononucleosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20350336,"Infectious mononucleosis (mono) is often called the kissing disease. The virus that causes mono (Epstein-Barr virus) is spread through saliva. You can get it through kissing, but you can also be exposed by sharing a glass or food utensils with someone who has mono. However, mononucleosis isn't as contagious as some infections, such as the common cold.
+
+You're most likely to get mononucleosis with all the signs and symptoms if you're a teen or young adult. Young children usually have few symptoms, and the infection often goes undiagnosed.
+
+If you have mononucleosis, it's important to be careful of certain complications such as an enlarged spleen. Rest and enough fluids are keys to recovery.","Signs and symptoms of mononucleosis may include:
+
+The virus has an incubation period of about four to six weeks, although in young children this period may be shorter. The incubation period refers to how long before your symptoms appear after being exposed to the virus. Signs and symptoms such as a fever and sore throat usually lessen within a couple of weeks. But fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes and a swollen spleen may last for a few weeks longer.",,"The most common cause of mononucleosis is the Epstein-Barr virus, but other viruses also can cause similar symptoms. This virus is spread through saliva, and you may catch it from kissing or from sharing food or drinks.
+
+Although the symptoms of mononucleosis are uncomfortable, the infection resolves on its own without long-term effects. Most adults have been exposed to the Epstein-Barr virus and have built up antibodies. This means they're immune and won't get mononucleosis.",,Complications of mononucleosis can sometimes be serious.,"Mononucleosis is spread through saliva. If you're infected, you can help prevent spreading the virus to others by not kissing them and by not sharing food, dishes, glasses and utensils until several days after your fever has improved — and even longer, if possible. And remember to wash your hands regularly to prevent spread of the virus.
+
+The Epstein-Barr virus may persist in your saliva for months after the infection. No vaccine exists to prevent mononucleosis.","Your doctor may suspect mononucleosis based on your signs and symptoms, how long they've lasted, and a physical exam. He or she will look for signs such as swollen lymph nodes, tonsils, liver or spleen, and consider how these signs relate to the symptoms you describe.","There's no specific therapy available to treat infectious mononucleosis. Antibiotics don't work against viral infections such as mono. Treatment mainly involves taking care of yourself, such as getting enough rest, eating a healthy diet and drinking plenty of fluids. You may take over-the-counter pain relievers to treat a fever or sore throat.","Mononucleosis can last weeks, keeping you at home as you recover. Be patient with your body as it fights the infection.
+
+For young people, having mononucleosis will mean some missed activities — classes, team practices and parties. Without a doubt, you'll need to take it easy for a while. Students need to let their schools know they are recovering from mononucleosis and may need special considerations to keep up with their work.
+
+If you have mononucleosis, you don't necessarily need to be quarantined. Many people are already immune to the Epstein-Barr virus because of exposure as children. But plan on staying home from school and other activities until you're feeling better.
+
+Seek the help of friends and family as you recover from mononucleosis. College students should also contact the campus student health center staff for assistance or treatment, if necessary.","If you suspect you have mononucleosis, see your family doctor. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your doctor.",,"throat, fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes, fever, swollen spleen, sore throat, mononucleosis"
+610,Hilar cholangiocarcinoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hilar-cholangiocarcinoma/cdc-20354548,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholangiocarcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352413,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholangiocarcinoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20352415,,"Hilar cholangiocarcinoma may not cause symptoms at first. Symptoms typically appear when the cancer grows and blocks the bile ducts. Signs and symptoms of hilar cholangiocarcinoma may include:
+Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, known as jaundice.
+Itching.
+Dark urine.
+Clay-colored stools.
+Stomach pain.
+Fatigue.
+Weight loss.
+Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.",,"It's not clear what causes most hilar cholangiocarcinomas. This cancer starts in the bile ducts that connect the liver to the small intestine.
+Hilar cholangiocarcinoma happens when cells in a bile duct develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","Factors that may increase the risk of hilar cholangiocarcinoma include:
+Primary sclerosing cholangitis.Primary sclerosing cholangitis causes hardening and scarring of the bile ducts that can lead to cancer.
+Older age.Hilar cholangiocarcinoma happens most often in adults over age 50.
+Inflammatory bowel disease.People who have ongoing inflammation of the digestive tract have an increased risk of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
+Liver cirrhosis.Liver cirrhosis causes scarring of the liver that increases the risk of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
+Bile duct cysts.Bile duct cysts cause dilated and irregular bile ducts. Having bile duct cysts increases risk of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
+Gallbladder conditions.Ongoing inflammation of the gallbladder, called cholecystitis, increases the risk of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. People who develop gallstones also are at an increased risk.
+Liver parasites.In areas of Southeast Asia, hilar cholangiocarcinoma is linked to liver flukes, which are parasites that can infect humans. Liver fluke infection can happen from eating raw or undercooked fish.",,,"If your doctor suspects cholangiocarcinoma, he or she may have you undergo one or more of the following tests:
+Liver function tests.Blood tests to measure your liver function can give your doctor clues about what's causing your signs and symptoms.
+Tumor marker test.Checking the level of carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 in your blood may give your doctor additional clues about your diagnosis.CA19-9 is a protein that's overproduced by bile duct cancer cells.A high level ofCA19-9 in your blood doesn't mean you have bile duct cancer, though. This result can also occur in other bile duct diseases, such as bile duct inflammation and obstruction.
+A test to examine your bile duct with a small camera.During endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), a thin, flexible tube equipped with a tiny camera is passed down your throat and through your digestive tract to your small intestine. The camera is used to examine the area where your bile ducts connect to your small intestine. Your doctor may also use this procedure to inject dye into the bile ducts to help them show up better on imaging tests.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests can help your doctor see your internal organs and look for signs of cholangiocarcinoma. Techniques used to diagnose bile duct cancer include ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).MRCPis increasingly being used as a noninvasive alternative toERCP. It offers 3D images without the need for a dye to enhance the images.
+A procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope.If the suspicious area is located very near where the bile duct joins the small intestine, your doctor may obtain a biopsy sample duringERCP. If the suspicious area is within or near the liver, your doctor may obtain a tissue sample by inserting a long needle through your skin to the affected area (fine-needle aspiration). He or she may use an imaging test, such as an endoscopic ultrasound orCTscan, to guide the needle to the precise area.How your doctor collects a biopsy sample may influence which treatment options are available to you later. For example, if your bile duct cancer is biopsied by fine-needle aspiration, you will become ineligible for liver transplantation. Don't hesitate to ask about your doctor's experience with diagnosing cholangiocarcinoma. If you have any doubts, get a second opinion.
+If your doctor confirms a diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma, he or she tries to determine the extent (stage) of the cancer. Often this involves additional imaging tests. Your cancer's stage helps determine your prognosis and your treatment options.","Treatments for cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) may include:
+Surgery.When possible, surgeons try to remove as much of the cancer as they can. For very small bile duct cancers, this involves removing part of the bile duct and joining the cut ends. For more-advanced bile duct cancers, nearby liver tissue, pancreas tissue or lymph nodes may be removed as well.
+Liver transplant.Surgery to remove your liver and replace it with one from a donor (liver transplant) may be an option in certain situations for people with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. For many, a liver transplant can be a cure for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, but there is a risk that the cancer will recur after a liver transplant.
+Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used before a liver transplant. It may also be an option for people with advanced cholangiocarcinoma to help slow the disease and relieve signs and symptoms. Chemotherapy drugs can be infused into a vein so that they travel throughout the body. Or the drugs can be administered in a way so that they are delivered directly to the cancer cells.
+Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams from sources such as X-rays and protons to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can involve a machine that directs radiation beams at your body (external beam radiation). Or it can involve placing radioactive material inside your body near the site of your cancer (brachytherapy).
+Targeted drug therapy.Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Your doctor may test your cancer cells to see if targeted therapy may be effective against your cholangiocarcinoma.
+Immunotherapy.Immunotherapy uses your immune system to fight cancer. Your body's disease-fighting immune system may not attack your cancer because the cancer cells produce proteins that help them hide from the immune system cells. Immunotherapy works by interfering with that process. For cholangiocarcinoma, immunotherapy might be an option for advanced cancer when other treatments haven't helped.
+Heating cancer cells.Radiofrequency ablation uses electric current to heat and destroy cancer cells. Using an imaging test as a guide, such as ultrasound, the doctor inserts one or more thin needles into small incisions in your abdomen. When the needles reach the cancer, they're heated with an electric current, destroying the cancer cells.
+Photodynamic therapy.In photodynamic therapy, a light-sensitive chemical is injected into a vein and accumulates in the fast-growing cancer cells. Laser light directed at the cancer causes a chemical reaction in the cancer cells, killing them. You'll typically need multiple treatments. Photodynamic therapy can help relieve your signs and symptoms, and it may also slow cancer growth. You'll need to avoid sun exposure after treatments.
+Biliary drainage.Biliary drainage is a procedure to restore the flow of bile. It might involve placing a thin tube into the bile duct in order to drain the bile. Other strategies include bypass surgery to reroute the bile around the cancer and stents to hold open a bile duct being collapsed by cancer. Biliary drainage helps relieve signs and symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma.
+Because cholangiocarcinoma is a very difficult type of cancer to treat, don't hesitate to ask about your doctor's experience with treating the condition. If you have any doubts, get a second opinion.","Learning you have a life-threatening illness can be devastating. You will not find any easy answers for dealing with cholangiocarcinoma, but some of the following suggestions may help:
+Learn what you need to know about your cancer.Ask your doctor about your cancer, including the type and stage of your cancer, your treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about cholangiocarcinoma, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions. Ask about trusted sources of further information.
+Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with your cancer. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your home if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed.
+Find someone to talk with.Although friends and family can be your best allies, in some cases they have difficulty coping with the shock of your diagnosis. In these cases, talking with a counselor, medical social worker, or a pastoral or religious counselor can be helpful. Ask your doctor for a referral.
+Connect with other cancer survivors.You may find comfort in talking with other cancer survivors. Contact your local chapter of the American Cancer Society to find cancer support groups in your area.
+Make plans for the unknown.Having a life-threatening illness, such as cancer, requires you to prepare for the possibility that you may die. For some people, having a strong faith or a sense of something greater than themselves makes it easier to come to terms with a life-threatening illness.Ask your doctor about advance directives and living wills to help you plan for end-of-life care, should you need it.","Start by making an appointment with your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you. If you doctor determines that you have cholangiocarcinoma, he or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the digestive system (gastroenterologist) or to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer (oncologist).",,"itching, fatigue, worry, cancer, stomach pain, jaundice, yellowing of the skin, dark urine, clay-colored stools, weight loss, hilar cholangiocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma"
+611,Keratosis pilaris,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keratosis-pilaris/symptoms-causes/syc-20351149,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keratosis-pilaris/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351152,,"Keratosis pilaris (ker-uh-TOE-sis pih-LAIR-is) is a harmless skin condition that causes dry, rough patches and tiny bumps, often on the upper arms, thighs, cheeks or buttocks. The bumps usually don't hurt or itch.
+Keratosis pilaris is often considered a common variant of skin. It can't be cured or prevented. But you can treat it with moisturizers and prescription creams to help improve how the skin looks. The condition usually disappears by age 30.","Keratosis pilaris can occur at any age, but it's more common in young children. Symptoms include:
+Painless tiny bumps on the upper arms, thighs, cheeks or buttocks
+Dry, rough skin in the areas with bumps
+Worsening when seasonal changes cause low humidity and dry skin
+Sandpaper-like bumps resembling goose flesh","Treatment for keratosis pilaris usually isn't needed. But if you're concerned about your or your child's skin, consult your health care provider or a specialist in skin conditions (dermatologist).","Keratosis pilaris is caused by the buildup of keratin — a hard protein that protects skin from harmful substances and infection. The keratin blocks the opening of hair follicles, causing patches of rough, bumpy skin.
+It's not clear why keratin builds up in people with keratosis pilaris. It might happen along with a genetic disease or skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis. Dry skin tends to make keratosis pilaris worse.",Keratosis pilaris is very common. It tends to run in families.,,,Your health care provider will likely be able to diagnose keratosis pilaris just by looking at the affected skin. No testing is needed.,"Keratosis pilaris usually clears up on its own with time. In the meantime, you might use one of the many products available to help improve how the skin looks. If moisturizing and other self-care measures don't help, your health care provider may prescribe medicated creams.
+Creams to remove dead skin cells.Creams containing alpha hydroxy acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid or urea help loosen and remove dead skin cells. They also moisturize and soften dry skin. These creams are called topical exfoliants. Depending on their strengths, they are available with a prescription or as a nonprescription products. Your health care provider can advise you on the best option and how often to apply. The acids in these creams may cause inflamed skin or stinging, so they aren't recommended for young children.
+Creams to prevent plugged follicles.Creams derived from vitamin A are called topical retinoids. They work by promoting cell turnover and preventing plugged hair follicles. Tretinoin (Altreno, Avita, Renova, Retin-A, others) and tazarotene (Arazlo, Avage, Tazorac, others) are examples of topical retinoids. These products can irritate and dry the skin. Also, if you're pregnant or nursing, your health care provider may suggest delaying topical retinoid therapy or choosing another treatment.
+Using medicated cream regularly may improve how the skin looks. But if you stop, the condition returns. And even with treatment, keratosis pilaris might last for years.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your health care provider. Or you may be referred to a specialist in skin diseases (dermatologist). You may want to prepare a list of questions to ask your health care provider.
+For keratosis pilaris, some basic questions include:
+What is likely causing the symptoms?
+What are other possible causes for the symptoms?
+Is this condition likely short lived, or will it last a long time?
+What is the best course of action?
+What are the alternatives to the primary approach that you're suggesting?
+Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you're prescribing?","Self-help measures won't prevent keratosis pilaris or make it go away. But they may improve how the affected skin looks. When using a product new to you, test it on one area of affected skin first, such as an arm. If it seems to work and doesn't cause a reaction, use it for your keratosis pilaris.
+Use warm water and limit bath time.Hot water and long showers or baths remove oils from the skin. Limit bath or shower time to about 10 minutes or less. Use warm, not hot, water.
+Be gentle to the skin.Avoid harsh, drying soaps. Gently remove dead skin with a washcloth or loofah. Vigorous scrubbing or removal of hair follicle plugs may irritate the skin and worsen the condition. After washing or bathing, gently pat or blot the skin with a towel so that some moisture remains.
+Try medicated creams.Apply a nonprescription cream that contains urea, lactic acid, alpha hydroxy acid or salicylic acid. These creams help loosen and remove dead skin cells. They also moisturize and soften dry skin. Put on this product before moisturizer.
+Moisturize.While the skin is still moist from bathing, apply a moisturizer that contains lanolin, petroleum jelly or glycerin. These ingredients soothe dry skin and help trap moisture. Thicker moisturizers work best. Examples are Eucerin and Cetaphil. Reapply the product to the affected skin several times a day.
+Use a humidifier.Low humidity dries out the skin. A portable home humidifier or one attached to your furnace will add moisture to the air inside your home.
+Avoid friction from tight clothes.Protect affected skin from the friction caused by wearing tight clothes.","keratosis pilaris, dry rough skin, painless tiny bumps, sandpaper-like bumps"
+612,Lactose intolerance,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lactose-intolerance/symptoms-causes/syc-20374232,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lactose-intolerance/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374238,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lactose-intolerance/doctors-departments/ddc-20374239,"People with lactose intolerance are unable to fully digest the sugar (lactose) in milk. As a result, they have diarrhea, gas and bloating after eating or drinking dairy products. The condition, which is also called lactose malabsorption, is usually harmless, but its symptoms can be uncomfortable.
+
+Too little of an enzyme produced in your small intestine (lactase) is usually responsible for lactose intolerance. You can have low levels of lactase and still be able to digest milk products. But if your levels are too low you become lactose intolerant, leading to symptoms after you eat or drink dairy.",The signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance usually begin from 30 minutes to two hours after eating or drinking foods that contain lactose. Common signs and symptoms include:,"Make an appointment with your doctor if you frequently have symptoms of lactose intolerance after eating dairy foods, particularly if you're worried about getting enough calcium.","Lactose intolerance occurs when your small intestine doesn't produce enough of an enzyme (lactase) to digest milk sugar (lactose).
+
+Normally, lactase turns milk sugar into two simple sugars — glucose and galactose — which are absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal lining.
+
+If you're lactase deficient, lactose in your food moves into the colon instead of being processed and absorbed. In the colon, normal bacteria interact with undigested lactose, causing the signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance.
+
+There are three types of lactose intolerance. Different factors cause the lactase deficiency underlying each type.",Factors that can make you or your child more prone to lactose intolerance include:,,,Your doctor might suspect lactose intolerance based on your symptoms and your response to reducing the amount of dairy foods in your diet. Your doctor can confirm the diagnosis by conducting one or more of the following tests:,"In people with lactose intolerance caused by an underlying condition, treating the condition might restore the body's ability to digest lactose, although that process can take months. For other causes, you might avoid the discomfort of lactose intolerance by following a low-lactose diet.
+
+To lower the amount of lactose in your diet:",,Start by seeing your family doctor if you have signs or symptoms that suggest you may have lactose intolerance. Here's some information to help you get ready.,,"lactose intolerance, symptoms, signs, lactose"
+618,Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/symptoms-causes/syc-20374529,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374535,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/doctors-departments/ddc-20374536,"Lobular carcinoma in situ is a growth of cells that happens in a milk gland in the breast tissue. The cells undergo changes that make them look different from typical cells. Lobular carcinoma in situ, which is often shortened to LCIS, isn't cancer. But having lobular carcinoma in situ increases the risk of getting breast cancer in the future.
+
+Lobular carcinoma in situ usually isn't found on a mammogram or felt during a breast exam. The condition is most often found after a procedure to remove some breast tissue, such as a breast biopsy or a lumpectomy.
+
+Lobular carcinoma in situ increases the risk of breast cancer in both breasts. If you're diagnosed with lobular carcinoma in situ, you may need increased breast cancer screening. You also may want to consider treatments to reduce your risk of developing invasive breast cancer.","Lobular carcinoma in situ doesn't cause signs or symptoms. It's usually found after a procedure to remove some breast tissue, such as a breast biopsy or a lumpectomy. Lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, isn't cancer. It's a sign that you have an increased risk of breast cancer in the future.","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you notice a change in your breasts. Changes may include a lump, an area of puckered or otherwise unusual skin, a thickened region under the skin, and nipple discharge.
+
+Ask when you should consider breast cancer screening and how often it should be repeated. Most healthcare professionals recommend routine breast cancer screening beginning in your 40s.","It's not clear what causes lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS. Lobular carcinoma in situ begins when cells in a milk-producing gland of a breast, called a lobule, develop changes in their DNA. These changes cause the cells to look different from healthy cells. The changed cells remain in the lobule and don't extend into, or invade, nearby breast tissue.
+
+If you have lobular carcinoma in situ, it doesn't mean that you have cancer. But having lobular carcinoma in situ increases your risk of breast cancer and makes it more likely that you may develop invasive breast cancer.
+
+The risk of breast cancer in women diagnosed with lobular carcinoma in situ is thought to be approximately 25% to 30%. For comparison, the risk of developing breast cancer for women in general is thought to be 13%.
+
+Your individual risk of breast cancer is based on many factors. Talk to your healthcare team to better understand your personal risk of breast cancer.",,,,"Lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, is most often diagnosed during a breast biopsy. A breast biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of breast tissue for testing. Lobular carcinoma in situ often can't be detected on a mammogram or felt during a breast exam.
+
+Types of breast biopsy that may be used include:
+
+The tissue removed during a biopsy is sent to a lab. In the lab, doctors that specialize in analyzing blood and body tissues, called pathologists, closely examine the cells. They can determine if you have lobular carcinoma in situ.","Treatment for lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, often involves close monitoring for signs of cancer. Medicines or surgery may be used to lower the risk of breast cancer. Your healthcare team considers many factors when creating a treatment plan. These factors may include your overall health and your preferences.
+
+If you've been diagnosed with lobular carcinoma in situ, you may need more frequent exams to look for signs of breast cancer. Exams may include:","Although lobular carcinoma in situ is not cancer, it can cause worry about the increased risk of a future breast cancer. Coping with the diagnosis may mean finding a long-term way to manage any fear and worry.
+
+To help you cope with a diagnosis of lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, try to:
+
+Ask your healthcare team questions about your lobular carcinoma in situ and what it means for your breast cancer risk. Use this information to research your treatment options.
+
+Look to reputable sources of information, such as the U.S. National Cancer Institute, to find out more. This may make you feel more confident as you make choices about your care.
+
+You may feel anxious before your breast cancer screening exams. Don't let this stop you from going to all of your appointments. Instead, plan ahead and expect that you'll be anxious.
+
+To cope with feeling anxious, spend time doing things you enjoy in the days before your appointment. Spend time with friends or family, or find quiet time for yourself.
+
+Make healthy changes to your lifestyle, so you can feel your best. For instance, choose a healthy diet that focuses on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Try to be active for 30 minutes most days of the week. Get enough sleep each night so that you wake feeling rested.","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you notice a lump or any other unusual change in your breasts.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"lcis, cancer, lobular carcinoma, none, breast cancer"
+620,Legionnaires' disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/legionnaires-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351747,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/legionnaires-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351753,,"Legionnaires' disease is a severe form of a lung infection called pneumonia. It's caused by a bacterium known as legionella.
+
+Most people who catch Legionnaires' disease breathe in the bacteria from water or soil. Older adults, people with weakened immune systems and people who smoke have a higher risk of getting Legionnaires' disease.
+
+The legionella bacterium also causes Pontiac fever, a milder illness that's like the flu. Pontiac fever usually clears on its own. But untreated Legionnaires' disease can kill.
+
+Treating right away with antibiotics most often cures Legionnaires' disease. But some people still have problems after treatment.","Legionnaires' disease often starts 2 to 10 days after contact with legionella bacteria. It often begins with the following symptoms:
+
+By the second or third day, other symptoms can start, including:
+
+Legionnaires' disease mostly involves the lungs. But it can cause infections in sores and in other parts of the body, including the heart.
+
+A mild form of Legionnaires' disease, called Pontiac fever, can cause fever, chills, headache and muscle aches. Pontiac fever doesn't infect the lungs. Symptoms most often clear in less than a week.","Make a medical appointment if you think you've been around legionella bacteria. Diagnosing and treating Legionnaires' disease as soon as possible can help shorten the time it takes to recover and prevent serious complications. People at high risk, such as people who smoke or older adults, need treatment right away.","The bacterium Legionella pneumophila causes most cases of Legionnaires' disease. Outdoors, legionella bacteria live in soil and water. In those places the bacteria rarely cause infections. But legionella bacteria can grow in water systems made by humans, such as air conditioners.
+
+Although people can get Legionnaires' disease at home, most outbreaks have been in large buildings. That might be because bacteria can grow and spread more easily in large systems. Also, home and car air conditioners don't use water for cooling.","Not everyone who comes in contact with legionella bacteria gets sick. People are more likely to get the infection if they:
+
+Legionnaires' disease can be a problem in hospitals and nursing homes. Those are places where germs spread easily, and people there are at high risk of infection.","Legionnaires' disease can lead to serious complications, including:
+
+When not treated promptly, Legionnaires' disease can kill.",Outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease can be prevented by monitoring and cleaning water systems.,"Legionnaires' disease is like other types of pneumonia. To find the legionella bacteria quickly, a healthcare professional might use a test that checks the urine for things that trigger the immune system, called antigens. Other tests might include:","Antibiotics treat Legionnaires' disease. The sooner therapy is started, the lower the chance of getting serious complications. Often, a hospital stay is needed. Pontiac fever goes away on its own without treatment and causes no other problems.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your family healthcare professional. You may also see a doctor who specializes in treating lung disease, called a pulmonologist, or a specialist in infectious diseases. Or you might need to get emergency care.",,"legionnaires' disease, headache, sores, pontiac fever, fever, chills, muscle aches, infections"
+621,Age spots (liver spots),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/age-spots/symptoms-causes/syc-20355859,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/age-spots/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355864,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/age-spots/doctors-departments/ddc-20355866,"Age spots are small, flat dark areas on the skin. They vary in size and usually appear on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, hands, shoulders and arms. Age spots are also called sunspots, liver spots and solar lentigines.","Age spots may affect people of all skin types, but they're more common in adults with skin that sunburns easily. Unlike freckles, which are common in children and fade with no sun exposure, age spots don't fade.","Age spots don't require medical care. Have your doctor look at spots that are black or have changed in appearance. These changes can be signs of melanoma, a serious form of skin cancer.
+
+It's best to have any new skin changes evaluated by a doctor, especially if a spot:","Age spots are caused by overactive pigment cells. Ultraviolet (UV) light speeds up the production of melanin, a natural pigment that gives skin its color. On skin that has had years of sun exposure, age spots appear when melanin becomes clumped or is produced in high concentrations.
+
+Use of commercial tanning lamps and beds also can cause age spots.",You might be more likely to develop age spots if you have a history of frequent or intense sun exposure or sunburn.,,"To help avoid age spots and new spots after treatment, follow these tips for limiting your sun exposure:
+
+Cover up.For protection from the sun, wear tightly woven clothing that covers your arms and legs and a broad-brimmed hat, which provides more protection than does a baseball cap or golf visor.
+
+Consider wearing clothing designed to provide sun protection. Look for clothes labeled with an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of 40 to 50 to get the best protection.",Diagnosing age spots might include:,"If you want your age spots to be less noticeable, treatments are available to lighten or remove them. Because the pigment is located at the base of the epidermis — the topmost layer of skin — any treatments meant to lighten the age spots must penetrate this layer of skin.
+
+Age spot treatments include:
+
+The age spot therapies that remove skin are usually done in a doctor's office and don't require hospitalization. The length of each procedure and the time it takes to see results varies from weeks to months.
+
+After treatment, when outdoors you'll need to use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 and wear protective clothing.
+
+Because age spot treatments are considered cosmetic, they typically aren't covered by insurance. And because the procedures can have side effects, discuss your options carefully with a doctor who specializes in skin conditions (dermatologist). Also, make sure your dermatologist is specially trained and experienced in the technique you're considering.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor, who may then refer you to a dermatologist.
+
+Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as:
+
+Questions you may want to ask your doctor include:",,sunburns
+628,Body lice,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-lice/symptoms-causes/syc-20350310,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350316,,"Body lice are tiny insects, about the size of a sesame seed. Body lice live in your clothing and bedding and travel to your skin several times a day to feed on blood. The most common sites for bites are around the neck, shoulders, armpits, waist and groin — places where clothing seams are most likely to touch skin.
+
+Body lice are most common in crowded and unhygienic living conditions, such as refugee camps and shelters for homeless people. They can also spread from contact with an infected person's clothes. Body lice bites can spread certain types of diseases and can even cause epidemics.
+
+Clothing and bedding that have been infested with body lice should be laundered in hot, soapy water and machine dried using the hot cycle.","Body lice bites can cause intense itching, and you may notice small areas of blood and crust on your skin at the site of the bite marks.
+
+See your doctor if improved hygiene doesn't remove the infestation, or if you develop a skin infection from scratching the bites.",,"Body lice are similar to head lice but have different habits. While head lice live in your hair and feed on your scalp, body lice usually live in your clothes and bedding. They travel to your skin several times a day to feed on blood.
+
+Your clothing seams are the most common places for body lice to lay their eggs (nits). You can become infested with body lice if you come into close contact with a person who has body lice, or with clothing or bedding that is infested with body lice.","People who are at higher risk of body lice tend to live in crowded, unclean conditions. They include:
+
+Dogs, cats and other pets do not spread body lice.","Body lice infestations usually cause minimal problems. However, a body lice infestation sometimes leads to complications such as:","To prevent body lice infestation, avoid having close physical contact or sharing bedding or clothing with anyone who has an infestation. Regular bathing and changing into clean clothing at least once a week also may help prevent and control the spread of body lice.",You or your doctor can usually confirm a body lice infestation through a visual examination of your body and clothing items. The presence of eggs and moving lice confirms infestation.,"Body lice are primarily treated by thoroughly washing yourself and any contaminated items with soap and hot water and drying clothing and bedding in a machine dryer using the hot cycle. Dry cleaning and ironing clothing that cannot be washed also is effective.
+
+If these measures don't work, you can try using an over-the-counter lotion or shampoo that has 1% permethrin (Nix) or pyrethrin. If that still doesn't work, your doctor can provide a prescription lotion. Lice-killing products can be toxic to humans, so follow the directions carefully.",,"If you can't get rid of body lice on your own, you may need to talk to your family doctor.",,"skin infection, intense itching, crust on skin, itching, small areas of blood, lice"
+629,Oral lichen planus,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/oral-lichen-planus/symptoms-causes/syc-20350869,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/oral-lichen-planus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350874,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/oral-lichen-planus/doctors-departments/ddc-20350876,"Oral lichen planus (LIE-kun PLAY-nus) is an ongoing inflammatory condition that affects mucous membranes inside the mouth. There are several different types of lichen planus that affect the mouth, but the two main types are:
+Reticular.This type appears as white patches in the mouth and can look lacy. It's the most common type of oral lichen planus. It usually has no related symptoms. And it usually doesn't need treatment or lead to major complications.
+Erosive.This type appears as red, swollen tissues or open sores. It may cause a burning feeling or pain. A healthcare professional should check erosive oral lichen planus regularly because it can lead to mouth cancer.
+Oral lichen planus can't be passed from one person to another. The condition occurs when the immune system attacks cells of the oral mucous membranes for reasons that aren't known.
+Symptoms usually can be managed. But people who have oral lichen planus need regular checkups. That's because oral lichen planus — especially the erosive type — may raise the risk of getting mouth cancer in the affected areas.",Symptoms of oral lichen planus affect the mucous membranes of the mouth.,See your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any of the symptoms listed above.,"It's not known what causes oral lichen planus. But T lymphocytes — white blood cells involved in inflammation — appear to be activated in oral lichen planus. This could mean that it's an immune condition and it could involve genetic factors. More research is needed to find the exact cause.
+In some people, certain medicines, mouth injury, infection or allergy-causing agents such as dental materials may cause oral lichen planus. Stress may cause symptoms to get worse or come back from time to time. But these causes are not confirmed.","Anyone can get oral lichen planus, but it's more common in middle-aged adults, particularly women over age 50. Some factors may raise your risk of getting oral lichen planus, such as having a condition that lowers your immunity or taking certain medicines. But more research is needed.","Severe cases of oral lichen planus may raise the risk of:
+A lot of pain.
+Weight loss or not getting enough nutrition.
+Stress or anxiety.
+Depression.
+Scarring from erosive sores or other affected spots.
+Secondary oral yeast or fungal infections.
+Mouth cancer.",,"Your healthcare professional may make a diagnosis of oral lichen planus based on:
+Talking with you about your medical and dental history and the medicines you're taking.
+Going over symptoms happening in your mouth and any other places on your body.
+Looking at your mouth and other areas as needed.
+Your healthcare professional also may request lab tests, such as:
+A biopsy.In this test, a small tissue sample is taken from one or more spots in your mouth. This sample is studied under a microscope to see if oral lichen planus is present. Other, more specialized microscopic tests may be needed to find immune system proteins commonly related to oral lichen planus.
+Cultures.A sample of cells is taken from your mouth using a cotton swab. The sample is examined under a microscope to look for a secondary fungal, bacterial or viral infection.
+Blood tests.These tests may be done to find conditions such as hepatitis C, which may rarely be related to oral lichen planus, and lupus, which may look like oral lichen planus.","Oral lichen planus is a lifelong condition. Mild forms may go away on their own but flare up later. Because there is no cure, treatment focuses on healing and easing pain or other symptoms that bother you. Your healthcare professional watches your condition to find the best treatment or to stop treatment as needed.
+If you have no pain or other discomfort, and you only have white, lacy signs of oral lichen planus in your mouth, you may not need any treatment. For more-severe symptoms, you may need one or more of the options below.",,"You'll likely start by seeing your primary healthcare professional or dentist. You may be referred to a specialist in gum and dental diseases, also known as a periodontist, or a specialist in skin diseases, also known as a dermatologist.","In addition to regular medical and dental treatment, these self-care measures may make your oral lichen planus symptoms better or help prevent episodes of severe symptoms from coming back from time to time:
+Keep your mouth clean.Doing so can ease your symptoms and help prevent infection. Floss daily and gently brush your teeth at least twice a day using a mild toothpaste without much, if any, added flavor.
+Change your diet.Cut out spicy, salty or acidic foods if they seem to cause your symptoms or make them worse. Choose foods that are soft to help limit pain. And use less caffeine or stop using it.
+Avoid irritants.Don't use alcohol or tobacco. Also stop habits that can injure the inside of your mouth, such as chewing on your lip or cheek.
+Learn to manage stress.Because stress may complicate symptoms or cause symptoms to come back, you may need to build skills to avoid or manage stress. Your healthcare professional may refer you to a mental health professional who can help you figure out what's causing your stress, create stress management plans or take care of other mental health concerns.
+See your dentist or other healthcare professional regularly.See your dentist twice a year for checkups and cleanings, or more often as directed. Because long-term treatment for oral lichen planus is often needed, talk with your healthcare professional about how often you should be seen to track how your treatment is working and to get cancer screening.","lichen planus, Here is the list of symptoms:
+
+mucous membranes of the mouth"
+632,Listeria infection,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/listeria-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20355269,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/listeria-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355275,,"Listeria infection is an illness caused by bacteria that can spread through many foods. Another name for the illness is listeriosis. It can be very serious for pregnant women, people older than 65 and people with weakened immune systems. Some foods are more likely to be tainted by the bacteria than others. These include soft cheeses, deli meats and dairy products that haven't been treated to kill bacteria, called pasteurized.
+
+Healthy people rarely become very ill from listeria infection. But the disease can be fatal to unborn babies, newborns and people with weakened immune systems. Prompt antibiotic treatment can help curb the effects of listeria infection.
+
+Listeria bacteria can survive refrigeration and even freezing. So if you're at higher risk of serious infections, be mindful of what you eat. Stay away from foods that are more likely to contain listeria bacteria.","Symptoms of a listeria infection partly depend on where in the body that the infection happens. If it affects the gut, you might have:
+
+These symptoms often start within a day of eating tainted food. They tend to go away within a few days.
+
+The germs that cause a listeria infection also can spread through the blood and into the brain and spinal cord. If this happens, you might have:
+
+These symptoms often start within two weeks of eating tainted food. But it can take up to two months for symptoms to begin.","If you've eaten a food that's been recalled because of a listeria outbreak, watch for symptoms of illness. Call your healthcare professional if you have a fever, muscle aches, upset stomach or loose stools. The same goes for illness after eating foods that might be tainted. These include foods made with unpasteurized milk or poorly heated hot dogs or deli meats. Let your healthcare professional know what you ate.
+
+Get emergency care if you have any of the following:
+
+These could be symptoms of a life-threatening condition that can happen with a listeria infection, called bacterial meningitis.","Listeria bacteria can be found in soil, water and animal waste, also called stool. People can get infected by eating the following:
+
+Pregnant people with listeria infections can pass the infections to their unborn babies. This is a risk even if a pregnant person doesn't have symptoms of the infection.","Pregnant women, people older than 65 and people with weak immune systems are at highest risk of a listeria infection.","Many listeria infections are mild. Some infected people don't have any symptoms. But sometimes, a listeria infection can lead to serious medical problems or emergencies. These risks rise if treatment is delayed or not given.
+
+A listeria infection of the bloodstream can cause the body to have an improper reaction called sepsis. This can lead to organ damage or death.
+
+A listeria infection of the nervous system can lead to:
+
+Babies with life-threatening listeria infections of the blood or brain might develop lifelong conditions such as:","To prevent a listeria infection, follow simple food safety guidelines:","Often, healthcare professionals do a blood test to find out if you have a listeria infection. Samples of spinal fluid might need to be tested as well. If you're pregnant, the fluid that surrounds your baby during pregnancy also might be tested.","Treatment of listeria infection varies. It depends on how serious the symptoms are. Most people with mild symptoms don't need treatment. More-serious infections can be treated with medicines that clear up infections caused by bacteria. These are called antibiotics.
+
+During pregnancy, prompt antibiotic treatment might help keep the infection from affecting the baby.",,"If you've eaten food that has been recalled because of listeria contamination, be aware of listeria infection symptoms. See a healthcare professional if you have any of the symptoms.",,"germs, symptoms, infection, listeria infection"
+633,Acute liver failure,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-liver-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20352863,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-liver-failure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352868,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-liver-failure/doctors-departments/ddc-20352869,"Acute liver failure is loss of liver function that happens quickly — in days or weeks — usually in a person who has no preexisting liver disease. It's most often caused by a hepatitis virus or drugs, such as acetaminophen. Acute liver failure is less common than chronic liver failure, which develops more slowly.
+Acute liver failure, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, can cause serious complications, including bleeding and increased pressure in the brain. It's a medical emergency that requires hospitalization.
+Depending on the cause, acute liver failure can sometimes be reversed with treatment. In many situations, though, a liver transplant may be the only cure.","Symptoms of acute liver failure may include:
+Yellowing of the skin and eyeballs, called jaundice.
+Pain in the upper right belly area, called the abdomen.
+A swollen belly, known as ascites.
+Nausea and vomiting.
+A general sense of feeling unwell, known as malaise.
+Disorientation or confusion.
+Sleepiness.
+Breath with a musty or sweet odor.
+Tremors.","Acute liver failure can develop quickly in an otherwise healthy person, and it is life-threatening. If you or someone you know suddenly develops a yellowing of the eyes or skin; tenderness in the upper belly; or any unusual changes in mental state, personality or behavior, seek medical attention right away.","Acute liver failure occurs when liver cells are seriously damaged and are no longer able to function. Possible causes include:
+Acetaminophen overdose.Taking too much acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. Outside of the United States, acetaminophen is known as paracetamol. Acute liver failure can happen after one very large dose of acetaminophen, or after higher than recommended doses every day for several days.If you or someone you know has taken an overdose of acetaminophen, seek medical attention as quickly as possible. Treatment may prevent liver failure. Don't wait for the symptoms of liver failure.
+Hepatitis and other viruses.Hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis E increase the risk of acute liver failure. Other viruses that can increase risk include Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus.
+Prescription medicines.Some prescription medicines, including antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anticonvulsants, can cause acute liver failure.
+Herbal supplements.Herbal drugs and supplements, including kava, ephedra, skullcap and pennyroyal, have been linked to acute liver failure.
+Toxins.Toxins that can cause acute liver failure include the poisonous wild mushroom Amanita phalloides, which is sometimes mistaken for one that is safe to eat. Carbon tetrachloride is another toxin that can cause acute liver failure. It is an industrial chemical found in refrigerants and solvents for waxes, varnishes and other materials.
+Autoimmune disease.Liver failure can be caused by autoimmune hepatitis — a disease in which the immune system attacks liver cells, causing inflammation and injury.
+Diseases of the veins in the liver.Vascular diseases, such as Budd-Chiari syndrome, can cause blockages in the veins of the liver and lead to acute liver failure.
+Metabolic disease.Rare metabolic diseases, such as Wilson's disease and acute fatty liver of pregnancy, sometimes cause acute liver failure.
+Cancer.Cancer that either begins in or spreads to the liver can cause the liver to fail.
+Shock.Overwhelming infection, called sepsis, and shock can severely reduce blood flow to the liver, causing liver failure.
+Heat stroke.Extreme physical activity in a hot environment can trigger acute liver failure.
+Some cases of acute liver failure have no obvious cause.","Risk factors for acute liver failure include:
+Being female.A majority of people affected by acute liver failure are female.
+Underlying illness.Many conditions, including viral hepatitis, metabolic disease, autoimmune disease and cancer can increase the risk of acute liver failure.","Acute liver failure often causes complications, including:
+Too much fluid in the brain, called cerebral edema.Too much fluid causes pressure to build up in the brain, which can lead to disorientation, severe mental confusion and seizures.
+Bleeding and bleeding disorders.A failing liver cannot make enough clotting factors, which help blood to clot. Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract is common with this condition. It may be difficult to control.
+Infections.People with acute liver failure are more likely to develop infections, particularly in the blood and in the respiratory and urinary tracts.
+Kidney failure.Kidney failure often occurs after liver failure, especially with an acetaminophen overdose, which damages both the liver and the kidneys.","Reduce your risk of acute liver failure by taking care of your liver.
+Follow instructions on medicines.If you take acetaminophen or other medicines, check the package insert for the recommended dose, and don't take more than that. If you already have liver disease, ask your healthcare team if it is safe to take any amount of acetaminophen.
+Tell your healthcare team about all your medicines.Even nonprescription and herbal medicines can interact with prescription drugs you're taking.
+Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
+Avoid risky behavior.Get help if you use illicit intravenous drugs. Don't share needles. Use condoms during sex. If you get tattoos or body piercings, make sure the shop you choose is clean and safe. Don't smoke.
+Get vaccinated.If you have chronic liver disease, a history of any type of hepatitis infection or an increased risk of hepatitis, talk to your care team about getting the hepatitis B vaccine. A vaccine also is available for hepatitis A.
+Be careful not to come into contact with other people's blood and body fluids.Accidental needle sticks or improper cleanup of blood or body fluids can spread hepatitis viruses. Sharing razor blades or toothbrushes also can spread infection.
+Don't eat wild mushrooms.It can be difficult to tell the difference between a poisonous mushroom and one that is safe to eat.
+Take care with aerosol sprays.When you use an aerosol cleaner, make sure the room is ventilated, or wear a mask. Take similar protective measures when spraying insecticides, fungicides, paint and other toxic chemicals. Follow product instructions carefully.
+Watch what gets on your skin.When using insecticides and other toxic chemicals, cover your skin with gloves, long sleeves, a hat and a mask.
+Maintain a healthy weight.Obesity can cause a condition called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), now called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).MASLDmay lead to serious liver damage.","Tests and procedures used to diagnose acute liver failure include:
+Blood tests.Blood tests can show how well the liver works. A prothrombin time test measures how long it takes blood to clot. With acute liver failure, blood doesn't clot as quickly as it should.
+Imaging tests.A healthcare professional may recommend an ultrasound exam to look at the liver. Such testing may show liver damage and help find the cause of the liver problems. A health professional also may recommend abdominal computerized tomography (CT) scanning or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look at the liver and blood vessels. These tests can look for certain causes of acute liver failure, such as Budd-Chiari syndrome or tumors. They may be used if a problem is suspected and ultrasound testing does not find the problem.
+Examination of liver tissue.A healthcare professional may recommend removing a small piece of liver tissue, called a liver biopsy. Doing so may help discover why the liver is failing.Since people with acute liver failure are at risk of bleeding during biopsy, a transjugular liver biopsy may be performed. This procedure involves making a tiny incision on the right side of the neck. A thin tube called a catheter is then inserted into a neck vein, through the heart and into a vein exiting the liver. A needle is then threaded through the catheter to retrieve a sample of liver tissue.","People with acute liver failure often receive treatment in the intensive care unit of a hospital in a facility that can perform a liver transplant, if necessary. A healthcare professional may try to treat the liver damage itself, but in many cases, treatment involves controlling complications and giving the liver time to heal.
+Acute liver failure treatments may include:
+Medicines to reverse poisoning.Acute liver failure caused by acetaminophen overdose is treated with a medicine called acetylcysteine. This medicine also may help treat other causes of acute liver failure. Mushroom and other poisonings also may be treated with medicines that can reverse the effects of the toxin and may reduce liver damage.
+Liver transplant.When acute liver failure can't be reversed, the only treatment may be a liver transplant. During a liver transplant, a surgeon removes the damaged liver and replaces it with a healthy liver from a donor.
+A healthcare professional also will typically work to control symptoms and try to prevent complications caused by acute liver failure. Care may include:
+Relieving pressure caused by excess fluid in the brain.Cerebral edema caused by acute liver failure can increase pressure on the brain. Medicines can help reduce the fluid buildup in your brain.
+Screening for infections.Your medical team may take samples of your blood and urine every now and then to be tested for infection. If your team suspects that you have an infection, you'll receive medicines to treat the infection.
+Preventing severe bleeding.Your care team can give you medicines to reduce the risk of bleeding. If you lose a lot of blood, tests may be done to find the source of the blood loss. Blood transfusions may be needed.
+Providing nutritional support.If you're not able to eat, you may need supplements to treat nutritional deficiencies.",,"If a healthcare professional suspects you have acute liver failure, you'll likely be admitted to a hospital for treatment. Most people with acute liver failure are treated in an intensive care unit.",,"pain, nausea, nausea and vomiting, sleepiness, disorientation, yellowing of the skin and eyeballs, vomiting, breath with a musty or sweet odor, jaundice, swollen belly, general sense of feeling unwell, ascites, tremors, confusion, pain in the upper right belly area, acute liver failure"
+636,Morphea,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/morphea/symptoms-causes/syc-20375283,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/morphea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375290,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/morphea/doctors-departments/ddc-20375291,"Morphea (mor-FEE-uh) is a rare condition that causes painless, discolored patches on your skin.
+Typically, the skin changes appear on the belly, chest or back. But they might also appear on your face, arms and legs. Over time the patches may become firm, dry and smooth. Morphea tends to affect only the outer layers of your skin. But some forms of the condition also affect deeper tissues and may restrict movement in the joints.
+Morphea usually improves on its own over time, though recurrences are common. In the meantime, medications and therapies are available to help treat the skin discoloration and other effects.","Signs and symptoms of morphea vary depending on the type and stage of the condition. They include:
+Reddish or purplish oval patches of skin, often on the belly, chest or back
+Patches that gradually develop a lighter or whitish center
+Linear patches, especially on the arms or legs and possibly the forehead or scalp
+A gradual change in the affected skin, which becomes firm, thickened, dry and shiny
+Morphea affects the skin and underlying tissue and sometimes bone. The condition generally lasts several years and then improves or at times disappears by itself. It may leave scars or areas of darkened or discolored skin. It is possible for morphea to recur.",See your doctor if you notice reddish patches of hardening or thickening skin. Early diagnosis and treatment may help slow the development of new patches and allow your doctor to identify and treat complications before they worsen.,"The cause of morphea is unknown. It may be caused by an unusual reaction of your immune system. In people at increased risk of morphea, it could be triggered by injury to the affected area, medications, chemical toxins, an infection or radiation therapy.
+The condition isn't contagious.","Certain factors may affect your risk of developing morphea, including:
+Being white and female.Morphea is most common in white females.
+Age.The condition can affect people at any age. It usually appears between the ages of 2 and 14 or in the mid-40s.
+A family history of morphea.This condition can run in families. People with morphea are more likely to have a family history of morphea and other autoimmune diseases.","Morphea can cause a number of complications, including:
+Self-esteem issues.Morphea can have a negative effect on your self-esteem and body image, particularly if discolored patches of skin appear on your arms, legs or face.
+Movement problems.Morphea that affects the arms or legs can impair joint mobility.
+Widespread areas of hardened, discolored skin.Numerous new patches of hardened, discolored skin may seem to join together, a condition known as generalized morphea.
+Loss of hair and sweat glands.Over time, you may lose hair and sweat glands in the affected area.
+Eye damage.Children with head and neck morphea may experience unnoticeable but permanent eye damage.",,"Your doctor may diagnose morphea by examining the affected skin and asking about your signs and symptoms. Your doctor might also take a small sample of your skin (skin biopsy) for examination in a laboratory. This can reveal changes in your skin, such as thickening of a protein (collagen) in the second layer of skin (dermis). Collagen makes up your connective tissues, including your skin. It helps make your skin elastic and resilient.
+It's important to distinguish morphea from systemic scleroderma and other conditions. So your doctor might have you undergo a blood test or refer you to a specialist in skin disorders (dermatologist) or diseases of the joints, bones and muscles (rheumatologist).
+If your child has head and neck morphea, take him or her for regular comprehensive eye exams, as morphea may cause unnoticeable yet irreversible eye damage.
+You might undergo ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging to monitor disease progression and your response to treatment.","Morphea usually lasts several years and then goes away without treatment. It may leave scars or areas of darkened or discolored skin. Until your condition clears up, you may want to pursue treatment that helps control your signs and symptoms.
+Treatment options vary depending on the extent of your condition and how it's affecting your life. They include:
+Medicated creams.Your doctor may prescribe a vitamin D cream, such as calcipotriene, to help soften the skin patches. Skin generally begins to improve during the first months of treatment. Possible side effects include burning, stinging and a rash.Or your doctor may prescribe a corticosteroid cream to reduce inflammation. When used for a long time, these creams may thin the skin.
+Light therapy.For severe or widespread morphea, treatment may include the use of ultraviolet light (phototherapy).
+Oral medications.For severe or widespread morphea, your doctor may prescribe an immunosuppressive medication, such as oral methotrexate (Trexall), corticosteroid pills or both. Or your doctor may suggest hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) or mycophenolate mofetil. Each of these drugs has potential side effects. Talk with your doctor about a drug's risks and benefits before using it.
+Physical therapy.If the condition affects your joints, physical therapy might preserve your range of motion.","Because morphea affects your appearance, it can be an especially difficult condition to live with. You may also be concerned that it will get worse before it goes away.
+If you want counseling or support, ask your doctor for a referral to a mental health professional or information about support groups in your area or online.","You may start by seeing your primary care doctor. He or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in skin disorders (dermatologist) or a specialist in diseases of the joints, bones and muscles (rheumatologist).
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Because morphea dries the affected skin, moisturizers may help soften and improve the feel of your skin. It's a good idea to avoid long, hot showers or baths, as these can dry your skin.","darkened skin, scars, oval patches, reddish patches, morphea, lighter center, linear patches, whitish center, firm skin, discolored skin, thickened skin, shiny skin, dry skin, purplish patches"
+637,Tetanus,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetanus/symptoms-causes/syc-20351625,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetanus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351631,,"Tetanus is a serious disease of the nervous system caused by a toxin-producing bacterium. The disease causes muscle contractions, particularly of your jaw and neck muscles. Tetanus is commonly known as lockjaw.
+Severe complications of tetanus can be life-threatening. There's no cure for tetanus. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and complications until the effects of the tetanus toxin resolve.
+Because of the widespread use of vaccines, cases of tetanus are rare in the United States and other parts of the developed world. The disease remains a threat to people who aren't up to date on their vaccinations. It's more common in developing countries.","The average time from infection to appearance of signs and symptoms (incubation period) is 10 days. The incubation period can range from 3 to 21 days.
+The most common type of tetanus is called generalized tetanus. Signs and symptoms begin gradually and then progressively worsen over two weeks. They usually start at the jaw and progress downward on the body.
+Signs and symptoms of generalized tetanus include:
+Painful muscle spasms and stiff, immovable muscles (muscle rigidity) in your jaw
+Tension of muscles around your lips, sometimes producing a persistent grin
+Painful spasms and rigidity in your neck muscles
+Difficulty swallowing
+Rigid abdominal muscles
+Progression of tetanus results in repeated painful, seizure-like spasms that last for several minutes (generalized spasms). Usually, the neck and back arch, the legs become rigid, the arms are drawn up to the body, and the fists are clenched. Muscle rigidity in the neck and abdomen may cause breathing difficulties.
+These severe spasms may be triggered by minor events that stimulate the senses — a loud sound, a physical touch, a draft or light.
+As the disease progresses, other signs and symptoms may include:
+High blood pressure
+Low blood pressure
+Rapid heart rate
+Fever
+Extreme sweating","Tetanus is a life-threatening disease. If you have signs or symptoms of tetanus, seek emergency care.
+If you have a simple, clean wound — and you've had a tetanus shot within 10 years — you can care for your wound at home.
+Seek medical care in the following cases:
+You've not had a tetanus shot within 10 years.
+You are unsure of when you last had a tetanus shot.
+You have a puncture wound, a foreign object in your wound, an animal bite or a deep cut.
+Your wound is contaminated with dirt, soil, feces, rust or saliva — or you have any doubt about whether you've cleaned a wound sufficiently after such exposure. Contaminated wounds require a vaccination booster if it's been five or more years since your last tetanus shot.","The bacterium that causes tetanus is called Clostridium tetani. The bacterium can survive in a dormant state in soil and animal feces. It's essentially shut down until it discovers a place to thrive.
+When the dormant bacteria enter a wound — a condition good for growth — the cells are ""awakened."" As they are growing and dividing, they release a toxin called tetanospasmin. The toxin impairs the nerves in the body that control muscles.","The greatest risk factor for tetanus infection is not being vaccinated or not keeping up with the 10-year booster shots.
+Other factors that increase the risk of tetanus infection are:
+Cuts or wounds exposed to soil or manure
+A foreign body in a wound, such as a nail or splinter
+A history of immune-suppressing medical conditions
+Infected skin lesions in people living with diabetes
+An infected umbilical cord when a mother isn't fully vaccinated
+Shared and unsanitary needles for illegal drug use","Complications of tetanus infection may include:
+Breathing problems.Life-threatening breathing problems can occur from tightening of the vocal cords and muscle rigidity in the neck and abdomen, especially during a generalized spasm.
+Blockage of a lung artery (pulmonary embolism).A blood clot that has traveled from elsewhere in your body can block the main artery of the lung or one of its branches.
+Pneumonia.A lung infection caused by accidentally inhaling something into the lungs (aspiration pneumonia) may be a complication of generalized spasms.
+Broken bones.Generalized spasms may cause fractures of the spine or other bones.
+Death.Death from tetanus is often caused by a blocked airway during spasms or damage to the nerves that regulate breathing, heart rate or other organ functions.",You can prevent tetanus by being vaccinated.,"Doctors diagnose tetanus based on a physical exam, medical and vaccination history, and the signs and symptoms of muscle spasms, muscle rigidity and pain. A laboratory test would likely be used only if your doctor suspects another condition causing the signs and symptoms.","A tetanus infection requires emergency and long-term supportive care while the disease runs its course, often in an intensive care unit. Any wounds are cared for and the healthcare team will make sure that the ability to breathe is protected.  Medicines are given that ease symptoms, target the bacteria, target the toxin made by the bacteria and boost immune system response.
+The disease progresses for about two weeks, and recovery can last about a month.",,,"Proper wound care is important for any cut or wound. Seek medical care if you have a puncture wound, a deep cut, an animal bite, a foreign object in your wound, or a wound contaminated with dirt, soil, feces, rust or saliva.
+If you're unsure when you last had a tetanus vaccine, seek medical care. Contaminated or more-serious wounds require a vaccination booster if it's been five or more years since your last tetanus shot.
+If you have a minor wound, these steps will help prevent infections:
+Control bleeding.Apply direct pressure to stop bleeding.
+Clean the wound.After the bleeding stops, rinse the wound with a saline solution, bottled water or clear running water.
+Use antibiotics.Apply a thin layer of an antibiotic cream or ointment to discourage bacterial growth and infection.
+Cover the wound.Bandages can keep the wound clean and keep harmful bacteria out. Keep the wound covered until a scab forms. If you cannot clean the wound thoroughly, do not cover it and instead seek medical care.
+Change the dressing.Rinse the wound, apply antibiotic ointment, and replace the bandage at least once a day or whenever the dressing becomes wet or dirty.
+Manage adverse reactions.If the antibiotic causes a rash, stop using it. If you're allergic to the adhesive used in most bandages, switch to adhesive-free dressings or sterile gauze and paper tape.","low blood pressure, rigidity, seizure-like spasms, breathing difficulties, painful muscle spasms, rapid heart rate, painful spasms, tension, rigid abdominal muscles, muscle rigidity, infection, stiff muscles, spasms, difficulty swallowing, tetanus, extreme sweating, fever, muscle spasms, high blood pressure, painful, seizure-like spasms"
+640,Hypoglycemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373685,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoglycemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373689,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoglycemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20373690,"Hypoglycemia is a condition in which your blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range. Glucose is your body's main energy source.
+Hypoglycemia is often related to diabetes treatment. But other drugs and a variety of conditions — many rare — can cause low blood sugar in people who don't have diabetes.
+Hypoglycemia needs immediate treatment. For many people, a fasting blood sugar of 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 3.9 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), or below should serve as an alert for hypoglycemia. But your numbers might be different. Ask your health care provider.
+Treatment involves quickly getting your blood sugar back to within the standard range either with a high-sugar food or drink or with medication. Long-term treatment requires identifying and treating the cause of hypoglycemia.","If blood sugar levels become too low, hypoglycemia signs and symptoms can include:
+Looking pale
+Shakiness
+Sweating
+Headache
+Hunger or nausea
+An irregular or fast heartbeat
+Fatigue
+Irritability or anxiety
+Difficulty concentrating
+Dizziness or lightheadedness
+Tingling or numbness of the lips, tongue or cheek
+As hypoglycemia worsens, signs and symptoms can include:
+Confusion, unusual behavior or both, such as the inability to complete routine tasks
+Loss of coordination
+Slurred speech
+Blurry vision or tunnel vision
+Nightmares, if asleep
+Severe hypoglycemia may cause:
+Unresponsiveness (loss of consciousness)
+Seizures","Seek medical help immediately if:
+You have what might be hypoglycemia symptoms and you don't have diabetes
+You have diabetes and hypoglycemia isn't responding to treatment, such as drinking juice or regular (not diet) soft drinks, eating candy, or taking glucose tablets
+Seek emergency help for someone with diabetes or a history of hypoglycemia who has symptoms of severe hypoglycemia or loses consciousness.",Hypoglycemia occurs when your blood sugar (glucose) level falls too low for bodily functions to continue. There are several reasons why this can happen. The most common reason for low blood sugar is a side effect of medications used to treat diabetes.,,"Untreated hypoglycemia can lead to:
+Seizure
+Coma
+Death
+Hypoglycemia can also cause:
+Dizziness and weakness
+Falls
+Injuries
+Motor vehicle accidents
+Greater risk of dementia in older adults",,"If you have hypoglycemia symptoms, your health care provider will likely conduct a physical exam and review your medical history.
+If you use insulin or another diabetes medication to lower your blood sugar, and you have signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, test your blood sugar levels with a blood glucose meter. If the result shows low blood sugar (under 70mg/dL), treat according to your diabetes treatment plan.
+Keep a record of your blood sugar testing results and how you treated low blood sugar levels so that your health care provider can review the information to help adjust your diabetes treatment plan.
+If you don't use medications known to cause hypoglycemia, your health care provider will want to know:
+What were your signs and symptoms?If you don't have signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia during your initial visit with your health care provider, he or she might have you fast overnight or longer. This will allow low blood sugar symptoms to occur so that a diagnosis can be made. It's also possible that you'll need do an extended fast — up to 72 hours — in a hospital setting.
+What is your blood sugar level when you're having symptoms?Your health care provider will draw a blood sample to be analyzed in the lab. If your symptoms occur after a meal, the blood sugar tests may be done after you eat.
+Do your symptoms disappear when blood sugar levels increase?",,,"If you have diabetes and you're having repeated episodes of hypoglycemia, or if your blood sugar levels are dropping significantly, talk with your health care provider to find out how you might need to change your diabetes treatment plan.
+If you haven't been diagnosed with diabetes, make an appointment with your primary care provider to determine the cause of your hypoglycemia and appropriate treatment.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. Take a family member or friend along, if possible. Someone who accompanies you can help you remember the information you're given.",,"nausea, loss of consciousness, blurry vision, headache, tunnel vision, dizziness, hypoglycemia, difficulty concentrating, fatigue, anxiety, slurred speech, numbness, sweating, looking pale, lightheadedness, loss of coordination, seizures, irritability, lightheadedness
+, unusual behavior, tunnel vision
+nightmares, fast heartbeat, tingling, hunger, confusion, nightmares, unresponsiveness, shakiness, loss of coordination
+slurred speech
+blurry vision"
+642,Thrombocytopenia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombocytopenia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378293,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombocytopenia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378298,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombocytopenia/doctors-departments/ddc-20378299,"Thrombocytopenia is low blood platelet count. Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are colorless blood cells that help blood clot. Platelets stop bleeding by clumping together and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries.
+Thrombocytopenia (throm-boe-sie-toe-PEE-nee-uh) can happen because of conditions or medicines that affect the circulation, production or destruction of blood platelets. Thrombocytopenia can affect both children and adults.
+Thrombocytopenia can be mild and cause no symptoms. If platelets become too low, there is a risk of serious bleeding after an injury or during surgery. Rarely, dangerous internal bleeding can occur.
+Treatments address the underlying condition causing the low platelet count. In some cases, treatment includes a transfusion of donor platelets.","Symptoms of thrombocytopenia may include:
+Easy or excessive bruising, called purpura, on the skin or inside the mouth.
+Pinpoint-sized dots on the skin, called petechiae, that may be red, purplish or brownish.
+Bleeding from minor cuts that lasts longer than usual.
+Bleeding from the gums or nose.
+Blood in urine or stools.
+Unusually heavy menstrual flows.","Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms of thrombocytopenia.
+Bleeding that won't stop is a medical emergency. Seek immediate help for bleeding that can't be controlled by the usual first-aid techniques, such as applying pressure to the area.","Platelets are produced in bone marrow. Each platelet lives about 7 to 10 days, so bone marrow is always renewing the supply and releasing it into the blood.
+Thrombocytopenia is a platelet count lower than 135,000 platelets per microliter of blood in men and lower than 157,000 platelets per microliter of blood in women. Some clinics or labs may use slightly different numbers.
+A large, rapid drop in platelets may result in a count higher than these targets, but this drop may still indicate a condition affecting platelet levels.
+The causes of a decline in a platelet count fall into three categories:
+Platelets are trapped and not circulating.
+Not enough platelets are made.
+Platelets are being destroyed or used up.",,"Generally, the lower the platelet count, the greater the risk for complications of excessive bleeding or clotting.
+A platelet count is checked before having procedures that involve bleeding, such as surgery. Rarely, internal bleeding can happen without injury when a platelet count is very low.",,"Your healthcare professional will ask you a number of questions about symptoms, health history, medicines and symptoms. The following will likely be used to determine whether you have thrombocytopenia:
+Blood test.A complete blood count determines the number of blood cells, including platelets, in a sample of your blood. Your healthcare professional may compare the results of a recent test with past tests.
+Blood smear.This is a lab test to look at a sample of blood under a microscope to count platelets. A specialist looks for clumping or irregular platelets and looks at other blood cells.
+Physical exam.Your healthcare professional will look for signs of bleeding under your skin, gums or lining of your mouth. Your care professional will examine the size or tenderness of the spleen, liver and lymph nodes.
+Your care professional might suggest other tests and procedures to determine the cause of your condition depending on your signs and symptoms.","People with mild thrombocytopenia might not need treatment. Treatments for more-serious cases depend on the cause and the risk of complications.
+Treating the cause may include:
+Stopping a medicine that likely caused thrombocytopenia.
+Treating an underlying disease, such as an infection or cancer.
+Other treatments might involve:
+Medicines.If thrombocytopenia is related to an immune system disorder, medicines may be used to control immune system activity. The most common medicine is a corticosteroid.
+Platelet transfusions.Platelet transfusions use donor platelets to boost the number of platelets in the bloodstream. They are delivered through a needle into a vein. Platelet transfusions may be used when a platelet count is too low.
+Plasma exchange.In some cases, a severe risk of blood clotting may require a plasma exchange. With this procedure, blood circulates from the person to a machine that removes plasma and replaces it with donor plasma or a plasma substitute. The blood then circulates back to the person.
+Surgery.Surgery to remove the spleen is called a splenectomy. This may be done to remove an enlarged or diseased spleen. Removing the spleen also may be needed when other treatments do not improve a low platelet count.",,"If you have symptoms of thrombocytopenia, start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Also, a low platelet count may be found in a complete blood count test during an annual checkup or with tests for another condition.
+You may be referred to a specialist in blood diseases, called a hematologist, or another specialist depending on the possible cause of a low platelet count.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","If you have thrombocytopenia, try to:
+Avoid activities that could cause injury.If a job carries a risk of injury, use protective gear and follow safety guidelines. Ask your healthcare professional if you should avoid contact sports that increase the risk of injury. Wear a helmet when bicycling, skateboarding or participating in similar activities.
+Avoid alcohol.Alcohol slows the production of platelets in your body. Ask your care professional whether it's OK for you to drink alcohol.
+Use caution with nonprescription medicines.Pain medicines, such as aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), can prevent platelets from working properly. Acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) is a better alternative.","thrombocytopenia, bleeding from the nose, easy bruising, blood in stools, purpura, heavy menstrual flows, petechiae, bleeding from the gums, blood in urine, bleeding from minor cuts, pinpoint-sized dots, bruising"
+643,Male hypogonadism,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-hypogonadism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354881,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-hypogonadism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354886,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-hypogonadism/doctors-departments/ddc-20354888,"Male hypogonadism is a condition in which the body doesn't produce enough of the hormone that plays a key role in masculine growth and development during puberty (testosterone) or enough sperm or both.
+
+You can be born with male hypogonadism, or it can develop later in life, often from injury or infection. The effects — and what you can do about them — depend on the cause and at what point in your life male hypogonadism occurs. Some types of male hypogonadism can be treated with testosterone replacement therapy.","Hypogonadism can begin during fetal development, before puberty or during adulthood. Signs and symptoms depend on when the condition develops.",,Male hypogonadism means the testicles don't produce enough of the male sex hormone testosterone. There are two basic types of hypogonadism:,"Risk factors for hypogonadism include:
+
+Hypogonadism can be inherited. If any of these risk factors are in your family health history, tell your doctor.","The complications of untreated hypogonadism differ depending on when it develops — during fetal development, puberty or adulthood.
+
+Complications might include:",,"Early detection in boys can help prevent problems from delayed puberty. Early diagnosis and treatment in men offer better protection against osteoporosis and other related conditions.
+
+Your health care provider will conduct a physical exam and note whether your sexual development, such as your pubic hair, muscle mass and size of your testes, is consistent with your age.
+
+Your provider will test your blood level of testosterone if you have signs or symptoms of hypogonadism. Because testosterone levels vary and are generally highest in the morning, blood testing is usually done early in the day, before 10 a.m., possibly on more than one day.
+
+If tests confirm that you have low testosterone, further testing can determine if a testicular disorder or a pituitary abnormality is the cause. These studies might include:","Testosterone replacement can raise testosterone levels and help ease the symptoms of male hypogonadism. These include less desire for sex, less energy, less facial and body hair, and loss of muscle mass and bone mass.
+
+For older adults who have low testosterone and symptoms of hypogonadism due to aging, it's less clear how well testosterone replacement works.
+
+Anyone taking testosterone replacement should have a medical checkup and blood tests several times during the first year of treatment and yearly after that. This is to see how well the treatment works and to watch for side effects.","Having male hypogonadism can affect your self-image and, possibly, your relationships. Talk with your health care provider about how you can reduce the anxiety and stress that often accompany these conditions. Many men benefit from psychological or family counseling.
+
+Find out if there are support groups in your area or online. Support groups put you in touch with other people with similar challenges.","Although you're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or other care provider, you might be referred to someone who specializes in the hormone-producing glands (endocrinologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"and I'll be happy to extract the medical symptoms for you., hypogonadism, (no symptoms mentioned in the paragraph)
+
+Please provide a paragraph where a patient describes their health condition"
+648,Swollen lymph nodes,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swollen-lymph-nodes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353902,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swollen-lymph-nodes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353906,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swollen-lymph-nodes/doctors-departments/ddc-20353908,"Swollen lymph nodes most often happen because of infection from bacteria or viruses. Rarely, cancer causes swollen lymph nodes.
+
+The lymph nodes, also called lymph glands, play a vital role in the body being able to fight off infections. They work as filters, trapping viruses, bacteria and other causes of illnesses before they can infect other parts of the body. Common areas for swollen lymph nodes include the neck, under the chin, in the armpits and in the groin.
+
+Sometimes, time and warm compresses may be all that's needed to treat swollen lymph nodes. Sometimes,>If an infection causes swollen lymph nodes, treatment depends on the infection.","The lymph system is a network of organs, vessels and lymph nodes throughout the body. Many lymph nodes are in the head and neck. Lymph nodes there often swell. Swelling can be to the size of a pea or kidney bean or larger.
+
+Swollen lymph nodes are a sign that something is wrong in the body. The nodes might also be tender and painful.
+
+Depending on the cause of the swollen lymph nodes, other symptoms might include:","Some swollen lymph nodes return to their usual size when the condition that's causing them gets better. See your healthcare professional if you're worried or if your swollen lymph nodes:
+
+Seek immediate medical careif you have trouble swallowing or breathing.","Lymph nodes are small, round or bean-shaped bunches of cells. Inside lymph nodes are a mix of types of immune system cells. These cells filter the lymph fluid as it goes through the body and protect the body from invaders.
+
+Lymph nodes are in groups. Each group drains an area of the body. It might be easier to tell if there's swelling in certain areas. These include the lymph nodes in the neck, under the chin, and in the armpits and groin. Where the swollen lymph nodes are might give a clue to the cause of the swelling.
+
+The most common cause of swollen lymph nodes is an infection, usually viral, such as the common cold. Sometimes the cause isn't found.
+
+Other causes of swollen lymph nodes include:",Many conditions increase the risk of swollen lymph nodes. Factors that increase the risk of having these conditions include:,"When an infection that causes swollen lymph nodes isn't treated, a collection of pus may form. These are called abscesses. Pus contains fluid, white blood cells, dead tissue, and bacteria or other invaders. An abscess might need to be drained and treated with an antibiotic.",,Finding the cause of swollen lymph nodes involves the following:,The swelling of lymph nodes caused by a virus usually goes down after the virus goes away. Antibiotics don't help viral infections. Treatment for swollen lymph nodes from other causes depends on the cause.,,You'll likely start by first seeing your family healthcare professional. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.,,"tender, painful, swelling"
+653,Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/waldenstrom-macroglobulinemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20359967,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/waldenstrom-macroglobulinemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20359986,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/waldenstrom-macroglobulinemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20360365,"Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (mak-roe-glob-u-lih-NEE-me-uh) is a type of cancer that begins in the white blood cells. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is considered a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It's sometimes called lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.
+In Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, some white blood cells undergo changes that turn them into cancer cells. The cancer cells can build up in the spongy material inside the bones where blood cells are made. This material is called bone marrow. The cancer cells crowd healthy blood cells out of the bone marrow. Cancer cells also may build up in other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes and the spleen.
+The cancer cells make a protein that can build up in the blood. Too much of the protein can reduce blood flow in the body and cause other problems.","Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia grows slowly. It might not cause symptoms for years.
+When they happen, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia symptoms may include:
+Fatigue.
+Fever.
+Weight loss.
+Night sweats.
+Numbness in the hands or feet.
+Swollen lymph nodes.
+A feeling of pain or fullness under the ribs on your left side, which may be caused by an enlarged spleen.
+Easy bruising.
+Bleeding nose or gums.
+Headache.
+Shortness of breath.
+Changes in vision.
+Confusion.",Make an appointment with your primary care provider if you have ongoing symptoms that worry you.,"Cancer happens when cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural lifecycle.
+In Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, the changes happen in the white blood cells. The changes turn some of the white blood cells into cancer cells. It's not clear what causes the changes.
+The cancer cells can build up in the spongy material inside the bones where blood cells are made. This material is called bone marrow. The cancer cells crowd healthy blood cells out of the bone marrow. The cancer cells also may build up in the lymph nodes and the spleen.
+Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells make a protein that the body can't use. The protein is immunoglobulin M, which is also called IgM.IgMcan build up in the blood. This may reduce blood flow in the body and cause other problems.","Factors that can increase the risk of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia include:
+Being older.Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia can occur at any age, but it's most often found in adults 70 and older.
+Being male.Males are more likely to have Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
+Being white.White people are more likely to develop the disease, compared with people of other races.
+Having a family history of lymphoma.Having a relative who has Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia or another type of B-cell lymphoma might increase your risk.",,,"A physical exam, medical history and the following tests are used to diagnose Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia:
+Blood tests.Blood tests can show if there are too few healthy blood cells. Also, blood tests detect a protein made by the cancer cells. This protein is immunoglobulin M, which is also called IgM.Blood tests also can show how well organs are working. Results can show whether theIgMproteins are harming organs, such as the kidneys and the liver.
+Collecting a sample of bone marrow for testing.During a bone marrow biopsy, a needle is used to take some bone marrow from the hipbone. The sample goes to a lab where it is tested for cancer cells. If there are cancer cells, more tests can give more information about the cells.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests can help show whether cancer has spread to other areas of the body. Imaging tests might includeCTscans or positron emission tomography scans, which are also calledPETscans.","Treatment options for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia may include:
+Watchful waiting.IfIgMproteins are in the blood, but there are no symptoms, treatment might not be needed right away. Instead, you might have blood tests every few months to monitor your condition. Doctors sometimes call this watchful waiting. There might be no need for treatment for years.
+Plasma exchange.Plasma exchange, also known as plasmapheresis, removesIgMproteins from the blood. It replaces them with healthy blood plasma. Plasma exchange can relieve symptoms caused by having too manyIgMproteins in the blood.
+Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells throughout the body. Chemotherapy used alone or with other medicines might be the first treatment for people who have symptoms of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Also, high-dose chemotherapy can stop bone marrow from making cells and may be used to prepare for a bone marrow transplant.
+Targeted therapy.Targeted therapy uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Targeted therapy medicines might be used with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or immunotherapy.
+Immunotherapy.Immunotherapy is a treatment with medicine that helps your body's immune system to kill cancer cells. Your immune system fights off diseases by attacking germs and other cells that shouldn't be in your body. Cancer cells survive by hiding from the immune system. Immunotherapy helps the immune system cells find and kill the cancer cells.
+Bone marrow transplant.In select instances, a bone marrow transplant, also known as a stem cell transplant, may be a treatment for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. During this procedure, high doses of chemotherapy wipe out the bone marrow. Healthy blood stem cells go into the body to rebuild healthy bone marrow.
+Supportive care.Supportive care, which is also called palliative care, focuses on relieving pain and other symptoms of serious illness. This extra layer of care can support you as you undergo other treatments, such as chemotherapy.",,"If you have symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with your primary care provider.
+If your primary care provider thinks you have Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, you might be referred to a specialist in treating blood and bone marrow conditions, also known as a hematologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, waldenstrom macroglobulinemia symptoms, headache, night sweats, fullness, fatigue, fever, easy bruising, macroglobulinemia, bleeding, numbness, changes in vision, confusion, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, bruising"
+657,Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20389554,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20389565,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20389599,"Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is a rare type of cancer that begins mostly in the soft tissues of the body. Soft tissues connect, support and surround other body structures.
+UPSusually occurs in the arms or legs. Less often it can happen in the area behind the abdominal organs (retroperitoneum).
+The name undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma comes from the way the cancer cells appear under the microscope. Undifferentiated means the cells don't look like the body tissues in which they develop. The cancer is called pleomorphic (plee-o-MOR-fik) because the cells grow in multiple shapes and sizes.
+Treatment forUPSdepends on the location of the cancer, but often involves surgery, radiation and drug treatments.
+UPSused to be called malignant fibrous histiocytoma.","Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma symptoms depend on where the cancer occurs. It most often happens in the arms and legs, but it can happen anywhere in the body.
+Signs and symptoms may include:
+Growing lump or area of swelling.
+If it grows very large, there may be pain, tingling and numbness.
+If it occurs in an arm or leg, there may be swelling in the hand or foot of an affected limb.
+If it occurs in the abdomen, there may be pain, loss of appetite and constipation.
+Fever.
+Weight loss.",Make an appointment with a doctor if you develop any persistent signs or symptoms that worry you.,"It's not clear what causes undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.
+Doctors know this cancer begins when a cell develops changes in its DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to multiply rapidly, creating a mass of abnormal cells (tumor). The cells can invade and destroy nearby healthy tissue. In time, the cancer cells can break away and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the lungs and bones.","Factors that may increase the risk of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma include:
+Older age.This cancer tends to occur in adults older than 50, though it can occur at any age.
+Previous radiation therapy.Rarely, this cancer can develop in an area of the body that was previously treated with radiation therapy.
+Most people who develop undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma have no known risk factors, and many people who have risk factors never develop the cancer.",,,"Diagnosis for undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma usually starts with a review of your symptoms and a physical examination. This cancer is often diagnosed after other types of cancer have been ruled out.
+Tests and procedures may include:
+Physical exam.Your doctor will ask you questions about when your symptoms began and if they've changed over time. He or she will examine the area to better understand the size and depth of the growth, whether it's connected to nearby tissues, and whether there are any signs of swelling or nerve damage.
+Imaging tests.Your doctor may recommend imaging tests to create pictures of the affected area and understand more about your condition. Imaging tests may include X-rays,CT,MRIand positron emission tomography (PET) scans.
+Removing a sample of tissue for testing (biopsy).To make a definitive diagnosis, your doctor collects a sample of the tumor tissue and sends it to a lab for testing. Depending on your particular situation, the tissue sample may be collected with a needle inserted through your skin or during an operation.In the lab, doctors trained in analyzing body tissues (pathologists) examine the sample to determine the types of cells involved and whether the cells are likely to be aggressive. This information helps rule out other types of cancer and guides your treatment.
+Determining the type of biopsy needed and the specifics of how it should be performed requires careful planning by the medical team. Doctors need to perform the biopsy in a way that won't interfere with future surgery to remove the cancer. For this reason, ask your doctor for a referral to a team of experts with extensive experience in treating soft tissue sarcomas before the biopsy.","Treatment for undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma usually involves surgery to remove the cancer cells. Other options include radiation therapy and drug treatments (systemic therapies), such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Which treatments are best for you will depend on the size and location of your cancer.","A diagnosis of cancer such as undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma can be overwhelming. With time you'll find ways to cope with the distress and uncertainty of cancer. Until then, you may find it helps to:
+Learn enough about sarcoma to make decisions about your care.Ask your doctor about your sarcoma, including your treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
+Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with your diagnosis and care implications. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your home if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
+Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The concern and understanding of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also may be helpful.Ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Or check your phone book, library or a cancer organization, such as the National Cancer Institute or the American Cancer Society.","If your family doctor suspects you have undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, you'll likely be referred to a cancer doctor (oncologist) who specializes in sarcomas. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma is rare and often requires complex care. It's best treated by someone who has significant experience with it, which often means an academic or multispecialized cancer center.
+Because appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to arrive well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"pain, constipation, cancer, swelling, fever, appetite and constipation, tingling, numbness, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma symptoms, loss of appetite, weight loss, growing lump"
+659,Hammertoe and mallet toe,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hammertoe-and-mallet-toe/symptoms-causes/syc-20350839,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hammertoe-and-mallet-toe/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350845,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hammertoe-and-mallet-toe/doctors-departments/ddc-20350847,"Hammertoe and mallet toe are foot conditions that cause a bend that is not usual in a toe or toes. Wearing shoes that don't fit well can cause hammertoe and mallet toe. Other causes are foot injury and certain illnesses, such as diabetes. Often the cause isn't known.
+A hammertoe has a bend in the middle joint of the toe. A mallet toe has a bend in the joint nearest the toenail. Hammertoe and mallet toe usually occur in the second, third or fourth toes.
+Changing footwear, wearing shoe inserts and using other devices might relieve the pain and pressure of hammertoe and mallet toe. If these treatments don't work, surgery can correct the condition and relieve the pressure.","Hammertoe and mallet toe have a bend that is not usual in the joints of one or more of the toes. Other symptoms include:
+Pain from wearing shoes.
+Trouble moving the affected toe.
+Toe stiffness.
+A change in skin color and swelling.
+Growth of corns and calluses from the affected toe rubbing against shoes or against the ground.",See a healthcare professional if you have lasting foot pain that affects your ability to walk.,"Hammertoe and mallet toe have been linked to:
+Certain shoes.High-heeled shoes or footwear that's too tight in the toe can crowd toes so they can't lie flat. In time, the toe might remain curled even when not in shoes.
+Injury.A toe that has been stubbed, jammed or broken might be more likely to develop hammertoe or mallet toe.
+Toe muscles that are out of balance.If the muscles aren't balanced, they can put pressure on the tendons and joints. This change in balance can lead to hammertoe and mallet toe over time.","Factors that can increase the risk of hammertoe and mallet toe include:
+Sex assigned a birth.Women are more likely to develop hammertoe or mallet toe than are men.
+Certain diseases.Arthritis and diabetes can increase the risk of having foot problems. Genes also might play a role.","For a while, you still might be able to straighten the toe. But over time, the tendons and joints of a hammertoe or mallet toe might tighten. This can cause the toe to stay bent.
+Shoes can rub against the higher part of the bent toe. The bent position also may lead to excess pressure on the toe bones. This can cause painful corns or calluses.","Shoes that fit well can prevent many foot, heel and ankle problems. Here's what to look for when buying shoes:
+Enough toe room.Avoid shoes with pointed toes.
+Low heels.Not wearing high heels can help prevent toe and back problems.
+Shoes that adjust.Shoes with laces or straps are roomier and easier to make comfortable feeling.
+These added tips can help you buy the right shoes:
+Shop at the end of the day.Feet swell as the day goes on.
+Check size.Shoe size — especially the width — can change with age. Measure both feet and buy for the larger foot.
+Buy shoes that fit right away.Be sure shoes are comfortable before you buy them. A shoe repair store might be able to stretch shoes in tight spots, but it's better to buy them to fit.","To diagnose hammertoe or mallet toe, a healthcare professional inspects the foot. X-rays can help show the bones and joints of the feet and toes. But they're not always needed.","For toes that can still be straightened, roomier footwear and shoe inserts, called orthotics, or shoe pads might give relief. Inserts, pads or taping can move the toe and ease pressure and pain.
+Also, your healthcare professional might suggest exercises to stretch and strengthen toe muscles. These might include using toes to pick up marbles or scrunch a towel.
+If these treatments don't help, your healthcare professional might suggest surgery. The surgery can release the tendon that's keeping the toe curled up. Sometimes, the surgeon also removes a piece of bone to straighten the toe.",,"If you're having a problem with your feet, you'll likely start by seeing your primary health professional. Or you may be referred to a foot specialist, either a podiatrist or an orthopedist.",Good footwear can ease foot pain. Wear low-heeled shoes with a big toe box made of material that has some give to it. Make sure there's a half-inch (1.27 centimeters) of space between your longest toe and the inside tip of the shoe. Having enough space for your toes can help relieve pressure and pain.,"pain, swelling, growth of corns and calluses, stiffness, change in skin color, trouble moving"
+661,Bipolar disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355955,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355961,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20355965,"Bipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings. These include emotional highs, also known as mania or hypomania, and lows, also known as depression. Hypomania is less extreme than mania.
+When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania, you may feel very excited and happy (euphoric), full of energy or unusually irritable. These mood swings can affect sleep, energy, activity, judgment, behavior and the ability to think clearly.
+Episodes of mood swings from depression to mania may occur rarely or multiple times a year. Each bout usually lasts several days. Between episodes, some people have long periods of emotional stability. Others may frequently have mood swings from depression to mania or both depression and mania at the same time.
+Although bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, you can manage your mood swings and other symptoms by following a treatment plan. In most cases, healthcare professionals use medicines and talk therapy, also known as psychotherapy, to treat bipolar disorder.","There are several types of bipolar and related disorders:
+Bipolar I disorder.You've had at least one manic episode that may come before or after hypomanic or major depressive episodes. In some cases, mania may cause a break from reality. This is called psychosis.
+Bipolar II disorder.You've had at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode. But you've never had a manic episode.
+Cyclothymia.You've had at least two years — or one year in children and teenagers — of many periods of hypomania symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms. These symptoms are less severe than major depression.
+Other types.These types include bipolar and related disorders caused by certain drugs or alcohol, or due to a medical condition, such as Cushing's disease, multiple sclerosis or stroke.
+These types may include mania, or hypomania, which is less extreme than mania, and depression. Symptoms can cause changes in mood and behavior that can't be predicted. This can lead to a lot of distress and cause you to have a hard time in life.
+Bipolar II disorder is not a milder form of bipolar I disorder. It's a separate diagnosis. While the manic episodes of bipolar I disorder can be severe and dangerous, people with bipolar II disorder can be depressed for longer periods of time.
+Bipolar disorder can start at any age, but usually it's diagnosed in the teenage years or early 20s. Symptoms can differ from person to person, and symptoms may vary over time.","Despite their mood extremes, people with bipolar disorder often don't know how much being emotionally unstable disrupts their lives and the lives of their loved ones. As a result, they don't get the treatment they need.
+If you're like some people with bipolar disorder, you may enjoy the feelings of euphoria and cycles of being more productive. But an emotional crash always follows this euphoria. This crash can leave you depressed and worn out. It could cause you to have problems getting along with others. It also could leave you in financial or legal trouble.
+If you have any symptoms of depression or mania, see your healthcare or mental health professional. Bipolar disorder doesn't get better on its own. A mental health professional with experience in bipolar disorder can help you get your symptoms under control.","While it's not known what causes bipolar disorder, these factors may be involved:
+Biological differences.People with bipolar disorder appear to have physical changes in their brains. The importance of these changes is still uncertain, but more research may help identify why these changes happen.
+Genetics.Bipolar disorder is more common in people who have a first-degree relative, such as a sibling or parent, with the condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may cause bipolar disorder.","Factors that may raise the risk of getting bipolar disorder or cause the first episode include:
+Having a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, with bipolar disorder.
+Periods of high stress, such as the death of a loved one or another traumatic event.
+Drug or alcohol misuse.","Left untreated, bipolar disorder can lead to serious problems that affect every area of your life, including:
+Problems related to drug and alcohol misuse.
+Suicide or suicide attempts.
+Legal or financial problems.
+Trouble getting along with others.
+Poor work or school performance.","There's no sure way to prevent bipolar disorder. But getting treated as soon as you notice a mental health disorder can help stop bipolar disorder or other mental health conditions from getting worse.
+If you've been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, here are some ways you can stop minor symptoms from becoming full-blown episodes of mania or depression:
+Pay attention to warning signs.Talking with your care team about symptoms early on can stop episodes from getting worse. You may have found a pattern to your bipolar episodes and what causes them. Call your healthcare professional or mental health professional if you feel you're starting to have an episode of depression or mania. Ask your family members or friends to watch for warning signs.
+Get enough sleep.Sleep disruptions often cause bipolar instability.
+Stay away from drugs and alcohol.Drinking alcohol or taking street drugs can make your symptoms worse and make them more likely to come back.
+Take your medicines as directed.You may be tempted to stop treatment, but don't. Stopping your medicine or lowering your dose on your own may cause withdrawal effects. Also, your symptoms may get worse or return.","To find out if you have bipolar disorder, your evaluation may include:
+Physical exam.Your healthcare professional may do a physical exam and lab tests to find any medical problems that could be causing your symptoms.
+Mental health assessment.Your healthcare professional may refer you to a psychiatrist, who will talk to you about your thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. You also may answer a series of questions. With your permission, family members or close friends may be asked to provide information about your symptoms.
+Mood charting.You may be asked to keep a daily record of your moods, sleep patterns or other factors that could help make the right diagnosis and get you the right treatment.","Treatment is best guided by a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats mental health conditions (psychiatrist) who is skilled in treating bipolar and related disorders. Your care team also may include a psychologist, social worker or psychiatric nurse.
+Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, with treatment directed to manage symptoms.
+Depending on your needs, treatment may include:
+Medicines.Often, you'll need to start taking medicines right away to balance your moods.
+Ongoing treatment.You need to take your medicine for the rest of your life — even when you feel better. If you don't keep taking your medicine, your symptoms could come back, or minor mood changes could turn into full-blown mania or depression.
+Intensive outpatient programs or a program involving a partial stay in a hospital.These programs provide intensive support and counseling that lasts a few hours per day for several weeks to help you get symptoms under control.
+Treatment for alcohol or drug misuse.If you have problems with alcohol or drugs, you'll also need treatment for this misuse. Without this treatment, it can be very hard to manage bipolar disorder.
+A hospital stay.Your healthcare professional may recommend that you stay in a hospital if you're behaving dangerously or thinking about suicide, or you've become detached from reality. Getting mental health treatment at a hospital can keep you calm and safe and stabilize your mood. This is true whether you're having a manic or major depressive episode.
+The main treatments for bipolar disorder include medicines and talk therapy, also known as psychotherapy, to control symptoms. Treatment also may include education and support groups.","Coping with bipolar disorder can be hard. Here are some ways to help:
+Learn about bipolar disorder.Learning about your condition can motivate you to stick to your treatment plan and know when your mood changes. Help your family and friends learn about what you're going through.
+Focus on your goals.Learning to manage bipolar disorder can take time. Stay motivated by keeping your goals in mind and reminding yourself that you can work to fix damaged relationships and other problems your mood swings cause.
+Join a support group.Support groups for people with bipolar disorder can help you connect to others facing similar challenges and share what's going on with you.
+Find healthy outlets.Explore healthy ways to focus your energy, such as hobbies, exercise and recreational activities.
+Learn ways to relax and manage stress.Yoga, massage, deep breathing, meditation or other relaxation techniques can help.","You may start by seeing your primary care professional or a psychiatrist. You may want to take a family member or friend along to your appointment, if possible, for support and to help remember information.","You'll probably need to make lifestyle changes to stop cycles of behavior that make your bipolar disorder worse. Here are some steps to take:
+Quit drinking or using street drugs.One of the biggest concerns with bipolar disorder is the negative results of risk-taking behavior and drug or alcohol misuse. Get help if you have trouble quitting on your own.
+Form healthy relationships.Surround yourself with people who are a positive influence. Friends and family members can provide support and help you watch for warning signs of mood shifts.
+Create a healthy routine.Having a regular routine for sleeping, eating and physical activity can help balance your moods. Eat a healthy diet. If you take lithium, talk with your healthcare professional about how much fluid and salt you should take in. If you have trouble sleeping, talk to your healthcare professional or mental health professional about what you can do.
+Check first before taking other medicines.Call your healthcare professional or mental health professional before you take medicines that another health professional prescribes or any supplements or medicines available without a prescription. For example, when taking lithium (Lithobid), you should avoid regularly using ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). Sometimes other medicines cause depression or mania. Or these medicines may not work well with the medicines you take for bipolar disorder.
+Think about keeping a mood chart.Keeping a record of your daily moods, treatments, sleep, activities and feelings may help identify triggers, effective treatment options and when treatment needs to be changed.","depressed, changes in mood, depressive episodes, multiple sclerosis, major depression, psychosis, bipolar ii disorder, hypomanic, hard time, manic, alcohol, depressive, mania, bipolar, cushing's disease, depression, cyclothymia, distress, bipolar disorder, bipolar i disorder, break from reality, hypomania, stroke"
+662,Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354567,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354573,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20354576,"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, often called NAFLD, is a liver problem that affects people who drink little to no alcohol. In NAFLD, too much fat builds up in the liver. It is seen most often in people who are overweight or obese.
+NAFLD is becoming more common, especially in Middle Eastern and Western nations as the number of people with obesity rises. It is the most common form of liver disease in the world. NAFLD ranges in severity from hepatic steatosis, called fatty liver, to a more severe form of disease called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
+NASH causes the liver to swell and become damaged due to the fat deposits in the liver. NASH may get worse and may lead to serious liver scarring, called cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. This damage is like the damage caused by heavy alcohol use.
+A move is currently underway to change the name nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Experts also have recommended changing the name nonalcoholic steatohepatitis to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH).","NAFLDoften has no symptoms. When it does, they may include:
+Fatigue.
+Not feeling well, or malaise.
+Pain or discomfort in the upper right belly area.
+Possible symptoms ofNASHand cirrhosis, or severe scarring, include:
+Itchy skin.
+Abdominal swelling, also called ascites (uh-SY-teez).
+Shortness of breath.
+Swelling of the legs.
+Spider-like blood vessels just beneath the skin's surface.
+Enlarged spleen.
+Red palms.
+Yellowing of the skin and eyes, or jaundice.",Make an appointment with a member of your health care team if you have lasting symptoms that worry you.,"Experts don't know exactly why fat builds up in some livers and not others. They also don't fully understand why some fatty livers turn intoNASH.
+NAFLDandNASHare both linked to the following:
+Genetics.
+Overweight or obesity.
+Insulin resistance, which happens when your cells don't take up sugar in response to the hormone insulin.
+Type 2 diabetes, sometimes called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia.
+High levels of fats, especially triglycerides, in the blood.
+These combined health problems may contribute to a fatty liver. However, some people getNAFLDeven if they do not have any risk factors.","Many diseases and health problems can increase your risk ofNAFLD, including:
+Family history of fatty liver disease or obesity.
+Growth hormone deficiency, which means the body doesn't make enough hormones to grow.
+High cholesterol.
+High levels of triglycerides in the blood.
+Insulin resistance.
+Metabolic syndrome.
+Obesity, especially when fat is centered in the waist.
+Polycystic ovary syndrome.
+Obstructive sleep apnea.
+Type 2 diabetes.
+Underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism.
+Underactive pituitary gland, or hypopituitarism.
+NASHis more likely in these groups:
+People older than 50.
+People with certain genetic risk factors.
+People with obesity.
+People with diabetes or high blood sugar.
+People with symptoms of metabolic syndrome, such as high blood pressure, high triglycerides and a large waist size.
+It is hard to tell apartNAFLDfromNASHwithout a clinical evaluation and testing.","Severe liver scarring, or cirrhosis, is the main complication ofNAFLDandNASH. Cirrhosis happens because of liver injury, such as the damage caused by inflammation inNASH. As the liver tries to stop inflammation, it creates areas of scarring, also called fibrosis. With ongoing inflammation, fibrosis spreads and takes up more liver tissue.
+If nothing is done to stop the scarring, cirrhosis can lead to:
+Fluid buildup in the stomach area, called ascites.
+Swollen veins in your esophagus, or esophageal varices, which can rupture and bleed.
+Confusion, sleepiness and slurred speech, also called hepatic encephalopathy.
+Overactive spleen, or hypersplenism, which can cause too few blood platelets.
+Liver cancer.
+End-stage liver failure, which means the liver has stopped working.
+Experts guess that about 24% of adults in the U.S. haveNAFLD, and about 1.5% to 6.5% haveNASH.","To reduce your risk ofNAFLD:
+Eat a healthy diet.Eat a healthy diet that's rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and healthy fats.
+Limit alcohol, simple sugars and portion sizes.Avoid sugary drinks like soda, sports drinks, juices and sweet tea. Drinking alcohol can damage your liver and should be avoided or minimized.
+Keep a healthy weight.If you are overweight or obese, work with your health care team to gradually lose weight. If you are a healthy weight, work to keep it by eating a healthy diet and exercising.
+Exercise.Be active most days of the week. Get an OK from your health care team first if you haven't been exercising regularly.","BecauseNAFLDtypically causes no symptoms, it is often found when tests done for other reasons point to a liver problem. For example, a blood test done during a yearly exam may show high levels of liver enzymes, which can lead to more testing and aNAFLDdiagnosis.
+Tests done to diagnosisNAFLD, rule out other diseases and see how bad liver damage is include:","Treatment for NAFLD usually starts with weight loss. This can be done by eating a healthy diet, limiting portion sizes and exercise. Losing weight may improve other health problems that lead to NAFLD. Typically, losing 10% of your body weight or more is recommended. But losing even 3% to 5% of your starting weight can have benefits. Weight-loss surgery or medicines also may be helpful for certain people.
+A new medicine is available to treat people who have NASH with moderate to severe liver scarring. Resmetirom (Rezdiffra) can help reduce the amount of fat that collects in the liver. This medicine is not recommended for people with cirrhosis. For those who have cirrhosis due to NASH, a liver transplant may be needed.",,"See your family doctor or primary doctor first if you have symptoms that worry you. If your doctor suspects a liver problem, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the liver, called a hepatologist.
+Because appointments can be short, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here are a few tips to help you get ready, and what to expect from your doctor.","With help from your health care team, you can take steps to manage nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. You can:
+Lose weight.If you're overweight or obese, reduce the number of calories you eat each day and increase your physical activity to lose weight slowly. Eating fewer calories is key to losing weight and managing this disease. If you tried to lose weight in the past and couldn't, ask your health care team for help.
+Choose a healthy diet.Eat a healthy diet that's rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Your health care team may suggest avoiding or limiting certain foods and drinks, such as white bread, red and processed meats, juices, and sweetened drinks. Keep track of all calories you take in.
+Exercise and be more active.Aim for at least 150 minutes of exercise a week. If you're trying to lose weight, you might find that more exercise is helpful. But if you don't already exercise regularly, get your health care team's OK first and start slowly.
+Manage your diabetes.Follow your health care team's advice to manage your diabetes. Take your medicines as told by your care team and watch your blood sugar closely.
+Lower your cholesterol and blood pressure.Improve your cholesterol levels and blood pressure if they are high. A healthy diet, exercise and medicines can help keep your cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure at healthy levels.
+Protect your liver.Avoid things that could harm your liver health. For example, don't drink alcohol. Follow the instructions on all medicines and nonprescription drugs. Check with your health care team before using any herbal supplements, as some can harm the liver.","pain, swelling of the legs, itchy skin, abdominal swelling, fatigue, yellowing of the skin and eyes, swelling, red palms, cirrhosis, jaundice, enlarged spleen, discomfort, spider-like blood vessels, ascites, not feeling well, shortness of breath"
+664,Breast pain,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20350423,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-pain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350426,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-pain/doctors-departments/ddc-20350429,"Breast pain (mastalgia) can be described as tenderness, throbbing, sharp, stabbing, burning pain or tightness in the breast tissue. The pain may be constant or it may occur only occasionally, and it can occur in men, women and transgender people.
+Breast pain can range from mild to severe. It may occur:
+Just a few days a month, in the two to three days leading up to a menstrual period. This normal, mild-to-moderate pain affects both breasts.
+A week or longer each month, starting before a period and sometimes continuing through the menstrual cycle. The pain may be moderate or severe, and affects both breasts.
+Throughout the month, not related to a menstrual cycle.
+In men, breast pain is most commonly caused by a condition called ""gynecomastia"" (guy-nuh-koh-MAS-tee-uh). This refers to an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue that's caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly.
+In transgender women, hormone therapy may cause breast pain. In transgender men, breast pain may be caused by the minimal amount of breast tissue that may remain after a mastectomy.
+Most times, breast pain signals a noncancerous (benign) breast condition and rarely indicates breast cancer. Unexplained breast pain that doesn't go away after one or two menstrual cycles, or that persists after menopause, or breast pain that doesn't seem to be related to hormone changes needs to be evaluated.","Breast pain can be cyclic or noncyclic. Cyclic means that the pain occurs on a regular pattern. Noncyclic means that the pain is constant, or that there's not a regular pattern. Each type of breast pain has distinct characteristics.","Make an appointment with your doctor if breast pain:
+Continues daily for more than a couple of weeks
+Occurs in one specific area of your breast
+Seems to be getting worse over time
+Interferes with daily activities
+Awakens you from sleep
+Breast cancer risk is very low in people whose main symptom is breast pain, but if your doctor recommends an evaluation, it's important to follow through.","Changing hormone levels can cause changes in the milk ducts or milk glands. These changes in the ducts and glands can cause breast cysts, which can be painful and are a common cause of cyclic breast pain. Noncyclic breast pain may be caused by trauma, prior breast surgery or other factors.
+Sometimes, it's not possible to identify the exact cause of breast pain, but some factors may increase the risk.","Breast pain is more common among people who haven't completed menopause, although it may occur after menopause. Breast pain can also occur in men who have gynecomastia, and in transgender people who are undergoing gender reassignment.
+Other factors that may increase the risk of breast pain include:
+Breast size.People who have large breasts may experience noncyclic breast pain related to the size of their breasts. Neck, shoulder and back pain may accompany breast pain that's caused by large breasts.
+Breast surgery.Breast pain associated with breast surgery and scar formation can sometimes linger after incisions have healed.
+Fatty acid imbalance.An imbalance of fatty acids within the cells may affect the sensitivity of breast tissue to circulating hormones.
+Medication use.Certain hormonal medications, including some infertility treatments and oral birth control pills, may be associated with breast pain. Breast tenderness is a possible side effect of estrogen and progesterone hormone therapies that are used after menopause. Breast pain may be associated with certain antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants. Other medicines that can cause breast pain include those used to treat high blood pressure and some antibiotics.
+Excessive caffeine use.Although more research is needed, some people notice an improvement in breast pain when they reduce or eliminate caffeine.",,"The following steps may help prevent the causes of breast pain, although more research is needed to determine their effectiveness.
+Avoid hormone therapyif possible.
+Avoid medicationsthat are known to cause breast pain or make it worse.
+Wear a properly fitted bra,and wear a sports bra during exercise.
+Try relaxation therapy,which can help control the high levels of anxiety associated with severe breast pain.
+Limit or eliminate caffeine,a dietary change some people find helpful, although studies of caffeine's effect on breast pain and other premenstrual symptoms have been inconclusive.
+Avoid excessive or prolonged lifting activities.
+Follow a low-fat dietand eat more complex carbohydrates.
+Consider using an over-the-counter pain reliever,such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) — but ask your doctor how much to take, as long-term use may increase your risk of liver problems and other side effects.","Tests to evaluate your condition may include:
+Clinical breast exam.Your doctor checks for changes in your breasts, examining your breasts and the lymph nodes in your lower neck and underarm. Your doctor will likely listen to your heart and lungs and check your chest and abdomen to determine whether the pain could be related to another condition. If your medical history and the breast and physical exam reveal nothing unusual, you may not need additional tests.
+Mammogram.If your doctor feels a breast lump or unusual thickening, or detects a focused area of pain in your breast tissue, you'll need an X-ray exam of your breast that evaluates the area of concern found during the breast exam (diagnostic mammogram).
+Ultrasound.An ultrasound exam uses sound waves to produce images of your breasts, and it's often done along with a mammogram. You might need an ultrasound to evaluate a focused area of pain even if the mammogram appears normal.
+Breast biopsy.Suspicious breast lumps, areas of thickening or unusual areas seen during imaging exams may require a biopsy before your doctor can make a diagnosis. During a biopsy, your doctor obtains a small sample of breast tissue from the area in question and sends it for lab analysis.","For many people, breast pain resolves on its own over time. You may not need any treatment.
+If you do need help managing your pain or if you need treatment, your doctor might recommend that you:
+Eliminate an underlying cause or aggravating factor.This may involve a simple adjustment, such as wearing a bra with extra support.
+Use a topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medication.You may need to useNSAIDswhen your pain is intense. Your doctor may recommend that you apply anNSAIDcream directly to the area where you feel pain.
+Adjust birth control pills.If you take birth control pills, skipping the pill-free week or switching birth control methods may help breast pain symptoms. But don't try this without your doctor's advice.
+Reduce the dose of menopausal hormone therapy.You might consider lowering the dose of menopausal hormone therapy or stopping it entirely.
+Take a prescription medication.Danazol is the only prescription medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating fibrocystic breasts. However, danazol carries the risk of potentially severe side effects, such as heart and liver problems, as well as weight gain and voice changes. Tamoxifen, a prescription medication for breast cancer treatment and prevention, may help, but this drug also carries the potential for side effects that may be more bothersome than the breast pain itself.",,"If you have breast pain that is new, that persistently affects just a particular part of your breast or that affects your quality of life, see your doctor for an evaluation. In some cases, when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to a breast health specialist.",,"pain, breast pain"
+665,Muscular dystrophy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscular-dystrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20375388,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscular-dystrophy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375394,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscular-dystrophy/doctors-departments/ddc-20375395,"Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that causes muscles to become weaker and lose mass over time. The condition is caused by changes in the genes that make proteins needed to form healthy muscles.
+
+There are many types of muscular dystrophy. Symptoms of the most common type start in childhood, mostly in boys. Other types sometimes don't start until adulthood.
+
+Medicines and other treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow the course of muscular dystrophy.","The main symptom of muscular dystrophy is muscle weakness that becomes worse over time. This makes everyday tasks harder to do. The type of muscular dystrophy that a person has determines the:
+
+There are over 30 types of muscular dystrophy. Here are some of the main types along with key symptoms.","Get medical advice if you notice symptoms of muscle weakness in yourself or your child. Symptoms could include delays in development, more clumsiness than usual and falling.","Certain genes are involved in making proteins that protect muscle fibers. Most muscular dystrophy happens when one of these genes goes through an irregular change. You might hear this called a gene mutation.
+
+Each type of muscular dystrophy is caused by a gene change that is particular to that type of the disease. Most of these gene changes are passed from parent to child, also called inherited.","Muscular dystrophy occurs in people of all ages and ethnic groups. But the most common type, Duchenne, usually affects young boys. People with a family history of muscular dystrophy have a higher risk of getting the disease or passing it on to their children.","Muscular dystrophy can lead to serious health issues, such as the following:",,"Your healthcare team asks about your or your child's medical history, including general health and past illnesses. A physical exam is done.
+
+After that, the healthcare team might recommend tests. These tests are based on the type of muscular dystrophy suspected. They may include the following:","No cure exists for any type of muscular dystrophy. But treatment for some types of the disease can help people:
+
+Treatments for some types of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in particular, are quickly expanding based on research.
+
+People with muscular dystrophy often need to be monitored throughout life by a team of healthcare professionals. A primary care doctor often helps oversee your overall medical care. Most often, the care team includes:
+
+Many people with muscular dystrophy also might need other doctors, including a:
+
+Many people with muscular dystrophy also might need to see other specialists, such as a:
+
+Muscular dystrophy treatment includes medicines, physical and occupational therapy, equipment, surgery, and other procedures. Ongoing tests of walking, swallowing, breathing and hand function help the treatment team change treatments as needed over time.","Learning that you or a loved one has muscular dystrophy can be very challenging. To help cope, find someone to talk with. You might feel comfortable sharing your feelings with a friend or family member. Or you might prefer meeting with a formal support group.
+
+If your child has muscular dystrophy, ask your healthcare professional about ways to explain the condition to your child.",You might be referred to a doctor who's received extra training to find and treat muscular dystrophy.,,"muscular dystrophy, muscle weakness"
+666,Myelodysplastic syndromes,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myelodysplastic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20366977,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myelodysplastic-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366980,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myelodysplastic-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20367025,"Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders caused by blood cells that are poorly formed or don't work properly. Myelodysplastic syndromes result from something amiss in the spongy material inside your bones where blood cells are made (bone marrow).
+Management of myelodysplastic syndromes is most often intended to slow the disease, ease symptoms and prevent complications. Common measures include blood transfusions and medications to boost blood cell production. In certain situations, a bone marrow transplant, also known as a stem cell transplant, may be recommended to replace your bone marrow with healthy bone marrow from a donor.","People with myelodysplastic syndromes might not experience signs and symptoms at first.
+In time, myelodysplastic syndromes might cause:
+Fatigue
+Shortness of breath
+Unusual paleness (pallor), which occurs due to a low red blood cell count (anemia)
+Easy or unusual bruising or bleeding, which occurs due to a low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
+Pinpoint-sized red spots just beneath the skin that are caused by bleeding (petechiae)
+Frequent infections, which occur due to a low white blood cell count (leukopenia)",Make an appointment with your doctor if you have signs or symptoms that worry you.,"In a healthy person, bone marrow makes new, immature blood cells that mature over time. Myelodysplastic syndromes occur when something disrupts this process so that the blood cells don't mature.
+Instead of developing normally, the blood cells die in the bone marrow or just after entering the bloodstream. Over time, there are more immature, defective cells than healthy ones, leading to problems such as fatigue caused by too few healthy red blood cells (anemia), infections caused by too few healthy white blood cells (leukopenia) and bleeding caused by too few blood-clotting platelets (thrombocytopenia).
+Most myelodysplastic syndromes have no known cause. Others are caused by exposure to cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation, or to toxic chemicals, such as benzene.","Factors that can increase your risk of myelodysplastic syndromes include:
+Older age.Most people with myelodysplastic syndromes are older than 60.
+Previous treatment with chemotherapy or radiation.Chemotherapy or radiation therapy, both of which are commonly used to treat cancer, can increase your risk of myelodysplastic syndromes.
+Exposure to certain chemicals.Chemicals, including benzene, have been linked to myelodysplastic syndromes.","Complications of myelodysplastic syndromes include:
+Anemia.Reduced numbers of red blood cells can cause anemia, which can make you feel tired.
+Recurrent infections.Having too few white blood cells increases your risk of serious infections.
+Bleeding that won't stop.Lacking platelets in your blood to stop bleeding can lead to excessive bleeding.
+Increased risk of cancer.Some people with myelodysplastic syndromes might eventually develop a cancer of the bone marrow and blood cells (leukemia).",,"A physical exam, medical history and tests might be used if your doctor suspects that you have a myelodysplastic syndrome.
+Tests might include:
+Blood tests.Your doctor might order blood tests to determine the number of red cells, white cells and platelets and look for unusual changes in the size, shape and appearance of various blood cells.
+Removing bone marrow for testing.During a bone marrow biopsy and aspiration, a thin needle is used to withdraw (aspirate) a small amount of liquid bone marrow, usually from a spot on the back of your hipbone. Then a small piece of bone with its marrow is removed (biopsy).
+Blood and bone marrow samples are sent for laboratory analysis. Specialized tests can determine the specific characteristics of your cells that will be helpful for determining the type of myelodysplastic syndrome you have, your prognosis and your treatment options.","Management of myelodysplastic syndromes is most often intended to slow the disease, ease symptoms and prevent complications. There's no cure for myelodysplastic syndromes, but some medications can help slow the progression of the disease.
+If you have no symptoms, treatment might not be needed right away. Instead, your doctor might recommend regular exams and lab tests to monitor your condition and to see if the disease progresses.
+Research on myelodysplastic syndromes is ongoing. Ask your doctor about clinical trials for which you might be eligible.",,"You'll likely start by seeing your family doctor or primary care doctor. If your doctor suspects that you have a myelodysplastic syndrome, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in blood disorders (hematologist).
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Because people with certain myelodysplastic syndromes have low white blood cell counts, they're subject to recurrent, and often serious, infections.
+To reduce your risk of infections:
+Wash your hands.Wash hands frequently and thoroughly with warm, soapy water, especially before eating or preparing food. Carry an alcohol-based hand sanitizer for times when water isn't available.
+Take care with food.Thoroughly cook all meat and fish. Avoid fruits and vegetables you can't peel, especially lettuce, and wash all produce you do use before peeling it. To increase safety, you might want to avoid all raw foods.
+Avoid people who are ill.Try to avoid close contact with anyone who is sick, including family members and co-workers.","thrombocytopenia, pinpoint-sized red spots, fatigue, frequent infections, leukopenia, anemia, bleeding, infections, myelodysplastic syndromes, shortness of breath
+unusual paleness, paleness, petechiae, shortness of breath, bruising"
+669,Golfer's elbow,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/golfers-elbow/symptoms-causes/syc-20372868,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/golfers-elbow/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372872,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/golfers-elbow/doctors-departments/ddc-20372873,"Golfer's elbow is a condition that causes pain where the tendons of your forearm muscles attach to the bony bump on the inside of your elbow. The pain might spread into your forearm and wrist.
+Golfer's elbow is similar to tennis elbow, which occurs on the outside of the elbow. It's not limited to golfers. Tennis players and others who repeatedly use their wrists or clench their fingers also can develop golfer's elbow.
+The pain of golfer's elbow doesn't have to keep you off the course or away from your favorite activities. Rest and appropriate treatment can get you back into the swing of things.","Golfer's elbow is characterized by:
+Pain and tenderness.Usually felt on the inner side of your elbow, the pain sometimes extends along the inner side of your forearm. Pain typically worsens with certain movements.
+Stiffness.Your elbow may feel stiff, and making a fist might hurt.
+Weakness.You may have weakness in your hands and wrists.
+Numbness or tingling.These sensations might radiate into one or more fingers — usually the ring and little fingers.
+The pain of golfer's elbow can come on suddenly or gradually. The pain might worsen with certain movements, such as swinging a golf club.","Consult your doctor if rest, ice and over-the-counter pain relievers don't ease your elbow pain and tenderness. Seek immediate care if:
+Your elbow is hot and inflamed, and you have a fever
+You can't bend your elbow
+Your elbow looks deformed
+You suspect you've broken a bone","Golfer's elbow, also known as medial epicondylitis, is caused by damage to the muscles and tendons that control your wrist and fingers. The damage is typically related to excess or repeated stress — especially forceful wrist and finger motions. Improper lifting, throwing or hitting, as well as too little warmup or poor conditioning, also can contribute to golfer's elbow.
+Besides golf, many activities and occupations can lead to golfer's elbow, including:
+Racket sports.Improper technique with tennis strokes, especially the backhand, can cause injury to the tendon. Excessive use of topspin and using a racket that's too small or heavy also can lead to injury.
+Throwing sports.Improper pitching technique in baseball or softball can be another culprit. Football, archery and javelin throwing also can cause golfer's elbow.
+Weight training.Lifting weights using improper technique, such as curling the wrists during a biceps exercise, can overload the elbow muscles and tendons.
+Forceful, repetitive occupational movements.These occur in fields such as construction, plumbing and carpentry
+To cause golfer's elbow, the activity generally needs to be done for more than an hour a day on many days.","You could be at higher risk of developing golfer's elbow if you're:
+Age 40 or older
+Performing repetitive activity at least two hours a day
+Obese
+A smoker",,"You can take steps to prevent golfer's elbow:
+Strengthen your forearm muscles.Use light weights or squeeze a tennis ball. Even simple exercises can help your muscles absorb the energy of sudden physical stress.
+Stretch before your activity.Walk or jog for a few minutes to warm up your muscles. Then do gentle stretches before you begin your game.
+Fix your form.Whatever your sport, ask an instructor to check your form to avoid overload on muscles.
+Use the right equipment.If you're using older golfing irons, consider upgrading to lighter graphite clubs. If you play tennis, make sure your racket fits you. A racket with a small grip or a heavy head may increase the risk of elbow problems.
+Lift properly.When lifting anything — including free weights — keep your wrist rigid and stable to reduce the force to your elbow.
+Know when to rest.Try not to overuse your elbow. At the first sign of elbow pain, take a break.","Golfer's elbow is usually diagnosed based on your medical history and a physical exam. To evaluate pain and stiffness, the doctor might apply pressure to the affected area or ask you to move your elbow, wrist and fingers in various ways.
+An X-ray can help the doctor rule out other causes of elbow pain, such as a fracture or arthritis. Rarely, more comprehensive imaging studies — such as MRI — are performed.","Treatment begins with avoiding activity that causes pain. To help relieve pain, use ice.",,"You'll probably start by seeing your primary doctor. If you don't improve with rest, ice and over-the-counter medications, your doctor might refer you to a sports medicine specialist or to a doctor with advanced training in musculoskeletal disorders.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, weakness, stiffness, tingling, numbness, tenderness"
+670,Shin splints,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shin-splints/symptoms-causes/syc-20354105,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shin-splints/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354110,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shin-splints/doctors-departments/ddc-20354111,"Shin splints are pain along the shin bone, also called the tibia. The tibia is the large bone in the front of the lower leg. Shin splints are common in runners, dancers and military trainees.
+
+Known in medicine as medial tibial stress syndrome, shin splints often occur in athletes when they start training harder. The increased activity puts stress on the muscles, tendons and bone tissue.
+
+Rest, ice and other self-care measures most often can treat shin splints. Wearing the right shoes, not increasing training too quickly and altering exercises can help prevent shin splints from coming back.","If you have shin splints, you might notice tenderness, soreness or pain along the inner side of your shinbone and mild swelling in your lower leg. At first, the pain might stop when you stop exercising. It might feel better with stretching.
+
+But in time, the pain can be ongoing. You might be getting a stress reaction or stress fracture.",,"Shin splints are caused by continuing stress on the shinbone and the tissues that attach muscles to the bone, called connective tissues.",The risk of shin splints is higher for people who:,,To help prevent shin splints:,"Shin splints most often are diagnosed based on medical history and a physical exam. Sometimes, an X-ray or other imaging studies can point to other causes for the pain, such as a stress fracture.","Most often, you can treat shin splints with simple self-care steps:
+
+Go back to your usual activities little by little after your pain is gone.",,,,"pain, soreness, tenderness, swelling"
+675,"Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2 (MEN 2)",https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/men-2/symptoms-causes/syc-20540486,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/men-2/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20540503,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/men-2/doctors-departments/ddc-20540517,"Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2, also called MEN 2, is a rare condition. It causes tumors in the thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, lips, mouth, eyes and digestive tract. Genetic testing can find the changed gene that causesMEN 2. Health care providers can treat the health issues that gene may cause.
+MEN 2is an inherited disorder. This means people who have the changed gene can pass it on to their children. Each child has a 50% chance of getting the disorder.","Symptoms ofMEN 2depend on the type of tumor. People who haveMEN 2Bhave a unique appearance. They may have bumps on the tongue, lips and eyes. They tend to be tall and thin with long arms and legs. Following are symptoms that may be related to each tumor type.
+Medullary thyroid cancer:
+Lumps in the throat or neck
+Trouble breathing or swallowing
+Hoarseness
+Diarrhea
+Parathyroid hyperplasia, also known as primary hyperparathyroidism:
+Muscle and joint pain
+Constipation
+Fatigue
+Memory problems
+Kidney stones
+Adrenal tumors, also known as pheochromocytoma:
+High blood pressure
+Rapid heart rate
+Anxiety
+Headaches
+Symptoms may be caused by a thyroid tumor pressing on tissues around it or by the release of too many hormones in the body. Some people who have medullary thyroid cancer may have no symptoms.","If you're having any of these symptoms, contact your health care provider.","MEN 2is an inherited condition. This means someone who has a changed gene that can causeMEN 2can pass that gene on to their children.
+Many people also may be the first person in their families to have this disorder. People diagnosed with medullary thyroid cancer are screened regularly forMEN 2.",,"MEN 2can cause the parathyroid glands to put too much calcium into the blood. This is known as primary hyperparathyroidism. The parathyroid glands are located in your neck. The extra calcium in the blood can cause many issues, including weak bones, called osteoporosis, kidney stones and having to urinate a lot. Medullary thyroid cancer shows up as a lump on the thyroid or neck. It can be hard to swallow when the tumor is large or other symptoms if the cancer spreads outside the neck.
+People withMEN 2also can have a condition called pheochromocytoma. This condition causes noncancerous tumors on an adrenal gland. The adrenal glands are located at the top of the kidneys. These tumors can release hormones that cause high blood pressure, sweating and other symptoms.","Genetic testing is used to find out if someone has a changed gene that causesMEN 2. Children of someone who has this changed gene could inherit it and developMEN 2. Parents and siblings also could have the changed gene even if they don't have symptoms.
+If someone in your family is diagnosed withMEN 2, your health care provider will likely recommend you and your family members have genetic testing. This is becauseMEN 2can be treated or managed by removing the thyroid gland early in life. Being screened for parathyroid or adrenal tumors also can help.
+If no gene changes are found in family members, usually no other screening tests are needed. However, genetic testing doesn't find allMEN 2gene changes. IfMEN 2isn't found in people who may have it, they and their family members will have regular blood and imaging tests over time to check for signs of the disease.","To diagnose multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2, also called MEN 2, your health care provider will do a physical exam. They will look at your medical history and family history. They also will do genetic testing to see if you have a gene change that causesMEN 2. Blood and urine tests and imaging tests may be done. These may include:
+Calcitonin levels in the blood
+Blood calcium
+Parathyroid hormone levels
+Urine or plasma testing for catecholamines and metanephrines
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
+Computerized tomography (CT) scan
+Ultrasound scan","InMEN 2, tumors can grow on the thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands. These tumors can lead to various conditions, all of which can be treated. These conditions and treatments may include:
+Medullary thyroid cancer.Thyroid cancer, including cancer that has spread to other parts of the body, is treated by removing the thyroid gland and the lymph nodes around it with surgery. Medicines also can be used if the disease has spread and can't be removed with surgery.
+Parathyroid enlargement.The parathyroid glands can become enlarged and make too much parathyroid hormone. The usual treatment is surgery to remove all or part of the parathyroid glands that are enlarged, while leaving any glands that are not affected.
+Adrenal tumors.For these types of tumors, your health care provider will likely recommend removing one or both of the adrenal glands, depending on what is shown on theCTorMRI.",,"You may start by seeing your health care provider. Or you may be sent to a specialist in conditions that affect the hormones, also known as an endocrinologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"hoarseness, lumps in the throat or neck, trouble breathing or swallowing, diarrhea
+parathyroid hyperplasia, hyperparathyroidism, headaches, fatigue, anxiety, rapid heart rate, bumps on the lips, muscle and joint pain, breathing or swallowing
+hoarseness, constipation, diarrhea, memory problems, thyroid tumor, kidney stones
+, tumor, kidney stones, bumps on the eyes, pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, pain, throat, adrenal tumors, bumps on the tongue, high blood pressure"
+676,Torn meniscus,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/torn-meniscus/symptoms-causes/syc-20354818,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/torn-meniscus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354823,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/torn-meniscus/doctors-departments/ddc-20354825,"A torn meniscus is one of the most common knee injuries. Any activity that causes you to forcefully twist or rotate your knee, especially when putting your full weight on it, can lead to a torn meniscus.
+
+Each of your knees has two C-shaped pieces of cartilage that act like a cushion between your shinbone and your thighbone. A torn meniscus causes pain, swelling and stiffness. You also might feel a block to knee motion and have trouble extending your knee fully.","If you've torn your meniscus, it might take 24 hours or more for pain and swelling to begin, especially if the tear is small. You might develop the following signs and symptoms in your knee:","Contact your doctor if your knee is painful or swollen, or if you can't move your knee in the usual ways.","A torn meniscus can result from any activity that causes you to forcefully twist or rotate your knee, such as aggressive pivoting or sudden stops and turns. Even kneeling, deep squatting or lifting something heavy can sometimes lead to a torn meniscus.
+
+In older adults, degenerative changes of the knee can contribute to a torn meniscus with little or no trauma.","Performing activities that involve aggressive twisting and pivoting of the knee puts you at risk of a torn meniscus. The risk is particularly high for athletes — especially those who participate in contact sports, such as football, or activities that involve pivoting, such as tennis or basketball.
+
+Wear and tear on your knees as you age increases the risk of a torn meniscus. So does obesity.","A torn meniscus can lead to a feeling of your knee giving way, inability to move your knee as you usually do or persistent knee pain. You might be more likely to develop osteoarthritis in the injured knee.",,"A torn meniscus often can be identified during a physical exam. Your doctor might move your knee and leg into different positions, watch you walk, and ask you to squat to help pinpoint the cause of your signs and symptoms.","Treatment for a torn meniscus often begins conservatively, depending on the type, size and location of your tear.
+
+Tears associated with arthritis often improve over time with treatment of the arthritis, so surgery usually isn't indicated. Many other tears that aren't associated with locking or a block to knee motion will become less painful over time, so they also don't require surgery.
+
+Your doctor might recommend:",,"The pain and disability associated with a torn meniscus prompt many people to seek emergency care. Others make an appointment with their family doctors. Depending upon the severity of your injury, you might be referred to a doctor specializing in sports medicine or a specialist in bone and joint surgery (orthopedic surgeon).",,"pain, swelling"
+680,MRSA infection,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375340,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/doctors-departments/ddc-20375341,"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that's become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections.
+
+Most methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections occur in people who've been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. When it occurs in these settings, it's known as health care-associatedMRSA(HA-MRSA). health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) infections usually are associated with invasive procedures or devices, such as surgeries, intravenous tubing or artificial joints.HA-MRSAcan spread by health care workers touching people with unclean hands or people touching unclean surfaces.
+
+Another type ofMRSAinfection has occurred in the wider community — among healthy people. This form, community-associatedMRSA(CA-MRSA), often begins as a painful skin boil. It's usually spread by skin-to-skin contact. At-risk populations include groups such as high school wrestlers, child care workers and people who live in crowded conditions.","Staph skin infections, includingMRSA, generally start as swollen, painful red bumps that might look like pimples or spider bites. The affected area might be:","Keep an eye on minor skin problems — pimples, insect bites, cuts and scrapes — especially in children. If wounds appear infected or are accompanied by a fever, see your doctor.","Different varieties of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, commonly called ""staph,"" exist. Staph bacteria are normally found on the skin or in the nose of about one-third of the population. The bacteria are generally harmless unless they enter the body through a cut or other wound, and even then they usually cause only minor skin problems in healthy people.
+
+According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 5% of the population chronically carries the type of staph bacteria known asMRSA.","Because hospital and community strains ofMRSAgenerally occur in different settings, the risk factors for the two strains differ.","MRSAinfections can resist the effects of many common antibiotics, so they're more difficult to treat. This can allow the infections to spread and sometimes become life-threatening.
+
+MRSAinfections may affect your:","In the hospital, people who are infected or colonized withMRSAoften are placed in isolation as a measure to prevent the spread ofMRSA. Visitors and health care workers caring for people in isolation may need to wear protective garments.
+
+They also must follow strict hand hygiene procedures. For example, health care workers can help preventHA-MRSAby washing their hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizer before and after each clinical appointment.
+
+Hospital rooms, surfaces and equipment, as well as laundry items, need to be properly disinfected and cleaned regularly.","Doctors diagnose methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by checking a tissue sample or nasal secretions for signs of drug-resistant bacteria. The sample is sent to a lab where it's placed in a dish of nutrients that encourage bacterial growth.
+
+But because it takes about 48 hours for the bacteria to grow, newer tests that can detect staph DNA in a matter of hours are now becoming more widely available.","Both health care-associated and community-associated strains ofstill respond to certain antibiotics.
+
+Doctors may need to perform emergency surgery to drain large boils (abscesses), in addition to giving antibiotics.
+
+In some cases, antibiotics may not be necessary. For example, doctors may drain a small, shallow boil (abscess) caused byrather than treat the infection with drugs.",,"While you may initially consult your family doctor, he or she may refer you to a specialist, depending on which of your organs is affected by the infection. For example, he or she may refer you to a doctor trained in skin conditions (dermatologist) or a doctor trained in heart conditions (cardiologist).",,"painful, red bumps, pimples, skin infections, swollen"
+681,Myxofibrosarcoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myxofibrosarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20577507,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myxofibrosarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20577511,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myxofibrosarcoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20577513,"Myxofibrosarcoma is a type of cancer that begins in the connective tissue. It tends to happen in the arms and legs.
+Myxofibrosarcoma starts as a growth of cells that can grow into healthy body tissue. Myxofibrosarcoma might cause a lump under the skin that grows slowly. It often isn't painful. This cancer happens most often in older adults.
+Myxofibrosarcoma is a type of soft tissue sarcoma. Soft tissue sarcomas are cancers that happen in the soft tissues that connect, support and surround other body structures.","Symptoms of myxofibrosarcoma include:
+A painless lump on an arm or leg.
+A lump that grows slowly.
+Myxofibrosarcoma most often starts in the leg. It rarely starts in the abdomen, where other kinds of sarcomas tend to grow.",Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"The cause of myxofibrosarcoma often isn't known. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the connective tissue.
+Myxofibrosarcoma happens when cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time.
+In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. The cancer cells can form a lump that may grow into healthy body tissue.","The risk of myxofibrosarcoma is higher in adults. This cancer happens most often in adults ages 50 to 70. It is rare in people under age 30.
+There is no way to prevent myxofibrosarcoma.",,,"Tests and procedures used to diagnose myxofibrosarcoma include:
+Physical exam.Your healthcare professional may ask about your symptoms and health. The health professional may check your body for signs of cancer.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests make pictures of the body. The pictures might help your healthcare professional learn more about the cancer and its size. One test used for this purpose is MRI, which can look closely at the soft tissue, bone and muscle. You might have other imaging tests to look for signs that the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. This might be with a CT scan.
+Getting a sample of tissue for testing.A biopsy procedure often involves using a needle to take some of the suspicious tissue for testing. The tissue goes to a lab where tests can show if you have cancer and what type. Sometimes surgery is needed to get the tissue sample.
+Myxofibrosarcoma can be hard to diagnose because it can look like other types of cancer and other conditions that aren't cancer. Careful imaging and lab tests can help your healthcare team make the correct diagnosis.","Myxofibrosarcoma treatment often involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments include radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
+Myxofibrosarcoma can come back after surgery. This might be more likely if the cancer grows large or if lab tests show the cells are growing quickly. Your healthcare team may create a treatment plan with the goal of getting rid of all the cancer cells. To reach this goal, treatment might involve radiation therapy, chemotherapy or sometimes both treatments before or after surgery. These additional treatments may make it more likely that the cancer won't come back.
+Which treatment is best for you will depend on your cancer, such as the size and location of the myxofibrosarcoma.",,"Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your healthcare professional thinks that you might have myxofibrosarcoma, you may be referred to a specialist. Specialists who care for people with myxofibrosarcoma include:
+Cancer doctors, called medical oncologists.
+Surgeons who specialize in operating on people with cancer, such as orthopedic oncologists or surgical oncologists.
+Doctors who specialize in using radiation therapy to treat cancer, called radiation oncologists.
+Appointments can be short and being prepared can help. Here's some information that may help you get ready.",,"lump that grows slowly, sarcomas, myxofibrosarcoma, painless lump"
+682,Myasthenia gravis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myasthenia-gravis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352036,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myasthenia-gravis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352040,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myasthenia-gravis/doctors-departments/ddc-20352043,"Myasthenia gravis (my-us-THEE-nee-uh GRAY-vis) causes muscles under your voluntary control to feel weak and get tired quickly. This happens when the communication between nerves and muscles breaks down.
+There's no cure for myasthenia gravis. Treatment can help with symptoms. These symptoms can include weakness of arm or leg muscles, double vision, drooping eyelids, and problems with speaking, chewing, swallowing and breathing.
+This disease can affect people of any age, but it's more common in women younger than 40 and in men older than 60.","Muscle weakness caused by myasthenia gravis gets worse when the affected muscle is used. Because symptoms usually get better with rest, muscle weakness can come and go. However, the symptoms tend to progress over time. They usually reach their worst within a few years after the disease begins.
+Myasthenia gravis may affect any of the muscles that you can control. Certain muscle groups are more commonly affected than others.","Talk to your health care provider if you have problems:
+Breathing.
+Seeing.
+Swallowing.
+Chewing.
+Walking.
+Using your arms or hands.
+Holding up your head.",,,"Complications of myasthenia gravis are treatable, but some can be life-threatening.",,"Your health care provider will look at your symptoms and medical history and conduct a physical examination. Your provider might use several tests, including:","Various treatments, alone or together, can help with symptoms of myasthenia gravis. Your treatment will depend on your age, how severe your disease is and how fast it's progressing.","Coping with myasthenia gravis can be difficult for you and your loved ones. Stress can make your condition worse, so find ways to relax. Ask for help when you need it.
+Learn all you can about your condition, and have your loved ones learn about it as well. You all might benefit from a support group, where you can meet people who understand what you and your family members are going through.","You're likely to first see your primary care provider, who will then refer you to a doctor trained in nervous system conditions, called a neurologist, for further evaluation.
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.","To help you make the most of your energy and cope with the symptoms of myasthenia gravis:
+Adjust your eating routine.Try to eat when you have good muscle strength. Take your time chewing your food, and take a break between bites of food. You might find it easier to eat small meals several times a day. Also, try eating mainly soft foods and avoid foods that require more chewing, such as raw fruits or vegetables.
+Use safety precautions at home.Install grab bars or railings in places where you need support, such as next to the bathtub or next to steps. Keep your floors clean, and move area rugs. Outside your home, keep paths, sidewalks and driveways cleared of leaves, snow and other debris that could cause you to trip.
+Use electric appliances and power tools.To save your energy, try using an electric toothbrush, electric can openers and other electrical tools to perform tasks.
+Wear an eye patch.If you have double vision, an eye patch can help. Try wearing one to write, read or watch television. Switch the eye patch to the other eye regularly to help reduce eyestrain.
+Plan.If you have chores, shopping or errands to do, plan the activity for when you have the most energy.","muscle weakness, myasthenia gravis"
+683,Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mgus/symptoms-causes/syc-20352362,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mgus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352367,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mgus/doctors-departments/ddc-20352369,"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a condition in which an atypical protein is found in the blood. The protein is called monoclonal protein or M protein.
+This protein is made in the soft, blood-producing tissue in the center of bones. This blood-producing tissue is bone marrow. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance occurs most often in older men.
+MGUSusually causes no problems. But sometimes it can lead to more-serious diseases. These include some forms of blood cancer.
+People who have high amounts of this protein in the blood need regular checkups. That's so they can get earlier treatment if the condition gets worse. If it doesn't get worse,MGUSdoesn't need treatment.","People with monoclonal gammopathy often don't have symptoms. Some people have a rash or nerve problems, such as numbness or tingling. A blood test for another condition might findMGUSby chance.",,"Experts don't know what causesMGUS. Changes in genes and being around certain chemicals, such as those used to kill pests, appear to play a role.","Factors that increase your risk of developingMGUSinclude:
+Age.The average age at diagnosis is 70 years.
+Race.Africans and Black Americans are more likely to getMGUSthan white people are.
+Sex.MGUSis more common in men.
+Family history.Having family members withMGUSmight increase the risk.","Each year, about 1% of people withMGUSget certain types of blood cancers or other serious diseases, such as:
+Multiple myeloma.
+Light chain amyloidosis.
+Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
+Lymphoma.
+Other issues linked toMGUSinclude broken bones, blood clots, kidney problems, and damage to nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, also known as peripheral neuropathy.",,"BecauseMGUSusually causes no symptoms, people who have it usually find out by chance during blood tests for other reasons. After that, other tests might include:
+More blood tests.These can help rule out other causes of higher protein levels. And they can check for kidney damage.
+Urine tests.Urine samples taken over 24 hours can help find if the atypical protein is in the urine. They also can check for kidney damage.
+Imaging tests.For people with bone pain, an,MRIor positron emission tomography (PET) scan can look for problems with bones fromMGUS. They also might need a test to measure bone mass, also known as bone density.
+Bone marrow test.A hollow needle removes a piece of bone marrow from the back of one of the hipbones for study. This usually is only for those at risk of getting a more serious disease or other problems linked toMGUS.",MGUSdoesn't require treatment. But your health care provider is likely to have you get regular checkups to watch the condition. Checkups likely will start six months after your diagnosis.,,"Your health care provider might refer you to someone who specializes in blood disorders, also known as a hematologist.
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"gammopathy, rash, numbness, tingling"
+685,Heat rash,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-rash/symptoms-causes/syc-20373276,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-rash/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373282,,"Heat rash — also known as prickly heat and miliaria — isn't just for babies. It affects adults, too, especially in hot, humid conditions.
+
+Heat rash occurs when sweat is trapped in the skin. Symptoms can range from small blisters to deep, inflamed lumps. Some forms of heat rash are very itchy.","Adults usually develop heat rash in skin folds and where clothing rubs against the skin. In infants, the rash is mainly found on the neck, shoulders and chest. It can also show up in the armpits, elbow creases and groin.",Heat rash usually heals by cooling the skin and avoiding exposure to the heat that caused it. See your health care provider if you or your child has symptoms that last longer than a few days or the rash seems to be getting worse.,"Heat rash develops when a duct that leads from a sweat gland to the surface of the skin is blocked or inflamed. This then blocks the opening of the sweat duct on the surface of the skin (sweat pore). Instead of evaporating, sweat is trapped beneath the skin, causing irritation and bumps on the skin.",Factors that increase the risk of heat rash include:,"Heat rash usually heals without scarring. People with brown or Black skin are at risk of spots of skin that get lighter or darker in response to inflammatory skin conditions (postinflammatory hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation). These changes usually go away within weeks or months.
+
+A common complication is infection with bacteria, causing inflamed and itchy pustules.",To help protect yourself or your child from heat rash:,You don't need tests to diagnose heat rash. Your health care provider is usually able to diagnose it by examining the skin. A condition that looks like heat rash is transient neonatal pustular melanosis (TNPM). transient neonatal pustular melanosis (TNPM) mainly affects newborns with brown or Black skin. It's harmless and clears up in a couple days without treatment.,"Treatment for mild heat rash is cooling the skin and avoiding exposure to the heat that caused the condition. Once the skin is cool, mild heat rash tends to clear quickly.",,"A visit with a health care provider usually isn't necessary for heat rash. If your rash is more severe, you may want to see your primary care provider or a doctor who specializes in skin disorders (dermatologist) to be sure it's heat rash and not another skin disorder.
+
+Before you go, it's a good idea to list questions you have about your condition. For heat rash, questions to ask your health care provider include:",,rash
+687,Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mogad/symptoms-causes/syc-20560476,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mogad/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20560477,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mogad/doctors-departments/ddc-20560478,"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, also known as MOGAD, is a rare inflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system. InMOGAD, the immune system attacks the fatty substance that protects nerve fibers in the optic nerves, brain and spinal cord.
+Symptoms ofMOGADmay include vision loss, muscle weakness, stiffness or paralysis, confusion, seizures, and headaches. These symptoms can be sometimes confused with other diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
+There's no cure forMOGAD. However, there are treatments to help speed the recovery from attacks, manage symptoms and reduce the likelihood of symptoms returning.","MOGADcauses painful swelling, known as inflammation. Symptoms are caused by attacks from:
+Inflammation of the optic nerve.Called optic neuritis, this condition may lead to vision loss in one or both eyes and eye pain that gets worse with eye movement. Optic neuritis in children may be mistaken for a headache.
+Inflammation of the spinal cord.Called transverse myelitis, this condition may lead to arm or leg weakness, muscle stiffness, or paralysis. It also may cause sensory loss and changes in bowel, bladder or sexual function.
+Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord.Called acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, also known as ADEM, this condition may lead to vision loss, weakness, unsteady walk and confusion.ADEMis more common in children withMOGAD.
+Other symptoms ofMOGADmay include:
+Seizures.
+Headaches.
+Fever.",See a doctor or other healthcare professional if you experience any of the above symptoms for unknown reasons.,"The cause ofMOGADis not known. It's an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. In people withMOGAD, the immune system destroys the fatty substance called myelin. Myelin coats and protects nerve fibers in the optic nerve, brain and spinal cord.
+The brain sends messages down nerve fibers that help tell parts of the body what to do. When the myelin is damaged and nerve fibers are exposed, those messages may be slowed or blocked. This means those parts of the body won't work properly.
+MOGADis often misdiagnosed as another disease that attacks myelin and causes similar symptoms. It may be mistaken for multiple sclerosis, known as MS. Or it may be confused with a condition called neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, also known as NMOSD.
+MOGADis different fromMSandNMOSDbecause the first attack ofMOGADis usually the most severe, but people with the disease can have a complete recovery.MOGADalso is diagnosed differently, using results fromMRIand blood tests. People withMSandNMOSDtypically have multiple attacks, while about half of people withMOGADhave only one attack.","These factors may increase your risk of developingMOGAD:
+Age.Children and young adults are slightly more likely to developMOGAD.
+Recent infection or vaccination.MOGADmay develop after an infectious illness or vaccination, such asSARS-CoV-2.","MOGADcomplications are caused by the attacks on the fatty substance that protects nerve fibers in the optic nerves, brain and spinal cord. The first attack is usually the worst, but each attack can cause more damage. Some possible complications may include:
+Permanent paralysis in the arms and legs.
+Long-term bowel and bladder difficulties.
+Blindness in one or both eyes.
+Trouble with language, memory and thinking.
+SomeMOGADtreatments also may cause complications. Long-term use of certain medicines may result in:
+Infection.
+Lymphoma or skin cancers.
+Slowed growth in children.
+Headaches.
+Kidney failure.
+Your healthcare team will work with you to decide which treatment options are the best and how long to continue them.",,"A healthcare professional reviews any symptoms you're having and may do a physical exam to look for any signs ofMOGAD.
+MOGADis usually diagnosed after two things have been confirmed. Healthcare professionals confirm that symptoms were caused by a typical attack type, such as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).MOGADalso is diagnosed after theMOG-antibody is found in the blood or spinal fluid.
+These two things can be confirmed by a few procedures, including:
+MOGantibody testing with a cell-based assay.This test looks at cells withMOGon their surface to see if theMOG-antibody is present in the blood. This test is considered the gold standard for testing forMOGAD, but there is potential for false positives. Caution is needed if the symptoms aren't typical or are similar to those of another disease, such as multiple sclerosis.
+Spinal tap.Also called a lumbar puncture, this procedure collects a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid for testing. This sample can show if there is an elevated white blood cell count. This causes inflammation and is common inMOGAD. A spinal tap also can look for a type of protein in the spinal fluid called oligoclonal bands. These bands are more common in multiple sclerosis and may help make a distinction between the two diseases.
+Imaging tests.You may need anMRIof the brain, spine and optic nerve. These images can show irregular spots on the brain and spinal cord, called lesions, and inflammation of the optic nerve.
+Eye exam.An eye exam, called an optical coherence tomography, can help diagnoseMOGAD. This test shows the layers of the part of the eye called the retina. During episodes of optic neuritis, the retina is often thicker than usual. After these episodes, damage to the nerve cells in the retina causes the retina to get thinner.
+TheMOGantibody test isn't always accurate. Sometimes healthy people or people with other diseases can haveMOGantibodies at lower levels. Your healthcare team uses your test results to make sure there isn't something else causing your symptoms.","There is no cure forMOGAD. Treatment typically focuses on speeding recovery from attacks, managing symptoms and reducing relapses. You meet with your healthcare team to come up with a treatment plan that fits your needs.","Living with any illness can be difficult. To manage the stress of living withMOGAD, consider these suggestions:
+Maintain normal daily activities as best you can.
+Stay connected to friends and family.
+Continue to pursue hobbies that you enjoy and are able to do.
+Contact a support group, for yourself or for family members.
+Discuss your feelings and concerns about living withMOGADwith your healthcare team or a counselor.","You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the brain and nervous system, called a neurologist.",,"headache, encephalomyelitis, sensory loss, paralysis, painful swelling, bowel changes, eye pain, headaches, sexual function changes, unsteady walk, optic neuritis, muscle stiffness, leg weakness, arm or leg weakness, vision loss, bladder changes, seizures, pain, myelitis, weakness, fever, confusion, inflammation"
+690,Multiple sclerosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350269,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350274,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20350278,"Multiple sclerosis is a disease that causes breakdown of the protective covering of nerves. Multiple sclerosis can cause numbness, weakness, trouble walking, vision changes and other symptoms. It's also known as MS.
+In MS, the immune system attacks the protective sheath that covers nerve fibers, known as myelin. This interrupts communication between the brain and the rest of the body. Eventually, the disease can cause permanent damage of the nerve fibers.
+Symptoms of MS depend on the person, the location of damage in the nervous system and how bad the damage is to the nerve fibers. Some people lose the ability to walk on their own or move at all. Others may have long periods between attacks without any new symptoms, called remission. The course of the disease varies depending on the type of MS.
+There's no cure for multiple sclerosis. However, there are treatments to help speed the recovery from attacks, modify the course of the disease and manage symptoms.","Multiple sclerosis symptoms vary depending on the person. Symptoms may change over the course of the disease depending on which nerve fibers are affected.
+Common symptoms include:
+Numbness or tingling.
+Electric-shock sensations that happen with certain neck movements, especially bending the neck forward. This sensation is called Lhermitte sign.
+Lack of coordination.
+Trouble with walking or not being able to walk at all.
+Weakness.
+Partial or complete loss of vision, usually in one eye at a time. Vision loss often happens with pain during eye movement.
+Double vision.
+Blurry vision.
+Dizziness and a false sense that you or your surroundings are moving, known as vertigo.
+Trouble with sexual, bowel and bladder function.
+Fatigue.
+Slurred speech.
+Troubles with memory, thinking and understanding information.
+Mood changes.
+Small increases in body temperature can temporarily worsen symptoms of MS. These aren't considered true disease relapses but pseudorelapses.",Make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"The cause of multiple sclerosis is not known. It's considered an immune-mediated disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. In MS, the immune system attacks and destroys the fatty substance that coats and protects nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. This fatty substance is called myelin.
+Myelin can be compared to the insulation coating on electrical wires. When the protective myelin is damaged and the nerve fiber is exposed, the messages traveling along that nerve fiber may be slowed or blocked.
+It isn't clear why MS develops in some people and not others. A combination of genetics and environmental factors may increase the risk of MS.","Factors that increase the risk of multiple sclerosis include:
+Age.MS can happen at any age. However, onset most commonly happens between 20 and 40 years of age.
+Sex.Women are 2 to 3 times more likely than men to have relapsing-remitting MS.
+Family history.If one of your parents or siblings has had MS, you are at higher risk of developing the disease.
+Certain infections.A variety of viruses have been linked to MS, including Epstein-Barr. Epstein-Barr is the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis.
+Race.People with white skin, particularly those of Northern European descent, have the highest risk of developing MS. People of Asian, African or Native American descent have the lowest risk. A recent study suggests that the number of Black and Hispanic young adults with multiple sclerosis may be greater than previously thought.
+Climate.MS is far more common in places with temperate climates. These include Canada, the northern United States, New Zealand, southeastern Australia and Europe.
+Vitamin D.Having low levels of vitamin D and low exposure to sunlight is linked to a greater risk of MS. Your birth month also may affect the chances of developing MS. This has to do with levels of sun exposure when a mother is pregnant.
+Obesity.People who are obese or were obese in childhood have an increased risk of multiple sclerosis.
+Certain autoimmune diseases.You have a slightly higher risk of developing MS if you have other autoimmune conditions. These may include thyroid disease, pernicious anemia, psoriasis, type 1 diabetes or inflammatory bowel disease.
+Smoking.People who smoke have a higher risk of relapsing-remitting MS than people who don't smoke.
+Gut microbiome.People with MS may have a different gut microbiome than people who don't have MS. More research is needed to understand this connection.","Complications of multiple sclerosis may include:
+Mood changes, such as depression, anxiety or mood swings.
+Muscle stiffness or spasms.
+Seizures, though they are very rare.
+Severe weakness or paralysis, typically in the arms or legs.
+Trouble with bladder, bowel or sexual function.
+Trouble with thinking and memory.",,"There are no specific tests for MS. The diagnosis is given by a combination of medical history, physical exam, MRIs and spinal tap results. A diagnosis of multiple sclerosis also involves ruling out other conditions that might produce similar symptoms. This is known as a differential diagnosis.
+Tests used to diagnose MS may include:
+MRI,which can reveal areas of MS on the brain and spinal cord. These areas are called lesions. A contrast dye may be given through an IV to highlight lesions that show the disease is in an active phase.
+Lumbar puncture,also known as a spinal tap, in which a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid is removed from the spinal canal for lab testing. This sample can show changes in antibodies that are linked to MS. A spinal tap also can help rule out infections and other conditions with symptoms similar to MS. An antibody test that looks for kappa free light chains may be faster and less expensive than previous spinal fluid tests for MS.
+Optical coherence tomography,which uses light waves to produce images of the eye. In MS, a condition called optic neuritis causes changes in the retina. Optical coherence tomography may be used to measure thickness of the retina. It also may show damage to the retinal nerve fiber.
+Evoked potential tests,which record the electrical signals produced by your nervous system in response to stimuli. An evoked potential test may use visual stimuli or electrical stimuli. In these tests, you watch a moving visual pattern, as short electrical impulses are applied to nerves in your legs or arms. Electrodes measure how quickly the information travels down your nerve pathways.
+Blood tests,which can help rule out other diseases with symptoms similar to MS. Tests to check for specific biomarkers linked to MS are being developed. These tests may help with diagnosing the disease.
+Neuropsychological testing.Neuropsychological testing involves looking at how your brain is working. Testing examines your thinking, memory, language and social skills. It also assesses your personality and mood. A psychologist with specific expertise, known as a neuropsychologist, does this testing. Neuropsychological testing is important in MS because most people with the disease have cognitive impairment. This can include memory loss and trouble with language and thinking skills that affect daily activities. Your healthcare professional may give you a baseline test soon after you are diagnosed. Then you may be retested over time.
+In most people with relapsing-remitting MS, the diagnosis is straightforward. Diagnosis is based on a pattern of symptoms related to MS and confirmed by test results.
+Diagnosing MS can be harder in people with unusual symptoms or progressive disease. Additional testing may be needed.","There is no cure for multiple sclerosis. Treatment typically focuses on speeding recovery from attacks, reducing relapses, slowing the progression of the disease and managing MS symptoms. Some people have such mild symptoms that no treatment is necessary.","With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the stress of a chronic illness like multiple sclerosis. Until then, you may find it helps to:
+Ask your healthcare team about your MS, including your test results, treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about MS, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
+Keeping your close relationships strong can help you deal with multiple sclerosis. Friends and family can provide the practical support you may need, such as helping take care of your home if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by having MS.
+Find someone who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and worries. This may be a friend or family member. The concern and understanding of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or MS support group also may be helpful.","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If your healthcare professional thinks you might have multiple sclerosis, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in conditions of the brain and nervous system, called a neurologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.","To help relieve the symptoms of MS, try to:
+Get plenty of rest.Look at your sleep habits to make sure you're getting the best possible sleep. If you have conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea, see a healthcare professional and get treatment.
+Exercise.If you have mild to moderate MS, regular exercise can help improve your strength, muscle tone, balance and coordination. Swimming or other water exercises are good options if heat makes your symptoms worse. Other types of mild to moderate exercise recommended for people with MS include walking, stretching, low-impact aerobics, stationary bicycling, yoga and tai chi.
+Cool down.In some people, MS symptoms may worsen as body temperature rises. It helps to stay cool and use cooling scarves or vests.
+Eat a balanced diet.Research suggests that following the Mediterranean diet may be linked to a lower risk of worsening disability in MS. The Mediterranean diet includes fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and olive oil. It also means not eating large amounts of red meats, butter, sugar and other unhealthy foods. Some research suggests that vitamin D may have potential benefit for people with MS.
+Relieve stress.Stress may trigger or worsen your symptoms. Yoga, tai chi, massage, meditation or deep breathing may help.","blurry vision, trouble with bowel function, dizziness, mood changes, fatigue, slurred speech, thinking difficulties, numbness, trouble with sexual function, lack of coordination, multiple sclerosis symptoms vary depending on the person., trouble with memory, double vision, electric-shock sensations, loss of vision, vertigo, trouble with bladder function, partial or complete loss of vision, pain, trouble with walking, lhermitte, weakness, tingling"
+691,Multiple system atrophy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-system-atrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20356153,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-system-atrophy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356157,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-system-atrophy/doctors-departments/ddc-20356159,"Multiple system atrophy, also called MSA, causes people to lose coordination and balance or become slow and stiff. It also causes changes in speech and loss of control of other bodily functions.
+MSA is a rare condition. It sometimes shares symptoms with Parkinson's disease, including slow movement, rigid muscles and poor balance.
+Treatment includes medicines and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms, but there is no cure. The condition gets worse over time and eventually leads to death.
+In the past, this condition has been called Shy-Drager syndrome, olivopontocerebellar atrophy or striatonigral degeneration.","Multiple system atrophy (MSA) symptoms affect many parts of the body. Symptoms start in adulthood, usually in the 50s or 60s.
+There are two types of MSA: parkinsonian and cerebellar. The type depends on the symptoms a person has when diagnosed.","If you develop any of the symptoms of multiple system atrophy, see your healthcare professional. If you have already been diagnosed with MSA, contact your healthcare professional if your symptoms become worse or if new symptoms occur.","There is no known cause for multiple system atrophy (MSA). Some researchers are studying the possible role of genetics or environmental causes such as a toxin in MSA. But there's no substantial evidence to support these theories.
+MSA causes parts of the brain to shrink. This is known as atrophy. The areas of the brain that shrink due to MSA include the cerebellum, basal ganglia and brainstem. The atrophy of these parts of the brain affect internal body functions and movement.
+Under a microscope, the brain tissue of people with MSA shows a buildup of a protein called alpha-synuclein. Some research suggests that the buildup of this protein leads to multiple system atrophy.","A risk factor for multiple system atrophy (MSA) is having rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder. People with this disorder act out their dreams. Most people who have MSA have a history of REM sleep behavior disorder.
+Another risk factor is having a condition caused by the autonomic nervous system not working properly. Symptoms such as urinary incontinence could be an early sign of MSA. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions.","Complications of multiple system atrophy (MSA) vary from person to person. But for everyone with the disease, MSA symptoms get worse over time. The symptoms can make daily activities harder as time goes on.
+Possible complications include:
+Worsening breathing symptoms during sleep.
+Injuries from falls caused by poor balance or fainting.
+The breakdown of the skin in people who have trouble moving or can't move.
+Not being able to care for yourself in day-to-day activities.
+Vocal cord paralysis, which affects speech and breathing.
+Increased trouble swallowing.
+People typically live about 7 to 10 years after multiple system atrophy symptoms first appear. However, the survival rate with MSA varies widely. Death is often due to trouble breathing, infections or blood clots in the lungs.",,"Diagnosing multiple system atrophy (MSA) can be challenging. Symptoms such as stiffness and trouble walking can happen in other diseases, including Parkinson's disease. This can make MSA hard to diagnose.
+Your healthcare professional gives you a physical exam, reviews your medical history and tests your autonomic functions such as blood pressure. You also may need blood tests and imaging tests, such as an MRI. These tests can help diagnose MSA or point to another causes of your symptoms.
+If your healthcare professional thinks you have multiple system atrophy, test results help determine whether the diagnosis is clinically established MSA or clinically probable MSA. Because it's hard to make a diagnosis, some people are never properly diagnosed.
+You may be referred to a neurologist or another specialist for further evaluation. A specialist can help diagnose the disease.","Treatment for multiple system atrophy (MSA) involves managing your symptoms. There's no cure for MSA. Managing the disease can make you as comfortable as possible and help you maintain your body functions.
+To treat specific symptoms, your healthcare team may recommend:
+Medicines to raise blood pressure.These medicines can treat low blood pressure that happens when standing after sitting or lying down, known as postural hypotension. There are several medicines your healthcare professional may recommend.The corticosteroid fludrocortisone can increase blood pressure by helping your body retain more salt and water.Midodrine (Orvaten) can raise your blood pressure quickly. This medicine needs to be taken carefully because it can increase blood pressure while lying down. Don't lie flat for four hours after taking this medicine.The medicine pyridostigmine (Mestinon, Regonol) can raise your blood pressure while standing without causing a large increase when you're lying down.Another medicine called droxidopa (Northera) also treats postural hypotension. The most common side effects of droxidopa include headaches, dizziness and nausea.
+Medicines to reduce Parkinson's disease-like symptoms.Medicines that treat Parkinson's disease, such as combined levodopa and carbidopa (Sinemet, Duopa, others), can help some people with MSA. The medicine can treat stiffness, trouble with balance and slow movements.Many people with multiple system atrophy do not respond to Parkinson's medicines. The medicines also may become less effective after a few years.
+Medicines to treat erection problems.If you have trouble getting or keeping an erection, you can be treated with medicines such as sildenafil (Revatio, Viagra). This medicine helps manage erectile dysfunction but it can lower blood pressure.
+Steps to manage swallowing and breathing symptoms.If you have trouble swallowing, try eating softer foods. If swallowing or breathing symptoms become worse, you might need surgery to insert a feeding or breathing tube. A gastrostomy tube delivers food directly into your stomach.If you have sleep apnea, you might be treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP). Stridor also can be treated with CPAP.
+Bladder care.If you have trouble with bladder control, medicines can help in the earlier stages. But as MSA gets worse, you may need to have a soft tube inserted to drain your bladder. The soft tube is known as a catheter.
+Therapy.A physical therapist can help you maintain as much of your movement and strength as possible as the disease gets worse.A speech-language pathologist can help you improve or maintain your speech.",,"You first may see your healthcare professional. This person may refer you to a doctor trained in nervous system conditions, called a neurologist.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.","Some lifestyle and home remedies can help minimize multiple system atrophy (MSA) symptoms.
+Take steps to raise your blood pressure.Add a little salt to your diet and drink more fluids, especially before exercise. Salt and fluids can increase blood volume and raise your blood pressure. Drink coffee and other fluids that contain caffeine to increase your blood pressure.
+Raise the head of your bed.Raising the head of your bed by about 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 centimeters) helps control your blood pressure when you sleep. Get up slowly after lying down.
+Make dietary changes.Eat more fiber to ease constipation. Laxatives or stool softeners may help. You can get them without a prescription. Also eat small, low-carbohydrate meals.
+Don't get too hot.Stay in air-conditioned rooms on very hot days. Make sure the bathroom doesn't become too hot when you shower or bathe.
+Wear elastic support stockings up to your waist.This can help keep your blood pressure from dropping.","msa, none, parkinsonian, atrophy"
+692,Kawasaki disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kawasaki-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354598,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kawasaki-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354603,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kawasaki-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20354605,"Kawasaki disease causes swelling, called inflammation, in the walls of small to medium-sized blood vessels that carry blood throughout the body. Kawasaki disease most often affects the heart arteries in children. Those arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
+Kawasaki disease  is sometimes called mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. That's because it also causes swelling in glands, called lymph nodes, and mucous membranes inside the mouth, nose, eyes and throat.
+Children with Kawasaki disease might have high fever, swollen hands and feet with skin peeling, and red eyes and tongue. But Kawasaki disease is often treatable. With early treatment, most children get better and have no long-lasting problems.","Symptoms of Kawasaki disease include a fever greater than 102.2 degrees Fahrenheit (39 degrees Celsius) for five or more days. And the child  has at least four of the following symptoms.
+A rash on the main part of the body or in the genital area.
+An enlarged lymph node in the neck.
+Very red eyes without a thick discharge.
+Red, dry, cracked lips and a red, swollen tongue.
+Swollen, red skin on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Later the skin on fingers and toes peels.
+The symptoms might not happen at the same time. Let your child's healthcare professional know about a symptom that has gone away.
+Other symptoms might include:
+Belly pain.
+Diarrhea.
+Fussiness.
+Joint pain.
+Vomiting.
+Some children get a high fever for five or more days but have fewer than four of the symptoms needed for a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease. They might have what's called incomplete Kawasaki disease. Children with incomplete Kawasaki disease are still at risk of damage to the heart arteries. They still need treatment within 10 days of when symptoms appear.
+Kawasaki disease can have symptoms like those of a condition called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. The syndrome happens in children with COVID-19.","If your child has a fever that lasts more than three days, contact your child's healthcare professional. Treating Kawasaki disease within 10 days of when it began may reduce the chances of lasting damage to the arteries that supply the heart.","No one knows what causes Kawasaki disease. But experts don't believe the disease spreads from person to person. Some think that Kawasaki disease happens after a bacterial or viral infection, or that it's linked to factors in the environment. Certain genes might make children more likely to get Kawasaki disease.","Three things are known to increase a child's risk of developing Kawasaki disease.
+Age.Children under 5 years old are at highest risk of Kawasaki disease.
+Sex.Children who are assigned male at birth are slightly more likely to get Kawasaki disease.
+Ethnicity.Children of Asian or Pacific Islander descent have higher rates of Kawasaki disease.
+Kawasaki disease tends to occur seasonally. In North America and countries with like climates, it most often happens in the winter and early spring.","Kawasaki disease is a leading cause of heart disease in children who live in developed countries. But, with treatment, few children have lasting damage.
+Heart complications include:
+Swelling of blood vessels, most often the arteries that send blood to the heart.
+Swelling of the heart muscle.
+Heart valve problems.
+Any of these complications can damage the heart. Swelling of the heart arteries can weaken them and cause a bulge in the artery wall, called an aneurysm. Aneurysms raise the risk of blood clots. These can lead to a heart attack or cause bleeding inside the body.
+Rarely, for children who get heart artery problems, Kawasaki disease can cause death.",,"There's no single test to diagnose Kawasaki disease. Diagnosis involves ruling out other diseases that cause the same symptoms. These diseases include:
+Scarlet fever.
+Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
+Stevens-Johnson syndrome — a disorder of the mucous membranes.
+Toxic shock syndrome.
+Measles.
+Some illnesses caused by ticks, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
+A member of your child's healthcare team will do an exam and order blood and urine tests to help in the diagnosis. Tests might include:
+Blood tests.Blood tests help rule out other diseases and check blood cell count. A high white blood cell count, anemia and inflammation are signs of Kawasaki disease.
+Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).This quick test checks the heart's electrical activity. It shows how the heart is beating. Sticky patches called electrodes are attached to the chest and sometimes to the arms or legs. Wires connect the patches to a computer. The computer prints or displays results. AnECGcan diagnose an irregular heartbeat. Kawasaki disease can cause heart rhythm problems.
+Echocardiogram.This test uses sound waves to make pictures of the heart in motion. It sees how blood flows through the heart and heart valves. An echocardiogram shows how well the heart is working. It also can help see problems with the heart arteries.","It's best to start treatment for Kawasaki disease as early as possible, when your child still has a fever. Treatment for Kawasaki disease often happens in a hospital. The goals of treatment are to lower fever, reduce swelling and prevent heart damage.","Find out all you can about Kawasaki disease so that you can make good choices with your child's healthcare team about treatment.
+Most often, children who have been treated for Kawasaki get well fast and return to their usual activities. If your child's heart has been affected, talk to the pediatric cardiologist about whether you need to restrict your child's activities.","You'll likely first see your family healthcare professional or pediatrician. Sometimes children with Kawasaki disease see doctors with special training in heart conditions, bone and joint disorders, or infectious diseases. A doctor who treats children with heart conditions is called a pediatric cardiologist. A rheumatologist treats children with bone and joint disorders.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, rash, joint pain, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+fever, diarrhea, fussiness, vomiting, fever, belly pain, enlarged lymph node, red lips, swollen tongue, multisystem inflammatory syndrome, red eyes, cracked lips, swollen skin, kawasaki disease"
+693,"Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1)",https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/men-1/symptoms-causes/syc-20353064,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/men-1/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20446823,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/men-1/doctors-departments/ddc-20353066,"Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) is a rare condition. It mainly causes tumors in the glands that make and release hormones. These are called the endocrine glands. The condition also can cause tumors in the small intestine and stomach. Another name for MEN 1 is Wermer's syndrome.
+The endocrine gland tumors that form due to MEN 1 usually are not cancer. Most often, the tumors grow on the parathyroid glands, the pancreas and the pituitary gland. Some glands affected by MEN 1 also may release too many hormones. That can lead to other health concerns.
+The extra hormones of MEN 1 can cause many symptoms. These symptoms may include tiredness, bone pain, broken bones, kidney stones, and ulcers in the stomach or intestines.
+MEN 1 can't be cured. But regular testing can detect health concerns, and healthcare professionals can provide treatment as needed.
+MEN 1 is an inherited condition. That means people who have a genetic change that causes MEN 1 can pass it on to their children.","Symptoms of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) can include the following:
+Tiredness.
+Bone pain or broken bones.
+Kidney stones.
+Ulcers in the stomach or intestines.
+Stomach pain.
+Muscle weakness.
+Depression.
+Acid reflux.
+Frequent diarrhea.
+Symptoms are caused by the release of too many hormones in the body.",,"Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) is caused by a change in the MEN1 gene. That gene controls how the body makes a protein called menin. Menin helps to keep cells in the body from growing and dividing too quickly.
+Many different changes in the MEN1 gene can cause the MEN 1 condition to develop. People who have one of those genetic changes can pass it on to their children. Many people with a change in the MEN1 gene inherit it from a parent. But some people are the first in their family to have a new MEN1 gene change that doesn't come from a parent.","Risk factors for multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) include the following:
+Children with a parent who has a genetic change in the MEN1 gene are at risk of the MEN 1 condition. That's because these children have a 50% chance of having the same genetic change that causes MEN 1.
+Parents and siblings of people who have a change in the MEN1 gene also are at risk. That's because they may have the same genetic change, even if they haven't had any symptoms of MEN 1.",,,"To find out if you have multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1), your healthcare professional starts by doing a physical exam. You also answer questions about your health history and family history. You may have a blood test and imaging tests, including the following:
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).An MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to make images of the organs and tissues in the body.
+Computerized tomography (CT) scan.A CT scan combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles. A computer then makes detailed pictures of the inside of the body.
+Positron emission tomography (PET) scan.A PET scan uses a substance that releases low levels of radiation to help make images of changes taking place inside the body.
+Nuclear medicine scans.These scans use liquid substances that give off low levels of radiation to help find tumors.
+Endoscopic ultrasound of the pancreas and other scans.An endoscopic ultrasound uses sound waves to make images of the digestive tract and other nearby organs and tissues.
+Genetic testing may help find out whether someone has a genetic change that causes MEN 1. If so, that person's children are at risk of having the same genetic change and getting MEN 1. Parents and siblings also are at risk of having the genetic change that causes MEN 1.
+If no related genetic changes are found in family members, then family members don't need more screening tests. But genetic testing cannot find all the genetic changes that can cause MEN 1. If genetic testing doesn't confirm MEN 1, but it's likely that a person has it, more testing is needed. That person, as well as family members, still needs follow-up healthcare checkups with blood tests and imaging tests.","With MEN 1, tumors can grow on the parathyroid glands, the pancreas and the pituitary gland. That can lead to various conditions, all of which can be treated. These conditions and treatments may include:
+Pituitary tumors.These types of tumors may be treated with surgery or medicines. Rarely, radiation therapy is used.
+Hyperparathyroidism.Surgery to remove most of the parathyroid glands is the typical treatment for too much parathyroid hormone.
+Neuroendocrine tumors.These are tumors that form in specialized cells called neuroendocrine cells. With MEN 1, they're in the pancreas or small intestine. Treatment depends on the type and size of the tumor.
+Hypoglycemic syndrome.This condition happens when tumors in the pancreas called insulinomas make too much insulin hormone. Too much insulin causes low levels of blood sugar that can be life-threatening. Treatment often involves surgery. Part of the pancreas may need to be removed too.
+Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES).ZES can result in tumors called gastrinomas that make too much stomach acid. This leads to ulcers and diarrhea. Healthcare professionals may prescribe medicine or try to remove the tumors with surgery.
+Other pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.These tumors sometimes make other hormones that can cause health issues. Treatment of these types of tumors may involve medicine or surgery. Another treatment called ablation can be done to destroy irregular tissue that may be present.
+Metastatic neuroendocrine tumors.Tumors that spread are called metastatic tumors. Sometimes with MEN 1, tumors spread to the lymph nodes or liver. They may be treated with surgery. Surgery options include liver surgery or different types of ablation.Radiofrequency ablation uses high-frequency energy that passes through a needle. The energy causes the surrounding tissue to heat up, killing the nearby cells. Cryoablation involves freezing tumors. And chemoembolization involves injecting strong chemotherapy medicines directly into the liver. When surgery is not an option, healthcare professionals may use other forms of chemotherapy or hormone-based treatments.
+Adrenal tumors.Most of these tumors can be watched with tests over time and not treated. But if the tumors make hormones or they're large and thought to be cancerous, healthcare professionals recommend removing them. Often, the tumors can be removed with surgery that involves small incisions. This is known as minimally invasive surgery.
+Carcinoid tumors.These slow-growing tumors in people with MEN 1 can form in the lungs, thymus gland and gastrointestinal tract. Surgeons remove these tumors when they haven't spread to other areas. Healthcare professionals may use chemotherapy, radiation therapy or hormone-based therapy for advanced carcinoid tumors.",,"You may start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Then you may be referred to a doctor called an endocrinologist who treats conditions related to hormones. You also may be referred to a genetic counselor.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, ulcers, tiredness, multiple endocrine neoplasia, diarrhea, stomach pain, broken bones, acid reflux, muscle weakness, depression, kidney stones, bone pain"
+696,Heart attack,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373112,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/doctors-departments/ddc-20373113,"A heart attack occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is severely reduced or blocked. The blockage is usually due to a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances in the heart (coronary) arteries. The fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits are called plaques. The process of plaque buildup is called atherosclerosis.
+
+Sometimes, a plaque can rupture and form a clot that blocks blood flow. A lack of blood flow can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle.","Symptoms of a heart attack vary. Some people have mild symptoms. Others have severe symptoms. Some people have no symptoms.
+
+Common heart attack symptoms include:
+
+Women may have atypical symptoms such as brief or sharp pain felt in the neck, arm or back. Sometimes, the first symptom sign of a heart attack is sudden cardiac arrest.
+
+Some heart attacks strike suddenly. But many people have warning signs and symptoms hours, days or weeks in advance. Chest pain or pressure (angina) that keeps happening and doesn't go away with rest may be an early warning sign. Angina is caused by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the heart.","Get help right away if you think you're having a heart attack. Take these steps:
+
+Take aspirin, if recommended.Taking aspirin during a heart attack may reduce heart damage by preventing blood clotting.
+
+Aspirin can interact with other drugs. Don't take an aspirin unless your care provider or emergency medical personnel say to do so. Don't delay calling 911 to take an aspirin. Call for emergency help first.","Coronary artery disease causes most heart attacks. In coronary artery disease, one or more of the heart (coronary) arteries are blocked. This is usually due to cholesterol-containing deposits called plaques. Plaques can narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart.
+
+If a plaque breaks open, it can cause a blood clot in the heart.
+
+A heart attack may be caused by a complete or partial blockage of a heart (coronary) artery. One way to classify heart attacks is whether an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) shows some specific changes (ST elevation) that require emergency invasive treatment. Your health care provider may use ECG results to describe these types of heart attacks.
+
+Not all heart attacks are caused by blocked arteries. Other causes include:",Heart attack risk factors include:,Heart attack complications are often due to heart muscle damage. Potential complications of a heart attack include:,"It's never too late to take steps to prevent a heart attack — even if you've already had one. Here are ways to prevent a heart attack.
+
+It's also a good idea to learn Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) properly so you can help someone who's having a heart attack. Consider taking an accredited first-aid training course, including CPR and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED).","Ideally, a health care provider should screen you during regular checkups for risk factors that can lead to a heart attack.
+
+A heart attack is often diagnosed in an emergency setting. If you've had or are having a heart attack, care providers will take immediate steps to treat your condition. If you're able to answer questions, you may be asked about your symptoms and medical history.
+
+Diagnosis of a heart attack includes checking blood pressure, pulse and temperature. Tests are done to see how the heart is beating and to check overall heart health.","Each minute after a heart attack, more heart tissue is damaged or dies. Urgent treatment is needed to fix blood flow and restore oxygen levels. Oxygen is given immediately. Specific heart attack treatment depends on whether there's a partial or complete blockage of blood flow.","Having a heart attack is scary. Talking about your feelings with your care provider, a family member or a friend might help. Or consider talking to a mental health care provider or joining a support group. Support groups let you connect with others who have been through similar events.
+
+If you feel sad, scared or depressed, tell your care provider. Cardiac rehabilitation programs can help prevent or treat depression after a heart attack.","A heart attack usually is diagnosed in an emergency setting. However, if you're concerned about your risk of a heart attack, talk to your care provider. A cardiovascular risk assessment can be done to determine your level of risk.
+
+You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases (cardiologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"pain, angina, cardiac arrest, pressure, chest pain, temporary decrease in blood flow"
+697,Nearsightedness,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20375556,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375561,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/doctors-departments/ddc-20375562,"Nearsightedness is a common vision condition in which close objects look clear but far objects look blurry. The medical term for nearsightedness is myopia. Myopia happens when the shape of the eye — or the shape of certain parts of the eye — causes light rays to bend or refract. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye, called the retina, are focused in front of the retina instead.
+Nearsightedness usually develops during childhood and adolescence. Typically, it becomes more stable between the ages of 20 and 40. It tends to run in families.
+A basic eye exam can confirm nearsightedness. You can correct the blurry vision with eyeglasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery.","Nearsightedness symptoms may include:
+Blurry vision when looking at distant objects.
+The need to squint or partially close the eyelids to see clearly.
+Headaches.
+Eyestrain.
+School-age children may have difficulty seeing things on whiteboards or screen projections in the classroom. Younger children might not express difficulty seeing, but they may have the following behaviors that suggest difficulty seeing:
+Constant squinting.
+Seeming to not be aware of distant objects.
+Blinking often.
+Rubbing the eyes often.
+Sitting close to the television or moving screens closer to the face.
+Adults with nearsightedness may notice difficulty reading street signs or signs in stores. Some people may experience blurry vision in dim light, as with nighttime driving, even if they see clearly in daylight. This condition is called night myopia.","Make an appointment with an eye care specialist if your child shows any signs of vision problems or if a teacher reports possible problems.
+Make an appointment for yourself if you notice a change in your vision, have difficulty performing tasks such as driving or find that the quality of your vision affects your enjoyment of activities.
+Seek emergency medical care if you experience any of the following:
+Sudden appearance of many floaters — tiny specks or lines that seem to drift through your field of vision.
+Flashes of light in one or both eyes.
+A curtain-like gray shadow covering all or part of your field of vision.
+A shadow in your outer or side vision, known as peripheral vision.
+These are warnings signs of the retina becoming detached from the back of the eye. This condition is a medical emergency requiring prompt treatment. Significant nearsightedness is associated with an increased risk of retinal detachment.
+Both children and adults may not be aware of problems with vision or changes that happen gradually. The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends regular vision screenings to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment.
+Your child's pediatrician or other healthcare professional does relatively simple exams to check the health of your child's eyes at birth, between 6 and 12 months of age, and between 12 and 36 months of age. If there are any problems, you may be referred to a doctor specializing in eye health and care, called an ophthalmologist.
+Vision screenings are tests to check for vision problems. A screening test may be done by a pediatrician, an ophthalmologist, an optometrist or another trained provider. Vision screenings are often offered at schools or community centers.
+The recommended times for screening are as follows:
+At least once between ages 3 and 5.
+Before kindergarten, usually age 5 or 6.
+Annually through the end of high school.
+If a problem is found in a screening test, you'll likely need to schedule a complete eye exam with an optometrist or ophthalmologist.
+The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends that healthy adults with no known problems with vision or eye disease should get a complete eye exam on the following schedule:
+At least once between ages 20 and 29.
+At least twice between ages 30 and 39.
+Every 2 to 4 years from ages 40 to 54.
+Every 1 to 3 years from ages 55 to 64.
+Every 1 to 2 years after age 65.
+If you have diabetes, a family history of eye disease, high blood pressure, or other risks of heart or vascular disease, you'll likely need more-regular eye exams. Also, you'll likely need more-regular exams if you already have prescription glasses or contacts or if you've had surgery for vision correction. Your healthcare professional or eye care specialist can recommend how often to get an exam.","The eye has two parts that focus images:
+The corneais the clear, dome-shaped front surface of the eye.
+The lensis a clear structure about the size and shape of a pinto bean.
+For you to see, light has to pass through the cornea and lens. These parts of the eye bend — also called refract — the light so that the light is focused directly on the retina at the back of your eye. These tissues translate light into signals sent to the brain, which lets you perceive images.","Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing nearsightedness, including:
+Genetics.Nearsightedness tends to run in families. If one of your parents is nearsighted, your risk of developing the condition is increased. The risk is higher if both parents are nearsighted.
+Prolonged close-up activities.Reading or doing other close-up activities for a long time is associated with an increased risk of nearsightedness.
+Screen time.Studies have shown that children who use computers or smart devices for long periods have a greater risk of developing nearsightedness.
+Environmental conditions.Some studies support the idea that not spending enough time outdoors may increase the risk of nearsightedness.","Nearsightedness is associated with a variety of complications, such as:
+Poor school experiences.Children with myopia or other vision problems can experience delays in reading or other academic skills, difficulty with social interactions, and poor self-esteem.
+Reduced quality of life.If nearsightedness isn't corrected, it can prevent you from performing daily tasks well or enjoying activities.
+Eyestrain.Not correcting nearsightedness may cause persistent eyestrain and headaches.
+Impaired safety.Your safety and the safety of others may be jeopardized if you have a vision problem. This could be especially serious if you are driving a car or operating heavy equipment.
+Other eye problems.Severe nearsightedness puts you at an increased risk of retinal detachment, glaucoma, cataracts and other serious eye conditions.",,Nearsightedness is diagnosed with a basic eye exam. Your eye care specialist will likely ask about your child's or your medical history and ask about any medicines used.,"The standard goal of treating nearsightedness is to improve vision by helping focus light on your retina with corrective lenses or refractive surgery. Managing nearsightedness also includes regular monitoring for complications of the condition, including glaucoma, cataracts and retinal detachment.",,,"Steps you can take to promote good eye health and vision include the following:
+Get regular eye exams.
+Protect your eyes from the sun.
+Wear protective eyewear during sports or work that can result in eye injuries.
+Use good lighting when reading and working.
+Wear prescription corrective lenses as directed.
+Care for prescription glasses or contact lenses as directed.
+Rest your eyes from computer or other close-up work every 20 minutes by looking at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds.
+Eat healthy foods.
+Get regular exercise.
+Control health conditions, such as high blood pressure or diabetes, that can affect your vision.
+Don't smoke.","constant squinting, blurry vision, rubbing the eyes often, squint, sitting close, blinking often, difficulty seeing, squinting, eyestrain, headaches"
+700,Postherpetic neuralgia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postherpetic-neuralgia/symptoms-causes/syc-20376588,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postherpetic-neuralgia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376593,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postherpetic-neuralgia/doctors-departments/ddc-20376594,"Postherpetic neuralgia (post-hur-PET-ik noo-RAL-juh) is the most common complication of shingles. It causes a burning pain in nerves and skin. The pain lasts long after the rash and blisters of shingles go away.
+The risk of postherpetic neuralgia rises with age. It mainly affects people older than 60. There's no cure, but treatments can ease symptoms. For most people, postherpetic neuralgia gets better over time.","In general, the symptoms of postherpetic neuralgia are limited to the area of skin where the shingles outbreak first happened. That's commonly in a band around the trunk of the body, most often on one side.
+The symptoms might include:
+Pain that lasts three months or longerafter the shingles rash has healed. The pain may feel burning, sharp and jabbing. Or it may feel deep and aching.
+Not being able to stand light touch.People with postherpetic neuralgia often can't bear even the touch of clothing on the affected skin.
+Itching or loss of feeling.Less often, postherpetic neuralgia can cause an itchy feeling or numbness.",See a health care provider at the first sign of shingles. Often the pain starts before you notice a rash. The risk of postherpetic neuralgia becomes lower if you start taking virus-fighting medicines called antivirals within 72 hours of getting the shingles rash.,"The chickenpox virus causes shingles. Once you've had chickenpox, the virus stays in your body for the rest of your life. The virus can become active again and cause shingles. This risk goes up with age. The risk also rises if something turns down the body's immune system, such as chemotherapy medicines to treat cancer.
+Postherpetic neuralgia happens if nerve fibers get damaged during an outbreak of shingles. Damaged fibers can't send messages from the skin to the brain as they usually do. Instead, the messages become confused and heightened. This causes pain that can last months or even years.","With shingles, things that can raise the risk of postherpetic neuralgia are:
+Age.You're older than 60.
+How bad the case of shingles was.You had a severe rash and pain that kept you from doing daily activities.
+Other illness.You have a long-term disease, such as diabetes.
+Where shingles appeared.You had shingles on your face or torso.
+A delay in shingles treatment.You didn't start taking antiviral medicine within 72 hours of your rash appearing.
+No shingles vaccine.You had not been vaccinated for shingles.","People with postherpetic neuralgia can develop other problems that are common with long-term pain. It depends on how long the postherpetic neuralgia lasts and how painful it is. These other problems can include:
+Depression.
+Trouble sleeping.
+Tiredness
+Not feeling as hungry as usual.","Shingles vaccines can help prevent shingles and postherpetic neuralgia. Ask your health care provider when you should get a vaccine.
+In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests that adults 50 and older get a shingles vaccine called Shingrix. The agency also suggests Shingrix for adults 19 and older who have weaker immune systems because of diseases or treatments. Shingrix is suggested even if you've already had shingles or the older vaccine, Zostavax. Shingrix is given in two doses, 2 to 6 months apart.
+With two doses, Shingrix is more than 90% effective in preventing shingles and postherpetic neuralgia. Other shingles vaccines are offered outside of the United States. Talk to your provider for more information on how well they prevent shingles and postherpetic neuralgia.","Your health care provider will check your skin. They might touch the skin in different places to find the borders of the affected area.
+In most cases, no tests are needed.",No single treatment relieves postherpetic neuralgia for everyone. It often takes a mix of treatments to ease the pain.,,"You might start by seeing your family health care provider. They may refer you to a nerve specialist called a neurologist. Or they might suggest you see a doctor who specializes in treating long-term pain.
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.","An over-the-counter medicine called capsaicin cream may ease the pain of postherpetic neuralgia. It's made from the seeds of hot chili peppers. Capsaicin (Capzasin-P, Zostrix, others) can cause a burning feeling and may bother your skin. These side effects usually fade over time. But you should use only a small amount when you first try it to make sure you don't have bad side effects.
+Try not to get capsaicin cream on parts of your body that don't have symptoms. Follow all the instructions that come with the cream. Wear gloves when you put it on, and wash your hands afterward.","pain, postherpetic neuralgia, itching or loss of feeling, rash, jabbing, deep, sharp, aching, burning, itchy, numbness, loss of feeling, itching"
+701,Trigeminal neuralgia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trigeminal-neuralgia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353344,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trigeminal-neuralgia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353347,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trigeminal-neuralgia/doctors-departments/ddc-20353350,"Trigeminal neuralgia (try-JEM-ih-nul nu-RAL-juh) is a condition that causes intense pain similar to an electric shock on one side of the face. It affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries signals from the face to the brain. Even light touch from brushing your teeth or putting on makeup may trigger a jolt of pain. Trigeminal neuralgia can be long-lasting. It's known as a chronic pain condition.
+People with trigeminal neuralgia may at first experience short, mild episodes of pain. But the condition can get worse, causing longer periods of pain that happen more often. It's more common in women and people older than 50.
+But trigeminal neuralgia, also known as tic douloureux, doesn't mean living a life of pain. It usually can be managed with treatment.","Trigeminal neuralgia symptoms may include one or more of these patterns:
+Episodes of intense shooting or jabbing pain that may feel like an electric shock.
+Sudden episodes of pain or pain triggered by touching the face, chewing, speaking or brushing your teeth.
+Episodes of pain lasting from a few seconds to several minutes.
+Pain that occurs with facial spasms.
+Episodes of pain lasting days, weeks, months or longer. Some people have periods when they experience no pain.
+Pain in areas supplied by the trigeminal nerve. These areas include the cheek, jaw, teeth, gums or lips. Less often, the eye and forehead may be affected.
+Pain on one side of the face at a time.
+Pain focused in one spot. Or the pain may be spread in a wider pattern.
+Pain that rarely occurs while sleeping.
+Episodes of pain that become more frequent and intense over time.","See your healthcare professional if you experience pain in your face, particularly if it's long-lasting or comes back after going away. Also get medical attention if you have chronic pain that doesn't go away with pain medicine that you buy off the shelf.","In trigeminal neuralgia, the trigeminal nerve's function is disrupted. Contact between a blood vessel and the trigeminal nerve at the base of the brain often causes the pain. The blood vessel may be an artery or a vein. This contact puts pressure on the nerve and doesn't allow it to function as usual.
+But while compression by a blood vessel is a common cause, there are many other potential causes. Multiple sclerosis or a similar condition that damages the myelin sheath protecting certain nerves can cause trigeminal neuralgia. A tumor pressing against the trigeminal nerve also can cause the condition.
+Some people may experience trigeminal neuralgia as a result of a stroke or facial trauma. An injury of the nerve due to surgery also can cause trigeminal neuralgia.","Research has found that some factors put people at higher risk of trigeminal neuralgia, including:
+Sex.Women are more likely than men to experience trigeminal neuralgia.
+Age.Trigeminal neuralgia is more common among people 50 and older.
+Certain conditions.For example, hypertension is a risk factor for trigeminal neuralgia. In addition, people with multiple sclerosis are at higher risk of trigeminal neuralgia.",,,"Your healthcare professional diagnoses trigeminal neuralgia mainly based on your description of the pain, including:
+Type.Pain related to trigeminal neuralgia is sudden, feels like an electric shock and is brief.
+Location.The parts of your face affected by pain can tell your healthcare professional if the trigeminal nerve is involved.
+Triggers.Eating, talking, light touch of your face or even a cool breeze can bring on pain.
+Your healthcare professional may conduct tests to diagnose trigeminal neuralgia. Tests also can help find the causes of the condition. They may include:
+A neurological exam.Touching and examining parts of your face can help determine exactly where the pain is occurring. If you appear to have trigeminal neuralgia, the exam can help uncover which branches of the trigeminal nerve may be affected. Reflex tests can help determine if your symptoms are caused by a compressed nerve or another condition.
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).You may need anMRIto look for possible causes of trigeminal neuralgia. AnMRImay reveal signs of multiple sclerosis or a tumor. Sometimes a dye is injected into a blood vessel to view the arteries and veins to show blood flow.
+Your facial pain may be caused by many different conditions, so an accurate diagnosis is important. Your healthcare professional also may order other tests to rule out other conditions.","Trigeminal neuralgia treatment usually starts with medications, and some people don't need any additional treatment. However, over time, some people with the condition may stop responding to medications, or they may experience unpleasant side effects. For those people, injections or surgery provide other trigeminal neuralgia treatment options.
+If your condition is due to another cause, such as multiple sclerosis, you need treatment for the underlying condition.","Living with trigeminal neuralgia can be difficult. The disorder may affect your interaction with friends and family, your productivity at work, and the overall quality of your life.
+You may find encouragement and understanding in a support group. Group members often know about the latest treatments and tend to share their own experiences. If you're interested, your doctor may be able to recommend a group in your area.","Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia. After your initial visit, you may see a doctor trained in brain and nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist.",,"gums pain, electric shock, forehead pain, one-sided pain, jaw pain, widespread pain, eye pain, jabbing pain, trigeminal neuralgia symptoms, facial spasms, sudden pain, teeth pain, spasms, cheek pain, pain, shooting pain, lips pain, focused pain, shock"
+703,Schwannomatosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schwannomatosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20567542,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schwannomatosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20567562,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schwannomatosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20567579,"Schwannomatosis is a condition that results in slow-growing tumors on nerve tissue. The tumors can grow on nerves in the ears, brain, spine and eyes. They also can grow on peripheral nerves, which are nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord. Schwannomatosis is rare. It's usually diagnosed in early adulthood.
+There are three types of schwannomatosis. Each type is caused by an altered gene.
+In NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2), tumors grow in both ears and can cause hearing loss. The altered gene that causes this type is sometimes passed down from a parent. NF2-related schwannomatosis was previously known as neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2).
+The other two types of schwannomatosis are SMARCB1-related schwannomatosis and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis. The altered genes that cause these types usually are not passed down through families.
+The tumors caused by schwannomatosis usually are not cancerous. Symptoms can include headaches, hearing loss, trouble with balance and pain. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms.",Schwannomatosis symptoms depend on the type.,"See a healthcare professional if you have symptoms of schwannomatosis. Although there is no cure, complications can be treated.","Schwannomatosis is caused by an altered gene. The specific genes involved depend on the type:
+NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2).The NF2 gene produces a protein called merlin, also called schwannomin, that suppresses tumors. An altered gene causes a loss of merlin, leading to cell growth that's not controlled.
+SMARCB1- and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis.So far, two genes are known to cause these types of schwannomatosis. Changes of the genes SMARCB1 and LZTR1, which suppress tumors, are linked with these conditions.","The gene that causes schwannomatosis is sometimes passed down from a parent. The risk of inheriting the gene differs based on the type of schwannomatosis.
+For about half of people who have NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2), they received an altered gene from a parent that caused the disease. NF2 has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This means that any child of a parent who is affected by the disease has a 50% chance of having the gene change. People who have NF2 and whose relatives aren't affected are likely to have a new gene change.
+In SMARCB1- and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis, the disease is less likely to be passed down from a parent. Researchers estimate that the risk of inheriting SMARCB1- and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis from an affected parent is about 15%.","Complications can occur in schwannomatosis, and they depend on the type the person has.",,"To diagnose schwannomatosis, a healthcare professional begins with a review of your personal and family medical history and a physical exam. You also may need other tests to diagnose NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2) or SMARCB1- and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis.
+Other tests include:
+Eye exam.An eye exam can reveal cataracts and visual loss.
+Hearing and balance exams.These include a test that measures hearing called audiometry and a test that measures balance by recording eye movements, known as electronystagmography. Another test measures the electrical messages that carry sound from the inner ear to the brain, known as brain stem auditory evoked response.
+Imaging tests.X-rays, CT scans or MRIs can help identify bone changes, tumors in the brain or spinal cord, and very small tumors. Imaging tests also are used to monitor the condition after diagnosis.
+Genetic tests.Genetic tests won't always identify NF2 or SMARCB1- and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis because other genes that aren't known may be involved with the condition. However, some people choose genetic testing before having children.",Treatment for schwannomatosis may include surgery or pain management. You may need regular exams and tests to monitor tumor growth. There is no cure for schwannomatosis.,Learning you have schwannomatosis may cause a range of emotions. Joining a support group that meets in person or online may help you cope with the emotions you're feeling. Also reach out to family members and friends for support.,"You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in brain and nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"but it doesn't mention any specific symptoms., There are no symptoms mentioned in the paragraph. The paragraph only talks about Schwannomatosis symptoms depending on the type"
+704,Vasovagal syncope,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vasovagal-syncope/symptoms-causes/syc-20350527,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vasovagal-syncope/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350531,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vasovagal-syncope/doctors-departments/ddc-20350532,"Vasovagal syncope (vay-zoh-VAY-gul SING-kuh-pee) occurs when you faint because your body overreacts to certain triggers. These may include the sight of blood or extreme emotional distress. Vasovagal syncope also is called neurocardiogenic syncope.
+The vasovagal syncope trigger causes your heart rate and blood pressure to drop suddenly. That leads to reduced blood flow to your brain, causing you to briefly lose consciousness.
+Vasovagal syncope is usually harmless and requires no treatment. But it's possible that you may injure yourself during a vasovagal syncope episode. Your healthcare professional may recommend tests to rule out more-serious causes of fainting, such as heart conditions.","Before you faint due to vasovagal syncope, you may experience some of the following symptoms:
+Change in skin color.
+Lightheadedness.
+Tunnel vision — your field of vision narrows so that you see only what's in front of you.
+Upset stomach.
+Feeling warm.
+A cold, clammy sweat.
+Blurred vision.
+During a vasovagal syncope episode, people around you may notice:
+Jerky movements.
+A slow, weak pulse.
+Dilated pupils.
+Recovery after a vasovagal episode generally begins in less than a minute. However, if you stand up too soon after fainting — within about 15 to 30 minutes — you're at risk of fainting again.","Fainting can be a sign of a more serious condition, such as a heart or brain condition. You may want to consult your healthcare professional after a fainting spell, especially if you've never had one before.","Vasovagal syncope occurs when the part of your nervous system that regulates heart rate and blood pressure overreacts to a trigger. Common triggers include:
+Standing for long periods of time.
+Heat exposure.
+Seeing blood.
+Having blood drawn.
+Fear of bodily injury.
+Straining, such as to pass stool.
+Vasovagal syncope can happen without a trigger.
+During a vasovagal syncope episode, your heart rate slows, and the blood vessels in your legs widen. This allows blood to pool in your legs, which lowers your blood pressure. The drop in blood pressure and slowed heart rate quickly reduce blood flow to your brain, and you faint.","The risk of vasovagal syncope may be higher in:
+Children and young adults, although vasovagal syncope can happen at any age.
+People who stand for long periods of time.",,"You may not always be able to avoid a vasovagal syncope episode. If you feel like you might faint, lie down and lift your legs. This allows gravity to keep blood flowing to your brain. If you can't lie down, sit down and put your head between your knees until you feel better.","Diagnosing vasovagal syncope often begins with a physical exam. During the physical exam, your healthcare professional listens to your heart and takes your blood pressure. Your healthcare professional may massage the main arteries in your neck to see if that causes you to feel faint.
+Your healthcare professional also may recommend several tests to rule out other possible causes of your fainting — particularly heart-related conditions. These tests may include:
+Electrocardiogram.This test records the electrical signals your heart produces. It can detect irregular heart rhythms and other cardiac conditions. You may need to wear a portable monitor for at least a day or as long as a month.
+Echocardiogram.This test uses ultrasound imaging to view the heart and look for conditions such as valve problems that can cause fainting.
+Exercise stress test.This test studies heart rhythms during exercise. It's usually conducted while you walk or jog on a treadmill.
+Blood tests.Your healthcare professional may look for conditions such as anemia that can cause or contribute to fainting spells.
+Tilt table test.If no heart conditions appear to cause your fainting, your healthcare professional may suggest that you undergo a tilt table test. During the test, you lie flat on your back on a table that changes positions, tilting you upward at various angles. A technician monitors your heart rhythms and blood pressure during the test to see if changing your posture affects them.","In most cases of vasovagal syncope, treatment is unnecessary. Your healthcare professional may help you understand your fainting triggers and discuss ways you might avoid them.
+If vasovagal syncope interferes with your quality of life, your healthcare professional may suggest trying one or more of the following remedies:
+Medicines.A drug called fludrocortisone acetate that's usually used to treat low blood pressure may be helpful in preventing vasovagal syncope. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors also may be used.
+Therapies.Your healthcare professional may recommend ways to lessen the pooling of blood in your legs. These may include foot exercises, wearing compression stockings or tensing your leg muscles when standing. You may need to increase salt in your diet if you don't usually have high blood pressure. Avoid prolonged standing — especially in hot, crowded places — and drink plenty of fluids.
+Surgery.Very rarely, inserting an electrical pacemaker to regulate the heartbeat helps some people with vasovagal syncope who haven't been helped by other treatments.",,It's a good idea to prepare for your appointment to make the most of your time with your healthcare professional.,,"upset stomach, slow, cold, weak pulse, vasovagal, feeling warm, dilated pupils, tunnel vision, jerky movements, blurred vision, lightheadedness, change in skin color, fainting, clammy sweat, vasovagal syncope"
+706,Neurofibromatosis type 1,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neurofibromatosis-type-1/symptoms-causes/syc-20350490,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neurofibromatosis-type-1/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350495,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neurofibromatosis-type-1/doctors-departments/ddc-20350497,"Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition that causes changes in skin pigment and tumors on nerve tissue. Skin changes include flat, light brown spots and freckles in the armpits and groin. Tumors can grow anywhere in the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord and nerves. NF1 is rare. About 1 in 2,500 is affected by NF1.
+The tumors often are not cancerous, known as benign tumors. But sometimes they can become cancerous. Symptoms often are mild. But complications can occur and may include trouble with learning, heart and blood vessel conditions, vision loss, and pain.
+Treatment focuses on supporting healthy growth and development in children and early management of complications. If NF1 causes large tumors or tumors that press on a nerve, surgery can reduce symptoms. A newer medicine is available to treat tumors in children, and other new treatments are being developed.","Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) usually is diagnosed during childhood. Symptoms are seen at birth or shortly afterward and almost always by age 10. Symptoms tend to be mild to moderate, but they can vary from person to person.
+Symptoms include:
+Flat, light brown spots on the skin, known as cafe au lait spots.These harmless spots are common in many people. But having more than six cafe au lait spots suggests NF1. They often are present at birth or appear during the first years of life. After childhood, new spots stop appearing.
+Freckling in the armpits or groin area.Freckling often appears by ages 3 to 5. Freckles are smaller than cafe au lait spots and tend to occur in clusters in skin folds.
+Tiny bumps on the iris of the eye, known as Lisch nodules.These nodules can't easily be seen and don't affect vision.
+Soft, pea-sized bumps on or under the skin called neurofibromas.These benign tumors usually grow in or under the skin but can also grow inside the body. A growth that involves many nerves is called a plexiform neurofibroma. Plexiform neurofibromas, when located on the face, can cause disfigurement. Neurofibromas may increase in number with age.
+Bone changes.Changes in bone development and low bone mineral density can cause bones to form in an irregular way. People with NF1 may have a curved spine, known as scoliosis, or a bowed lower leg.
+Tumor on the nerve that connects the eye to the brain, called an optic pathway glioma.This tumor usually appears by age 3. The tumor rarely appears in late childhood and among teenagers, and almost never in adults.
+Learning disabilities.It's common for children with NF1 to have some trouble with learning. Often there is a specific learning disability, such as trouble with reading or math. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and speech delay also are common.
+Larger than average head size.Children with NF1 tend to have a larger than average head size due to increased brain volume.
+Short stature.Children who have NF1 often are below average in height.","See a healthcare professional if your child has symptoms of neurofibromatosis type 1. The tumors are often not cancerous and are slow growing, but complications can be managed. If your child has a plexiform neurofibroma, a medicine is available to treat it.","Neurofibromatosis type 1 is caused by an altered gene that either is passed down by a parent or occurs at conception.
+The NF1 gene is located on chromosome 17. This gene produces a protein called neurofibromin that helps regulate cell growth. When the gene is altered, it causes a loss of neurofibromin. This allows cells to grow without control.","The biggest risk factor for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a family history. For about half of people who have NF1, the disease was passed down from a parent. People who have NF1 and whose relatives aren't affected are likely to have a new change to a gene.
+NF1 has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This means that any child of a parent who is affected by the disease has a 50% chance of having the altered gene.","Complications of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) vary, even within the same family. Generally, complications occur when tumors affect nerve tissue or press on internal organs.
+Complications of NF1 include:
+Neurological symptoms.Trouble with learning and thinking are the most common neurological symptoms associated with NF1. Less common complications include epilepsy and the buildup of excess fluid in the brain.
+Concerns with appearance.Visible signs of NF1 can include widespread cafe au lait spots, many neurofibromas in the facial area or large neurofibromas. In some people this can cause anxiety and emotional distress, even if they're not medically serious.
+Skeletal symptoms.Some children have bones that didn't form as usual. This can cause bowing of the legs and fractures that sometimes don't heal. NF1 can cause curvature of the spine, known as scoliosis, that may need bracing or surgery. NF1 also is associated with lower bone mineral density, which increases the risk of weak bones, known as osteoporosis.
+Changes in vision.Sometimes a tumor called an optic pathway glioma develops on the optic nerve. When this happens, it can affect vision.
+Increase in symptoms during times of hormonal change.Hormonal changes associated with puberty or pregnancy might cause an increase in neurofibromas. Most people who have NF1 have healthy pregnancies but will likely need monitoring by an obstetrician who is familiar with NF1.
+Cardiovascular symptoms.People who have NF1 have an increased risk of high blood pressure and may develop blood vessel conditions.
+Trouble breathing.Rarely, plexiform neurofibromas can put pressure on the airway.
+Cancer.Some people who have NF1 develop cancerous tumors. These usually arise from neurofibromas under the skin or from plexiform neurofibromas. People who have NF1 also have a higher risk of other forms of cancer. They include breast cancer, leukemia, colorectal cancer, brain tumors and some types of soft tissue cancer. Screening for breast cancer should begin earlier, at age 30, for women with NF1 compared to the general population.
+Benign adrenal gland tumor, known as a pheochromocytoma.This noncancerous tumor produces hormones that raise your blood pressure. Surgery often is needed to remove it.",,"To diagnose neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a healthcare professional begins with a review of your personal and family medical history and a physical exam.
+Your child's skin is checked for cafe au lait spots, which can help diagnose NF1.
+If other tests are needed to diagnose NF1, your child may need:
+Eye exam.An eye exam can reveal Lisch nodules, cataracts and vision loss.
+Imaging tests.X-rays, CT scans or MRIs can help identify bone changes, tumors in the brain or spinal cord, and very small tumors. An MRI might be used to diagnose optic gliomas.
+Genetic tests.Genetic testing for NF1 can help support the diagnosis. Genetic tests also can be done in pregnancy before a baby is born. Ask a member of your healthcare team about genetic counseling.
+For a diagnosis of NF1, at least two symptoms of the condition must be present. A child who has only one symptom and no family history of NF1 is likely to be monitored for any other symptoms. A diagnosis of NF1 is usually made by age 4.","There isn't a cure for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), but symptoms can be managed. Generally, the sooner someone is under the care of a specialist trained in treating NF1, the better the outcome.","Caring for a child with a condition such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) can be a challenge. But many children with NF1 grow up to live healthy lives with few, if any, complications.
+To help you cope:
+Find a healthcare professional you can trust and who can coordinate your child's care with other specialists. The Children's Tumor Foundation has an online tool to help you find a specialist in your area.
+Join a support group for parents who care for children who have NF1, ADHD, special needs or lifelong illnesses.
+Accept help for daily needs such as cooking, cleaning or caring for your other children or simply to take a needed break.
+Seek academic support for children who have learning disabilities.","You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in brain and nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist.
+It's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect.",,"bowed lower leg, larger than average head size, attention-deficit, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, tiny bumps, plexiform neurofibroma, speech delay, soft bumps, trouble with math, learning disabilities, tumor, curved spine, freckling, plexiform neurofibromas, adhd, tumors, neurofibromas, bone changes, short stature, nf1, learning disability, flat spots, scoliosis, trouble with reading"
+707,Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20362603,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20362619,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumors/doctors-departments/ddc-20362721,"Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are rare cancers that start in the lining of the nerves. These cancers happen in the nerves that run from the spinal cord into the body, called peripheral nerves. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors used to be called neurofibrosarcomas.
+Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors can happen anywhere in the body. They mostly occur in the deep tissue of the arms, legs and trunk. They tend to cause pain and weakness where they occur. They might also cause a growing lump or mass.
+Surgery is the usual treatment for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Sometimes, treatment might include radiation therapy and chemotherapy.","Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors often cause symptoms that get worse quickly. Symptoms include:
+Pain where the tumor is growing.
+Weakness when trying to move the body part that has the tumor.
+A growing lump of tissue under the skin.","Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have ongoing symptoms that worry you. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are rare, so your provider might first look for more-common causes for your symptoms.","It's not clear what causes most malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
+Experts know that these cancers begin when a cell in the lining around a nerve gets changes in its DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to make more cells quickly. These cells continue to live when healthy cells die as part of their life cycle.
+The cells then can form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow into and kill healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can spread to other parts of the body.","Factors that increase the risk of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors include:
+Radiation therapy for cancer.A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor might occur in the area treated with radiation 10 to 20 years after treatment.
+Noncancerous nerve tumors.Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors can develop from nerve tumors that aren't cancerous, such as neurofibroma.
+A condition that runs in families.Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors occur more often in people with neurofibromatosis 1. This condition increases the risk of tumors in the nerves.",,,"Tests and procedures used to diagnose malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors include:
+Neurological exam.A detailed exam of the nervous system, known as a neurological exam, helps a health care provider gather clues for diagnosis.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests make pictures of the body. The pictures might help providers see the size of the cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body. Tests might include magnetic resonance imaging, also calledMRI, or magnetic resonance neurography. Other tests might include computed tomography, also calledCTscan, and positron emission tomography, also calledPETscan.
+Removing a sample of tissue for testing.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. The tissue might be removed using a needle that is put through the skin and into the cancer. Sometimes surgery is needed to get the tissue sample.The sample is tested in a lab to see if it is cancer. Other special tests give more details about the cancer cells. The health care team uses this information to make a treatment plan.","Treatment for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors often involves:
+Surgery.The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor and some of the healthy tissue around it. When that can't be done, surgeons remove as much of the tumor as they can.Depending on where a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor is and how big it is, surgery can cause nerve damage. In the case of tumors that occur in the arms and legs, surgically removing the arm or leg might be necessary.Sometimes, radiation before surgery might shrink a tumor. That might make it more likely that all of the tumor is removed during surgery.
+Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill cancer cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. During radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a machine moves around you. The machine directs radiation to precise points on your body.Radiation may be used before surgery to shrink a tumor. This might make it more likely that all of the tumor is removed during surgery. After surgery, radiation therapy can be used to kill any cancer cells that might remain.
+Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy might be an option when a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor has spread to other parts of the body. Chemotherapy might help control symptoms and slow the growth of the cancer.
+Rehabilitation.After surgery, physical therapists and occupational therapists can help you regain function and movement lost due to nerve damage or from removing an arm or leg.",,"If you have symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with your doctor.
+If you're diagnosed with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, you'll likely be referred to a doctor who specializes in:
+Conditions that affect the nervous system, known as a neurologist.
+Treating cancer, known as an oncologist.
+Surgery involving bones, known as an orthopedist.
+Surgery involving nerves, known as a neurosurgeon.
+Because appointments can be brief and because there's a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect.",,"pain, weakness, tumor, nerve sheath tumors, growing lump"
+708,Acoustic neuroma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acoustic-neuroma/symptoms-causes/syc-20356127,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acoustic-neuroma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356132,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acoustic-neuroma/doctors-departments/ddc-20356134,"An acoustic neuroma is a noncancerous tumor that develops on the main nerve leading from the inner ear to the brain. This nerve is called the vestibular nerve. Branches of the nerve directly affect balance and hearing. Pressure from an acoustic neuroma can cause hearing loss, ringing in the ear and trouble with balance. Another name for an acoustic neuroma is vestibular schwannoma.
+An acoustic neuroma develops from the Schwann cells covering the vestibular nerve. A Schwann cell helps protect and support other nerve cells in the body. An acoustic neuroma is usually slow growing. Rarely, it may become large enough to press against the brain and affect vital functions.
+Treatments for an acoustic neuroma include monitoring, radiation and surgical removal.","Symptoms of an acoustic neuroma often are easy to miss and may take years to develop. Symptoms may occur because of the tumor's effects on the hearing and balance nerves. The tumor also can put pressure on the facial nerve that directs facial muscles and the trigeminal nerve that affects feeling in the face. Blood vessels or other brain structures also can be affected by an acoustic neuroma.
+As the tumor grows, it may be more likely to cause more noticeable or worse symptoms.
+Common signs and symptoms of an acoustic neuroma include:
+Hearing loss, usually gradually over months to years. In rare cases, hearing loss can be sudden. Hearing loss usually occurs on one side or is worse on one side.
+Ringing in the affected ear, known as tinnitus.
+Loss of balance or not feeling steady.
+Dizziness.
+Facial numbness and, very rarely, weakness or loss of muscle movement.
+Rarely, an acoustic neuroma may grow large enough to compress the brainstem and become life-threatening.",,"The cause of acoustic neuromas can sometimes be linked to a change to a gene on chromosome 22. Typically, this gene produces a tumor suppressor protein that helps regulate the growth of Schwann cells covering the nerves. Experts don't know what causes this change to the gene. Often there is no known cause. In some people, the gene change is related to a rare condition called NF2-related schwannomatosis, also known as NF2. The condition was previously known as neurofibromatosis type 2. People with NF2 usually have growth of tumors on the hearing and balance nerves on both sides of the head. These tumors are known as bilateral vestibular schwannomas.",,"An acoustic neuroma may cause permanent complications, including:
+Hearing loss.
+Facial numbness and weakness.
+Trouble with balance.
+Ringing in the ear.
+Large tumors may press on the brainstem, occasionally preventing the flow of cerebrospinal fluid between the brain and spinal cord. Fluid can build up in your head, a condition known as hydrocephalus. This increases the pressure inside the skull.",,"An acoustic neuroma often is hard to diagnose in the early stages because symptoms may be easy to miss and develop slowly over time. Common symptoms such as hearing loss also are associated with many other middle and inner ear issues.
+After asking questions about your symptoms, a member of your healthcare team conducts an ear exam. You may need the following tests:
+Hearing test, known as audiometry.This test is conducted by a hearing specialist called an audiologist. During the test, sounds of various tones are directed to one ear at a time. You indicate each time you hear the sound. Each tone is repeated at fainter levels to find out when you can barely hear. The audiologist also may use words to test your hearing.
+Imaging.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast dye is usually used to diagnose an acoustic neuroma. This imaging test can detect tumors as small as 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter. If MRI is not available or you can't have an MRI scan, a CT scan may be done. However, CT scans may miss small tumors.","Your acoustic neuroma treatment may vary, depending on:
+The size and growth rate of the acoustic neuroma.
+Your overall health.
+Your signs and symptoms.
+There are three treatment approaches for acoustic neuroma: monitoring, surgery or radiation therapy.","Dealing with the possibility of hearing loss and facial paralysis can be quite stressful. Deciding which treatment would be best for you also can be challenging. These suggestions may help:
+Educate yourself about acoustic neuromas.The more you know, the better prepared you can be to make choices about treatment. Besides talking to your healthcare team and your audiologist, you may want to talk to a counselor or social worker. Or you may find it helpful to talk to other people who've had an acoustic neuroma. It may help to learn more about their experiences during and after treatment.
+Maintain a strong support system.Family and friends can help you as you go through this challenging time. You also might find the concern and understanding of other people with an acoustic neuroma especially comforting. Your healthcare team or a social worker may be able to put you in touch with a support group. Or you can find an in-person or online support group through the Acoustic Neuroma Association.","You first may see a healthcare professional. This person may refer you to a doctor trained in ear, nose and throat conditions. Or you may be referred to a doctor trained in brain and nervous system surgery, known as a neurosurgeon. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"weakness, ringing in the ear, tinnitus, tumor, dizziness, numbness, hearing loss, loss of balance, loss of muscle movement, facial numbness"
+709,Morton neuroma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mortons-neuroma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351935,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mortons-neuroma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351939,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mortons-neuroma/doctors-departments/ddc-20351941,"Morton neuroma is a damaged, enlarged nerve that causes pain on the bottom of the forefoot, usually in the area behind the third and fourth toes. The pain is usually sharp or burning. There may be pain, tingling or numbness spreading into these toes.
+The exact cause of Morton neuroma is not known, but it's likely related to pressure on the nerve. High-heeled or narrow shoes may worsen the symptoms of Morton neuroma.
+Many people get relief by wearing shoes with low heels and wide toe boxes and by using shoe inserts. Treatments also may include corticosteroid injections or surgery.
+Morton neuroma also is called interdigital neuroma.","Morton neuroma causes pain in the ball of your foot. The ball is the padded area of the bottom of the foot between the toes and arch. Usually, the pain is in the area behind and between the third and fourth toes.
+The pain is often described as:
+Stabbing, shooting or burning pain in the ball of the foot.
+Feeling as if walking on a marble or stone.
+Pain that increases with activity.
+Pain, a pins and needles feeling, tingling, or numbness in the two nearby toes.
+Pain when stretching toes.
+A clicking sensation in the forefoot.
+Pain is often relieved with rest or removing shoes.",It's best not to ignore any foot pain that lasts longer than a few days. See your healthcare professional if you experience a burning pain in the ball of your foot that's not improving with a change in footwear or activities that put a strain on your feet.,"The exact cause of Morton neuroma is not known. Pressure on the affected nerve may contribute to damage and enlargement of the nerve.
+The affected nerve is in a space between long bones in the forefoot called the metatarsal bones. Usually, the damaged and enlarged nerve is between the metatarsal bones that connect to the bones of the third and fourth toes. Nerves between other metatarsal bones also may be affected.
+Factors that appear to worsen symptoms of Morton neuroma include:
+High-heeled or narrow shoes.High-heeled shoes or shoes with narrow toe boxes can put extra pressure on the toes and the ball of the foot.
+Activities.Walking, running or other activities that put pressure on the ball of the foot may worsen or trigger pain.","Factors that appear to contribute to Morton neuroma include:
+High heels.Wearing high-heeled shoes or shoes that are tight can place extra pressure on your toes and the ball of your foot.
+Certain sports.Participating in high-impact athletic activities such as jogging or running may subject your feet to repetitive trauma. Sports that feature tight shoes, such as snow skiing or rock climbing, can put pressure on your toes.
+Foot deformities.People who have bunions, hammertoes, high arches or flatfeet are at higher risk of developing Morton neuroma.",,,"During the exam, your healthcare professional will ask questions about your symptoms, general health, medical history and typical activities. Your health professional also will examine your foot by:
+Applying pressure at points along the ball of your foot to locate the site of pain.
+Squeezing the ball of the foot and feeling for a click between metatarsal bones.
+Testing the range of motion of the toes.
+Looking for other signs of irregularity in the foot that may contribute to pain.",The first line of treatment is usually to avoid activities that worsen symptoms and change footwear.,,You'll likely see your primary healthcare professional first. You may be referred to a doctor or surgeon who specializes in foot conditions.,"To help relieve the pain of Morton neuroma and allow the nerve to heal, consider the following self-care tips:
+Take anti-inflammatory medicines.Nonprescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve), may relieve pain.
+Try ice massage.Regular ice massage may help reduce pain. Freeze a water-filled paper or foam cup and roll the cold cup over the painful site.
+Change your footwear.Have your feet measured at a shoe store to make sure you are buying shoes of the correct size and width. Avoid high heels or tight shoes. Choose shoes with wide toe boxes.
+Take a break.For a few weeks, reduce activities such as running, jumping, climbing or dancing that subject the balls of your feet to high impact.","pain, shooting pain, clicking sensation, burning pain, tingling, numbness, morton neuroma, stabbing pain, pins and needles feeling, feeling as if walking on a marble or stone"
+712,Autonomic neuropathy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autonomic-neuropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20369829,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autonomic-neuropathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369836,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autonomic-neuropathy/doctors-departments/ddc-20369837,"Autonomic neuropathy occurs when there is damage to the nerves that control automatic body functions. It can affect blood pressure, temperature control, digestion, bladder function and even sexual function.
+
+The nerve damage affects the messages sent between the brain and other organs and areas of the autonomic nervous system. These areas include the heart, blood vessels and sweat glands.
+
+Diabetes is the most common cause of autonomic neuropathy. It can also be caused by other health conditions, viral or bacterial infections, or some medications. Symptoms and treatment vary based on which nerves are damaged.",Signs and symptoms of autonomic neuropathy depend on which nerves are damaged. They might include:,"Seek medical care promptly if you begin having any of the signs and symptoms of autonomic neuropathy, particularly if you have diabetes that's poorly controlled.
+
+If you have type 2 diabetes, the American Diabetes Association recommends annual autonomic neuropathy screening beginning when you receive your diagnosis. For people with type 1 diabetes, the association advises annual screening beginning five years after diagnosis.","Many health conditions can cause autonomic neuropathy. It can also be a side effect of treatments for other diseases, such as cancer. Some common causes of autonomic neuropathy include:
+
+Autoimmune diseases,in which your immune system attacks and damages parts of your body, including your nerves. Examples include Sjogren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and celiac disease. Guillain-Barre syndrome is an autoimmune disease that happens rapidly and can affect autonomic nerves.
+
+Autonomic neuropathy may also be caused by an immune system attack triggered by some cancers (paraneoplastic syndrome).",Factors that might increase your risk of autonomic neuropathy include:,,"Certain inherited diseases that put you at risk of developing autonomic neuropathy can't be prevented. But you can slow the onset or progression of symptoms by taking care of your health in general and managing your medical conditions.
+
+To control diseases and conditions, follow your health care provider's advice on healthy living. That advice might include these recommendations:",Autonomic neuropathy is a possible complication of some diseases. The tests you'll need depend on your symptoms and risk factors for autonomic neuropathy.,Treatment of autonomic neuropathy includes:,Living with a chronic condition presents daily challenges. Here are some suggestions to help you cope:,"First, you'll probably see your primary care provider. If you have diabetes, you might see your diabetes doctor (endocrinologist). However, you might be referred to a doctor specializing in nerve disorders (neurologist).
+
+You might see other specialists, depending on the part of your body affected by neuropathy, such as a cardiologist for blood pressure or heart rate problems or a gastroenterologist for digestive difficulties.
+
+Here are some tips to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"autonomic neuropathy, none"
+713,Diabetic neuropathy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-neuropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371580,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-neuropathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371587,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-neuropathy/doctors-departments/ddc-20371588,"Diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage that can happen with diabetes. Blood sugar, also called glucose, becomes high because of diabetes. Over time, high blood sugar can injure nerves throughout the body. Diabetic neuropathy most often damages nerves in the legs and feet.
+
+Depending on the affected nerves, diabetic neuropathy symptoms may include pain and numbness in the legs, feet and hands. It also can cause problems with the digestive system, urinary tract, blood vessels and heart. Some people have mild symptoms. But for others, diabetic neuropathy can be painful and disabling.
+
+Diabetic neuropathy is a serious health concern. It may affect up to half of people who have diabetes. But diabetic neuropathy often can be prevented. And people who have it can take steps to keep it from getting worse. The key is to tightly manage blood sugar and lead a healthy lifestyle.","There are four main types of diabetic neuropathy. You can have one type or more than one type of neuropathy.
+
+The symptoms depend on the type of diabetic neuropathy you have and which nerves are affected. Usually, symptoms appear slowly over time. You may not notice anything is wrong until a lot of nerve damage has happened.","Call your healthcare professional for a checkup if you have:
+
+Tests can check for diabetic neuropathy before a person has symptoms of it. These are called screening tests. Screening tests can find diseases early when they're easier to treat. The American Diabetes Association recommends that screening for diabetic neuropathy start:
+
+After that, screening is recommended once a year.","The exact cause of each type of neuropathy is unknown. Researchers think that over time, uncontrolled high blood sugar damages nerves and interferes with their ability to send signals. This process may lead to diabetic neuropathy. High blood sugar also weakens the walls of the small blood vessels called capillaries that supply the nerves with oxygen and nutrients.",Anyone who has diabetes can get diabetic neuropathy. But these risk factors make nerve damage more likely:,"Diabetic neuropathy can cause serious medical conditions, including:","You may be able to prevent or delay diabetic neuropathy and the medical problems that can happen with it. To do so, closely manage your blood sugar and take good care of your feet.","To figure out if you have diabetic neuropathy, your healthcare professional gives you a physical exam. You're also asked questions about your symptoms and medical history.
+
+During the exam, your healthcare professional most often checks:
+
+Along with a physical exam, your healthcare professional may do or order certain tests. The tests can help confirm whether or not you have diabetic neuropathy. They may include:",Diabetic neuropathy has no known cure. The goals of treatment are to:,"Living with diabetic neuropathy may be a challenge at times. Support groups can offer encouragement and advice. Ask your healthcare professional if there are any groups in your area. Or ask for a referral to a therapist. If you feel depressed, it can help to talk to a counselor or therapist. The American Diabetes Association also offers online support through its website.","Doctors who specialize in treating metabolic disorders and diabetes are called endocrinologists. If you don't already see an endocrinologist, you'll likely be referred to one if you show symptoms of diabetes complications. If you have symptoms of neuropathy, you may be referred to a specialist in brain and nervous system problems. This doctor is called a neurologist.
+
+To prepare for your appointment, take the following steps:
+
+Some basic questions to ask may include:",,"nerve damage, symptoms appear slowly over time, diabetic neuropathy, neuropathy"
+715,Peripheral neuropathy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352061,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352067,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/doctors-departments/ddc-20352070,"Peripheral neuropathy happens when the nerves that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves) are damaged. This condition often causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in the hands and feet. It also can affect other areas and body functions including digestion and urination.
+The peripheral nervous system sends information from the brain and spinal cord, also called the central nervous system, to the rest of the body through motor nerves. The peripheral nerves also send sensory information to the central nervous system through sensory nerves.
+Peripheral neuropathy can result from traumatic injuries, infections, metabolic problems, inherited causes and exposure to toxins. One of the most common causes of neuropathy is diabetes.
+People with peripheral neuropathy usually describe the pain as stabbing, burning or tingling. Sometimes symptoms get better, especially if caused by a condition that can be treated. Medicines can reduce the pain of peripheral neuropathy.","Every nerve in the peripheral system has a specific job. Symptoms depend on the type of nerves affected. Nerves are divided into:
+Sensory nerves that receive sensation, such as temperature, pain, vibration or touch, from the skin.
+Motor nerves that control muscle movement.
+Autonomic nerves that control functions such as blood pressure, sweating, heart rate, digestion and bladder function.
+Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy might include:
+Gradual onset of numbness, prickling, or tingling in your feet or hands. These sensations can spread upward into your legs and arms.
+Sharp, jabbing, throbbing or burning pain.
+Extreme sensitivity to touch.
+Pain during activities that shouldn't cause pain, such as pain in your feet when putting weight on them or when they're under a blanket.
+Lack of coordination and falling.
+Muscle weakness.
+Feeling as if you're wearing gloves or socks when you're not.
+Inability to move if motor nerves are affected.
+If autonomic nerves are affected, symptoms might include:
+Heat intolerance.
+Excessive sweating or not being able to sweat.
+Bowel, bladder or digestive problems.
+Drops in blood pressure, causing dizziness or lightheadedness.
+Peripheral neuropathy can affect one nerve, called mononeuropathy. If it affects two or more nerves in different areas, it's called multiple mononeuropathy, and if it affects many nerves, it's called polyneuropathy. Carpal tunnel syndrome is an example of mononeuropathy. Most people with peripheral neuropathy have polyneuropathy.","Seek medical care right away if you notice unusual tingling, weakness, or pain in your hands or feet. Early diagnosis and treatment give you the best chance for controlling your symptoms and preventing further damage to your peripheral nerves.","Peripheral neuropathy is nerve damage caused by several different conditions. Health conditions that can cause peripheral neuropathy include:
+Autoimmune diseases.These include Sjogren's syndrome, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and vasculitis. Also, some cancers related to the body's immune system can cause polyneuropathy. These are a form of autoimmune disorder called paraneoplastic syndrome.
+Diabetes and metabolic syndrome.This is the most common cause. Among people with diabetes, more than half will develop some type of neuropathy.
+Infections.These include certain viral or bacterial infections, including Lyme disease, shingles, hepatitis B and C, leprosy, diphtheria, and HIV.
+Inherited disorders.Disorders such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease are hereditary types of neuropathy that run in families.
+Tumors.Cancerous growths, also called malignant, and noncancerous growths, also called benign, can grow on or press on nerves.
+Bone marrow disorders.These include a protein in the blood that isn't usually there, called monoclonal gammopathies, a rare form of myeloma that affects the bones, lymphoma and the rare disease amyloidosis.
+Other diseases.These include metabolic conditions such as kidney disease or liver disease, and an underactive thyroid, also known as hypothyroidism.
+Other causes of neuropathies include:
+Alcohol use disorder.Unhealthy dietary choices made by people with alcohol use disorder, also known as alcoholism, and poor absorption of vitamins can lead to low amounts of essential vitamins in the body.
+Exposure to poisons.Toxic substances include industrial chemicals and heavy metals such as lead and mercury.
+Medicines.Certain medicines, especially chemotherapy used to treat cancer, can cause peripheral neuropathy.
+Injury or pressure on the nerve.Injuries, such as from motor vehicle accidents, falls or sports injuries, can sever or damage peripheral nerves. Nerve pressure can result from having a cast or using crutches or repeating a motion such as typing many times.
+Low vitamin levels.B vitamins, including B-1, B-6 and B-12, as well as copper and vitamin E are crucial to nerve health.
+In some cases, no cause can be identified. This is called idiopathic peripheral neuropathy.","Peripheral neuropathy risk factors include:
+Diabetes, especially if your sugar levels are not controlled well.
+Alcohol misuse.
+Low levels of vitamins in the body, especially vitamin B-12.
+Infections, such as Lyme disease, shingles, hepatitis B and C, and HIV.
+Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, in which the immune system attacks your own tissues.
+Kidney, liver or thyroid disorders.
+Exposure to toxins.
+Repetitive motion, such as those performed for certain jobs.
+Family history of neuropathy.","Complications of peripheral neuropathy can include:
+Burns, skin injuries and wounds on the feet.You might not feel temperature changes or pain on parts of your body that are numb.
+Infection.Your feet and other areas that lack sensation can become injured without your knowing. Check these areas regularly, wear close-toed, well-fitting shoes and treat minor injuries before they become infected, especially if you have diabetes.
+Falls.Weakness and loss of sensation may be associated with lack of balance and falling. Installing handrails in the bathroom, using canes or walkers when needed, and ensuring that you are walking only in well-lit rooms can decrease fall risk.",,"Peripheral neuropathy has many possible causes. Besides a physical exam, which may include blood tests, diagnosis usually requires:
+A full medical history.Your health care professional will look at your medical history. The history will include your symptoms, lifestyle, exposure to toxins, drinking habits and a family history of nervous system, or neurological, diseases.
+Neurological exam.Your care professional might check your tendon reflexes, muscle strength and tone, ability to feel certain sensations, and balance and coordination.","Treatment goals are to manage the condition causing your neuropathy and to improve symptoms. If your lab tests show no condition that's causing the neuropathy, your health care professional might recommend watchful waiting to see if your neuropathy stays the same or gets better.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your health care professional. You may then be referred to a doctor trained in nervous system disorders, also called a neurologist.
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.","To help you manage peripheral neuropathy:
+Take care of your feet, especially if you have diabetes.Check daily for blisters, cuts or calluses. Wear soft, loose cotton socks and padded shoes. You can use a semicircular hoop, which is available in medical supply stores, to keep bedcovers off hot or sensitive feet.
+Exercise.Regular exercise, such as walking three times a week, can lower neuropathy pain, improve muscle strength and help control blood sugar levels. Gentle routines such as yoga and tai chi also might help. If you have painful neuropathy in your feet, you may want to try pool-based exercise such as swimming.
+Quit smoking.Cigarette smoking can cause problems with circulation. This increases the risk of foot problems and other neuropathy complications.
+Eat healthy meals.Good nutrition is especially important to make sure that you get important vitamins and minerals. Include fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean protein in your diet.
+Avoid excessive alcohol.Alcohol can make peripheral neuropathy worse.
+Monitor your blood sugar levels.If you have diabetes, this will help keep your blood sugar under control and might help improve your neuropathy.","bladder problems, mononeuropathy, prickling, dizziness, multiple mononeuropathy, muscle weakness, digestive problems, throbbing pain, polyneuropathy, sharp pain, feeling of wearing gloves or socks, falling, excessive sweating, jabbing pain, inability to move, numbness, bowel problems, lack of coordination, throbbing, inability to sweat, lightheadedness, burning pain, drops in blood pressure, sensitivity to touch, peripheral neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, pain, heat intolerance, tingling"
+716,Moles,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/moles/symptoms-causes/syc-20375200,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/moles/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375204,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/moles/doctors-departments/ddc-20375205,"Moles, also known as nevi, are a common type of skin growth. They often appear as small, dark brown spots that are caused by clusters of pigment-forming cells called melanocytes. Most people have 10 to 45 moles that appear during childhood and the teenage years. How these moles look may change over time. They also may fade over time.
+Most moles are harmless. Rarely, they become cancerous. Being aware of changes in your moles and other pigmented patches is important to finding skin cancer, especially malignant melanoma.","The typical mole is a small brown spot. But moles come in different colors, shapes and sizes:
+Color and texture.Moles can be brown, tan, black, blue, red or pink. They can be smooth, wrinkled, flat or raised. They may have hair growing from them.
+Shape.Most moles are oval or round.
+Size.Moles are typically less than 1/4 inch (about 6 mm) in diameter — the size of a pencil eraser. Those present at birth, known as congenital nevi, can be bigger and cover part of the face, trunk or a limb.
+Moles can grow anywhere on your body, including your scalp and armpits, as well as under your nails and between your fingers and toes. Most people have 10 to 45 moles. Many of these moles occur by age 40. Moles may change or fade away over time. They may become darker and larger with hormonal changes that occur during the teenage years and while pregnant.
+Clusters of brown spots around the eyes, cheeks and nose are dermatoses papulosa nigra — a type of seborrheic keratosis that is noncancerous and appears as waxy brown, black or tan growths. They aren't clusters of pigment-forming cells, known as nevi. Dermatoses papulosa nigra are more common among Black women. These lesions don't carry a risk of melanoma, but they can be treated as a cosmetic concern.","Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if a mole looks unusual, grows or otherwise changes.","Moles are caused when cells in the skin called melanocytes grow in clusters. Melanocytes generally are distributed throughout the skin. They produce melanin, the natural pigment that gives skin its color.",,"Melanoma is the main complication of moles. Some people have an above-average risk of their moles becoming cancerous and leading to melanoma. Factors that raise melanoma risk include:
+Being born with large moles.These type of moles are called congenital nevi. They are subclassified based on their estimated adult size. Large and giant congenital nevi that are more than 20 centimeters in diameter are at higher risk of developing melanoma.
+Having unusual moles.Moles that are large with an irregular border are known as atypical nevi, also known as dysplastic nevi. They tend to run in families.
+Having many moles.Having more than 50 moles suggests a greater risk of melanoma and possibly breast cancer.
+Having a personal or family history of melanoma.If you've had melanoma before, there is a higher risk of getting melanoma again. Also, some types of atypical nevi lead to a genetic form of melanoma.
+Using tanning lamps or beds.Tanning lamps and beds releaseUVrays and can raise your risk of skin cancer.",The following measures can help limit the growth of moles and the main complication of moles: melanoma.,"Your healthcare professional can diagnose moles by looking at your skin. During a skin exam, your healthcare professional looks at your skin from head to toe. If your healthcare professional thinks that a mole may be cancerous, it is removed and sent to a lab for examination under a microscope. This is called a biopsy.
+You might choose to make a skin exam a regular part of your preventive medical care. Talk with your healthcare professional about the schedule that's right for you.","Most moles don't need treatment. If you're self-conscious about a mole, you could try makeup to help hide it. If you have a hair growing from a mole, you might try clipping it close to the skin's surface or plucking it. Anytime you cut or irritate a mole, keep the area clean. See your healthcare professional if a mole doesn't heal.
+You also might talk with your dermatologist about surgically removing a mole if it bothers you or if you notice suspicious changes in it. Mole removal is a quick procedure that is typically done on an outpatient basis. During mole removal, your healthcare professional numbs the area around the mole and cuts it out, along with a margin of healthy skin if needed. The procedure may leave a permanent scar. People with Black skin are at increased risk of other surgical side effects, such as pigmentary changes where the cut is, and keloid scars, which are raised scars after an injury heals.
+If you notice that a mole has grown back, see your healthcare professional promptly.",,"If you have a mole that concerns you, your healthcare professional typically can let you know if it's normal or needs to be studied more. Your healthcare professional may send you to a doctor who specializes in skin disorders, known as a dermatologist, for diagnosis and treatment.
+It's a good idea to arrive for your appointment well-prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"wrinkled, darker, melanoma, larger, seborrheic keratosis, dermatoses papulosa nigra, congenital nevi, raised, brown spots, smooth, flat, hair growing"
+719,Sleep terrors (night terrors),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-terrors/symptoms-causes/syc-20353524,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-terrors/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353529,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-terrors/doctors-departments/ddc-20353531,"Sleep terrors are times of screaming or crying, intense fear, and sometimes waving arms and legs when not fully awake. Also known as night terrors, sleep terrors may lead to sleepwalking. Like sleepwalking, sleep terrors are a type of parasomnia. Parasomnias are disturbing or strange behaviors or experiences during sleep. A sleep terror usually lasts from seconds to a few minutes, but it may last longer.
+Sleep terrors may happen in children between the ages of 1 and 12 years. They happen much less often in adults. Although sleep terrors can be frightening to those around the person with sleep terrors, they aren't usually a cause for concern. Most children outgrow sleep terrors by their teenage years.
+Sleep terrors may need treatment if they cause problems with getting enough sleep or cause a safety risk.","Sleep terrors differ from nightmares. A nightmare is a bad dream. The person who has a nightmare wakes up from the dream and may remember details. A person who has a sleep terror remains asleep. Children usually don't remember anything about their sleep terrors in the morning. Adults may recall part of a dream they had during the sleep terrors.
+Sleep terrors generally happen in the first part of sleep time, and rarely during naps. A sleep terror may lead to sleepwalking.
+During a sleep terror, a person may:
+Start by screaming, shouting or crying.
+Sit up in bed and look scared.
+Stare wide-eyed.
+Sweat, breathe heavily, and have a racing pulse, flushed face and enlarged pupils.
+Kick and thrash.
+Be hard to wake up and be confused if awakened.
+Not be comforted or soothed.
+Have no or little memory of the event the next morning.
+Possibly, get out of bed and run around the house or have aggressive behavior if blocked or held back.","Occasional sleep terrors aren't usually a cause for concern. If your child has sleep terrors, you can simply mention them at a routine well-child exam. But if you have concerns for you or your child, talk to your doctor or other healthcare professional sooner, especially if sleep terrors:
+Happen more often.
+Regularly disrupt the sleep of the person with sleep terrors or other family members.
+Lead to safety concerns or injury.
+Result in daytime symptoms of extreme sleepiness or problems with daily activities.
+Continue beyond the teen years or start as an adult.","Sleep terrors are a type of parasomnia. A parasomnia is a disturbing or strange behavior or experience during sleep. People who have sleep terrors don't completely wake up from sleep during the episodes. Their appearance may suggest they are awake, but they remain partially asleep.
+Several issues can contribute to sleep terrors, such as:
+Serious lack of sleep and extreme tiredness.
+Stress.
+Sleep schedule changes, travel or sleep interruptions.
+Fever.
+Sleep terrors sometimes can be triggered by conditions that interfere with sleep, such as:
+Sleep-disordered breathing — a group of disorders that include breathing patterns that are not typical during sleep. The most common type of sleep-disordered breathing is obstructive sleep apnea.
+Restless legs syndrome.
+Some medicines.
+Mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety.
+Alcohol use.",Sleep terrors are more common if family members have a history of sleep terrors or sleepwalking.,"Some complications that may result from sleep terrors include:
+Being too sleepy during the day, which can lead to problems at school or work or with everyday tasks.
+Disturbed sleep.
+Embarrassment about the sleep terrors or problems with relationships.
+Injury to the person having a sleep terror or, rarely, to someone nearby.",,"To diagnose sleep terrors, your doctor or other healthcare professional may:
+Talk about your medical history.Your healthcare professional will likely discuss your medical history. You may have a physical exam to identify any conditions that may be part of the reason for your sleep terrors. You may be asked about your family history of sleep problems.
+Talk about your symptoms.Sleep terrors are usually diagnosed based on your description of the events. The health professional also may ask you or your bed partner some questions about your sleep behaviors. A video of a sleep terror episode can be helpful.
+Recommend an overnight sleep study.In some cases, your health professional may recommend an overnight study in a sleep lab. Sensors placed on your body record and monitor brain waves, the oxygen level in your blood, heart rate and breathing during sleep. The sensors also record eye and leg movements while you sleep. You may be videotaped to document your behavior during sleep cycles.","Treatment usually isn't needed for sleep terrors that happen rarely. Children typically outgrow sleep terrors.
+Treatment may be needed if the sleep terrors cause a safety risk, interfere with sleep, don't go away with time or happen more often. Being embarrassed or disrupting the sleep of others may lead some people to seek treatment.
+Treatment generally focuses on plans for safety and getting rid of causes or triggers for sleep terrors.
+Treatment options may include:
+Treating any underlying condition.If the sleep terrors are linked with a medical or mental health condition or another sleep disorder, such as obstructive sleep apnea, treatment is aimed at the underlying problem.
+Addressing stress.If stress or anxiety seems to be part of the cause of the sleep terrors, your healthcare professional may suggest meeting with a sleep specialist. Cognitive behavioral therapy, hypnosis or relaxation therapy may help.
+Anticipatory awakening.This involves waking the person who has sleep terrors about 15 minutes before the person usually has the event. Then the person stays awake for a few minutes before falling asleep again.
+Medicine.Medicine is rarely used to treat sleep terrors, especially for children. But if needed, the healthcare professional may prescribe medicines that help with sleep, such as benzodiazepines or certain antidepressants.",,"Sleep terrors in children tend to go away by the time they're teenagers. But if you have concerns about safety or underlying conditions for you or your child, talk to your healthcare professional. Your health professional may refer you to a sleep specialist.
+Keep a sleep diary for two weeks before the appointment. A sleep diary can help the healthcare professional understand more about the sleep schedule, issues that affect sleep and when sleep terrors happen. In the morning, record bedtime rituals, quality of sleep, and anything else you think is important. At the end of the day, record behaviors that may affect sleep, such as sleep schedule changes and any medicine taken.
+You may want to take a family member or friend along, if possible, to provide more information.","If sleep terrors are a problem for you or your child, here are some tips:
+Get enough sleep.Extreme tiredness can contribute to sleep terrors. If you're not getting enough sleep, try an earlier bedtime and a more regular sleep schedule. Sometimes a short nap may help. If possible, avoid noises or other stimuli that could interrupt sleep.
+Establish a regular, relaxing routine before bedtime.Do quiet, calming activities before bed. Read books, do puzzles or soak in a warm bath. Meditation or relaxation exercises may help too. Make the bedroom comfortable and quiet for sleep. Avoid caffeine close to bedtime.
+Make the area safe.To help prevent injury, close and lock all windows and outside doors at night. You might even lock inside doors or put alarms or bells on them. Block doorways or stairways with a gate. Move electrical cords or other objects that might be a tripping hazard. Don't use bunk beds, if possible. Place any sharp or fragile objects out of reach. Also, lock up all weapons.
+Put stress in its place.Identify the things that cause stress. Think of ways to handle the stress. If your child seems anxious or stressed, talk about what's bothering your child. A mental health professional can help.
+Offer comfort.If your child has a sleep terror, consider simply waiting it out. It may be upsetting to watch, but it won't harm your child. You might cuddle and gently soothe your child. Then try to get your child back into bed. Speak softly and calmly. Don't shout. Trying to wake your child or keep your child from moving may make things worse. Usually the event will shortly stop on its own.
+Look for a pattern.If your child has sleep terrors, keep a sleep diary. For a few weeks, note how many minutes after bedtime a sleep terror occurs. If the timing is fairly consistent, anticipatory awakenings may help.","shouting, enlarged pupils, staring wide-eyed, sleep terrors, kicking, flushed face, screaming, thrashing, sweating, not comforted, no memory, looking scared, crying, confused, sitting up in bed, racing pulse, aggressive behavior, breathing heavily, hard to wake up"
+722,Bed-wetting,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bed-wetting/symptoms-causes/syc-20366685,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bed-wetting/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366711,,"Bed-wetting — also called nighttime incontinence or nocturnal enuresis — means passing urine without intending to while asleep. This happens after the age at which staying dry at night can be reasonably expected.
+Soggy sheets and pajamas — and an embarrassed child — are a familiar scene in many homes. But don't get upset if your child wets the bed. Bed-wetting isn't a sign of problems with toilet training. It's often just a typical part of a child's development.
+Generally, bed-wetting before age 7 isn't a concern. At this age, your child may still be developing nighttime bladder control.
+If your child continues to wet the bed, treat the problem with patience and understanding. Lifestyle changes, bladder training, moisture alarms and sometimes medicine may help lessen bed-wetting.","Most kids are fully toilet trained by age 5, but there's really no target date for having complete bladder control. Between the ages of 5 and 7, bed-wetting remains a problem for some children. After 7 years of age, a small number of children still wet the bed.","Most children outgrow bed-wetting on their own — but some need a little help. In other cases, bed-wetting may be a sign of an underlying condition that needs medical attention.
+Talk to your child's doctor or other health care professional if:
+Your child still wets the bed after age 7.
+Your child starts to wet the bed after a few months of being dry at night.
+In addition to wetting the bed, your child has pain when passing urine, is often extra thirsty, has pink or red urine, has hard stools, or snores.","It's not known for sure what causes bed-wetting. Several issues may play a role, such as:
+A small bladder.Your child's bladder may not be developed enough to hold all the urine made during the night.
+No awareness of a full bladder.If the nerves that control the bladder are slow to mature, a full bladder may not wake your child. This may be especially true if your child is a deep sleeper.
+A hormone imbalance.During childhood, some kids do not produce enough anti-diuretic hormone, also called ADH.ADHslows down how much urine is made during the night.
+Urinary tract infection.Also called a UTI, this infection can make it hard for your child to control the urge to pass urine. Symptoms may include bed-wetting, daytime accidents, passing urine often, red or pink urine, and pain when passing urine.
+Sleep apnea.Sometimes bed-wetting is a sign of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is when a child's breathing is interrupted during sleep. This is often due to swollen and irritated or enlarged tonsils or adenoids. Other symptoms may include snoring and being sleepy during the day.
+Diabetes.For a child who's usually dry at night, bed-wetting may be the first sign of diabetes. Other symptoms may include passing large amounts of urine at once, increased thirst, extreme tiredness and weight loss in spite of a good appetite.
+Ongoing constipation.A child who is constipated does not have bowel movements often enough, and the stools may be hard and dry. When constipation is long term, the muscles involved in passing urine and stools may not work well. This can be linked to bed-wetting.
+A problem in the urinary tract or nervous system.Rarely, bed-wetting is related to a difference in the structure of the urinary tract or nervous system.","Bed-wetting can affect anyone, but it's twice as common in boys as in girls.
+Several factors have been linked with an increased risk of bed-wetting, including:
+Stress and anxiety.Stressful events may trigger bed-wetting. Examples include having a new baby in the family, starting a new school or sleeping away from home.
+Family history.If one or both of a child's parents wet the bed as children, their child has an increased chance of wetting the bed, too.
+Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Bed-wetting is more common in children who haveADHD.","Although frustrating, bed-wetting without a physical cause does not result in any health risks. But bed-wetting can create some issues for your child, including:
+Guilt and embarrassment, which can lead to low self-esteem.
+Loss of opportunities for social activities, such as sleepovers and camp.
+Rashes on your child's bottom and genital area — especially if your child sleeps in wet underwear.",,"Depending on your child's situation, the health care professional can check for any underlying cause of bed-wetting. A treatment plan can be made based on:
+Physical exam.
+Discussing symptoms, fluid intake, family history, bowel and bladder habits, and problems caused by bed-wetting.
+Urine tests to check for signs of an infection or diabetes.
+X-rays or other imaging tests of the kidneys or bladder to look at the structure of the urinary tract.
+Other types of urinary tract tests or assessments, if needed.","Most children outgrow bed-wetting on their own. If treatment is needed, talk about options with your child's health care professional. Together you can decide what will work best for your child.
+If your child is not especially bothered or embarrassed by an occasional wet night, lifestyle changes may work well. These include not having caffeine, limiting liquids in the evening and passing urine right before bed.
+If lifestyle changes are not successful or if your child is upset or worried about wetting the bed, other treatments may be helpful.
+If found, underlying causes of bed-wetting, such as constipation or sleep apnea, should be looked into by a health care professional.
+Options for treating bed-wetting may include moisture alarms and medicine.","Children do not wet the bed to annoy their parents. Try to be patient as you and your child work through the problem together. Effective treatment may include several strategies and may take time to be successful.
+Be sensitive to your child's feelings.If your child is stressed or anxious, encourage your child to express those feelings. Offer support and encouragement. When your child feels calm and secure, bed-wetting may become less of a problem. If needed, talk to your child's health care professional about additional strategies for dealing with stress.
+Plan for easy cleanup.Put a plastic cover over your child's mattress. Use thick, absorbent underwear at night to help contain the urine. Keep extra bedding and pajamas handy. But avoid the long-term use of diapers or disposable pull-up underwear.
+Ask your child to help.If your child is old enough, consider asking your child to rinse wet underwear and pajamas or place these items in a specific container for washing. Taking responsibility for bed-wetting may help your child feel more control over the situation.
+Celebrate effort.Praise your child for following the bedtime routine and helping clean up after accidents. Use a sticker reward system if you think this might help motivate your child. Bed-wetting is not done on purpose, so it doesn't make sense to punish or tease your child for wetting the bed. For the same reason, rewarding dry nights is not helpful. Also, discourage siblings from teasing the child who wets the bed.
+With support and understanding, your child can look forward to the dry nights ahead.","You're likely to start by seeing your child's pediatrician or other health care professional. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary disorders called a pediatric urologist or pediatric nephrologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect.","Here are changes you can make at home that may help with bed-wetting:
+Limit fluids in the evening.It's important to get enough fluids, so there's no need to limit how much your child drinks in a day. But encourage drinking liquids in the morning and early afternoon. This may lessen thirst in the evening. But don't limit evening fluids if your child has sports practice or games in the evenings.
+Avoid drinks and foods with caffeine.Caffeine is not a good idea for children at any time of day. Because caffeine may stimulate the bladder, it should especially be avoided in the evening.
+Urge double voiding before bed.Double voiding is passing urine at the beginning of the bedtime routine and then again just before falling asleep. Remind your child that it's OK to use the toilet during the night if needed. Use small night lights, so your child can easily find the way between the bedroom and bathroom.
+Urge regular toilet use throughout the day.During the day and evening, suggest that your child pass urine every 2 to 3 hours or so, or at least often enough to avoid a feeling of needing to pass urine right away.
+Prevent rashes.To prevent a rash caused by wet underwear, help your child rinse their bottom and genital area every morning. It also may help to cover the affected area with a protective moisture barrier ointment or cream at bedtime. Ask your health care professional for product suggestions.",bed-wetting
+723,Hearing loss,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hearing-loss/symptoms-causes/syc-20373072,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hearing-loss/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373077,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hearing-loss/doctors-departments/ddc-20373079,"Hearing loss that comes on little by little as you age, also known as presbycusis, is common. More than half the people in the United States older than age 75 have some age-related hearing loss.
+There are three types of hearing loss:
+Conductive, which involves the outer or middle ear.
+Sensorineural, which involves the inner ear.
+Mixed, which is a mix of the two.
+Aging and being around loud noises both can cause hearing loss. Other factors, such as too much earwax, can lower how well ears work for a time.
+You usually can't get hearing back. But there are ways to improve what you hear.","Symptoms of hearing loss may include:
+Muffling of speech and other sounds.
+Trouble understanding words, especially when in a crowd or a noisy place.
+Trouble hearing the letters of the alphabet that aren't vowels.
+Often asking others to speak more slowly, clearly and loudly.
+Needing to turn up the volume of the television or radio.
+Staying clear of some social settings.
+Being bothered by background noise.
+Ringing in the ears, known as tinnitus.","If you have a sudden loss of hearing, particularly in one ear, seek medical attention right away.
+Talk to your health care provider if loss of hearing is causing you trouble. Age-related hearing loss happens little by little. So you may not notice it at first.","To understand how hearing loss happens, it can be helpful to understand how hearing works.","Factors that damage or lead to loss of the hairs and nerve cells in the inner ear include:
+Aging.The inner ear breaks down over time.
+Loud noise.Being around loud sounds can damage the cells of the inner ear. Damage can happen by being around loud noises over time. Or the damage can come from a short blast of noise, such as from a gunshot.
+Heredity.Your genes may make you more likely to have ear damage from sound or from aging.
+Noises on the job.Jobs where loud noise is constant, such as farming, construction or factory work, can lead to damage inside the ear.
+Noises at play.Exposure to explosive noises, such as from firearms and jet engines, can cause immediate, permanent hearing loss. Other activities with dangerously high noise levels include snowmobiling, motorcycling, carpentry or listening to loud music.
+Some medicines.These include the antibiotic gentamicin, sildenafil (Viagra) and certain medicines used to treat cancer, which can damage the inner ear. Very high doses of aspirin, other pain relievers, antimalarial drugs or loop diuretics can cause short-term effects on hearing. These include ringing in the ears, also known as tinnitus, or hearing loss.
+Some illnesses.Illnesses such as meningitis that cause high fever can harm the cochlea.","Hearing loss can make life less pleasant. Older adults with hearing loss often report being depressed. Because hearing loss can make it harder to talk with others, some people with hearing loss feel cut off from others. Hearing loss is also linked to loss of thinking skills, known as cognitive impairment.
+Hearing loss also is linked to risk of falling.","The following steps can help prevent hearing loss from loud noises and keep hearing loss from aging from getting worse:
+Protect your ears.Staying away from loud noise is the best protection. In the workplace, plastic earplugs or glycerin-filled earmuffs can help protect hearing.
+Have your hearing tested.If you work around a lot of noise, think about regular hearing tests. If you've lost some hearing, you can take steps to prevent further loss.
+Avoid risks from hobbies and play.Riding a snowmobile or a jet ski, hunting, using power tools, or listening to rock concerts can damage hearing over time. Wearing hearing protectors or taking breaks from the noise can protect your ears. Turning down the volume when listening to music helps too.","Tests to diagnose hearing loss may include:
+Physical exam.A health care provider looks in your ear for possible causes of your hearing loss, such as earwax or an infection. The way your ear is formed might cause hearing problems, as well.
+Screening tests.A whisper test, which involves covering one ear at a time while listening to words spoken at many volumes, can show how you react to other sounds.
+App-based hearing tests.You can use a mobile app on your tablet to screen yourself for hearing loss.
+Tuning fork tests.Tuning forks are two-pronged, metal instruments that make sounds when hit. Simple tests with tuning forks can help find hearing loss. They may also show where the ear damage is.
+Audiometer tests.A specialist in hearing loss, known as an audiologist, does these more-thorough tests. Sounds and words are directed through earphones to each ear. Each tone is repeated at low levels to find the quietest sound you can hear.","You can get help for hearing problems. Treatment depends on the cause of the hearing loss and how bad it is.
+Options include:
+Removing earwax.Earwax blockage is a cause of hearing loss that can be fixed. A health care provider might remove earwax using suction or a small tool with a loop on the end.
+Surgery.Some types of hearing loss can be treated with surgery. For repeated infections that cause fluid in the ear, a care provider might put in small tubes that help ears drain.
+Hearing aids.If hearing loss is from damage to the inner ear, a hearing aid can be helpful. A hearing specialist, known as an audiologist, can talk about how hearing aids can help and what kinds there are. Audiologists also can fit you with a hearing aid.
+Cochlear implants.When a regular hearing aid isn't likely to help much, a cochlear implant might be an option. A cochlear implant isn't like a hearing aid that makes sound stronger and directs it into the ear canal. Instead, a cochlear implant goes around the parts of the inner ear that don't work to spur the hearing nerve.An audiologist and a health care provider trained in the ears, nose and throat (ENT) can tell you the risks and benefits.","These tips can help you stay connected with hearing loss:
+Tell your friends and family.Let them know that you've lost some hearing.
+Put yourself in a good position to hear.Face the person you're talking to.
+Turn off background noise.For example, noise from a television can make talking and listening harder.
+Ask others to speak up, but not too loud, and speak clearly.Most people will be helpful if they know you're having trouble hearing them.
+Get the other person's attention before speaking.Don't try to talk to someone in a different room.
+Choose quiet settings.In public, choose a place to talk that's away from noisy areas.
+Consider using a listening aid.Hearing devices can help you hear better while lessening noises around you. These include TV-listening systems or devices that make phone sounds stronger, smartphone or tablet apps, and closed-circuit systems in public places.","If you think you have hearing loss, call your health care provider. Your provider might refer you to a hearing specialist, also known as an audiologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"trouble understanding words, ringing in the ears, tinnitus, muffling of speech and other sounds, asking others to speak more slowly, needing to turn up the volume, staying clear of social settings, bothered by background noise, hearing loss, trouble hearing"
+726,Functional dyspepsia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/symptoms-causes/syc-20375709,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375715,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/doctors-departments/ddc-20375717,"Functional dyspepsia is a term used to describe a lingering upset stomach that has no obvious cause. Functional dyspepsia (dis-PEP-see-uh) also is called nonulcer dyspepsia.
+Functional dyspepsia is common. It is a constant condition, but symptoms don't happen all the time. Symptoms are like those of an ulcer. They include pain or discomfort in the upper belly, bloating, belching and nausea.","Symptoms of functional dyspepsia may include:
+Pain or burning in the stomach, bloating, excessive belching or nausea after eating.
+An early feeling of fullness when eating. The feeling of fullness also is called satiety.
+Stomach pain that happens unrelated to meals or goes away when eating.","Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you experience constant symptoms that worry you.
+Seek medical attention right away if you experience:
+Bloody vomit.
+Dark, tarry stools.
+Shortness of breath.
+Pain in your jaw, neck or arm.
+Unexplained weight loss.","No one knows what causes functional dyspepsia. Medical professionals consider it a functional disorder. That means it can't be explained by a medical condition, so routine testing may not show any problems or causes. As a result, the diagnosis is based on symptoms.","Some factors can increase the risk of functional dyspepsia. They include:
+Being female.
+Using certain pain relievers that are available without a prescription. These include aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), which can cause stomach problems.
+Smoking.
+Anxiety or depression.
+History of childhood physical or sexual abuse.
+Helicobacter pylori infection.",,,"A healthcare professional most likely will review symptoms and do a physical exam. Several tests can help find the cause of the discomfort and rule out other disorders. These may include:
+Blood tests.Blood tests may help rule out other diseases that can cause symptoms like those of functional dyspepsia.
+Tests for a bacterium.A bacterium called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).H. pylorican cause stomach problems.H. pyloritesting may involve a stool sample, the breath or tissue samples of the stomach taken during endoscopy.
+Endoscopy.An upper endoscopy uses a tiny camera on the end of a flexible tube to visually examine the upper digestive system. This allows a medical professional to collect tissue samples to look for infection or inflammation.
+In some cases, other tests may be done to see how well the stomach empties its contents.",Functional dyspepsia that can't be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy.,,"You may start by seeing someone on your primary healthcare team. Or you may be referred right away to a doctor who specializes in the treatment of diseases of the stomach and intestines, called a gastroenterologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",Some lifestyle changes may help control functional dyspepsia.,"pain, belching, nausea, bloating, fullness, dyspepsia, stomach pain, satiety, burning, excessive belching or nausea after eating"
+730,Overactive bladder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/overactive-bladder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355715,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/overactive-bladder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355721,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/overactive-bladder/doctors-departments/ddc-20355725,"Overactive bladder, also called OAB, causes sudden urges to urinate that may be hard to control. There might be a need to pass urine many times during the day and night. There also might be loss of urine that isn't intended, called urgency incontinence.
+People with an overactive bladder might feel self-conscious. That can cause them to keep away from others or limit their work and social life. The good news is that it can be treated.
+Simple behavior changes might manage symptoms of an overactive bladder. These might include changes in diet, urinating on a certain schedule and using pelvic floor muscles to control the bladder. There also are other treatments to try.","If you have an overactive bladder, you may:
+Feel a sudden urge to urinate that's hard to control.
+Lose urine without meaning to after an urgent need to urinate, called urgency incontinence.
+Urinate often. This can mean eight or more times in 24 hours.
+Wake up more than twice a night to urinate, called nocturia.
+Even if you can get to the toilet in time when you feel an urge to urinate, having to urinate often during day and night can disrupt your life.","Although common among older adults, overactive bladder isn't a typical part of aging. It might not be easy to talk about your symptoms. But if the symptoms distress you or disrupt your life, talk to your healthcare professional. There are treatments that might help.",,"Aging increases the risk of overactive bladder. So does being female. Conditions such as enlarged prostate and diabetes also can increase the risk.
+Many people with declines in thinking ability, such as those who have had a stroke or have Alzheimer's disease, get an overactive bladder. That's because they're less able to notice the symptoms of needing to urinate. Drinking fluids on a schedule, timing and prompting urination, absorbent garments, and bowel programs can help manage the condition.
+Some people with an overactive bladder also have trouble with bowel control. Tell your healthcare professional if you're having trouble controlling your bowels.","Any type of incontinence can affect quality of life. If your overactive bladder symptoms disrupt your life, you might also have:
+Anxiety.
+Emotional distress or depression.
+Sexual problems.
+Sleep disturbances and interrupted sleep cycles.
+People assigned female at birth who have an overactive bladder also may have a condition called mixed incontinence. This has both urgency and stress incontinence.
+Stress incontinence is the sudden loss of urine from physical movement or activity that puts pressure on the bladder. Examples are coughing, sneezing, laughing or exercising.","These healthy lifestyle choices may reduce your risk of overactive bladder:
+Do exercises to make the pelvic floor muscles stronger. These are called Kegel exercises.
+Get regular, daily physical activity and exercise.
+Limit caffeine and alcohol.
+Maintain a healthy weight.
+Manage ongoing, called chronic, conditions, such as diabetes, that might add to overactive bladder symptoms.
+Quit smoking.","If you have unusual urges to urinate, your healthcare professional checks for an infection or blood in your urine. Your health professional also may check to see if you're emptying your bladder all the way when you urinate.
+Your appointment will likely include a:
+Medical history.
+Neurological exam to look for sensory issues or reflex problems.
+Physical exam, which may include a rectal exam and a pelvic exam in women.
+Urine sample to test for infection, traces of blood or other issues.",A mix of treatments may be best to relieve overactive bladder symptoms.,"Living with overactive bladder can be hard. Consumer education and advocacy support groups such as the National Association for Continence can provide you with online resources and information. These groups connect you with other people who have overactive bladder and urge incontinence. Support groups offer the chance to talk about your worries and learn new ways to cope.
+Teaching your family and friends about overactive bladder and how it affects you may help you create your own support network and reduce feelings of shame. Once you start talking about it, you may be surprised to learn how common this condition really is.","For overactive bladder, start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. You might then be sent to a specialist in urinary conditions in men and women, called a urologist, a specialist in urinary conditions in women, called a urogynecologist, or a specialist in physical therapy.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","The following might reduce overactive bladder symptoms:
+Not drinking too much or too little.Ask your healthcare professional how much to drink daily. Drinking too much fluid can make your symptoms worse. But not drinking enough can bother the lining of your bladder and increase the urge to urinate.
+Limit foods and drinks that might bother your bladder.These include caffeine, alcohol, tea, carbonated drinks, citrus juice and fruit, chocolate, spicy foods, and tomatoes. Try not eating or drinking these to see if it helps.
+Maintain a healthy weight.If you're overweight, losing weight may ease your symptoms. Heavier people also are at greater risk of stress urinary incontinence. That also may improve with weight loss.
+Manage constipation.Constipation can make urinary incontinence worse. Your healthcare professional might suggest that you add more fiber to your diet. You can add fiber by eating more high-fiber foods or by taking a fiber supplement.
+Quit smoking.Smoking can make urinary incontinence worse. If you smoke, ask your healthcare professional for help with quitting.
+Wear absorbent pads or underwear.These are designed to take in liquids, control odor and protect your clothing when urine leaks.","lose urine, sudden urge to urinate, urgency incontinence, urinate often, wake up at night to urinate"
+731,Childhood obesity,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20354827,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-obesity/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354833,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-obesity/doctors-departments/ddc-20354836,"Childhood obesity is a serious health condition that involves having excess body fat early in life. The extra weight often starts children on the path to other health conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Childhood obesity also can lead to poor self-esteem and depression.
+The symptoms of childhood obesity aren't straightforward or simply based on how children look. And various factors can play a part in causing this condition. Some factors may be within a family's ability to change, such as eating and physical activity habits. Many other possible factors can't be changed, such those related to genes and hormones.
+You can help manage or prevent childhood obesity by having your whole family regularly eat balanced meals and snacks. It also helps for the whole family to lead an active lifestyle. Steps such as these help protect your child's health now and in the future.","The symptoms of childhood obesity aren't clear-cut. Not all children who carry extra pounds are overweight. Some children have larger than average body frames. And it's typical for children to carry different amounts of body fat at the various stages of development. So you might not know if weight is a concern based on how your child looks.
+A measurement called the body mass index (BMI) helps healthcare professionals check for overweight status and obese status. A child'sBMIis based on the child's weight and height compared with those of other children the same age and sex using growth charts. Speak with your child's healthcare professional about how your child'sBMIfits with other clues of children's health. For instance, growth patterns, eating and activity habits, stress, sleep, and family history also play a key role in health. Other tests also can help your child's healthcare professional figure out if your child's weight might pose health risks.","If you're worried that your child is putting on too much weight, talk with your child's healthcare professional. Get a healthcare checkup right away if your child also has any of the following symptoms:
+Headaches that don't go away for a long time.
+High blood pressure.
+Extreme thirst and frequent urination.
+Breathing that starts and stops many times during sleep.
+Poor growth compared with other children of the same sex and age.","Childhood obesity is a complex condition. Various factors can play a part in causing it. These include:
+Genetic and hormonal factors.
+Food access.
+Stress.
+Sleep.
+Social and economic factors.
+Eating and physical activity habits.","Many risk factors make childhood obesity more likely. Some factors that might be within your family's ability to change include the following:
+Eating habits.Frequently eating foods that have lots of added sugar, saturated fat or sodium can cause your child to gain weight. These include fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks. Candy and desserts also can cause weight gain. So can sugary drinks such as sodas, fruit juices and sports drinks. These types of foods and drinks are found everywhere, and they're designed to appeal to the taste buds. It's OK to enjoy treats such as these once in a while. Try to eat or drink them slowly and mindfully, paying attention to each bite or sip. And be sure to look at the serving sizes listed on the labels. Try not to have more than those amounts in one sitting.
+Not enough movement.Children who don't get enough daily movement are more likely to gain weight. So encourage your child or teen to get at least 60 minutes of physical activity a day. Too much time spent being inactive also plays a part in weight gain. Examples of being inactive include sitting to watch TV, play video games or use lots of social media. TV and online shows also may feature junk food commercials or ads. If your child is age 2 or older, try to limit leisure screen time not used for schoolwork to no more than two hours a day. If your child is younger than 2, don't let your child have any screen time.
+Mental health factors.Personal stress and family stress can raise a child's risk of obesity. Ongoing stress can cause the body to make high amounts of hormones such as cortisol. High levels of these hormones can cause feelings of increased hunger. They also can trigger cravings for foods that have lots of fat and added sugar. If you think your child has too much stress, talk with your child's healthcare professional. You may be referred to a counselor or another mental healthcare professional who can test your child and offer treatment if needed.
+Certain medicines.Some prescription medicines can raise the risk of obesity. They include prednisone, lithium, amitriptyline, paroxetine (Paxil), gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant), propranolol (Inderal LA, Hemangeol), quetiapine (Seroquel), carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Tegretol, others), medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera), olanzapine (Zyprexa) and risperidone (Risperdal). Your child's healthcare professional can review the medicines that your child takes. If a certain medicine might be causing weight gain, the healthcare professional might change the dose or switch medicines.
+Some other factors for childhood obesity may be out of a parent's ability to control. They include the following:
+Family factors.If your child comes from a family of people who tend to gain weight easily, your child may be more likely to put on weight.
+Genes and hormones.Sometimes, changes to certain genes can play a part in childhood obesity. So can conditions linked with hormones and many other processes that happen inside the body.
+Social and economic factors.People in some communities have limited resources and limited access to supermarkets. As a result, their main access to foods may be convenience foods that don't spoil quickly. These include frozen meals, crackers and cookies. Access to fresh produce, meats and other proteins, and whole grain foods may be limited. And access to safe places for movement activities and outdoor hobbies also may be limited.","Childhood obesity often causes health concerns and conditions known as complications. These can affect a child's physical, social and mental well-being.","To help prevent childhood obesity, take the following steps:
+Set a good example.Make healthy eating and regular physical activity a family affair. That way, everyone benefits and no one feels singled out. It's ideal for your child to get an hour of physical activity a day at least five days a week.
+Offer balanced meals and snacks each day.To serve a balanced meal, think of the space for food on a plate. Fruits and vegetables should take up half of the plate. Grains such as bulgur, brown rice and whole-wheat pasta should take up a quarter of the plate. Proteins such as lean meat, poultry, seafood and lentils should take up the other quarter of the plate. Between meals, offer snacks that have lots of nutrients and little added sugar, saturated fat and sodium. Examples of balanced snacks include yogurt with berries, an apple with nut butter, and whole grain crackers with turkey and avocado. Feel free to get creative when you combine different foods.
+Keep offering new foods.Your child might not like a new food right away. But if you offer it again, your child may learn to enjoy it over time.
+Support a healthy relationship with junk food.Some foods such as fast food, cookies and chips are tasty, but they don't have much nutrition. Many junk foods also have high levels of saturated fat, sodium or added sugar. Sweet drinks and fruit juices also tend to have lots of sugar with little to no nutrition. Explain to your children that they can enjoy these tasty foods on occasion, such as ice cream during a family day out. But help them understand that junk foods don't give the all-day energy that nutritious foods provide. Think about keeping junk foods off the grocery list and out of the home. Doing so could help the family focus on nutritious foods for meals and snacks.
+Limit screen time.Don't let your family watch TV during meals, and have family members put phones and tablets away. Since your child likely will use screens at other times, think about setting a time limit that everyone in the home follows. Encourage children to have fun doing things that don't involve a screen.
+Choose rewards that aren't food.Try not to promise your child snacks for good behavior. Suggest a fun activity reward instead. Examples include playing a game together or taking a trip to the park or the zoo.
+Be sure your child gets enough sleep.Too little sleep may raise the risk of obesity. How much sleep children need depends on their age. For instance, children ages 6 to 12 need about 9 to 12 hours of sleep a day. Teens ages 13 to 18 need about 8 to 10 hours. Try to help your child go to sleep and wake up at the same times each day.
+Breastfeed your baby.Breastfeeding your infant from birth to 6 months old may lower the risk of obesity later in life.
+Be sure that your child gets well-child checkups at least once a year too. During this visit, a healthcare professional measures your child's height and weight and figures out your child'sBMI. If your child'sBMIrises a lot over one year, your child may be at risk of becoming overweight.","Diagnosis involves the steps that a healthcare professional takes to find out if your child has obesity. A healthcare professional calculates your child'sBMIand figures out where it falls on a standard growth chart.
+Your child's healthcare professional uses the growth chart to find out how your child's weight compares with that of other children of the same sex and age. This is called your child'sBMIpercentile. For example, a child in the 80th percentile has a higherBMIthan 80% of other children of the same sex and age.
+Cutoff points on these growth charts mean the following:
+Underweight —BMI5th percentile or below.
+Healthy weight —BMIbetween 5th and 84th percentiles.
+Overweight —BMIbetween 85th and 94th percentiles.
+Obese —BMI95th percentile or above.
+Severely obese —BMIgreater than or equal to 120% of the 95th percentile.
+BMIdoesn't take into account factors such as being muscular or having a larger than average body frame. What's more, growth patterns vary greatly among children. So, the healthcare professional also factors in your child's growth and development to help find out whether your child's weight is a health concern.
+Along withBMIand charting weight on the growth charts, the healthcare professional looks at:
+Your family's history of obesity and weight-related health conditions, such as diabetes.
+Your child's eating habits. This can include what your child eats and how often, and how big the portion sizes are.
+Your child's activity level and amount of screen time.
+Your child's blood pressure.
+Other health conditions your child has or medicines your child takes.
+Mental health history, including bouts of depression, sleep troubles, and whether your child feels isolated, alone or bullied.","Treatment for childhood obesity is based on factors such as your child's age and whether your child has other health conditions. Treatment usually includes changes in your child's eating habits and physical activity level. The key is to make these healthy changes over time and help your child follow them long term. Sometimes, treatment also includes medicines or weight-loss surgery.
+Experts recommend that treatment include a mix of the following:
+A healthcare team's guidance on nutrition and physical activity.
+Skills for building habits as a family to form a healthy lifestyle over time. These habits need to work for the family long term.
+In some areas, these treatments are offered in the form of classes that children and parents attend together. Or parents might go to such classes and apply what they've learned at home. When these classes aren't available, your child's healthcare professional may need to work with you to arrange key parts of the treatment plan. These parts include visits with a dietitian and more-regular healthcare visits that are focused on supporting healthy habits and goals.
+Your child's healthcare professional likely will set healthy eating and physical activity goals for your family and your child. Any goal for your child's weight is tailored to:
+Your child's age.
+The severity of the obesity.
+Whether your child has obesity-related health conditions.
+Remember, success with treatment partly depends on how committed you are to helping your child make long-term healthy changes. Understand that your child is still growing. And be aware that healthy-lifestyle changes can benefit your child and family in ways that the scale may not or cannot show.","Parents play a key role in helping children feel loved and in control of their weight. So try to build your child's self-esteem as often as you can. Don't be afraid to bring up the topic of health and fitness. Also, be direct and open when you talk with your child. Try not to judge or be critical.
+You can use the following tips:
+Stay upbeat and practical when talking about weight.Harmful comments about your own weight, someone else's weight or your child's weight can hurt your child. That's true even if you mean well with your comments. Harmful talk about weight can lead to poor body image. Instead, focus your talks on healthy eating and positive body image. Make sure that other family members talk with your child in an upbeat way too.
+Tell your child not to skip meals or follow fad diets.Instead, encourage and support healthy eating. Help your child work up to at least an hour of physical activity a day too.
+Find reasons to praise your child's efforts.Celebrate small changes in eating and physical activity. But don't reward your child with food. Choose other ways to mark your child's successes, such as going to the bowling alley or a local park.
+Talk about your child's feelings.Listen to any concerns that your child shares with you about weight or body image. Show that you love your child and that you care about your child's feelings.
+Help your child focus on healthy goals.For example, point out when your child can bike or jog longer than your child used to. Or say how proud you are when your child can run the required number of laps in gym class.
+Be patient.Realize that an intense focus on your child's eating habits and weight can backfire. It can lead a child to overeat even more. It also can raise the risk of an eating disorder. So don't ever shame, blame or shout at your child about weight.
+Put a stop to bullying.If another child bullies your child about weight, take charge of the situation as soon as possible. Talk with the other child's parents. If the bullying happens at school, talk with your child's teachers or principal.","Your child's healthcare professional likely will be first to tell you whether your child'sBMIis in the obese range. If your child has complications of obesity, you might be referred to other specialists to help manage these health concerns.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"stress, obesity, sleep"
+733,Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376199,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/doctors-departments/ddc-20376201,"Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child's breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. Breathing can briefly stop and start again many times a night. The condition happens when the upper airway narrows or is blocked during sleep.
+Obstructive sleep apnea can look different in children than it does in adults. Adults usually have daytime sleepiness. Children are more likely to have behavior issues, such as acting hyper or not paying attention. Risk factors also differ. In adults, the key risk factors are obesity and age. Although obesity can play a role in children, the main risk factor in children is having tonsils and adenoids that are larger than usual. The adenoids are two small pads of tissue in the back of the nose. The tonsils are two oval-shaped pads in the back of the mouth.
+It's important for healthcare professionals to find and treat pediatric obstructive sleep apnea as soon as possible. Early treatment helps prevent other health conditions called complications. These can affect children's growth, learning, behavior and heart health. The first treatment may be surgery to remove enlarged tonsils and adenoids. But some children may get better using medical devices or taking medicines.","During sleep, symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can include:
+Snoring.
+Pauses in breathing.
+Restless sleep.
+Snorting, gasping, coughing or choking.
+Mouth breathing.
+Nighttime sweating.
+Bed-wetting that starts after a long period of dry overnights.
+Infants and young children with obstructive sleep apnea don't always snore. They might just have disturbed sleep.
+During the day, children with sleep apnea might:
+Get headaches in the morning.
+Breathe through the mouth or have trouble breathing through the nose.
+Have trouble learning and paying attention.
+Do poorly in school.
+Have behavior issues such as acting hyper, impulsive or aggressive.
+Have poor weight gain.
+Talk about feeling sleepy, or fall asleep during school or during short car or bus rides.","See your child's healthcare professional if your child has any symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea, including frequent snoring.","Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is caused by muscles in the back of the throat relaxing and blocking the upper airway. In children, this leads to pauses in breathing that last about twice as long as the typical breath.
+When breathing stops, this triggers the brain to wake up so that the airway can open again. This makes it hard to get enough rest.
+Various conditions can raise the risk of the upper airway becoming blocked during sleep. Commonly, enlarged tonsils in the back of the mouth and enlarged adenoids in the back of the nose can cause a blockage. Other possible causes include being born with a birth defect related to the shape of the face or head and certain health conditions.","The main risk factor for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is enlarged tonsils and adenoids, especially in younger children. Obesity also is an important a risk factor, mainly among teenagers.
+Other risk factors for pediatric sleep apnea include having:
+A genetic condition such as Down syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome.
+Birth defects in the skull or face.
+A group of conditions called cerebral palsy that affect movement and posture.
+A group of inherited blood disorders known as sickle cell disease.
+Conditions called neuromuscular disorders that affect the function of muscles due to problems with the nerves and muscles in the body.
+A history of low birth weight.
+A family history of obstructive sleep apnea.","Without treatment, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can lead to other health conditions called complications. Rarely, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can cause infants and young children not to grow as much as those who don't have the condition. Children who don't receive treatment also may have a higher risk of later complications such as:
+High blood pressure.
+High cholesterol.
+A higher than typical blood sugar level that raises the risk of diabetes.
+Other heart and blood vessel conditions.
+Very rarely, children with certain genetic conditions can have serious symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. These symptoms can lead to death. But in most children, treatment can help manage complications.",,"Diagnosis involves the steps that a healthcare professional takes to find out if your child has pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. A healthcare professional reviews your child's symptoms and health history and does a physical exam. Your child's healthcare professional likely will look at your child's head, neck, nose, mouth and tongue.
+Other tests might be needed as well. The main test to check for sleep apnea in children is called a polysomnogram. This involves an overnight sleep test. Sensors are placed on your child's body. The sensors record brain waves, breathing patterns, snoring, oxygen levels, heart rate and muscle activity while your child sleeps. This test may take place at a sleep center.","Your child's healthcare professional works with you to find the right treatment for your child's pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Most often, the first treatment for the condition is surgery to remove enlarged tonsils and adenoids. This is called adenotonsillectomy (ad-uh-no-ton-sil-EK-tuh-me). But some children get better with medicines or medical devices.
+The right treatment plan for your child depends on your child's sleep apnea symptoms and risk factors. For most children, treatment includes adenotonsillectomy, but your child's healthcare professional may recommend other treatments if this surgery isn't right for your child. Other treatments also may be needed if the surgery doesn't fully treat your child's obstructive sleep apnea.
+Some kids get better without sleep apnea treatments. It's possible for some children with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea to outgrow the condition. A healthcare professional may recommend closely watching a child for up to six months to see if the symptoms get better. This is called watchful waiting. If the child also has allergies or other conditions that irritate the airway, watchful waiting can include treatment for those.",,"You'll likely start by seeing your child's regular healthcare professional. Or you might be referred right away to an ear, nose and throat specialist or a sleep medicine specialist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","You can take the following steps at home to help your child with pediatric obstructive sleep apnea:
+Stay away from airway irritants and allergens.Allergens are things that cause allergies. Keep your child away from tobacco smoke and other indoor allergens or pollutants. This step is important for all children, but especially those with obstructive sleep apnea. Irritants and allergens can irritate the airway and cause congestion.
+Weight loss.If your child is obese, ask your child's healthcare professional about a weight-loss plan. The healthcare professional can give you and your child information on healthy changes in diet and physical activity. You also may be referred to specialists in managing obesity because it is a complex disease. Weight-loss surgery is a treatment option for some teenagers who have obstructive sleep apnea and severe obesity.
+Watchful waiting.Some children may outgrow their obstructive sleep apnea while their healthcare professionals track their health. This is especially true for kids with mild disease and no other risk factors.","coughing, pauses in breathing, attention issues, headaches, obstructive sleep apnea, snoring, choking, learning issues, bed-wetting, snorting, sleep apnea, weight gain, feeling sleepy, mouth breathing, gasping, behavior issues, trouble breathing, restless sleep, nighttime sweating, poor weight gain"
+735,Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20354432,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354438,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20354441,"Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) features a pattern of unwanted thoughts and fears known as obsessions. These obsessions lead you to do repetitive behaviors, also called compulsions. These obsessions and compulsions get in the way of daily activities and cause a lot of distress.
+Ultimately, you feel driven to do compulsive acts to ease your stress. Even if you try to ignore or get rid of bothersome thoughts or urges, they keep coming back. This leads you to act based on ritual. This is the vicious cycle ofOCD.
+OCDoften centers around certain themes, such as being overly fearful of getting contaminated by germs. To ease contamination fears, you may wash your hands over and over again until they're sore and chapped.
+If you haveOCD, you may be ashamed, embarrassed and frustrated about the condition. But treatment can be effective.","Obsessive-compulsive disorder usually includes both obsessions and compulsions. But it's also possible to have only obsession symptoms or only compulsion symptoms. You may or may not know that your obsessions and compulsions are beyond reason. But they take up a great deal of time, reduce your quality of life, and get in the way of your daily routines and responsibilities.","There's a difference between being a perfectionist — someone who needs flawless results or performance — and havingOCD.OCDthoughts aren't simply excessive worries about real issues in your life or liking to have things clean or arranged in a specific way.
+If your obsessions and compulsions affect your quality of life, see your doctor or mental health professional.","The cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder isn't fully understood. Main theories include:
+Biology.OCDmay be due to changes in your body's natural chemistry or brain functions.
+Genetics.OCDmay have a genetic component, but specific genes have yet to be found.
+Learning.Obsessive fears and compulsive behaviors can be learned from watching family members or learning them over time.","Factors that may raise the risk of causing obsessive-compulsive disorder include:
+Family history.Having parents or other family members with the disorder can raise your risk of gettingOCD.
+Stressful life events.If you've gone through traumatic or stressful events, your risk may increase. This reaction may cause the intrusive thoughts, rituals and emotional distress seen inOCD.
+Other mental health disorders.OCDmay be related to other mental health disorders, such as anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse or tic disorders.","Issues due to obsessive-compulsive disorder include:
+Excessive time spent taking part in ritualistic behaviors.
+Health issues, such as contact dermatitis from frequent hand-washing.
+Having a hard time going to work or school or taking part in social activities.
+Troubled relationships.
+Poor quality of life.
+Thoughts about suicide and behavior related to suicide.","There's no sure way to prevent obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, getting treated as soon as possible may help keepOCDfrom getting worse and disrupting activities and your daily routine.","Steps to help diagnose obsessive-compulsive disorder may include:
+Psychological evaluation.This includes talking about your thoughts, feelings, symptoms and behavior patterns to find out if you have obsessions or compulsive behaviors that get in the way of your quality of life. With your permission, this may include talking to your family or friends.
+Physical exam.This may be done to rule out other issues that could cause your symptoms and check for any related complications.","Obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment may not result in a cure. But it can help bring symptoms under control so that they don't rule your daily life. Depending on how serious yourOCDis, you may need long-term, ongoing or more-intensive treatment.
+The two main treatments forOCDare psychotherapy and medicines. Psychotherapy also is known as talk therapy. Often, a mix of both treatments is most effective.","Coping with obsessive-compulsive disorder can be challenging. Medicines can have unwanted side effects, and you may feel embarrassed or angry about having a condition that requires long-term treatment.
+Here are some ways to help cope withOCD:
+Learn aboutOCD.Learning about your condition can help you stick to your treatment plan.
+Stay focused on your goals.Keep your recovery goals in mind, and remember that recovery fromOCDis an ongoing process.
+Join a support group.Reaching out to others facing similar challenges can provide you with support and help you cope with challenges.
+Find healthy outlets.Explore healthy ways to channel your energy, such as hobbies and recreational activities. Exercise regularly, eat a healthy diet and get adequate sleep.
+Learn relaxation and stress management.In addition to professional treatment, stress management methods such as meditation, visualization, muscle relaxation, massage, deep breathing, yoga or tai chi may ease stress and anxiety.
+Stick with your regular activities.Try not to avoid meaningful activities. Go to work or school as you usually would. Spend time with family and friends. Don't letOCDget in the way of your life.","You may start by seeing your primary care team. Because obsessive-compulsive disorder often requires specialized care, you may need to see a mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist.","Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic condition, which means that it may always be part of your life. While a professional should treatOCD, you can do some things to build on your treatment plan:
+Practice what you learn.Work with your mental health professional to pinpoint methods to help manage symptoms. Practice these methods regularly.
+Take your medicines as directed.Even if you're feeling well, don't skip your medicines. If you stop,OCDsymptoms are likely to return.
+Pay attention to warning signs.You and your doctor may have pinpointed issues that can cause yourOCDsymptoms. Make a plan so that you know what to do if symptoms return. Contact your doctor or therapist if you notice any changes in symptoms or how you feel.
+Check first before taking other medicines.Contact the doctor who's treating you forOCDbefore you take medicines prescribed by another doctor or before taking any medicines available without a prescription, vitamins, herbal remedies or other supplements. This will help reduce possible interactions.","compulsions, obsessions and compulsions, reduce quality of life, get in the way of daily routines and responsibilities, obsessive-compulsive disorder, take up a great deal of time"
+736,Albinism,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/albinism/symptoms-causes/syc-20369184,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/albinism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369189,,"The term albinism usually refers to oculocutaneous (ok-u-low-ku-TAY-nee-us) albinism (OCA).OCAis a group of disorders passed down in families where the body makes little or none of a substance called melanin. The type and amount of melanin in your body determines the color of your skin, hair and eyes. Melanin also plays a role in the development and function of the eyes, so people with albinism have vision problems.
+Symptoms of albinism are usually seen in a person's skin, hair and eye color, but sometimes differences are slight. People with albinism are also sensitive to the effects of the sun, so they're at higher risk of getting skin cancer.
+Although there's no cure for albinism, people with the disorder can take steps to protect their skin and eyes and get proper eye and skin care.","Symptoms of albinism involve skin, hair and eye color, as well as vision.","At your child's birth, the health care provider may notice a lack of color in hair or skin that affects the eyelashes and eyebrows. The provider will likely order an eye exam and closely follow any changes in your child's skin color and vision.
+If you observe signs of albinism in your baby, talk to your health care provider.
+Contact your health care provider if your child with albinism experiences frequent nosebleeds, easy bruising or long-term infections. These symptoms may suggest rare but serious hereditary conditions that include albinism.","Several genes give instructions for making one of several proteins involved in producing melanin. Melanin is made by cells called melanocytes that are found in your skin, hair and eyes.
+Albinism is caused by a change in one of these genes. Different types of albinism can occur, based mainly on which gene change caused the disorder. The gene change may result in no melanin at all or a big decrease in the amount of melanin.",Risk factors depend on whether one or both parents carry an affected gene. Different types of albinism have different types of inheritance patterns.,Albinism can include skin and eye complications. It also can include social and emotional challenges.,"If a family member has albinism, a genetic counselor can help you understand the type of albinism and the chances of having a future child with albinism. The counselor can explain the available genetic tests.","Diagnosis of albinism is based on:
+A physical exam that includes checking skin and hair pigmentation.
+A thorough eye exam.
+Comparison of your child's pigmentation to that of other family members.
+Review of your child's medical history, including whether there has been bleeding that doesn't stop, frequent or large bruises, or unexpected infections.
+A specialist in vision and eye disorders called an ophthalmologist usually should do your child's eye exam. The exam includes an assessment using tools to look at the retina and determine if there are signs of problems with eye development or function.
+Genetic testing can help determine the type of albinism and the risk of passing down the gene change to children.","Albinism is a genetic disorder, and there is currently no cure. Treatment focuses on getting proper eye care and monitoring skin for problems. Your care team may include your primary care provider, a specialist in eye care called an ophthalmologist and a specialist in skin care called a dermatologist.
+A specialist in genetics can help identify the specific type of albinism. This information can help guide care, identify possible complications and determine the risk of the condition in future children.
+Treatment usually includes:
+Eye care.This includes receiving an eye exam at least every year by an ophthalmologist. You'll likely need prescription lenses to help with visions problems. Although surgery is rarely part of treatment for eye problems related to albinism, your ophthalmologist may recommend surgery on eye muscles to reduce nystagmus. Surgery to correct strabismus may make the condition less noticeable.
+Skin care and prevention of skin cancer.This includes receiving a skin exam at least every year to screen for skin cancer or spots that can lead to cancer. An aggressive form of skin cancer called melanoma can appear as pink or red moles or growths. Moles or growths, with or without color — especially ones that are pink or red and keep changing — should be checked by a skin specialist right away.
+People with Hermansky-Pudlak or Chediak-Higashi syndromes usually need regular specialized care for medical problems and to prevent complications.",,,"You can help your child learn self-care practices that should continue into adulthood:
+Use low vision aids,such as a hand-held magnifying glass, a telescope or a magnifier that attaches to glasses. Another aid is a tablet connected to a digital whiteboard in the classroom. This is an interactive electronic board with a touch screen.
+Always use sunscreenwith a sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 or greater that protects against bothUVAandUVBlight.
+Strictly avoid high-risk or lengthy sun exposure.Examples include being outside for long periods of time or in the middle of the day, at high altitudes, on or near water, and on sunny days with thin cloud cover.
+Wear protective clothing,including clothes with color. Examples include long-sleeve, collared shirts, long pants and socks; broad-brimmed hats; and specialUV-protection clothing.
+Protect eyesby wearing dark,UV-blocking sunglasses. Another option is transition lenses called photochromic lenses, which darken in bright light.","vision, skin, hair, eye color"
+739,Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/oppositional-defiant-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20375831,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/oppositional-defiant-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375837,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/oppositional-defiant-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20375838,"Even the best-behaved children can be difficult and challenging at times. But oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) includes a frequent and ongoing pattern of anger, irritability, arguing and defiance toward parents and other authority figures.ODDalso includes being spiteful and seeking revenge, a behavior called vindictiveness.
+These emotional and behavioral issues cause serious problems with family life, social activities, school and work. But as a parent, you don't have to try to manage a child withODDalone. Your health care provider, a mental health professional and a child development expert can help.
+Treatment ofODDinvolves learning skills to help build positive family interactions and to manage problem behaviors. Other therapy, and possibly medicines, may be needed to treat related mental health conditions.","Sometimes it's difficult to recognize the difference between a strong-willed or emotional child and one with oppositional defiant disorder. It's common for children to show oppositional behavior at certain stages of development.
+Symptoms ofODDgenerally begin during preschool years. SometimesODDmay develop later, but almost always before the early teen years. Oppositional and defiant behaviors are frequent and ongoing. They cause severe problems with relationships, social activities, school and work, for both the child and the family.
+Emotional and behavioral symptoms ofODDgenerally last at least six months. They include angry and irritable mood, argumentative and defiant behavior, and hurtful and revengeful behavior.
+Angry and irritable mood
+Often and easily loses temper.
+Is frequently touchy and easily annoyed by others.
+Is often angry and resentful.
+Argumentative and defiant behavior
+Often argues with adults or people in authority.
+Often actively defies or refuses to follow adults' requests or rules.
+Often annoys or upsets people on purpose.
+Often blames others for their own mistakes or misbehavior.
+Hurtful and revengeful behavior
+Says mean and hateful things when upset.
+Tries to hurt the feelings of others and seeks revenge, also called being vindictive.
+Has shown vindictive behavior at least twice in the past six months.
+Severity
+ODDcan be mild, moderate or severe:
+Mild.Symptoms occur only in one setting, such as only at home, school, work or with peers.
+Moderate.Some symptoms occur in at least two settings.
+Severe.Some symptoms occur in three or more settings.
+For some children, symptoms may first be seen only at home. But with time, problem behavior also may happen in other settings, such as school, social activities and with friends.","Your child isn't likely to see their own behavior as a problem. Instead, your child will probably complain about unreasonable demands or blame others for problems.
+If you think your child may haveODDor other problem behavior, or you're concerned about your ability to parent a challenging child, seek help from a child psychologist or a child psychiatrist with expertise in behavior problems. Ask your child's pediatrician or other health care provider for a referral to a mental health provider.","There's no known clear cause of oppositional defiant disorder. Causes may include a combination of genetic and environmental factors:
+Genetics.A child's natural personality or character — also called temperament — may contribute to developingODD. Differences in the way nerves and the brain function also may play a role.
+Environment.Problems with parenting that may involve a lack of supervision, inconsistent or harsh discipline, or abuse or neglect may contribute to developingODD.","Oppositional defiant disorder is a complex problem. Possible risk factors forODDinclude:
+Temperament —a child who has a temperament that includes difficulty managing emotions, such as reacting with strong emotions to situations or having trouble tolerating frustration.
+Parenting issues —a child who experiences abuse or neglect, harsh or inconsistent discipline, or a lack of proper supervision.
+Other family issues —a child who lives with parent or family relationships that are unstable or has a parent with a mental health condition or substance use disorder.
+Environment —problem behaviors that are reinforced through attention from peers and inconsistent discipline from other authority figures, such as teachers.","Children and teenagers with oppositional defiant disorder may have trouble at home with parents and siblings, in school with teachers, and at work with supervisors and other authority figures. Children and teens withODDmay struggle to make and keep friends and relationships.
+ODDalso may lead to other problems, such as:
+Poor school and work performance.
+Antisocial behavior.
+Legal problems.
+Impulse control problems.
+Substance use disorder.
+Suicide.
+Many children and teens withODDalso have other mental health conditions, such as:
+Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
+Conduct disorder.
+Depression.
+Anxiety disorders.
+Learning and communication disorders.
+Treating these other mental health conditions may help reduceODDsymptoms. It may be difficult to treatODDif these other conditions are not evaluated and treated appropriately.","There's no sure way to prevent oppositional defiant disorder. But positive parenting and early treatment can help improve behavior and prevent the situation from getting worse. The earlier thatODDcan be managed, the better.
+Treatment can help restore your child's self-esteem and rebuild a positive relationship between you and your child. Your child's relationships with other important adults in their life — such as teachers and care providers — also will benefit from early treatment.","To determine whether your child has oppositional defiant disorder, a mental health provider does a thorough psychological exam.ODDoften occurs along with other behavioral or mental health problems. So it may be difficult to tell which symptoms are fromODDand which ones are linked to other problems.
+Your child's exam will likely include an assessment of:
+Overall health.
+How often the behaviors occur and how severe they are.
+Emotions and behavior in different settings and relationships.
+Family situations and interactions.
+Strategies that have been helpful ― or not helpful ― in managing problem behaviors.
+Issues experienced by the child and the family due to the problem behaviors.
+Other possible mental health, learning or communication problems.","Treatment for oppositional defiant disorder primarily involves family-based interventions. But treatment may include other types of talk therapy and training for your child — as well as for parents. Treatment often lasts several months or longer. It's important to also treat any other problems, such as a mental health condition or learning disorder, because they can cause or worsenODDsymptoms if left untreated.
+Medicines alone generally aren't used forODDunless your child also has another mental health condition. If your child also has other conditions, such asADHD, anxiety disorders or depression, medicines may help improve these symptoms.
+Treatment forODDusually includes:
+Parenting skills training.A mental health professional with experience treatingODDcan help you develop parenting skills that are more consistent, positive and less frustrating for you and your child. In some cases, your child may join you in this training, so everyone in your family develops a consistent approach and shared goals for how to handle problems. Involving other authority figures, such as teachers, in the training may be an important part of treatment.
+Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT).DuringPCIT, a therapist coaches you while you interact with your child. In one approach, the therapist sits behind a one-way mirror. Using an ""ear bug"" audio device, the therapist guides you through strategies that reinforce your child's positive behavior. As a result, you can learn more-effective parenting techniques, improve the quality of your relationship with your child and reduce problem behaviors.
+Individual and family therapy.Individual therapy for your child may help them learn to manage anger and express feelings in a healthier way. Family therapy may help improve your communication and relationships and help your family members learn how to work together.
+Problem-solving training.Cognitive problem-solving therapy can help your child identify and change thought patterns that lead to behavior problems. In a type of therapy called collaborative problem-solving, you and your child work together to come up with solutions that work for both of you.
+Social skills training.Your child also may benefit from therapy that will help them be more flexible and learn how to interact in a more positive and effective way with peers.
+As part of parent training, you may learn how to manage your child's behavior by:
+Giving clear instructions and following through with appropriate consequences when needed.
+Recognizing and praising your child's good behaviors and positive traits to encourage desired behaviors.
+Although some parenting techniques may seem like common sense, learning to use them consistently in the face of opposition isn't easy. It's especially hard if there are other stressors at home. Learning these skills requires routine practice and patience.
+Most importantly, during treatment, show consistent, unconditional love and acceptance of your child — even during difficult and disruptive situations. Don't be too hard on yourself. This process can be tough for even the most patient parents.","It's challenging to be the parent of a child with oppositional defiant disorder. Ask questions and tell your treatment team about your concerns and needs. Consider getting counseling for yourself and your family to learn coping strategies to help manage your own needs. Also seek and build supportive relationships and learn stress management skills to help get through difficult times.
+Learning coping and support strategies can lead to better outcomes for you and your child because you'll be more prepared to deal with problem behaviors.","You may start by seeing your child's health care provider. Or you may choose to make an appointment directly with a mental health provider. A mental health provider can make a diagnosis and create a treatment plan that meets your child's needs.
+When possible, both parents or caregivers should be present with the child. Or take a trusted family member or friend along to support you and help you remember information.","At home, you can work on improving problem behaviors of oppositional defiant disorder by practicing these strategies:
+Recognize and praiseyour child's positive behaviors as close to the time you see them as possible. Be as specific as possible. For example, ""I really liked the way you helped pick up your toys tonight."" Providing rewards for positive behavior also may help, especially with younger children.
+Model the behavioryou want your child to have. Watching you interact well with others can help your child improve social skills.
+Pick your battlesand avoid power struggles. Almost everything can turn into a power struggle if you let it.
+Set limitsby giving clear instructions and using consistent reasonable consequences. Discuss setting these limits during times when you're not arguing with each other.
+Set up a routineby developing a regular daily schedule for your child. Ask your child to help develop that routine.
+Build in time togetherby planning a weekly schedule that includes you and your child doing things together.
+Work togetherwith your partner or others in your household to ensure consistent and appropriate discipline procedures. Also ask for support from teachers, coaches and other adults who spend time with your child.
+Assign a household chorethat's needed and that won't get done unless your child does it. At first, it's important to set your child up for success with tasks that are fairly easy to do well. Gradually blend in more-important and challenging jobs. Give clear, easy-to-follow instructions. Use this as an opportunity to reinforce positive behavior.
+Be prepared for challenges early on.At first, your child probably won't cooperate or appreciate your changed response to their behavior. Expect behavior to worsen at first after you tell them the new things you now expect. At this early stage, staying consistent even if the problem behavior worsens, is the key to success.
+With regular and consistent effort, using these methods can result in improved behavior and relationships.","angry and irritable mood, oppositional defiant disorder, oppositional behavior, sometimesoddmay, resentful, upsets, says mean things, loses temper, easily annoyed, argues, vindictive, angry, mistakes, tries to hurt feelings, oppositional and defiant behaviors, blames, seeks revenge, touchy, annoys, actively defies, irritable mood"
+740,Jaw tumors and cysts,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jaw-tumors-cysts/symptoms-causes/syc-20350973,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jaw-tumors-cysts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20446670,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jaw-tumors-cysts/doctors-departments/ddc-20350975,"Jaw tumors and cysts are relatively rare growths or lesions that develop in the jawbone or the soft tissues in the mouth and face. Jaw tumors and cysts — sometimes referred to as odontogenic or nonodontogenic, depending on their origin — can vary greatly in size and severity. These growths are usually noncancerous (benign), but they can be aggressive and expand, displace or destroy the surrounding bone, tissue and teeth.
+Treatment options for jaw tumors and cysts vary, depending on the type of growth or lesion you have, the stage of growth, and your symptoms. Mouth, jaw and face (oral and maxillofacial) surgeons can treat your jaw tumor or cyst usually by surgery, or in some cases, by medical therapy or a combination of surgery and medical therapy.","A tumor is an abnormal growth or mass of tissue. A cyst is a lesion that contains liquid or semisolid material. Examples of jaw tumors and cysts include:
+Ameloblastoma.This rare, usually noncancerous (benign) tumor begins in the cells that form the protective enamel lining on the teeth. It develops most often in the jaw near the molars. The most common type is aggressive, forming large tumors and growing into the jawbone. Although this tumor can recur after treatment, aggressive surgical treatment will typically reduce the chance of recurrence.
+Central giant cell granuloma.Central giant cell granulomas are benign lesions that grow from bone cells. They most often occur in the front portion of the lower jaw. One type of these tumors can grow rapidly, cause pain and destroy bone, and has a tendency to recur after surgical treatment. The other type is less aggressive and may not have symptoms. Rarely, a tumor may shrink or resolve on its own, but typically these tumors require surgical treatment.
+Dentigerous cyst.This cyst originates from tissue that surrounds a tooth before it erupts into the mouth. This is the most common form of cyst that affects the jaws. Most often these cysts will occur around wisdom teeth that are not fully erupted, but they can also involve other teeth.
+Odontogenic keratocyst.This cyst is also referred to as a keratocystic odontogenic tumor because of its tumorlike tendency to recur after surgical treatment. Although this cyst is typically slow growing, it can still be destructive to the jaw and teeth if left untreated over a long period of time. Most often the cyst develops in the lower jaw near the third molars. These cysts may also be found in people with an inherited condition called nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
+Odontogenic myxoma.This is a rare, slow-growing, benign tumor that occurs most often in the lower jaw. The tumor can be large and aggressively invade the jaw and surrounding tissue and displace teeth. Odontogenic myxomas are known to recur after surgical treatment; however, the chances of tumor recurrence are typically lessened by more-aggressive forms of surgical treatment.
+Odontoma.This benign tumor is the most common odontogenic tumor. Odontomas often have no symptoms, but they may interfere with tooth development or eruption. Odontomas are made up of dental tissue that grows around a tooth in the jaw. They can resemble an oddly shaped tooth or can be a small or large calcified tumor. These tumors may be part of some genetic syndromes.
+Other types of cysts and tumors.These include adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, glandular odontogenic cyst, squamous odontogenic tumor, calcifying odontogenic cyst, cementoblastoma, aneurysmal bone cyst, ossifying fibroma, osteoblastoma. central odontogenic fibroma and others.","If you're concerned that you may have symptoms of a jaw tumor or cyst, talk with your primary care provider or dentist.
+Many times, jaw cysts and tumors do not have symptoms and are typically discovered on routine screening X-rays done for other reasons. If you are diagnosed with or suspected of having a jaw tumor or cyst, your primary care provider can refer you to a specialist for diagnosis and treatment.","Odontogenic jaw tumors and cysts originate from cells and tissues that are involved in normal tooth development. Other tumors that affect the jaws can be nonodontogenic, meaning that they can develop from other tissues within the jaws that are not related to the teeth, such as bone or soft tissue cells. Generally, the cause of jaw tumors and cysts is not known; however, some are associated with gene changes (mutations) or genetic syndromes.
+People with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, also called Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, lack a gene that suppresses tumors. The genetic mutation that causes the syndrome is inherited. This syndrome results in the development of multiple odontogenic keratocysts within the jaws, multiple basal cell skin cancers and other characteristics.",,,,"To gather more information about your jaw tumor or cyst, your health care provider may recommend tests prior to treatment. These tests may include:
+Imaging studies, such as X-ray, CT or MRI
+A biopsy to remove a sample of tumor or cyst cells for laboratory analysis
+Your health care provider uses this information to put together a treatment plan that's best for you and the most effective option for treating your tumor or cyst.","Treatment options for jaw tumors and cysts vary, depending on the type of lesion you have, the lesion's stage of growth and your symptoms. Your treatment team also considers your treatment goals and your personal preferences when making a treatment recommendation.
+Treatment of jaw tumors and cysts generally involves surgical care. In some cases, treatment may be medical therapy or a combination of surgery and medical therapy.
+During surgery, your surgeon removes your jaw tumor or cyst, which may include removing nearby teeth, tissue and jawbone, and sends it to the lab for examination. A pathologist examines the removed tissue and reports a diagnosis during the procedure so that the surgeon can act on this information immediately.
+Other treatments may include:
+Reconstruction of the jawbone or other structures
+Medical therapy for certain types of jaw tumors and cysts
+Supportive care to help maintain your quality of life, including assisting with nutrition, speech and swallowing, and replacements for missing teeth
+Long-term follow-up exams after treatment can address any recurrence of jaw tumors and cysts. Identifying recurrence early is important so they can be treated appropriately.",,,,"adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, glandular odontogenic cyst, squamous odontogenic tumor, tooth, keratocystic odontogenic tumor, basal cell carcinoma syndrome, odontomas, shrink, odontogenic myxoma, resolve, epithelial odontogenic tumor, destroy bone, tumor, odontogenic myxomas, aneurysmal bone cyst, ossifying fibroma, interfere with tooth development or eruption, tumors, granulomas, pain, cementoblastoma, recur, cysts"
+741,Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-hyperstimulation-syndrome-ohss/symptoms-causes/syc-20354697,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-hyperstimulation-syndrome-ohss/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354703,,"Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is an exaggerated response to excess hormones. It usually occurs in women taking injectable hormone medications to stimulate the development of eggs in the ovaries. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) causes the ovaries to swell and become painful.
+
+ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) may occur in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) or ovulation induction with injectable medications. Less often,OHSShappens during fertility treatments using medications you take by mouth, such as clomiphene.
+
+Treatment depends on the severity of the condition.OHSSmay improve on its own in mild cases, while severe cases may require hospitalization and additional treatment.","Symptoms of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome often begin within a week after using injectable medications to stimulate ovulation, though sometimes it can take two weeks or longer for symptoms to appear. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may worsen or improve over time.","If you're having fertility treatments and you experience symptoms of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, tell your health care provider. Even if you have a mild case ofOHSS, your provider will want to observe you for sudden weight gain or worsening symptoms.
+
+Contact your provider right away if you develop breathing problems or pain in your legs during your fertility treatment. This may indicate an urgent situation that needs prompt medical attention.","The cause of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome isn't fully understood. Having a high level of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) — a hormone usually produced during pregnancy — introduced into your system plays a role. Ovarian blood vessels react abnormally to human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and begin to leak fluid. This fluid swells the ovaries, and sometimes large amounts move into the abdomen.
+
+During fertility treatments,HCGmay be given as a ""trigger"" so that a mature follicle will release its egg.OHSSusually happens within a week after you receive anHCGinjection. If you become pregnant during a treatment cycle,OHSSmay worsen as your body begins producing its ownHCGin response to the pregnancy.
+
+Injectable fertility medications are more likely to causeOHSSthan is treatment with clomiphene, a medication given as a pill you take by mouth. OccasionallyOHSSoccurs spontaneously, not related to fertility treatments.","Sometimes,OHSShappens in women with no risk factors at all. But factors that are known to increase your risk ofOHSSinclude:","Severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is uncommon, but can be life-threatening. Complications may include:","To decrease your chances of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, you'll need an individualized plan for your fertility medications. Expect your health care provider to carefully monitor each treatment cycle, including frequent ultrasounds to check the development of follicles and blood tests to check your hormone levels.
+
+Strategies to help preventOHSSinclude:",Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome diagnosis may be based on:,"Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome generally resolves on its own within a week or two or somewhat longer if you're pregnant. Treatment is aimed at keeping you comfortable, decreasing ovarian activity and avoiding complications.",,"Depending on how severe your ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is, your first appointment may be with your primary care provider, your gynecologist or infertility specialist, or possibly with a treating doctor in the emergency room.
+
+If you have time, it's a good idea to prepare in advance of your appointment.",,"severe, mild, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome"
+742,Esthesioneuroblastoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esthesioneuroblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351075,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esthesioneuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20446400,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esthesioneuroblastoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20351077,"Esthesioneuroblastoma (es-thee-zee-o-noo-row-blas-TOE-muh) is a rare type of cancer that starts in the upper part of the inside of the nose, known as the nasal cavity. Esthesioneuroblastoma also is called olfactory neuroblastoma.
+This cancer usually affects adults. But it can occur at any age. Esthesioneuroblastoma usually begins as a growth of cells, called a tumor, inside the nose. It might grow and go into the sinuses, eyes and brain. It also can spread to other parts of the body.
+People with esthesioneuroblastoma can lose their sense of smell. They might get nosebleeds. And they might have trouble breathing through their nose as the tumor grows.
+Esthesioneuroblastoma treatment usually includes surgery. Often, radiation and chemotherapy are part of the treatment as well.","Esthesioneuroblastoma symptoms include:
+Loss of the sense of smell.
+Frequent nosebleeds.
+Difficulty breathing through the nose.
+As the cancer grows, it might cause eye pain, loss of vision, ear pain and headaches.",Make an appointment with your healthcare team if you have lasting symptoms that worry you.,"Experts haven't found the exact cause of esthesioneuroblastoma. In general, cancer happens when cells get changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to make many more cells quickly. The changes give the cells the ability to keep living when healthy cells would naturally die. This causes too many cells.
+The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.",Healthcare professionals haven't found many risk factors for esthesioneuroblastoma. This cancer can happen at any age. But it's more common in adults.,"Complications of esthesioneuroblastoma may include:
+Cancer that grows into nearby organs and tissues.Esthesioneuroblastoma can grow and get into the sinuses, eyes and brain.
+Spread of the cancer, known as metastasis.Esthesioneuroblastoma can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, bone marrow, lungs, liver, skin and bones.",,"An esthesioneuroblastoma diagnosis might involve:
+Physical exam.A member of your healthcare team may take a history of your symptoms and look at your eyes, nose, and head and neck.
+Endoscopic exam.A healthcare professional may put a thin, flexible tube, known as an endoscope, into the nose. The tube has a camera attached that allows the healthcare professional to look at the cancer and see how large it is.
+Imaging tests.Imaging tests take pictures of the inside of the body. They can show the size of the cancer, exactly where it is and whether it has spread. Imaging tests might include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, computerized tomography (CT) scans and positron emission tomography (PET) scans.
+Removing a sample of tissue for testing, also called a biopsy.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A biopsy might be done by putting a special tool into the nose to remove a small piece of the cancer. This procedure can often be done in a healthcare professional's office.
+Diagnosing esthesioneuroblastoma can be hard. It's rare, and it can look like other cancers that occur in the head, neck or nose. Testing can show if the cancer is esthesioneuroblastoma and it can give other information about the cancer that will help in making a treatment plan.","Esthesioneuroblastoma treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments include radiation and chemotherapy.
+Treatment for esthesioneuroblastoma usually involves a team of experts with different specialties. The team might include:
+Surgeons who operate on the nervous system, known as neurosurgeons.
+Head and neck surgeons.
+Doctors who use radiation to treat cancer, known as radiation oncologists.
+Doctors who use medicine to treat cancer, known as medical oncologists.
+If the person with esthesioneuroblastoma is a child, the team also might include specialists in pediatric surgery and oncology.","An esthesioneuroblastoma diagnosis can feel scary. With time, you'll likely find good ways to cope with your diagnosis. Until you find what works for you, consider trying to:
+Learn enough about your cancer to make decisions about your care.To know more about your esthesioneuroblastoma, ask your healthcare professional for the details, such as the type and grade. Ask where to find good sources of information about treatments. Knowing more might help you feel better about making treatment decisions.
+Talk with others who have cancer.Talking with others going through what you're going through might help. Contact the American Cancer Society or the National Cancer Institute to find out about support groups in your area and online.
+Talk to someone about your feelings.Find a friend or family member who listens well. Or talk with a clergy member or counselor. Ask your healthcare team to refer you to a counselor or other professional who works with cancer survivors.
+Keep your friends and family close.Your friends and family can provide much-needed support during your cancer treatment.When you tell people about your esthesioneuroblastoma diagnosis, you'll likely get many offers for help. Think about what you might want help with. For example, you might want someone to talk to if you're feeling low. Or you might need rides to treatments or help with making meals.","Start by making an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. You might be referred to an ear, nose and throat specialist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, loss of sense of smell, cancer, difficulty breathing through the nose, ear pain, frequent nosebleeds, loss of vision, eye pain, headaches"
+747,Osteosarcoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteosarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351052,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteosarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351053,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteosarcoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20351054,"Osteosarcoma is a kind of cancer that begins in the cells that form bones. Osteosarcoma tends to happen most often in teenagers and young adults. But it also can happen in younger children and older adults.
+Osteosarcoma can start in any bone. It's most often found in the long bones of the legs, and sometimes the arms. Very rarely, it happens in soft tissue outside the bone.
+Advances in the treatment of osteosarcoma have improved the outlook for this cancer. After treatment for osteosarcoma, people sometimes face late effects from the strong treatments used to control the cancer. Healthcare professionals often suggest lifelong monitoring for side effects after treatment.","Osteosarcoma signs and symptoms most often start in a bone. The cancer most often affects the long bones of the legs, and sometimes the arms. The most common symptoms include:
+Bone or joint pain. Pain might come and go at first. It can be mistaken for growing pains.
+Pain related to a bone that breaks for no clear reason.
+Swelling near a bone.","Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you or your child has ongoing symptoms that worry you. Osteosarcoma symptoms are like those of many more common conditions, such as sports injuries. The health professional might check for those causes first.","It's not clear what causes osteosarcoma.
+Osteosarcoma happens when bone cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions, called genes, that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time.
+In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","Most people with osteosarcoma don't have any known risk factors for the cancer. But these factors can increase the risk of osteosarcoma:
+Certain conditions that run in families. These include hereditary retinoblastoma, Bloom syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome and Werner syndrome.
+Other bone conditions. These include Paget's disease of bone and fibrous dysplasia.
+Prior treatment with radiation therapy or chemotherapy.
+There is no way to prevent osteosarcoma.",Complications of osteosarcoma and its treatment include the following.,,"Osteosarcoma diagnosis may begin with a physical exam. Based on the findings of the exam, there might other tests and procedures.","Osteosarcoma treatment most often involves surgery and chemotherapy. Rarely, radiation therapy also might be an option if the cancer can't be treated with surgery.","A diagnosis of osteosarcoma can feel overwhelming. With time you'll find ways to cope with the distress and uncertainty of cancer. Until then, you might find the following helpful:","If there are signs and symptoms that worry you, start by making an appointment with a healthcare professional. If the health professional suspects osteosarcoma, ask to be referred to an experienced specialist.
+Osteosarcoma typically needs to be treated by a team of specialists, which may include, for example:
+Orthopedic surgeons who specialize in operating on cancers that affect the bones, called orthopedic oncologists.
+Other surgeons, such as pediatric surgeons. The type of surgeons depends on the site of the cancer and the age of the person with osteosarcoma.
+Doctors who specialize in treating cancer with chemotherapy or other systemic medicines. These might include medical oncologists or, for children, pediatric oncologists.
+Doctors who study tissue to diagnose the specific type of cancer, called pathologists.
+Rehabilitation specialists who can help in recovery after surgery.",,"pain, joint pain, cancer, pains, swelling, osteosarcoma signs and symptoms most often start in a bone., bone or joint pain"
+749,Bone spurs,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-spurs/symptoms-causes/syc-20370212,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-spurs/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370216,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-spurs/doctors-departments/ddc-20370217,"Bone spurs are bony growths that form along bone edges. They're also called osteophytes. Bone spurs often form where bones meet each other — in the joints. They also can form on the bones of the spine.
+The main cause of bone spurs is the joint damage linked with the most common type of arthritis. This is called osteoarthritis. Bone spurs often cause no symptoms. You might not notice them, and your healthcare team might not happen to find them for years. Bone spurs might not need treatment. If treatment is needed, it depends on where spurs are located and how they affect your health.","Often, bone spurs don't cause symptoms. You might not know you have bone spurs until an X-ray for another condition reveals the growths. But sometimes, bone spurs can cause pain and loss of motion in your joints.
+The symptoms depend on where the bone spurs are. Examples include:
+Knee.Bone spurs in the knee can make it painful to extend and bend the leg.
+Spine.On the small bones that form the spine, bone spurs can narrow the space that contains the spinal cord. These bone spurs can pinch the spinal cord or its nerve roots. That can cause weakness or numbness in the arms or legs.
+Hip.Bone spurs can make it painful to move the hip. Sometimes, it might feel like the pain is in the knee or the thigh. Depending on their placement, bone spurs can reduce the range of motion in the hip joint.","Get a healthcare checkup if you have:
+Pain or swelling in one or more joints.
+Trouble moving a joint.
+Weakness or loss of feeling in the arms or legs.","Joint damage from osteoarthritis is the most common cause of bone spurs. Osteoarthritis breaks down connective tissue called cartilage that cushions the ends of bones. While this happens, the body tries to repair the loss by creating bone spurs near the damaged area.",The risk of bone spurs is higher in people who have arthritis.,,,Your healthcare professional gives you a physical exam. Your doctor or another member of your healthcare team might feel around your joint to pinpoint your pain. X-rays or other imaging tests may be done to view your joints and bones.,,,"You'll likely first see your primary healthcare professional. You might be referred to a doctor who finds and treats joint conditions, called a rheumatologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","If you are overweight and have osteoarthritis of the hips or knees, weight loss may help ease bone spur pain. Even a small amount of weight loss may help.
+Exercise can help people lose extra weight. It also can make muscles around joints stronger. Types of exercise that can help include walking, biking and swimming.","pain, painful to extend, weakness, loss of motion, numbness, painful to move, painful to bend"
+751,Ear infection (middle ear),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20351616,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351622,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/doctors-departments/ddc-20351623,"An ear infection, also known as acute otitis media, is an infection of the air-filled space behind the eardrum, known as the middle ear. Children are more likely than adults to get ear infections.
+
+Ear infections often clear up on their own. So treatment might begin with managing pain and watching the issue. Sometimes, healthcare professionals prescribe antibiotics to clear the infection.
+
+Some people have repeated ear infections. This can cause hearing problems and other serious complications.",Symptoms of ear infection often come on fast.,Many conditions have symptoms of an ear infection. It's important to get a good diagnosis and prompt treatment. Call your child's healthcare professional for symptoms that are severe or for:,"A bacterium or virus in the middle ear causes an ear infection. This infection often comes from another illness, such as a cold, flu or allergy. These can cause the inside the nose, throat and ears to be swollen and stuffy.",Risk factors for ear infections include:,"Most ear infections don't cause long-term complications. Ear infections that happen again and again can lead to serious complications:
+
+Spread of infection.Untreated infections or infections that don't respond well to treatment can spread to nearby tissues. Rarely, an ear infection can cause infection of the bony section behind the ear, known as mastoiditis. This infection can harm the bone and cause pus-filled cysts.
+
+Also rarely, serious middle ear infections can spread to other tissues in the head. This can infect the brain or the membranes around the brain, an infection known as meningitis.","The following tips may lower the risk of getting ear infections:
+
+Prevent colds and other illnesses.Teach children to wash their hands often and well. Tell children not to share cups, forks and spoons. Teach children to cough or sneeze into their elbows.
+
+Children might have less risk of getting ill if they spend less time in group child care. Or the risk of illness might be lower if they're in child care with fewer children. Try to keep sick children home.","A healthcare professional can often diagnose an ear infection based on symptoms and an exam. The exam likely includes looking inside the child's ears with a lighted instrument known as an otoscope. If the eardrum is red and bulging, there's likely an infection.
+
+Other tests might be needed if there's doubt about a diagnosis, if the condition hasn't gotten better with treatment or if there are other issues.",Many children's ear infections clear up without antibiotics. Treatment depends on the person's age and how bad the symptoms are.,,"You'll likely see your family healthcare professional. You may be referred to a specialist in ear, nose and throat (ENT) conditions.
+
+You or your child can answer the questions a healthcare professional is likely to ask. These might include:",,"infection, none"
+753,Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperthyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20373659,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperthyroidism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373665,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperthyroidism/doctors-departments/ddc-20373666,"Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. This condition also is called overactive thyroid. Hyperthyroidism speeds up the body's metabolism. That can cause many symptoms, such as weight loss, hand tremors, and rapid or irregular heartbeat.
+Several treatments are available for hyperthyroidism. Anti-thyroid medicines and radioiodine can be used to slow the amount of hormones the thyroid gland makes. Sometimes, hyperthyroidism treatment includes surgery to remove all or part of the thyroid gland. In some cases, depending on what's causing it, hyperthyroidism may improve without medication or other treatment.","Hyperthyroidism sometimes looks like other health problems. That can make it hard to diagnose. It can cause many symptoms, including:
+Losing weight without trying.
+Fast heartbeat, a condition called tachycardia.
+Irregular heartbeat, also called arrhythmia.
+Pounding of the heart, sometimes called heart palpitations.
+Increased hunger.
+Nervousness, anxiety and irritability.
+Tremor, usually a small trembling in the hands and fingers.
+Sweating.
+Changes in menstrual cycles.
+Increased sensitivity to heat.
+Changes in bowel patterns, especially more-frequent bowel movements.
+Enlarged thyroid gland, sometimes called a goiter, which may appear as a swelling at the base of the neck.
+Tiredness.
+Muscle weakness.
+Sleep problems.
+Warm, moist skin.
+Thinning skin.
+Fine, brittle hair.
+Older adults are more likely to have symptoms that are hard to notice. These symptoms may include an irregular heartbeat, weight loss, depression, and feeling weak or tired during ordinary activities.","If you lose weight without trying, or if you notice a rapid heartbeat, unusual sweating, swelling at the base of your neck or other symptoms of hyperthyroidism, make an appointment with your health care provider. Tell your provider about all the symptoms you've noticed even if they are minor.
+After a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, most people need regular follow-up visits with their health care provider to monitor the condition.","Hyperthyroidism can be caused by several medical conditions that affect the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the base of the neck. It has a big impact on the body. Every part of metabolism is controlled by hormones that the thyroid gland makes.
+The thyroid gland produces two main hormones: thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3). These hormones affect every cell in the body. They support the rate at which the body uses fats and carbohydrates. They help control body temperature. They have an effect on heart rate. And they help control how much protein the body makes.
+Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid gland puts too much of those thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. Conditions that can lead to hyperthyroidism include:
+Graves' disease.Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the thyroid gland. That prompts the thyroid to make too much thyroid hormone. Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.
+Overactive thyroid nodules.This condition also is called toxic adenoma, toxic multinodular goiter and Plummer disease. This form of hyperthyroidism happens when a thyroid adenoma makes too much thyroid hormone. An adenoma is a part of the gland that is walled off from the rest of the gland. It forms noncancerous lumps that can make the thyroid bigger than usual.
+Thyroiditis.This condition happens when the thyroid gland becomes inflamed. In some cases, it's due to an autoimmune disorder. In others, the reason for it is unclear. The inflammation can cause extra thyroid hormone stored in the thyroid gland to leak into the bloodstream and cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism.","Risk factors for hyperthyroidism include:
+A family history of thyroid disease, particularly Graves' disease.
+A personal history of certain chronic illnesses, including pernicious anemia and primary adrenal insufficiency.
+A recent pregnancy, which raises the risk of developing thyroiditis. This can lead to hyperthyroidism.",Hyperthyroidism can lead to the following complications.,,"Hyperthyroidism is diagnosed with a medical history, physical exam and blood tests. Depending on the results of the blood tests, you may need other tests too.
+Medical history and physical exam.During the exam, your health care provider may check for:Slight tremor in your fingers and hands.Overactive reflexes.Rapid or irregular pulse.Eye changes.Warm, moist skin.Your provider also examines your thyroid gland as you swallow to see if it's larger than usual, bumpy or tender.
+Slight tremor in your fingers and hands.
+Overactive reflexes.
+Rapid or irregular pulse.
+Eye changes.
+Warm, moist skin.
+Blood tests.Blood tests that measure the hormones T-4 and T-3 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) can confirm a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. A high level of T-4 and a low level ofTSHis common in people with hyperthyroidism.Blood tests are particularly important for older adults because they may not have classic symptoms of hyperthyroidism.Thyroid blood tests may give false results if you take biotin. Biotin is a B vitamin supplement that also may be found in multivitamins. Tell your health care provider if you are taking biotin or a multivitamin with biotin. To make sure your blood test is accurate, your health care provider may ask you to stop taking biotin 3 to 5 days before the test.
+If blood test results show hyperthyroidism, your health care provider may suggest one of the following tests. They can help find out why your thyroid is overactive.
+Radioiodine scan and uptake test.For this test, you take a small, dose of radioactive iodine, called radioiodine, to see how much of it collects in your thyroid gland and where it collects in the gland.If your thyroid gland takes in a high amount of radioiodine, that means your thyroid gland is making too much thyroid hormone. The most likely cause is either Graves' disease or overactive thyroid nodules.If your thyroid gland takes in a low amount of radioiodine, that means hormones stored in the thyroid gland are leaking into the bloodstream. In that case, it's likely that you have thyroiditis.
+Thyroid ultrasound.This test uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of the thyroid. Ultrasound may be better at finding thyroid nodules than are other tests. There's no exposure to radiation with this test, so it can be used for people who are pregnant or breastfeeding, or others who can't take radioiodine.","There are several treatments available for hyperthyroidism. The best approach for you depends on your age and health. The underlying cause of hyperthyroidism and how severe it is make a difference too. Your personal preference also should be considered as you and your health care provider decide on a treatment plan. Treatment may include:
+Anti-thyroid medicine.These medications slowly ease symptoms of hyperthyroidism by preventing the thyroid gland from making too many hormones. Anti-thyroid medications include methimazole and propylthiouracil. Symptoms usually begin to improve within several weeks to months.Treatment with anti-thyroid medicine typically lasts 12 to 18 months. After that, the dose may be slowly decreased or stopped if symptoms go away and if blood test results show that thyroid hormone levels have returned to the standard range. For some people, anti-thyroid medicine puts hyperthyroidism into long-term remission. But other people may find that hyperthyroidism comes back after this treatment.Although rare, serious liver damage can happen with both anti-thyroid medications. But because propylthiouracil has caused many more cases of liver damage, it's generally used only when people can't take methimazole. A small number of people who are allergic to these medicines may develop skin rashes, hives, fever or joint pain. They also can raise the risk of infection.
+Beta blockers.These medicines don't affect thyroid hormone levels. But they can lessen symptoms of hyperthyroidism, such as a tremor, rapid heart rate and heart palpitations. Sometimes, health care providers prescribe them to ease symptoms until thyroid hormones are closer to a standard level. These medicines generally aren't recommended for people who have asthma. Side effects may include fatigue and sexual problems.
+Radioiodine therapy.The thyroid gland takes up radioiodine. This treatment causes the gland to shrink. This medicine is taken by mouth. With this treatment, symptoms typically lessen within several months. This treatment usually causes thyroid activity to slow enough to make the thyroid gland underactive. That condition is hypothyroidism. Because of that, over time, you may need to take medicine to replace thyroid hormones.
+Thyroidectomy.This is surgery to remove part of or all of the thyroid gland. It is not used often to treat hyperthyroidism. But it may be an option for people who are pregnant. It also may be a choice for those who can't take anti-thyroid medicine and don't want to or can't take radioiodine therapy.Risks of this surgery include damage to the vocal cords and parathyroid glands. The parathyroid glands are four tiny glands on the back of the thyroid. They help control the level of calcium in the blood.People who have a thyroidectomy or radioiodine therapy need lifelong treatment with the medicine levothyroxine (Levoxyl, Synthroid, others). It supplies the body with thyroid hormones. If the parathyroid glands are removed during surgery, medicine also is needed to keep blood calcium in a healthy range.","If you've been diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, it's important that you get the medical care you need. After you and your health care provider have decided on a treatment plan, there also are some things you can do to cope with the condition and help your body heal.
+Get regular exercise.Exercise can help you feel better. It improves muscle tone and helps keep your heart and lungs healthy. Exercise also can help you feel more energetic.
+Learn relaxation techniques.Many relaxation techniques can help you keep a positive outlook, especially when coping with illness. Research has shown that for Graves' disease in particular, stress is a risk factor. Learning to relax and find a sense of calm may help sustain your physical and mental well-being.","You'll likely start by seeing your primary care provider. But you may be referred directly to a specialist in hormone disorders, called an endocrinologist. If you have eye problems, you may be referred to an eye doctor, also called an ophthalmologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect from your health care provider.","Once you begin treatment, symptoms of hyperthyroidism likely will get better. Along with your treatment, your health care provider might suggest that you reduce iodine in your diet. It can make hyperthyroidism worse. Kelp, dulse and other types of seaweed contain a lot of iodine. Cough syrup and multivitamins also may contain iodine.","swelling, thinning skin, muscle weakness, changes in menstrual cycles, weight loss, increased sensitivity to heat, more-frequent bowel movements, tiredness, anxiety, losing weight, fine hair, warm skin, arrhythmia, sweating, tremor, goiter, heart palpitations, tachycardia, increased hunger, depression, irritability, nervousness, pounding of the heart, hyperthyroidism, trembling, sleep problems, fast heartbeat, irregular heartbeat, changes in bowel patterns"
+755,Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-atresia-intact-ventricular-septum/cdc-20396714,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-atresia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350733,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-atresia/doctors-departments/ddc-20350736,,"Symptoms of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, also called PA/IVS, may appear soon after birth. They can include:
+Blue or gray skin. Changes may be harder or easier to see depending on the baby's skin color.
+Fast breathing or shortness of breath.
+Tiredness.
+Poor feeding.
+Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, also called PA/IVS, is often found during pregnancy or soon after birth. If your baby has symptoms of PA/IVS after you've left the hospital, call a healthcare professional right away.",,"The cause of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, also called PA/IVS, is not clear. Most congenital heart conditions happen during the first six weeks of pregnancy as a baby's heart is forming. The major blood vessels that run to and from the heart also begin to develop during this critical time. It's at this time that a congenital heart defect such as pulmonary atresia may begin to form.","What increases the risk of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, also called PA/IVS, is not well known. Possible risk factors for congenital heart defects such as PA/IVS may include:
+Smoking.If you smoke, quit. Smoking during pregnancy or being around cigarette smoke increases the risk of some congenital heart conditions.
+Alcohol use.Drinking alcohol during pregnancy may increase the risk of heart conditions in the baby.
+Genetics.Changes in some genes have been linked to heart conditions at birth. For example, people with Down syndrome often are born with heart conditions.
+Diabetes.Having type 1 or type 2 diabetes during pregnancy may change how a baby's heart forms. But diabetes that develops during pregnancy, called gestational diabetes, typically doesn't increase a baby's risk of congenital heart defects.
+Rubella, also called German measles.Having rubella during pregnancy can cause changes in a baby's heart. A blood test can be done before pregnancy to see if you're immune to rubella. If you're not, you can get a vaccine.
+Some medicines.Some medicines taken during pregnancy may increase the risk of congenital heart conditions. These include lithium (Lithobid) for bipolar disorder and isotretinoin (Claravis, Myorisan, others), which is used to treat acne. Talk with a healthcare professional about the medicines you take.",,,Pulmonary atresia is usually diagnosed soon after birth. Tests are done to check the baby's heart health.,Babies need emergency medical care for pulmonary atresia symptoms. The choice of surgeries or procedures depends on how severe the condition is.,Talking with other parents who have a child with a congenital heart defect might give you comfort and support. Ask a member of your child's care team about local support groups.,"Your baby is likely to be diagnosed with pulmonary atresia soon after birth while still in the hospital. Then you'll be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist, for ongoing care.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Here are some tips for caring for someone with pulmonary atresia after coming home from the hospital:
+Go to scheduled health checkups.A person born with pulmonary atresia needs regular checkups, even as an adult. A doctor trained in congenital heart diseases, called a congenital cardiologist, often provides care. Get recommended vaccines, including yearly flu vaccines.
+Ask about exercise and activity.Some children with a congenital heart defect may need to limit exercise or sports activities. However, many others with a congenital heart defect can participate in such activities. Your child's care team can tell you which sports and types of exercise are safe for your child.
+Practice good oral hygiene.Brushing and flossing teeth and getting regular dental checkups can help prevent infection.
+Ask about preventive antibiotics.Sometimes, a congenital heart defect can increase the risk of infection in the lining of the heart or heart valves. This infection is called infective endocarditis. Antibiotics may be recommended before dental procedures to prevent infection, especially for people who have a mechanical heart valve.","tiredness, blue or gray skin, pulmonary atresia, poor feeding, shortness of breath, fast breathing"
+756,Peripheral artery disease (PAD),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350557,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-artery-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350563,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-artery-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20350567,"Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common condition in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the arms or legs.
+This condition also may be called peripheral arterial disease.
+In PAD, the legs or arms — usually the legs — don't get enough blood flow to keep up with demand. This may cause leg pain when walking, called claudication, and other symptoms.
+Peripheral artery disease is usually a sign of a buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries, a condition called atherosclerosis.
+Treatment for PAD includes exercising, eating healthy foods, and not smoking or using tobacco.","Peripheral artery disease (PAD) may not cause symptoms, or symptoms may be mild. PAD symptoms include:
+Leg pain when walking.
+Muscle pain or cramping in the arms or legs, often in the calf.
+Muscle pain in the arms or legs that begins with exercise and ends with rest.
+Painful cramping in one or both of the hips, thighs or calves after walking or climbing stairs or other activities.
+Pain when using the arms, such as aching and cramping when knitting or writing.
+Coldness in the lower leg or foot, especially when compared with the other side.
+Leg numbness or weakness.
+No pulse or a weak pulse in the legs or feet.
+The muscle pain in peripheral artery disease may:
+Be mild to extreme.
+Wake you up from sleep.
+Make it hard to walk or exercise.
+Occur during rest or when lying down if the condition is severe.
+Other symptoms of PAD may include:
+Shiny skin on the legs.
+Skin color changes on the legs.
+Slow-growing toenails.
+Sores on the toes, feet or legs that won't heal.
+Hair loss or slower hair growth on the legs.
+Erectile dysfunction.",Make an appointment for a health checkup if you have leg or arm pain or other symptoms of peripheral artery disease.,"Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is often caused by a buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls, a condition called atherosclerosis. The buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. In PAD, plaque collects in the arteries of the arms or legs.
+Less common causes of PAD include:
+Swelling and irritation of blood vessels.
+Injury to the arms or legs.
+Changes in the muscles or ligaments.
+Radiation exposure.","Risk factors for peripheral artery disease (PAD) include:
+A family history of peripheral artery disease, heart disease or stroke.
+Diabetes.
+High blood pressure.
+High cholesterol.
+Increasing age, especially after 65, or after 50 if you have risk factors for atherosclerosis.
+Obesity.
+Smoking.","Complications of peripheral artery disease (PAD) caused by atherosclerosis include:
+Critical limb ischemia.In this condition, an injury or infection causes tissue to die. Symptoms include open sores on the limbs that don't heal. Treatment may include amputation of the affected limb.
+Stroke and heart attack.Plaque buildup in the arteries also can affect the blood vessels in the heart and brain.","The best way to prevent leg pain due to peripheral artery disease (PAD) is to have a healthy lifestyle. That means:
+Don't smoke.
+Eat foods that are low in sugar, trans fats and saturated fats.
+Get regular exercise — but check with your care team about what type and how much is best for you.
+Keep a healthy weight.
+Manage blood pressure, cholesterol and diabetes.
+Get good sleep.
+Control stress.","To diagnose peripheral artery disease (PAD), a healthcare professional examines you. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms and medical history.
+If you have peripheral artery disease, the pulse in the affected area may be weak or missing.","The goals of treatment for peripheral artery disease (PAD) are:
+Manage symptoms, such as leg pain, so exercise is comfortable.
+Improve artery health to reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke and other complications.
+Treatment for peripheral artery disease may include:
+Lifestyle changes.
+Medicine.
+Surgery.
+Lifestyle changes can help improve symptoms, especially if you have early peripheral artery disease. Such changes include:
+Don't smoke or use tobacco.
+Get regular exercise.
+Eat a healthy diet.",,"If you have leg pain or other symptoms of peripheral artery disease (PAD), make an appointment for a health checkup. You may need to see a doctor trained in blood vessel diseases, called a vascular specialist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","There are things you can do to help manage peripheral artery disease (PAD). Try these tips to manage PAD and stop symptoms from getting worse:
+Don't smoke or use tobacco.Smoking damages the arteries. It increases the risk of peripheral artery disease. If you have PAD, smoking can make the condition worse. If you smoke and need help quitting, ask your care team about methods that can help.
+Get regular exercise.Regular exercise is an important part of peripheral artery disease (PAD) treatment. Exercise helps improve blood flow to the arms and legs. So it can improve symptoms of PAD.Usually, healthcare professionals recommend supervised exercise therapy for people with PAD. It's a program of exercise and education. It can help increase the distance you can walk pain-free.
+Eat nutritious foods.Choose plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Reduce sugar, salt and saturated fats.
+Check medicine labels.Products that contain pseudoephedrine (Advil Cold and Sinus, Claritin D, others) are often used to treat a stuffy nose due to allergies or colds. But this ingredient tightens blood vessels. It may increase PAD symptoms.
+Check leg position.Try sleeping with the head of the bed raised a few inches. Keeping the legs below the level of the heart usually reduces pain. Some people find that hanging their legs over the edge of the bed or walking may temporarily reduce leg pain.","sores, peripheral artery disease, cramping, aching, numbness, hair loss, no pulse, painful cramping, slow-growing toenails, pad, shiny skin, pad symptoms, muscle pain, leg pain, pain, coldness, weak pulse, weakness, skin color changes, erectile dysfunction"
+757,Popliteal artery entrapment,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/popliteal-artery-entrapment/symptoms-causes/syc-20465211,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/popliteal-artery-entrapment/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20465225,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/popliteal-artery-entrapment/doctors-departments/ddc-20465245,"Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is an uncommon condition that affects the main artery behind the knee. That artery is called the popliteal artery. In this condition, the calf muscle is in the wrong position or it's larger than usual. The muscle presses on the artery. The artery becomes trapped, making it harder for blood to flow to the lower leg and foot.
+Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is most common among athletes.","The main symptom of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is pain or cramping in the back of the lower leg. The back of the lower leg is called the calf. The pain occurs during exercise and goes away with rest. Other symptoms may include:
+Cold feet after exercise.
+Tingling or burning in your calf.
+Numbness in the calf area.
+If the nearby vein, called the popliteal vein, also becomes trapped by the calf muscle, you may have:
+A heavy feeling in the leg.
+Lower leg cramping at night.
+Swelling in the calf area.
+Changes in skin color around the calf muscle.
+Blood clot in the lower leg, called deep vein thrombosis.
+Symptoms typically affect young, otherwise healthy people under age 40.",Make an appointment for a health checkup if you have any type of leg pain. This is especially important if you have calf or foot cramping during activity that gets better with rest.,"Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is caused by an irregular calf muscle, usually the gastrocnemius muscle.
+The condition may be seen at birth, or it may occur later in life. When it's present at birth, the baby's calf muscle or nearby artery forms in the wrong place during pregnancy. People who get the condition later in life have a calf muscle that is bigger than usual.
+The changes in the calf muscle cause it to press on the main artery behind the knee. This reduces blood flow to the lower leg. The lack of blood flow causes pain and cramping in the back of the lower leg during times of activity.","Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is uncommon. The following things increase the risk of the condition.
+Younger age.The condition is most often seen in people who are in their late teens or 20s. It's rarely diagnosed in those over age 40.
+Being male.PAEScan occur in anyone, but it's much more common in young men.
+Strenuous athletic activity.Runners, bicyclists, and athletes who try to build muscle fast with weight training routines or high-intensity circuit training are at the highest risk.","Long-term pressure on the popliteal artery can cause the artery to narrow. This is called artery stenosis. It can cause pain and cramping with just slight activity, such as walking.
+In severe cases or when undiagnosed, the nerves and muscles in the leg can become damaged. Blood clots may occur in the lower leg. Older athletes with symptoms of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome should be checked for a ballooning or bulging of the artery. This is called a popliteal aneurysm. It is common in older men.",,"To diagnose popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES), the health team checks you and asks questions about your symptoms and health history. But because most people withPAESare young and usually in good health, diagnosing the condition can sometimes be challenging. There are typically no unusual findings from a physical exam.
+Tests are done to rule out other causes of leg pain, including muscle strains, stress fractures and peripheral artery disease, which results from clogged arteries.
+Tests may include the following:
+Ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurementis usually the first test done to diagnosePAES. Blood pressure measurements are taken in the arms and legs during and after walking on a treadmill. TheABIis determined by dividing ankle pressure by arm pressure. The blood pressure in the legs should be higher than that in the arms. But if you havePAES, your ankle pressure drops during exercise.
+Duplex ultrasound of the calfuses high-frequency sound waves to show how fast blood moves through the leg arteries. This test may be done before or after exercise. You may be asked to flex your foot up and down, which puts your calf muscle to work.
+Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)shows if the calf muscle is trapping the artery. It also can tell how much of the popliteal artery is narrowed. You may be asked to flex your foot or press it against a board during this test. Doing so helps show how blood is flowing to your lower leg.
+CTangiographyalso shows which leg muscle is causing the artery entrapment. As withMRA, you may be asked to move your foot during this test.
+Catheter-based angiographyshows how blood is flowing to and from the lower leg in real time. It's done if the diagnosis is still unclear after other, less-invasive imaging tests.","If popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) symptoms significantly affect everyday or athletic activities, surgery may be suggested. Surgery is the only way to fix the calf muscle and free the trapped artery.
+Surgery is done at a hospital or medical center while you are under general anesthesia. During surgery, the surgeon makes a cut on the inner calf just below or in the back of the knee. This releases the calf muscle to give the artery more room. The calf muscle no longer presses on the artery.
+Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome surgery takes about an hour. Typically, you'll need to stay in the hospital for one day.
+If you've had the condition for a long time and have severe narrowing of the artery, you may need another surgery called an artery bypass.
+Surgery to release the calf muscle and artery usually doesn't affect how the leg works. When the condition is diagnosed and treated early, a full recovery is expected, and symptoms should disappear.",,"If you think you may have popliteal artery entrapment syndrome, it's important that you make an appointment with for a health checkup. If it's found early, treatment may be easier, and it may work better.
+Health appointments can be brief. But there's often a lot to discuss. So it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"artery entrapment syndrome, pain, leg cramping, swelling, tingling or burning, changes in skin color, paes, cramping, heavy feeling, tingling, numbness, burning, blood clot, cold feet, vein thrombosis"
+758,Back pain,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/back-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20369906,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/back-pain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369911,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/back-pain/doctors-departments/ddc-20369912,"Back pain is one of the most common reasons people seek medical help or miss work. Back pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide.
+Fortunately, measures can help prevent or relieve most back pain episodes, especially for people younger than age 60. If prevention fails, simple home treatment and using the body correctly often can heal the back within a few weeks. Surgery is rarely needed to treat back pain.","Back pain can range from a muscle ache to a shooting, burning or stabbing feeling. Also, the pain can radiate down a leg. Bending, twisting, lifting, standing or walking can make pain worse.","Most back pain improves over time with home treatment and self-care, often within a few weeks. Contact your healthcare professional for back pain that:
+Lasts longer than a few weeks.
+Is severe and doesn't improve with rest.
+Spreads down one or both legs, especially if it goes below the knee.
+Causes weakness, numbness, or tingling in one or both legs.
+Is paired with unexplained weight loss.
+In some people, back pain can signal a serious medical problem. This is rare, but seek immediate care for back pain that:
+Causes new bowel or bladder problems.
+Is accompanied by a fever.
+Follows a fall, blow to the back or other injury.","Back pain often develops without a cause that shows up in a test or an imaging study. Conditions commonly linked to back pain include:
+Muscle or ligament strain.Repeated heavy lifting or a sudden awkward movement can strain back muscles and spinal ligaments. For people in poor physical condition, constant strain on the back can cause painful muscle spasms.
+Bulging or ruptured disks.Disks act as cushions between the bones in the spine. The soft material inside a disk can bulge or rupture and press on a nerve. However, a bulging or ruptured disk might not cause back pain. Disk disease is often found on spine X-rays,CTscans orMRIsdone for another reason.
+Arthritis.Osteoarthritis can affect the lower back. In some cases, arthritis in the spine can lead to a narrowing of the space around the spinal cord, a condition called spinal stenosis.
+Osteoporosis.The spine's vertebrae can develop painful breaks if the bones become porous and brittle.
+Ankylosing spondylitis, also called axial spondyloarthritis.This inflammatory disease can cause some of the bones in the spine to fuse. This makes the spine less flexible.","Anyone can develop back pain, even children and teens. These factors can increase the risk of developing back pain:
+Age.Back pain is more common with age, starting around age 30 or 40.
+Lack of exercise.Weak, unused muscles in the back and abdomen might lead to back pain.
+Excess weight.Excess body weight puts extra stress on the back.
+Diseases.Some types of arthritis and cancer can contribute to back pain.
+Improper lifting.Using the back instead of the legs can lead to back pain.
+Psychological conditions.People prone to depression and anxiety appear to have a greater risk of back pain. Stress can cause muscle tension, which can contribute to back pain.
+Smoking.People who smoke have increased rates of back pain. This may occur because smoking causes coughing, which can lead to herniated disks. Smoking also can decrease blood flow to the spine and increase the risk of osteoporosis.",,"Improving one's physical condition and learning and practicing how to use the body might help prevent back pain.
+To keep the back healthy and strong:
+Exercise.Regular low-impact aerobic activities can increase strength and endurance in the back and allow the muscles to work better. Walking, bicycling and swimming are good choices because they don't strain or jolt the back. Talk with your healthcare team about which activities to try.
+Build muscle strength and flexibility.Abdominal and back muscle exercises, which strengthen the body's core, help condition these muscles so that they work together to support the back.
+Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight strains back muscles.
+Quit smoking.Smoking increases the risk of low back pain. The risk rises with the number of cigarettes smoked each day, so quitting can help reduce this risk.
+Avoid movements that twist or strain the back. To use the body properly:
+Stand smart.Don't slouch. Maintain a neutral pelvic position. When standing for long periods, place one foot on a low footstool to take some of the load off the lower back. Alternate feet. Good posture can reduce the stress on back muscles.
+Sit smart.Choose a seat with good lower back support, armrests and a swivel base. Placing a pillow or rolled towel in the small of the back can maintain its typical curve. Keep knees and hips level. Change position frequently, at least every half hour.
+Lift smart.Avoid heavy lifting, if possible. If you must lift something heavy, let your legs do the work. Keep your back straight, bend only at the knees, and don't twist. Hold the load close to your body. Find a lifting partner if the object is heavy or awkward.","Your healthcare professional examines your back and assesses your ability to sit, stand, walk and lift your legs. The health professional also might ask you to rate your pain on a scale of zero to 10 and to talk about how your pain affects your daily activities.
+These assessments help determine where the pain comes from and how much you can move before pain or muscle spasms force you to stop. Exams also can help rule out more-serious causes of back pain.
+One or more of these tests might help pinpoint the cause of the back pain:
+X-ray.These images show arthritis or broken bones. But the images alone won't find conditions affecting the spinal cord, muscles, nerves or disks.
+MRIorCTscans.These scans generate images that can reveal herniated disks or problems with bones, muscles, tissue, tendons, nerves, ligaments and blood vessels.
+Blood tests.These can help determine whether an infection or other condition might be causing pain.
+Nerve studies.Electromyography (EMG) measures the electrical impulses produced by the nerves and how the muscles respond to them. This test can confirm pressure on the nerves caused by herniated disks or narrowing of the spinal canal, called spinal stenosis.","Most back pain gets better within a month using home treatment, especially for people younger than age 60. However, for many, the pain lasts several months.
+Pain relievers and the use of heat might be all that's needed. Bed rest isn't recommended.
+Continue your activities as much as you can with back pain. Try light activity, such as walking. Stop activity that increases pain, but don't avoid activity out of fear of pain. If home treatments aren't working after several weeks, your healthcare professional might recommend stronger medicines or other therapies.",,"If your back pain persists despite home treatment, see your healthcare professional. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, pain worsened by standing, shooting pain, burning feeling, stabbing feeling, pain radiating down a leg, pain worsened by bending, pain worsened by twisting, pain worsened by lifting, pain worsened by walking, muscle ache"
+760,Chest pain,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chest-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20370838,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chest-pain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370842,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chest-pain/doctors-departments/ddc-20370844,"Chest pain is pain or discomfort in the area between the neck and belly. Chest pain may be sharp or dull. It might come and go, or you might always feel the pain. The exact symptoms depend on the cause.
+Many different things can cause chest pain. The most life-threatening causes involve the heart or lungs. So it's important to get medical help for an accurate diagnosis.
+If you think your chest pain is due to a heart attack, call 911 or your local emergency number right away.",Chest pain symptoms depend on the cause.,"If you have new or unexplained chest pain or think you're having a heart attack, call 911 or emergency medical help right away. Never ignore the symptoms of a heart attack.
+If you can't get an ambulance or emergency vehicle to come to you, have someone drive you to the nearest hospital. Drive yourself only if you have no other way to get there.",Chest pain has many possible causes.,,,,Chest pain doesn't always mean that you're having a heart attack. But that's what emergency medical help usually tests for first because it can be life-threatening. Your healthcare professionals also will check for life-threatening lung conditions — such as a collapsed lung or a blood clot in the lung.,Chest pain treatment depends on what's causing the pain.,,"You may not have time to prepare. If you're having severe chest pain or new or unexplained chest pain or pressure that lasts more than a few moments, call 911 or emergency medical services.
+Don't waste any time for fear of embarrassment if it's not a heart attack. Even if there's another cause for your chest pain, you need to be seen right away.",,chest pain
+761,Knee pain,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20350849,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-pain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350855,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-pain/doctors-departments/ddc-20350858,"Knee pain is a common complaint that affects people of all ages. Knee pain may be the result of an injury, such as a ruptured ligament or torn cartilage. Medical conditions — including arthritis, gout and infections — also can cause knee pain.
+Many types of minor knee pain respond well to self-care measures. Physical therapy and knee braces also can help relieve pain. In some cases, however, your knee may require surgical repair.","The location and severity of knee pain may vary, depending on the cause of the problem. Signs and symptoms that sometimes accompany knee pain include:
+Swelling and stiffness
+Redness and warmth to the touch
+Weakness or instability
+Popping or crunching noises
+Inability to fully straighten the knee","Call your doctor if you:
+Can't bear weight on your knee or feel as if your knee is unstable or gives out
+Have marked knee swelling
+Are unable to fully extend or flex your knee
+See an obvious deformity in your leg or knee
+Have a fever, in addition to redness, pain and swelling in your knee
+Have severe knee pain that is associated with an injury","Knee pain can be caused by injuries, mechanical problems, types of arthritis and other problems.","A number of factors can increase your risk of having knee problems, including:
+Excess weight.Being overweight or obese increases stress on your knee joints, even during ordinary activities such as walking or going up and down stairs. It also puts you at increased risk of osteoarthritis by accelerating the breakdown of joint cartilage.
+Lack of muscle flexibility or strength.A lack of strength and flexibility can increase the risk of knee injuries. Strong muscles help stabilize and protect your joints, and muscle flexibility can help you achieve full range of motion.
+Certain sports or occupations.Some sports put greater stress on your knees than do others. Alpine skiing with its rigid ski boots and potential for falls, basketball's jumps and pivots, and the repeated pounding your knees take when you run or jog all increase your risk of knee injury. Jobs that require repetitive stress on the knees such as construction or farming also can increase your risk.
+Previous injury.Having a previous knee injury makes it more likely that you'll injure your knee again.","Not all knee pain is serious. But some knee injuries and medical conditions, such as osteoarthritis, can lead to increasing pain, joint damage and disability if left untreated. And having a knee injury — even a minor one — makes it more likely that you'll have similar injuries in the future.","Although it's not always possible to prevent knee pain, the following suggestions may help ward off injuries and joint deterioration:
+Keep extra pounds off.Maintain a healthy weight; it's one of the best things you can do for your knees. Every extra pound puts additional strain on your joints, increasing the risk of injuries and osteoarthritis.
+Be in shape to play your sport.To prepare your muscles for the demands of sports participation, take time for conditioning.
+Practice perfectly.Make sure the technique and movement patterns you use in your sports or activity are the best they can be. Lessons from a professional can be very helpful.
+Get strong, stay flexible.Weak muscles are a leading cause of knee injuries. You'll benefit from building up your quadriceps and hamstrings, the muscles on the front and back of your thighs that help support your knees. Balance and stability training helps the muscles around your knees work together more effectively.And because tight muscles also can contribute to injury, stretching is important. Try to include flexibility exercises in your workouts.
+Be smart about exercise.If you have osteoarthritis, chronic knee pain or recurring injuries, you may need to change the way you exercise. Consider switching to swimming, water aerobics or other low-impact activities — at least for a few days a week. Sometimes simply limiting high-impact activities will provide relief.","During the physical exam, your doctor is likely to:
+Inspect your knee for swelling, pain, tenderness, warmth and visible bruising
+Check to see how far you can move your lower leg in different directions
+Push on or pull the joint to evaluate the integrity of the structures in your knee","Treatments will vary, depending upon what exactly is causing your knee pain.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor. Depending on the cause of your problem, he or she may refer you to a doctor specializing in joint diseases (rheumatologist), joint surgery (orthopedic surgeon) or sports medicine.","Over-the-counter medications — such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) — may help ease knee pain.
+Some people find relief by rubbing the affected knee with creams containing a numbing agent, such as lidocaine, or capsaicin, the substance that makes chili peppers hot.
+Self-care measures for an injured knee include:
+Rest.Take a break from your normal activities to reduce repetitive strain on your knee, give the injury time to heal and help prevent further damage. A day or two of rest may be all you need for a minor injury. More severe damage is likely to need a longer recovery time.
+Ice.Ice reduces both pain and inflammation. A bag of frozen peas works well because it covers your whole knee. You also can use an ice pack wrapped in a thin towel to protect your skin. Although ice therapy is generally safe and effective, don't use ice for longer than 20 minutes at a time because of the risk of damage to your nerves and skin.
+Heat.You may experience temporary pain relief by applying a heat pack or hot-water bottle to the painful area on your knee.
+Compression.This helps prevent fluid buildup in damaged tissues and maintains knee alignment and stability. Look for a compression bandage that's lightweight, breathable and self-adhesive. It should be tight enough to support your knee without interfering with circulation.
+Elevation.To help reduce swelling, try propping your injured leg on pillows or sitting in a recliner.","inability to fully straighten the knee, weakness, swelling, warmth, instability, stiffness, crunching noises, popping, knee pain, redness"
+763,Wrist pain,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wrist-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20366213,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wrist-pain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366215,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wrist-pain/doctors-departments/ddc-20366216,"Wrist pain is often caused by sprains or fractures from sudden injuries. But wrist pain also can result from long-term problems, such as repetitive stress, arthritis and carpal tunnel syndrome.
+Because so many factors can lead to wrist pain, diagnosing the exact cause can be difficult. But an accurate diagnosis is essential for proper treatment and healing.","Wrist pain may vary, depending on the cause. For example, osteoarthritis pain often is described as being similar to a dull toothache. Carpal tunnel syndrome usually causes a pins and needles feeling. This tingling sensation often occurs in the thumb and index and middle fingers, especially at night. The precise location of wrist pain also provides clues to what's behind the symptoms.","Not all wrist pain requires medical care. Minor sprains and strains usually respond to ice, rest and pain medicines you can buy without a prescription. But if pain and swelling last longer than a few days or become worse, see your healthcare professional. Delayed diagnosis and treatment can lead to poor healing, reduced range of motion and long-term disability.",Damage to any of the parts of your wrist can cause pain and affect your ability to use your wrist and hand. The damage may result from:,"Wrist pain can happen to anyone — whether you're very sedentary, very active or somewhere in between. But the risk may be increased by:
+Sports participation.Wrist injuries are common in many sports, both those that involve impact and those that involve repetitive stress on the wrist. These can include football, bowling, golf, gymnastics, snowboarding and tennis.
+Repetitive work.Almost any repetitive activity that involves your hands and wrists may cause wrist pain. Even knitting and cutting hair, if performed forcefully enough and often enough, can lead to significant wrist pain.
+Certain diseases or conditions.Pregnancy, diabetes, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis and gout may increase the risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome.",,"It's impossible to prevent the unforeseen events that often cause wrist injuries, but these basic tips may offer some protection:
+Build bone strength.Getting adequate amounts of calcium can help prevent fractures. For most adults, that means 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams a day.
+Prevent falls.Falling forward onto an outstretched hand is the main cause of most wrist injuries. To help prevent falls, wear sensible shoes. Remove home hazards. Light up your living space. And install grab bars in your bathroom and handrails on your stairways, if necessary.
+Use protective gear for athletic activities.Wear wrist guards for high-risk activities, such as football, snowboarding and in-line skating.
+Pay attention to ergonomics.If you spend long periods at a keyboard, take regular breaks. When you type, keep your wrists in a relaxed, neutral position. An ergonomic keyboard and a foam or gel wrist support may help.","During the physical exam, your healthcare professional may:
+Check your wrist for tenderness, swelling or deformity.
+Ask you to move your wrist to check for a decrease in your range of motion.
+Check your grip strength and forearm strength.","Treatments for wrist problems vary greatly based on the type, location and severity of the injury. Your age and overall health also may play a role in treatment.",,"Although you may first consult your family healthcare professional, they may refer you to a specialist. You may see an orthopedic surgeon, a physical medicine and rehabilitation expert, or a healthcare professional specializing in sports medicine. If arthritis is suspected, you may be referred to a specialist in joint disorders called a rheumatologist.","Wrist pain doesn't always require medical treatment. For a minor wrist injury, apply ice and wrap your wrist with an elastic bandage.","pain, dull toothache, osteoarthritis pain, wrist pain, tingling sensation, pins and needles feeling, carpal tunnel syndrome"
+767,Cerebral palsy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cerebral-palsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20353999,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cerebral-palsy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354005,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cerebral-palsy/doctors-departments/ddc-20354008,"Cerebral palsy is a group of conditions that affect movement and posture. It's caused by damage that occurs to the developing brain, most often before birth.
+Symptoms appear during infancy or preschool years and vary from very mild to serious. Children with cerebral palsy may have exaggerated reflexes. The arms, legs and trunk may appear floppy. Or they may have stiff muscles, known as spasticity. Symptoms also can include irregular posture, movements that can't be controlled, a walk that's not steady or some combination of these.
+Cerebral palsy may make it hard to swallow. It also can cause eye muscle imbalance, in which the eyes don't focus on the same object. People with the condition might have reduced range of motion in their joints due to muscle stiffness.
+The cause of cerebral palsy and its effect on function vary from person to person. Some people with cerebral palsy can walk while others need assistance. Some people have intellectual disabilities, but others do not. Epilepsy, blindness or deafness also might affect some people with cerebral palsy. There is no cure, but treatments can help improve function. The symptoms of cerebral palsy may vary during the child's development, but the condition doesn't get worse. The condition generally stays the same over time.","Symptoms of cerebral palsy can vary greatly. In some people, cerebral palsy affects the whole body. In other people, symptoms might only affect one or two limbs or one side of the body. General symptoms include trouble with movement and coordination, speech and eating, development, and other issues.","Contact your child's health care professional and get a prompt diagnosis if your child has symptoms of a movement condition. Also see a health professional if your child has delays in development.
+See your child's health care professional if you have concerns about episodes of loss of awareness or of irregular bodily movements or posture. It's also important to contact your child's health care professional if your child has trouble swallowing, poor coordination, eye muscle imbalance or other developmental issues.","Cerebral palsy is caused by irregular brain development or damage to the developing brain. This usually happens before a child is born, but it can occur at birth or in early infancy. Often the cause isn't known. Many factors can lead to changes in brain development. Some include:
+Gene changesthat result in genetic conditions or differences in brain development.
+Maternal infectionsthat affect an unborn baby.
+Stroke,which interrupts blood supply to the developing brain.
+Bleeding into the brainin the womb or as a newborn.
+Infant infectionsthat cause swelling in or around the brain.
+Traumatic head injuryto an infant, such as from a motor vehicle accident, fall or physical trauma.
+Lack of oxygento the brain related to a hard labor or delivery, although this cause is less common than previously thought.",A number of factors are associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy.,"Muscle weakness, muscle spasticity and trouble with coordination can contribute to complications in childhood or in adulthood, including:
+Contracture.Contracture is muscle tissue shortening due to severe muscle tightening. This can be the result of spasticity. Contracture can slow bone growth, cause bones to bend, and result in joint changes, dislocation or partial dislocation. These can include a dislocated hip, a curved spine or other bone changes.
+Malnutrition.Trouble with swallowing and feeding can make it hard to get enough nutrition, particularly for an infant. This can impair growth and weaken bones. Some children or adults need a feeding tube to get enough nutrition.
+Mental health conditions.People with cerebral palsy might have mental health conditions, such as depression. Social isolation and the challenges of coping with disabilities can contribute to depression. Behavior issues also can occur.
+Heart and lung disease.People with cerebral palsy may develop heart disease, lung disease and breathing conditions. Trouble swallowing can result in respiratory issues, such as aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia happens when a child inhales food, drink, saliva or vomit into the lungs.
+Osteoarthritis.Pressure on joints or misalignment of joints from muscle spasticity may lead to this painful bone disease.
+Osteoporosis.Fractures due to low bone density can result from lack of mobility, poor nutrition and anti-seizure medicines.
+Other complications.These can include sleep conditions, chronic pain, skin breakdown, intestinal issues and issues with oral health.","Often cerebral palsy can't be prevented, but you can reduce risks. If you're pregnant or planning to become pregnant, take these steps to minimize pregnancy complications:
+Make sure you're vaccinated.Getting vaccinated against diseases such as rubella might prevent an infection. It's best to make sure you're fully vaccinated before getting pregnant.
+Take care of yourself.The healthier you are heading into a pregnancy, the less likely you'll be to develop an infection that results in cerebral palsy.
+Seek early and continuous prenatal care.See your health care professional regularly during pregnancy. Proper prenatal care can reduce health risks to you and your unborn baby. Seeing your health care professional regularly can help prevent premature birth, low birth weight and infections.
+Avoid alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs.These have been linked to cerebral palsy risk.
+Rarely, cerebral palsy can be caused by brain damage that occurs in childhood. Practice good general safety. Prevent head injuries by providing your child with a car seat, bicycle helmet, safety rails on the bed and appropriate supervision.","Symptoms of cerebral palsy can become more apparent over time. A diagnosis might not be made until a few months to a year after birth. If symptoms are mild, diagnosis may be delayed longer.
+If cerebral palsy is suspected, a health care professional evaluates your child's symptoms. The health care professional also reviews your child's medical history, conducts a physical exam and monitors your child's growth and development during appointments.
+Your child may be referred to specialists trained in treating children with brain and nervous system conditions. Specialists include pediatric neurologists, pediatric physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists, and child development specialists.
+Your child also might need a series of tests to make a diagnosis and rule out other possible causes.","Children and adults with cerebral palsy may require lifelong care with a health care team. Your child's health care professional and a physical medicine and rehabilitation specialist may oversee your child's care. Your child also may see a pediatric neurologist, therapists and mental health specialists. These experts give special attention to needs and issues that are more common in people with cerebral palsy. They work together with your child's health care professional. Together you can develop a treatment plan.
+There is no cure for cerebral palsy. However, there are many treatment options that may help improve your child's daily functioning. Selecting care depends on your child's specific symptoms and needs, which may change over time. Early intervention can improve outcomes.
+Treatment options can include medicines, therapies, surgical procedures and other treatments as needed.","When a child is diagnosed with a disabling condition, the whole family faces new challenges. Here are a few tips for caring for your child and yourself:
+Foster your child's independence.Encourage any effort at independence, no matter how small. At any age, your child's participation in social, educational, employment, recreational and other community activities can help them participate in society. It also can have a positive effect on your child's quality of life.
+Be an advocate for your child.You're an important part of your child's health care team. Don't be afraid to speak out on your child's behalf or to ask tough questions of health care professionals, therapists and teachers.
+Find support.A circle of support can make a big difference in helping you and your family cope with cerebral palsy and its effects. As a parent, you might feel grief and guilt over your child's condition. Your doctor can help you locate support groups, organizations and counseling services in your community. Your child also might benefit from family support programs, school programs and counseling.
+Access services.Early intervention and special education services are available for children under 21 years of age through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Services for adults with disabilities also are available. Talk with your health care team about how to access programs and services in your area.","If your child has cerebral palsy, your child's health care professional may ask about your child's symptoms and when they started. The health professional also may ask if you had risk factors during pregnancy or delivery.",,"eating, speech, trouble with movement, development, coordination, cerebral palsy"
+770,Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return/cdc-20385691,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355461,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20355463,,"Symptoms of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) can include trouble breathing or fatigue. Sometimes, there are no noticeable symptoms.
+Serious congenital heart defects are often diagnosed before or soon after a child is born. If you think that your baby has symptoms of a heart condition, call your child's healthcare professional.
+Call your baby's healthcare professional if the baby has trouble breathing or other symptoms ofPAPVR.",,"The exact cause of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) is not known. Most congenital heart defects happen as the unborn baby's heart is forming before birth. An unborn baby also is called a fetus.
+Changes in the genes, some medicines or health conditions, and environmental factors may play a role. Lifestyle choices, such as smoking during pregnancy, also may increase the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby.","What increases the risk ofPAPVRis not well known. Possible risk factors for congenital heart defects may include:
+Diabetes.Having type 1 or type 2 diabetes during pregnancy may change how the unborn baby's heart forms. Diabetes that develops during pregnancy is called gestational diabetes. It generally doesn't increase a baby's risk of congenital heart defects.
+Genetics.Changes in some genes have been linked to heart conditions at birth. For example, people with Down syndrome are often born with heart conditions. A child born with Turner syndrome also has an increased risk ofPAPVR.
+Rubella, also called German measles.Having rubella during pregnancy can cause changes in an unborn baby's heart. A blood test can be done before pregnancy to see if you're immune to rubella. If you're not, you can get a vaccine.
+Some medicines.Some medicines taken during pregnancy may increase the risk of some congenital heart conditions. These include lithium (Lithobid) for bipolar disorder and isotretinoin (Claravis, Myorisan, others), which is used to treat acne. Talk with a healthcare professional about the medicines you take.
+Smoking. If you smoke, quit.Smoking during pregnancy or being around cigarette smoke increases the risk of some congenital heart conditions.
+Alcohol use.Drinking alcohol during pregnancy may increase the risk of heart conditions in the baby.",,,"To diagnose congenital heart disease in adults, your healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart with a stethoscope. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms and medical and family history.","A person born with a congenital heart defect can often be treated successfully in childhood. But sometimes, the heart condition may not need repair during childhood or the symptoms aren't noticed until adulthood.
+Treatment of congenital heart disease in adults depends on the specific type of heart condition and how severe it is. If the heart condition is mild, regular health checkups may be the only treatment needed.
+Other treatments for congenital heart disease in adults may include medicines and surgery.","You may find that talking with other people who have congenital heart disease brings you comfort and encouragement. Ask your healthcare team if there are any support groups in your area.
+It also may be helpful to become familiar with your condition. You want to learn:
+The name and details of your heart condition and how it's been treated.
+Symptoms of your specific type of congenital heart disease and when you should contact your healthcare team.
+How often you should have health checkups.
+Information about your medicines and their side effects.
+How to prevent heart infections and whether you need to take antibiotics before dental work.
+Exercise guidelines and work restrictions.
+Birth control and family planning information.
+Health insurance information and coverage options.","If you were born with a heart condition, make an appointment for a health checkup with a doctor trained in treating congenital heart disease. Do this even if you aren't having any complications. It's important to have regular health checkups if you have congenital heart disease.","If you have congenital heart disease, lifestyle changes may be recommended to keep the heart healthy and prevent complications.","trouble breathing, fatigue, congenital heart defects"
+775,Pseudobulbar affect,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudobulbar-affect/symptoms-causes/syc-20353737,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudobulbar-affect/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353741,,"Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is a condition that's characterized by episodes of sudden uncontrollable and inappropriate laughing or crying. Pseudobulbar affect typically occurs in people with certain neurological conditions or injuries, which might affect the way the brain controls emotion.
+If you have pseudobulbar affect you'll experience emotions normally, but you'll sometimes express them in an exaggerated or inappropriate way. As a result, the condition can be embarrassing and disruptive to your daily life.
+Pseudobulbar affect often goes undiagnosed or is mistaken for mood disorders. Once diagnosed, however, pseudobulbar affect can be managed with medication.","The primary sign of pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is frequent, involuntary and uncontrollable outbursts of crying or laughing that are exaggerated or not connected to your emotional state. Laughter often turns to tears. Your mood will appear normal between episodes, which can occur at any time. Crying appears to be a more common sign of PBA than laughing.
+The degree of the emotional response caused by PBA is often striking, with crying or laughing lasting up to several minutes. For example, you might laugh uncontrollably in response to a mildly amusing comment. Or you might laugh or cry in situations that others don't see as funny or sad. These emotional responses typically represent a change from how you would have previously responded.
+Because pseudobulbar affect often involves crying, the condition is frequently mistaken for depression. However, PBA episodes tend to be short in duration, while depression causes a persistent feeling of sadness. Also, people with PBA often lack certain features of depression, such as sleep disturbances or a loss of appetite. But depression is common among those who have pseudobulbar affect.
+If you think you have PBA, talk to your doctor. If you have a neurological condition, you might already be treated by a doctor who can diagnose PBA. Helpful specialists include neuropsychologists, neurologists and psychiatrists.
+It's suspected that many cases of pseudobulbar affect go unreported and undiagnosed due to a lack of awareness about the condition.",,"Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) typically occurs in people with neurological conditions or injuries, including:
+Stroke
+Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
+Multiple sclerosis (MS)
+Traumatic brain injury
+Alzheimer's disease
+Parkinson's disease
+While further research is needed, the cause of PBA is believed to involve injury to the neurological pathways that regulate the external expression of emotion (affect).",,"Severe symptoms of pseudobulbar affect (PBA) can cause embarrassment, social isolation, anxiety and depression. The condition might interfere with your ability to work and do daily tasks, especially when you're already coping with a neurological condition.",,"Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is typically diagnosed during a neurological evaluation. Specialists who can diagnose PBA include internists, neuropsychologists, neurologists and psychiatrists.
+PBA is often misdiagnosed as depression, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, a personality disorder and epilepsy. To help your doctor determine if you have PBA, share specific details about your emotional outbursts.","The goal of treatment for pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is to reduce the severity and frequency of emotional outbursts. Medication options include:
+Antidepressants.Antidepressants, such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can help reduce the frequency and severity of your PBA episodes. Antidepressants for the treatment of PBA are typically prescribed at doses lower than are those used to treat depression.
+Dextromethorphan hydrobromide and quinidine sulfate (Nuedexta).This is the only medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration that is designed to specifically treat PBA. A study on people with MS and ALS showed that those taking the medication had only about half as many laughing and crying episodes as did those taking the placebo.
+Your doctor will help you choose the best therapy for you, taking into account possible medication side effects and any other conditions you have and medications you use.
+An occupational therapist also can help you develop ways to complete everyday tasks despite your PBA.","Living with psedobulbar affect (PBA) can be embarrassing and stressful. It might help to explain to family, friends and co-workers how the condition affects you, so they aren't surprised or confused by your behavior.
+Talking to other people who have PBA also might help you feel understood and give you a chance to discuss tips for coping with the condition.
+To cope with an episode:
+Distract yourself
+Take slow, deep breaths
+Relax your body
+Change your position",,,"mood changes, pba, sadness, crying, tears, pseudobulbar, outbursts, crying or laughing, emotional responses, depression, uncontrollable outbursts, sleep disturbances, laughing, appetite"
+778,Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/symptoms-causes/syc-20353439,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353443,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/doctors-departments/ddc-20353445,"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a problem with hormones that happens during the reproductive years. If you havePCOS, you may not have periods very often. Or you may have periods that last many days. You may also have too much of a hormone called androgen in your body.
+WithPCOS, many small sacs of fluid develop along the outer edge of the ovary. These are called cysts. The small fluid-filled cysts contain immature eggs. These are called follicles. The follicles fail to regularly release eggs.
+The exact cause ofPCOSis unknown. Early diagnosis and treatment along with weight loss may lower the risk of long-term complications such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.","Symptoms ofPCOSoften start around the time of the first menstrual period. Sometimes symptoms develop later after you have had periods for a while.
+The symptoms ofPCOSvary. A diagnosis ofPCOSis made when you have at least two of these:
+Irregular periods.Having few menstrual periods or having periods that aren't regular are common signs ofPCOS. So is having periods that last for many days or longer than is typical for a period. For example, you might have fewer than nine periods a year. And those periods may occur more than 35 days apart. You may have trouble getting pregnant.
+Too much androgen.High levels of the hormone androgen may result in excess facial and body hair. This is called hirsutism. Sometimes, severe acne and male-pattern baldness can happen, too.
+Polycystic ovaries.Your ovaries might be bigger. Many follicles containing immature eggs may develop around the edge of the ovary. The ovaries might not work the way they should.
+PCOSsigns and symptoms are typically more severe in people with obesity.","See your health care provider if you're worried about your periods, if you're having trouble getting pregnant, or if you have signs of excess androgen. These might include new hair growth on your face and body, acne and male-pattern baldness.","The exact cause ofPCOSisn't known. Factors that might play a role include:
+Insulin resistance.Insulin is a hormone that the pancreas makes. It allows cells to use sugar, your body's primary energy supply. If cells become resistant to the action of insulin, then blood sugar levels can go up. This can cause your body to make more insulin to try to bring down the blood sugar level.Too much insulin might cause your body to make too much of the male hormone androgen. You could have trouble with ovulation, the process where eggs are released from the ovary.One sign of insulin resistance is dark, velvety patches of skin on the lower part of the neck, armpits, groin or under the breasts. A bigger appetite and weight gain may be other signs.
+Low-grade inflammation.White blood cells make substances in response to infection or injury. This response is called low-grade inflammation. Research shows that people withPCOShave a type of long-term, low-grade inflammation that leads polycystic ovaries to produce androgens. This can lead to heart and blood vessel problems.
+Heredity.Research suggests that certain genes might be linked toPCOS. Having a family history ofPCOSmay play a role in developing the condition.
+Excess androgen.WithPCOS, the ovaries may produce high levels of androgen. Having too much androgen interferes with ovulation. This means that eggs don't develop on a regular basis and aren't released from the follicles where they develop. Excess androgen also can result in hirsutism and acne.",,"Complications ofPCOScan include:
+Infertility
+Gestational diabetes or pregnancy-induced high blood pressure
+Miscarriage or premature birth
+Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis — a severe liver inflammation caused by fat buildup in the liver
+Metabolic syndrome — a cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and unhealthy cholesterol or triglyceride levels that significantly increase your risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease
+Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes
+Sleep apnea
+Depression, anxiety and eating disorders
+Cancer of the uterine lining (endometrial cancer)
+Obesity commonly occurs withPCOSand can worsen complications of the disorder.",,"There's no single test to specifically diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Your health care provider is likely to start with a discussion of your symptoms, medications and any other medical conditions. Your provider also may ask about your menstrual periods and any weight changes. A physical exam includes checking for signs of excess hair growth, insulin resistance and acne.
+Your health care provider might then recommend:
+Pelvic exam.During a pelvic exam, your provider can check your reproductive organs for masses, growths or other changes.
+Blood tests.Blood tests can measure hormone levels. This testing can exclude possible causes of menstrual problems or androgen excess that mimicPCOS. You might have other blood testing, such as fasting cholesterol and triglyceride levels. A glucose tolerance test can measure your body's response to sugar (glucose).
+Ultrasound.An ultrasound can check the appearance of your ovaries and the thickness of the lining of your uterus. A wandlike device (transducer) is placed in your vagina. The transducer emits sound waves that are translated into images on a computer screen.
+If you have a diagnosis ofPCOS, your provider might recommend more tests for complications. These tests can include:
+Regular checks of blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and cholesterol and triglyceride levels
+Screening for depression and anxiety
+Screening for obstructive sleep apnea","PCOStreatment focuses on managing the things that are concerning you. This could include infertility, hirsutism, acne or obesity. Specific treatment might involve lifestyle changes or medication.",,"ForPCOS, you may see a specialist in female reproductive medicine (gynecologist), a specialist in hormone disorders (endocrinologist) or an infertility specialist (reproductive endocrinologist).
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","To help ease the effects ofPCOS, try to:
+Stay at a healthy weight.Weight loss can lower insulin and androgen levels. It also may restore ovulation. Ask your health care provider about a weight-control program, if you need one. Meet with a registered dietitian for help in reaching weight-loss goals.
+Limit carbohydrates.High-carbohydrate diets might make insulin levels go higher. Ask your provider if a low-carbohydrate diet could help if you havePCOS. Choose complex carbohydrates, which raise your blood sugar levels more slowly. Complex carbohydrates are found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and cooked dry beans and peas.
+Be active.Exercise helps lower blood sugar levels. If you havePCOS, increasing your daily activity and getting regular exercise may treat or even prevent insulin resistance. Being active may also help you keep your weight under control and avoid developing diabetes.","acne, obesity, few menstrual periods, bigger ovaries, irregular periods, periods that last for many days, male-pattern baldness, trouble getting pregnant, excess facial and body hair, hirsutism, severe acne"
+779,Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-ductus-arteriosus/symptoms-causes/syc-20376145,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-ductus-arteriosus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376150,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-ductus-arteriosus/doctors-departments/ddc-20376152,"Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistent opening between the two major blood vessels leading from the heart.
+An opening called the ductus arteriosus is part of the blood flow system in the womb for an unborn baby, also called a fetus. It usually closes shortly after birth. If the opening remains open, it's called a patent ductus arteriosus. APDAis a type of congenital heart defect.
+A smallPDAmight never need treatment. But a large, untreated patent ductus arteriosus can let oxygen-poor blood move the wrong way. This can make the heart muscle weak, causing heart failure and other complications.
+Treatments for patent ductus arteriosus may include regular health checkups, medicines, and a procedure or surgery to close the opening.","Patent ductus arteriosus symptoms (PDA) depend on the size of the opening and the person's age. A smallPDAmight not cause symptoms. Some people don't notice symptoms until adulthood. A largePDAcan cause symptoms of heart failure soon after birth.
+A largePDAfound during infancy or childhood might cause:
+Poor eating, which leads to poor growth.
+Sweating with crying or eating.
+Constant fast breathing or being out of breath.
+Easy tiring.
+Rapid heart rate.","Contact a healthcare professional if your baby or older child:
+Tires easily when eating or playing.
+Isn't gaining weight.
+Becomes breathless when eating or crying.
+Always breathes fast or is short of breath.","The exact causes of patent ductus arteriosus and other congenital heart defects are not clear. During the first six weeks of pregnancy, an unborn baby's heart starts to form and beat. The major blood vessels to and from the heart grow. It's during this time that certain congenital heart defects may begin to develop.
+Before birth, there is a temporary opening called the ductus arteriosus between the two main blood vessels leaving a baby's heart. Those vessels are the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The opening is needed for a baby's blood flow before birth. It moves blood away from a baby's lungs while they develop. The baby gets oxygen from the mother's blood.
+After birth, the ductus arteriosus is no longer needed. It usually closes within 2 to 3 days. But in some infants, the opening doesn't close. When it stays open, it's called a patent ductus arteriosus.
+The constant opening causes too much blood to flow to the baby's lungs and heart. Untreated, the blood pressure in the baby's lungs might increase. The baby's heart might grow larger and get weak.","Risk factors for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) include:
+Premature birth.Patent ductus arteriosus occurs more commonly in babies who are born too early than in babies who are born full term.
+Family history and other genetic conditions.A family history of heart conditions present at birth may increase the risk ofPDA. Babies born with an extra chromosome 21, a condition called Down syndrome, also are more likely to have patent ductus arteriosus.
+German measles during pregnancy.Having German measles, also called rubella, during pregnancy can cause changes in an unborn baby's heart. A blood test done before pregnancy can tell if you're immune to rubella. A vaccine is available for those who aren't immune.
+Being born at a high altitude.Babies born above 8,200 feet (2,499 meters) have a greater risk ofPDAthan babies born at lower altitudes.
+Female sex assigned at birth.Patent ductus arteriosus is twice as common in girls.","A small patent ductus arteriosus might not cause complications. Larger, untreatedPDAscould cause:
+High blood pressure in the lungs, also called pulmonary hypertension.A largePDAcauses irregular blood flow in the heart and lungs. As a result, pressure goes up in the pulmonary artery. Over time, the increased pressure damages the smaller blood vessels in the lungs. A life-threatening and lasting type of lung damage called Eisenmenger syndrome may occur.
+Heart failure.Symptoms of this serious complication include rapid breathing, often with gasping breaths, and poor weight gain.
+Heart infection, called endocarditis.Patent ductus arteriosus can increase the risk of germs attaching to areas in the heart. Without quick treatment, endocarditis can damage or destroy the heart valves.","There is no known prevention for patent ductus arteriosus. However, it's important to do everything possible to have a healthy pregnancy. Here are some of the basics:
+Get early prenatal care, even before you're pregnant.If you're thinking about pregnancy, talk with your healthcare team to develop a prenatal care plan. Also tell your healthcare professional about all the medicines you take, including those bought without a prescription.
+Start taking folic acid.Taking 400 micrograms of folic acid daily before and during pregnancy has been shown to reduce brain and spinal cord conditions in the baby. It also may help reduce the risk of heart conditions.
+Exercise and stay active.Work with your healthcare professional to develop an exercise plan that's right for you.
+Do not drink alcohol or smoke.These lifestyle habits can harm a baby's health. Also avoid secondhand smoke.
+Get recommended vaccines.Update your vaccinations before becoming pregnant. Certain types of infections can be harmful to a developing baby.
+Control blood sugar.If you have diabetes, good control of your blood sugar may reduce the risk of certain heart conditions present at birth in your baby.","To diagnose patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), a healthcare professional does a physical exam and asks questions about you or your child's medical history. The healthcare professional may hear a heart sound called a murmur while listening to the heart with a stethoscope.","Treatments for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) depend on the age of the person being treated.
+Some people with smallPDAsmay only need regular health checkups to watch for complications. A premature baby born with patent ductus arteriosus also needs regular checkups to make sure the opening closes.",,"A large patent ductus arteriosus or one that's causing serious health concerns may be diagnosed immediately at birth. But some smaller ones might not be found until later in life. If you have aPDA, you may be referred to a doctor trained in heart conditions present at birth. This type of doctor is called a congenital cardiologist. A doctor with training in kids' heart conditions is called a pediatric cardiologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Anyone born with a patent ductus arteriosus needs to take steps to keep the heart healthy and prevent complications. These tips can help.
+Don't smoke.Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease and other heart conditions. Quitting is the best way to reduce the risk. If you need help quitting, talk with your healthcare professional.
+Eat healthy foods.Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit sugar, salt and saturated fats.
+Practice good hygiene.Regularly wash your hands and brush and floss your teeth to keep yourself healthy.
+Ask about sports limits.Some people born with heart conditions may be told not to do some types of exercise or sports activities. Ask your healthcare professional which sports and types of exercise are safe for you or your child.
+Manage stress.Find ways to help reduce emotional stress. Some tips are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups. If you have anxiety or depression, talk with your healthcare professional about treatments that can help.","crying, easy tiring, poor eating, rapid heart rate, sweating, heart failure, fast breathing, out of breath"
+780,Head lice,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-lice/symptoms-causes/syc-20356180,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356186,,Head lice are tiny insects that feed on blood from the human scalp. Head lice most often affect children. The insects usually spread through direct transfer from the hair of one person to the hair of another.,Common signs and symptoms of head lice may include:,"See a health care provider before you begin treatment if you suspect that you or your child has head lice. Your or your child's health care provider can confirm that head lice are present. Studies show that many children have been treated for head lice with nonprescription medications or home remedies when they didn't have lice.
+
+Things often mistaken for nits include:",A head louse is a tan or grayish insect about the size of a strawberry seed. It feeds on human blood from the scalp. The female louse produces a sticky substance that firmly attaches each egg to the base of a hair shaft less than 1/4 inch (5 millimeters) from the scalp.,"Head lice are spread primarily by direct head-to-head contact. So the risk of spreading head lice is greatest among children who play or go to school together. In the United States, cases of head lice most often occur in children in preschool through elementary school.","If your child scratches an itchy scalp due to head lice, it's possible for the skin to break and develop an infection.","It's difficult to prevent the spread of head lice among children in child care facilities and schools because there is so much close contact.
+
+The chance of indirect spread from personal items is slight. However, to help prevent head lice from spreading, you may tell your child to:
+
+It's not necessary to avoid sharing protective headgear for sports and bicycling when sharing is required.","According to the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, the gold standard for diagnosing head lice is to identify a live nymph or adult louse.
+
+The guidelines recommend examining wet hair lubricated with hair conditioner or another product. Your child's health care provider will carefully comb your child's hair with a fine-toothed comb (nit comb) from the scalp to the end of the hair. If no live louse is found, the provider will likely repeat the entire exam at a second appointment.","Your health care provider will likely recommend a medication available without a prescription that kills lice and some of the nits. These medications may not kill recently laid eggs. Therefore, an appropriately timed second treatment is usually necessary to kill nymphs after they hatch but before they become adult lice.
+
+Some studies suggest that re-treating 7 to 9 days after the first treatment is the ideal time for a second treatment, but other re-treatment schedules exist. Ask your health care provider for written instructions for a recommended treatment schedule.",,"See your family's health care provider or pediatrician if you suspect that your child has head lice. The provider will examine your child's scalp and look for a live nymph or adult louse to determine if he or she has head lice. The provider can carefully inspect your child's hair. If necessary, the provider can examine suspect items under a microscope before confirming that head lice are present.",,"itching, scalp sores, lice"
+781,Chronic pelvic pain,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-pelvic-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20354368,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-pelvic-pain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354371,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-pelvic-pain/doctors-departments/ddc-20354374,"Chronic pelvic pain is pain in the area below the bellybutton and between the hips that lasts six months or longer.
+Chronic pelvic pain can have more than one cause. It may be a symptom of another disease, or it can be a condition in its own right.
+If chronic pelvic pain seems to be caused by another health condition, treating that problem may get rid of the pain.
+But tests may not be able to find a cause for chronic pelvic pain. In that case, the goal of treatment is to ease pain and other symptoms. That could make your quality of life better.","You may feel chronic pelvic pain in different parts of your pelvic area, rather than in just one spot. You might describe the pain in one or more of the following ways:
+Serious and steady.
+Pain that comes and goes.
+Dull aching.
+Sharp pains or cramping.
+Pressure or heaviness deep within the pelvis.
+The pain also may happen:
+During sex.
+While having a bowel movement or urinating.
+When you sit or stand for a long time.
+Chronic pelvic pain may be mild. Or it may be so intense that you miss work and can't sleep or exercise.
+Other symptoms can include:
+An urgent or frequent need to urinate.
+Bloating.
+Upset stomach.
+Constipation or diarrhea.","In general, see your healthcare professional if the pain disrupts your daily life or if your symptoms seem to get worse.","Chronic pelvic pain is a complex health problem. Sometimes, tests may find that a single disease is the cause. In other cases, the pain may stem from more than one medical condition. For example, you might have endometriosis and interstitial cystitis, both of which play a role in chronic pelvic pain.
+Some causes of chronic pelvic pain include:
+Endometriosis.This is a disease where tissue that's like the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. It may cause pain or infertility.
+Muscle and bone problems.Health issues that affect bones, joints and connective tissues can lead to pelvic pain that keeps coming back. These problems include fibromyalgia, tension in pelvic floor muscles, swelling of the pubic joint or a hernia.
+Nerve injury.Injured or trapped nerves in the pelvis or lower stomach area can lead to ongoing pelvic pain. Nerve problems might happen after surgery in the lower stomach area, such as having a C-section. Or lasting pain could result after injury to a nerve in the pelvis called the pudendal nerve from repetitive activities such as cycling, riding horses or sitting for long periods of time. This condition is called pudendal neuralgia.
+Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease.This can happen if a long-term infection, often spread through sex, causes scarring that involves the pelvic organs.
+Ovarian remnant.After surgery to remove one or both ovaries, a small piece of ovary may be left inside by mistake. Later, this leftover tissue may form painful cysts.
+Fibroids.These growths inside, on or attached to the uterus aren't cancer. But they may cause pressure or a feeling of heaviness in the lower stomach area or lower back. Rarely, they cause sharp pain.
+Irritable bowel syndrome.Symptoms linked with irritable bowel syndrome — bloating, constipation or diarrhea — can be a source of pelvic pain and pressure.
+Painful bladder syndrome.This also is called interstitial cystitis. It's linked with pain in the bladder that keeps coming back. It's also tied to a frequent need to urinate. You may have pelvic pain as your bladder fills. The pain may get better for a while after you empty your bladder.
+Pelvic congestion syndrome.Enlarged, varicose-type veins around the uterus and ovaries can lead to pelvic pain.
+Mental health risk factors.Depression, long-term stress, or a history of sexual or physical abuse may raise your risk of chronic pelvic pain. Emotional distress can make pain worse. And long-term pain can fuel distress. These two factors often become a vicious cycle.","Many conditions are linked to chronic pelvic pain. Having more than one condition that causes pelvic pain, such as endometriosis and fibroids, raises the risk. A history of sexual or physical abuse also may raise the risk.",,,"To figure out what's causing your chronic pelvic pain, your healthcare team asks you about your symptoms. You'll also answer questions about health conditions that you and your blood relatives, such as parents and siblings, have had over the years.
+Your care team may ask you to keep a journal of your pain and other symptoms. This can help you describe the effect that the pain has on your daily life.
+You also might need tests or exams such as:
+Pelvic exam.This can find symptoms of illnesses, unusual growths or tense pelvic floor muscles. Your healthcare professional checks for areas that feel tender. Speak up if you feel any pain during this exam, especially if it feels like the pain you've had lately. And if the exam makes you anxious, you can ask your care professional to stop at any time.
+Lab tests.These can check for illnesses such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. You also may need a blood test to measure your blood cells or a urine test to check for a urinary tract infection.
+Ultrasound.This test uses sound waves to make pictures of tissues, organs and other parts inside the body. It can help find growths or cysts in the ovaries, uterus or fallopian tubes.
+Other imaging tests.You might need computerized tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These imaging tests can help find growths or other unusual structures inside the body.
+Laparoscopy.During this surgery, a small cut is made in the stomach area. A thin tube with a small camera is placed through the cut. The camera lets your surgeon look at your pelvic organs and check for unusual tissues or infections. This procedure can help find and treat problems such as endometriosis and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease.
+Finding the cause of chronic pelvic pain can take time. A clear reason for the pain may never be found. Talk openly with your healthcare team during this process. Work together to find a treatment plan that helps you live well with as little pain as possible.","With chronic pelvic pain, the goal of treatment is to ease symptoms and make your quality of life better.
+If your healthcare professional can find a specific cause, treatment focuses on that cause. If a cause can't be found, the focus of treatment is to manage pain and other symptoms. You may need more than one treatment.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Or you might see a gynecologist, a doctor trained to find and treat conditions that affect female reproductive health.
+Depending on what might be causing your pain, you also may need to see one of these providers:
+A gastroenterologist, who helps people with digestive problems.
+A urogynecologist, who treats urinary and female reproductive system problems.
+A physiatrist or physical therapist, who helps people with muscle and skeletal pain.","Long-term pain can have a major impact on your daily life. When you're in pain, you may have trouble sleeping, exercising or doing everyday tasks.
+Long-term pain also can cause anxiety and stress. And these might make your pain worse.
+Relaxation techniques such as meditation and deep breathing may help you get some relief. They can help release tension, ease pain, calm emotions and help you fall asleep.
+Other lifestyle changes also may help ease chronic pelvic pain:
+Practice good posture.
+Lose extra weight. This may lower the risk of straining joints and muscles in the pelvis.
+Get regular exercise. Do an activity you enjoy, and pace yourself. Talk to your doctor first if working out causes pain.","upset stomach, sharp pains, pain when sitting, bloating, cramping, urgent need to urinate, constipation, pain during sex, pain while having a bowel movement, diarrhea, pains, pain when standing, dull aching, frequent need to urinate, pain while urinating, pelvic pain, pain, pressure, heaviness"
+782,Uterine prolapse,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-prolapse/symptoms-causes/syc-20353458,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-prolapse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353464,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-prolapse/doctors-departments/ddc-20353466,"Uterine prolapse occurs when pelvic floor muscles and ligaments stretch and weaken until they no longer provide enough support for the uterus. As a result, the uterus slips down into or protrudes out of the vagina.
+Uterine prolapse most often affects people after menopause who've had one or more vaginal deliveries.
+Mild uterine prolapse usually doesn't require treatment. But uterine prolapse that causes discomfort or disrupts daily life might benefit from treatment.","Mild uterine prolapse is common after childbirth. It generally doesn't cause symptoms. Symptoms of moderate to severe uterine prolapse include:
+Seeing or feeling tissue bulge out of the vagina
+Feeling heaviness or pulling in the pelvis
+Feeling like the bladder doesn't empty all the way when you use the bathroom
+Problems with leaking urine, also called incontinence
+Trouble having a bowel movement and needing to press the vagina with your fingers to help have a bowel movement
+Feeling as if you're sitting on a small ball
+Feeling as if you have vaginal tissue rubbing on clothing
+Pressure or discomfort in the pelvis or low back
+Sexual concerns, such as feeling as though the vaginal tissue is loose",See a health care provider to talk about treatment options if symptoms of uterine prolapse bother you and keep you from doing daily activities.,"Uterine prolapse results from the weakening of pelvic muscles and supportive tissues. Causes of weakened pelvic muscles and tissues include:
+Vaginal delivery
+Age at first delivery (older women are at higher risk of pelvic floor injuries compared with younger women)
+Difficult labor and delivery or trauma during childbirth
+Delivery of a large baby
+Being overweight
+Lower estrogen level after menopause
+Chronic constipation or straining with bowel movements
+Chronic cough or bronchitis
+Repeated heavy lifting","Factors that can increase the risk of uterine prolapse include:
+Having one or more vaginal births
+Being older when you have your first baby
+Giving birth to a large baby
+Aging
+Obesity
+Prior pelvic surgery
+Chronic constipation or often straining during bowel movements
+Family history of weak connective tissue
+Being Hispanic or white
+Chronic coughing, such as from smoking","Uterine prolapse often happens with prolapse of other pelvic organs. These types of prolapse can also happen:
+Anterior prolapse.Anterior prolapse results from weak connective tissue between the bladder and roof of the vagina. It can cause the bladder to bulge into the vagina. This is called a cystocele or prolapsed bladder.
+Posterior vaginal prolapse.Weak connective tissue between the rectum and the floor of the vagina can cause the rectum to bulge into the vagina. This might cause difficulty with bowel movements. Posterior vaginal prolapse is also called a rectocele.","To reduce the risk of uterine prolapse, try to:
+Prevent constipation.Drink plenty of fluids and eat high-fiber foods, such as fruits, vegetables, beans and whole-grains.
+Avoid heavy lifting.If you have to lift something heavy, do it correctly. Correct lifting uses the legs instead of the waist or back.
+Control coughing.Get treatment for a chronic cough or bronchitis. Don't smoke.
+Avoid weight gain.Talk with your doctor about your ideal weight and get advice on how to lose weight, if you need to.","A diagnosis of uterine prolapse often occurs during a pelvic exam. During the pelvic exam your health care provider may have you:
+Bear down as if having a bowel movement. This can help your provider assess how far the uterus has slipped into the vagina.
+Tighten your pelvic muscles as if you're stopping a stream of urine. This test checks the strength of pelvic muscles.
+You also might fill out a questionnaire. This helps your provider assess how uterine prolapse affects your life. This information helps guide treatment decisions.
+If you have severe urinary incontinence, you might have tests to measure how well your bladder works. This is called urodynamic testing.","If you have uterine prolapse and it doesn't bother you, treatment may not be needed. You might choose to wait and see what happens. But when prolapse symptoms bother you, your provider may suggest:
+Self-care measures.Self-care measures might provide relief from symptoms or help prevent the prolapse from getting worse. Self-care measures include performing exercises to strengthen pelvic muscles. These are called Kegel exercises. You might also benefit from losing weight and treating constipation.
+A pessary.A vaginal pessary is a silicone device inserted into the vagina. It helps prop up bulging tissues. A pessary must be removed regularly for cleaning.",,"For uterine prolapse, you may see a doctor who specializes in conditions affecting the female reproductive system. This type of doctor is called a gynecologist. Or you may see a doctor who specializes in pelvic floor problems and reconstructive surgery. This type of doctor is called a urogynecologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Depending on how severe uterine prolapse is, self-care measures might provide relief from symptoms. You might try to:
+Strengthen the muscles that support pelvic structures
+Eat high-fiber foods and drink lots of fluids to avoid constipation
+Avoid bearing down during bowel movements
+Avoid heavy lifting
+Control coughing
+Lose weight if you're overweight
+Quit smoking","problems with leaking urine, pressure or discomfort in the pelvis or low back, incontinence, feeling heaviness or pulling in the pelvis, seeing or feeling tissue bulge out of the vagina, feeling as if you're sitting on a small ball, uterine prolapse, feeling as if you have vaginal tissue rubbing on clothing, feeling like the bladder doesn't empty all the way, sexual concerns, trouble having a bowel movement, heaviness"
+790,Chilblains,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chilblains/symptoms-causes/syc-20351097,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chilblains/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351103,,"Chilblains (CHILL-blayns) is a condition that causes inflamed swollen patches and blistering on the hands and feet. It's caused by exposure to damp air that's cold but not freezing. Symptoms may show up a few hours after being in the cold.
+Chilblains can be prevented by limiting your time in the cold, dressing warmly and covering exposed skin. If you do get chilblains, keeping the skin warm and dry can help ease the symptoms.
+Chilblains, also known as perniosis, usually clears up in 2 or 3 weeks, especially if the weather gets warmer. You may get the symptoms each cold season for years.
+The condition doesn't usually result in permanent injury.","Symptoms of chilblains include:
+Small, itchy areas on your skin, often on your feet or hands.
+Sores or blistering.
+Swelling.
+Pain or stinging.
+Changes in skin color.","Seek medical care for chilblains if you:
+Have symptoms that are long lasting or go away then flare.
+Think you might have an infection.
+Have symptoms that aren't improving after two weeks of home care.
+Have symptoms that extend into the warm season.
+Aren't sure whether you were in below-freezing temperatures, as you might have frostbite.",The exact cause of chilblains is unknown. They may be an unusual reaction of your body to cold followed by rewarming. Rewarming of cold skin can cause small blood vessels under the skin to expand more quickly than nearby larger blood vessels can handle.,"The following factors increase the risk of chilblains:
+Wearing clothing and shoes that are tight or expose skin to the cold.Wearing tightfitting clothing and shoes in cold, damp weather may make you more susceptible to chilblains.
+Being a young woman.This condition is most common in females between the ages of 15 and 30.
+Being underweight.This condition is most common in people with a low body mass.
+Living in cold, humid areas.Your risk of chilblains is higher if you live in an area with high humidity and cold but not freezing temperatures.
+Having certain medical conditions.These include Raynaud's phenomenon, connective tissue disease and SARS-CoV-2.",Chilblains symptoms that are long-lasting and develop after repeated exposure to cold and damp conditions can cause scarring and thin skin.,"To prevent chilblains:
+Avoid or limit your exposure to the cold.
+When you come in from the cold, rewarm the skin gradually.
+Dress in layers of loose clothing and wear mittens, a scarf and a hat, and warm, water-resistant footwear.
+Cover all exposed skin as completely as possible when going outside in cold weather.
+Keep your hands, feet and face dry and warm.
+Keep your home and workplace comfortably warm.
+Don't smoke.","To diagnose chilblains, your health care provider will look at the affected skin and talk with you about your symptoms and any recent cold exposure. Tell your health care provider if you're not sure whether you were in below-freezing temperatures. If you were, you might have frostbite.
+To rule out other conditions, you may need blood tests. Or your health care provider may take a small sample of the affected skin to have it examined under a microscope in a laboratory. This test is called a skin biopsy.","Chilblains can be treated at home with self-care, including keeping your hands and feet warm and dry. If your chilblains symptoms don't clear up with self-care, your health care provider may suggest medicine, including:
+A topical corticosteroid.If your chilblains symptoms include sores, applying a corticosteroid such as triamcinolone 0.1% cream might help clear them up.
+Blood pressure medicine.For symptoms that don't respond to other treatment, your health care provider might prescribe a blood pressure medicine such as nifedipine (Procardia). It's a type of calcium channel blocker that treats chilblains by improving blood flow.",,"You may start by seeing your primary care provider. Or you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in skin conditions called a dermatologist or one who specializes in blood vessels called a cardiologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Chilblains symptoms usually clear up in 2 or 3 weeks after cold exposure. In the meantime, try the following tips to ease your symptoms:
+Rewarm the skin slowly and gently, without massaging, rubbing or applying direct heat.
+Avoid cold exposure whenever possible.
+Keep the affected skin dry and warm, but away from sources of heat.
+Apply lotion to alleviate itching, such as hydrocortisone cream available in drugstores.
+Keep any blisters and sores clean and covered.
+Avoid scratching the affected skin.
+If you smoke, try to quit, as smoking can narrow your blood vessels and slow wound healing.","pain, sores, swelling, chilblains, changes in skin color, itchy areas, itchy, blistering, stinging"
+792,Antisocial personality disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353928,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353934,,"Antisocial personality disorder, sometimes called sociopathy, is a mental health condition in which a person consistently shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others. People with antisocial personality disorder tend to purposely make others angry or upset and manipulate or treat others harshly or with cruel indifference. They lack remorse or do not regret their behavior.
+People with antisocial personality disorder often violate the law, becoming criminals. They may lie, behave violently or impulsively, and have problems with drug and alcohol use. They have difficulty consistently meeting responsibilities related to family, work or school.","Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder include repeatedly:
+Ignoring right and wrong.
+Telling lies to take advantage of others.
+Not being sensitive to or respectful of others.
+Using charm or wit to manipulate others for personal gain or pleasure.
+Having a sense of superiority and being extremely opinionated.
+Having problems with the law, including criminal behavior.
+Being hostile, aggressive, violent or threatening to others.
+Feeling no guilt about harming others.
+Doing dangerous things with no regard for the safety of self or others.
+Being irresponsible and failing to fulfill work or financial responsibilities.
+Adults with antisocial personality disorder usually show symptoms of conduct disorder before the age of 15. Symptoms of conduct disorder include serious, ongoing behavior problems, such as:
+Aggression toward people and animals.
+Destruction of property.
+Lying and dishonesty.
+Theft.
+Serious violation of rules.
+Antisocial personality disorder is considered a lifelong condition. But in some people, certain symptoms ― particularly destructive and criminal behavior ― may decrease over time. It's not clear whether this decrease is a result of the effect aging has on their mind and body, an increased awareness of the impact that antisocial behavior has had on their life, or other factors.","People with antisocial personality disorder are not likely to seek help on their own. If you suspect that a friend or family member may have the condition, you might gently suggest that the person seek help from a mental health provider and offer to help them find one.","Personality is the combination of thoughts, emotions and behaviors that makes everyone unique. It's the way people view, understand and relate to the outside world, as well as how they see themselves. Personality forms during childhood. It's likely shaped by inherited genes as well as life situations and experiences.
+The exact cause of antisocial personality disorder isn't known, but:
+Genes may make you vulnerable to developing antisocial personality disorder — and life situations, especially neglect and abuse, may trigger its development.
+Changes in the way the brain functions may have resulted during brain development.","Certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing antisocial personality disorder, such as:
+Diagnosis of childhood conduct disorder.
+Family history of antisocial personality disorder or other personality disorders or mental health conditions.
+Experiencing abuse or neglect during childhood.
+Unstable or violent family life during childhood.
+Men are at greater risk of having antisocial personality disorder than women are.","Complications and problems resulting from antisocial personality disorder may include:
+Spouse abuse or child abuse or neglect.
+Problems with alcohol or drugs.
+Being in jail or prison.
+Attempting suicide or trying to kill someone else.
+Having other mental health conditions such as depression or anxiety.
+Financial, educational or social problems.
+Dying early, usually because of violence.","There's no sure way to prevent antisocial personality disorder from developing in those at risk. Because antisocial behavior is thought to have its roots in childhood, parents, teachers and pediatricians may be able to see early warning signs. It may help to try to identify those most at risk, such as children who show signs of conduct disorder, and then offer early intervention.","People with antisocial personality disorder are not likely to believe they need help. But they may seek help from their primary health care provider because of other symptoms such as depression, anxiety or angry outbursts. Or they may seek treatment for problems with alcohol or drug use.
+People with antisocial personality disorder may not give an accurate description of their symptoms. A key factor in diagnosis is how the person relates to others. With permission, family and friends may be able to give helpful information.
+After a medical exam to help rule out other medical conditions, the health care provider may make a referral to a mental health provider with experience in diagnosing and treating antisocial personality disorder.
+Diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder is usually based on:
+A mental health exam that includes talking about thoughts, feelings, relationships, behavior patterns and family history.
+Symptoms.
+Personal and medical history.
+Antisocial personality disorder usually isn't diagnosed before age 18. But some symptoms may occur in childhood or the early teen years.
+Identifying antisocial personality disorder early may help improve long-term outcomes.","Antisocial personality disorder is challenging to treat, but for some people, treatment and close follow-up over the long term may help. Look for medical and mental health providers with experience in treating antisocial personality disorder.
+Treatment depends on each person's situation, their willingness to participate in treatment and the severity of their symptoms.",,"If a medical exam rules out physical causes for the behavior, the primary health care provider can make a referral to a mental health provider, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist.
+Take a family member or friend along to your appointment, if possible. With your permission, someone who has known you for a long time may be able to answer questions or share information with the provider that you don't think to bring up.",,"violent, aggression toward people and animals, being irresponsible, antisocial personality disorder, destructive, hostility, serious violation of rules, violence, antisocial behavior, using charm, theft, telling lies, doing dangerous things, criminal behavior, destruction of property, lying, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+ignoring right and wrong, aggression, dishonesty, feeling no guilt, not being sensitive"
+793,Borderline personality disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20370237,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370242,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20370243,"Borderline personality disorder is a mental health condition that affects the way people feel about themselves and others, making it hard to function in everyday life. It includes a pattern of unstable, intense relationships, as well as impulsiveness and an unhealthy way of seeing themselves. Impulsiveness involves having extreme emotions and acting or doing things without thinking about them first.
+People with borderline personality disorder have a strong fear of abandonment or being left alone. Even though they want to have loving and lasting relationships, the fear of being abandoned often leads to mood swings and anger. It also leads to impulsiveness and self-injury that may push others away.
+Borderline personality disorder usually begins by early adulthood. The condition is most serious in young adulthood. Mood swings, anger and impulsiveness often get better with age. But the main issues of self-image and fear of being abandoned, as well as relationship issues, go on.
+If you have borderline personality disorder, know that many people with this condition get better with treatment. They can learn to live stabler, more-fulfilling lives.","Borderline personality disorder affects how you feel about yourself, relate to others and behave.
+Symptoms may include:
+A strong fear of abandonment. This includes going to extreme measures so you're not separated or rejected, even if these fears are made up.
+A pattern of unstable, intense relationships, such as believing someone is perfect one moment and then suddenly believing the person doesn't care enough or is cruel.
+Quick changes in how you see yourself. This includes shifting goals and values, as well as seeing yourself as bad or as if you don't exist.
+Periods of stress-related paranoia and loss of contact with reality. These periods can last from a few minutes to a few hours.
+Impulsive and risky behavior, such as gambling, dangerous driving, unsafe sex, spending sprees, binge eating, drug misuse, or sabotaging success by suddenly quitting a good job or ending a positive relationship.
+Threats of suicide or self-injury, often in response to fears of separation or rejection.
+Wide mood swings that last from a few hours to a few days. These mood swings can include periods of being very happy, irritable or anxious, or feeling shame.
+Ongoing feelings of emptiness.
+Inappropriate, strong anger, such as losing your temper often, being sarcastic or bitter, or physically fighting.","If you're aware that you have any of the symptoms above, talk to your doctor or other regular healthcare professional or see a mental health professional.","As with other mental health conditions, the causes of borderline personality disorder aren't fully known. In addition to environmental factors — such as a history of child abuse or neglect — borderline personality disorder may be linked to:
+Genetics.Some studies of twins and families suggest that personality disorders may be inherited or strongly related to other mental health conditions among family members.
+Changes in the brain.Some research has shown that changes in certain areas of the brain affect emotions, impulsiveness and aggression.","Factors related to personality development that can raise the risk of getting borderline personality disorder include:
+Hereditary predisposition.You may be at a higher risk if a blood relative — your mother, father, brother or sister — has the same or a like condition.
+Stressful childhood.Many people with the condition report being sexually or physically abused or neglected during childhood. Some people have lost or were separated from a parent or close caregiver when they were young or had parents or caregivers with substance misuse or other mental health issues. Others have been exposed to hostile conflict and unstable family relationships.","Borderline personality disorder can damage many areas of your life. It can negatively affect close relationships, jobs, school, social activities and how you see yourself.
+This can result in:
+Repeated job changes or losses.
+Not finishing an education.
+Multiple legal issues, such as jail time.
+Conflict-filled relationships, marital stress or divorce.
+Injuring yourself, such as by cutting or burning, and frequent stays in the hospital.
+Abusive relationships.
+Unplanned pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, motor vehicle accidents, and physical fights due to impulsive and risky behavior.
+Attempted suicide or death due to suicide.
+Also, you may have other mental health conditions, such as:
+Depression.
+Alcohol or other substance misuse.
+Anxiety disorders.
+Eating disorders.
+Bipolar disorder.
+Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
+Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
+Other personality disorders.",,"Personality disorders, including borderline personality disorder, are diagnosed based on a:
+Detailed interview with your doctor or a mental health professional.
+Mental health evaluation that may include completing a series of questions.
+Medical history and exam.
+Discussion of your symptoms.
+A diagnosis of borderline personality disorder usually is made in adults — not in children or teenagers. That's because what may appear to be symptoms of borderline personality disorder in children or teenagers may go away as they get older and mature.","Borderline personality disorder is mainly treated using psychotherapy, which also is known as talk therapy. But medicine may be added. Your doctor also may recommend that you stay in the hospital if your safety is at risk.
+Treatment can help you learn skills to manage and cope with your condition. You also should be treated for any other mental health conditions that often occur along with borderline personality disorder, such as depression or substance misuse. With treatment, you can feel better about yourself and have a stabler, more fulfilling life.","Symptoms related to borderline personality disorder can be stressful and challenging for you and those around you. You may be aware that your emotions, thoughts and behaviors are harmful to yourself. But you may feel that you don't know how to manage them.
+In addition to getting professional treatment, you can help manage and cope with your condition if you:
+Learn about the condition so that you understand its causes and treatments.
+Know what may make you angry or impulsive.
+Seek professional help and stick to your treatment plan. Attend all therapy sessions and take medicines as directed.
+Work with your mental health professional to create a plan for what to do the next time a crisis occurs.
+Stay away from drugs and alcohol.
+Consider involving people close to you in your treatment to help them understand and support you.
+Manage strong emotions by practicing coping skills, such as the use of breathing techniques and mindfulness meditation.
+Set limits for yourself and others by learning how to express emotions in a manner that doesn't push others away or make you feel abandoned or unstable.
+Don't assume what people are feeling or thinking about you.
+Reach out to others with borderline personality disorder to share your experiences and what you've learned.
+Build a support system of people who can understand and respect you.
+Keep up a healthy lifestyle, such as eating a healthy diet, being physically active and taking part in social activities.
+Don't blame yourself for the condition. But take responsibility for treating it.","You may start by seeing your primary care doctor or other healthcare professional. After the first appointment, your doctor may refer you to a mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"emptiness, fear of abandonment, impulsive behavior, paranoia, threats of suicide, self-injury, feelings of emptiness, inappropriate anger, borderline personality disorder, unstable relationships, irritable, stress-related paranoia, quick changes in self-perception, risky behavior, loss of contact with reality, wide mood swings"
+794,Narcissistic personality disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/narcissistic-personality-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20366662,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/narcissistic-personality-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366690,,"Narcissistic personality disorder is a mental health condition in which people have an unreasonably high sense of their own importance. They need and seek too much attention and want people to admire them. People with this disorder may lack the ability to understand or care about the feelings of others. But behind this mask of extreme confidence, they are not sure of their self-worth and are easily upset by the slightest criticism.
+A narcissistic personality disorder causes problems in many areas of life, such as relationships, work, school or financial matters. People with narcissistic personality disorder may be generally unhappy and disappointed when they're not given the special favors or admiration that they believe they deserve. They may find their relationships troubled and unfulfilling, and other people may not enjoy being around them.
+Treatment for narcissistic personality disorder centers around talk therapy, also called psychotherapy.
+Narcissistic personality disorder affects more males than females, and it often begins in the teens or early adulthood. Some children may show traits of narcissism, but this is often typical for their age and doesn't mean they'll go on to develop narcissistic personality disorder.","Symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder and how severe they are can vary. People with the disorder can:
+Have an unreasonably high sense of self-importance and require constant, excessive admiration.
+Feel that they deserve privileges and special treatment.
+Expect to be recognized as superior even without achievements.
+Make achievements and talents seem bigger than they are.
+Be preoccupied with fantasies about success, power, brilliance, beauty or the perfect mate.
+Believe they are superior to others and can only spend time with or be understood by equally special people.
+Be critical of and look down on people they feel are not important.
+Expect special favors and expect other people to do what they want without questioning them.
+Take advantage of others to get what they want.
+Have an inability or unwillingness to recognize the needs and feelings of others.
+Be envious of others and believe others envy them.
+Behave in an arrogant way, brag a lot and come across as conceited.
+Insist on having the best of everything — for instance, the best car or office.
+At the same time, people with narcissistic personality disorder have trouble handling anything they view as criticism. They can:
+Become impatient or angry when they don't receive special recognition or treatment.
+Have major problems interacting with others and easily feel slighted.
+React with rage or contempt and try to belittle other people to make themselves appear superior.
+Have difficulty managing their emotions and behavior.
+Experience major problems dealing with stress and adapting to change.
+Withdraw from or avoid situations in which they might fail.
+Feel depressed and moody because they fall short of perfection.
+Have secret feelings of insecurity, shame, humiliation and fear of being exposed as a failure.","People with narcissistic personality disorder may not want to think that anything could be wrong, so they usually don't seek treatment. If they do seek treatment, it's more likely to be for symptoms of depression, drug or alcohol misuse, or another mental health problem. What they view as insults to self-esteem may make it difficult to accept and follow through with treatment.
+If you recognize aspects of your personality that are common to narcissistic personality disorder or you're feeling overwhelmed by sadness, consider reaching out to a trusted health care provider or mental health provider. Getting the right treatment can help make your life more rewarding and enjoyable.","It's not known what causes narcissistic personality disorder. The cause is likely complex. Narcissistic personality disorder may be linked to:
+Environment— parent-child relationships with either too much adoration or too much criticism that don't match the child's actual experiences and achievements.
+Genetics— inherited characteristics, such as certain personality traits.
+Neurobiology— the connection between the brain and behavior and thinking.","Although the cause of narcissistic personality disorder isn't known, some researchers think that overprotective or neglectful parenting may have an impact on children who are born with a tendency to develop the disorder. Genetics and other factors also may play a role in the development of narcissistic personality disorder.","Complications of narcissistic personality disorder, and other conditions that can occur along with it include:
+Relationship difficulties
+Problems at work or school
+Depression and anxiety
+Other personality disorders
+An eating disorder called anorexia
+Physical health problems
+Drug or alcohol misuse
+Suicidal thoughts or behavior","Because the cause of narcissistic personality disorder is unknown, there's no known way to prevent the condition. But it may help to:
+Get treatment as soon as possible for childhood mental health problems.
+Participate in family therapy to learn healthy ways to communicate or to cope with conflicts or emotional distress.
+Attend parenting classes and seek guidance from a therapist or social worker if needed.","Some features of narcissistic personality disorder are like those of other personality disorders. Also, it's possible to be diagnosed with more than one personality disorder at the same time. This can make diagnosis more challenging.
+Diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder usually is based on:
+Your symptoms and how they impact your life.
+A physical exam to make sure you don't have a physical problem causing your symptoms.
+A thorough psychological evaluation that may include filling out questionnaires.
+Guidelines in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association.","Treatment for narcissistic personality disorder is talk therapy, also called psychotherapy. Medicines may be included in your treatment if you have other mental health conditions, such as depression.",,"You may start by seeing your health care provider, or you may be referred you to a mental health provider, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist.","You may feel defensive about treatment or think it's unnecessary. The nature of narcissistic personality disorder also can leave you feeling that therapy is not worth your time and attention, and you may be tempted to quit. But it's important to:
+Keep an open mind.Focus on the rewards of treatment.
+Follow your treatment plan.Attend scheduled therapy sessions and take any medicines as directed. Remember, it can be hard work and you may have occasional setbacks.
+Get treatment for alcohol or drug misuse or other mental health problems.Addiction, depression, anxiety and stress can lead to a cycle of emotional pain and unhealthy behavior.
+Stay focused on your goals.Stay motivated by keeping your goals in mind and reminding yourself that you can work to repair damaged relationships and become more content with your life.","depressed, anger, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+impatience, difficulty managing behavior, insecurity, rage, difficulty managing emotions, narcissistic personality disorder, depression, humiliation, fear, moodiness, contempt, shame"
+795,Schizoid personality disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizoid-personality-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20354414,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizoid-personality-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354419,,"Schizoid personality disorder is a condition where a person shows very little, if any, interest and ability to form relationships with other people. It's very hard for the person to express a full range of emotions.
+If you have schizoid personality disorder, you may be seen as keeping to yourself or rejecting others. You may not be interested in or able to form close friendships or romantic relationships. Because you do not tend to show emotion, it may appear that you do not care about others or what's going on around you.
+Schizoid personality disorder is less common than other personality disorders, but it's much more common than schizophrenia. The cause is not known. Some symptoms of schizoid personality disorder are similar to autism spectrum disorders, other personality disorders — especially avoidant personality disorder — and early symptoms of schizophrenia.
+Talk therapy, also called psychotherapy, can help those who know they need to improve relationships with others. But it's common to feel unsure about change. Medicines are mainly used to treat mental health conditions that occur along with schizoid personality disorder, rather than the disorder itself.","If you have schizoid personality disorder, it's likely that you:
+Want to be alone and do activities alone.
+Do not want or enjoy close relationships.
+Feel little if any desire for sexual relationships.
+Take pleasure in few activities, if any.
+Find it hard to express your emotions and react.
+May lack humor or not be interested in others. Or you may be cold toward others.
+May lack the drive that makes you want to reach goals.
+Do not react to praise or criticism from others.
+People may view you as odd or unusual.
+Schizoid personality disorder most often begins when a person is a young adult. But some symptoms might be noticed during childhood. These symptoms may make it hard to do well in school, at work, in social situations or in other areas of life. But the person may do well if the job can be done by mostly working alone.","People with schizoid personality disorder typically only seek treatment for a related problem, such as depression.
+If someone close to you has urged you to seek help for symptoms common to schizoid personality disorder, make an appointment with a doctor or another health care professional, or a mental health professional. If you suspect a loved one may have schizoid personality disorder, gently suggest that the person seek help. You can offer to go along to the first appointment.","Personality is the blend of thoughts, emotions and behaviors that makes you special. It's the way you view, understand and relate to the outside world. It's also how you see yourself. Personality forms when you're a child. It's shaped through a blend of your surroundings and genes passed down from your parents.
+Children typically learn over time to properly understand social cues and take action. What causes schizoid personality disorder to happen is not known. But a blend of your surroundings and genes passed down to you may play a role in developing the disorder.","Factors that raise your risk of schizoid personality disorder include:
+Having a parent or another relative who has schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder or schizophrenia.
+Having a parent who was cold, did not properly care for you and did not take action to help you emotionally.","People with schizoid personality disorder are at higher risk of:
+Schizotypal personality disorder or schizophrenia.
+Other personality disorders.
+Major depression.
+Anxiety disorders.",,"You may have a physical exam to rule out other medical health problems. Then your primary care doctor may suggest that you see a mental health professional.
+To find out if you have schizoid personality disorder, your mental health professional will talk with you about your symptoms and ask several questions. Also, your mental health professional likely will go over your medical and personal history.","If you have schizoid personality disorder, you may want to go your own way and not talk to others, including your doctor or other health care professionals. You may be so used to a life of not being close to anyone emotionally that you're not sure you want to change — or that you can.
+You might agree to start treatment only when a relative or friend who is concerned about you urges you to do so. But working with a mental health professional who knows how to treat schizoid personality disorder can make your life much better.
+Treatment options include:
+Talk therapy.If you'd like to build closer relationships, forms of cognitive behavioral therapy may help you change the beliefs and behaviors that cause problems in your relationships. A therapist knows that you need support to explore your relationships and how hard it can be to open up about your inner life. Therapists listen to you and help you work toward goals that you identify for yourself.
+Group therapy.In a group setting, you can learn how to talk with others who are also learning and practicing new social skills. In time, group therapy may provide the support needed to make your social skills better.
+Medicines.There is no specific drug to treat schizoid personality disorder. But certain drugs can help with issues such as anxiety or depression.
+With proper treatment and a skilled therapist, you can make a lot of progress and improve your quality of life.",,"You're likely to start by contacting your primary care doctor. In some cases, when calling to set up an appointment, a mental health professional may be suggested right away.
+Take a family member or friend along, if possible. With your OK, someone who has known you for a long time may be able to answer questions or share information with the doctor that you do not think to bring up.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"hard to express emotions, little desire for sexual relationships, react coldly, do not want close relationships, want to be alone, humor, take pleasure in few activities, schizoid personality disorder, lack humor, lack drive, do not react to praise or criticism, odd or unusual behavior"
+796,Schizotypal personality disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizotypal-personality-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353919,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizotypal-personality-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353924,,"People with schizotypal personality disorder are often described as odd or eccentric, and they usually have few, if any, close relationships. They generally don't know how relationships form or how their behavior affects others. They also tend to misinterpret others' motivations and behaviors and greatly distrust others.
+These problems may lead to severe anxiety and a tendency to stay away from social situations. That's because people with schizotypal personality disorder tend to hold odd beliefs and may find it hard to respond correctly to social cues.
+Schizotypal personality disorder usually is diagnosed in early adulthood, although some features of this condition may show up during childhood and the teen years. It's likely to be a lifelong condition. Treatments, such as medicines and therapy, can make symptoms better.","Schizotypal personality disorder usually includes five or more of these symptoms. The person may:
+Be a loner and lack close friends and other relationships outside of the immediate family.
+Have flat emotions or have emotional responses that are limited or not proper socially.
+Have too much social anxiety, which is ongoing.
+Incorrectly interpret events, such as feeling that something harmless or not offensive has a direct personal meaning.
+Have strange or unusual thinking, beliefs or mannerisms.
+Have suspicious or paranoid thoughts and constant doubts about the loyalty of others.
+Believe in special powers, such as mental telepathy or superstitions.
+Have unusual thoughts, such as sensing an absent person's presence, or having illusions.
+Dress in odd ways, such as appearing messy or wearing oddly matched clothes.
+Speak in an odd way, such as vague or unusual patterns of speaking, or ramble oddly while speaking.
+Symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder, such as more interest in activities done alone or a high level of social anxiety, may be seen in the teen years. The child may not do well in school or appear socially out of step with peers. This may lead to teasing or bullying.","People with schizotypal personality disorder are likely to seek help only at the urging of friends or family members. Or people with schizotypal personality disorder may seek help for another problem such as depression, anxiety or substance misuse. If you think that a friend or family member may have the condition, consider gently suggesting that the person seek the help of a healthcare professional or mental health professional.","It's not known what causes schizotypal personality disorder. But it's likely that changes in the way the brain functions, genetics, environmental influences and learned behaviors play a role.",You may be more at risk of schizotypal personality disorder if a relative has schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder.,"People with schizotypal personality disorder are more at risk of:
+Depression.
+Anxiety.
+Other personality disorders.
+Schizophrenia.
+Temporary psychotic bouts, usually in response to stress.
+Misuse of alcohol or drugs.
+Suicide attempts.
+Problems with work, school and other social relationships.",,"People with schizotypal personality disorder may seek help from a healthcare professional because of other symptoms, such as anxiety, depression or problems coping with social situations, or for treatment of substance misuse.
+After a physical exam to rule out other medical conditions, your healthcare professional may refer you to a mental health professional for more help to figure out the diagnosis.
+Diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder usually is based on:
+A thorough discussion about your symptoms and any hard times you're having.
+Your personal and medical history, including treatments that you've had.",Treatment for schizotypal personality disorder often includes talk therapy and medicine. Many people can be helped by work and social activities that are a fit for their personality styles.,"Schizotypal personality disorder is a lifelong condition. Some symptoms may get better over time through experiences that promote positive coping skills. This can raise self-confidence, help get over things that are hard and improve ability to manage social situations.
+Factors most likely to make some symptoms of this condition better include:
+Getting along well with friends and family and in other social situations, such as doing tasks that bring you in contact with others.
+Maintaining healthy daily routines, including having a schedule, following a good sleep routine, exercising and regularly taking prescribed medicines at the same time.
+Having a sense of achievement at school or work, and in other interests or hobbies.","You're likely to start by seeing your healthcare professional. But when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred to a mental health professional such as a psychiatrist or psychologist.
+Take a family member or friend along, if possible. With your permission, someone who has known you for a long time may be able to help answer questions or share information with the mental health professional that you don't think to bring up.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"mental telepathy, schizotypal personality disorder, sensing presence, paranoid thoughts, ramble, anxiety, social anxiety, suspicious thoughts, unusual beliefs, flat emotions, constant doubts, strange thinking, socially out of step, illusions, incorrect interpretation, odd speech, bullying, teasing"
+797,Whooping cough,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/whooping-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20378973,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/whooping-cough/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378978,,"Whooping cough is an illness that can spread easily. It's also called pertussis. An infection with bacteria causes it. Many people with the illness get a serious hacking cough. Breathing in after coughing often causes a high-pitched noise that sounds like a ""whoop.""
+
+Before the vaccine for pertussis came out, whooping cough was thought of as a childhood disease. Today, whooping cough mainly affects children too young to have gotten all their shots of the vaccine. The illness also tends to affect teenagers and adults whose protection from the vaccine has faded.
+
+Deaths linked with whooping cough are rare. Most often, they occur in infants. But pregnant people can help protect their babies by getting a booster shot of the vaccine during pregnancy. Vaccination also is recommended for other people who will have close contact with an infant.","Once you become infected with whooping cough, it takes about 5 to 10 days for symptoms to start. Sometimes it takes up to three weeks. The symptoms often are mild at first. They may seem like those of a common cold. They can include:
+
+After a week or two, the symptoms become worse. Thick mucus builds up inside the airways. This causes rapid coughing that can't be controlled. The cough can last for weeks or months, and it may be worse at night. Intense coughing attacks may cause:
+
+People with mild illnesses often don't make the whooping sound. Sometimes, an ongoing hacking cough is the only symptom of whooping cough in teens and adults.
+
+Many babies with the illness don't cough at all. Some babies and young children might.","Call your healthcare professional if ongoing coughing spells cause you or your child to:
+
+Call 911 or your local emergency number right away if you or your child seems to struggle to breathe. Also call for emergency care if you notice pauses in breathing.","A type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, tiny germ-filled droplets spray into the air. Anyone who happens to be nearby can breathe in the droplets. The bacteria that cause whooping cough also can spread when people are together for a long time. Or these germs can spread when people share breathing space, such as while holding a newborn on your chest.","The whooping cough vaccine you receive as a child wears off over time. This leaves many teenagers and adults prone to the infection during an outbreak. And regular outbreaks still happen.
+
+Certain infants are most at risk for serious health problems and death from whooping cough. These include babies younger than 12 months old who are not vaccinated or haven't received all their vaccine doses.","Teens and adults often recover from whooping cough with no problems. When other health conditions happen, they tend to be side effects of intense coughing, such as:
+
+Teens and adults also can have:","The best way to prevent whooping cough is with the pertussis vaccine. It's often given together with vaccines against two other serious diseases: diphtheria and tetanus. Healthcare professionals recommend starting vaccination during infancy.
+
+The vaccine is a series of five shots. You might hear it called DTaP. It's most often given to children at these ages:","It may take time to find out if you have whooping cough. The symptoms can seem like those of other common illnesses, such as a common cold or the flu.
+
+Sometimes, healthcare professionals can determine that you have whooping cough by asking about your symptoms and doing a physical exam.
+
+But you may need medical tests such as:","Most often, infants need treatment in the hospital for whooping cough. That's because the illness is more dangerous for babies. If your child can't keep down liquids or food, fluids given through a vein may be needed. Your child is cared for away from others. This prevents the infection from spreading.
+
+Treatment for older children and adults often can be given at home, since the illness tends to be milder.",,"If you think you or your child has whooping cough, make an appointment with a healthcare professional. Get emergency care for serious symptoms such as trouble breathing.",,"illness, hacking cough, thick mucus, intense coughing attacks, whooping cough, attacks, cough, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+rapid coughing"
+799,Absence seizure,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20359683,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20359734,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/doctors-departments/ddc-20360861,"Absence seizures involve brief, sudden lapses of consciousness. They're more common in children than in adults.
+A person having an absence seizure may stare blankly into space for a few seconds. Then the person typically returns quickly to being alert. This type of seizure usually doesn't lead to physical injury. But injury can happen if someone is driving a car or riding a bike when the seizure happens.
+Absence seizures usually can be managed with antiseizure medicines. Some children who have them also develop other seizures, such as generalized tonic-clonic seizures or myoclonic seizures. Many children outgrow absence seizures in their teens.","A simple absence seizure causes a vacant stare, which may be mistaken for a brief lapse in attention. The seizure lasts about 10 seconds, though it may last as long as 30 seconds. There's no confusion, headache or drowsiness after the seizure.
+Symptoms of absence seizures include:
+A sudden stop in activity without falling.
+Lip smacking.
+Eyelid flutters.
+Chewing motions.
+Finger rubbing.
+Small movements of both hands.
+Afterward, there's usually no memory of the incident. But if the seizure is longer, the person may be aware of missed time. Some people have many episodes daily. When it happens, it can interfere with school or daily activities.
+A child may have absence seizures for some time before an adult notices them. This is because the seizures are so brief. A decline in a child's learning ability may be the first sign of the seizure disorder. Teachers may say the child has trouble paying attention or that a child is often daydreaming.","Contact your child's pediatrician:
+If you're concerned that your child may be having seizures.
+If your child has epilepsy but develops symptoms of a new type of seizure.
+If the seizures continue to occur despite taking antiseizure medicine.
+Contact 911 or emergency services in your area:
+If you observe prolonged automatic behaviors lasting minutes to hours. This may include activities such as eating or moving without awareness. It also might include prolonged confusion. These are possible symptoms of a condition called status epilepticus.
+After any seizure lasting more than five minutes.","Absence seizures usually have a genetic cause.
+In general, seizures occur as a result of a burst of electrical impulses from nerve cells in the brain, called neurons. Neurons typically send electrical and chemical signals across the synapses that connect them.
+In people who have seizures, the brain's usual electrical activity is altered. During an absence seizure, these electrical signals repeat themselves over and over in a three-second pattern.
+People who have seizures also may have altered levels of the chemical messengers that help the nerve cells communicate with one another. These chemical messengers are called neurotransmitters.","Certain factors are common to children who have absence seizures, including:
+Age.Absence seizures are more common in children between the ages of 4 and 14.
+Sex.Absence seizures are more common in females.
+Family members who have seizures.Nearly a quarter of children with absence seizures have a close relative who has seizures.","While most children outgrow absence seizures, some:
+Must take antiseizure medicines throughout life.
+Eventually have full convulsions, such as generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
+Other complications can include:
+Trouble with learning.
+Trouble with behavior.
+Social isolation.
+Injury during the seizure.",,"Your child's healthcare professional asks for a detailed description of the seizures and does a physical exam. Tests may include:
+Electroencephalography (EEG).This painless procedure measures waves of electrical activity in the brain. Brain waves are transmitted to theEEGmachine via small metal plates called electrodes that are attached to the scalp with paste or an elastic cap.Rapid breathing, known as hyperventilation, during anEEGstudy can trigger an absence seizure. During a seizure, the pattern on theEEGdiffers from the typical pattern.
+Brain scans.Brain-imaging methods such asMRIcan help rule out other conditions, such as a stroke or a brain tumor. Brain scans produce detailed images of the brain. Because your child needs to hold still for long periods, talk with your healthcare professional about the possible use of sedation.","Your child's healthcare professional may start at the lowest dose of antiseizure medicine possible. Then the dose may be increased as needed to manage the seizures. Children may be able to taper off antiseizure medicines under the supervision of a healthcare professional after they've been seizure-free for two years.
+Medicines prescribed for absence seizure include:
+Ethosuximide (Zarontin).This often is the first medicine prescribed for absence seizures. Most people see improvement in their seizures with this medicine. Possible side effects include nausea, vomiting, sleepiness, sleep disturbances and hyperactivity.
+Valproic acid.Valproic acid treats children who have both absence and tonic-clonic seizures, also known as grand mal seizures. Side effects of valproic acid include nausea, attention problems, increased appetite and weight gain. Rarely, the medicine can cause inflammation of the pancreas and liver failure.Females who continue to need medicine into adulthood need to talk about the potential risks of valproic acid with their healthcare professionals. Valproic acid has been linked to a higher risk of birth defects in babies. Healthcare professionals typically advise not using it during pregnancy or while trying to conceive.
+Lamotrigine (Lamictal).Some studies show this medicine to be less effective than ethosuximide or valproic acid, but it has fewer side effects. Side effects may include rash and nausea.","If you or your child is living with a seizure disorder, you may feel anxious or stressed about the future. Stress can affect your mental health, so it's important to talk with a healthcare professional. Seek resources for help.","You're likely to start by seeing your child's healthcare professional. However, you'll probably be referred to a doctor who specializes in nervous system disorders, known as a neurologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for the appointment.",,"finger rubbing, small movements of both hands, headache, chewing motions, seizure, drowsiness, eyelid flutters, lip smacking, confusion, vacant stare, absence seizures, seizures"
+800,Sore throat,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351640,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/doctors-departments/ddc-20351643,"A sore throat is pain or irritation of the throat. Swallowing often makes it feel worse. The most common cause of a sore throat, also called pharyngitis, is a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu. A sore throat from a virus goes away on its own.
+
+Strep throat, also called a streptococcal infection, is a less common type of sore throat. Bacteria causes it. Strep throat needs treatment with antibiotics.
+
+There are other less common causes of sore throat. They might need more treatment.",Symptoms of a sore throat vary depending on the cause. Symptoms might include:,"Take your child to a healthcare professional ifthe sore throat doesn't go away after taking a drink in the morning. This advice is from the American Academy of Pediatrics.
+
+Get immediate care for a child who hassevere symptoms such as:
+
+If you're an adult, see a healthcare professionalfor a sore throat and any of the following problems. This advice comes from the American Academy of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery:","Viruses that cause the common cold and the flu also cause most sore throats. Less often, bacterial infections cause sore throats.","Anyone can get a sore throat. But some things make it more likely to get one, including:",,The best way to prevent sore throats is to avoid the germs that cause them and to stay clean. Follow these tips and teach children to do the same:,"To diagnose a sore throat, a healthcare professional might:","Usually, a sore throat caused by a virus goes away on its own in 5 to 7 days and doesn’t need treatment. Antibiotics don't treat a virus.
+
+To ease pain and fever, many people use acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or other mild pain relievers.
+
+For infants and children with sore throats, there are pain medicines you can get without a prescription that are made for them. These include acetaminophen (Children's Tylenol, Infants' FeverAll, others) or ibuprofen (Children's Advil, Children's Motrin, others).
+
+Never give aspirin to children or teenagers because it has been linked to Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your family healthcare professional. You then might be referred to a specialist in ear, nose and throat (ENT) problems. Or you might be referred to an allergy specialist, known as an allergist.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"sore throat, throat"
+801,Thrombophlebitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354607,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354613,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20354615,"Thrombophlebitis is a condition that causes a blood clot to form and block one or more veins, often in the legs. In superficial thrombophlebitis, the vein is near the surface of the skin. In deep vein thrombosis or DVT, the vein is deep within a muscle. DVT increases the risk of serious health problems. Both types of thrombophlebitis can be treated with blood-thinning medications.","Symptoms of superficial thrombophlebitis include warmth, tenderness, and pain. You might have redness and swelling and see a red, hard cord just under the surface of your skin that's tender to the touch. Symptoms of deep vein thrombosis include swelling, tenderness, and pain in your leg.","See your doctor right away if you have a red, swollen or tender vein — especially if you have one or more risk factors for thrombophlebitis.
+
+Call 911 or your local emergency number if:
+
+Have someone take you to your doctor or emergency room, if possible. It might be difficult for you to drive, and it's helpful to have someone with you to help you remember the information you receive.","Thrombophlebitis is caused by a blood clot. A blood clot can form because of an injury to a vein or from having an inherited disorder that affects how your blood clots. You may also get a blood clot after not being active for long periods of time, like during a hospital stay or recovery from an injury.","Your risk of thrombophlebitis is higher if you're not active for a long period or you have a catheter in a central vein to treat a condition. Having varicose veins or a pacemaker can also increase your risk. Women who are pregnant, have just given birth, or take birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy may also be at higher risk. Other risk factors include a family history of a blood-clotting disorder, a tendency to form blood clots, and having thrombophlebitis before. Your risk may also be higher if you've had a stroke, you're over age 60, or you're overweight. Having cancer and smoking are also risk factors.","Complications from superficial thrombophlebitis are rare. However, if you develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT), the risk of serious complications increases. Complications might include:",Sitting during a long flight or car ride can cause your ankles and calves to swell and increases your risk of thrombophlebitis. To help prevent a blood clot:,"To diagnose thrombophlebitis, a doctor might ask you about your discomfort and look for affected veins near your skin's surface. You might have an imaging test, like an ultrasound, to check your leg for superficial or deep vein thrombosis. A blood test can show if you have a high level of a substance that dissolves clots. This test can also rule out DVT and show if you're at risk of having thrombophlebitis repeatedly.","Superficial thrombophlebitis can be treated by applying heat to the painful area and elevating your leg. You may also take drugs to relieve swelling and irritation and wear compression stockings. From there, it usually improves on its own. For superficial and deep vein thrombosis, or DVT, you might take medications that thin the blood and dissolve clots. You may wear compression stockings that are available by prescription to prevent swelling and prevent complications of DVT. If you can't take blood thinners, a filter can be placed into the main vein in your abdomen to keep clots from lodging in your lungs. Sometimes varicose veins are removed with surgery.",,"If you have time before your appointment, here's some information to help you get ready.",,"pain, thrombophlebitis, swelling, warmth, tenderness, vein thrombosis, redness"
+804,Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352594,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352600,,"Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. It most often occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from your vagina to your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries.","The signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease might be mild and difficult to recognize. Some women don't have any signs or symptoms. When signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are present, they most often include:","See your health care provider or seek urgent medical care if you experience:
+
+If you have signs and symptoms ofPIDthat aren't severe, still see your provider as soon as possible. Vaginal discharge with an odor, painful urination or bleeding between periods can also be symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection (STI). If these signs and symptoms occur, stop having sex and see your provider soon. Prompt treatment of an sexually transmitted infection (STI) can help preventPID.","Many types of bacteria can causePID, but gonorrhea or chlamydia infections are the most common. These bacteria are usually acquired during unprotected sex.
+
+Less commonly, bacteria can enter your reproductive tract anytime the normal barrier created by the cervix is disturbed. This can happen during menstruation and after childbirth, miscarriage or abortion. Rarely, bacteria can also enter the reproductive tract during the insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) — a form of long-term birth control — or any medical procedure that involves inserting instruments into the uterus.","A number of factors might increase your risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, including:
+
+There is a small increased risk ofPIDafter the insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD). This risk is generally confined to the first three weeks after insertion.","Untreated pelvic inflammatory disease might cause scar tissue and pockets of infected fluid (abscesses) to develop in the reproductive tract. These can cause permanent damage to the reproductive organs.
+
+Complications from this damage might include:",To reduce your risk of pelvic inflammatory disease:,"There is no one test that can accurately diagnose pelvic inflammatory disease. Instead, your health care provider will rely on a combination of findings from:
+
+If the diagnosis is still unclear, you may need additional tests, such as:","Prompt treatment with medicine can get rid of the infection that causes pelvic inflammatory disease. But there's no way to reverse any scarring or damage to the reproductive tract that pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) might have caused. Treatment forPIDmost often includes:
+
+If you're pregnant, seriously ill, have a suspected abscess or haven't responded to oral medications, you might need hospitalization. You might receive intravenous antibiotics, followed by antibiotics you take by mouth.
+
+Surgery is rarely needed. However, if an abscess ruptures or threatens to rupture, your provider might drain it. You might also need surgery if you don't respond to antibiotic treatment or have a questionable diagnosis, such as when one or more of the signs or symptoms ofPIDare absent.","Pelvic inflammatory disease can bring up difficult or stressful feelings. You may be dealing with the diagnosis of a sexually transmitted infection, possible infertility or chronic pain. To help you cope with the ups and downs of your diagnosis, consider these strategies:","If you have signs or symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease, make an appointment to see your health care provider.
+
+Here's some information on what you can do to get ready and what to expect from your provider.",,"pelvic inflammatory disease, none"
+805,Hemorrhoids,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemorrhoids/symptoms-causes/syc-20360268,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemorrhoids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360280,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemorrhoids/doctors-departments/ddc-20360281,"Hemorrhoids (HEM-uh-roids), also called piles, are swollen veins in the anus and lower rectum. Hemorrhoids are similar to varicose veins. Hemorrhoids can develop inside the rectum, called internal hemorrhoids. They also can develop under the skin around the anus, called external hemorrhoids.
+There are several options available to treat hemorrhoids. Many people get relief with home treatments and lifestyle changes.",Symptoms of hemorrhoids usually depend on the type of hemorrhoid.,"If you have bleeding during bowel movements or you have hemorrhoids that don't improve after a week of home care, talk to your health care provider.
+Don't assume rectal bleeding is due to hemorrhoids, especially if you have changes in bowel habits or if your stools change in color or consistency. Rectal bleeding can happen with other diseases, including colorectal cancer and anal cancer.
+Seek emergency care if you have large amounts of rectal bleeding, lightheadedness, dizziness or faintness.","The veins around the anus tend to stretch under pressure and may bulge or swell. Hemorrhoids can develop from increased pressure in the lower rectum due to:
+Straining during bowel movements.
+Sitting for long periods of time, especially on the toilet.
+Having chronic diarrhea or constipation.
+Being obese.
+Being pregnant.
+Having anal intercourse.
+Eating a low-fiber diet.
+Regularly lifting heavy items.","As people age, the risk of hemorrhoids increases. That's because the tissues that support the veins in the rectum and anus can weaken and stretch. This also can happen during pregnancy because the baby's weight puts pressure on the anal region.","Complications of hemorrhoids are rare but may include:
+Anemia.Rarely, ongoing blood loss from hemorrhoids may cause anemia. Anemia is when there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the body's cells.
+Strangulated hemorrhoid.When the blood supply to an internal hemorrhoid is cut off, the hemorrhoid is called strangulated. Strangulated hemorrhoids can cause extreme pain.
+Blood clot.Sometimes a clot can form in a hemorrhoid. This is called a thrombosed hemorrhoid. Although not dangerous, it can be extremely painful and sometimes needs to be drained.","The best way to prevent hemorrhoids is to keep your stools soft so they pass easily. To prevent hemorrhoids and reduce symptoms of hemorrhoids, follow these tips:
+Eat high-fiber foods.Eat more fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Doing so softens the stool and increases its bulk. This will help you avoid the straining that can cause hemorrhoids. Add fiber to your diet slowly to avoid problems with gas.
+Drink plenty of fluids.Drink 6 to 8 glasses of water and other liquids each day to help keep stools soft. Avoiding alcohol also may help.
+Consider fiber supplements.Most people don't get enough fiber in their diets. Studies have shown that nonprescription fiber supplements, such as psyllium (Metamucil, Konsyl, others) or methylcellulose (Citrucel), can lessen symptoms and bleeding from hemorrhoids.If you use fiber supplements, be sure to drink at least eight glasses of water or other fluids every day. Otherwise, the supplements can cause constipation or make it worse.
+Don't strain.Straining and holding your breath when trying to pass stool create greater pressure in the veins in the lower rectum.
+Exercise.Stay active to help prevent constipation and reduce pressure on veins. Exercise also can help you lose excess weight that might be causing your hemorrhoids or making them worse.
+Avoid long periods of sitting.Sitting too long, especially on the toilet, can increase the pressure on the veins in the anus.","Your health care provider might be able to see external hemorrhoids. Diagnosing internal hemorrhoids might include an exam of your anal canal and rectum.
+Digital examination.Your health care provider inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into your rectum. This allows your provider to check for anything unusual, such as growths.
+Visual inspection.Internal hemorrhoids are often too soft to be felt during a rectal exam. Your health care provider might look at the lower part of your colon and rectum with a tool such as an anoscope, a proctoscope or a sigmoidoscope.
+Your health care provider might want to look at your entire colon using colonoscopy if:
+Your symptoms suggest you might have another digestive system disease.
+You have risk factors for colorectal cancer.
+You are middle aged and haven't had a recent colonoscopy.",,,"If you have symptoms of hemorrhoids, make an appointment with your primary care provider. If needed, your provider might refer you to one or more specialists for evaluation and treatment. These may include a doctor with expertise in the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist, or a colon and rectal surgeon.
+Here are some suggestions to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"hemorrhoids, none"
+806,Sacral dimple,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sacral-dimple/symptoms-causes/syc-20377353,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sacral-dimple/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377357,,"A sacral dimple is an indentation or pit in the skin on the lower back that is present at birth in some babies. It's usually just above the crease between the buttocks. Most sacral dimples are harmless and don't need treatment.
+A sacral dimple can be a sign of a serious spinal problem in a newborn if the dimple is large or appears near a tuft of hair, skin tag, lump or discolored area. In these instances, your child's health care provider may recommend an imaging test. If a spinal problem is found, treatment depends on the underlying cause.",A sacral dimple is an indentation or pit in the skin on the lower back. It's usually located just above the crease between the buttocks.,,"There are no known causes for a sacral dimple. It is a congenital condition, meaning it's present at birth.","Risk factors for sacral dimples include being born with a spinal cord problem, such as tethered cord syndrome. In this condition the spinal cord doesn't hang free within the spinal canal. Sacral dimples also can be present in newborns without other health conditions.","Rarely, sacral dimples are associated with a serious underlying abnormality of the spine or spinal cord. Examples include:
+Spina bifida.A very mild form of this condition, called spina bifida occulta, occurs when the spine doesn't close properly around the spinal cord, but the cord remains within the spinal canal. In most cases, spina bifida occulta causes no symptoms and doesn't need treatment.
+Tethered cord syndrome.A spinal cord typically hangs freely within the spinal canal. Tethered cord syndrome is a disorder that occurs when tissue attached to the spinal cord limits its movements. Signs and symptoms may include weakness or numbness in the legs and bladder or bowel incontinence.
+The risks of these spinal problems increase if the sacral dimple is accompanied by a nearby tuft of hair, skin tag or lump, and certain types of skin discoloration.",,"A sacral dimple is diagnosed with a physical exam, usually during a baby's first exam. If the sacral dimple is large or appears with a nearby tuft of hair, skin tag or lump, or certain types of skin discoloration, your health care provider may suggest imaging tests to check for spinal cord problems.
+These tests may include:
+Ultrasound.This noninvasive procedure uses sound waves to produce images of structures of the body.
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).If more detail is needed, your health care provider may recommend anMRI, which uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create cross-sectional images of the body. This method requires medicine to prevent the child from moving during the scan. This is called sedation.",Treatment is unnecessary for a simple sacral dimple.,,"In general, your child will not need to see a health care provider for a sacral dimple. If you have questions about the sacral dimple, you can also bring these up at your child's routine office visits.
+Some questions you might want to ask your child's health care provider include:
+Does my child need any tests to be sure there's no other cause?
+Does the area need any special cleaning or care?
+Is any treatment necessary?
+Is a sacral dimple ever associated with more-serious conditions?",,"indentation, pit in the skin"
+808,Pituitary tumors,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pituitary-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20350548,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pituitary-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350553,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pituitary-tumors/doctors-departments/ddc-20350555,"Pituitary tumors are unusual growths that develop in the pituitary gland. This gland is an organ about the size of a pea. It's located behind the nose at the base of the brain. Some of these tumors cause the pituitary gland to make too much of certain hormones that control important body functions. Others can cause the pituitary gland to make too little of those hormones.
+Most pituitary tumors are benign. That means they are not cancer. Another name for these noncancerous tumors is pituitary adenomas. Most adenomas stay in the pituitary gland or in the tissue around it, and they grow slowly. They typically don't spread to other parts of the body.
+Pituitary tumors can be treated in several ways. The tumor may be removed with surgery. Or its growth may be controlled with medications or radiation therapy. Sometimes, hormone levels are managed with medicine. Your health care provider may suggest a combination of these treatments. In some cases, observation — also called a ''wait-and-see'' approach — may be the right choice.","Not all pituitary tumors cause symptoms. Sometimes these tumors are found during an imaging test, such as anMRIor aCTscan, that is done for another reason. If they don't cause symptoms, pituitary tumors usually don't need treatment.
+Pituitary tumor symptoms may be caused by a tumor putting pressure on the brain or on other parts of the body nearby. Symptoms also can be caused by a hormone imbalance. Hormone levels can rise when a pituitary tumor makes too much of one or more hormones. Or a large tumor that disrupts the way the pituitary gland works may cause hormone levels to fall.","If you develop symptoms that might be associated with a pituitary tumor, see your health care provider. Treatment for pituitary tumors often can bring hormones back to a healthy level and ease symptoms.
+Although rare, some pituitary tumors are hereditary. That means they run in families. In particular, the hereditary disorder multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) can cause pituitary tumors. IfMEN 1runs in your family, talk to your health care provider about tests that may help find a pituitary tumor early.","The pituitary gland is a small organ about the size of a pea. It's located behind the nose at the base of the brain. Despite its small size, the pituitary gland has an effect on nearly every part of the body. The hormones it makes control important body functions, such as growth, blood pressure and reproduction.
+The cause of uncontrolled cell growth in the pituitary gland, which creates a tumor, remains unknown. In rare cases, pituitary tumors can be caused by genes you've inherited. But most have no clear hereditary cause. Still, scientists think that changes in genes may play an important role in how pituitary tumors develop.","Most people who get pituitary tumors don't have any factors that put them at higher risk of developing these tumors. Environment and lifestyle choices don't seem to have an effect on a person's risk of pituitary tumors.
+Although genetics seems to play a role, most people who have pituitary tumors don't have a family history of them.
+The only known risk factors are several rare hereditary conditions that raise the risk of many health problems, including pituitary tumors. These conditions include:
+Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1, also called MEN 1.
+Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 4, also called MEN 4.
+Carney complex.
+McCune-Albright syndrome.","Pituitary tumors usually don't spread to other parts of the body. They can affect a person's health, though. Pituitary tumors may cause:
+Problems with eyesight, including vision loss.
+High blood pressure.
+High blood sugar.
+Bone loss.
+Heart problems.
+Problems with thinking and memory.",,"Pituitary tumors often aren't noticed or aren't detected. In many cases, that's because the symptoms caused by pituitary tumors that make hormones, called functioning adenomas, and large tumors, called macroadenomas, are similar to those of other medical conditions. It's also because they grow very slowly over time. Small pituitary tumors that don't make hormones, called nonfunctioning microadenomas, often don't cause symptoms. If they are detected, it's typically because of an imaging exam, such as anMRIor aCTscan, that's done for another reason.
+To detect and diagnose a pituitary tumor, your health care provider will likely talk with you about your personal and family medical history and do a physical exam. Testing to detect a pituitary tumor also may include:
+Blood tests.Blood tests can show whether your body has too much or too little of certain hormones. For some hormones, blood test results that show too much of the hormone may be all that's needed for your health care provider to diagnose a pituitary adenoma.For other hormones, such as cortisol, a blood test result that shows too much of the hormone may need to be followed by other tests. Those tests can show if the earlier result was caused by a pituitary adenoma or by another health concern.Results that show hormone levels are too low need to be followed with other tests, usually imaging exams, to see if a pituitary adenoma may be the cause of those test results.
+Urine tests.A urine test may be used to help diagnose a pituitary adenoma that's making too much of the hormoneACTH. Too muchACTHleads to too much cortisol in the body and causes Cushing disease.
+MRIscan.A magnetic resonance imaging scan, also called anMRIscan, is a test that uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the body's organs and tissues. AnMRIof the brain can help detect a pituitary tumor and show its location and size.
+CTscan.A computed tomography scan, also called aCTscan, is a type of imaging test that combines a series of X-rays to create cross-sectional images.MRIscans are used more often thanCTscans to detect and diagnose pituitary tumors. But aCTscan may be helpful in planning surgery if your health care provider tells you that a pituitary tumor must be removed.
+Vision testing.A pituitary tumor can affect eyesight, especially side vision, also called peripheral vision. Testing your eyes to check how well you can see may help your health care provider decide if other tests may be needed to detect a pituitary tumor.
+Your health care provider may refer you to a specialist in hormone disorders, called an endocrinologist, for more testing.","Many pituitary adenomas don't need treatment. They are not cancer, so if they don't cause symptoms, simply watching them over time may be a good approach. If treatment is needed, the specific treatment depends on the tumor type, size, location and growth over time. If a tumor is causing too much or too little of certain hormones in the body, that also affects the treatment. Your age and overall health play a role in treatment planning too.
+The goal of treatment is to:
+Return hormone levels to a healthy range.
+Avoid more damage to the pituitary gland and restore its regular function.
+Reverse symptoms caused by tumor pressure or prevent them from getting worse.
+If a pituitary adenoma needs treatment, it may include surgery to remove the tumor. Medication or radiation therapy also might be used to treat a pituitary adenoma. Treatment involves a team of medical experts. The team may include a:
+Brain surgeon, also called a neurosurgeon.
+Nose and sinus surgeon, also called anENTsurgeon.
+Hormone disorder specialist, also called an endocrinologist.
+Radiation therapy specialist, also called a radiation oncologist.","It's natural for you to have questions throughout the diagnosis and treatment of a pituitary tumor. The process can be overwhelming and sometimes scary. That's why it's important to learn as much as you can about your condition. The more you know and understand about your care, the better.
+You might find it helpful to share your feelings with other people who are in a situation like yours. Check to see if support groups for people with pituitary tumors are available in your area. Hospitals often sponsor these groups. Your health care provider may be able to help you find the emotional support you need.","You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. If your provider thinks you might have a pituitary tumor, the next step may be appointments with specialists. Those specialists may include a nose and sinus surgeon, a brain surgeon — also called a neurosurgeon — or an endocrinologist — a doctor who specializes in hormone disorders.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"hormone levels rise, hormone levels fall, pituitary tumor, pressure, hormone imbalance, tumor, tumors, pituitary tumors"
+809,Hypopituitarism,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypopituitarism/symptoms-causes/syc-20351645,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypopituitarism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351648,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypopituitarism/doctors-departments/ddc-20351649,"Hypopituitarism is a rare condition in which the pituitary gland doesn't make one or more hormones or doesn't make enough hormones.
+The pituitary gland is a kidney-bean-sized gland at the base of your brain. It is part of the body's system of glands that make hormones, called the endocrine system. The pituitary gland makes several hormones. They act on nearly every part of the body.
+Hypopituitarism is when there isn't enough of one or more of the pituitary hormones. This lack of hormones, called a deficiency, can affect how the body works in many ways. These include growth, blood pressure and the ability to have children, among others. Symptoms depend on which hormones are missing.
+People who have hypopituitarism usually need to take medicines for the rest of their lives. These medicines replace the missing hormones, which helps control symptoms.","The symptoms of hypopituitarism usually start slowly and get worse over time. They might not be noticed for months or even years. But for some people, symptoms start suddenly.
+Symptoms of hypopituitarism vary from person to person. Symptoms depend on what hormones are missing and how little of the hormone is being made. There might be more than one hormone that's low. A second hormone deficiency might increase the symptoms of the first one. Or sometimes, it might hide those symptoms.","See your health care provider if you develop any symptoms of hypopituitarism.
+Contact your health care provider right away if symptoms of hypopituitarism start suddenly or come with a bad headache, changes in vision, confusion or a drop in blood pressure. These could be symptoms of sudden damage to the pituitary gland tissue. This condition is known as pituitary apoplexy.
+Bleeding into the pituitary gland can cause pituitary apoplexy. Pituitary apoplexy is a medical emergency and needs medical attention quickly.","Hypopituitarism has a number of causes. One common cause is a tumor of the pituitary gland. As a pituitary tumor grows, it can press on and damage pituitary tissue. This disrupts the pituitary gland's ability to make hormones. A tumor also can press on the optic nerves, causing vision problems.
+Other potential causes of damage to the pituitary gland that may lead to hypopituitarism include:
+Lack of blood flow to the brain or pituitary gland, known as a stroke, or bleeding, called hemorrhage, into the brain or pituitary gland.
+Certain medicines, such as narcotics, high-dose steroids or certain cancer medicines called checkpoint inhibitors.
+Swelling, known as inflammation, of the pituitary gland caused by an unusual immune system response, called hypophysitis.
+Infections of the brain, such as meningitis, or infections that can spread to the brain, such as tuberculosis or syphilis.
+Significant blood loss during childbirth, which can damage the front part of the pituitary gland. This condition is known as Sheehan syndrome or postpartum pituitary necrosis.
+In some cases, a change in a gene causes hypopituitarism. That change is heredity, which means it is passed down in families. The genetic change affects the pituitary gland's ability to make one or more of its hormones. This often starts at birth or in early childhood.
+Tumors or diseases of a part of the brain that's just above the pituitary, called the hypothalamus, also can cause hypopituitarism. The hypothalamus makes hormones that affect how the pituitary gland works.
+Sometimes, the cause of hypopituitarism isn't known.","Most people with hypopituitarism don't have any factors that put them at higher risk of developing the condition. But the following may raise the risk of developing hypopituitarism:
+A head injury.
+Brain surgery.
+Radiation treatment to the head or neck.
+Diseases that affect more than one part of the body. These include an inflammatory disease that affects various organs, called sarcoidosis; a disease in which unusual cells cause scarring, called Langerhans cell histiocytosis; and a disease that causes too much iron in the liver and other tissues, called hemochromatosis.",,,"Several tests can check hormone levels in the body and look for the cause of problems with the way the pituitary is working. These include:
+Blood tests.These tests measure levels of the hormones made in the pituitary gland and those made in glands that the pituitary controls, such as the thyroid gland. Blood tests can show if low hormone levels are due to the pituitary not working as it should.
+Stimulation or dynamic testing.A clinic that specializes in endocrine conditions can run these tests to measure hormone levels. These tests check the body's hormone levels before and after taking medicines that cause the body to make hormones.
+Brain imaging.MRI or CT scans of the brain can show a pituitary tumor or other pituitary gland problems.","Hypopituitarism is treated with medicines that raise hormone levels. This is called hormone replacement. Doses are set to match the amount of hormones that the body would make if it didn't have a pituitary problem. In some cases, people with hypopituitarism may need to take this medicine for the rest of their lives.
+Sometimes, treatment of a condition causing hypopituitarism may restore the body's ability to make pituitary hormones, either fully or in part.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. Sometimes, you might be referred to a specialist in endocrine disorders, known as an endocrinologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"hypopituitarism, start suddenly, hormone deficiency, get worse over time, symptoms start slowly"
+810,Tinea versicolor,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tinea-versicolor/symptoms-causes/syc-20378385,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tinea-versicolor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378390,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tinea-versicolor/doctors-departments/ddc-20378391,"Tinea versicolor is a common fungal infection of the skin. The fungus interferes with the normal pigmentation of the skin, resulting in small, discolored patches. These patches may be lighter or darker in color than the surrounding skin and most commonly affect the trunk and shoulders.",Tinea versicolor signs and symptoms include:,,"The fungus that causes tinea versicolor can be found on healthy skin. It only starts causing problems when the fungus overgrows. A number of factors may trigger this growth, including:",Risk factors for tinea versicolor include:,,"To help prevent tinea versicolor from returning, your doctor can prescribe a skin or oral treatment that you use once or twice a month. You may need to use these just during warm and humid months. Preventive treatments include:","Your doctor can diagnose tinea versicolor by looking at it. If there's any doubt, he or she may take skin scrapings from the infected area and view them under a microscope.","If tinea versicolor is severe or doesn't respond to over-the-counter antifungal medicine, you may need a prescription-strength medication. Some of these medications are topical preparations that you rub on your skin. Others are drugs that you swallow. Examples include:
+
+Even after successful treatment, your skin color may remain uneven for several weeks, or even months. Also, the infection may return in hot, humid weather. In persistent cases, you may need to take a medication once or twice a month to prevent the infection from recurring.",,You're likely to start by first seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner. He or she may treat you or refer you to a specialist in skin disorders (dermatologist).,,"tinea versicolor signs and symptoms, so there are no symptoms to extract., The paragraph is empty"
+811,Polycystic kidney disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polycystic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352820,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polycystic-kidney-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352825,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polycystic-kidney-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20352827,"Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a condition in which clusters of cysts grow in the body, mainly in the kidneys. Over time, the cysts may cause the kidneys to get bigger and stop working. PKD is most often passed through families. This is called an inherited condition.
+Cysts are round sacs with fluid in them. They are not cancer. In PKD, the cysts vary in size. They can grow very large. Having many cysts or large cysts can damage the kidneys.
+Polycystic kidney disease also can cause cysts to grow in the liver, the pancreas and other places in the body. The disease can cause serious complications, including high blood pressure and kidney failure.
+PKD varies greatly in how bad it is. It's possible to prevent some complications. Lifestyle changes and treatments might help reduce damage to the kidneys.","Polycystic kidney disease symptoms can include:
+High blood pressure.
+Belly, side or back pain.
+Blood in the urine.
+A feeling of fullness in the belly.
+Increased size of the belly from enlarged kidneys.
+Headaches.
+Kidney stones.
+Kidney failure.
+Urinary tract or kidney infections.","People often have polycystic kidney disease for years without knowing it.
+If you have some of the symptoms of polycystic kidney disease, see your healthcare professional. If you have a parent, sibling or child with polycystic kidney disease, see your healthcare professional to talk about screening for the condition.","Gene changes cause polycystic kidney disease. Most often, the condition runs in families. Sometimes, a gene change happens on its own in a child. This is known as a spontaneous gene change. Then neither parent has a copy of the changed gene.
+There are two main types of polycystic kidney disease. They're caused by different gene changes. The two types of PKD are:
+Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).This is the most common type of ongoing kidney disease that's passed through families, also called inherited. Symptoms of ADPKD often start between the ages of 30 and 40.Only one parent needs to have the condition to pass it to the children. If one parent has ADPKD, each child has a 50% chance of getting the condition. This is the more common type of polycystic kidney disease.
+Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD).This type is far less common than is ADPKD. The symptoms often appear soon after birth. Sometimes, symptoms don't appear until later in childhood or during the teen years.Both parents must have gene changes to pass on this form of the condition. If both parents carry a changed gene, each child has a 25% chance of getting the condition.",The biggest risk factor for getting polycystic kidney disease is getting the gene changes that cause the disease from one or both parents.,"Complications linked to polycystic kidney disease include:
+High blood pressure.This is common in polycystic kidney disease. Not treated, high blood pressure can cause more damage to the kidneys and increase the risk of heart disease and strokes.
+Loss of kidney function.The kidneys' losing their ability to do their work is one of the most serious complications of polycystic kidney disease. Nearly half of people with the condition have kidney failure by age 60. But for some people, it starts in the early 30s.
+Pain.It's common to have pain with polycystic kidney disease. Pain often is in the side or back. The pain can come and go or be ongoing. The pain may be linked to bleeding into a cyst, a urinary tract infection, a kidney stone or, less often, cancer.
+Cysts in the liver.The older people with polycystic kidney disease get, the more likely it is they'll get cysts in the liver. With cysts, the liver most often keeps working.Women tend to get larger cysts than do men. Hormones and pregnancies might be part of the reason.
+Brain aneurysm.A balloonlike bulge in a blood vessel, called an aneurysm, in the brain can cause bleeding if it bursts. People with polycystic kidney disease have a higher risk of aneurysms. People with a family history of aneurysms seem to be at highest risk.Ask your healthcare professional if you need screening. If screening doesn't show an aneurysm, your healthcare professional may suggest screening again in a few years. The timing of repeat screening depends on your risk.
+Pregnancy complications.Most people with polycystic kidney disease can have success with pregnancy. But sometimes, they can get a life-threatening condition called preeclampsia during pregnancy. Those most at risk have high blood pressure or a loss of kidney function before they become pregnant.
+Heart valve conditions.As many as 1 in 4 adults with polycystic kidney disease gets mitral valve prolapse. When this happens, the heart valve no longer closes well. This lets blood leak backward.
+Colon conditions.People with polycystic kidney disease may get weaknesses and pouches or sacs called diverticula in the wall of the colon. This condition is called diverticulosis. Diverticula most often don't cause symptoms, but they may bleed or get infected.","If you have polycystic kidney disease and you're thinking about having children, a genetic counselor can help you know your risk of passing the disease to your children.
+Keeping your kidneys as healthy as possible may help prevent some of the complications of this disease. It's most important to manage your blood pressure.
+Here are some tips for keeping your blood pressure in check:
+Take the blood pressure medicines your healthcare professional prescribes as directed.
+Eat a low-salt diet that has plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
+Get to and stay at a healthy weight.
+Exercise regularly. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity most days of the week.
+Limit alcohol use.
+Don't smoke.","For polycystic kidney disease, certain tests can detect the size and number of kidney cysts you have. Tests also can show how much healthy kidney tissue you have. Tests include:
+MRI scan.As you lie inside a large cylinder, magnetic fields and radio waves show views of your kidneys. This method most often is used to know how badly PKD affects the kidneys, liver or pancreas. MRI can help measure total kidney volume, which helps healthcare professionals know more about your condition.
+Ultrasound.This involves putting a wandlike device called a transducer on your body. It gives off sound waves that go back to the transducer. A computer turns the sound waves into images of your kidneys.
+CT scan.You lie on a table that goes into a big, doughnut-shaped device. The device uses X-ray beams to show images of your kidneys.","How bad polycystic kidney disease is varies from person to person. That's true even among people in the same family. Often, people with PKD reach end-stage kidney disease between ages 55 and 65. But some people with PKD have mild disease. They might never get to end-stage kidney disease.
+Treating polycystic kidney disease involves dealing with the following symptoms and complications in their early stages:
+Kidney cyst growth.The medicine tolvaptan (Jynarque, Samsca) may be used for adults at risk of ADPKD that's getting worse fast. Tolvaptan is a pill that you swallow that slows how fast kidney cysts grow. It also slows the decline in how well your kidneys work.Tolvaptan carries a risk of serious liver injury. And it can interact with other medicines you take. It's best to see a specialist in kidney health, called a nephrologist. A nephrologist can watch for side effects and possible complications of the medicine.
+High blood pressure.Keeping high blood pressure under control can slow the disease and kidney damage. Eating a low-sodium, low-fat diet that's moderate in protein and calories and drinking more fluids may help control blood pressure.Other helpful lifestyle changes include not smoking, moving more and easing stress. Smoking can greatly harm the kidneys. It also can speed up the start of kidney failure.Medicines most often are needed to control high blood pressure. Medicines called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are often used to control high blood pressure.
+Loss of kidney function.To help your kidneys stay as healthy as possible for as long as possible, experts suggest being at a healthy weight and body mass index. Drinking water and fluids throughout the day may help slow the growth of kidney cysts. This could slow the loss of kidney function. Eating a low-salt diet with less protein might let kidney cysts respond better to more fluids.
+Pain.You might be able to control the pain of polycystic kidney disease with medicines available without a prescription, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others). Don't take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve). Long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines can affect how your kidneys work.For worse pain, a healthcare professional might use a needle to draw out cyst fluid and put in a medicine to shrink kidney cysts. The medicine is called a sclerosing agent.Or you may need surgery to remove cysts if they're large enough to cause pressure and pain. The surgery is called cyst fenestration.
+Bladder or kidney infections.Treating infections quickly with antibiotics can help prevent kidney damage. You might have a simple bladder infection or a more complicated cyst or kidney infection. For more-complicated infections, you may need to take antibiotics longer.
+Blood in the urine.Drink lots of fluids as soon as you notice blood in your urine. It's best to drink water to dilute the urine. This might help prevent clots from forming in your urinary tract.Most often, the bleeding stops on its own. If it doesn't, call your healthcare professional.
+Kidney failure.Your kidneys can stop removing waste and extra fluids from your blood. Then you need either dialysis or a kidney transplant. That's why you need to see your healthcare team regularly.You may be able to have a kidney transplant before your kidneys fail. Then you wouldn't need to have dialysis. This is called preemptive kidney transplantation.
+Aneurysms.If you have polycystic kidney disease and a family history of brain aneurysms that burst, your healthcare team may want to do regular screenings for brain aneurysms.If you have an aneurysm, surgical clipping might reduce the risk of bleeding. This depends on the size of the aneurysm. Nonsurgical treatment of small aneurysms may involve controlling high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol, as well as quitting smoking.
+Early treatment offers the best chance of slowing the progress of polycystic kidney disease.","Having polycystic kidney disease might feel hard to bear. The support of friends and family can help you deal with having the condition. Also, talking with a counselor, psychologist, psychiatrist or clergy member may help.
+You also might join a support group. For some people, support groups can have helpful information about treatments and coping. And being with people who know what you're going through might make you feel less alone.
+Ask your healthcare team about support groups in your area.","You're likely to start by seeing your primary health professional. Then you might be referred to a specialist in kidney health, called a nephrologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, polycystic kidney disease, fullness, back pain, belly pain, blood in the urine, kidney failure, urinary tract infections, side pain, kidney infections, high blood pressure, kidney stones, feeling of fullness, headaches"
+812,Phenylketonuria (PKU),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/phenylketonuria/symptoms-causes/syc-20376302,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/phenylketonuria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376308,,"Phenylketonuria (fen-ul-key-toe-NU-ree-uh), also called PKU, is a rare inherited disorder that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body.PKUis caused by a change in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. This gene helps create the enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine.
+Without the enzyme necessary to break down phenylalanine, a dangerous buildup can develop when a person withPKUeats foods that contain protein or eats aspartame, an artificial sweetener. This can eventually lead to serious health problems.
+For the rest of their lives, people withPKU— babies, children and adults — need to follow a diet that limits phenylalanine, which is found mostly in foods that contain protein. Newer medications may allow some people withPKUto eat a diet that has a higher or an unrestricted amount of phenylalanine.
+Babies in the United States and many other countries are screened forPKUsoon after birth. Although there is no cure forPKU, recognizingPKUand starting treatment right away can help prevent limitations in areas of thinking, understanding and communicating (intellectual disability) and major health problems.","Newborns withPKUinitially don't have any symptoms. However, without treatment, babies usually develop signs ofPKUwithin a few months.
+Signs and symptoms of untreatedPKUcan be mild or severe and may include:
+A musty odor in the breath, skin or urine, caused by too much phenylalanine in the body
+Nervous system (neurological) problems that may include seizures
+Skin rashes, such as eczema
+Lighter skin, hair and eye color than family members, because phenylalanine can't transform into melanin — the pigment responsible for hair and skin tone
+Unusually small head size (microcephaly)
+Hyperactivity
+Intellectual disability
+Delayed development
+Behavioral, emotional and social problems
+Mental health disorders","Talk to your health care provider in these situations:
+Newborns.If routine newborn screening tests show that your baby may havePKU, your child's health care provider will want to start dietary treatment right away to prevent long-term problems.
+Women of childbearing years.It's especially important for women with a history ofPKUto see a health care provider and maintain thePKUdiet before becoming pregnant and during pregnancy. This reduces the risk of high blood phenylalanine levels harming their unborn babies.
+Adults.People withPKUneed to receive lifelong care. Adults withPKUwho have stopped thePKUdiet in their teens may benefit from a visit with their health care providers. Returning to the diet may improve mental functioning and behavior and prevent further damage to the central nervous system that can result from high phenylalanine levels.","A gene change (genetic mutation) causesPKU, which can be mild, moderate or severe. In a person withPKU, a change in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene causes a lack of or reduced amount of the enzyme that's needed to process phenylalanine, an amino acid.
+A dangerous buildup of phenylalanine can develop when a person withPKUeats protein-rich foods, such as milk, cheese, nuts or meat, or grains such as bread and pasta, or aspartame, an artificial sweetener.","Risk factors for inheritingPKUinclude:
+Having both parents with a gene change that causesPKU.Two parents must pass along a copy of the changed gene for their child to develop the condition.
+Being of a certain racial or ethnic descent.PKUaffects people from most ethnic backgrounds worldwide. But in the United States, it's most common in people of European ancestry and much less common in people of African ancestry.","UntreatedPKUcan lead to complications in infants, children and adults with the disorder. When women withPKUhave high blood phenylalanine levels during pregnancy, it can harm their unborn baby.
+UntreatedPKUcan lead to:
+Irreversible brain damage and marked intellectual disability beginning within the first few months of life
+Neurological problems such as seizures and tremors
+Behavioral, emotional and social problems in older children and adults
+Major health and developmental problems","If you havePKUand are considering getting pregnant:
+Follow a low-phenylalanine diet.Women withPKUcan prevent harm to their developing baby by sticking to or returning to a low-phenylalanine diet before becoming pregnant. Nutritional supplements designed for people withPKUcan ensure enough protein and nutrition during pregnancy. If you havePKU, talk to your health care provider before you start trying to conceive.
+Consider genetic counseling.If you havePKU, a close relative withPKUor a child withPKU, you may benefit from genetic counseling before becoming pregnant. A specialist in medical genetics (geneticist) can help you better understand howPKUis passed through your family. The specialist can also help determine your risk of having a child withPKUand assist with family planning.","Newborn screening identifies almost all cases of phenylketonuria. All 50 states in the United States require newborns to be screened forPKU. Many other countries also routinely screen infants forPKU.
+If you havePKUor a family history of it, your health care provider may recommend screening tests before pregnancy or birth. It's possible to identifyPKUcarriers through a blood test.","Starting treatment early and continuing treatment throughout life can help prevent intellectual disability and major health problems.
+The main treatments forPKUinclude:
+A lifetime diet with very limited intake of foods with phenylalanine
+Taking aPKUformula — a special nutritional supplement — for life to make sure that you get enough essential protein (without phenylalanine) and nutrients that are essential for growth and general health
+Medications, for certain people withPKU
+A safe amount of phenylalanine differs for each person withPKUand can vary over time. In general, the idea is to consume only the amount of phenylalanine that's necessary for healthy growth and body processes, but no more. Your health care provider can determine a safe amount through:
+Regular review of food records and growth charts
+Frequent blood tests that monitor blood phenylalanine levels, especially during childhood growth spurts and pregnancy
+Other tests that assess growth, development and health
+Your health care provider may refer you to a registered dietitian who can help you learn about thePKUdiet, make adjustments to your diet when needed, and offer suggestions on ways to managePKUdiet challenges.","Living withPKUcan be challenging. These strategies may help:
+Stay informed.Knowing the facts aboutPKUcan help you take charge of the situation. Discuss any questions with your pediatrician, family health care provider, geneticist or dietitian. Read books and cookbooks specifically written for people withPKU.
+Learn from other families.Ask your health care provider about local or online support groups for people living withPKU. Talking with others who have mastered similar challenges can be helpful. The NationalPKUAlliance is an online support group for families and adults withPKU.
+Get help with menu planning.A registered dietitian with experience inPKUcan help you devise delicious low-phenylalanine dinners. Your dietitian may also have great ideas for holiday meals and birthdays.
+Plan ahead when you eat out.A meal at the local restaurant gives you a break from the kitchen and can be fun for the whole family. Most places offer something that fits into thePKUdiet. But you may want to call ahead and ask about the menu or bring food from home.
+Find sources of financial aid.Ask your health care provider or dietitian if there are programs or insurance plans that help cover the high costs of formula and low-protein foods. Also, see if your local school lunch program will make adjustments for special dietary needs.
+Don't focus on food.Making mealtime about family time can take some of the focus off food. Try family conversations or games while eating. Encourage children withPKUto focus on sports, music or favorite hobbies, not on just what they can and can't eat. Also consider creating holiday traditions that center on special projects and activities, not just food.
+Let your child help manage the diet as early as possible.Toddlers can make choices about which cereal, fruit or vegetable they'd like to eat and help measure out portions. They can also help themselves to pre-measured snacks. Older children can help with menu planning, pack their own lunches and keep their own food records.
+Make your grocery list and meals with the whole family in mind.A cupboard full of restricted foods can be tempting to a child or adult withPKU, so try to focus on foods that everyone can eat. Serve stir-fried vegetables that are lower in protein. If the other family members wish, they can add peas, corn, meat and rice. Or set up a salad bar with low-protein and moderate-protein options. You can also serve the whole family a delicious low-phenylalanine soup or curry.
+Be prepared for potlucks, picnics and car trips.Plan ahead, so there's always aPKU-friendly food option. Pack snacks of fresh fruits or lower protein crackers. Take fruit kebabs or vegetable skewers to a cookout, and make a low-phenylalanine salad for the neighborhood potluck. Other parents, friends and family members will likely make adjustments and be helpful if you explain the dietary restrictions.
+Talk to teachers and other staff in your child's school.Your child's teachers and cafeteria staff can be a big help with thePKUdiet if you take the time to explain its importance and how it works. By working with your child's teachers, you can also plan ahead for special school events and parties so that your child always has a treat to eat.","Phenylketonuria is generally diagnosed through newborn screening. Once your child is diagnosed withPKU, you'll likely be referred to a medical center or specialty clinic with a specialist who treatsPKUand a dietitian with expertise in thePKUdiet.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect.","Strategies to help managePKUinclude keeping track of foods eaten, measuring correctly, and being creative. Like anything, the more these strategies are practiced, the greater the comfort and confidence you can develop.","microcephaly, behavioral problems, social problems, lighter eye color, skin rashes, lighter hair, lighter skin, small head size, hyperactivity, intellectual disability, phenylalanine, mental health disorders, delayed development, seizures, musty odor, hyperactivity
+intellectual disability, eczema, emotional problems"
+814,Pleurisy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pleurisy/symptoms-causes/syc-20351863,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pleurisy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351866,,"Pleurisy (PLOOR-ih-see) is a condition in which the pleura — two large, thin layers of tissue that separate your lungs from your chest wall — becomes inflamed. Also called pleuritis, pleurisy causes sharp chest pain (pleuritic pain) that worsens during breathing.
+One pleural layer of tissue wraps around the outside of the lungs. The other pleural layer lines the inner chest wall. Between these two layers is a small space (pleural space) that's usually filled with a very small amount of liquid. These layers act like two pieces of smooth satin gliding past each other, allowing your lungs to expand and contract when you breathe.
+If you have pleurisy, these tissues swell and become inflamed. As a result, the two layers of the pleural lining rub against each other like two pieces of sandpaper. This causes pain when you breathe in and out. The pleuritic pain lessens or stops when you hold your breath.
+Treatment of pleurisy involves pain control and treating the cause.","Signs and symptoms of pleurisy might include:
+Chest pain that worsens when you breathe, cough or sneeze.
+Shortness of breath — often from trying to limit breathing in and out.
+Cough — only in some cases.
+Fever — only in some cases.
+Pain caused by pleurisy might worsen with movement of your upper body and can spread to your shoulders or back.
+Pleurisy can occur along with pleural effusion, atelectasis or empyema:
+Pleural effusion.In some cases of pleurisy, fluid builds up in the small space between the two layers of tissue. This is called pleural effusion. When there is a fair amount of fluid, pleuritic pain lessens or disappears because the two layers of pleura are no longer in contact and don't rub together.
+Atelectasis.A large amount of fluid in the pleural space can create pressure. This can compress your lung to the point that it partially or completely collapses (atelectasis). This makes breathing difficult and might cause coughing.
+Empyema.The extra fluid in the pleural space can also become infected, resulting in a buildup of pus. This is called an empyema. Fever often occurs along with an empyema.","Call your healthcare provider or seek emergency care right away if you experience unexplained, intense chest pain during breathing. You might have a problem with your lungs, heart or pleura or an underlying illness for which you need prompt medical care.","A variety of conditions can cause pleurisy. Causes include:
+Viral infection, such as the flu (influenza).
+Bacterial infection, such as pneumonia.
+Fungal infection.
+Autoimmune disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
+Lung cancer near the pleural surface.
+Pulmonary embolism.
+Tuberculosis (TB).
+Rib fracture or trauma.
+Certain inherited diseases, such as sickle cell disease.
+Certain medications and recreational drugs.","The risk of pleurisy increases if you get certain infections, such as the flu or pneumonia. Some medical conditions, such as lupus, TB and sickle cell disease also can increase your risk. And taking certain medicines or certain recreational drugs raise the risk of pleurisy.",,,"Your healthcare provider will likely start by asking about your medical history and doing a physical exam that includes listening to your chest with a stethoscope.
+To determine if you have pleurisy and identify the cause, your healthcare provider might recommend:
+Blood tests.A blood test might tell if you have an infection. Other blood tests might detect an autoimmune disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. In these conditions, pleurisy can be the first sign.
+Chest X-ray.A chest X-ray can show if your lungs are fully inflating or if there is air or fluid between the lungs and ribs.
+Computerized tomography (CT) scan.ACTscan combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles around your body. It uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images that look like slices of your chest. These detailed images can show the condition of the pleura. They can also show if there are other causes of pain, such as a blood clot in the lung.
+Ultrasound.This imaging method uses high-frequency sound waves to produce precise images of structures within your body. An ultrasound might be used to determine whether you have a pleural effusion.
+Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).This heart-monitoring test might be recommended to rule out certain heart problems as a cause for your chest pain.","Treatment for pleurisy focuses primarily on the underlying cause. For example, if bacterial pneumonia is the cause, an antibiotic can be prescribed to manage the infection. If the cause is a viral infection, pleurisy may go away on its own.
+The pain and inflammation associated with pleurisy is usually treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). Occasionally, your healthcare provider may prescribe steroid medication.
+The outcome of pleurisy treatment depends on the seriousness of the underlying cause. Early diagnosis and treatment of the condition that caused pleurisy can help you feel better. Depending on the cause and the condition, you may make a full recovery.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. However, when you call to set up your appointment, you might be urged to seek immediate medical care if you're having severe, unexplained chest pain.
+You may want to bring a family member or friend along, if possible, to help you remember questions to ask and what your healthcare provider said.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your health care provider.","These steps might help relieve symptoms related to pleurisy:
+Take medication.Take medication as recommended by your healthcare provider to relieve pain and inflammation.
+Get plenty of rest.Find the position that causes you the least discomfort when you rest. Even when you start to feel better, be careful not to overdo it.
+Don't smoke.Smoking can cause more irritation to your lungs. If you smoke and can't quit on your own, ask your healthcare provider for help.","sneeze, pain, fever, chest pain, pleuritic pain, pleurisy, atelectasis, empyema, shortness of breath, cough, pleural effusion"
+815,Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-lateral-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353968,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-lateral-sclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353972,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-lateral-sclerosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20353975,"Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a type of motor neuron disease. A motor neuron disease affects the nerve cells in the brain that control movement. InPLS, the breakdown of nerve cells causes weakness in the muscles that control the legs, arms and tongue.
+Symptoms typically begin with balance trouble. People withPLSmay move slowly and are clumsy. Over time, symptoms evolve to include having trouble with their hands and arms, followed by problems with chewing, swallowing and speaking. Less commonly, the condition may begin with problems with speaking and swallowing.
+This rare condition can develop at any age, but it usually occurs between ages 40 and 60.PLSis more common in men than in women. Rarely,PLScan begin in early childhood. This subtype is known as juvenile primary lateral sclerosis. JuvenilePLSis caused by a change in a gene that's passed from both parents to a child.
+PLSis often mistaken for another, more common motor neuron disease called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). While likely related toALS,PLSgets worse more slowly thanALS. In most people,PLSisn't fatal.","Symptoms of primary lateral sclerosis usually take years to develop and get worse. Symptoms generally begin in the legs. Rarely,PLSbegins with weakness in the tongue or hands. Then weakness gradually moves down the spinal cord to the legs. However, symptoms vary from person to person. Symptoms may include:
+Stiffness, weakness and muscle spasms in the legs. This is known as spasticity. Rarely, spasticity starts in only one leg and moves to the arms, hands, tongue and jaw.
+Slowed movement.
+Tripping, being clumsy and having trouble with balance.
+Hand clumsiness.
+A hoarse voice, as well as slowed, slurred speech and drooling.
+Trouble chewing and swallowing.
+Sometimes, frequent, rapid and intense shifts in emotions.
+Rarely, breathing problems and bladder problems late in the disease.","Make an appointment to see a health care professional if you have persistent problems with stiffness or weakness in your legs or arms. Also see a health care professional if you have trouble swallowing or speaking.
+Take your child to a health care professional if your child develops muscle spasms or seems to be losing balance more often than usual.","In primary lateral sclerosis, the nerve cells in the brain that control movement slowly break down and stop working. These nerve cells are called upper motor neurons.
+As a result, the nerves are not able to activate the motor neurons in the spinal cord, which control voluntary muscles. This loss causes movement problems. People withPLSmay have problems with balance, weakness, slowed movement and clumsiness.PLSalso may cause problems with speech and swallowing.",There are no established environmental risk factors for primary lateral sclerosis.,"It can take as long as 20 years for primary lateral sclerosis to progress and become worse. Symptoms vary from person to person. Some people continue to walk, but others eventually need to use wheelchairs or other assistive devices.
+For most people, adult-onsetPLSisn't thought to shorten life expectancy. But it can gradually affect the quality of your life as more muscles become disabled. Weaker muscles can cause you to fall, which can result in injuries. Problems with chewing and swallowing may result in poor nutrition. Performing activities of daily living, such as bathing and dressing, may become hard.
+People withPLSmay develop problems with their thinking, known as cognitive decline. Or they may have changes in their behavior. For some people, their symptoms overlap with symptoms of frontotemporal dementia.",,"There is no single test that confirms a diagnosis of primary lateral sclerosis (PLS).PLScan have symptoms similar to other neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis andALS. For this reason, you'll likely need several tests to rule out other diseases.
+A health care professional first takes a careful record of your medical history and family history and performs a neurological exam. Then you may have the following tests:
+Bloodwork.Blood tests check for infections or other possible causes of muscle weakness.
+MRI.AnMRIor other imaging tests of your brain or spine might reveal signs that nerve cells have broken down. AnMRIalso can show other causes of symptoms, such as structural problems, multiple sclerosis or spinal cord tumors.
+Electromyogram (EMG).The test evaluates the electrical activity of muscles when they contract and when they're at rest. This test also measures the involvement of lower motor neurons. This can help tell the difference betweenPLS⸺ an upper motor neuron disease ⸺ andALS, which affects both upper and lower motor neurons.During anEMG, your doctor inserts a needle electrode through your skin into different muscles.
+Nerve conduction studies.This test can determine if you have nerve damage. A low amount of electrical current measures your nerves' ability to send impulses to muscles in different areas of your body.
+Lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap.A spinal tap can help rule out multiple sclerosis, infections and other conditions. A thin, hollow needle inserted into your spinal canal removes small samples of cerebrospinal fluid. This is the fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord. The samples are then analyzed in a lab.
+Sometimes it takes 3 to 4 years before a diagnosis can be made. This is because earlyALScan look likePLSuntil other symptoms surface a few years later. You might be asked to return for repeatEMGs over 3 to 4 years before aPLSdiagnosis is confirmed.
+Genetic testing may be done when juvenilePLSis suspected. Genetic counseling also may be recommended.","There are no treatments to prevent, stop or reverse primary lateral sclerosis. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and preserving function.","It's expected to have a range of emotions when you have primary lateral sclerosis. To cope with the disease and its effects, consider these tips:
+Seek emotional support.Family and friends can be great sources of comfort and support. It might help to see how others cope with the disease by joining a support group. BecausePLSis not common, it might be a challenge to find a local support group. But some online discussion groups are available. Your health care team may have suggestions.
+Get professional help if you need it.Living with a chronic illness can feel overwhelming at times. Seek professional counseling for another point of view or if you have depression and need advice on treatment.
+Know and use resources available to you.IfPLSis restricting your activities, ask a health care professional about devices designed to help you stay independent. Social services also works with people with disabilities of all kinds. Try to learn all you can about the resources available to you. Sometimes relying on your community for help can strengthen ties in new ways.",,,"tripping, bladder problems, trouble chewing, stiffness, slowed speech, slurred speech, spasticity, slowed movement, breathing problems, clumsiness, primary lateral sclerosis, hoarse, hoarse voice, weakness, hand clumsiness, emotional shifts, muscle spasms, balance problems, drooling, trouble swallowing"
+816,Colon polyps,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20352875,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-polyps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352881,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-polyps/doctors-departments/ddc-20352882,"A colon polyp is a small clump of cells that forms on the lining of the colon. Most colon polyps are harmless. But over time, some colon polyps can develop into colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer can be deadly when found in its later stages.
+Anyone can develop colon polyps, and your risk increases as you age. Your risk for colorectal cancer also is higher if you are overweight, smoke, have a personal history of colon polyps, or a family history of advanced colon polyps or colorectal cancer.
+Colon polyps don't usually cause symptoms. It's important to have regular screening tests because colon polyps found early can usually be removed safely and completely. The best prevention for colorectal cancer is regular screening.","Most people with colon polyps do not have any symptoms. Colon polyps are often found as a part of routine colorectal cancer screening.
+Symptoms that should prompt an appointment with a healthcare professional include:
+Change in bowel habits.Constipation or diarrhea that lasts longer than a week may mean the presence of a larger colon polyp or cancer. However, several other conditions also can cause changes in bowel habits.
+Change in stool color.Blood can show up as red streaks in the stool or make stool appear black. A change in color also may be caused by certain foods, medicines or dietary supplements.
+Iron deficiency anemia.Bleeding from polyps can happen slowly over time, without visible blood in the stool. Chronic bleeding may lead to iron deficiency anemia, which can cause tiredness and shortness of breath.
+Pain.A large colon polyp or cancer can block part of the bowel, leading to cramping and belly pain.
+Rectal bleeding.This can be a sign of colon polyps or cancer or other conditions, such as hemorrhoids or minor tears of the anus.","See a healthcare professional if you experience:
+Belly pain.
+Blood in the stool.
+A change in bowel habits that lasts longer than a week.
+Losing weight without trying.
+You should be screened regularly for colorectal cancer if:
+You're age 45 or older.
+You may need to start screening sooner than age 45 depending upon your medical conditions and family history.","Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way. Changes in certain cells can lead to continued dividing even when new cells aren't needed. In the colon and rectum, this continued growth of cells can cause polyps to form. Polyps can grow anywhere in the large intestine.
+There are two main categories of polyps, nonneoplastic and neoplastic. Nonneoplastic polyps typically do not become cancerous. Neoplastic polyps include adenomas and serrated lesions. Most cases of colorectal cancer arise from an adenoma that has been present for a long time. However, serrated lesions also can become cancerous. In general for neoplastic polyps, the larger the polyp, the greater the risk of cancer.","Factors that might increase the risk of colon polyps or cancer include:
+Age.Most people with colon polyps are 45 or older.
+Having certain intestinal conditions.Having inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, increases the overall risk of colorectal cancer.
+Family history.Having a parent, sibling or child with advanced colon polyps (polyps 10 mm in size or larger, for example) increases the risk of getting them. If many family members have them, the risk is even greater. In some people, this connection isn't hereditary.
+Smoking and excess alcohol use.Studies show that people who have three or more alcoholic drinks a day have an increased risk of getting colon polyps. Alcohol intake combined with smoking also appears to increase the risk.
+Having diabetes.Diabetes increases polyp risk by 50% among all age groups.
+Obesity, lack of exercise and an unhealthy diet.The risk of colon polyps increases for people who are overweight, don't exercise regularly and lack a healthy diet.
+Race.Black Americans have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer.","Some colon polyps may become cancerous. The earlier polyps are removed, the less likely it is that they will become cancerous.","The risk of colon polyps and colorectal cancer may be greatly reduced by having regular screenings. Certain lifestyle changes also can help:
+Adopt healthy habits.Include plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains in your diet and reduce your fat intake. Limit alcohol and quit all tobacco use. Stay physically active and maintain a healthy body weight.
+Consider your options if you're at high risk.If you have a family history of colon polyps, talk to a healthcare professional. If you have a personal history of 10 or more neoplastic polyps, consider having genetic counseling. Referral to a genetic counselor also may be considered depending upon your family history. If you've been diagnosed with a hereditary disorder that causes colon polyps, you'll need regular colonoscopies starting in young adulthood.","Screening tests are important in finding polyps before they become cancerous. These tests also can help find colorectal cancer in its early stages, when you have a good chance of recovery.
+Screening methods include:
+Colonoscopy,in which a small tube with a light and camera is inserted into the rectum to look at the colon. If polyps are found, a healthcare professional may remove them right away or take tissue samples to send to a lab for analysis.
+Virtual colonoscopy,a test that uses a CT scan to view the colon. Virtual colonoscopy requires the same bowel preparation as a colonoscopy. If a polyp is found during the scan, you'll need to repeat the bowel preparation for a colonoscopy to have the polyp examined and removed.
+Flexible sigmoidoscopy.Like a colonoscopy, this uses a small tube with a light and camera but examines just the last third of the colon. Most of the colon is not seen with this screening test, so some polyps and cancers may not be found. When this test is used, it is repeated more often than colonoscopy or is used along with an annual stool-based test.
+Stool-based tests.There are a few of these tests available. One of these checks for blood in the stool and needs to be repeated every year. Another test checks for blood and tumor markers in the stool to look for colon polyps or colorectal cancer and is repeated every three years. If any of the stool-based tests are positive, a colonoscopy is recommended soon afterward.","A healthcare professional is likely to remove all polyps discovered during a bowel exam. Options for removal include:
+Polypectomy.Polyps can be removed during colonoscopy using a few techniques. This process is called polypectomy. The removal of polyps prevents the opportunity for them to grow into colorectal cancer.
+Minimally invasive surgery.Polyps that are too large or that can't be removed safely during colonoscopy are usually removed surgically. This is often done by placing an instrument called a laparoscope into the abdomen to remove the part of the bowel with the polyp or cancer.
+Total proctocolectomy.If you have a rare inherited syndrome, such as FAP, you may need surgery to remove your colon and rectum. This surgery can protect you from developing colorectal cancer.
+Some types of colon polyps have the potential to become cancerous and others don't. A medical professional who studies tissue samples, called a pathologist, will look at the polyp tissue under a microscope to find out.",,"You may be referred to a healthcare professional who specializes in digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist.",,"anemia, change in bowel habits, shortness of breath, change in stool color, tiredness, cramping, colon polyp or cancer, constipation, diarrhea, belly pain, hemorrhoids, polyps, bleeding, colorectal cancer, iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, rectal bleeding, pain, colon polyps or cancer, blood in stool, colon polyps"
+818,Nasal polyps,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasal-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20351888,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasal-polyps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351894,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasal-polyps/doctors-departments/ddc-20351895,"Nasal polyps are painless growths inside the nose or the hollow areas inside the bones of the face, also known as sinuses. Nasal polyps aren't cancer.
+Small nasal polyps might not cause symptoms. Larger growths or groups of nasal polyps can block the nose. They can lead to breathing problems, not being able to smell and infections.
+Nasal polyps can affect anyone. But they're more common in young and middle-aged adults. Medicines can often shrink nasal polyps or get rid of them. But surgery might be needed to remove them. Even after treatment, nasal polyps often come back.","Nasal polyps are linked to irritation and swelling, also called inflammation, of the inside of the nose and sinuses that lasts more than 12 weeks. This is known as chronic sinusitis. But it's possible to have chronic sinusitis without getting nasal polyps.
+People who have small nasal polyps might not know they have them. But having more than one polyp or having a large polyp can block the nose.
+Common symptoms of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps include:
+Runny, stuffy nose.
+Mucus running down the throat, also known as postnasal drip.
+Not being able to smell.
+Not being able to taste.
+Facial pain or headache.
+Pain in the teeth.
+A sense of pressure over the forehead and face.
+Snoring.","See a health care provider for symptoms that last more than 10 days. Symptoms of chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps are like those of many other illnesses, including the common cold.
+Seek medical care right away or call 911or your local emergency number if you have:
+Symptoms that quickly get worse.
+Seeing double or other vision changes.
+Swollen forehead.
+Pain or swelling around the eyes.
+A bad headache that keeps getting worse.
+Stiff neck.",Experts don't know what causes nasal polyps. They don't know why some people get nasal polyps and others don't.,"Infections, allergies or any condition that causes long-term inflammation in the nose or sinuses can increase the risk of having nasal polyps.
+Conditions often linked to nasal polyps include:
+Asthma.
+Aspirin sensitivity.
+Cystic fibrosis.
+Dental infections.
+Lack of vitamin D.
+Having a family history of nasal polyps also might increase the risk.",One of the most common complications of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps is making asthma worse.,"The following might help lower the chances of getting nasal polyps or having nasal polyps come back after treatment:
+Manage allergies and asthma.Follow your treatment plan. Be sure symptoms are controlled. See your health care provider if they're not.
+Avoid things that can irritate the nose.These include tobacco smoke, chemical fumes and dust. If you smoke, talk to your health care provider about ways to quit.
+Wash your hands often and well.This is one of the best ways to protect against infections that can cause irritation and swelling of the nose and sinuses.
+Use a machine that adds moisture to the air, known as a humidifier.This might help prevent the nose from getting stuffy and irritated. Clean the humidifier as directed to keep bacteria from growing.
+Use a nasal rinse.Rinsing the inside of the nose with a saltwater spray or nasal wash might help remove what irritates it.You can buy saltwater sprays and nasal wash kits without a prescription. Nasal wash kits come with a neti pot or squeeze bottle and directions for how to use them.Use water that's distilled or sterile or has been boiled for one minute and cooled. The water can also be filtered using a filter with an absolute pore size of 1 micron or smaller. Rinse the pot or bottle after each use with the distilled, sterile, previously boiled or filtered water and leave it open to dry.","A diagnosis of nasal polyps starts with symptoms, a medical history and a physical exam.
+Tests to diagnose nasal polyps might include:
+Nasal endoscopy.This involves using a narrow tube with a lighted lens or tiny camera to look at the inside of the nose.
+Imaging studies.CTscans can show the size of polyps deep in the sinuses and where they are. These studies can also help rule out other reasons the nose is blocked.
+Allergy tests.Skin tests can show if allergies are causing ongoing inflammation. With a skin prick test, tiny drops of allergy-causing agents are pricked into the skin of the forearm or upper back. A health care provider then watches the skin for allergic reactions.If a skin test can't be done, a blood test can screen for allergies.
+Test for cystic fibrosis.A child who has nasal polyps might have cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis affects the cells that make mucus, sweat and the juices that help food digest. It's an inherited condition.A test for cystic fibrosis is a sweat test. A chemical put on the skin causes the area to sweat. The test shows if the sweat is saltier than most people's sweat is.
+Blood tests.These can look for a condition linked to nasal polyps, such as allergies or problems with the immune system.","Chronic sinusitis, with or without polyps, is hard to clear up. Treatment depends on the cause of the swelling and irritation. The goal is to lessen symptoms and improve life.",,"You'll likely start by seeing your primary care provider. You might then be referred to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist or an allergy specialist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, throat, headache, postnasal, swelling, not being able to taste, sinusitis, nasal polyps, snoring, facial pain, not being able to smell, polyp, mucus running down the throat, pain in the teeth, inflammation, sense of pressure, runny, stuffy nose"
+819,Stomach polyps,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20377992,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-polyps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377996,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-polyps/doctors-departments/ddc-20377997,Stomach polyps — also called gastric polyps — are masses of cells that form on the lining inside your stomach. These polyps are rare and usually don't cause any signs or symptoms.,"Stomach polyps usually don't cause symptoms.
+
+But as a stomach polyp enlarges, open sores called ulcers can develop on its surface. Rarely, the polyp can block the opening between your stomach and your small intestine.
+
+Symptoms include:",See your health care provider if you have ongoing blood in your stool or other symptoms of stomach polyps.,"Stomach polyps form in response to damage to your stomach lining. The most common causes of stomach polyps are:
+
+Long-lasting stomach inflammation.Also known as gastritis, this condition can cause the formation of hyperplastic polyps and adenomas. Hyperplastic polyps are unlikely to become cancerous, although those larger than about 2/5 inch (1 centimeter) carry a greater risk.
+
+Adenomas are the least common type of stomach polyp but the type most likely to become cancerous. For that reason, they are generally removed.
+
+Regular use of certain stomach medications.Fundic gland polyps are common among people who regularly take proton pump inhibitors to reduce stomach acid. These polyps are generally small and aren't a cause for concern.
+
+A fundic gland polyp with a diameter larger than about 2/5 inch (1 centimeter) carries a small risk of cancer. Your health care provider might recommend stopping proton pump inhibitors or removing the polyp or both.",Factors that increase your chances of developing stomach polyps include:,,,Tests and procedures used to diagnose stomach polyps include:,"Treatment depends on the type of stomach polyps you have:
+
+Your provider will likely recommend follow-up endoscopy to check for recurring polyps.",,"You might start by seeing your primary health care provider or you might be referred to a provider who specializes in the digestive system (gastroenterologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"open sores, ulcers, stomach polyps, polyp"
+823,Baker cyst,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bakers-cyst/symptoms-causes/syc-20369950,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bakers-cyst/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369955,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bakers-cyst/doctors-departments/ddc-20369956,"A Baker cyst is a fluid-filled growth behind the knee. It causes a bulge and a feeling of tightness. Also called a popliteal (pop-luh-TEE-ul) cyst, a Baker cyst sometime causes pain. The pain can get worse when with activity or when fully straightening or bending the knee.
+A Baker cyst is usually the result of a problem with the knee joint, such as arthritis or a cartilage tear. Both conditions can cause the knee to produce too much fluid.
+Although a Baker cyst may cause swelling and discomfort, treating the underlying problem that is causing it usually provides relief.","In some cases, a Baker cyst causes no pain, and you may not notice it. If you do have symptoms, they might include:
+Swelling behind the knee, and sometimes in the leg
+Knee pain
+Stiffness and inability to fully flex the knee
+The symptoms may be worse after you've been active or if you've been standing for a long time.","Seek medical attention if you have pain and swelling behind your knee. Though unlikely, these symptoms may be a sign of a blood clot in a leg vein.","A lubricating fluid called synovial (sih-NO-vee-ul) fluid helps the leg swing smoothly and reduces friction between the moving parts of the knee.
+But sometimes underlying conditions can cause the knee to produce too much synovial fluid. When this happens, fluid can build up in the back of the knee, leading to a Baker cyst.
+This can be caused by:
+Inflammation of the knee joint, which can occur with various types of arthritis
+A knee injury, such as a cartilage tear",,"Rarely, a Baker cyst bursts and synovial fluid leaks into the calf region, causing:
+Sharp pain in the knee
+Swelling in the calf
+Sometimes, redness of the calf or a feeling of water running down the calf",,"A Baker cyst can often be diagnosed during a physical exam. However, some of the symptoms of a Baker cyst are similar to the symptoms of more-serious conditions, such as a blood clot, aneurysm or tumor. To get more information, your health care provider may order imaging tests, including:
+Ultrasound
+X-ray
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)","Sometimes a Baker cyst will disappear on its own. Mild symptoms can often be controlled by avoiding activities that trigger them.
+However, if the cyst is large and causes pain, you may need treatment.",,Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.,"If arthritis is causing the cyst, your health care provider may advise you to take some or all of the following steps:
+Follow the R.I.C.E. principles.These letters stand for rest, ice, compression and elevation. Rest your leg. Ice your knee. Compress your knee with a wrap, sleeve or brace. And elevate your leg when possible, especially at night.
+Try over-the-counter pain-relieving medications.Drugs such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve, others), acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) and aspirin can help relieve pain. Follow the dosing instructions on the package. Don't take more than the recommend dosage.
+Reduce your physical activity.Doing so will reduce irritation of your knee joint. Your health care provider can offer you guidance on how long you need to reduce your activity levels. Your provider may be able to suggest alternative forms of exercise you can do in the meantime.","pain, swelling, stiffness, knee pain, inability to fully flex the knee"
+824,Dressler syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dresslers-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20371811,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dresslers-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371815,,"Dressler syndrome is swelling and irritation of the sac around the heart that happens after damage to the heart muscle. The damage may trigger an immune system response that causes the condition. The damage can result from a heart attack, heart surgery or a serious injury.
+Symptoms of Dressler syndrome include chest pain that can feel like chest pain from a heart attack.
+Swelling and irritation of the sac around the heart is called pericarditis. Dressler syndrome is a type of pericarditis that can start after the heart muscle is damaged. So you may hear Dressler syndrome called post-traumatic pericarditis.
+Some other names for the condition are:
+Post-myocardial infarction syndrome.
+Post-cardiac injury syndrome.
+Post-pericardiotomy syndrome.","Symptoms of Dressler syndrome are likely to start weeks to a few months after a heart attack, surgery or injury to the chest. Symptoms can include:
+Chest pain, which may get worse with deep breaths.
+Fever.
+Shortness of breath.",Get emergency care for sudden or ongoing chest pain. This can be a symptom of a heart attack or another serious condition.,"Experts think Dressler syndrome is caused by the immune system's response to heart damage. The body reacts to the injured tissue by sending immune cells and proteins called antibodies to clean up and repair the affected area. Sometimes this response causes swelling due to the inflammation in the sac around the heart that's known as the pericardium.
+Dressler syndrome can happen after a heart attack or some heart surgeries or procedures. It also can happen after a serious injury to the chest, such as trauma from a car accident.","Damage to the heart muscle increases the risk of Dressler syndrome. Some things that cause heart muscle are:
+Chest injury.
+Some types of heart surgery.
+Heart attack.","A complication of Dressler syndrome is fluid buildup in the tissues surrounding the lungs called pleural effusion.
+Rarely, Dressler syndrome can cause more-serious complications, including:
+Cardiac tamponade.Swelling of the pericardium can cause fluid to build up in the sac. The fluid can put pressure on the heart. The pressure forces the heart to work harder, and the heart doesn't pump blood as well as it should.
+Constrictive pericarditis.Swelling that's ongoing or that keeps coming back can cause the pericardium to become thick or scarred. The scarring can reduce the heart's ability to pump blood.","Some studies suggest that taking the anti-inflammatory medicine colchicine (Colcrys, Gloperba, others) soon after heart surgery may help prevent Dressler syndrome.","Diagnosis of Dressler syndrome starts with a physical exam from your healthcare professional. The exams includes listening to the heart with a device called a stethoscope. A sound called a pericardial rub can happen when the pericardium is inflamed or when fluid has collected around the heart.
+Tests that can help find out if you have Dressler syndrome include:
+Complete blood count.Most people with Dressler syndrome have an increased white blood cell count.
+Blood tests to measure inflammation.A blood test can check the level of C-reactive protein made by the liver. A higher level of this protein can be a sign of inflammation that's linked with Dressler syndrome. Another blood test called erythrocyte sedimentation rate measures how fast red blood cells sink to the bottom of a test tube. When they sink fast, it can be a sign of more inflammation.
+Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).This quick test checks the electrical activity of the heart. It shows how the heart is beating. Sticky patches called electrodes attach to the chest and sometimes the arms and legs. Wires connect the electrodes to a computer that prints or displays the test results. Certain changes in the heart's electrical signals can be a sign of pressure on the heart. But these changes can happen after heart surgery, so the results of other tests are needed to confirm whether you have Dressler syndrome.
+Chest X-ray.A chest X-ray can help detect fluid around the heart or lungs. It also can help find out if the fluid is caused by a different condition, such as pneumonia.
+Echocardiogram.Sound waves make an image of the heart to show if fluid is collecting around it.
+Cardiac MRI.This test uses sound waves to create still or moving pictures of how blood flows through the heart. This test can show thickening of the pericardium.",The goals of treatment for Dressler syndrome are to manage pain and lower the inflammation. Treatment may involve medicines. Surgery may be needed if complications happen.,,"If you're being seen in the emergency room for chest pain, you might be asked:
+When did your symptoms begin?
+How bad is your chest pain on a scale of 1 to 10?
+Does anything make your symptoms worse? For example, does it hurt more when you take a deep breath?
+Where is the pain? Does it go anywhere beyond your chest?
+Have you recently had a heart attack, heart surgery or blunt trauma to your chest?
+Do you have a history of heart disease?
+What medicines do you take?",,"dressler syndrome, shortness of breath, chest pain, fever"
+825,Chemo brain,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chemo-brain/symptoms-causes/syc-20351060,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chemo-brain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351065,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chemo-brain/doctors-departments/ddc-20351069,"Chemo brain is a common term people with cancer use to describe trouble with thinking and memory that can happen during and after cancer treatment. Chemo brain also can be called chemo fog, cancer-related cognitive impairment or cognitive dysfunction.
+Chemo brain is a widely used term because this condition was first reported in people having chemotherapy treatments. But experts don't fully know the causes of these concentration and memory changes. There's likely more than one cause.
+No matter the cause, chemo brain can be a tough side effect of cancer and its treatment. Researchers are working to understand the memory changes that people with cancer have.","Chemo brain signs and symptoms include changes in memory and thinking.
+Symptoms of chemo brain linked to memory may include:
+Trouble recalling what you've said to others.
+Trouble recalling what you've seen, such as images or lists of words.
+Trouble recalling what's happened recently, called short-term memory issues.
+Symptoms of chemo brain linked to thinking may include:
+Trouble finding the right words.
+Trouble learning new skills.
+Trouble doing more than one thing at a time.
+Mental fog.
+Short attention span.
+Taking longer than usual to do routine tasks.","If you have trouble with memory or thinking, make an appointment with your healthcare professional. Keep a journal of your symptoms to help your healthcare professional know how your memory issues affect your life.","There are many causes of changes in memory and thinking in people with cancer. These chemo brain symptoms can be caused by the cancer, treatment for the cancer, complications of cancer treatment and other things.
+Cancer-related causes may include:","Factors that may increase the risk of chemo brain and memory changes in people with cancer include:
+Brain cancer.
+Cancer that spreads to the brain.
+Higher doses of chemotherapy or radiation.
+Radiation therapy to the brain.
+Younger age at time of cancer diagnosis and treatment.
+Older age.","Some people with chemo brain have thinking and memory changes that affect their ability to work. Most people with cancer can return to work at least part-time. But some may find that tasks now take extra focus or time. Others may not be able to return to work.
+If you have trouble focusing on what you need to do for your job, tell your healthcare professional. Your healthcare professional may send you to a specialist who can help, such as an occupational therapist. This person can help find ways to make it easier to do your job.
+Rarely, people with chemo brain can't work. Ask your healthcare team to refer you to a social worker. This person may help you find programs that support people who can't work because of a health condition.",,"There are no tests to diagnose chemo brain. People with cancer who have these symptoms often score within typical ranges on memory tests.
+A healthcare professional makes a chemo brain diagnosis based on your symptoms. Your healthcare professional may suggest blood tests, brain scans or other tests to rule out other causes of your symptoms.","Chemo brain treatment focuses on helping you cope with symptoms. Often, cancer-related memory changes clear up with time. Your healthcare team can help you find a way to cope with your symptoms.","Chemo brain symptoms can be hard to cope with. With time, you'll likely find ways to make focusing easier. Until then, know that this is a common problem that's likely to improve with time. You might find it helpful to:
+Know that memory issues happen to everyone.Despite using your best ways for dealing with your memory changes, you'll still forget things sometimes. Everyone does. There may be little you can do about memory changes linked to cancer. But you can manage other causes of forgetting that are common to everyone. These include being overly tired, distracted or not organized.
+Take time each day to relax.Stress can add to memory troubles. Do stress-relief activities every day. You might exercise, listen to music, meditate or write in a journal.
+Tell others about your symptoms.Be open and honest with people close to you about your chemo brain symptoms. Explain your symptoms. Also suggest ways friends and family can help. For instance, you might ask a friend to remind you of plans by both phone and email.","If you're having cancer treatment, talk with your cancer care team about your chemo brain symptoms. If you've finished treatment, you might start by making an appointment with your main healthcare professional. Your healthcare professional may send you to a specialist. This might be a healthcare professional who diagnoses and treats conditions that affect memory, called a neuropsychologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","You can take steps to ease chemo brain symptoms. For instance, try to:","trouble finding the right words, trouble doing more than one thing at a time, trouble recalling what you've said to others, taking longer than usual to do routine tasks, trouble recalling what you've seen, trouble recalling what's happened recently, short attention span, trouble learning new skills, mental fog"
+826,Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353357,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20353358,"Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and trouble with concentration and memory. Symptoms can last weeks to months.
+A mild traumatic brain injury is known as a concussion. A concussion may be caused by a fall, car accident or contact sports injury. Other causes include violent shaking and movement of the head or body.
+You don't have to lose consciousness to get a concussion. And a concussion doesn't always cause persistent post-concussive symptoms. The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn't appear to be linked to how severe the injury was.
+Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and to improve functioning and quality of life.","Persistent post-concussive symptoms can be different in each person. They may include:
+Headaches.
+Dizziness.
+Fatigue.
+Irritability.
+Anxiety.
+Depression.
+Trouble falling asleep or sleeping too much.
+Poor concentration and memory.
+Ringing in the ears.
+Blurry vision.
+Noise and light sensitivity.
+Nausea or vomiting.
+Neck pain.
+Headaches after a concussion most often feel like migraines. The headaches also might feel like tension-type headaches, which may be related to a neck injury that happened at the same time as the head injury.","See a healthcare professional if you experience a head injury that causes confusion, memory loss, vision changes, nausea, vomiting or a sudden, bad headache. Get medical help even if you never lost consciousness. Also see a healthcare professional if you lose feeling, can't move a part of your body, or have trouble speaking or writing.
+If you get a concussion while playing a sport, don't go back into the game. Seek medical help so that the injury doesn't get worse.","More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others.
+Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. Your healthcare professional works with you to understand the cause of your symptoms and which treatments may help.","Risk factors for developing persistent post-concussive symptoms include:
+Age.Persistent post-concussive symptoms usually are reported in people ages 20 to 30. But studies also show that older adults are at risk of more serious and prolonged persistent post-concussive symptoms.
+Sex assigned at birth.Women are more likely to be diagnosed with persistent post-concussive symptoms. But this may be because women are generally more likely to seek medical care.
+Anxiety.A history of anxiety is a strong risk factor.
+Prior headaches.People who have a history of headaches are at higher risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms.
+Prior brain injury.A previous brain injury is linked to persistent post-concussive symptoms. But lasting symptoms also can happen after a single concussion.",,"The only known way to prevent persistent post-concussive symptoms is to avoid a head injury in the first place. You can't always prevent a head injury. But some tips for avoiding them include:
+Wear your seat belt.Buckle up every time you ride in a car or other motor vehicle.
+Be sure children are in the right safety seats for their ages.Children under age 13 are safest riding in the back seat, especially if your car has air bags. From birth to age 4, their car seats should face the rear. After outgrowing their rear-facing car seats and until at least age 5, they can face forward in the car seats. When children outgrow their forward-facing car seats, they should be moved to buckled booster seats in the back seat. When their seat belts fit properly without booster seats, they can move to seat belts. This usually happens between ages 9 and 12. All children age 13 and under should sit in the back seat.
+Wear a helmet.Wear a helmet when biking, roller-skating or ice-skating, skateboarding, riding a motorcycle, skiing, snowboarding, or any activity that could cause a head injury. It's also a good idea to wear a helmet when horseback riding or playing football, baseball or softball.
+Get annual eye exams.This is very important for older adults because vision problems may increase the risk of falls. If needed, get new glasses or contacts.
+Make your home safer.Remove small area rugs, improve lighting, install handrails and use safety gates for children. Prevent falls in older adults by talking to a healthcare professional about medicines that might cause dizziness or affect balance.","No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. A healthcare professional may start with taking your full medical history and may use these tests to help determine your diagnosis:
+A neurological exam.This includes testing your thinking and memory, senses, strength, coordination, and reflexes.
+Neurological testing.These tests further check your concentration, memory, language, thinking and planning skills.
+Imaging.You may need brain imaging such as aCTscan or anMRIscan. Healthcare professionals may recommend brain imaging if you have concerning symptoms, such as a very bad headache, memory loss or vomiting. Imaging also can check for structural brain changes, such as damage to brain tissue, and other conditions that may be affecting the brain. But images cannot see persistent post-concussive symptoms.
+Other specialists.You may see other healthcare professionals based on your symptoms. This may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, or a psychologist for anxiety or memory problems. For dizziness, you may see an ear, nose and throat specialist. For vision changes, you might go to an eye specialist, known as an ophthalmologist. Or you might see a specialist in visual symptoms related to traumatic brain injuries or neurological conditions, known as a neuro-optometrist.",There's no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person.,,"You first may see a member of your healthcare team, who makes the initial diagnosis of a concussion. Or the diagnosis might be made by a healthcare professional in the emergency room.
+You may be referred to a brain and nervous system disorder specialist, known as a neurologist, or a brain rehabilitation specialist, known as a physiatrist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect.",,"trouble falling asleep, noise sensitivity, head injury, blurry vision, nausea, nausea or vomiting, dizziness, migraines, headaches, fatigue, anxiety, neck pain, memory, light sensitivity, ringing in the ears, vomiting, sleeping too much, depression, poor concentration, irritability"
+827,Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20353414,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectocele/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353419,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectocele/doctors-departments/ddc-20353421,"A posterior vaginal prolapse is a bulge of tissue into the vagina. It happens when the tissue between the rectum and the vagina weakens or tears. This causes the rectum to push into the vaginal wall. Posterior vaginal prolapse is also called a rectocele (REK-toe-seel).
+Childbirth-related tears, chronic straining to pass stool (constipation) and other activities that put pressure on pelvic tissues can lead to posterior vaginal prolapse. A small prolapse might not cause symptoms.
+With a large prolapse, you might notice a bulge of tissue that pushes through the opening of the vagina. To pass stool, you might need to support the vaginal wall with your fingers. This is called splinting. The bulge can be uncomfortable, but it's rarely painful.
+If needed, self-care measures and other nonsurgical options are often effective. For severe posterior vaginal prolapse, you might need surgery to fix it.","A small posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) might cause no symptoms.
+Otherwise, you may notice:
+A soft bulge of tissue in the vagina that might come through the opening of the vagina
+Trouble having a bowel movement
+Feeling pressure or fullness in the rectum
+A feeling that the rectum has not completely emptied after a bowel movement
+Sexual concerns, such as feeling embarrassed or sensing looseness in the tone of the vaginal tissue
+Many women with posterior vaginal prolapse also have prolapse of other pelvic organs, such as the bladder or uterus. A surgeon can evaluate the prolapse and talk about options for surgery to fix it.","Sometimes, posterior vaginal prolapse doesn't cause problems. But moderate or severe posterior vaginal prolapses might be uncomfortable. See a health care provider if your symptoms affect your day-to-day life.","Posterior vaginal prolapse results from pressure on the pelvic floor or trauma. Causes of increased pelvic floor pressure include:
+Birth-related tears
+Forceps or operative vaginal deliveries
+Long-lasting constipation or straining with bowel movements
+Long-lasting cough or bronchitis
+Repeated heavy lifting
+Being overweight","Anyone with a vagina can develop posterior vaginal prolapse. However, the following might increase the risk:
+Genetics.Some people are born with weaker connective tissues in the pelvic area. This makes them naturally more likely to develop posterior vaginal prolapse.
+Childbirth.Having vaginally delivered more than one child increases the risk of developing posterior vaginal prolapse. Tears in the tissue between the vaginal opening and anus (perineal tears) or cuts that make the opening of the vagina bigger (episiotomies) during childbirth might also increase risk. Operative vaginal deliveries, and forceps specifically, increase the risk of developing this condition.
+Aging.Growing older causes loss of muscle mass, elasticity and nerve function, which causes muscles to stretch or weaken.
+Obesity.Extra body weight places stress on pelvic floor tissues.",,"To help keep posterior vaginal prolapse from getting worse, you might try to:
+Perform Kegel exercises regularly.These exercises can strengthen pelvic floor muscles. This is especially important after having a baby.
+Treat and prevent constipation.Drink plenty of fluids and eat high-fiber foods, such as fruits, vegetables, beans and whole-grain cereals.
+Avoid heavy lifting and lift correctly.Use your legs instead of your waist or back to lift.
+Control coughing.Get treatment for a chronic cough or bronchitis, and don't smoke.
+Avoid weight gain.Ask your health care provider to help you determine the best weight for you. Ask for advice on how to lose weight, if needed.","A diagnosis of posterior vaginal prolapse often happens during a pelvic exam of the vagina and rectum.
+The pelvic exam might involve:
+Bearing downas if having a bowel movement. Bearing down might cause the prolapse to bulge, revealing its size and location.
+Tightening pelvic musclesas if stopping a stream of urine. This test checks the strength of the pelvic muscles.
+You might fill out a questionnaire to assess your condition. Your answers can tell your health care provider about how far the bulge extends into the vagina and how much it affects your quality of life. This information helps guide treatment decisions.
+Rarely, you might need an imaging test:
+MRIor an X-raycan determine the size of the tissue bulge.
+Defecographyis a test to check how well your rectum empties. The procedure combines the use of a contrasting agent with an imaging study, such as X-ray orMRI.","Treatment depends on how severe your prolapse is. Treatment might involve:
+Observation.If the posterior vaginal prolapse causes few or no symptoms, simple self-care measures — such as performing Kegel exercises to strengthen pelvic muscles — might give relief.
+Pessary.A vaginal pessary is a silicone device that you put into the vagina. The device helps support bulging tissues. A pessary must be removed regularly for cleaning.",,"For posterior vaginal prolapse, you might need to see a doctor who specializes in female pelvic floor conditions. This type of doctor is called a urogynecologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Sometimes, self-care measures provide relief from prolapse symptoms. You could try to:
+Perform Kegel exercises to strengthen pelvic muscles
+Avoid constipation by eating high-fiber foods, drinking plenty of fluids and, if needed, taking a fiber supplement
+Avoid bearing down during bowel movements
+Avoid heavy lifting
+Control coughing
+Achieve and maintain a healthy weight","sexual concerns, fullness, feeling that the rectum has not completely emptied after a bowel movement, vaginal prolapse, feeling pressure or fullness in the rectum, trouble having a bowel movement, soft bulge of tissue in the vagina"
+829,Orthostatic hypotension (postural hypotension),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/orthostatic-hypotension/symptoms-causes/syc-20352548,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/orthostatic-hypotension/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352553,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/orthostatic-hypotension/doctors-departments/ddc-20352555,"Orthostatic hypotension — also called postural hypotension — is a form of low blood pressure that happens when standing after sitting or lying down. Orthostatic hypotension can cause dizziness or lightheadedness and possibly fainting.
+
+Orthostatic hypotension can be mild. Episodes might be brief. However, long-lasting orthostatic hypotension can signal more-serious problems. It's important to see a health care provider if you frequently feel lightheaded when standing up.
+
+Occasional orthostatic hypotension is usually caused by something obvious, such as dehydration or lengthy bed rest. The condition is easily treated. Chronic orthostatic hypotension is usually a sign of another health problem, so treatment depends on the cause.","The most common symptom of orthostatic hypotension is lightheadedness or dizziness when standing after sitting or lying down. Symptoms usually last less than a few minutes.
+
+Orthostatic hypotension signs and symptoms include:","Occasional dizziness or lightheadedness can be minor — triggered by mild dehydration, low blood sugar or overheating. Dizziness or lightheadedness can also result from standing after sitting for a long time. If these symptoms happen only occasionally, there's likely no cause for concern.
+
+It's important to see a health care provider for frequent symptoms of orthostatic hypotension. Losing consciousness, even for just a few seconds, is serious. It requires seeing a provider right away.
+
+Keep a record of your symptoms, when they occurred, how long they lasted and what you were doing at the time. Tell your care provider if symptoms occur at times that could be dangerous, such as while driving.","When standing from a sitting or lying position, gravity causes blood to collect in the legs and belly. Blood pressure drops because there's less blood flowing back to the heart.
+
+Usually, special cells (baroreceptors) near the heart and neck arteries sense this lower blood pressure. The baroreceptors send signals to the brain. This tells the heart to beat faster and pump more blood, which evens out blood pressure. These cells also narrow the blood vessels and increase blood pressure.
+
+Orthostatic hypotension occurs when something interrupts the body's process of dealing with the low blood pressure. Many conditions can cause orthostatic hypotension, including:","The risk factors for orthostatic hypotension include:
+
+Medications.These include medications used to treat high blood pressure or heart disease, such as diuretics, alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and nitrates.
+
+Other medications that can increase the risk of orthostatic hypotension include medications used to treat Parkinson's disease, certain antidepressants, certain antipsychotics, muscle relaxants, medications to treat erectile dysfunction and narcotics.","Persistent orthostatic hypotension can cause serious complications, especially in older adults. These include:",,"A health care provider's goal in evaluating orthostatic hypotension is to find the cause and determine treatment. The cause isn't always known.
+
+A care provider might review medical history, medications and symptoms and conduct a physical exam to help diagnose the condition.
+
+A provider also might recommend one or more of the following:
+
+Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).This quick and painless test measures the electrical activity of the heart. During an electrocardiogram (ECG), sensors (electrodes) are attached to the chest and sometimes to the arms or legs. Wires connect to a machine, which prints or displays results. Ancan show changes in the heart rhythm or heart structure and problems with the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart muscle.
+
+Anmay not detect occasional heart rhythm changes. Your health care provider may recommend monitoring your heartbeat at home. A portabledevice, called a Holter monitor, can be worn for a day or more to record the heart's activity during daily activities.","Treatment for orthostatic hypotension is directed at the cause rather than the low blood pressure itself. For example, if dehydration causes orthostatic hypotension, your health care provider may suggest lifestyle changes such as drinking more water. If a medication causes low blood pressure when standing, treatment may involve changing the dose or stopping the drug.
+
+For mild orthostatic hypotension, one of the simplest treatments is to sit or lie back down immediately after feeling lightheaded upon standing. Often, symptoms will disappear. Sometimes, medications are needed to treat orthostatic hypotension.",,"You don't need to do anything special before having your blood pressure checked. But it's helpful to wear a short-sleeved shirt or a loose long-sleeved shirt that can be pushed up during the test. Doing so helps with fitting the blood pressure cuff around the arm properly.
+
+Take your blood pressure regularly at home, and keep a log of your readings. Bring the log with you to your health care provider's appointment.
+
+Take your blood pressure first thing in the morning. Lie down for the first reading. Complete taking your blood pressure, then wait one minute. Stand and take the second reading.
+
+Also take your blood pressure at these times:
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"orthostatic hypotension signs and symptoms, orthostatic hypotension, lightheadedness, dizziness"
+830,Prader-Willi syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prader-willi-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355997,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prader-willi-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356002,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prader-willi-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20356005,"Prader-Willi (PRAH-dur VIL-e) syndrome is a rare genetic condition that leads to physical, mental and behavioral problems. A key feature of Prader-Willi syndrome is a sense of being hungry all the time.
+People with Prader-Willi syndrome want to eat all the time because they never feel full. This is called hyperphagia. As a result, they usually find it hard to manage their weight. Many complications of Prader-Willi syndrome are due to obesity.
+A team of different types of specialists can best manage the symptoms of Prader-Willi syndrome. The team approach to this complex condition makes complications less likely and improves quality of life.","Symptoms of Prader-Willi syndrome, which can vary, slowly change over time from childhood to adulthood.","Regularly scheduled well-baby visits can help find early signs of poor growth and development that can be signs of Prader-Willi syndrome or other conditions. If you have concerns about your baby's health between well-baby visits, schedule an appointment with your child's healthcare professional.","Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic condition that is caused by an error in one or more genes. Although it's not known exactly what causes Prader-Willi syndrome, the problem lies in the genes in a region of chromosome 15.
+Except for genes related to sex characteristics, all genes come in pairs. One copy is inherited from the father, known as a paternal gene. And one copy is inherited from the mother, known as a maternal gene. For most types of genes, if one copy is active, also known as expressed, then the other copy also is expressed. But it's typical for some types of genes to act alone.
+Prader-Willi syndrome occurs because certain paternal genes that should be expressed aren't because:
+Paternal genes on chromosome 15 are missing.
+The child inherited two copies of chromosome 15 from the mother and no chromosome 15 from the father.
+There's some change in paternal genes on chromosome 15.
+A missing or changed gene on chromosome 15 disrupts how a portion of the brain called the hypothalamus typically works. This part of the brain controls the release of hormones. A hypothalamus that isn't working properly can affect hunger, growth, sexual development, body temperature, mood and sleep.
+In most cases, a random gene change that isn't inherited causes Prader-Willi syndrome. Finding which gene change caused Prader-Willi syndrome can help with genetic counseling.","A child with an error in one or more genes in chromosome 15 is at the highest risk of getting Prader-Willi syndrome. For example, one of the genes might be missing. This error may or may not be inherited.
+Those who have a child with Prader-Willi syndrome and would like to have another baby should think about getting genetic counseling. A genetic counselor can help figure out the risk of having another child with Prader-Willi syndrome.",,"If you have a child with Prader-Willi syndrome and would like to have another baby, think about getting genetic counseling. A genetic counselor can help you figure out the risk of having another child with Prader-Willi syndrome.","Typically, healthcare professionals suspect Prader-Willi syndrome based on symptoms. A diagnosis can be made through genetic testing nearly all the time. This blood test can find problems in your child's chromosomes that suggest Prader-Willi syndrome.","Early diagnosis and treatment can make quality of life better for people with Prader-Willi syndrome. A team of health professionals likely will manage the condition.
+Your child's team may include a doctor who treats hormonal conditions, also known as an endocrinologist, as well as a behavior specialist, a dietitian, physical and occupational therapists, a speech and language therapist, a mental health professional, a geneticist, and other specialists.
+Although specific treatments vary depending on symptoms, most children with Prader-Willi syndrome will need:
+Good nutrition.Many infants with Prader-Willi syndrome have a hard time feeding because they have less muscle tone. Your child's healthcare professional may recommend a high-calorie formula or special feeding methods to help your baby gain weight. They will monitor your child's growth.
+Human growth hormone (HGH) treatment.HGH treatment helps infants and children with Prader-Willi syndrome grow. It also makes muscle tone better and lowers body fat. HGH also may be used in adults. A doctor who treats hormonal conditions, also known as an endocrinologist, can help find out whether your child would benefit from HGH and talk about any risks.
+Sex hormone treatment.Your endocrinologist may suggest that your child take hormone replacement therapy — testosterone for males or estrogen and progesterone for females — because of low levels of sex hormones. Hormone replacement therapy usually starts when your child reaches the usual age for puberty. It can lower the risk of bone thinning, also known as osteoporosis. Your child may need surgery to correct undescended testicles.
+Weight management.A dietitian can help you create a healthy, reduced-calorie diet to help manage your child's weight while ensuring proper nutrition. A restricted-calorie diet may require supplemental vitamins or minerals to ensure balanced nutrition. Being more physically active and exercising can help manage weight and make your child better able to function physically.
+Treatment of sleep disturbances.Treating sleep apnea and other sleep problems can improve daytime sleepiness and behavioral issues.
+Various therapies.Your child likely will benefit from a range of therapies. These include physical therapy to make movement skills and strength better, speech therapy to make verbal skills better, and occupational therapy to learn everyday skills. Developmental therapy to learn age-appropriate behaviors, social skills and interpersonal skills also may help. In the U.S., early intervention programs with these types of therapy usually are available for infants and toddlers through a state's health department. During school years, educational planning and support can improve learning.
+Behavior management.You may need to create schedules for your child and set strict limits on access to food and how much food is eaten. It's important to be clear on what you expect in terms of your child's behavior. Sometimes medicine is needed to manage behavioral problems.
+Mental healthcare.A mental health professional, such as a psychologist or a psychiatrist, may help with mental health problems, such as obsessive-compulsive behaviors, skin picking, anxiety or a mood condition. Medicine may ease mental health symptoms.
+Other treatments.These may include managing specific symptoms or complications. For example, exams for vision issues or scoliosis and tests for hypothyroidism or diabetes may find problems.","Having a child with Prader-Willi syndrome is challenging and can take a lot of patience. Managing eating problems, behavior and medical issues can affect the whole family.
+For coping and support, think about taking these steps:
+Talk to a mental health professional.If you're having trouble coping or you feel overwhelmed, talk to a mental health counselor or therapist.
+Join a support group.Some people find it helpful to talk with others who share similar experiences. Ask your healthcare provider about family support groups in your area. Organizations such as the Prader-Willi Syndrome Association — USA provide resources, support groups and educational materials.
+Seek other sources of support.Ask about sources of short-term care and ask for support from family and friends. Also, take time for your own interests and activities.","Your child may first see your family healthcare professional. Your child may need to see a pediatric endocrinologist and other specialists.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your child's appointment. Think about taking a family member or friend along to support you and help you remember information.","Here are tips to help you take care of your child with Prader-Willi syndrome:
+Learn about Prader-Willi syndrome.Work with your child's healthcare team to learn about the condition and create a care plan to manage symptoms and issues. Managing hormone levels and weight can improve development and behavior and prevent complications.
+Stick to a strict meal plan.To keep from becoming overweight, your child needs a low-calorie diet. Structure mealtimes and the types of food served at meals to create routines and help your child learn expectations. Use small dishes to serve meals and don't buy high-calorie snacks. Store food out of your child's reach. Lock pantries, refrigerators, cupboards and garbage cans.
+Encourage regular daily activity.Being more physically active and exercising can help manage weight and make your child better able to function physically.
+Set limits.Create a firm schedule and set behavioral expectations. If needed, talk to your healthcare team about ways to deal with problems.
+Schedule regular medical care.Talk with your healthcare professional about a regular schedule of health appointments and tests to check for problems or complications.","prader-willi syndrome, none"
+831,Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20354626,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354630,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20354631,"Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a heart condition present at birth. That means it's a congenital heart defect. People withWPWsyndrome have an extra pathway for signals to travel between the heart's upper and lower chambers. This causes a fast heartbeat. Changes in the heartbeat can make it harder for the heart to work as it should.
+WPWsyndrome is fairly rare. Another name for it is preexcitation syndrome.
+The episodes of fast heartbeats seen in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome usually aren't life-threatening. But serious heart problems can occur. Rarely, the syndrome may lead to sudden cardiac death in children and young adults.
+Treatment ofWPWsyndrome may include special actions, medicines, a shock to the heart or a procedure to stop the irregular heartbeats.","The heart rate is the number of times the heart beats each minute. A fast heart rate is called tachycardia (tak-ih-KAHR-dee-uh).
+The most common symptom of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a heart rate greater than 100 beats a minute.
+InWPWsyndrome, the fast heartbeat can begin suddenly. It may last a few seconds or several hours. Episodes may occur during exercise or while at rest.
+Other symptoms ofWPWsyndrome may depend on the speed of the heartbeat and the underlying heart rhythm disorder.
+For example, the most common irregular heartbeat seen withWPWsyndrome is supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). During an episode ofSVT, the heart beats about 150 to 220 times a minute, but it can occasionally beat faster or slower.
+Some people withWPWsyndrome also have a fast and chaotic heart rhythm disorder called atrial fibrillation.
+In general, symptoms ofWPWsyndrome include:
+Rapid, fluttering or pounding heartbeats.
+Chest pain.
+Difficulty breathing.
+Dizziness or lightheadedness.
+Fainting.
+Fatigue.
+Shortness of breath.
+Anxiety.","Many things can cause a fast heartbeat. It's important to get a prompt diagnosis and care. Sometimes a fast heartbeat isn't a concern. For example, the speed of the heartbeat may increase with exercise.
+If you feel like your heart is beating too fast, make an appointment to see a healthcare professional.
+Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have any of the following symptoms for more than a few minutes:
+Sensation of a fast or pounding heartbeat.
+Difficulty breathing.
+Chest pain.","Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a heart condition present at birth. That means it's a congenital heart defect. Researchers aren't sure what causes most types of congenital heart defects.WPWsyndrome may occur with other congenital heart defects, such as Ebstein anomaly.
+Rarely,WPWsyndrome is passed down through families. Your healthcare team may call this inherited or familialWPWsyndrome. It is associated with a thickened heart muscle, called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
+To understand the causes ofWPWsyndrome, it may be helpful to know how the heart typically beats.
+The heart has four chambers.
+The two upper chambers are called the atria.
+The two lower chambers are called the ventricles.
+Inside the upper right heart chamber is a group of cells called the sinus node. The sinus node makes the signals that start each heartbeat.
+The signals move across the upper heart chambers. Next, the signals arrive at a group of cells called the atrioventricular (AV) node, where they usually slow down. The signals then go to the lower heart chambers.
+In a typical heart, this signaling process usually goes smoothly. The resting heart rate is about 60 to 100 beats a minute.
+InWPWsyndrome, an extra electrical pathway connects the upper and lower heart chambers, allowing heart signals to bypass theAVnode. As a result, the heart signals don't slow down. The signals get excited, and the heart rate gets faster. The extra pathway also can cause heart signals to travel backward. This causes an uncoordinated heart rhythm.",,WPWsyndrome has been linked to sudden cardiac death in children and young adults.,,"To diagnose Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, a healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart with a device called a stethoscope. You usually are asked questions about your medical history and symptoms","Treatment for Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome depends on:
+How often symptoms occur.
+How severe the symptoms are.
+The type of irregular heartbeat causing the fast heart rate.
+People who have an extra signaling pathway but no symptoms, calledWPWpattern, usually don't need treatment.
+The goals ofWPWsyndrome treatment are to:
+Slow a fast heart rate when it occurs.
+Prevent future episodes.
+Treatment options may include:
+Vagal maneuvers.These are simple actions that can slow the heartbeat. They include coughing, bearing down as if passing stool and putting an ice pack on the face. Your healthcare team may ask you to do these specific actions during an episode of a fast heartbeat. These actions affect the vagus nerve, which helps control the heartbeat.
+Medicines.If vagal maneuvers don't stop a fast heartbeat, you might need medicines to control the heart rate and restore the heart rhythm. Medicines may need to be given by IV.
+Cardioversion.Paddles or patches on the chest are used to electrically shock the heart and help reset the heart rhythm. Cardioversion is typically used when vagal maneuvers and medicines don't work. It's also possible to do cardioversion with medicines.
+Catheter ablation.In this procedure, a doctor inserts one or more thin, flexible tubes called catheters into an artery, usually in the groin. The doctor guides them to the heart. Sensors on the tip of the catheters use heat or cold energy to create tiny scars in the heart. The scars block irregular electrical signals and restore the heart's rhythm. Catheter ablation may be done at the same time as other heart surgeries.","If you have a plan in place to manage an episode of a fast heartbeat, you may feel calmer and more in control when one occurs. Ask your healthcare professional:
+How to take your pulse and what heart rate is best for you.
+When and how to use vagal maneuvers, if appropriate.
+When to make an appointment for a health checkup.
+When to seek emergency care.","If you haveWPWsyndrome, you may be referred to a doctor trained in heart problems present at birth. This type of healthcare professional is called a congenital cardiologist.
+Because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","If you haveWPWsyndrome or any type of heart disease, your healthcare team usually recommends following a heart-healthy lifestyle. Take these steps:
+Do not smoke.
+Eat a healthy diet.
+Get regular exercise.
+Limit or avoid alcohol.
+Avoid caffeine or other stimulants.
+Maintain a healthy weight.
+Manage emotional stress.","fatigue, tachycardia, pounding, anxiety, chest pain, wpw) syndrome, atrial fibrillation, lightheadedness, dizziness, supraventricular tachycardia, fainting, heart beats, rapid heartbeats, fluttering heartbeats, pounding heartbeats, shortness of breath, wolff-parkinson-white, difficulty breathing"
+833,Primary ovarian insufficiency,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-ovarian-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20354683,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-ovarian-failure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354688,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-ovarian-failure/doctors-departments/ddc-20354691,"Primary ovarian insufficiency occurs when the ovaries stop working as they should before age 40. When this happens, the ovaries don't make the typical amounts of the hormone estrogen or release eggs regularly. The condition often leads to infertility. Another name for primary ovarian insufficiency is premature ovarian insufficiency. It also used to be called premature ovarian failure, but this term isn't used anymore.
+Sometimes, primary ovarian insufficiency is confused with premature menopause. But they aren't the same. People with primary ovarian insufficiency can have irregular or occasional periods for years. They might even get pregnant. But people with premature menopause stop having periods and can't become pregnant.
+Treatment can restore estrogen levels in people with primary ovarian insufficiency. This helps prevent some conditions that can happen due to low estrogen, such as heart disease and weak, brittle bones.","Symptoms of primary ovarian insufficiency are like those of menopause or low estrogen. They include:
+Irregular or missed periods. This symptom might be present for years. It also could develop after a pregnancy or after stopping birth control pills.
+Trouble getting pregnant.
+Hot flashes and night sweats.
+Vaginal dryness.
+Anger, depression or anxiety.
+Trouble with focus or memory.
+Less sexual desire.","If you've missed your period for three months or more, see your health care team to figure out the cause. You can miss your period for many reasons, such as pregnancy, stress, or a change in diet or exercise habits. But it's best to get a health care checkup whenever your menstrual cycle changes.
+Even if you don't mind not having periods, see a health care professional to find out what's causing the change. Low estrogen levels can lead to a condition that causes weak and brittle bones, called osteoporosis. Low levels of estrogen also can lead to heart disease.","Primary ovarian insufficiency may be caused by:
+Chromosome changes.Chromosomes are thread-like structures that contain genes. Most often, people assigned female at birth have two X chromosomes in their cells. But some people with primary ovarian insufficiency have one typical X chromosome and one altered X chromosome. This can be a sign of genetic conditions such as mosaic Turner syndrome. Other people with primary ovarian insufficiency have X chromosomes that are fragile and break. This is called fragile X syndrome.
+Toxins.Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are common causes of toxin-induced ovarian insufficiency. These treatments can damage genetic material in cells. Other toxins such as cigarette smoke, chemicals, pesticides and viruses might speed up ovarian insufficiency.
+An immune system response to ovarian tissue.This also is called autoimmune disease. In this rare form, the immune system makes protective proteins that attack ovary tissue by mistake. This harms sacs in the ovaries that each contain an egg, called follicles. It also damages the egg. What triggers the immune response is unclear. But being exposed to a virus may play a role.
+Unknown factors.Most often, the cause of primary ovarian insufficiency isn't clear. You might hear this called an idiopathic cause. Your health care professional may recommend more testing to try to find the cause.","Factors that raise the risk of primary ovarian insufficiency include:
+Age.The risk goes up between ages 35 and 40. Primary ovarian insufficiency is rare before age 30. But younger people and even teens can get it.
+Family history.Having a family history of primary ovarian insufficiency raises the risk of getting this condition.
+Ovarian surgery.Surgeries that involve the ovaries raise the risk of primary ovarian insufficiency.","Primary ovarian insufficiency can lead to other health conditions, including the following:
+Infertility.Not being able to get pregnant can be a complication of primary ovarian insufficiency. Rarely, pregnancy is possible until the body's supply of eggs runs out.
+Osteoporosis.This condition causes bones to become weak, brittle and more likely to break. Women with low levels of the hormone estrogen have a higher risk of getting osteoporosis. That's because estrogen helps keep bones strong.
+Depression or anxiety.Some people with primary ovarian insufficiency become depressed or anxious. This can be due to the risk of infertility and other conditions that arise from low estrogen levels.
+Heart or blood vessel disease.Early loss of estrogen might raise the risk of heart conditions or stroke.
+Dementia.This is the term for a group of symptoms that affect memory, thinking and social skills. The dementia risk may be linked with getting both ovaries removed and not receiving estrogen therapy afterward in people under age 43.
+Parkinson's disease.This long-term condition affects the nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. It also affects parts of the body controlled by nerves. The higher risk of Parkinson's disease also may be linked with surgery to remove the ovaries.
+Treatment for primary ovarian insufficiency helps prevent these other health conditions.",,"Most women have few signs of primary ovarian insufficiency, but your health care provider may suspect the condition if you have irregular periods or are having trouble conceiving. Diagnosis usually involves a physical exam, including a pelvic exam. Your provider might ask questions about your menstrual cycle, exposure to toxins, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and previous ovarian surgery.
+Your provider might recommend one or more tests to check for:
+Pregnancy.A pregnancy test checks for an unexpected pregnancy if you're of childbearing age and missed a period.
+Hormone levels.Your provider may check the levels of a number of hormones in your blood, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a type of estrogen called estradiol, and the hormone that stimulates breast milk production (prolactin).
+Chromosome changes or certain genes.You may have a blood test called a karyotype analysis to look for unusual changes in your chromosomes. Your doctor may also check to see if you have a gene associated with fragile X syndrome called FMR1.","Most often, treatment for primary ovarian insufficiency focuses on the problems that arise from estrogen deficiency. (1p3) Treatment might include:
+Estrogen therapy.Estrogen therapy can help prevent osteoporosis. It also can relieve hot flashes and other symptoms of low estrogen. You'll likely be prescribed estrogen with the hormone progesterone if you still have your uterus. Adding progesterone protects the lining of your uterus, called the endometrium, from changes that could lead to cancer. These changes may be caused by taking estrogen alone.The combination of hormones may make your period come back. It won't restore your ovaries' function. Depending on your health and preference, you might take hormone therapy until around age 50 or 51. That's the average age of natural menopause.In older women, long-term estrogen plus progesterone treatment has been linked to a higher risk of heart and blood vessel disease and breast cancer. In young people with primary ovarian insufficiency, the benefits of hormone therapy outweigh the risks.
+Calcium and vitamin D supplements.Both nutrients are key for preventing osteoporosis. And you might not get enough of either in your diet or from sunlight. Your health care team might suggest an X-ray test that measures calcium and other minerals in bones before you start supplements. This is called a bone density test.For women ages 19 through 50, experts most often recommend 1,000 milligrams (mg) of calcium a day through food or supplements. The amount increases to 1,200mga day for women age 51 and older.The ideal daily dose of vitamin D isn't yet clear. A good starting point is 800 to 1,000 international units (IU) a day, through food or supplements. If your blood levels of vitamin D are low, your health care team might suggest higher amounts.","If you'd hoped for future pregnancies, you might feel a deep sense of loss after you learn that you have primary ovarian insufficiency. This feeling can happen even if you've already given birth. See a counselor for therapy if you feel it would help you cope.
+Be open with your partner.Talk with and listen to your partner. Share your feelings over this sudden change in your plans for growing your family.
+Explore your options.If you don't have children and want them, or if you want more children, look into other ways to expand your family. You could think about choices such as in vitro fertilization using donor eggs or adoption.
+Get support.It may help to talk with others who are going through a similar challenge. You could gain insights and understanding during a time of confusion and doubt. Ask a member of your health care team about national or local support groups. Or seek an online community as an outlet for your feelings and a source of information. Also think about getting counseling with a therapist. It might help you adjust to your new circumstances and what those could mean for your future.
+Give yourself time.It can take a while to come to terms with having primary ovarian insufficiency. In the meantime, take good care of yourself. Eat well, exercise and get enough rest.","Your first checkup likely will be with your primary care professional or a gynecologist. If you're seeking treatment for infertility, you might be referred to a specialist in reproductive hormones and improved fertility. This is a doctor called a reproductive endocrinologist.","Learning that you have primary ovarian insufficiency may be emotionally painful. But with proper treatment and self-care, you can expect to lead a healthy life.
+Learn about other ways to have children.If you'd like to add to your family, talk to a health care professional about your options. For instance, you could think about trying in vitro fertilization using donor eggs. Or you could adopt a child.
+Talk with your health care team about the best birth control options.A small percentage of people with primary ovarian insufficiency do become pregnant if they have sex without a condom. If you don't want to become pregnant, think about using birth control.
+Keep your bones strong.Eat a calcium-rich diet. Do weight-bearing exercises such as walking and strength training exercises for your upper body. And don't smoke. Ask your health care team if you need calcium and vitamin D supplements.
+Keep track of your menstrual cycle.If you miss a period while taking hormone therapy that causes you to have a monthly cycle, get a pregnancy test.","anger, estrogen, night sweats, trouble with memory, vaginal dryness, anxiety, less sexual desire, trouble getting pregnant, irregular or missed periods, depression, primary ovarian insufficiency, sweats, hot flashes, trouble with focus"
+836,Premenstrual syndrome (PMS),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20376780,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376787,,"Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has a wide variety of signs and symptoms, including mood swings, tender breasts, food cravings, fatigue, irritability and depression. It's estimated that as many as 3 of every 4 menstruating women have experienced some form of premenstrual syndrome.
+
+Symptoms tend to recur in a predictable pattern. But the physical and emotional changes you experience with premenstrual syndrome may vary from just slightly noticeable all the way to intense.
+
+Still, you don't have to let these problems control your life. Treatments and lifestyle adjustments can help you reduce or manage the signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.","The list of potential signs and symptoms for premenstrual syndrome is long, but most women only experience a few of these problems.","If you haven't been able to manage your premenstrual syndrome with lifestyle changes and the symptoms of Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are affecting your health and daily activities, see your doctor.","Exactly what causes premenstrual syndrome is unknown, but several factors may contribute to the condition:",,,,"There are no unique physical findings or lab tests to positively diagnose premenstrual syndrome. Your doctor may attribute a particular symptom to PMS if it's part of your predictable premenstrual pattern.
+
+To help establish a premenstrual pattern, your doctor may have you record your signs and symptoms on a calendar or in a diary for at least two menstrual cycles. Note the day that you first notice PMS symptoms, as well as the day they disappear. Also be sure to mark the days your period starts and ends.
+
+Certain conditions may mimic PMS, including chronic fatigue syndrome, thyroid disorders and mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Your health care provider may order tests, such as a thyroid function test or mood screening tests to help provide a clear diagnosis.","For many women, lifestyle changes can help relieve premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. But depending on the severity of your symptoms, your doctor may prescribe one or more medications for premenstrual syndrome.
+
+The success of medications in relieving symptoms varies among women. Commonly prescribed medications for premenstrual syndrome include:",,"You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or primary care provider. However, in some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in conditions affecting the female reproductive tract (gynecologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment and what to expect from your doctor.",,"premenstrual syndrome, none"
+838,Bedsores (pressure ulcers),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bed-sores/symptoms-causes/syc-20355893,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bed-sores/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355899,,"Bedsores are injuries to the skin and the tissue below the skin that are due to pressure on the skin for a long time. Bedsores most often arise on skin that covers bony areas of the body, such as the heels, ankles, hips and tailbone. Bedsores also are called pressure ulcers, pressure injuries and decubitus ulcers.
+The people who are most at risk of bedsores have medical conditions that keep them from changing positions or moving. Or they spend most of their time in a bed or a chair.
+Bedsores can arise over hours or days. Most sores heal with treatment, but some never heal completely. You can take steps to put a stop to bedsores and help them heal.","Symptoms of bedsores are:
+Changes in skin color or texture.
+Swelling.
+Pus-like draining.
+An area of skin that feels cooler or warmer to the touch than other areas.
+Sore areas.
+Bedsores fall into one of several stages based on their depth, how serious they are and other features. The degree of skin and tissue damage ranges from inflamed, unbroken skin to a deep injury involving muscle and bone.","If you notice warning signs of a bedsore, change your position to ease pressure on the area. If the area doesn't improve in 24 to 48 hours, contact your healthcare professional.
+Seek medical care right away if you notice signs of infection. These include fever, drainage from a sore or a sore that smells bad, as well as warmth or swelling around a sore.","Pressure against the skin that limits blood flow to the skin causes bedsores. Limited movement can make skin prone to damage and cause bedsores.
+The three main things that lead to bedsores are:
+Pressure.Constant pressure on any part of the body can lessen the blood flow to tissues. Blood flow is essential to deliver oxygen and other nutrients to tissues. Without these key nutrients, skin and nearby tissues are damaged and might die over time. Limited movement can make skin prone to the damage that the pressure causes. For people with limited mobility, pressure tends to happen in areas that aren't well padded with muscle or fat and that lie over a bone. These areas include the spine, tailbone, shoulder blades, hips, heels and elbows.
+Friction.Friction occurs when the skin rubs against clothing or bedding. It can make fragile skin more vulnerable to injury, especially if the skin also is moist.
+Shear.Shear occurs when two surfaces move in the opposite direction. For example, when a bed is raised at the head, a person can slide down in bed. As the tailbone moves down, the skin over the bone might stay in place, pulling in the opposite direction.","Your risk of getting bedsores is higher if you have a hard time moving and can't change position easily while seated or in bed. Risk factors include:
+Immobility.This might be due to poor health, spinal cord injury or another cause.
+Incontinence.Skin becomes more vulnerable with extended exposure to urine and stool.
+Lack of sensory perception.Spinal cord injuries, neurological disorders and other conditions can make you lose sensation. If you can't feel pain or discomfort, you won't be aware of warning signs and the need to change position.
+Poor nutrition and hydration.People need enough fluids, calories, protein, vitamins and minerals every day to maintain healthy skin and stop the breakdown of tissues.
+Medical conditions affecting blood flow.Health problems that can affect blood flow can raise the risk of tissue damage such as bedsores. Examples of these types of medical conditions are diabetes and vascular disease.
+Age.If you're over 70, you're more likely to be affected by bedsores.","Complications of pressure ulcers include:
+Cellulitis.Cellulitis is an infection of the skin and connected soft tissues. It can cause warmth and swelling of the affected area. The skin may change color or look inflamed. People with nerve damage often don't feel pain in the area cellulitis affects.
+Bone and joint infections.An infection from a bedsore can burrow into joints and bones. Joint infections, such as septic arthritis, can damage cartilage and tissue. Bone infections, also known as osteomyelitis, can reduce the function of joints and limbs.
+Cancer.A Marjolin ulcer is a long-term, nonhealing wound that can become a type of squamous cell carcinoma.
+Sepsis.Rarely, a skin ulcer leads to sepsis, which is a life-threatening complication of an infection.
+Some complications can be life-threatening.","You can help stop bedsores with these steps:
+Frequently change your position to avoid stress on the skin.
+Take good care of your skin.
+Eat and drink regularly.
+Quit smoking.
+Manage stress.
+Exercise daily.","Your healthcare professional likely will look closely at your skin to decide if you have a pressure ulcer. If a pressure ulcer is found, your healthcare professional will assign a stage to the wound. Staging helps determine what treatment is best for you. You might need blood tests to learn about your general health.","Treating pressure ulcers involves lowering pressure on the affected skin, caring for wounds, controlling pain, preventing infection and eating well.","People with bedsores may have discomfort. They also can be socially isolated or depressed. Talk with your healthcare team about your needs for support and comfort. A social worker can help find community groups that provide services, education and support for people dealing with long-term caregiving or terminal illness.
+Parents or caregivers of children with bedsores can talk with a child life specialist for help in coping with stressful health situations. Family and friends of people living in assisted living facilities can support residents and work with nursing staff to make sure they receive the proper preventive care.",,,"swelling, changes in skin color, pus-like draining, sore areas, cooler or warmer to the touch, sore"
+842,Primary biliary cholangitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-biliary-cholangitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20376874,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-biliary-cholangitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376880,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-biliary-cholangitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20376882,"Primary biliary cholangitis is an autoimmune disease in which the bile ducts are inflamed and slowly destroyed. It previously was called primary biliary cirrhosis.
+Bile is a fluid made in the liver. It helps with digestion and absorbing certain vitamins. It also helps the body absorb fats and get rid of cholesterol, toxins and worn-out red blood cells. Ongoing inflammation in the liver can lead to bile duct inflammation and damage known as cholangitis. At times, this can lead to permanent scarring of liver tissue, called cirrhosis. It also can eventually lead to liver failure.
+Although it affects both sexes, primary biliary cholangitis mostly affects women. It's considered an autoimmune disease, which means your body's immune system is mistakenly attacking healthy cells and tissue. Researchers think a combination of genetic and environmental factors triggers the disease. It usually develops slowly. At this time, there's no cure for primary biliary cholangitis, but medicines may slow liver damage, especially if treatment begins early.","More than half of people with primary biliary cholangitis do not have any noticeable symptoms when diagnosed. The disease may be diagnosed when blood tests are done for other reasons, such as routine testing. Symptoms eventually develop over the next 5 to 20 years. Those who do have symptoms at diagnosis typically have poorer outcomes.
+Common early symptoms include:
+Fatigue.
+Itchy skin.
+Later signs and symptoms may include:
+Yellowing of the skin and eyes, called jaundice.
+Dry eyes and mouth.
+Pain in the upper right abdomen.
+Swelling of the spleen, called splenomegaly.
+Bone, muscle or joint pain.
+Swollen feet and ankles.
+Buildup of fluid in the abdomen due to liver failure, called ascites.
+Fatty deposits, called xanthomas, on the skin around the eyes, eyelids or in the creases of the palms, soles, elbows or knees.
+Darkening of the skin that's not related to sun exposure, called hyperpigmentation.
+Weak and brittle bones, called osteoporosis, which can lead to fractures.
+High cholesterol.
+Diarrhea that may include greasy stools, called steatorrhea.
+Underactive thyroid, called hypothyroidism.
+Weight loss.",,"It's not clear what causes primary biliary cholangitis. Many experts consider it an autoimmune disease in which the body turns against its own cells. Researchers believe this autoimmune response may be triggered by environmental and genetic factors.
+The liver inflammation seen in primary biliary cholangitis starts when certain types of white blood cells called T cells, also known as T lymphocytes, start to collect in the liver. Usually, these immune cells detect and help defend against germs, such as bacteria and viruses. But in primary biliary cholangitis, they mistakenly destroy the healthy cells that line the small bile ducts in the liver.
+Inflammation in the smallest ducts spreads and eventually damages other cells in the liver. As the cells die, they're replaced by scar tissue, also known as fibrosis, that can lead to cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is scarring of liver tissue that makes it difficult for your liver to work properly.","The following factors may increase your risk of primary biliary cholangitis:
+Sex.Most people with primary biliary cholangitis are women.
+Age.It's most likely to occur in people 30 to 60 years old.
+Genetics.You're more likely to get the condition if you have a family member who has or had it.
+Geography.It's most common in people of northern European descent, but primary biliary cholangitis can affect all ethnicities and races.
+Researchers think that genetic factors combined with certain environmental factors trigger primary biliary cholangitis. These environmental factors may include:
+Infections,such as a urinary tract infection.
+Smoking cigarettes,especially over long periods of time.
+Exposure to toxic chemicals,such as in certain work environments.","As liver damage worsens, primary biliary cholangitis can cause serious health problems, including:
+Liver scarring, called cirrhosis.Cirrhosis makes it difficult for your liver to work and may lead to liver failure. It means the later stage of primary biliary cholangitis. People with primary biliary cholangitis and cirrhosis have a poor medical outlook. They also have a higher risk of other complications.
+Increased pressure in the portal vein, called portal hypertension.Blood from your intestine, spleen and pancreas enters your liver through a large blood vessel called the portal vein. When scar tissue from cirrhosis blocks normal blood flow through your liver, blood backs up. This causes increased pressure inside the vein. Also, because blood doesn't flow correctly through your liver, drugs and other toxins aren't filtered properly from your bloodstream.
+Enlarged veins, called varices.When blood flow through the portal vein is slowed or blocked, blood may back up into other veins. It usually backs up into those in your stomach and esophagus. Increased pressure may cause delicate veins to break open and bleed. Bleeding in the upper stomach or esophagus is a life-threatening emergency. It requires immediate medical care.
+Enlarged spleen, called splenomegaly.Your spleen may become swollen with white blood cells and platelets. This is because your body no longer filters toxins out of the bloodstream as it should.
+Gallstones and bile duct stones.If bile cannot flow through the bile ducts, it may harden into stones in the ducts. These stones can cause pain and infection.
+Liver cancer.Liver scarring increases your risk of liver cancer. If you have liver scarring, you'll need regular cancer screening.
+Weak bones, called osteoporosis.People with primary biliary cholangitis have an increased risk of weak, brittle bones that may break more easily.
+Vitamin deficiencies.Not having enough bile affects your digestive system's ability to absorb fats and the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E and K. Because of this, some people with advanced primary biliary cholangitis may have low levels of these vitamins. Low levels can result in a variety of health problems, including night blindness and bleeding disorders.
+High cholesterol.Up to 80% of people with primary biliary cholangitis have high cholesterol.
+Decreased mental function, called hepatic encephalopathy.Some people with advanced primary biliary cholangitis and cirrhosis have personality changes. They also may have problems with memory and concentration.
+Increased risk of other disease.Primary biliary cholangitis is associated with other disorders, including those that affect the thyroid, skin and joints. It also can be associated with dry eyes and mouth, a disorder called Sjogren's syndrome.",,"Your healthcare professional will ask you about your health history and your family's health history, and perform a physical exam. The following tests and procedures may be used to diagnose primary biliary cholangitis.
+Blood tests:
+Liver tests.These blood tests check the levels of certain proteins that may signal liver disease and bile duct injury.
+Antibody tests for signs of autoimmune disease.Blood tests may be done to check for anti-mitochondrial antibodies, also known as AMAs. These substances almost never occur in people without the disease, even if they have other liver disorders. Therefore, a positiveAMAtest is considered a very reliable sign of the disease. However, a small number of people with primary biliary cirrhosis don't haveAMAs.
+Cholesterol test.More than half the people with primary biliary cholangitis have extreme increases in blood fats, including total cholesterol level.
+Imaging tests may help your healthcare team confirm a diagnosis or rule out other conditions with similar signs and symptoms. Imaging tests looking at the liver and bile ducts may include:
+Ultrasound.Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of structures inside your body.
+FibroScan.Using an ultrasound-like probe, this test can detect scarring of the liver.
+Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, also known as MRCP.This specialMRIcreates detailed images of your organs and bile ducts.
+Magnetic resonance elastography, also known as MRE.MRIis combined with sound waves to create a visual map of internal organs, called an elastogram. The test is used to detect hardening of your liver that might be a sign of cirrhosis.
+If the diagnosis is still uncertain, your healthcare professional may perform a liver biopsy. A small sample of liver tissue is removed through an incision using a thin needle. It's then tested in a lab, either to confirm the diagnosis or to determine the extent of the disease.",,"Living with an ongoing liver disease with no cure can be frustrating. Fatigue alone can have a large impact on your quality of life. Each person finds ways to cope with the stress of an ongoing disease. In time, you'll find what works for you. Here are some ways to get started:
+Learn about your condition.The more you understand about primary biliary cholangitis, the more active you can be in your own care. In addition to talking with your healthcare team, look for information at your local library and on websites affiliated with reputable organizations such as the American Liver Foundation.
+Take time for yourself.Eating well, exercising and getting enough rest can help you feel better. Try to plan ahead for times when you may need more rest.
+Get help.If friends or family want to help, let them. Primary biliary cholangitis can be exhausting, so accept the help if someone wants to do your grocery shopping, wash a load of laundry or cook your dinner. Tell those who offer to help what you need.
+Seek support.Strong relationships can help you maintain a positive attitude. If friends or family have a hard time understanding your illness, you may find that a support group can be helpful.","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If your healthcare professional thinks you might have primary biliary cholangitis, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist. You also may be referred to a doctor who specializes in liver diseases, called a hepatologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.","You may feel better if you take good care of your overall health. Here are some things you can do to improve some primary biliary cholangitis symptoms and, possibly, help prevent certain complications:
+Choose reduced-sodium foods.Sodium adds to tissue swelling and to the buildup of fluid in your abdomen. Look for low-sodium foods or naturally sodium-free foods.
+Avoid eating oysters or other raw shellfish.Such seafood can carry infection-causing bacteria. Infections can be dangerous for people with liver disease.
+Exercise most days of the week.Exercise may reduce your risk of bone loss.
+Don't smoke.If you don't smoke, don't start. If you currently smoke, talk with a healthcare professional about strategies to help you quit.
+Avoid alcohol.Your liver processes the alcohol you drink. The added stress can cause liver damage. Generally, people with primary biliary cholangitis should not drink alcohol.
+Check with your healthcare team before starting new medicines or dietary supplements.Because your liver isn't working normally, you'll likely be more sensitive to the effects of medicines and some dietary supplements. Check with your healthcare team before taking anything new.","joint pain, pain in the upper right abdomen, dry eyes, primary biliary cholangitis, buildup of fluid in the abdomen, cholesterol, weight loss, steatorrhea, darkening of the skin, hypothyroidism, fatigue, swollen feet and ankles, xanthomas, jaundice, greasy, liver failure, osteoporosis, diarrhea, swelling of the spleen, splenomegaly, ascites, greasy stools, muscle pain, pain, itchy skin, yellowing of the skin and eyes, weak and brittle bones, fractures, hyperpigmentation, fatty deposits on the skin, bone pain"
+843,Polycythemia vera,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polycythemia-vera/symptoms-causes/syc-20355850,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polycythemia-vera/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355855,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polycythemia-vera/doctors-departments/ddc-20355857,"Polycythemia vera (pol-e-sy-THEE-me-uh VEER-uh) is a type of blood cancer. It causes the bone marrow to make too many red blood cells. These extra cells thicken the blood, slowing its flow. This may cause serious problems, such as blood clots.
+
+Polycythemia vera is rare. It comes on slowly. You might have it for years without knowing. Often the condition is found during a blood test done for another reason.
+
+Without treatment, polycythemia vera can be life-threatening. But proper medical care can help ease symptoms and complications of this disease.","Many people with polycythemia vera don't notice symptoms. Some people get symptoms such as headache, dizziness, tiredness and blurred vision.
+
+Clearer symptoms of polycythemia vera include:",Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms of polycythemia vera.,"Polycythemia vera happens when a change in a gene causes a problem with making blood cells. The body typically controls the number of each of the three types of blood cells. These are red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. But in polycythemia vera, the bone marrow makes too many of some of these blood cells.
+
+The cause of the gene change in polycythemia vera is unknown. But it's not passed through families.",Polycythemia vera can happen at any age. But it's more common in adults over age 60. Men are more likely to get polycythemia vera than women are.,Possible complications of polycythemia vera include:,,Your healthcare professional takes a medical history and do a physical exam.,There's no cure for polycythemia vera. Treatment aims to lower your risk of complications. Treatments also might ease your symptoms.,,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary health professional. If you have with polycythemia vera, you might be sent to a specialist in blood conditions, called a hematologist.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"polycythemia, headache, tiredness, blurred vision, dizziness, polycythemia vera"
+848,Anal itching,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anal-itching/symptoms-causes/syc-20369345,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anal-itching/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369350,,"Anal itching is a common condition. The itch in or around the anus is often intense and can be embarrassing and uncomfortable.
+Anal itching, also called pruritus ani (proo-RIE-tus A-nie), has several possible causes. They include infections, hemorrhoids and ongoing diarrhea.  Skin inflammation, also called dermatitis, is another cause.
+If the symptoms don't clear up with self-care, talk with your health care provider. With treatment, most people get complete relief.","Symptoms of anal itching may include intense itching, inflammation, burning and soreness. The itching and irritation may be short lived or more persistent, depending on the cause. Anal itching often is worse at bedtime or in hot, humid weather.","Medical care isn't needed for most anal itching. But see your health care provider if:
+Anal itching is severe or constant
+You have anal bleeding or stool leakage
+The anal area seems to be infected
+You can't figure out what's causing a constant itch","Possible causes of anal itching include:
+Irritants.Fecal incontinence and long-term diarrhea can irritate the skin. Or your skin care routine may include products or behaviors that irritate the skin. Examples include using harsh soaps or wiping too hard and too often.
+Infections.These include sexually transmitted infections, pinworm infections and yeast infections.
+Skin conditions.Sometimes anal itching is the result of a specific skin condition, such as dry skin, psoriasis or contact dermatitis.
+Other medical conditions.These include diabetes, thyroid disease and hemorrhoids.
+Often the cause of anal itching isn't known.",,,,"Your health care provider may be able to diagnose the cause of your itching by asking about your symptoms, medical history and personal habits. You may need a physical exam, including a rectal exam. You might have a test for pinworms if a pinworm infection is suspected.
+If the cause of your itching isn't obvious or your itching doesn't respond to treatment, your health care provider may refer you to a specialist in skin conditions. This type of doctor is called a dermatologist. In many cases, the cause of the itching isn't known, but the symptoms can be treated.","Treatment of anal itching depends on the cause of the problem. It may include taking self-care measures such as using an anti-itch cream or treating an infection or fecal incontinence.
+If symptoms are worse at night, an oral antihistamine might be prescribed. This is medicine that you take by mouth. It can help give relief until an anti-itch cream takes effect.
+With proper care most people get relief from anal itching. See your health care provider if the itching lasts.",,"Most people won't need to see a health care provider about anal itching. But if the itching doesn't stop even after taking self-care measures, seek help. Your care provider may refer you to a skin doctor called a dermatologist, or to a doctor who specializes in treating rectal and anal problems. This type of doctor is called a proctologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Prevention of anal itching mainly involves a careful washing routine that keeps the area clean, cool and dry, while avoiding irritating the skin.
+If you already have anal itching, try these self-care steps to ease your symptoms:
+Cleanse gently.Clean the area around the anus when it's soiled or after each bowel movement when possible. This may involve a quick shower, a bidet, a sitz bath or a squeeze bottle. Moist toilet tissue can help. Avoid scrubbing or rough cloths. Pat dry with a cloth or dry the area with a hair dryer on fan-only setting. Using the heat setting could further irritate this delicate area.
+Don't scratch.Scratching provides only short-term relief from itchy skin. It further irritates your skin. You may find some relief by applying a moist, room-temperature compress to the area or taking a lukewarm oatmeal bath. Trim your nails short and wear cotton gloves to bed to prevent scratching while you're sleeping.
+Wear white cotton underwear that doesn't bind.This helps keep the area dry. Avoid wearing pantyhose and other tight-fitting garments because these can trap moisture.
+Avoid irritants.Avoid bubble baths, genital deodorants, scented toilet paper, personal cleansing wipes, and harsh or perfumed soaps. Cleansing with a gentle soap and water and not using any other products is usually the best.
+Change your diet.Cut back on or avoid the following items until your symptoms clear up: tea, coffee, cola, alcohol, citrus fruits, pepper, dairy products, spicy foods, tomato sauce and tomatoes. Avoid overuse of laxatives.
+Apply ointments, creams or gels.Protect the affected skin from moisture by applying a thin layer of a zinc oxide ointment (Desitin, Balmex) or petroleum jelly (Vaseline). If needed to ease inflammation and itching, apply hydrocortisone 1% cream 2 to 3 times daily for a week or two.
+Eat more vegetables, whole grains and noncitrus fruits.This will help with maintaining regular bowel movements. Other sources of fiber are beans, nuts and seeds. Fiber supplements such as psyllium (Metamucil) and methylcellulose (Citrucel) may help.","soreness, anal itching, burning, irritation, itching, inflammation"
+849,Itchy skin (pruritus),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/itchy-skin/symptoms-causes/syc-20355006,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/itchy-skin/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355010,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/itchy-skin/doctors-departments/ddc-20355013,"Itchy skin is an irritating sensation that makes you want to scratch. It's also called pruritus (proo-RIE-tus). Itchy skin is often caused by dry skin and is common in older adults, as skin tends to become drier with age.
+Depending on the cause of your itchiness, your skin may look no different than usual or it may be inflamed, rough or have bumps. Repeated scratching can cause raised thick areas of skin that might bleed or become infected.
+Many people find relief with self-care measures such as moisturizers, gentle cleansers and lukewarm baths. Long-term relief requires identifying and treating the cause of itchy skin. Common treatments are medicated creams, moist dressings and anti-itch medicines taken by mouth.","Itchy skin can affect small areas, such as the scalp, an arm or a leg. Or it can cover the whole body. Itchy skin can occur without any other noticeable changes on the skin. Or it may come with:
+Inflamed skin
+Scratch marks
+Bumps, spots or blisters
+Dry, cracked skin
+Leathery or scaly patches
+Sometimes itchiness lasts a long time and can be intense. As you rub or scratch the area, it gets itchier. And the more it itches, the more you scratch. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be difficult.","See your health care provider or a skin disease specialist (dermatologist) if the itching:
+Lasts more than two weeks and doesn't improve with self-care measures
+Is severe and distracts you from your daily routines or prevents you from sleeping
+Comes on suddenly and can't be easily explained
+Affects your whole body
+Comes with other symptoms, such as weight loss, fever or night sweats
+If the condition persists for three months despite treatment, see a dermatologist to be evaluated for skin disease. You may also need to see a doctor who specializes in internal medicine (internist) to check for other diseases.","Causes of itchy skin include:
+Skin conditions.Examples include dry skin (xerosis), eczema (dermatitis), psoriasis, scabies, parasites, burns, scars, insect bites and hives.
+Internal diseases.Itching on the whole body might be a symptom of an underlying illness, such as liver disease, kidney disease, anemia, diabetes, thyroid problems and certain cancers.
+Nerve disorders.Examples include multiple sclerosis, pinched nerves and shingles (herpes zoster).
+Psychiatric conditions.Examples include anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression.
+Irritation and allergic reactions.Wool, chemicals, soaps and other things can irritate the skin and cause rashes and itching. Sometimes a substance, such as poison ivy or cosmetics, causes an allergic reaction. Also, reactions to certain medicines, such as narcotics to treat pain (opioids) can cause itchy skin.
+Sometimes the cause of the itching can't be determined.","Anyone can develop itchy skin. But you may be more likely to develop it if you:
+Have a condition that can cause itching, such as dermatitis, kidney disease, anemia or thyroid disease.
+Are an older adult, as skin can become drier with age.","Itchy skin that is severe or lasts more than six weeks can affect the quality of your life. This type is called chronic pruritus. It might disturb your sleep or cause anxiety or depression. Prolonged itching and scratching can increase the intensity of the itch, possibly leading to skin injury, infection and scarring.",,"Diagnosing the cause of itchy skin starts with a physical exam and questions about your medical history. If your health care provider thinks your itchy skin is the result of a medical condition, you might have tests, including:
+Blood test.A complete blood count can provide evidence of an internal condition causing your itch, such as anemia.
+Tests of liver and kidney function.Liver or kidney disorders and thyroid conditions, such as hyperthyroidism, can cause itching.
+Chest X-rays.A chest X-ray can show if you have enlarged lymph nodes, which can go along with itchy skin.","Itchy skin treatment focuses on removing the cause of the itch. If home remedies don't ease your symptoms, your health care provider may recommend prescription medicine or other treatments. Controlling itchy skin symptoms can be challenging and may require long-term therapy. Options include:
+Corticosteroid creams and ointments.If your skin is itchy and inflamed, your health care provider may suggest applying a medicated cream or ointment to the affected areas. You might then cover the treated skin with damp cotton material. Moisture helps the skin absorb the cream and has a cooling effect.If you have severe or long-term itching, your health care provider might suggest this bedtime routine: Bathe in plain lukewarm water for 20 minutes, and then apply triamcinolone .025% to 0.1% ointment to the wet skin. This traps the moisture and helps the medicine absorb. Then put on pajamas. Repeat this routine at bedtime for several nights.
+Other creams and ointments.Other treatments that you apply to your skin include calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel). Or you may find some relief with topical anesthetics, capsaicin cream or doxepin cream.
+Oral medicines.Antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be helpful in easing some types of long-term itch. Examples ofSSRIsinclude fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft). Another option is a tricyclic antidepressants, such as doxepin, You may not feel the full benefit of some of these medicines until 8 to 12 weeks after starting treatment.
+Light therapy (phototherapy).Phototherapy involves exposing your skin to a specific type of light. This can be a good option for people who can't take oral medicines. You'll likely need a few phototherapy sessions, until the itching is under control.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. Or you may be referred to a specialist in skin diseases (dermatologist).
+Here is information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect from your health care provider.","For temporary relief of itching, try these self-care measures:
+Avoid items or situations that cause you to itch.Try to identify what's causing your symptoms and avoid it. This might be wool clothing, an overly heated room, too many hot baths or exposure to a cleaning product.
+Moisturize daily.Apply hypoallergenic and fragrance-free moisturizer (Cetaphil, others) to affected skin at least once a day. For dry skin, thicker creams and ointments work better than lotions.
+Treat the scalp.For a dry, itchy scalp, try nonprescription medicated shampoos containing zinc pyrithione (Head & Shoulders, others), ketoconazole (Nizoral, others), selenium sulfide (Selsun Blue, others) or coal tar (Neutrogena T/Gel, others). You might need to try a few products before finding one that works for your hair and condition. Or you may find that switching between products helps. Don't use a medicated shampoo right after having a chemical relaxing process — rather, use a neutralizing shampoo.
+Use creams, lotions or gels that soothe and cool the skin.Short-term use of nonprescription corticosteroid cream may offer short-term relief of itchy, inflamed skin. Or try calamine lotion or creams with menthol (Sarna, others), camphor, capsaicin, or a topical anesthetic, such as pramoxine (adults only). Keeping these products in the refrigerator can enhance their soothing effect. Corticosteroid creams do not help with the itch that follows a shingles infection.
+Avoid scratching.Cover the itchy area if you can't keep from scratching it. Trim your nails and, if it helps, wear gloves when you sleep.
+Take a bath.Use lukewarm water and sprinkle in about a half cup (100 grams) of Epsom salts, baking soda or an oatmeal-based bath product (Aveeno, others). Use a mild cleanser (Dove, Olay, Cetaphil), limiting its use to the underarms and groin. Don't scrub too hard and limit your bathing time. Then rinse thoroughly, pat dry and moisturize.
+Reduce stress or anxiety.Stress or anxiety can worsen itching. Many people have found that counseling, behavior modification therapy, acupuncture, meditation and yoga can help reduce stress or anxiety.
+Try nonprescription oral allergy medicine.Some nonprescription allergy medicines (antihistamines), such as diphenhydramine, can make you drowsy. This type of pill might be helpful before bedtime if your itchy skin disrupts your sleep. Antihistamines do not help with the itch that follows a shingles infection.
+Use a humidifier.A humidifier may provide some relief if home heating causes the air in your home to be dry.
+Stay well rested.Getting enough sleep might reduce the risk of itchy skin.","inflamed skin, cracked skin, itchy skin, blisters, itchiness, scaly, scratch marks, blisters
+dry, cracked skin
+leathery, dry skin, scaly patches, bumps, leathery patches, itches, spots"
+850,Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355967,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355973,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20355975,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that's caused by an extremely stressful or terrifying event — either being part of it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety and uncontrollable thoughts about the event.
+Most people who go through traumatic events may have a hard time adjusting and coping for a short time. But with time and by taking good care of themselves, they usually get better. If the symptoms get worse, last for months or years, and affect their ability to function daily, they may havePTSD.
+Getting treatment afterPTSDsymptoms arise can be very important to ease symptoms and help people function better.","Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms may start within the first three months after a traumatic event. But sometimes symptoms may not appear until years after the event. These symptoms last more than one month and cause major problems in social or work situations and how well you get along with others. They also can affect your ability to do your usual daily tasks.
+Generally,PTSDsymptoms are grouped into four types: intrusive memories, avoidance, negative changes in thinking and mood, and changes in physical and emotional reactions. Symptoms can vary over time or vary from person to person.","Talk to your healthcare professional or a mental health professional if you have disturbing thoughts and feelings about a traumatic event for more than a month, especially if they're severe. Also, see a health professional if you're having trouble getting your life back under control. Getting treatment as soon as possible can help preventPTSDsymptoms from getting worse.","You can develop post-traumatic stress disorder when you go through, see or learn about an event involving actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual assault.
+Healthcare professionals aren't sure why some people getPTSD. As with most mental health problems, a mix of factors probably causes it, including:
+Extremely stressful experiences, as well as the amount and severity of trauma you've gone through in your life.
+Inherited mental health risks, such as a family history of anxiety and depression.
+Inherited features of your personality — often called your temperament.
+The way your brain regulates the chemicals and hormones your body releases in response to stress.","People of all ages can have post-traumatic stress disorder. But you may be more likely to developPTSDafter a traumatic event if you:
+Have severe or long-lasting traumatic experiences.
+Were physically injured during the traumatic event.
+Have been exposed to other trauma earlier in life, such as childhood abuse.
+Have a job that exposes you to traumatic events, such as being in the military or being a first responder.
+Have other mental health problems, such as anxiety or depression.
+Drink too much or misuse drugs.
+Do not have a good support system of family and friends.
+Have blood relatives with mental health problems, includingPTSDor depression.","Post-traumatic stress disorder can disrupt your whole life — your education, job, how well you get along with others, physical health and enjoyment of everyday activities. HavingPTSDalso may raise your risk of other mental health problems, such as:
+Depression and anxiety disorders.
+Issues with drugs or alcohol use.
+Thinking about and attempting suicide.","After surviving a traumatic event, many people havePTSD-like symptoms at first, such as not being able to stop thinking about what's happened. Fear, anxiety, anger, depression and guilt are all common reactions to trauma. But most people exposed to trauma don't go on to developPTSD.
+Getting timely help and support may prevent usual stress reactions from getting worse and leading toPTSD. This may mean turning to family and friends who will listen and offer comfort. It also may mean seeking out a mental health professional for a brief course of therapy. Some people also may find it helpful to turn to their faith communities.
+Support from others also may prevent you from turning to unhealthy coping methods, such as misusing alcohol or drugs.","To diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder, your healthcare professional likely will do a:
+Physical examto check for medical problems that may be causing your symptoms.
+Mental health evaluationthat includes talking about your symptoms and the trauma that led up to them. You also may fill out questionnaires asking about your experiences and symptoms.
+A diagnosis ofPTSDmeans a person has gone through an event that involved an actual or possible threat of death, violence or serious injury. That can happen in one or more of these ways:
+You directly experienced a traumatic event.
+You witnessed, in person, a traumatic event happening to others.
+You learned that someone close to you had a traumatic event.
+You're exposed to graphic details of traumatic events over and over again, as is the case for first responders.
+You may havePTSDif the problems you have after this exposure last for more than a month and greatly affect your ability to function in social and work settings and how you get along with others.
+Don't try to handle the burden ofPTSDon your own. Get help from an expert who's experienced in treatingPTSD.","Post-traumatic stress disorder treatment can help you regain a sense of control over your life. The main treatment is talk therapy, also known as psychotherapy. But treatment also can include medicine.
+Combining these treatments can make your symptoms better by:
+Teaching you skills to manage your symptoms.
+Helping you think better about yourself, others and the world.
+Learning ways to cope if any symptoms arise again.
+Treating other problems often related to traumatic experiences, such as depression, anxiety, or misuse of alcohol or drugs.","If a traumatic event causes stress and other problems that affect your life, see your healthcare professional or mental health professional. You also can take these actions as you continue with treatment forPTSD:
+Follow your treatment plan.Although it may take a while to feel the benefits of therapy or medicines, treatment can be effective. Most people recover. Remind yourself that it takes time. Following your treatment plan and routinely reaching out to your mental health professional will help move you forward.
+Learn aboutPTSD.This knowledge can help you understand what you're feeling, and then you can build coping strategies to respond effectively.
+Take care of yourself.Get enough rest, eat a healthy diet, exercise and take time to relax. Try to reduce or not use caffeine and nicotine, which can worsen anxiety.
+Don't self-medicate.Turning to alcohol or drugs to numb your feelings isn't healthy, even though it may be a tempting way to cope. It can lead to more problems, hinder effective treatments and prevent real healing.
+Break the cycle.When you feel anxious, take a brisk walk or work on a hobby to refocus.
+Stay connected.Spend time with supportive and caring people — family, friends, faith leaders or others. You don't have to talk about what happened. Just sharing time with loved ones can offer healing and comfort.
+Consider a support group.Ask your mental health professional for help finding a support group, or contact veterans' organizations or your community's social services system. Or look for local support groups in an online directory.","If you think you may have post-traumatic stress disorder, make an appointment with your healthcare professional or mental health professional. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment and know what to expect.
+Take a trusted family member or friend along, if possible. Sometimes it can be hard to remember all the information provided to you.",,"mood changes, avoidance, intrusive memories, negative changes in thinking, emotional reactions, traumatic, physical reactions, post-traumatic stress disorder"
+851,Bags under eyes,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bags-under-eyes/symptoms-causes/syc-20369927,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bags-under-eyes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369931,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bags-under-eyes/doctors-departments/ddc-20369932,"Bags under eyes are mild swelling or puffiness under the eyes. They're common as you age and the tissues around your eyes weaken, including some of the muscles supporting your eyelids. Fat that helps support the eyes can then move into the lower eyelids, causing them to appear puffy. Fluid may also accumulate below your eyes.
+Bags under eyes are usually a cosmetic concern and rarely a sign of a serious condition. At-home remedies, such as cool compresses, can help improve their appearance. For persistent or bothersome under-eye puffiness, eyelid surgery may be an option.","Symptoms of bags under eyes can include:
+Mild swelling
+Saggy or loose skin
+Dark circles",,"Bags under eyes are caused when the tissue structures and muscles supporting your eyelids weaken. The skin may start to sag, and fat that's usually around the eye can move into the area below your eyes. Also, the space below your eyes can gather fluid, making the area look puffy or swollen. Several factors cause or worsen this effect, including:
+Aging
+Fluid retention, especially upon waking or after a salty meal
+Lack of sleep
+Allergies
+Smoking
+Genetics — under-eye bags can run in families
+Medical conditions, such as dermatitis, dermatomyositis, renal disease and thyroid eye disease","Factors that may increase the risk of having bags under the eyes include:
+Older age
+Fluid retention
+Lack of sleep
+Allergies
+Smoking
+Genetics
+Medical conditions",,,Bags under eyes are evident without a medical diagnosis. You may have the skin under your eyes assessed by a healthcare professional to learn more about what's causing the puffiness or if you're interested in medical or surgical treatment.,"Bags under eyes are usually a cosmetic concern and don't require medical treatment. Home and lifestyle treatments may help reduce puffiness. But if you're concerned about the appearance of under-eye swelling, medical and surgical treatments are available. Treatment may not be covered by medical insurance if it's done solely to improve your appearance.",,"Preparing a list of questions will help you make the most of your time with your health care provider. For bags under eyes, some basic questions to ask your health care provider include:
+What's likely causing my symptoms?
+Is my condition likely temporary or chronic?
+What treatment approach do you recommend, if any?
+What will the treatments cost? Does medical insurance cover these costs?
+What results can I expect?
+Can I do anything at home to improve my symptoms?
+What kind of follow-up, if any, should I expect?
+Don't hesitate to ask other questions that occur to you.","The following tips can help you reduce or eliminate bags under your eyes:
+Use a cool compress.Wet a clean washcloth with cool water. While sitting up, apply the damp washcloth to the skin under and around your eyes for a few minutes using light pressure.
+Cut down on fluids before bedtime and limit salt in your diet.This will reduce the fluid retention that can cause bags under eyes.
+Don't smoke.Smoking can aggravate the problem of bags under your eyes.
+Get enough sleep.For most adults, 7 to 9 hours is a good amount of sleep.
+Sleep with your head slightly raised.It may help to add an extra pillow or prop up the head of your mattress. Or elevate the entire head of the bed a few inches. This helps prevent fluid from accumulating around your eyes as you sleep.
+Reduce allergy symptoms.Avoid allergens when possible. Try nonprescription allergy medications. Talk to your health care provider about prevention strategies if you develop under-eye reactions due to hair dyes, soaps, cosmetics or other allergens.
+Use cosmetics.If you wish to mask your under-eye circles, try using makeup.","saggy skin, mild swelling, dark circles, swelling"
+854,Post-vasectomy pain syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-vasectomy-pain-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20527047,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-vasectomy-pain-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20527109,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-vasectomy-pain-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20527131,"Vasectomy is a minor procedure that blocks the supply of sperm to the semen. It is a common form of male birth control that is done by cutting and sealing the tubes that carry sperm. The sperm, which can no longer reach the semen, are absorbed by the body.
+Vasectomy has a low risk of problems, but some men develop post-vasectomy pain syndrome (PVPS).PVPSinvolves chronic pain in one or both testicles that is still present three months after the procedure. Pain can range from a rare, dull ache to sharp, constant pain that can interfere with daily life. For some men, the pain is severe enough to seek treatment.","Having some discomfort after vasectomy is common, but men withPVPShave pain that never seems to get better after the procedure.
+Signs and symptoms ofPVPSmay include:
+Pain and tenderness in the scrotum
+Pressure or pain after ejaculation
+Dull ache in one or both testicles
+Pain and tenderness at the site of the vasectomy
+Swelling of the small, C-shaped tube behind the testicle where sperm are stored (epididymis)
+Pain with sex","See your health care provider immediately if you have pain or swelling in your testicles, discharge from your penis, or pain when you urinate. Your provider may be able to treat the cause with medicine or a minor procedure.
+If you have severe scrotal pain, seek emergency treatment.","The causes ofPVPSare not well understood. They may include:
+Infection.Inflammation can damage the scrotum, epididymis or other structures along the cord that carries blood vessels and nerves to the testicle (spermatic cord).
+Nerve compression.A narrowing of nerves to the testicle may cause symptoms ofPVPS.
+Back pressure.Sperm that are unable to travel through the tube that carries sperm from each testicle and is cut during vasectomy (vas deferens) may cause back pressure.
+Scar tissue.Scar tissue (adhesions) may form and cause pain.","There are no known risk factors for developingPVPS. It is not associated with any specific age group, socioeconomic status, environmental factors or type of vasectomy procedure.","If left untreated, severe pain may cause significant emotional and psychological distress for men withPVPS. Ongoing pain can affect quality of life for men withPVPS.
+Men may be unable to participate in normal physical activity and have trouble working at their jobs. Pain may also result in men avoiding sex.",,"Your provider will conduct a thorough physical exam, checking for tenderness and swelling of the testicles and epididymis. Your provider will also look for the presence of a small ball of scar tissue where your vasectomy was performed (sperm granuloma).
+Other possible causes of testicle pain will need to be ruled out. Tests your provider might recommend include:
+Sexually transmitted infections (STI) screening.A narrow swab is inserted into the end of your penis to obtain a sample of discharge from your urethra. The sample is checked in the lab forSTIssuch as gonorrhea and chlamydia.
+Urine and blood tests.Samples of your urine and blood are analyzed for infection and any other unusual findings.
+Ultrasound.This is an imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of structures inside your body. Ultrasound might be used to rule out a rotation of a testicle, which twists the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum (testicular torsion); a cyst that develops in the epididymis (spermatocele); infections of the testicle or epididymis; or a hernia.
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).AnMRIscan uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to produce detailed images of structures inside your body.MRImay be used to evaluate the spine or hips in men with a history of back or hip problems to rule out nerve compression.",Treatment forPVPSdepends on your symptoms and how much pain you have.,,,,"pain, swelling, pressure, dull ache, ache, discomfort, tenderness"
+855,Kidney infection,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353387,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353393,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-infection/doctors-departments/ddc-20353395,"A kidney infection is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI). A kidney infection may begin in the tube that carries urine from the body (urethra) or in the bladder. The infection can travel to one or both kidneys. A kidney infection is also called pyelonephritis.
+A kidney infection needs prompt medical treatment. If not treated properly, an infection can cause lasting damage to the kidneys. Or the bacteria can spread to the bloodstream and cause a dangerous infection.
+Kidney infection treatment often includes antibiotics, which might be given in the hospital.","Symptoms of a kidney infection might include:
+Fever
+Chills
+A burning feeling or pain when urinating
+Having to urinate often
+A strong, lasting urge to urinate
+Back, side or groin pain
+Nausea and vomiting
+Pus or blood in the urine
+Urine that smells bad or is cloudy
+Belly pain","Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of a kidney infection. Also see your provider if you're being treated for aUTIbut your symptoms aren't getting better.
+A severe kidney infection can lead to dangerous complications. They may include blood poisoning, damage to the body's tissues or death. Seek medical care right away if you have kidney infection symptoms and bloody urine or nausea and vomiting.","Bacteria that enter the urinary tract through the urethra can multiply and travel to your kidneys. This is the most common cause of kidney infections.
+Bacteria from an infection in another part of the body also can spread through the bloodstream to the kidneys. In rare cases, an artificial joint or heart valve that becomes infected can cause a kidney infection.
+Rarely, a kidney infection happens after kidney surgery.","Factors that increase the risk of a kidney infection include:
+Being female.The urethra is shorter in women than in men. That makes it easier for bacteria to travel from outside the body to the bladder. The urethra being close to the vagina and anus also makes it easier for bacteria to enter the bladder.Once in the bladder, an infection can spread to the kidneys. Pregnant women are at even higher risk of a kidney infection.
+Having a urinary tract blockage.Anything that slows the flow of urine or makes it harder to fully empty the bladder can raise the risk of a kidney infection. This includes a kidney stone, a narrowed urethra or an enlarged prostate gland.
+Having a weakened immune system.Medical conditions such as diabetes and HIV can weaken the immune system. Certain medicines also can lower immunity. These include drugs taken after an organ transplant that help prevent rejection.
+Having damage to nerves around the bladder.Nerve or spinal cord damage can block the feeling of a bladder infection. That can make it hard to know when an infection travels to a kidney.
+Using a urinary catheter.Urinary catheters are tubes used to drain urine from the bladder. Catheters are sometimes used after a surgical procedure or diagnostic test. They're also used in people who are confined to a bed.
+Having a condition that causes urine to flow the wrong way.In vesicoureteral reflux, small amounts of urine flow from the bladder back into the tubes that connect the bladder and kidneys. People with this condition are at higher risk of kidney infections when they're kids and when they become adults.","If left untreated, a kidney infection can lead to potentially serious complications, such as:
+Kidney scarring.This can lead to chronic kidney disease, high blood pressure and kidney failure.
+Blood poisoning.The kidneys filter waste from blood and return the filtered blood to the rest of the body. A kidney infection can cause bacteria to spread through the bloodstream.
+Pregnancy complications.A kidney infection that occurs during pregnancy can increase the risk of having a baby with a low birth weight.","Reduce your risk of kidney infection by taking steps to prevent urinary tract infections. Women in particular may lower the risk of urinary tract infections if they:
+Drink fluids, especially water.Fluids can help remove bacteria from the body when you urinate.
+Urinate as soon as you need to.Don't delay urinating when you feel the urge.
+Empty the bladder after sexual intercourse.Urinating as soon as possible after sex helps clear bacteria from the urethra. This lowers the risk of infection.
+Wipe carefully.Wipe from front to back after urinating and after a bowel movement. This helps prevent bacteria from spreading to the urethra.
+Avoid using products in the genital area.Deodorant sprays in the genital area or douches can be irritating.","To check for a kidney infection, you may be asked to provide a urine sample to test for bacteria, blood or pus in your urine. Your health care provider might also take a blood sample for a culture. A culture is a lab test that checks for bacteria or other organisms in your blood.
+Other tests might include an ultrasound, a CT scan or a type of X-ray called a voiding cystourethrogram. A voiding cystourethrogram involves injecting a contrast dye to take X-rays of the bladder when full and while urinating.",,,"You'll likely start by seeing your family provider or a general practitioner. If your health care provider suspects that an infection has spread to your kidneys, you might need to see a specialist who treats conditions that affect the urinary tract (urologist).","To help you feel better while you recover from a kidney infection, you might:
+Apply heat.Place a heating pad on your belly, back or side to ease pain.
+Use pain medicine.For fever or discomfort, take a pain reliever such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others). If you have chronic kidney disease, it's best to avoid or limit use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (Motrin IB, Advil, others).
+Stay hydrated.Drinking fluids will help flush bacteria from your urinary tract. Avoid coffee and alcohol until your infection has cleared. They can worsen the feeling of needing to urinate.","pain, nausea, pus in urine, bad smell, back pain, nausea and vomiting
+pus or blood in the urine
+urine that smells bad, chills, belly pain, fever, strong urge, vomiting, kidney infection, cloudy urine, burning feeling, side pain, groin pain, urinate often, blood in urine"
+857,REM sleep behavior disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rem-sleep-behavior-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352920,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rem-sleep-behavior-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352925,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rem-sleep-behavior-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20352926,"Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder is a sleep disorder in which you physically act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams with vocal sounds and sudden, often violent arm and leg movements during REM sleep — sometimes called dream-enacting behavior.
+You normally don't move during REM sleep, a normal stage of sleep that occurs many times during the night. About 20 percent of your sleep is spent in REM sleep, the usual time for dreaming, which occurs primarily during the second half of the night.
+The onset of REM sleep behavior disorder is often gradual and it can get worse with time.
+REM sleep behavior disorder may be associated with other neurological conditions, such as Lewy body dementia (also called dementia with Lewy bodies), Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy.","With REM sleep behavior disorder, instead of experiencing the normal temporary paralysis of your arms and legs (atonia) during REM sleep, you physically act out your dreams.
+The onset can be gradual or sudden, and episodes may occur occasionally or several times a night. The disorder often worsens with time.
+Symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder may include:
+Movement, such as kicking, punching, arm flailing or jumping from bed, in response to action-filled or violent dreams, such as being chased or defending yourself from an attack
+Noises, such as talking, laughing, shouting, emotional outcries or even cursing
+Being able to recall the dream if you awaken during the episode","If you have any of the symptoms above or are experiencing other problems sleeping, talk to your doctor.","Nerve pathways in the brain that prevent muscles from moving are active during normal REM or dreaming sleep, resulting in temporary paralysis of your body. In REM sleep behavior disorder, these pathways no longer work and you may physically act out your dreams.","Factors associated with the development of REM sleep behavior disorder include:
+Being male and over 50 years old— however, more women are now being diagnosed with the disorder, especially under age 50, and young adults and children can develop the disorder, usually in association with narcolepsy, antidepressant use or brain tumors
+Having a certain type of neurodegenerative disorder,such as Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, stroke or dementia with Lewy bodies
+Having narcolepsy,a chronic sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime drowsiness
+Taking certain medications,especially newer antidepressants, or the use or withdrawal of drugs or alcohol
+Recent evidence suggests that there may also be several specific environmental or personal risk factors for REM sleep behavior disorder, including occupational pesticide exposure, farming, smoking or a previous head injury.","Complications caused by REM sleep behavior disorder may include:
+Distress to your sleeping partner or other people living in your home
+Social isolation for fear that others may become aware of your sleep disruption
+Injury to yourself or your sleeping partner",,"To diagnose REM sleep behavior disorder, your doctor reviews your medical history and your symptoms. Your evaluation may include:
+Physical and neurological exam.Your doctor conducts a physical and neurological exam and evaluates you for REM sleep behavior disorder and other sleep disorders. REM sleep behavior disorder may have symptoms similar to other sleep disorders, or it may coexist with other sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea or narcolepsy.
+Talking with your sleeping partner.Your doctor may ask your sleeping partner whether he or she has ever seen you appear to act out your dreams while sleeping, such as punching, flailing your arms in the air, shouting or screaming. Your doctor may also ask your partner to fill out a questionnaire about your sleep behaviors.
+Nocturnal sleep study (polysomnogram).Doctors may recommend an overnight study in a sleep lab. During this test, sensors monitor your heart, lung and brain activity, breathing patterns, arm and leg movements, vocalizations, and blood oxygen levels while you sleep. Typically, you'll be videotaped to document your behavior during REM sleep cycles.",Treatment for REM sleep behavior disorder may include physical safeguards and medications.,,"You may start out by seeing your primary care doctor. Your doctor may refer you to a sleep specialist. Consider bringing your sleeping partner, a family member or friend along, if possible. Someone who accompanies you can help you remember what the doctor says or provide additional information.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"shouting, rem sleep behavior disorder, punching, atonia, emotional outcries, cursing, paralysis, jumping, talking, movement, kicking, laughing, arm flailing"
+859,Tachycardia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tachycardia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355127,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tachycardia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355133,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tachycardia/doctors-departments/ddc-20355136,"Tachycardia (tak-ih-KAHR-dee-uh) is the medical term for a heart rate over 100 beats a minute. Many types of irregular heart rhythms, called arrhythmias, can cause tachycardia.
+A fast heart rate isn't always a concern. For instance, the heart rate usually rises during exercise or as a response to stress.
+Tachycardia may not cause any symptoms or complications. But sometimes it's a warning of a medical condition that needs attention. Some forms of tachycardia can lead to serious health problems if left untreated. Such problems may include heart failure, stroke or sudden cardiac death.
+Treatment for tachycardia may include specific actions or movements, medicine, cardioversion, or surgery to control a rapid heartbeat.","Some people with tachycardia have no symptoms. The fast heartbeat may be discovered when a physical exam or heart tests are done for another reason.
+In general, tachycardia may cause these symptoms:
+Racing, pounding heartbeat or flopping in the chest, called palpitations.
+Chest pain.
+Fainting.
+Lightheadedness.
+Rapid pulse.
+Shortness of breath.","Many things can cause tachycardia. If you feel like your heart is beating too fast, make an appointment for a health checkup.
+Seek immediate medical help if you have:
+Chest pain or discomfort.
+Shortness of breath.
+Weakness.
+Dizziness or lightheadedness.
+Fainting or near fainting.
+A type of tachycardia called ventricular fibrillation is an emergency that requires immediate medical attention.
+During ventricular fibrillation, blood pressure drops dramatically. The person's breathing and pulse stop because the heart is not pumping any blood to the body. This also is called cardiac arrest. The person usually falls down, also called collapses.
+If this happens, do the following:
+Call 911 or the emergency numberin your area.
+StartCPR.CPRhelps keep blood flowing to the organs until other treatments can start.
+If you're not trained inCPRor worried about giving rescue breaths, then provide hands-onlyCPR.Push hard and fast on the center of the chest at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions a minute until paramedics arrive. The American Heart Association suggests doing compressions to the beat of the song ""Stayin' Alive."" You don't need to do rescue breathing.
+Have someone get an automated external defibrillator (AED)if one is nearby. AnAEDis a portable device that delivers a shock to reset the heart rhythm. No training is needed to use the device. TheAEDtells you what to do. It's programmed to give a shock only when appropriate.","Tachycardia is an increased heart rate for any reason. If a fast heart rate is caused by exercise or stress, it's called sinus tachycardia. Sinus tachycardia is a symptom, not a condition.
+Most heart conditions can lead to different forms of tachycardia. Irregular heart rhythms, called arrhythmias, are one cause. An example of an irregular heart rhythm is atrial fibrillation (AFib).
+Other things that may lead to tachycardia include:
+Fever.
+Excessive alcohol use, which is defined as 14 or more drinks a week for a man or seven or more drinks a week for a woman.
+Alcohol withdrawal.
+Too much caffeine.
+High or low blood pressure.
+Changes in the level of minerals in the body, called electrolytes. Examples include potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium.
+Certain medicines.
+Overactive thyroid, called hyperthyroidism.
+A low number of red blood cells, called anemia.
+Smoking or nicotine use.
+Use of illegal stimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine.
+Heart attack.
+Sometimes the exact cause of tachycardia is not known.","In general, things that may raise the risk of irregular heart rhythms that commonly cause tachycardia include:
+Getting older.
+Having a family history of some heart rhythm disorders.
+High blood pressure.
+Lifestyle changes or treatment of heart conditions may lower the risk of tachycardia.","When the heart beats too fast, it may not pump enough blood to the body. As a result, the organs and tissues may not get enough oxygen.
+Complications of tachycardia depend on:
+The type of tachycardia.
+How fast the heart is beating.
+How long the rapid heart rate lasts.
+Whether there are other heart conditions.
+Potential complications of tachycardia may include:
+Blood clots that can cause a heart attack or stroke. Blood-thinning medicine may be used to lower this risk.
+Frequent fainting or unconsciousness.
+Heart failure.
+Sudden cardiac death. This is usually only associated with ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.","The best way to prevent tachycardia is to keep the heart healthy. Have regular health checkups. If you have heart disease, follow your treatment plan. Take all medicines as directed.
+Try these tips to prevent heart disease and keep the heart healthy:
+Don't smoke.
+Eat a diet that's low in salt and saturated fat.
+Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week.
+Maintain a healthy weight.
+Reduce and manage stress.
+Control high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
+Get good sleep. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.
+Talk to your healthcare team before using any medicines. Some cold and cough medicines have stimulants that may start a rapid heartbeat. Illegal drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine are other stimulants that can cause changes in the heart's rhythm.","To diagnose tachycardia, a healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms, health habits and medical history.","The goals of tachycardia treatment are to slow a rapid heartbeat and to prevent future episodes of a fast heart rate.
+If another health condition is causing tachycardia, treating the underlying problem may reduce or prevent episodes of a fast heartbeat.","If you have a plan to manage an episode of a fast heartbeat, you may feel calmer and more in control when one occurs. Ask your care team:
+How to take your pulse and what heart rate is best for you.
+When and how to do treatments called vagal maneuvers, if appropriate.
+When to seek emergency care.","If you have tachycardia, you may see a doctor trained in heart conditions. This type of healthcare professional is called a cardiologist. You also might see a doctor trained in heart rhythm disorders, called an electrophysiologist.
+There's often a lot to discuss at a health checkup. It's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready.","If you have tachycardia or any type of heart disease, it's important to take steps to keep your heart healthy. Steps include lifestyle changes such as eating a heart-healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and not smoking or using tobacco. Your care team also may suggest that you limit or avoid caffeine.","tachycardia, pounding, chest pain, palpitations, lightheadedness, racing, rapid pulse, fainting, pounding heartbeat, shortness of breath"
+860,Poison ivy rash,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/poison-ivy/symptoms-causes/syc-20376485,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/poison-ivy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376490,,"Poison ivy rash is caused by an allergic reaction to an oily resin called urushiol (u-ROO-she-ol). This oil is in the leaves, stems and roots of poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac.
+Wash your skin right away if you come into contact with this oil, unless you know you're not sensitive to it. Washing off the oil may reduce your chances of getting a poison ivy rash. If you develop a rash, it can be very itchy and last for weeks.
+You can treat mild cases of poison ivy rash at home with soothing lotions and cool baths. You may need prescription medication for a rash that's severe or widespread — especially if it's on your face or genitals.","Signs and symptoms of a poison ivy rash include:
+Redness
+Itching
+Swelling
+Blisters
+Difficulty breathing, if you've inhaled the smoke from burning poison ivy
+Poison ivy rash often appears in a straight line because of the way the plant brushes against your skin. But if you develop a rash after touching a piece of clothing or pet fur that has urushiol on it, the rash may be more spread out. You can also transfer the oil to other parts of your body with your fingers. The reaction usually develops 12 to 48 hours after exposure and lasts two to three weeks.
+The severity of the rash depends on the amount of urushiol that gets on your skin.","Seek emergency medical attention if:
+You inhaled the smoke from burning poison ivy and are having difficulty breathing
+See your doctor if:
+The reaction is severe or widespread
+Your skin continues to swell
+The rash affects your eyes, mouth or genitals
+Blisters are oozing pus
+You develop a fever greater than 100 F (37.8 C)
+The rash doesn't get better within a few weeks","Poison ivy rash is caused by an allergic reaction to an oily resin called urushiol. It's found in poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac. This oily resin is very sticky, so it easily attaches to your skin, clothing, tools, equipment and pet's fur. You can get a poison ivy reaction from:
+Touching the plant.If you touch the leaves, stem, roots or berries of the plant, you may have a reaction.
+Touching contaminated objects.If you walk through some poison ivy and then later touch your shoes, you might get urushiol on your hands. You might then transfer it to your face or body by touching or rubbing. If the contaminated object isn't cleaned, the urushiol on it can still cause a skin reaction years later.
+Inhaling smoke from the burning plants.Even the smoke from burning poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac can irritate or harm your nasal passages or lungs.
+Pus that oozes from blisters doesn't contain urushiol and won't spread the rash. But it's possible to get poison ivy rash from someone if you touch plant resin that's still on the person or contaminated clothing.","Your risk of a rash is increased if you participate in outdoor activities that put you at higher risk of exposure to poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac:
+Cable or telephone line installation
+Camping
+Construction
+Farming
+Firefighting
+Fishing from the shoreline
+Forestry
+Gardening
+Hiking
+Hunting
+Landscaping","If you scratch a poison ivy rash, bacteria under your fingernails may cause the skin to become infected. See your doctor if pus starts oozing from the blisters. Your doctor might prescribe antibiotics. Serious difficulty breathing and inflammation of the lining of the lungs may result from inhaling urushiol.","To prevent poison ivy rash, follow these tips:
+Avoid the plants.Learn how to identify poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac in all seasons. When hiking or engaging in other activities that might expose you to these plants, try to stay on cleared pathways. Wear socks, pants and long sleeves when outdoors. If camping, make sure you pitch your tent in an area free of these plants.Keep pets from running through wooded areas so that urushiol doesn't stick to their fur, which you then may touch.
+Wear protective clothing.If needed, protect your skin by wearing socks, boots, pants, long sleeves and heavy gloves.
+Remove or kill the plants.Identify and remove poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac from your yard or garden. You can get rid of such plants by applying an herbicide or pulling them out of the ground, including the roots, while wearing heavy gloves. Afterward remove the gloves carefully and wash them and your hands. Don't burn poison ivy or related plants because the urushiol can be carried by the smoke.
+Wash your skin or your pet's fur.Within 30 minutes after exposure to urushiol, use soap and water to gently wash off the harmful resin from your skin. Scrub under your fingernails too. Even washing after an hour or so can help reduce the severity of the rash.If you think your pet may be contaminated with urushiol, put on some long rubber gloves and give your pet a bath.
+Clean contaminated objects.If you think you've come into contact with poison ivy, wash your clothing promptly in warm soapy water — ideally in a washing machine. Handle contaminated clothing carefully so that you don't transfer the urushiol to yourself, furniture, rugs or appliances.Also wash as soon as possible any other items that came in contact with the plant oil — such as outdoor gear, garden tools, jewelry, shoes and even shoelaces. Urushiol can remain potent for years. So if you put away a contaminated jacket without washing it and take it out a year later, the oil on the jacket may still cause a rash.
+Apply a barrier cream.Try over-the-counter skin products that are intended to act as a barrier between your skin and the oily resin that causes poison ivy rash.","You generally won't need to see your doctor to be diagnosed with a poison ivy rash. If you go to a clinic, your doctor will likely diagnose your rash by looking at it. You usually won't need further testing.","Poison ivy treatments usually involve self-care methods at home. And the rash typically goes away on its own in two to three weeks.
+If the rash is widespread or causes many blisters, your doctor may prescribe an oral corticosteroid, such as prednisone, to reduce swelling. If a bacterial infection has developed at the rash site, your doctor might prescribe an oral antibiotic.",,"You probably won't need medical treatment for a poison ivy rash unless it spreads widely, persists for more than a few weeks or becomes infected. If you're concerned, you'll probably first see your primary care doctor. He or she might refer you to a doctor who specializes in skin disorders (dermatologist).","A poison ivy rash will eventually go away on its own. But the itching can be hard to deal with and make it difficult to sleep. If you scratch your blisters, they may become infected. Here are some steps you can take to help control the itching:
+Apply an over-the-counter cortisone cream or ointment (Cortizone 10) for the first few days.
+Apply calamine lotion or creams containing menthol.
+Take oral antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), which may also help you sleep better. An over-the-counter antihistamine that won't make you so drowsy is loratadine (Alavert, Claritin, others).
+Soak the affected area in a cool-water bath that has about a half cup (100 grams) of baking soda or an oatmeal-based bath product (Aveeno) in it.
+Place cool, wet compresses on the affected area for 15 to 30 minutes several times a day.","rash, blisters, swelling, inhaled, itching
+, smoke, itching, difficulty breathing, redness"
+861,Dyslexia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyslexia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353552,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyslexia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353557,,"Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding). Also called a reading disability, dyslexia is a result of individual differences in areas of the brain that process language.
+Dyslexia is not due to problems with intelligence, hearing or vision. Most children with dyslexia can succeed in school with tutoring or a specialized education program. Emotional support also plays an important role.
+Though there's no cure for dyslexia, early assessment and intervention result in the best outcome. Sometimes dyslexia goes undiagnosed for years and isn't recognized until adulthood, but it's never too late to seek help.","Signs of dyslexia can be difficult to recognize before your child enters school, but some early clues may indicate a problem. Once your child reaches school age, your child's teacher may be the first to notice a problem. Severity varies, but the condition often becomes apparent as a child starts learning to read.","Though most children are ready to learn reading by kindergarten or first grade, children with dyslexia often have trouble learning to read by that time. Talk with your health care provider if your child's reading level is below what's expected for your child's age or if you notice other signs of dyslexia.
+When dyslexia goes undiagnosed and untreated, childhood reading difficulties continue into adulthood.",Dyslexia results from individual differences in the parts of the brain that enable reading. It tends to run in families. Dyslexia appears to be linked to certain genes that affect how the brain processes reading and language.,A family history of dyslexia or other reading or learning disabilities increases the risk of having dyslexia.,"Dyslexia can lead to several problems, including:
+Trouble learning.Because reading is a skill basic to most other school subjects, a child with dyslexia is at a disadvantage in most classes and may have trouble keeping up with peers.
+Social problems.Left untreated, dyslexia may lead to low self-esteem, behavior problems, anxiety, aggression, and withdrawal from friends, parents and teachers.
+Problems as adults.The inability to read and comprehend can prevent children from reaching their potential as they grow up. This can have negative long-term educational, social and economic impacts.
+Children who have dyslexia are at increased risk of having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and vice versa.ADHDcan cause difficulty keeping attention. It can also cause hyperactivity and impulsive behavior, which can make dyslexia harder to treat.",,"There's no single test that can diagnose dyslexia. A number of factors are considered, such as:
+Your child's development, educational issues and medical history.The health care provider will likely ask you questions about these areas. Also, the provider will want to know about any conditions that run in the family, including dyslexia or any other type of learning disability.
+Questionnaires.The provider may have your child, caregivers or teachers complete questionnaires. Your child may be asked to take tests to identify reading and language abilities.
+Vision, hearing and brain (neurological) tests.These can help determine whether another disorder may be causing or adding to your child's difficulty reading.
+Psychological evaluation.The provider may ask you and your child questions to better understand your child's mental health. This can help determine whether social problems, anxiety or depression may be limiting your child's abilities.
+Tests for reading and other academic skills.Your child may take a set of educational tests and have the process and quality of reading skills analyzed by a reading expert.","There's no known way to correct the underlying brain differences that cause dyslexia. However, early detection and evaluation to determine specific needs and appropriate treatment can improve success. In many cases, treatment can help children become competent readers.","Emotional support and opportunities for achievement in activities that don't involve reading are important for children with dyslexia. If your child has dyslexia:
+Be supportive.Trouble learning to read may affect your child's self-esteem. Be sure to express your love and support. Offer encouragement by praising your child's talents and strengths. Talk to the school staff so they can provide the services and support that your child needs to succeed.
+Talk to your child.Explain to your child what dyslexia is and that it's not a personal failure. Understanding this can help your child better cope with having a learning disability.
+Take steps to help your child learn at home.Provide a clean, quiet, organized place for your child to study, and designate a study time. Also, make sure your child gets enough rest and eats regular, healthy meals.
+Limit screen time.Limit electronic screen time each day and use the extra time for reading practice.
+Stay in contact with your child's teachers.Talk with teachers frequently to make sure your child can stay on track. If needed, be sure your child gets extra time for tests that require reading. Ask the teacher if it would help your child to record the day's lessons to play back later.
+Join a support group.This can help you stay in contact with parents whose children face similar learning disabilities. Support groups can provide useful information and emotional support. Ask your health care provider or your child's reading specialist if there are any support groups in your area.","You may first bring up your concerns with your child's pediatrician or family health care provider. To ensure that another problem isn't at the root of your child's reading difficulties, the provider may refer your child to a:
+Specialist, such as an eye doctor (ophthalmologist or optometrist)
+Health care professional trained to evaluate hearing (audiologist)
+Specialist in brain and nervous system disorders (neurologist)
+Specialist in the central nervous system and behavior (neuropsychologist)
+Specialist in children's development and behavior (developmental and behavioral pediatrician)
+You may want to ask a family member or friend to come along, if possible, for support and to help you remember information.
+Bringing school records is especially helpful for the evaluation done by health care providers. These records can include your child'sIEPor 504 Plan, report cards, written communications from school noting concerns, and a limited number of your child's work samples.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment:",,"dyslexia, none"
+862,Medication overuse headaches,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/medication-overuse-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20377083,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/medication-overuse-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377089,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/medication-overuse-headache/doctors-departments/ddc-20377090,"Medication overuse headaches are the result of the long-term use of medicines needed to treat headaches such as migraines. It's OK to take pain relievers for headaches sometimes. But people who take them more than a couple of days a week may get medication overuse headaches, also called rebound headaches.
+For people with a headache condition such as migraine, most medicines for pain relief can have this effect. This doesn't seem true for people who have never had a headache condition. But people with a history of headaches who take pain relievers regularly for another condition, such as arthritis, may get medicine overuse headaches.
+Medication overuse headaches most often go away after stopping the pain medicine. This can make it challenging to manage pain in the short term. But your healthcare professional can help you find ways to
+prevent medication overuse headaches.","Symptoms of medication overuse headaches depend on the type of headache being treated and the medicine used. Medication overuse headaches tend to:
+Happen every day or nearly every day. These headaches often wake people from sleep.
+Improve with pain medicine but then return as the medicine wears off.
+Other symptoms may include:
+Nausea.
+Restlessness.
+Trouble concentrating.
+Memory problems.
+Irritability.","It's common to have some headaches. But take headaches seriously. Some types of headaches can be life-threatening.
+Seek immediate medical careif your headache:
+Is sudden and very bad.
+Happens with a fever, stiff neck, rash, confusion, seizure, double vision, weakness, numbness or trouble speaking.
+Follows a head injury.
+Gets worse even with rest and pain medicine.
+Is a new type of headache that's lasting, especially in people older than 50.
+Happens with shortness of breath.
+Happens when upright but goes away when lying flat.
+Talk with your healthcare professional if:
+You have two or more headaches a week.
+You take a pain reliever for your headaches more than twice a week.
+You need more than the dose you're supposed to take of pain medicines you get without a prescription to relieve your headaches.
+Your headache pattern changes.","Experts don't know exactly why medication overuse headaches happen. The risk of getting these headaches varies depending on the medicine. But most headache medicines can lead to medication overuse headaches, including:
+Simple pain relievers.Common pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) have a low risk of causing medication overuse headaches. Taking more than the daily dosages raises the risk.
+Combined pain relievers.Pain relievers you can buy at the store that combine caffeine, aspirin and acetaminophen (Excedrin) have a moderate risk of causing medication overuse headaches.This group also includes combined prescription medicines that have the sedative butalbital (Butapap, Lanorinal, others). Medicines with butalbital have a high risk of causing medication overuse headaches. It's best not to take them to treat headaches.
+Migraine medicines.Triptans (Imitrex, Zomig, others) used to treat migraine have a high risk of medication overuse headaches. The ergot dihydroergotamine (Migranal, Trudhesa) appears to have a lower risk of causing medication overuse headaches.A newer group of migraine medicines known as gepants don't seem to cause medication overuse headaches. Gepants include ubrogepant (Ubrelvy), rimegepant (Nurtec ODT) and zavegepant (Zavzpret).
+Opioids.Painkillers made from opium or from human-made opium compounds have a high risk of causing medication overuse headaches. They include oxycodone (Oxycontin, Roxicodone, others) hydrocodone, tramadol (Conzip, Qdolo, others), and combined codeine and acetaminophen. Taking them 10 or more days a month can lead to medication overuse headaches.","Risk factors for getting medication overuse headaches include:
+Long-term history of headaches.A long-term history of headaches, especially migraines, raises the risk. Medication overuse headache often occurs when a headache condition such as migraine is not well controlled and may make the underlying headache condition difficult to treat.
+Regular use of headache medicines.Your risk goes up if you use combined painkillers, opioids, ergotamine or triptans 10 or more days a month. Risk also rises if you use simple painkillers more than 15 days a month. This is especially true if you use these medicines for three months or longer.
+History of substance use disorders.A history of alcohol use disorder or another substance use disorder puts you at risk.",,"To help prevent medication overuse headaches:
+Take your headache medicine as prescribed.
+Contact your healthcare professional if you need headache medicine more than twice a week.
+Don't take medicines that have butalbital or opioids if possible.
+Use painkillers you can get without a prescription fewer than 14 days a month.
+Limit use of triptans or combined pain relievers to no more than nine days a month.
+Taking care of yourself can help prevent most headaches.
+Stay away from headache triggers.If you're not sure what triggers your headaches, keep a headache diary. Write down details about every headache. You may see a pattern.
+Get enough sleep.Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends.
+Don't skip meals.Start your day with a healthy breakfast. Eat lunch and dinner at about the same time every day.
+Stay hydrated.Be sure to drink plenty of water or other fluids that don't have caffeine.
+Exercise regularly.Physical activity causes the body to release chemicals that block pain signals to the brain. With your healthcare professional's OK, choose activities you enjoy. You might walk, swim or cycle.
+Lower stress.Make your schedule simpler. Plan your day. Try to stay positive.
+Lose weight.Obesity can add to headaches. If you need to lose weight, ask your healthcare professional to help you find a program that works for you.
+Quit smoking.If you smoke, talk to your healthcare professional about quitting. Smoking is linked to a higher risk of medication overuse headaches.
+Limit caffeine.Daily doses of caffeine also may add to medication overuse headaches. Caffeine may come from coffee, soda, pain relievers and other products. Read product labels to make sure you're not getting more caffeine than you know about.","Your healthcare professional most often can diagnose medication overuse headaches based on your history of headaches and your use of medicine. Most people don't need testing. People who are diagnosed with medication overuse disorder have a headache condition, have headaches on 15 or more days a month for more than three months, and take too much headache medicine.","A vital part of treatment is learning about medication overuse headaches and other ways to relieve pain. To break the cycle of medication overuse headaches, you'll need to stop or cut down on pain medicine. Your healthcare professional may advise stopping the medicine right away or lowering the dose little by little.",It might help to talk to other people who've had medication overuse headaches. Ask your healthcare professional if there are support groups in your area. Or contact the National Headache Foundation at www.headaches.org or888-643-5552.,"You're likely to start by seeing your main healthcare professional. Your healthcare professional may send you to a doctor who specializes in nervous system disorders, called a neurologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, nausea, irritability, headache, memory problems, trouble concentrating, restlessness, happen every day, wake from sleep, headaches"
+863,Proctitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/proctitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20376933,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/proctitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376938,,"Proctitis is inflammation of the lining of the rectum. The rectum is a muscular tube that's connected to the end of your colon. Stool passes through the rectum on its way out of the body.
+
+Proctitis can cause rectal pain, diarrhea, bleeding and discharge, as well as the continuous feeling that you need to have a bowel movement. Proctitis symptoms can be short-lived, or they can become chronic.
+
+Proctitis is common in people who have inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis). Sexually transmitted infections are another frequent cause. Proctitis also can be a side effect of radiation therapy for certain cancers.",Proctitis signs and symptoms may include:,Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms of proctitis.,Several diseases and conditions can cause inflammation of the rectal lining. They include:,Risk factors for proctitis include:,"Proctitis that isn't treated or that doesn't respond to treatment may lead to complications, including:","To reduce your risk of proctitis, take steps to protect yourself from sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The surest way to prevent anSTIis to abstain from sex, especially anal sex. If you choose to have sex, reduce your risk of anSTIby:
+
+If you're diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection, stop having sex until after you've completed treatment. Ask your doctor when it's safe to have sex again.",Tests and procedures used to diagnose proctitis include:,Treatment for proctitis depends on the underlying cause of the inflammation.,,"Start by seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner if you have rectal pain or bleeding, or if you continuously feel the need to have a bowel movement. If your doctor suspects you may have proctitis, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the digestive system (gastroenterologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready and to know what to expect from your doctor.",,"itching, constipation, diarrhea, discharge, painful bowel movements, bleeding, Here is the list of symptoms:
+
+rectal pain"
+865,Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-ulcer/symptoms-causes/syc-20377749,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-ulcer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377754,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-ulcer/doctors-departments/ddc-20377755,"Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome is a condition that occurs when one or more open sores (ulcers) develop in the rectum. The rectum is a muscular tube connected to the end of your colon. Stool passes through the rectum on its way out of the body.
+
+Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome is a rare and poorly understood disorder that often occurs in people with chronic constipation. Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome can cause rectal bleeding and straining during bowel movements. Despite the name, sometimes more than one rectal ulcer occurs in solitary rectal ulcer syndrome.
+
+Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome may improve with simple lifestyle strategies, such as changing your diet and drinking more fluids. In severe cases, however, surgery may be needed.","Signs and symptoms of solitary rectal ulcer syndrome include:
+
+However, some people with solitary rectal ulcer syndrome may experience no symptoms.","Make an appointment with your doctor if you notice any signs or symptoms that worry you.
+
+Several other conditions may cause signs and symptoms similar to those of solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. At your appointment, your doctor may recommend tests and procedures to identify or rule out causes other than solitary rectal ulcer syndrome.","It's not always clear what causes solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Doctors believe stress or injury to the rectum may cause rectal ulcers to form.
+
+Among the things that could injure the rectum are:",,,,"You may have one or more of the following tests to diagnose solitary rectal ulcer syndrome:
+
+Other imaging studies.Your doctor may order an imaging study called defecation proctography. In this study, a soft paste made of barium is inserted into your rectum. You then pass the barium paste as you would stool. The barium shows up on X-rays and may reveal a prolapse or problems with muscle function and muscle coordination.
+
+Specialized centers may offer a similar test called magnetic resonance defecography. This test is done with a magnetic resonance imaging machine and provides a 3D image of the rectum.","Treatment for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome depends on the severity of your condition. People with mild signs and symptoms may find relief through lifestyle changes, while people with more severe signs and symptoms may require medical or surgical treatment.
+
+Behavior therapy.You may strain during bowel movements out of habit. Behavior therapy can help you learn to relax your pelvic muscles during bowel movements.
+
+In one behavioral technique, called biofeedback, a specialist teaches you to control certain involuntary body responses, such as the tightening of your anus or pelvic floor muscles, during defecation. Biofeedback may make you more aware of your straining and help you to control it.
+
+Surgical procedures used to treat solitary rectal ulcer syndrome include:",,"Start by seeing your primary doctor if you have signs or symptoms that worry you. If your doctor suspects that you may have solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the digestive system (gastroenterologist).",,none
+868,Bile reflux,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bile-reflux/symptoms-causes/syc-20370115,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bile-reflux/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370121,,"Bile reflux occurs when bile — a digestive liquid produced in your liver — backs up (refluxes) into your stomach and, in some cases, into the tube that connects your mouth and stomach (esophagus).
+
+Bile reflux may accompany the reflux of stomach acid (gastric acid) into your esophagus. Gastric reflux may lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a potentially serious problem that causes irritation and inflammation of esophageal tissue.
+
+Unlike gastric acid reflux, bile reflux can't be completely controlled by changes in diet or lifestyle. Treatment involves medications or, in severe cases, surgery.","Bile reflux can be difficult to distinguish from gastric acid reflux. The signs and symptoms are similar, and the two conditions may occur at the same time.
+
+Bile reflux signs and symptoms include:","Make an appointment with your doctor if you frequently experience symptoms of reflux, or if you're losing weight without trying.
+
+If you've been diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) but aren't getting enough relief from your medications, call your doctor. You may need additional treatment for bile reflux.","Bile is essential for digesting fats and for eliminating worn-out red blood cells and certain toxins from your body. Bile is produced in your liver and stored in your gallbladder.
+
+Eating a meal that contains even a small amount of fat signals your gallbladder to release bile, which flows through a small tube into the upper part of your small intestine (duodenum).",,"Bile reflux gastritis has been linked to stomach cancer. The combination of bile reflux and acid reflux also increases the risk of the following complications:
+
+Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).This condition, which causes irritation and inflammation of the esophagus, is most often due to excess acid, but bile may be mixed with the acid.
+
+Bile is often suspected of contributing to GERD when people respond incompletely or not at all to powerful acid-suppressant medications.",,"A description of your symptoms and knowledge of your medical history is usually enough for your doctor to diagnose a reflux problem. But distinguishing between acid reflux and bile reflux is difficult and requires further testing.
+
+You're also likely to have tests to check for damage to your esophagus and stomach, as well as for precancerous changes.
+
+Tests may include:
+
+Ambulatory acid tests.These tests use an acid-measuring probe to identify when, and for how long, acid refluxes into your esophagus. Ambulatory acid tests can help your doctor rule out acid reflux but not bile reflux.
+
+In one test, a thin, flexible tube (catheter) with a probe at the end is threaded through your nose into your esophagus. The probe measures the acid in your esophagus over a period of 24 hours.
+
+In another test called the Bravo test, the probe is attached to the lower portion of your esophagus during endoscopy and the catheter is removed.","Lifestyle adjustments and medications can be very effective for acid reflux into the esophagus, but bile reflux is harder to treat. There is little evidence assessing the effectiveness of bile reflux treatments, in part because of the difficulty of establishing bile reflux as the cause of symptoms.",,"Make an appointment with your doctor if you have signs or symptoms common to bile reflux. After your doctor's initial evaluation, you may be referred to a specialist in digestive disorders (gastroenterologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment and what to expect from your doctor.",,"reflux, none"
+869,Vesicoureteral reflux,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux/symptoms-causes/syc-20378819,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378824,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vesicoureteral-reflux/doctors-departments/ddc-20378825,"Vesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-tur-ul) reflux means that some urine flows in the wrong direction once it reaches the bladder. It flows back up tubes called ureters that connect the kidneys to the bladder. Typically, urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters down to the bladder. It's not supposed to flow back up.
+Most often, vesicoureteral reflux is found in infants and children. Some are born with vesicoureteral reflux due to an issue with the structure of one of the two ureters. Others develop the condition later for reasons such as the bladder not being able to empty fully.
+With vesicoureteral reflux, urine can carry germs from the bladder up to the kidneys. That raises the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs).UTIscan happen in any of the organs that make urine and remove it from the body. These infections can cause symptoms such as a strong need to urinate and pain while urinating. Without treatment,UTIscan lead to kidney damage.
+Some children who are born with vesicoureteral reflux outgrow it. Others need treatment such as medicine or surgery. The goal of treatment is to prevent kidney damage and moreUTIs.","Vesicoureteral reflux symptoms often are due to a urinary tract infection (UTI). AUTIdoesn't always cause symptoms, but most people notice some.
+These symptoms can include:
+A strong, constant urge to urinate.
+A burning feeling when urinating.
+The need to pass small amounts of urine often.
+Cloudy urine.
+Fever.
+Pain in the side, groin or stomach area.
+Babies and some small children withUTIscan't tell adults what their symptoms feel like. But they may have:
+A fever for no clear reason.
+Lack of hunger.
+Fussiness.
+As a child gets older, vesicoureteral reflux that doesn't get treated can lead to:
+Bed-wetting.
+Constipation or loss of control over bowel movements.
+High blood pressure.
+Protein in urine.
+Urgent need to urinate or urinating more often than usual.
+Leaking urine by accident, also called urinary incontinence.
+Another symptom of vesicoureteral reflux is swelling of one or both kidneys. This swelling is called hydronephrosis. It's caused by the backup of urine into the kidneys. An imaging test called an ultrasound often finds this swelling before a baby is born.","Call a healthcare professional right away if your child has anyUTIsymptoms, such as:
+A strong, persistent urge to urinate.
+A burning sensation when urinating.
+Pain in the stomach area, groin or side.
+Upset stomach or vomiting.
+Call your healthcare professional about fever if your child:
+Is younger than 3 months old and has a rectal temperature of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) or higher. A child 2 months old or younger may need emergency care.
+Is 3 months or older and has a fever of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) or higher without other symptoms that lasts more than 24 hours.
+Is also eating poorly, has had major changes in mood, or looks or acts very sick.","There are two main types of vesicoureteral reflux, and they have different causes.
+Primary vesicoureteral reflux.Children are born with this more common type of reflux. It's caused by a problem with the valve that usually keeps urine from flowing backward from the bladder. The valve doesn't close well. This lets urine flow back up tubes called ureters that carry urine from the kidneys down to the bladder.As children grow, the ureters lengthen and straighten. That may help the valve work better and correct the backflow of urine over time. This type of vesicoureteral reflux tends to run in families. So it may be genetic. But the exact cause isn't known.
+Secondary vesicoureteral reflux.This type of reflux most often happens because the bladder doesn't empty properly. There can be many reasons for this. For example, a fold of tissue may block urine from fully leaving the bladder. Or muscles that connect the bladder to another tube called the urethra may become too narrow. Or the nerves that control the bladder's ability to empty may become damaged.","Risk factors for vesicoureteral reflux include:
+Bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD).Children withBBDhold their urine and stool. They also get repeated urinary tract infections. That can contribute to vesicoureteral reflux.
+Race.White children appear to have a higher risk of vesicoureteral reflux than do Black children.
+Sex assigned at birth.In general, girls have a much higher risk of having this condition than boys do. The exception is for vesicoureteral reflux that's present at birth. This is more common in boys.
+Age.Infants and children up to age 2 are more likely to have vesicoureteral reflux than older children are.
+Family history.Primary vesicoureteral reflux tends to run in families. Children whose parents had the condition are at higher risk of it. Siblings of children who have the condition also are at higher risk. So your healthcare professional may recommend screening tests for siblings of a child with primary vesicoureteral reflux.","Kidney damage is the main health concern, also called complication, that can happen with vesicoureteral reflux. The worse the reflux, the more serious the complications are likely to be.
+Complications may include:
+Kidney scarring.Without treatment,UTIscan lead to lasting damage to kidney tissue known as scarring. Extensive scarring may lead to high blood pressure and kidney failure.
+High blood pressure.The kidneys filter waste from the bloodstream. So damage to the kidneys can cause waste to build up. That in turn can raise blood pressure.
+Kidney problems.Scarring can cause an affected kidney to have trouble filtering blood. This may lead to kidney failure, meaning the kidney loses its filtering ability. This life-threatening condition can happen quickly, also known as acute kidney injury. Or it can develop over time, also called chronic kidney disease.",,"Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare professional takes to find out if your child has vesicoureteral reflux. A urine test can reveal whether your child has aUTI. Other tests may be needed, including:
+Kidney and bladder ultrasound.This imaging test uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of the kidney and bladder. Ultrasound can find out if parts of either organ don't look regular. This same test often is used during pregnancy to track a baby's development. It also may reveal swollen kidneys in the baby. That can be a symptom of primary vesicoureteral reflux.
+Specialized X-ray of the urinary system.This test is called a voiding cystourethrogram, or VCUG. It uses X-rays of the bladder when it's full and when it's emptying to spot clues to health issues. During the test, your child lies back on an X-ray table. A healthcare professional places a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through the urethra and into the bladder. Contrast dye is injected into the bladder through the catheter. Then the bladder is X-rayed.Next, the catheter is removed so that your child can urinate. More X-rays are taken of the bladder and urethra during urination. This lets the healthcare professional see whether the urinary tract is working correctly. The test likely won't be painful. But the healthcare professional may give your child calming medicine called a sedative first. Risks of this test include discomfort from the catheter or from having a full bladder. The test may raise the risk of a new urinary tract infection. It also may expose your child to a small amount of radiation.
+Nuclear scan.This test uses a tracer called a radioisotope. The scanner detects the tracer and shows whether the urinary tract is working correctly. Risks include discomfort from the catheter and discomfort during urination. The test involves less exposure to radiation than does aVCUG.
+Try to get tested at a center that has lots of experience using catheters. If your baby or young child needs aVCUG, choose a center that knows how to minimize radiation exposure.","Treatment options for vesicoureteral reflux depend on how serious the condition is. Children with mild primary vesicoureteral reflux may outgrow it in time. In this situation, your child's healthcare professional may recommend a wait-and-see approach.
+For more-serious vesicoureteral reflux, treatment options include medications or surgery.",,"Healthcare professionals usually spot vesicoureteral reflux as part of follow-up testing when an infant or young child has a urinary tract infection. Call your child's healthcare professional if your child has symptoms such as a long-lasting fever or pain or burning during urination.
+Your child may be referred to a doctor called a urologist who finds and treats urinary tract conditions. Or your child may be referred to a doctor called a nephrologist who finds and treats kidney conditions.
+Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your child's healthcare professional.","Lifestyle and home remedies can help ease symptoms of urinary tract infections. These infections are common with vesicoureteral reflux, and they can be painful. But you can take the following steps to ease your child's discomfort until antibiotics clear the infection:
+Encourage your child to drink fluids,especially water. Drinking water dilutes urine and may help flush out germs.
+Provide a heating pad or a warm blanket or towel.Warmth can help ease feelings of pressure or pain. If you don't have a heating pad, warm a towel or blanket in the dryer for a few minutes. Be sure the towel or blanket is just warm, not hot. Then place it over your child's stomach area.
+If bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD) plays a part in your child's vesicoureteral reflux, encourage healthy toileting habits. Have your child use the bathroom regularly. For instance, it can help to empty the bladder every 2 to 3 hours while awake. Also, try to prevent constipation. Have your child drink plenty of water and eat a diet that's high in fiber. If your child becomes constipated, talk with your child's healthcare professional about treatment choices. Medicine called a laxative may be an option. A laxative can soften stool or get the bowels moving.","vesicoureteral reflux symptoms, swelling, pain in the side, lack of hunger, fussiness, burning feeling when urinating, strong urge to urinate, urinating more often than usual, urinary tract infection, protein in urine, bed-wetting, urgent need to urinate, need to pass small amounts of urine often, constipation, swelling of one or both kidneys, pain in the groin, pain in the stomach area, pain, urinary incontinence, fever, cloudy urine, vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis, high blood pressure, leaking urine by accident"
+871,Mitral valve regurgitation,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350178,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350183,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/doctors-departments/ddc-20350186,"Mitral valve regurgitation is the most common type of heart valve disease. In this condition, the valve between the left heart chambers doesn't close fully. Blood leaks backward across the valve. If the leakage is severe, not enough blood moves through the heart or to the rest of the body. Mitral valve regurgitation can make you feel very tired or short of breath.
+Other names for mitral valve regurgitation are:
+Mitral regurgitation (MR).
+Mitral insufficiency.
+Mitral incompetence.
+Treatment of mitral valve regurgitation may include regular health checkups, medicines or surgery. You may not need treatment if the condition is mild.
+Severe mitral valve regurgitation often requires a catheter procedure or heart surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve. Without proper treatment, severe mitral valve regurgitation can cause heart rhythm problems or heart failure.","Mitral valve regurgitation is often mild and develops slowly. Some people do not have symptoms for many years.
+But sometimes, mitral valve regurgitation develops quickly. When this happens, it's called acute mitral valve regurgitation.
+Fatigue is a common but nonspecific symptom of mitral valve regurgitation. Other symptoms of mitral valve regurgitation include:
+Irregular heartbeat, called an arrhythmia.
+Shortness of breath, especially when lying down.
+Feelings of a rapid, pounding or fluttering heartbeat, called palpitations.
+Swollen feet or ankles.","If you have symptoms of mitral valve regurgitation, make an appointment for a health checkup.
+You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist.","To understand the causes of mitral valve disease, it may be helpful to know how the heart works.
+The mitral valve is one of four valves in the heart that keep blood flowing in the right direction. Each valve has flaps, also called leaflets, that open and close once during each heartbeat.
+In mitral valve regurgitation, the valve flaps don't close tightly. Blood moves backward when the valve is closed. This makes it harder for the heart to work properly.
+If mitral valve regurgitation is due to problems with the mitral valve, the condition is called primary mitral valve regurgitation.
+If a problem or disease affecting other areas of the heart cause a leaky mitral valve, the condition is called functional or secondary mitral regurgitation.
+Possible causes of mitral valve regurgitation include:
+Mitral valve prolapse.In this condition, the mitral valve's flaps bulge back into the left upper heart chamber when the heart squeezes. This common heart problem can prevent the mitral valve from closing tightly and cause blood to flow backward.
+Rheumatic fever.Rheumatic fever is a complication of untreated strep throat. Rheumatic fever can damage the mitral valve, leading to mitral valve regurgitation early or later in life. If rheumatic fever causes mitral valve disease, the condition is called rheumatic mitral valve disease. Rheumatic fever is rare in the United States.
+Heart attack.A heart attack can damage the area of the heart muscle that supports the mitral valve. If there is a lot of heart attack damage, sudden and severe mitral valve regurgitation can occur. A leaky mitral valve caused by a heart attack is called ischemic mitral regurgitation.
+Heart problem present at birth, also called a congenital heart defect.Some people are born with heart structure problems, including damaged heart valves.
+Thickening of the heart muscle, called cardiomyopathy.Cardiomyopathy makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. The condition can affect how the mitral valve works, causing regurgitation. Types of cardiomyopathy linked to mitral valve regurgitation include dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
+Damaged tissue cords.Over time, the pieces of tissue that hold the flaps of the mitral valve to the heart wall may stretch or tear. This is especially likely in people with mitral valve prolapse. A tear can cause blood to suddenly leak through the mitral valve. It may require mitral valve repair surgery. A chest injury also can cause rupture of the cords.
+Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart's chambers and valves, called endocarditis.This condition is usually caused by an infection. Germs get into the bloodstream and attach to damaged areas in the heart.
+Radiation therapy.Rarely, radiation therapy for cancer that is focused on the chest area can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.","Several things can increase the risk of mitral valve regurgitation, including:
+Certain infections that affect the heart.
+Heart attack.
+Heart problems present at birth, called congenital heart defects.
+History of other heart valve diseases, including mitral valve prolapse and mitral valve stenosis.
+Older age.
+Radiation to the chest.","Mitral valve regurgitation complications often depend on the severity of disease. Mild mitral valve regurgitation usually does not cause any problems.
+As mitral valve regurgitation gets worse, the heart must work harder to pump blood to the body. The strain on the heart can cause the left lower chamber to widen. The heart muscle may become weak.
+Potential complications of severe mitral valve regurgitation include:
+An irregular and often rapid heartbeat, called atrial fibrillation.Mitral valve regurgitation may trigger this common heart rhythm disorder. Atrial fibrillation has been linked to an increased risk of blood clots and stroke.
+High blood pressure in the lungs, called pulmonary hypertension.Long-term untreated or improperly treated mitral regurgitation can increase pressure in the blood vessels in the lungs. As pressure rises, fluid builds up in the lungs.
+Congestive heart failure.In severe mitral valve regurgitation, the heart has to work harder to pump enough blood to the body. The extra effort causes the left lower heart chamber to get bigger. Untreated, the heart muscle becomes weak. This can cause heart failure.",,"To diagnose mitral valve regurgitation, a health care professional does a physical exam and asks questions about your symptoms and medical history. A device called a stethoscope is used to listen to the heart and lungs. If you have mitral valve regurgitation, a whooshing sound called a murmur may be heard. The mitral valve heart murmur is the sound of blood leaking backward through the valve.
+Tests may be done to confirm a diagnosis of mitral valve regurgitation or to check for other conditions that can cause similar symptoms.","The goals of mitral valve regurgitation treatment are to:
+Help the heart work better.
+Reduce symptoms.
+Prevent complications.
+Some people, especially those with mild regurgitation, might not need treatment. Your health care team considers your symptoms and stage of regurgitation, among other things, when planning treatment.
+Treatment of mitral valve regurgitation may include:
+Healthy lifestyle changes.
+Regular health checkups.
+Medicines to treat symptoms and prevent complications, such as blood clots.
+Surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve.
+A doctor trained in heart diseases typically provides care for people with mitral valve regurgitation. This type of health care professional is called a cardiologist.
+If you have mitral valve regurgitation, consider being treated at a medical center with a multidisciplinary team of health care professionals trained and experienced in evaluating and treating heart valve disease.",,"If you think you have mitral valve regurgitation, make an appointment to see a health care professional. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.","Your health care team may suggest that you make several heart-healthy lifestyle changes. Take these steps:
+Manage blood pressure.Control of high blood pressure is important if you have mitral valve regurgitation.
+Eat a heart-healthy diet.Food doesn't directly affect mitral valve regurgitation. But a healthy diet can help prevent other heart disease that can weaken the heart muscle. Eat foods that are low in saturated and trans fats, sugar, salt, and refined grains, such as white bread. Eat a variety of vegetables and fruits, whole grains, and proteins, such as lean meats, fish and nuts.
+Get regular exercise.How long and hard you're able to exercise can depend on whether you have mild, moderate or severe mitral valve regurgitation. Talk with your health care team about the amount and type of exercise that's best for you, especially if you're considering competitive sports.
+Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight increases the risk of heart disease. Talk with a health care professional to set realistic goals for body mass index and weight.
+Prevent infective endocarditis.If you've had mitral valve replacement, your doctor will likely recommend that you take antibiotics before dental procedures to prevent an infection called infective endocarditis.
+Avoid or limit alcohol.Heavy alcohol use can cause irregular heartbeats and can make your symptoms worse. Excessive alcohol use also can cause a weakened heart muscle that leads to mitral regurgitation. Ask your health care team about the effects of drinking alcohol.
+Avoid tobacco.If you smoke, quit. Ask your health care team about resources to help you quit smoking. Joining a support group may be helpful.
+Practice good sleep habits.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other chronic conditions. Go to bed and wake at the same time every day, including on weekends. If you have trouble sleeping, talk with a health care professional about strategies that might help.
+If you have mitral valve regurgitation and are thinking about getting pregnant, talk with your health care team first. Pregnancy causes the heart to work harder. How a heart with mitral valve regurgitation tolerates this extra work depends on the degree of regurgitation and how well the heart pumps.","fatigue, pounding, palpitations, swollen feet or ankles, irregular heartbeat, arrhythmia, mitral valve regurgitation, shortness of breath"
+873,Renal artery stenosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/renal-artery-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352777,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/renal-artery-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352782,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/renal-artery-stenosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20352784,"Renal artery stenosis is when one or more arteries that carry blood to the kidneys narrow. These are called the renal arteries.
+Having narrowed renal arteries means the kidneys don't get enough oxygen-rich blood. The kidneys need enough blood flow to help filter waste products and remove excess fluids. Less blood flow to the kidneys may injure kidney tissue and raise blood pressure throughout the body.","Renal artery stenosis often doesn't cause symptoms until it's advanced. A healthcare professional may find the condition while testing for something else. Or your healthcare professional may suspect the condition if you have:
+High blood pressure that begins suddenly or gets worse without a known cause.
+High blood pressure that begins before age 30 or after age 55.
+As renal artery stenosis advances, other signs and symptoms may include:
+High blood pressure that's hard to manage.
+A whooshing sound as blood flows through a narrowed vessel, called a bruit. A member of your healthcare team hears the sound through a stethoscope placed over your kidneys.
+Fluid buildup and swelling in the body's tissues.",Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have lasting symptoms that worry you.,"The two main causes of renal artery stenosis include:
+Buildup on kidney arteries, also called renal arteries.Fats, cholesterol and other substances, called plaques, can build up in and on the kidney artery walls. This is called atherosclerosis.As the buildup grows, the plaque can harden. That lowers blood flow and causes kidney scarring. In time, the plaque narrows the artery. Atherosclerosis happens in many areas of the body. It's the most common cause of renal artery stenosis.
+Fibromuscular dysplasia.In fibromuscular dysplasia, the muscle in the artery wall doesn't grow as it should. This often begins in childhood. The renal artery can have narrow sections and wider sections. This looks like beads in images of the artery.The renal artery can narrow so much that the kidney doesn't get enough blood. This can lead to high blood pressure at a young age. This can happen in one or both kidneys.Experts don't know what causes fibromuscular dysplasia. But the condition is more common in people assigned female at birth. It may be present at birth, called congenital.","Most often, renal artery stenosis results from narrowed kidney arteries. Risk factors for narrowed arteries in the kidneys and other parts of the body include:
+Older age.
+High blood pressure.
+High cholesterol.
+Diabetes.
+Obesity.
+Smoking and other tobacco use.
+A family history of early heart disease.
+Lack of exercise.","Possible complications of renal artery stenosis include:
+High blood pressure.
+Chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. Kidney disease can happen if high blood pressure is not managed over time. Kidney failure needs treatment with dialysis or a kidney transplant.
+Fluid retention in the legs. This causes swollen ankles or feet.",,"To diagnose renal artery stenosis, your healthcare professional may start with:
+A physical exam. This includes listening through a stethoscope over the kidneys for sounds that may mean the artery to the kidney is narrowed.
+A review of your medical history.
+Blood and urine tests to check how your kidneys work.
+Blood and urine tests to measure the levels of hormones that keep blood pressure managed.
+Your healthcare professional might order the following imaging tests:
+Doppler ultrasound.High-frequency sound waves help a healthcare professional see the arteries and kidneys and check how they work. This procedure also helps find if the blood vessels are blocked and measure how bad the blockage is.
+CT scan.This is a type of imaging that uses X-ray techniques to make detailed images of the body. It then uses a computer to make cross-sectional images, also called slices, of the renal arteries. You may get a shot of dye, called an injection, to show blood flow.
+Magnetic resonance angiography.Also called MRA, this uses radio waves and strong magnetic fields to make detailed images of the renal arteries and kidneys. A shot of dye into the arteries outlines blood vessels during imaging.
+Renal arteriography.This special type of X-ray exam helps find the blockage in the renal arteries. Sometimes, a healthcare professional uses this to open the narrowed part with a balloon or small tube, called a stent.Before the X-ray, a member of your healthcare team puts a dye into the renal arteries through a long, thin tube, called a catheter. This is to outline the arteries and show blood flow more clearly. This test mainly is for people who are likely to need to have a stent widen an artery.","Treatment for renal artery stenosis may involve lifestyle changes, medicine and a procedure to restore blood flow to the kidneys. If your arteries are not blocked, you may not need treatment.",,"For renal artery stenosis, you may start by seeing your main healthcare professional. Your healthcare professional may send you to a doctor who specializes in conditions that affect the kidneys, called a nephrologist, or a heart and blood vessel specialist, called a cardiologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","As a part of your treatment plan for renal artery stenosis, your healthcare professional may suggest these lifestyle changes:
+Get to and stay at a healthy weight.When weight goes up, so does blood pressure. If you're overweight, losing weight may help to lower your blood pressure.
+Use less salt in your diet.Salt and salty foods cause your body to retain fluid. This may increase your blood pressure.
+Be physically active.Being physically active may help you lose weight, lower your risk of heart disease, and lower your cholesterol and your blood pressure. Check with your healthcare professional before starting an exercise program.
+Don't use tobacco.Tobacco harms blood vessel walls and speeds up the process of hardening of the arteries. If you smoke, ask your healthcare team to help you quit.","whooshing sound, swelling, fluid buildup, renal artery stenosis, high blood pressure"
+875,Kidney stones,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355759,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/doctors-departments/ddc-20355760,"Kidney stones are hard objects made of minerals and salts in urine. They form inside the kidneys. You may hear healthcare professionals refer to kidney stones as renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis.
+Kidney stones have various causes. These include diet, extra body weight, some health conditions, and some supplements and medicines. Kidney stones can affect any of the organs that make urine or remove it from the body — from the kidneys to the bladder. Often, stones form when the urine has less water in it. This lets minerals form crystals and stick together.
+Passing kidney stones can be quite painful. But prompt treatment usually helps prevent any lasting damage. Sometimes, the only treatment needed to pass a kidney stone is taking pain medicine and drinking lots of water. Other times, surgery or other treatments may be needed. It depends on size, location and the type of stone you have.
+If you've had more than one kidney stone, your healthcare professional can show you ways to prevent more. This may involve making diet changes, taking medicine or both.","A kidney stone usually doesn't cause symptoms until it moves around within the kidney or passes into one of the ureters. The ureters are the tubes that connect the kidneys and bladder.
+If a kidney stone gets stuck in one of the ureters, it may block the flow of urine and cause the kidney to swell and the ureter to spasm. That can be very painful. At that point, you may have these symptoms:
+Serious, sharp pain in the side and back, below the ribs.
+Pain that spreads to the lower stomach area and groin.
+Pain that comes in waves and varies in how intense it feels.
+Pain or a burning feeling while urinating.
+Other symptoms may include:
+Pink, red or brown urine.
+Cloudy or foul-smelling urine.
+A constant need to urinate, urinating more often than usual or urinating in small amounts.
+Upset stomach and vomiting.
+Fever and chills if an infection is present.
+Pain caused by a kidney stone may change as the stone moves through your urinary tract. For instance, the pain may shift to a different part of the body or become more intense.","Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+Get a healthcare checkup right away if you have:
+Pain so bad that you can't sit still or find a comfortable position.
+Pain along with upset stomach and vomiting.
+Pain along with fever and chills.
+Blood in your urine.
+Trouble passing urine.","Kidney stones often have no definite, single cause. But many factors may raise your risk.
+Kidney stones develop when the urine contains more crystal-forming substances than the fluid in the urine can dilute. These substances include calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid. At the same time, the urine may lack substances that prevent crystals from sticking together. That creates an ideal setting for kidney stones to form.","Factors that raise your risk of kidney stones include:
+Family or personal history.If someone in your family has had kidney stones, you're more likely to develop stones too. If you've already had one or more kidney stones, you're at higher risk of getting another.
+Dehydration.Not drinking enough water each day can raise your risk of kidney stones. People who live in warm, dry climates and those who sweat a lot may be at higher risk than others.
+Some diets.Eating a diet that's high in oxalate, protein, sodium and sugar may raise your risk of some types of kidney stones. This is especially true with a high-sodium diet. Too much sodium raises the amount of calcium the kidneys must filter. And that greatly raises the risk of kidney stones.
+Obesity.This complex disease involves having too much body fat, and it's been linked with a higher risk of kidney stones.
+Digestive diseases and surgery.Gastric bypass surgery, inflammatory bowel disease or ongoing diarrhea can cause changes in the digestive process. These changes affect how the body absorbs calcium and water. That in turn increases the amounts of stone-forming substances in the urine.
+Other health conditionssuch as renal tubular acidosis, cystinuria, hyperparathyroidism and repeated urinary tract infections also can raise the risk of kidney stones. A rare genetic condition called primary hyperoxaluria raises the risk of calcium oxalate stones.
+Some supplements and medicines.These include vitamin C, dietary supplements, overuse of laxatives, calcium-based antacids, and some medicines for migraines or depression.",,Prevention of kidney stones may include a mix of lifestyle changes and medicines.,"Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare professional takes to find out if you have kidney stones. Diagnosis also can include testing to find the cause and chemical makeup of kidney stones. Your healthcare professional starts by giving you a physical exam. You also may need tests such as:
+Blood tests.Blood tests may reveal too much calcium or uric acid in your blood. Blood test results help track the health of your kidneys. These results also may lead your healthcare professional to check for other health conditions.
+Urine testing.Your healthcare professional may ask you to collect samples of your urine over 24 hours. The 24-hour urine collection test may show that your body is releasing too many stone-forming minerals or too few substances that prevent stones. Follow your healthcare professional's instructions closely. Collecting the urine appropriately is key to make changes in your treatment plan to prevent new stones from forming.
+Imaging.Imaging tests such as CT scans may show kidney stones in your urinary tract. An advanced scan known as a high-speed or dual energy CT scan may help find tiny uric acid stones. Simple X-rays of the stomach area, also called the abdomen, are used less often. That's because this kind of imaging test can miss small kidney stones.Ultrasound is another imaging option to diagnose kidney stones.
+Analysis of passed stones.You may be asked to urinate through a strainer to catch any stones that you pass. Then a lab checks the chemical makeup of your kidney stones. Your healthcare professional uses this information to find out what's causing your kidney stones and to form a plan to prevent more kidney stones.
+Genetic testing.Some rare conditions that pass from parent to child make kidney stones more likely. For instance, having cystinuria raises the risk of cystine stones. Primary hyperoxaluria raises the risk of calcium oxalate stones. If your healthcare professional thinks you might have such a condition, your healthcare professional may recommend genetic testing to find out for sure.",Treatment for kidney stones varies. It depends on the type of stone and the cause.,,"Small kidney stones that don't block your kidney or cause other health troubles can be treated by your primary healthcare professional. But if you have a large kidney stone and have serious pain or kidney troubles, you may need to see a specialist. Your healthcare professional may refer you to a doctor called a urologist or a nephrologist who treats conditions of the urinary tract.",,"pain, upset stomach, kidney stone, brown urine, urinating more often, pink urine, vomiting, fever, chills, cloudy urine, foul-smelling urine, constant need to urinate, urinating in small amounts, burning feeling, infection, red urine, spasm, sharp pain"
+877,Diabetic retinopathy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371617,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/doctors-departments/ddc-20371618,"Diabetic retinopathy (die-uh-BET-ik ret-ih-NOP-uh-thee) is a diabetes complication that affects eyes. It's caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina).
+
+At first, diabetic retinopathy might cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems. But it can lead to blindness.
+
+The condition can develop in anyone who has type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The longer you have diabetes and the less controlled your blood sugar is, the more likely you are to develop this eye complication.","You might not have symptoms in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. As the condition progresses, you might develop:",,"Over time, too much sugar in your blood can lead to the blockage of the tiny blood vessels that nourish the retina, cutting off its blood supply. As a result, the eye attempts to grow new blood vessels. But these new blood vessels don't develop properly and can leak easily.
+
+There are two types of diabetic retinopathy:
+
+Early diabetic retinopathy.In this more common form — called nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) — new blood vessels aren't growing (proliferating).
+
+When you have NPDR, the walls of the blood vessels in your retina weaken. Tiny bulges protrude from the walls of the smaller vessels, sometimes leaking fluid and blood into the retina. Larger retinal vessels can begin to dilate and become irregular in diameter as well. NPDR can progress from mild to severe as more blood vessels become blocked.
+
+Sometimes retinal blood vessel damage leads to a buildup of fluid (edema) in the center portion (macula) of the retina. If macular edema decreases vision, treatment is required to prevent permanent vision loss.
+
+Advanced diabetic retinopathy.Diabetic retinopathy can progress to this more severe type, known as proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In this type, damaged blood vessels close off, causing the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels in the retina. These new blood vessels are fragile and can leak into the clear, jellylike substance that fills the center of your eye (vitreous).
+
+Eventually, scar tissue from the growth of new blood vessels can cause the retina to detach from the back of your eye. If the new blood vessels interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, pressure can build in the eyeball. This buildup can damage the nerve that carries images from your eye to your brain (optic nerve), resulting in glaucoma.",Anyone who has diabetes can develop diabetic retinopathy. The risk of developing the eye condition can increase as a result of:,"Diabetic retinopathy involves the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the retina. Complications can lead to serious vision problems:
+
+Vitreous hemorrhage.The new blood vessels may bleed into the clear, jellylike substance that fills the center of your eye. If the amount of bleeding is small, you might see only a few dark spots (floaters). In more-severe cases, blood can fill the vitreous cavity and completely block your vision.
+
+Vitreous hemorrhage by itself usually doesn't cause permanent vision loss. The blood often clears from the eye within a few weeks or months. Unless your retina is damaged, your vision will likely return to its previous clarity.","You can't always prevent diabetic retinopathy. However, regular eye exams, good control of your blood sugar and blood pressure, and early intervention for vision problems can help prevent severe vision loss.
+
+If you have diabetes, reduce your risk of getting diabetic retinopathy by doing the following:
+
+Remember, diabetes doesn't necessarily lead to vision loss. Taking an active role in diabetes management can go a long way toward preventing complications.","Diabetic retinopathy is best diagnosed with a comprehensive dilated eye exam. For this exam, drops placed in your eyes widen (dilate) your pupils to allow your doctor a better view inside your eyes. The drops can cause your close vision to blur until they wear off, several hours later.
+
+During the exam, your eye doctor will look for abnormalities in the inside and outside parts of your eyes.
+
+After your eyes are dilated, a dye is injected into a vein in your arm. Then pictures are taken as the dye circulates through your eyes' blood vessels. The images can pinpoint blood vessels that are closed, broken or leaking.
+
+With this test, pictures provide cross-sectional images of the retina that show the thickness of the retina. This will help determine how much fluid, if any, has leaked into retinal tissue. Later, OCT exams can be used to monitor how treatment is working.","Treatment, which depends largely on the type of diabetic retinopathy you have and how severe it is, is geared to slowing or stopping the progression.
+
+If you have mild or moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, you might not need treatment right away. However, your eye doctor will closely monitor your eyes to determine when you might need treatment.
+
+Work with your diabetes doctor (endocrinologist) to determine if there are ways to improve your diabetes management. When diabetic retinopathy is mild or moderate, good blood sugar control can usually slow the progression.
+
+If you have proliferative diabetic retinopathy or macular edema, you'll need prompt treatment. Depending on the specific problems with your retina, options might include:
+
+Injecting medications into the eye.These medications, called vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors, are injected into the vitreous of the eye. They help stop growth of new blood vessels and decrease fluid buildup.
+
+Three drugs are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of diabetic macular edema — faricimab-svoa (Vabysmo), ranibizumab (Lucentis) and aflibercept (Eylea). A fourth drug, bevacizumab (Avastin), can be used off-label for the treatment of diabetic macular edema.
+
+These drugs are injected using topical anesthesia. The injections can cause mild discomfort, such as burning, tearing or pain, for 24 hours after the injection. Possible side effects include a buildup of pressure in the eye and infection.
+
+These injections will need to be repeated. In some cases, the medication is used with photocoagulation.
+
+Photocoagulation.This laser treatment, also known as focal laser treatment, can stop or slow the leakage of blood and fluid in the eye. During the procedure, leaks from abnormal blood vessels are treated with laser burns.
+
+Focal laser treatment is usually done in your doctor's office or eye clinic in a single session. If you had blurred vision from macular edema before surgery, the treatment might not return your vision to normal, but it's likely to reduce the chance of the macular edema worsening.
+
+Panretinal photocoagulation.This laser treatment, also known as scatter laser treatment, can shrink the abnormal blood vessels. During the procedure, the areas of the retina away from the macula are treated with scattered laser burns. The burns cause the abnormal new blood vessels to shrink and scar.
+
+It's usually done in your doctor's office or eye clinic in two or more sessions. Your vision will be blurry for about a day after the procedure. Some loss of peripheral vision or night vision after the procedure is possible.
+
+While treatment can slow or stop the progression of diabetic retinopathy, it's not a cure. Because diabetes is a lifelong condition, future retinal damage and vision loss are still possible.
+
+Even after treatment for diabetic retinopathy, you'll need regular eye exams. At some point, you might need additional treatment.","The thought that you might lose your sight can be frightening, and you may benefit from talking to a therapist or finding a support group. Ask your doctor for referrals.
+
+If you've already lost vision, ask your doctor about low-vision products, such as magnifiers, and services that can make daily living easier.","The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends that people with type 1 diabetes have an eye exam within five years of being diagnosed. If you have type 2 diabetes, the ADA advises getting your initial eye exam at the time of your diagnosis.
+
+If there's no evidence of retinopathy on your initial exam, the ADA recommends that people with diabetes get dilated and comprehensive eye exams at least every two years. If you have any level of retinopathy, you'll need eye exams at least annually. Ask your eye doctor what he or she recommends.
+
+The ADA recommends that women with diabetes have an eye exam before becoming pregnant or during the first trimester of pregnancy and be closely followed during the pregnancy and up to one year after giving birth. Pregnancy can sometimes cause diabetic retinopathy to develop or worsen.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your eye appointment.",,"diabetic retinopathy, symptoms"
+879,Nonallergic rhinitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351235,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351238,"Nonallergic rhinitis involves sneezing or a stuffy, drippy nose. It can be a long-term problem, and it has no clear cause. The symptoms are like those of hay fever, also called allergic rhinitis. But nonallergic rhinitis isn't caused by allergies.
+
+Nonallergic rhinitis can affect children and adults. But it's more common after age 20. Factors that trigger the symptoms vary from person to person. The triggers can include some:
+
+Health care providers often first make sure a person's symptoms aren't caused by allergies. So you may need skin or blood tests to find out if you have allergic rhinitis.","Nonallergic rhinitis symptoms often come and go year-round. Your symptoms might include:
+
+Nonallergic rhinitis most often doesn't cause an itchy nose, eyes or throat. That symptom is linked with allergies such as hay fever.",See your health care provider if you:,"The exact cause of nonallergic rhinitis is unknown.
+
+But experts do know that nonallergic rhinitis happens when blood vessels in the nose expand. These blood vessels fill the tissue that lines the inside of the nose. Many things could cause this. For instance, the nerve endings in the nose might react to triggers too easily.
+
+But any cause brings on the same result: swelling inside the nose, congestion or lots of mucus.
+
+Triggers of nonallergic rhinitis can include:
+
+Some medicines.These include aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). High blood pressure medicines such as beta blockers also can cause symptoms.
+
+Medicines that have a calming effect, called sedatives, can trigger nonallergic rhinitis too. So can medicines for depression. Birth control pills and medicines that treat erectile dysfunction also can trigger the symptoms. And using decongestant nose spray or drops too often can cause a type of nonallergic rhinitis called rhinitis medicamentosa.",Things that can make you more likely to get nonallergic rhinitis include:,Nonallergic rhinitis might be linked to:,"If you have nonallergic rhinitis, take steps to ease your symptoms and prevent flare-ups:","Your health care provider will likely give you a physical exam and ask you about your symptoms. You'll need tests to find out if something other than nonallergic rhinitis is causing your symptoms.
+
+You may have nonallergic rhinitis if:
+
+In some cases, your provider might have you try a medicine to see whether your symptoms get better.","Treatment of nonallergic rhinitis depends on how much it bothers you. Home treatment and staying away from triggers might be enough for mild cases. Medicines may ease worse symptoms. These include:
+
+Antihistamine nasal sprays.Antihistamines treat many health problems, including allergies. An antihistamine nose spray may ease the symptoms of nonallergic rhinitis too. Your provider may write you a prescription that lets you buy this type of spray at a pharmacy. These sprays include azelastine (Astepro, Astepro Allergy) or olopatadine hydrochloride (Patanase).
+
+Antihistamines taken by mouth often don't work as well for nonallergic rhinitis as they do for allergic rhinitis. These antihistamines include diphenhydramine (Benadryl), cetirizine (Zyrtec Allergy), fexofenadine (Allegra Allergy) and loratadine (Alavert, Claritin).
+
+Your health care provider may suggest surgery to treat other problems that can happen with nonallergic rhinitis. For example, growths in the nose called polyps may need to be removed. Surgery also can fix a problem where the thin wall between the passages in the nose is off-center or crooked. This is called a deviated septum.",,"If you have nonallergic rhinitis symptoms, here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"throat, allergies, fever, nonallergic rhinitis symptoms, itchy, eyes, runny nose, nonallergic rhinitis"
+883,Tinnitus,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tinnitus/symptoms-causes/syc-20350156,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tinnitus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350162,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tinnitus/doctors-departments/ddc-20350166,"Tinnitus is when you experience ringing or other noises in one or both of your ears. The noise you hear when you have tinnitus isn't caused by an external sound, and other people usually can't hear it. Tinnitus is a common problem. It affects about 15% to 20% of people, and is especially common in older adults.
+Tinnitus is usually caused by an underlying condition, such as age-related hearing loss, an ear injury or a problem with the circulatory system. For many people, tinnitus improves with treatment of the underlying cause or with other treatments that reduce or mask the noise, making tinnitus less noticeable.","Tinnitus is most often described as a ringing in the ears, even though no external sound is present. However, tinnitus can also cause other types of phantom noises in your ears, including:
+Buzzing
+Roaring
+Clicking
+Hissing
+Humming
+Most people who have tinnitus have subjective tinnitus, or tinnitus that only you can hear. The noises of tinnitus may vary in pitch from a low roar to a high squeal, and you may hear it in one or both ears. In some cases, the sound can be so loud it interferes with your ability to concentrate or hear external sound. Tinnitus may be present all the time, or it may come and go.
+In rare cases, tinnitus can occur as a rhythmic pulsing or whooshing sound, often in time with your heartbeat. This is called pulsatile tinnitus. If you have pulsatile tinnitus, your doctor may be able to hear your tinnitus when he or she does an examination (objective tinnitus).","Some people aren't very bothered by tinnitus. For other people, tinnitus disrupts their daily lives. If you have tinnitus that bothers you, see your doctor.
+You develop tinnitus after an upper respiratory infection, such as a cold, and your tinnitus doesn't improve within a week.
+You have hearing loss or dizziness with the tinnitus.
+You are experiencing anxiety or depression as a result of your tinnitus.","A number of health conditions can cause or worsen tinnitus. In many cases, an exact cause is never found.","Anyone can experience tinnitus, but these factors may increase your risk:
+Loud noise exposure.Loud noises, such as those from heavy equipment, chain saws and firearms, are common sources of noise-related hearing loss. Portable music devices, such as MP3 players, also can cause noise-related hearing loss if played loudly for long periods. People who work in noisy environments — such as factory and construction workers, musicians, and soldiers — are particularly at risk.
+Age.As you age, the number of functioning nerve fibers in your ears declines, possibly causing hearing problems often associated with tinnitus.
+Sex.Men are more likely to experience tinnitus.
+Tobacco and alcohol use.Smokers have a higher risk of developing tinnitus. Drinking alcohol also increases the risk of tinnitus.
+Certain health problems.Obesity, cardiovascular problems, high blood pressure, and a history of arthritis or head injury all increase your risk of tinnitus.","Tinnitus affects people differently. For some people, tinnitus can significantly affect quality of life. If you have tinnitus, you may also experience:
+Fatigue
+Stress
+Sleep problems
+Trouble concentrating
+Memory problems
+Depression
+Anxiety and irritability
+Headaches
+Problems with work and family life
+Treating these linked conditions may not affect tinnitus directly, but it can help you feel better.","In many cases, tinnitus is the result of something that can't be prevented. However, some precautions can help prevent certain kinds of tinnitus.
+Use hearing protection.Over time, exposure to loud sounds can damage the nerves in the ears, causing hearing loss and tinnitus. Try to limit your exposure to loud sounds. And if you cannot avoid loud sounds, use ear protection to help protect your hearing. If you use chain saws, are a musician, work in an industry that uses loud machinery or use firearms (especially pistols or shotguns), always wear over-the-ear hearing protection.
+Turn down the volume.Long-term exposure to amplified music with no ear protection or listening to music at very high volume through headphones can cause hearing loss and tinnitus.
+Take care of your cardiovascular health.Regular exercise, eating right and taking other steps to keep your blood vessels healthy can help prevent tinnitus linked to obesity and blood vessel disorders.
+Limit alcohol, caffeine and nicotine.These substances, especially when used in excess, can affect blood flow and contribute to tinnitus.","Your doctor will typically diagnose you with tinnitus based on your symptoms alone. But in order to treat your symptoms, your doctor will also try to identify whether your tinnitus is caused by another, underlying condition. Sometimes a cause can't be found.
+To help identify the cause of your tinnitus, your doctor will likely ask you about your medical history and examine your ears, head and neck. Common tests include:
+Hearing (audiological) exam.During the test, you'll sit in a soundproof room wearing earphones that transmit specific sounds into one ear at a time. You'll indicate when you can hear the sound, and your results will be compared with results considered normal for your age. This can help rule out or identify possible causes of tinnitus.
+Movement.Your doctor may ask you to move your eyes, clench your jaw, or move your neck, arms and legs. If your tinnitus changes or worsens, it may help identify an underlying disorder that needs treatment.
+Imaging tests.Depending on the suspected cause of your tinnitus, you may need imaging tests such asCTorMRIscans.
+Lab tests.Your doctor may draw blood to check for anemia, thyroid problems, heart disease or vitamin deficiencies.
+Do your best to describe for your doctor what kind of tinnitus noises you hear. The sounds you hear can help your doctor identify a possible underlying cause.
+Clicking.This type of sound suggests that muscle contractions in and around your ear might be the cause of your tinnitus.
+Pulsing, rushing or humming.These sounds usually stem from blood vessel (vascular) causes, such as high blood pressure, and you may notice them when you exercise or change positions, such as when you lie down or stand up.
+Low-pitched ringing.This type of sound may point to ear canal blockages, Meniere's disease or stiff inner ear bones (otosclerosis).
+High-pitched ringing.This is the most commonly heard tinnitus sound. Likely causes include loud noise exposure, hearing loss or medications. Acoustic neuroma can cause continuous, high-pitched ringing in one ear.","Treatment for tinnitus depends on whether your tinnitus is caused by an underlying health condition. If so, your doctor may be able to reduce your symptoms by treating the underlying cause. Examples include:
+Earwax removal.Removing an earwax blockage can decrease tinnitus symptoms.
+Treating a blood vessel condition.Underlying blood vessel conditions may require medication, surgery or another treatment to address the problem.
+Hearing aids.If your tinnitus is caused by noise-induced or age-related hearing loss, using hearing aids may help improve your symptoms.
+Changing your medication.If a medication you're taking appears to be the cause of tinnitus, your doctor may recommend stopping or reducing the drug, or switching to a different medication.","In addition to any treatment options offered by your doctor, here are some suggestions to help you cope with tinnitus:
+Support groups.Sharing your experience with others who have tinnitus may be helpful. There are tinnitus groups that meet in person, as well as internet forums. To ensure that the information you get in the group is accurate, it's best to choose a group facilitated by a physician, audiologist or other qualified health professional.
+Education.Learning as much as you can about tinnitus and ways to alleviate symptoms can help. And just understanding tinnitus better makes it less bothersome for some people.
+Stress management.Stress can make tinnitus worse. Stress management, whether through relaxation therapy, biofeedback or exercise, may provide some relief.","Be prepared to tell your doctor about:
+Your signs and symptoms
+Your medical history, including any other health conditions you have, such as hearing loss, high blood pressure or clogged arteries (atherosclerosis)
+All medications you take, including herbal remedies","Often, tinnitus can't be treated. Some people, however, get used to it and notice it less than they did at first. For many people, certain adjustments make the symptoms less bothersome. These tips may help:
+Use hearing protection.Over time, exposure to loud sounds can damage the nerves in the ears, causing hearing loss and tinnitus. To keep your tinnitus from getting worse, take steps to protect your hearing. If you use chain saws, are a musician, work in an industry that uses loud machinery or use firearms (especially pistols or shotguns), always wear over-the-ear hearing protection.
+Turn down the volume.Listening to music at very high volume through headphones can contribute to hearing loss and tinnitus.
+Use white noise.If tinnitus is especially noticeable in quiet settings, try using a white noise machine to mask the noise from tinnitus. If you don't have a white noise machine, a fan, soft music or low-volume radio static also may help.
+Limit alcohol, caffeine and nicotine.These substances, especially when used in excess, can affect blood flow and contribute to tinnitus.","high squeal, low roar, whooshing sound, humming, tinnitus, roaring, rhythmic pulsing, buzzing, ringing, clicking, hissing, loud sound"
+885,Restless legs syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377168,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377174,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20377176,"Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a condition that causes a very strong urge to move the legs. The urge to move usually is caused by an uncomfortable feeling in the legs. It typically happens in the evening or at night when sitting or lying down. Moving eases the discomfort for a short time.
+Restless legs syndrome can begin at any age and tends to get worse with age. It can disrupt sleep, which interferes with daily activities.RLSalso is known as Willis-Ekbom disease.
+Simple self-care steps and lifestyle changes may help relieve symptoms. Medicines also help many people withRLS.","The chief symptom of restless legs syndrome is an urge to move the legs. It's common to experience:
+Uncomfortable sensations that begin while resting.A feeling in the legs typically begins after you've been lying down or sitting for an extended time. It might happen while sitting in a car, airplane or movie theater.
+Relief with movement.The sensation ofRLSlessens with movement. Stretching, jiggling the legs, pacing or walking may improve symptoms.
+Worsening of symptoms in the evening.Symptoms occur mainly at night.
+Nighttime leg twitching.RLSmay be associated with another, more common condition called periodic limb movement of sleep. This condition causes the legs to twitch and kick during sleep, possibly throughout the night.
+People typically describeRLSsymptoms as compelling, unpleasant feelings in the legs or feet. They usually happen on both sides of the body. Less commonly, the sensations affect the arms.
+The sensations are felt within the leg rather than on the skin. They're described as:
+Crawling.
+Creeping.
+Pulling.
+Throbbing.
+Aching.
+Itching.
+Electric.
+Sometimes the feelings ofRLSare hard to explain. People withRLSusually don't describe the condition as a muscle cramp or numbness. They do, however, consistently describe the desire to move the legs.
+It's common for symptoms to get better and worse. Sometimes symptoms disappear for periods of time, then come back.","Talk with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms of restless legs syndrome.RLScan interfere with your sleep, cause daytime drowsiness and affect your quality of life.","Often, there's no known cause for restless legs syndrome. Researchers suspect the condition may be caused by an imbalance of the brain chemical dopamine. Dopamine sends messages to control muscle movement.","Restless legs syndrome can develop at any age, even during childhood. The condition is more common with increasing age. It's also more common in women than in men.
+RLSusually isn't related to a serious underlying medical condition. However, it sometimes occurs with other conditions, such as:
+Peripheral neuropathy.This damage to the nerves in the hands and feet is sometimes due to chronic diseases such as diabetes and alcohol use disorder.
+Iron deficiency.Too little iron in the body, known as iron deficiency, can cause or worsenRLS. People who have a history of bleeding from the stomach or bowels may have iron deficiency. Deficiency also may affect people who have heavy menstrual periods or who often donate blood.
+Kidney failure.If you have kidney failure, you also may have iron deficiency, often with anemia. When kidneys don't function properly, iron stores in the blood can decrease. This and other changes in body chemistry may cause or worsenRLS.
+Spinal cord conditions.Damage to or injury of the spinal cord has been linked toRLS.
+Parkinson's disease.People who have Parkinson's disease may have an increased risk of developingRLS.","Restless legs syndrome symptoms can range from being mild to having a serious impact on people's lives. Many people withRLSfind it hard to fall or stay asleep.
+Serious symptoms ofRLScan affect quality of life and result in depression. Not being able to sleep may lead to excessive daytime drowsiness, butRLSmay interfere with napping.",,"To diagnose restless legs syndrome, your healthcare professional takes your medical history and asks about your symptoms. A diagnosis ofRLSis based on the following criteria, established by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group:
+You have a strong, often irresistible urge to move the legs. This usually occurs with uncomfortable feelings in the legs.
+Your symptoms start or get worse when you're resting, such as sitting or lying down.
+Your symptoms are partially or temporarily relieved by activity, such as walking or stretching.
+Your symptoms are worse at night.
+Symptoms can't be explained solely by another medical or behavioral condition.
+Your healthcare professional may conduct a physical and a neurological exam. Blood tests, particularly for iron deficiency, may be ordered to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms.
+You may be referred to a sleep specialist. This may involve an overnight stay and a study at a sleep clinic if another sleep condition such as sleep apnea is suspected. However, a diagnosis ofRLSusually doesn't require a sleep study.","Symptoms of restless legs syndrome sometimes go away after treating an underlying condition, such as iron deficiency. Correcting an iron deficiency may involve taking an iron supplement by mouth. Or you may be given an iron supplement through a vein in your arm. Take iron supplements only with medical supervision and after having your blood-iron level checked.
+Electrical stimulation of a nerve on the side of your knee may helpRLSsymptoms. Devices for electrical stimulation require a prescription from a healthcare professional.
+If you haveRLSwithout an associated condition, treatment focuses on lifestyle changes. If those aren't effective, your healthcare professional may prescribe medicines.","Restless legs syndrome is most often a lifelong condition. It may help you to develop coping strategies that work for you, such as:
+Tell others about your condition.Sharing information aboutRLShelps your family, friends and coworkers better understand what you're going through. It can help explain why you might pace the halls or stand at the back of the theater. It may help coworkers better understand if they see you walk to the water cooler many times during the day.
+Don't resist your need for movement.If you attempt to suppress the urge to move, you may find that your symptoms worsen.
+Keep a sleep diary.Keep track of the medicines and strategies that help symptoms. Also note what makes symptoms worse. Share this information with your healthcare professional.
+Stretch and massage.Begin and end your day with stretching exercises or gentle massage.
+Seek help.Support groups bring together family members and people withRLS. By participating in a group, your insights not only can help you but also may help someone else.","If you have symptoms of restless legs syndrome, make an appointment with your healthcare professional. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in conditions affecting the nervous system, known as a neurologist, or a sleep specialist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Making simple lifestyle changes can help alleviate symptoms of restless legs syndrome:
+Try baths and massages.Soaking in a warm bath and massaging the legs can relax the muscles.
+Apply warm or cool packs.Use of heat or cold, or alternating use of the two, may lessen the leg sensations.
+Establish good sleep hygiene.Fatigue tends to worsen symptoms ofRLS, so it's important that you practice good sleep hygiene. Create a cool, quiet, comfortable sleeping environment. Go to bed and rise at the same time daily. Get at least seven hours of sleep nightly.
+Exercise.Moderate, regular exercise may relieve symptoms ofRLS. But overdoing it or working out too late in the day may make symptoms worse.
+Avoid caffeine.Sometimes cutting back on caffeine may help restless legs. Try to avoid caffeine-containing products for a few weeks to see if this helps. This includes cutting out chocolate, coffee, tea and soda.
+Consider using a foot wrap or a vibrating pad.A foot wrap specially designed for people withRLSputs pressure under the foot and may help relieve your symptoms. You also may find relief using a pad that vibrates on the back of the legs.","restless legs syndrome, itching, creeping, uncomfortable sensations, twitching, throbbing, leg twitching, pulling, muscle cramp, aching, twitch, electric, numbness, urge to move, crawling"
+886,Intermittent explosive disorder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intermittent-explosive-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373921,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intermittent-explosive-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373926,,"Intermittent explosive disorder involves repeated, sudden bouts of impulsive, aggressive, violent behavior or angry verbal outbursts. The reactions are too extreme for the situation. Road rage, domestic abuse, throwing or breaking objects, or other temper tantrums may be symptoms of intermittent explosive disorder.
+These explosive outbursts, which occur off and on, cause major distress. They can harm relationships and cause problems at work or school. They also can result in problems with the law.
+Intermittent explosive disorder is a long-term condition that can go on for years. But the severity of outbursts may lessen with age. Treatment involves talk therapy and medicine to help you control your aggressive impulses.","Impulsive attacks and angry outbursts occur suddenly, with little or no warning. They usually last less than 30 minutes. These bouts may occur often or be separated by weeks or months. Verbal outbursts or less severe physical attacks may still occur in between these times. You may be irritable, impulsive, aggressive or angry most of the time.
+Before an aggressive bout, you may feel:
+Rage.
+Irritability.
+More tension and energy.
+Racing thoughts.
+Tingling.
+Shaking.
+Fast or pounding heartbeat.
+Chest tightness.
+The explosive verbal and behavioral outbursts are much too intense for the situation, with no thought about what might happen as a result. The outbursts can include:
+Temper tantrums.
+Long, angry speeches.
+Heated arguments.
+Shouting.
+Slapping, shoving or pushing.
+Physical fights.
+Property damage.
+Threatening or harming people or animals.
+You may feel a sense of relief and tiredness after the outburst. Later, you may feel guilty, sorry for your actions or embarrassed.","If you recognize your own behavior in the description of intermittent explosive disorder, talk with your doctor or other health care professional about treatment options. You also can ask for a referral to a mental health professional.","Intermittent explosive disorder can begin in childhood — after the age of 6 years — or during the teenage years. It's more common in younger adults than in older adults. The exact cause of the disorder is not known. It may be caused by the living environment and learned behaviors, genetics, or differences in the brain.
+Living environment.Most people with this condition grew up in families where explosive behavior and verbal and physical abuse were common. Children who see or go through this type of violence at an early age are more likely to have these same traits as they grow up.
+Genetics.Genetics may play a role. There could be a gene related to the tendency to react more easily to stress. This gene may be passed down from parents to children.
+Differences in how the brain works.There may be differences in the structure, function and chemistry of the brain in people with intermittent explosive disorder compared with that of the brains of people who do not have the disorder.","These factors raise your risk of developing intermittent explosive disorder:
+History of physical abuse.Being abused as a child, being bullied, or going through other disturbing, shocking or painful events can raise the risk of having intermittent explosive disorder.
+History of other mental health conditions.Having antisocial personality disorder or borderline personality disorder may raise the risk of also having intermittent explosive disorder. So can having other disorders that include disruptive behaviors, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Problems with alcohol and drugs also can be a risk factor.","People with intermittent explosive disorder have a higher risk of:
+Problems with relationships.Others often think that people with intermittent impulsive disorder are always angry. Verbal fights or physical abuse can happen often. These actions can lead to relationship problems, divorce and family stress.
+Trouble at work, home or school.Complications of intermittent explosive disorder may include job loss, school suspension, car accidents, money problems or trouble with the law.
+Problems with mood.Mood disorders such as depression and anxiety often occur with intermittent explosive disorder.
+Problems with alcohol and drug use.Problems with alcohol or drugs often occur along with intermittent explosive disorder.
+Physical health problems.Medical conditions are more common and can include, for example, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and stroke, ulcers, and ongoing pain.
+Self-harm.Self-injury or suicide attempts sometimes occur.","If you have intermittent explosive disorder, prevention is likely beyond your control unless you get treatment from a mental health professional.
+After you start treatment, follow the plan and practice the skills you learn. If medicine is prescribed, be sure to take it. Do not use alcohol or drugs.
+When possible, leave or avoid situations that upset you. Also, scheduling personal time to allow you to lower stress may help you to better handle an upcoming stressful or frustrating situation.","To diagnose intermittent explosive disorder and rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms, your health care professional will likely:
+Do a physical exam.This may be done to try to rule out physical problems or alcohol or drug use that could be adding to or causing your symptoms. Your exam may include lab tests.
+Do a mental health evaluation.You talk with the health care professional about your symptoms, thoughts, feelings and behavior.","There is no single treatment that's best for everyone with intermittent explosive disorder. Treatment usually includes talk therapy, also called psychotherapy, and medicine.",,"If you're concerned because you're having repeated emotional outbursts, talk with your doctor or other health care professional. Or make an appointment with a mental health professional who specializes in treating emotional disorders, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist or social worker. Here's some information to help make the most of your appointment.",,"shouting, verbal outbursts, outbursts, guilt, energy, embarrassed, fast or pounding heartbeat, tiredness, pushing, temper tantrums, relief, rage, harming, slapping, tension, attacks, shaking, irritability, pounding, physical fights, racing thoughts, threatening, tingling, tantrums, irritable, shoving, sorry, chest tightness"
+888,Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353098,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353104,,"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes infections of the lungs and respiratory tract. It's so common that most children have been infected with the virus by age 2. Respiratory syncytial (sin-SISH-ul) virus can also infect adults.
+
+In adults and older, healthy children, RSV symptoms are mild and typically mimic the common cold. Self-care measures are usually all that's needed to relieve any discomfort.
+
+RSV can cause severe infection in some people, including babies 12 months and younger (infants), especially premature infants, older adults, people with heart and lung disease, or anyone with a weak immune system (immunocompromised).","Signs and symptoms of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection most commonly appear about four to six days after exposure to the virus. In adults and older children, RSV usually causes mild cold-like signs and symptoms. These may include:",,"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth. It spreads easily through the air on infected respiratory droplets. You or your child can become infected if someone with RSV coughs or sneezes near you. The virus also passes to others through direct contact, such as shaking hands.
+
+The virus can live for hours on hard objects such as countertops, crib rails and toys. Touch your mouth, nose or eyes after touching a contaminated object and you're likely to pick up the virus.
+
+An infected person is most contagious during the first week or so after infection. But in infants and those with weakened immunity, the virus may continue to spread even after symptoms go away, for up to four weeks.","By age 2, most children will have been infected with respiratory syncytial virus, but they can get infected by RSV more than once. Children who attend child care centers or who have siblings who attend school are at a higher risk of exposure and reinfection. RSV season — when outbreaks tend to occur — is the fall to the end of spring.
+
+People at increased risk of severe or sometimes life-threatening RSV infections include:",Complications of respiratory syncytial virus include:,"Respiratory syncytial virus can infect anyone. But premature babies and young infants, as well as older adults, with heart or lung disease or a weakened immune system are at higher risk of severe infection.","Your doctor may suspect respiratory syncytial virus based on the findings of a physical exam and the time of year the symptoms occur. During the exam, the doctor will listen to the lungs with a stethoscope to check for wheezing or other abnormal sounds.
+
+Laboratory and imaging tests aren't usually needed. However, they can help diagnose RSV complications or rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms. Tests may include:",Treatment for respiratory syncytial virus generally involves self-care measures to make your child more comfortable (supportive care). But hospital care may be needed if severe symptoms occur.,,"Unless severe symptoms result in an emergency room (ER) visit, you're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or your child's doctor. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and know what to expect from your doctor.",,"cold, infection, cold-like signs and symptoms"
+889,Measles,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/measles/symptoms-causes/syc-20374857,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/measles/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374862,,"Measles, also called rubeola, was once a common childhood illness. It's caused by a virus that spreads easily through the air and settles on surfaces. A vaccine can prevent measles infection.
+
+Most people recover from measles in about 10 days. It usually doesn't cause long-term medical issues. But measles can be serious and even deadly. This is especially true for children younger than age 5 and people with severely weakened immune systems.
+
+Measles is treated by managing symptoms and preventing complications.
+
+Get a measles vaccine when recommended to keep the virus from spreading. Because of vaccination, measles hasn't been common in the United States for more than two decades. Often, measles cases in the U.S. come from outside the country. Outbreaks are more common among people who are not vaccinated.","Measles symptoms show up around 7 to 14 days after contact with the virus.
+
+The first symptoms usually are:
+
+About 2 to 3 days after the first symptoms, you also may see tiny white spots inside the mouth, called Koplik spots.
+
+About 3 to 5 days after symptoms first start, or about 14 days after you come into contact with the virus, it's common to see a rash. The rash is made up of large, flat spots and small raised bumps. The rash starts on the face or neck and spreads down the body from the chest to the arms and legs.
+
+A person with measles can spread the virus four days before the rash appears and four days after. Measles can spread very easily. About 90% of people who haven't had measles or haven't been vaccinated will become infected when around someone with measles.","Call your healthcare professional if you think you or your child may have been around measles. Also call if you or your child has a rash that looks like measles. Check your family's vaccination records with your healthcare professional. This is most important before your children start child care, school or college, and before traveling outside of the U.S.","Measles is caused by a virus that spreads only among humans. When someone with measles coughs, sneezes or talks, droplets spray into the air. People who breathe in the droplets can catch the virus. Droplets also may land on surfaces. You can catch measles if you touch an infected surface and then touch your mouth, nose or eyes. These droplets can infect other people for up to two hours.","Your risk of measles goes up if you aren't vaccinated. Your risk also goes up if you've had only one dose of the vaccine. People who travel to places where measles regularly spreads or where there is a measles outbreak are more likely to get the illness. This is especially true if you haven't had two doses of the measles vaccine.
+
+Students living in dormitories may be at higher risk. People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of catching measles. And infants who aren't old enough to get the vaccine are at higher risk than average if exposed to measles virus.","Complications of measles may include:
+
+Pneumonia and encephalitis complications are the most common causes of death from measles. Some groups of people have a higher than average risk of death due to measles, including:
+
+It's rare, but measles can cause brain or nervous system illness years after infection.
+
+Also, a measles infection in children may wipe out the immune system's memory of germs. This means after infection with the measles virus, children may be more likely to get sick from germs they recovered from before. They also may need to get standard childhood vaccines again.","The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, also called CDC, recommends that children and adults get a measles vaccine. On average, the vaccine gives lifelong protection from measles for about 97% of people who get two doses of the vaccine.
+
+For the small group of people who get measles after being fully vaccinated, illness symptoms tend to be mild. These people tend not to spread the disease to others.
+
+In the United States, the measles vaccine is made from a weakened measles virus. The vaccine is offered as a combined shot to protect against measles and other viruses.
+
+Measles vaccines offered outside the United States may protect against measles only or a combination of measles, mumps, rubella and varicella.
+
+Most people can get the measles vaccines.
+
+Do not get the vaccine if you've had a serious allergic reaction after the first dose of MMR or MMRV or the antibiotic medicine neomycin. Don't get the measles vaccine if you're pregnant. And don't get the vaccine if you have a severely weakened immune system due to treatment or illness.
+
+Check with a healthcare professional before getting a measles vaccine if you:
+
+If you have questions about whether you should get a measles vaccine, talk to your healthcare professional.","Measles may be diagnosed by a healthcare professional based on the disease's rash as well as tiny white spots inside the mouth, called Koplik spots. The healthcare team may ask whether you or your child has had the measles vaccine, traveled to places where measles is spreading or been around anyone with a rash or fever.
+
+Lab tests can confirm that a person has measles. These tests may look for genetic evidence of the virus or proteins used in the body's response to the virus. To test for measles, your healthcare professional may use a swab to collect a sample from your nose or throat. You also may be asked to give a urine or blood sample.","There's no antiviral treatment for measles. But other kinds of well-researched treatments can help ease symptoms, lower the risk of complications and prevent death from measles.",,"If you suspect measles, make an appointment with your healthcare professional. When you get to the medical office, be sure to tell the staff at the check-in desk that you suspect measles. You and your child likely will be asked to wear a face mask and should be taken to an exam room right away.",,"rash, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+rash, small raised bumps, white spots, large flat spots"
+890,Patellofemoral pain syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patellofemoral-pain-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350792,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patellofemoral-pain-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350797,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patellofemoral-pain-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20350798,"Patellofemoral (puh-tel-o-FEM-uh-rul) pain syndrome is pain at the front of the knee, around the kneecap. The kneecap also is known as the patella. Patellofemoral pain syndrome is sometimes called runner's knee. It's more common in people who run and who play sports that involve running and jumping.
+The knee pain often increases when running, walking up or down stairs, sitting for long periods, or squatting. Simple treatments, such as rest and ice, often help. But sometimes patellofemoral pain needs physical therapy.","Patellofemoral pain syndrome usually causes a dull, aching pain in the front of the knee. The following can increase the pain:
+Walking up or down stairs.
+Kneeling or squatting.
+Sitting with a bent knee for long periods of time.",,"Patellofemoral pain syndrome can have several causes. It's been linked with:
+Overuse.Running or jumping sports put repeated stress on the knee joint, which can cause irritation under the kneecap.
+Muscle imbalances or weaknesses.Patellofemoral pain can occur when the muscles around the hip and knee don't keep the kneecap in line. Moving the knee inward during a squat has been linked to patellofemoral pain.
+Injury.Trauma to the kneecap, such as when the kneecap gets out of place or breaks, has been linked to patellofemoral pain syndrome.
+Surgery.Knee surgery can increase the risk of patellofemoral pain. This is especially true of repair to the anterior cruciate ligament using one's own patellar tendon as a graft.","Factors that can increase your risk include:
+Age.Patellofemoral pain syndrome typically affects teens and young adults. Arthritis is more often to blame for knee problems in older people.
+Sex.Women are twice as likely as men are to develop patellofemoral pain. This may be because women have wider pelvises. A wider pelvis increases the angle at which the bones in the knee joint meet.
+Certain sports.Running and jumping sports can put extra stress on the knees. This is especially true when adding more training.",,"Sometimes knee pain just happens. But certain steps may help prevent the pain.
+Build strength.Strong leg and hip muscles help keep the knee balanced during activity. Avoid deep squatting during weight training.
+Move safely.Ask a physical therapist about exercises to help you jump, run and turn correctly. It's especially important to strengthen outer hip muscles. This will help keep your knee from caving inward when you squat, land from a jump or step down from a step.
+Lose excess pounds.If you're overweight, losing weight relieves stress on the knees.
+Warm up.Before running or doing other exercise, warm up with five minutes or so of light activity.
+Stretch.Promote flexibility with gentle stretching exercises.
+Build up slowly.Don't suddenly increase your workouts.
+Mind your shoes.Wear shoes that fit well and are designed for the activity.","Your health care provider might ask about your history of knee problems, press on your knee and move your leg into a variety of positions.
+Sometimes imaging tests can help find the cause of knee pain. Tests might include:
+X-rays.X-ray images show bones well. X-rays aren't as good for viewing soft tissues.
+CTscans.CTscans show bones and soft tissues. ButCTscans involve a much higher dose of radiation than do plain X-rays.
+MRI.Using radio waves and a strong magnetic field,MRIsshow detailed images of bones and soft tissues, such as the knee ligaments and cartilage. ButMRIscans cost much more than X-rays,CTscans or ultrasounds.
+Ultrasound.This test uses soundwaves to show images of muscles and tendons.","Treatment of patellofemoral pain often begins with simple measures. Rest the knee as much as possible. Try not to do things that increase the pain, such as climbing stairs, kneeling or squatting.",,"You might start by seeing your primary care provider. Or you might be referred to a physical medicine and rehabilitation specialist, also known as a physiatrist, a physical therapist, an orthopedic surgeon or a sports medicine specialist.
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"aching pain, patellofemoral pain syndrome, pain, dull pain"
+891,Herniated disk,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/herniated-disk/symptoms-causes/syc-20354095,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/herniated-disk/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354101,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/herniated-disk/doctors-departments/ddc-20354103,"A herniated disk refers to a problem with one of the rubbery cushions, called disks, that sit between the bones that stack to make the spine. These bones are called vertebrae.
+A spinal disk has a soft, jellylike center called a nucleus. The nucleus is encased in a tougher, rubbery exterior, known as the annulus. A herniated disk occurs when some of the nucleus pushes out through a tear in the annulus. A herniated disk is sometimes called a slipped disk or a ruptured disk.
+A herniated disk, which can occur in any part of the spine, most often occurs in the lower back. Depending on where the herniated disk is, it can result in pain, numbness or weakness in an arm or a leg.
+Many people have no symptoms from a herniated disk. For people who do have symptoms, the symptoms tend to improve over time. Surgery is usually not needed to relieve the problem.","Most herniated disks occur in the lower back, but they also can occur in the neck. Symptoms depend on where the disk is sitting and whether the disk is pressing on a nerve. Herniated disks often affect one side of the body.
+Arm or leg pain.If your herniated disk is in your lower back, you'll typically feel pain in your lower back, buttocks, thigh and calf. You might have pain in part of your foot as well.For a herniated disk in your neck, you'll typically feel the most pain in your shoulder and arm. This pain might shoot into your arm or leg when you cough, sneeze or move into certain positions. Pain is often described as sharp or burning.
+Numbness or tingling.People who have herniated disks often have radiating numbness or tingling in the body part served by the affected nerves.
+Weakness.Muscles served by the affected nerves tend to weaken. This can cause you to stumble or affect your ability to lift or hold items.
+You can have a herniated disk without symptoms. You might not know you have it unless it shows up on a spinal image.","Seek medical care if your neck or back pain travels down your arm or leg, or if you also have numbness, tingling or weakness.","Disk herniation is most often the result of a gradual, aging-related wear and tear called disk degeneration. As people age, the disks become less flexible and more prone to tearing or rupturing with even a minor strain or twist.
+Most people can't pinpoint the cause of their herniated disk. Sometimes, using the back muscles instead of the leg and thigh muscles to lift heavy objects can lead to a herniated disk. Twisting and turning while lifting also can cause a herniated disk. Rarely, a traumatic event such as a fall or a blow to the back is the cause.","Factors that can increase the risk of a herniated disk include:
+Weight.Excess body weight causes extra stress on the disks in the lower back.
+Occupation.People with physically demanding jobs have a greater risk of back problems. Repetitive lifting, pulling, pushing, bending sideways and twisting also can increase the risk of a herniated disk.
+Genetics.Some people inherit a predisposition to developing a herniated disk.
+Smoking.It's thought that smoking lessens the oxygen supply to disks, causing them to break down more quickly.
+Frequent driving.Being seated for long periods combined with the vibration from a motor vehicle engine can put pressure on the spine.
+Being sedentary.Regular exercise can help prevent a herniated disk.","Just above your waist, your spinal cord ends. What continues through the spinal canal is a group of long nerve roots that resembles a horse's tail, called the cauda equina.
+Rarely, disk herniation can compress the entire spinal canal, including all the nerves of the cauda equina. In rare instances, emergency surgery might be needed to avoid permanent weakness or paralysis.
+Seek emergency medical attention if you have:
+Worsening symptoms.Pain, numbness or weakness can increase to the point that they hamper your daily activities.
+Bladder or bowel dysfunction.Cauda equina syndrome can cause incontinence or trouble urinating even with a full bladder.
+Saddle anesthesia.This progressive loss of sensation affects the areas that would touch a saddle — the inner thighs, the backs of the legs and the area around the rectum.","To help prevent a herniated disk, do the following:
+Exercise.Strengthening the trunk muscles stabilizes and supports the spine.
+Maintain good posture.This reduces pressure on your spine and disks. Keep your back straight and aligned, particularly when sitting for long periods. Lift heavy objects properly, making your legs — not your back — do most of the work.
+Maintain a healthy weight.Excess weight puts more pressure on the spine and disks, making them more susceptible to herniation.
+Quit smoking.Avoid the use of any tobacco products.","During the physical exam, your health care professional will check your back for tenderness. You might be asked to lie flat and move your legs into various positions to help determine the cause of your pain.
+Your doctor also may perform a neurological exam to check your:
+Reflexes.
+Muscle strength.
+Walking ability.
+Ability to feel light touches, pinpricks or vibration.
+In most cases of herniated disk, a physical exam and a medical history are all that are needed for a diagnosis. If your health care professional suspects another condition or needs to see which nerves are affected, you may have one or more of the following tests.",Conservative treatment includes changing activities to stay away from movement that causes pain and taking pain medicines. This treatment relieves symptoms in most people within a few days or weeks.,,"You're likely to start by seeing your family health care professional. You might be referred to a specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation, orthopedic surgery, neurology, or neurosurgery.","Besides taking the pain medicines your health care professional recommends, try:
+Applying heat or cold.At first, cold packs can be used to relieve pain and swelling. After a few days, you might switch to gentle heat to give relief and comfort.
+Avoiding too much bed rest.Staying in bed can lead to stiff joints and weak muscles — which can complicate your recovery. Instead, rest in a position of comfort for 30 minutes, and then go for a short walk or do some work. Try to avoid activities that worsen your pain.
+Resuming activity slowly.Let your pain guide you in resuming your activities. Make sure your movements are slow and controlled, especially bending forward and lifting.","pain, sneeze, weakness, buttocks pain, shoulder pain, burning pain, lower back pain, tingling, numbness, sharp pain, calf pain, arm pain, foot pain, cough, thigh pain, leg pain"
+892,Seasonal affective disorder (SAD),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20364651,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20364722,,"Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that's related to changes in seasons — SAD begins and ends at about the same times every year. If you're like most people with SAD, your symptoms start in the fall and continue into the winter months, sapping your energy and making you feel moody. These symptoms often resolve during the spring and summer months. Less often, SAD causes depression in the spring or early summer and resolves during the fall or winter months.
+
+Treatment for SAD may include light therapy (phototherapy), psychotherapy and medications.
+
+Don't brush off that yearly feeling as simply a case of the ""winter blues"" or a seasonal funk that you have to tough out on your own. Take steps to keep your mood and motivation steady throughout the year.","In most cases, seasonal affective disorder (SAD) symptoms appear during late fall or early winter and go away during the sunnier days of spring and summer. Less commonly, people with the opposite pattern have symptoms that begin in spring or summer. In either case, symptoms may start out mild and become more severe as the season progresses.
+
+Signs and symptoms of SAD may include:","It's normal to have some days when you feel down. But if you feel down for days at a time and you can't get motivated to do activities you normally enjoy, see your health care provider. This is especially important if your sleep patterns and appetite have changed, you turn to alcohol for comfort or relaxation, or you feel hopeless or think about suicide.",The specific cause of seasonal affective disorder remains unknown. Some factors that may come into play include:,"Seasonal affective disorder is diagnosed more often in women than in men. And SAD occurs more frequently in younger adults than in older adults.
+
+Factors that may increase your risk of seasonal affective disorder include:","Take signs and symptoms of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) seriously. As with other types of depression, SAD can get worse and lead to problems if it's not treated. These can include:","There's no known way to prevent the development of Seasonal affective disorder (SAD). However, if you take steps early on to manage symptoms, you may be able to prevent them from getting worse over time. You may be able to head off serious changes in mood, appetite and energy levels, as you can predict the time of the year in which these symptoms may start. Treatment can help prevent complications, especially SAD if is diagnosed and treated before symptoms get bad.
+
+Some people find it helpful to begin treatment before symptoms would normally start in the fall or winter, and then continue treatment past the time symptoms would normally go away. Other people need continuous treatment to prevent symptoms from returning.","Even with a thorough evaluation, it can sometimes be difficult for your health care provider or mental health professional to diagnose seasonal affective disorder because other types of depression or other mental health conditions can cause similar symptoms.
+
+To help diagnose SAD, a thorough evaluation generally includes:","Treatment for seasonal affective disorder may include light therapy, psychotherapy and medications. If you have bipolar disorder, tell your health care provider and mental health professional — this is critical to know when prescribing light therapy or an antidepressant. Both treatments can potentially trigger a manic episode.",These steps can help you manage seasonal affective disorder (SAD):,"You may start by seeing your health care provider or a mental health professional such as a psychiatrist or psychologist.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"sad, symptoms appear, mild, severe, seasonal affective disorder"
+893,Salmonella infection,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salmonella/symptoms-causes/syc-20355329,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salmonella/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355335,,"Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through stool (feces). Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food.
+
+Some people with salmonella infection have no symptoms. Most people develop diarrhea, fever and stomach (abdominal) cramps within 8 to 72 hours after exposure. Most healthy people recover within a few days to a week without specific treatment.
+
+In some cases, diarrhea can cause severe dehydration and requires prompt medical attention. Life-threatening complications also may develop if the infection spreads beyond the intestines. The risk of getting salmonella infection is higher with travel to countries without clean drinking water and proper sewage disposal.","Salmonella infection is usually caused by eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and eggs or egg products or by drinking unpasteurized milk. The incubation period — the time between exposure and illness — can be 6 hours to 6 days. Often, people who have salmonella infection think they have the stomach flu.
+
+Possible signs and symptoms of salmonella infection include:
+
+Signs and symptoms of salmonella infection generally last a few days to a week. Diarrhea may last up to 10 days, but it may take several months before bowels return to usual stool habits.
+
+A few varieties of salmonella bacteria result in typhoid fever, a sometimes deadly disease that is more common in developing countries.","Most people don't need to seek medical attention for salmonella infection because it clears up on its own within a few days.
+
+However, if the affected person is an infant, young child, older adult or someone with a weakened immune system, call a health care provider if illness:","Salmonella bacteria live in the intestines of people, animals and birds. Most people are infected with salmonella by consuming food or water that has been contaminated by feces.",Factors that may increase your risk of salmonella infection include:,"Salmonella infection usually isn't life-threatening. However, in certain people — especially infants and young children, older adults, transplant recipients, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems — the development of complications can be dangerous.","The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) oversees and updates inspection, sampling and testing programs for poultry and meat. The purpose is to cut the number of salmonella infections in the United States.
+
+You can avoid getting salmonella and spreading bacteria to others in several ways, including safely preparing food, hand-washing, avoiding contamination, and not eating raw meat, dairy or egg products.
+
+Preventive methods are especially important when preparing food or providing care for infants, older adults and people with weakened immune systems.","Salmonella infection is usually diagnosed based on signs and symptoms.
+
+Salmonella infection can be detected by testing a stool sample. However, most people have recovered from their symptoms by the time the test results return.
+
+If your health care provider suspects that you have a salmonella infection in your bloodstream, testing a sample of your blood for the bacteria may be needed.",Most healthy people recover within a few days to a week without specific treatment. Preventing dehydration with adequate fluid intake can help you recover.,,"If you make an appointment with your health care provider, here's some information to help you get ready.
+
+You may want to bring a family member or friend along, if possible. Someone who goes with you may remember information you missed or forgot.",,"salmonella infection, diarrhea, typhoid fever"
+896,Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/small-intestinal-bacterial-overgrowth/symptoms-causes/syc-20370168,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/small-intestinal-bacterial-overgrowth/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370172,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/small-intestinal-bacterial-overgrowth/doctors-departments/ddc-20370173,"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) occurs when there is an abnormal increase in the overall bacterial population in the small intestine — particularly types of bacteria not commonly found in that part of the digestive tract. This condition is sometimes called blind loop syndrome.
+
+SIBO commonly results when a circumstance — such as surgery or disease — slows the passage of food and waste products in the digestive tract, creating a breeding ground for bacteria. The excess bacteria often cause diarrhea and may cause weight loss and malnutrition.
+
+While SIBO is often a complication of stomach (abdominal) surgery, this condition can also result from structural problems and some diseases. Sometimes surgery is needed to correct the problem, but antibiotics are the most common treatment.",Signs and symptoms of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) often include:,"Bloating, nausea and diarrhea are signs and symptoms of many intestinal problems. See your doctor for a full evaluation — especially if you've had abdominal surgery — if you have:
+
+If you have severe abdominal pain, seek immediate medical care.",Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) can be caused by:,Factors that increase your risk of SIBO include:,"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) can cause escalating problems, including:
+
+Poor absorption of fats, carbohydrates and proteins.Bile salts, which are normally needed to digest fats, are broken down by the excess bacteria in your small intestine, resulting in incomplete digestion of fats and diarrhea. Bacterial products may also harm the mucous lining (mucosa) of the small intestine, resulting in decreased absorption of carbohydrates and proteins.
+
+Bacteria can compete for available food. And compounds produced through the bacterial break-down of stagnant food can also trigger diarrhea. Together, these effects of bacterial overgrowth result in diarrhea, malnutrition and weight loss.
+
+Vitamin deficiency.As a result of incomplete absorption of fats, your body can't fully absorb the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. Bacteria in the small intestine synthesize as well as use vitamin B-12, which is essential for the normal functioning of your nervous system and the production of blood cells and DNA.
+
+The overgrowth of bacteria can result in B-12 deficiency that can lead to weakness, fatigue, tingling, and numbness in your hands and feet and, in advanced cases, to mental confusion. Damage to your central nervous system resulting from B-12 deficiency may be irreversible.",,"In order to diagnose small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), you may have tests to check for bacterial overgrowth in your small intestine, poor fat absorption, or other problems that may be causing or contributing to your symptoms. Common tests include:
+
+In addition to these tests, your doctor may recommend blood testing to look for vitamin deficiency or a stool evaluation to test for fat malabsorption. In some cases, your doctor may recommend imaging tests, such as X-rays, computerized tomography (CT) scanning or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look for structural abnormalities of the intestine.","Whenever possible, doctors treat small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) by dealing with the underlying problem — for example, by surgically repairing a postoperative loop, stricture or fistula. But a loop can't always be reversed. In that case, treatment focuses on correcting nutritional deficiencies and eliminating bacterial overgrowth.",,"If you have signs and symptoms that are common to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), make an appointment with your doctor. After an initial evaluation, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treatment of digestive disorders (gastroenterologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor.
+
+Don't hesitate to ask questions. Some basic questions to ask your doctor include:",,"fatigue, bloating, diarrhea, abdominal pain, sibo, weight loss"
+897,Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353711,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353716,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection/doctors-departments/ddc-20353718,"Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an emergency condition that occurs when a tear forms in a wall of a heart artery. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection also is calledSCAD.
+SCADcan slow or block blood flow to the heart, causing a heart attack, heart rhythm problems or sudden death.
+SCADmost commonly affects women in their 40s and 50s, though it can occur at any age and can occur in men. People who haveSCADoften don't have risk factors for heart disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol or diabetes.
+SCADcan cause sudden death if it isn't treated promptly. Get emergency medical help if you have heart attack symptoms — even if you think you aren't at risk of a heart attack.","Symptoms ofSCADcan include:
+Chest pain or pressure.
+Pain in the arms, shoulders, back or jaw.
+Shortness of breath.
+Unusual sweating.
+Extreme tiredness.
+Upset stomach.
+A rapid heartbeat or fluttery feeling in the chest.
+Feeling dizzy.","Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have chest pain or think you might be having a heart attack. If you don't have access to emergency medical services, have someone drive you to the nearest hospital. Do not drive yourself unless you have no other choice.",The cause of spontaneous coronary artery dissection is unknown.,"Risk factors forSCADinclude:
+Being female.SCADcan happen to anyone. But it tends to affect women more than men.
+Childbirth.Some women who have hadSCADhave recently given birth. This may be due to changes in hormones and stress on the blood vessels.SCADhas been found to occur most often in the first few weeks after delivery. ButSCADalso can occur during pregnancy.
+Extreme stress.SCADcan happen after extreme stress. This includes intense physical exercise and severe emotional distress.
+Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD).This condition causes weakening of the body's medium-sized arteries.FMDmay lead to artery problems such as aneurysm or dissection. Women are more likely to have it than men.
+Genetic conditions affecting connective tissue.Ehlers-Danlos and Marfan syndromes have been found to occur in people who have hadSCAD.
+Very high blood pressure.Severe high blood pressure can raise the risk ofSCAD.
+Illegal drug use.Using cocaine or other illegal drugs might increase the risk ofSCAD.","A possible complication ofSCADis heart attack.SCADslows or stops blood flow through an artery. This weakens the heart and may lead to a heart attack. A heart attack fromSCADis different from a heart attack caused by a buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This condition is called atherosclerosis.
+In some people withSCAD, the inner and outer layers of the artery may split. Blood can collect between these layers. Pressure from the pooled blood can makeSCADworse.
+Even with successful treatment,SCADcan happen more than once. It might happen soon after the first episode or years later. People who haveSCADalso may have a higher risk of other heart problems. These problems include heart failure due to the heart attack damage.",,SCADis usually diagnosed in an emergency setting. You may be asked questions about your personal and family medical history. Tests are done to check your heart.,"The goals ofSCADtreatment are to:
+Restore blood flow to the heart.
+Manage chest pain.
+PreventSCADfrom happening again.
+Treatment may include medicines and a procedure or surgery to open the artery and restore blood flow. SometimesSCADheals on its own.
+The type of treatment forSCADdepends on your overall health and the size and location of the tear in the artery.","Some people might feel scared, sad, frustrated or depressed after havingSCAD. Understanding your health and talking to others may help. Try these tips:
+Learn aboutSCAD.Knowing the details may make you feel more comfortable when talking to your care team. Ask about the size of your artery tear and where it is. Understand the treatments you'll receive and why you need them. Ask where you can find more information.
+Join a support group.It may be helpful to connect with others who know what you're going through. Ask your health care team if there are anySCADor heart disease support groups in your area.","You may not have time to prepare.SCADusually is diagnosed in an emergency situation. If you have chest pain or think that you're having a heart attack, immediately call 911 or your local emergency number.
+After aSCADdiagnosis, you may have questions about your health. Prepare a list of questions to ask your health care provider at your next appointment, such as:
+What caused mySCAD?
+What tests do I need?
+What's the most appropriate treatment?
+Will the tear in my artery heal on its own?
+What is my risk of having anotherSCAD?
+Do I have a blood vessel condition, such as fibromuscular dysplasia, also called FMD?
+I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?
+Are there any activity or eating restrictions I need to follow?
+Is it safe for me to get pregnant?
+Are there brochures or other printed material that I can have? What websites do you recommend?
+Don't hesitate to ask other questions you have.","It's important to take steps to keep the heart healthy. Try these tips:
+Don't smoke.Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease. Not smoking is the best way to reduce the risk of heart disease and its complications. Also stay away from secondhand smoke. If you need help quitting, ask your care team for strategies that can help.
+Eat healthy foods.Choose whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins, such as fish and beans. Avoid or limit foods with a lot of saturated fat, trans fats, salt and sugar.
+Exercise.Regular exercise helps control diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure — all risk factors for heart disease. With your provider's OK, aim for 30 to 60 minutes of physical activity most days of the week. Talk to your health care provider about the amount and type of exercise that's best for you. You may be told to avoid intense lifting, competition and extreme temperatures.
+Maintain a healthy weight.Too much weight strains the heart. Being overweight increases the risk of high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes.
+Limit alcohol.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for females and up to two drinks a day for males.
+Control blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar.Ask your health care team how often you need to have your blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol levels checked.
+Practice good sleep habits.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health problems. Adults should aim to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily. Go to bed and wake at the same time every day, including on weekends. If you have trouble sleeping, talk to a health care professional about strategies that might help.
+Manage stress.Find ways to help reduce emotional stress. Getting more exercise, practicing mindfulness and connecting with others in support groups are some ways to ease stress.","pain, pain in back, upset stomach, fluttery feeling, pain in arms, tiredness, dizzy, rapid heartbeat, chest pain, pain in jaw, pain in shoulders, sweating, shortness of breath"
+899,Scarlet fever,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scarlet-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20377406,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scarlet-fever/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377411,,"Scarlet fever is a bacterial illness that develops in some people who have strep throat. Also known as scarlatina, scarlet fever features a bright red rash that covers most of the body. Scarlet fever almost always includes a sore throat and a high fever.","The signs and symptoms that give scarlet fever its name include:
+
+Signs and symptoms of scarlet fever also include:
+
+The rash and the redness in the face and tongue usually last about a week. After these signs and symptoms have gone away, the skin affected by the rash often peels.",Talk to your health care provider if your child has a sore throat with:,"Scarlet fever is caused by the same type of bacteria that causes strep throat — group A streptococcus (strep-toe-KOK-us), also called group A strep. In scarlet fever, the bacteria release a toxin that produces the rash and red tongue.
+
+The infection spreads from person to person by droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The incubation period — the time between exposure and illness — is usually 2 to 4 days.","Children 5 to 15 years of age are more likely than are other people to get scarlet fever. Scarlet fever germs spread more easily among people in close contact, such as family members, child-care groups or classmates.
+
+Scarlet fever most often occurs after a strep throat infection. Sometimes scarlet fever may occur after a skin infection, such as impetigo. People can get scarlet fever more than once.","If scarlet fever goes untreated, the bacteria may spread to the:
+
+Rarely, scarlet fever can lead to rheumatic fever, a serious inflammatory disease that can affect the heart, joints, nervous system and skin.
+
+A possible relationship has been suggested between strep infection and a rare condition called pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with group A streptococci (PANDAS). Children with this condition experience worsened symptoms of neuropsychiatric conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder or tic disorders, with strep. This relationship currently remains unproved and controversial.","There is no vaccine to prevent scarlet fever. The best ways to prevent scarlet fever are the same as the standard precautions against infections:
+
+If your child has scarlet fever, wash drinking glasses and utensils in hot soapy water or in a dishwasher after your child uses them.","During the physical exam, your health care provider will:","For scarlet fever, your health care provider will prescribe an antibiotic. Make sure your child takes all of the medication as directed. If your child doesn't follow the treatment guidelines, treatment may not completely eliminate the infection, which can increase your child's risk of developing complications.
+
+Use ibuprofen (Advil, Children's Motrin, others) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) to control the fever and minimize throat pain. Check with your child's health care provider about the right dosage.
+
+Your child can return to school after having taken antibiotics for at least 12 hours and no longer having a fever.",,"You're likely to first see your family health care provider or your child's pediatrician. However, when you call to set up your appointment, you may be urged to seek immediate medical care.",,"rash, skin peels, fever, scarlet fever, redness"
+903,Spinal cord injury,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-cord-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20377890,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-cord-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377895,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-cord-injury/doctors-departments/ddc-20377896,"A spinal cord injury involves damage to any part of the spinal cord. It also can include damage to nerves at the end of the spinal cord, known as the cauda equina. The spinal cord sends and receives signals between the brain and the rest of the body. A spinal cord injury often causes permanent changes in strength, feeling and other body functions below the site of the injury.
+People who have had a spinal cord injury also may experience mental, emotional and social side effects.
+Many scientists are optimistic that advances in research will someday make repair of spinal cord injuries possible. Research studies are ongoing around the world. In the meantime, treatments and rehabilitation allow many people with spinal cord injuries to lead productive, independent lives.","The ability to control your arms or legs after a spinal cord injury depends on two factors. One factor is where the injury occurred on the spinal cord. The other factor is how bad the injury is.
+The lowest part of the spinal cord not damaged after an injury is known as the neurological level of the injury. ""The completeness"" of the injury refers to how much feeling, known as sensation, is lost. Completeness is classified as:
+Complete.If all feeling and all ability to control movement are lost below the spinal cord injury, the injury is called complete.
+Incomplete.If some feeling and control of movement remain below the affected area, the injury is called incomplete. There are varying degrees of incomplete injury.
+Loss of feeling and control of movement is known as paralysis. Paralysis from a spinal cord injury can be referred to as:
+Tetraplegia, also known as quadriplegia.This means that your arms, hands, trunk, legs and pelvic organs are all affected by your spinal cord injury.
+Paraplegia.This paralysis affects all or part of the trunk, legs and pelvic organs but not the arms.
+Your healthcare team performs a series of tests to determine the neurological level and completeness of your injury.
+Spinal cord injuries can cause the following symptoms:
+Loss of movement.
+Loss of or a change in sensation. This includes a change in the ability to feel heat, cold and touch.
+Loss of bowel or bladder control.
+Exaggerated reflex activities or spasms.
+Changes in sexual function, sexual sensitivity and fertility.
+Pain or an intense stinging sensation caused by damage to the nerve fibers in the spinal cord.
+Trouble breathing, coughing or clearing secretions from the lungs.","Anyone who has an injury to the head or neck needs an immediate medical evaluation. It is safest to assume that the person has a spinal injury until proved otherwise. This is important because:
+A serious spinal injury is not always immediately obvious. If a spinal injury occurs but it is not known, worse injury may occur.
+Numbness or paralysis can happen quickly or come on gradually.
+The time between injury and treatment can be critical. Learning the level of the injury can help determine the possible recovery.","Spinal cord injuries can result from damage to the spinal cord itself or to the bones that surround the spinal cord, known as the vertebrae. Injuries also may happen as a result of damage to the ligaments or disks of the spinal column.
+A sudden, traumatic blow to the spine can fracture, dislocate, crush or compress one or more of the vertebrae. A gunshot or knife wound that penetrates and cuts the spinal cord also can cause a spinal cord injury.
+Additional damage usually occurs over days or weeks. This is because of bleeding, swelling and fluid accumulation in and around the spinal cord after an injury.
+Other causes of a spinal cord injury don't include trauma. Arthritis, cancer, inflammation, infections or disk degeneration of the spine can be possible causes.","A spinal cord injury usually results from an accident and can happen to anyone. But certain factors can increase the risk of having a spinal cord injury, including:
+Being male.Spinal cord injuries largely affect men. In fact, women account for only about 20% of traumatic spinal cord injuries in the United States.
+Being between the ages of 16 and 30.More than half of spinal cord injuries occur in people in this age range.
+Being 65 and older.Another spike in spinal cord injuries occurs at age 65. Falls cause most injuries in older adults.
+Alcohol use.Alcohol use is involved in about 25% of traumatic spinal cord injuries.
+Engaging in risky behavior.Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of spinal cord injuries for people under 65. Other risky behaviors include diving into shallow water and playing sports without wearing safety gear or taking proper precautions.
+Having certain diseases.A minor injury can cause spinal cord damage if you have a condition that affects your joints or bones, such as osteoporosis.","A spinal cord injury can lead to many complications. Your rehabilitation team helps you develop tools to address these complications. The team also recommends equipment and resources to promote your quality of life and independence. Areas often affected include:
+Bladder control.The bladder continues to store urine from the kidneys after a spinal cord injury. But the injury may interfere with the brain receiving the messages it needs to control the bladder.Changes in bladder control increase the risk of urinary tract infections. The changes also may cause kidney infections and kidney or bladder stones. During rehabilitation, you learn ways to help empty your bladder.
+Bowel control.The stomach and intestines work much like they did before the injury, but control of bowel movements is often altered. A high-fiber diet might help regulate the bowels. You also can learn ways to help control your bowel.
+Pressure injuries.Below the neurological level of your injury, you might have lost some or all skin sensations. Therefore, your skin can't send a message to your brain when it's injured by certain things such as prolonged pressure.This can increase the risk of getting pressure sores. Changing positions often — with help, if needed — can help prevent the sores. Proper skin care also can help prevent pressure sores.
+Circulatory control.People with a spinal cord injury may have low blood pressure when they rise, known as orthostatic hypotension. They also may have swelling in the arms and legs. This can increase the risk of developing blood clots, such as deep vein thrombosis or a pulmonary embolus.Another issue with circulatory control is a potentially life-threatening rise in blood pressure, known as autonomic dysreflexia. Your rehabilitation team can teach you how to address these issues if they affect you.
+Respiratory system.If the injury affects the stomach and chest muscles, it may be hard to breathe and cough.The neurological level of injury determines what kind of breathing problems you may have. If the injury affects your neck and chest, you might have an increased risk of pneumonia or other lung conditions. Medicines and therapy can be helpful for treatment and prevention.
+Bone density.A spinal cord injury increases the risk of osteoporosis and fractures below the level of injury.
+Muscle tone.Some people with spinal cord injuries have a tightening or motion in the muscles, known as spasticity. Other people may have soft and limp muscles lacking muscle tone, known as flaccidity.
+Fitness and wellness.Weight loss and muscle thinning are common soon after a spinal cord injury. Because limited mobility can lead to a more sedentary lifestyle, there is a risk of weight gain, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.A dietitian can help you eat a nutritious diet to sustain a healthy weight. Physical and occupational therapists can help you develop a fitness and exercise program.
+Sexual health.A spinal cord injury may lead to changes in erection and ejaculation, or in changes in lubrication. Healthcare professionals specializing in urology or fertility can offer options for sexual functioning and fertility.
+Pain.Some people have pain, such as muscle or joint pain, from overuse of particular muscle groups. Nerve pain can occur after a spinal cord injury, especially in someone with an incomplete injury.
+Depression.Pain and the changes a spinal cord injury brings can cause depression in some people.","Following this advice might reduce your risk of a spinal cord injury:
+Drive safely.Car crashes are one of the most common causes of spinal cord injuries. Wear a seat belt every time you are in a moving vehicle.Make sure that your children wear a seat belt or use an age- and weight-appropriate child safety seat. To protect them from air bag injuries, children under age 12 should always ride in the back seat.
+Check water depth before diving.Don't dive into a pool unless it's at least 9 feet (about 2.74 meters) deep and clearly marked safe for diving. Competition diving requires a deeper depth. And don't dive into an aboveground pool or into water if you don't know how deep it is.
+Prevent falls.Use a step stool with a grab bar to reach high-up objects. Add handrails along stairways. Put nonslip mats on tile floors and in the tub or shower. For young children, use safety gates to block stairs and consider installing window guards.
+Take precautions when playing sports.Always wear recommended safety gear. Avoid leading with your head in sports. For example, don't slide headfirst in baseball. In American football, don't tackle using the top of your helmet. Use a spotter for new moves in gymnastics.
+Don't drink and drive.Don't drive after drinking alcohol or while under the influence of drugs. Don't ride with a driver who has been drinking.","Healthcare professionals in the emergency room do an exam, test for sensory function and movement, and ask questions about the accident. They may be able to rule out a spinal cord injury based on this evaluation.
+But emergency diagnostic tests may be needed. They should be done if the injured person has neck pain, isn't fully awake, or has obvious weakness or neurological injury.
+These tests can include:
+X-rays. X-rays can reveal damage to the bone surrounding the spinal cord, known as the vertebrae. They also can find tumors, fractures or changes in the spine.
+CTscan.ACTscan can provide a clearer image compared with an X-ray. This scan uses computers to form a series of cross-sectional images that can define bone, disk and other changes.
+MRI.MRIuses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce computer-generated images. This test is helpful for looking at the spinal cord to find herniated disks, blood clots or other masses that might compress the spinal cord.
+A few days after the injury, when some of the swelling might have gone down, a more comprehensive neurological exam may be done. The exam looks at the level and completeness of the injury. This involves testing muscle strength and your ability to sense light touch and pinprick sensations.","There's no way to reverse damage to the spinal cord. But researchers are continually working on new treatments. They include prostheses and medicines that might promote nerve cell regeneration or improve the function of the nerves that remain after a spinal cord injury.
+In the meantime, spinal cord injury treatment focuses on preventing further injury and empowering people to return to an active and productive life.","An accident that results in paralysis is a life-changing event, and adapting is no easy task. You may wonder how your spinal cord injury will affect you in the long term.
+Recovery takes time, but many people who are paralyzed lead productive and fulfilling lives. It's essential to stay motivated and get the support you need.","Traumatic spinal cord injuries are emergencies. People who are injured might not be able to participate in their care at first.
+A number of specialists are involved in stabilizing your condition. They may include a doctor who specializes in nervous system disorders, known as a neurologist. They also may include a surgeon who specializes in spinal cord injuries and other nervous system conditions, known as a neurosurgeon.
+Your rehabilitation team is led by a doctor who specializes in spinal cord injuries and includes a variety of specialists.
+Here's what you can do if you or someone you're with may have a spinal cord injury.",,"pain, changes in sexual function, changes in sexual sensitivity, loss of sensation, loss of movement, cord injuries, trouble breathing, cord injury, loss of bowel or bladder control, coughing, loss of bowel or bladder, paralysis, exaggerated reflex activities, change in sensation, spasms, intense stinging sensation, trouble clearing secretions from the lungs, stinging sensation"
+906,Scleroderma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scleroderma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351952,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scleroderma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351957,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scleroderma/doctors-departments/ddc-20351960,"Scleroderma (sklair-oh-DUR-muh), also known as systemic sclerosis, is a group of rare diseases that involve the hardening and tightening of the skin. Scleroderma also may cause problems in the blood vessels, internal organs and digestive tract.
+Scleroderma is often categorized as limited or diffuse, which refers only to the degree of skin involvement. Both types can involve any of the other vascular or organ symptoms that are part of the disease. Localized scleroderma, also known as morphea, affects only the skin.
+While there is no cure for scleroderma, treatments can ease symptoms, slow progression and improve quality of life.","Scleroderma symptoms vary from person to person, depending on which parts of the body are affected.",,"Scleroderma happens when the body produces too much collagen and it builds up in body tissues. Collagen is a fibrous type of protein that makes up the body's connective tissues, including the skin.
+Experts don't know exactly what causes this process to begin, but the body's immune system appears to play a role. Most likely, scleroderma is caused by a combination of factors, including immune system problems, genetics and environmental triggers.","Anyone can get scleroderma, but it is more common in people assigned female at birth. People typically get scleroderma between ages 30 and 50. Black people often have earlier onset and are more likely to have more skin involvement and lung disease.
+Several other combined factors appear to influence the risk of having scleroderma:
+Genetics.People who have certain gene changes appear to be more likely to develop scleroderma. This may explain why scleroderma appears to run in families in a small number of people and why some types of scleroderma are more common for people in certain racial and ethnic groups.
+Environmental triggers.Research suggests that in some people, scleroderma symptoms may be triggered by exposure to certain viruses, medicines or drugs. Repeated exposure, such as at work, to certain harmful substances or chemicals also may increase the risk of scleroderma. An environmental trigger is not identified for most people.
+Immune system conditions.Scleroderma is believed to be an autoimmune disease. This means that it occurs in part because the body's immune system begins to attack the connective tissues. People who have scleroderma also may have symptoms of another autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or Sjogren syndrome.","Scleroderma complications range from mild to serious and can affect the:
+Fingertips.In systemic sclerosis, Raynaud's phenomenon can become so severe that the restricted blood flow permanently damages the tissue at the fingertips, causing pits or skin sores. In some people, the tissue on the fingertips may die.
+Lungs.Scarring of lung tissue can impact the ability to breathe and tolerance for exercise. High blood pressure in the arteries to the lungs also may happen.
+Kidneys.A serious kidney complication, called scleroderma renal crisis, involves a sudden increase in blood pressure and rapid kidney failure. Prompt treatment of this condition is important to preserve kidney function.
+Heart.Scarring of heart tissue increases the risk of irregular heartbeats and heart failure. Scleroderma also can cause inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart.
+Teeth.Serious tightening of facial skin can cause the mouth to become smaller and narrower. This may make it hard to brush the teeth or to have them professionally cleaned or restored. People who have scleroderma often don't make typical amounts of saliva, so the risk of dental decay increases even more.
+Digestive system.Digestive complications of scleroderma can include heartburn and difficulty swallowing. Scleroderma also can cause bouts of cramps, bloating, constipation or diarrhea. Some people who have scleroderma also may have problems absorbing nutrients due to overgrowth of bacteria in the intestine.
+Joints.The skin over joints can become so tight that it restricts flexibility and movement, particularly in the hands.",,"Because scleroderma can take so many forms and affect so many different areas of the body, it can be difficult to diagnose.
+After a thorough physical exam, your healthcare professional may suggest blood tests to check for elevated levels of certain antibodies made by the immune system.
+Your healthcare professional also may suggest other blood tests, imaging or organ function tests. These tests may help determine whether your digestive system, heart, lungs or kidneys are affected.",There is no treatment that can cure or stop the overproduction of collagen that happens in scleroderma. But a variety of treatments can help control symptoms and prevent complications.,"As is true with other chronic diseases, living with scleroderma can cause you to feel anxious or worried. Here are some ideas to help you even out your feelings:
+Maintain your typical daily activities as best you can.
+Pace yourself and be sure to get the rest that you need.
+Stay connected with friends and family.
+Continue to pursue hobbies that you enjoy and are able to do.
+Keep in mind that your physical health can have a direct impact on your mental health. People with chronic illnesses can feel denial, anger and frustration.
+At times, you may need additional tools to deal with your emotions. Mental health professionals, such as therapists or behavior psychologists, may be able to help you put things in perspective. They also can help you develop coping skills, including relaxation techniques.
+Joining a support group, where you can share experiences and feelings with other people, is often a good approach. Ask your healthcare team what support groups are available in your community.","You'll probably first bring your symptoms to the attention of your family healthcare professional. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the treatment of arthritis and other diseases of the joints, muscles and bone. This type of doctor is called a rheumatologist. Because scleroderma can affect many organ systems, you may need to see a variety of medical specialists.","You can take a number of steps to help manage your symptoms of scleroderma:
+Stay active.Exercise keeps your body flexible, improves circulation and eases stiffness. Range-of-motion exercises can help keep your skin and joints flexible. This is always very important, especially early in the disease course.
+Protect your skin.Take good care of dry or stiff skin by using lotion and sunscreen regularly. Avoid hot baths and showers and exposure to strong soaps and household chemicals, which can irritate and further dry out your skin.
+Don't smoke.Nicotine causes blood vessels to contract, making Raynaud's phenomenon worse. Smoking also can cause permanent narrowing of the blood vessels and cause or worsen lung problems. Quitting smoking can be difficult. Ask your healthcare professional for help.
+Manage heartburn.Avoid foods that give you heartburn or gas. Also avoid late-night meals. Elevate the head of your bed to keep stomach acid from backing up into your esophagus as you sleep. Antacids may help relieve symptoms.
+Protect yourself from the cold.Wear warm mittens for protection anytime your hands are exposed to cold — even when you reach into a freezer. It also is important to keep your core body temperature warm to help prevent Raynaud's phenomenon. When you're outside in the cold, wear warm boots, cover your face and head, and wear layers of warm clothing.",none
+909,Brain metastases,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-metastases/symptoms-causes/syc-20350136,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-metastases/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350140,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-metastases/doctors-departments/ddc-20350142,"Brain metastases happen when cancer cells spread from their original site to the brain. Any cancer can spread to the brain. But the most common types that spread are lung, breast, colon, kidney and melanoma.
+Brain metastases may form one or more tumors in the brain. As they grow, they put pressure on surrounding brain tissue. This can cause symptoms such as headache, personality changes, confusion, seizures, vision changes, trouble speaking, numbness, weakness or loss of balance.
+Treatment for people whose cancer has spread to the brain may include surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy or chemotherapy. Other treatments might be used to decrease pain and symptoms caused by the cancer.","Symptoms caused by brain metastases can vary. They depend on location, size and how fast they're growing.
+Symptoms of brain metastases include:
+Headache, sometimes with vomiting or nausea.
+Mental changes, such as increasing memory problems.
+Seizures.
+Weakness or numbness on one side of the body.
+Vision changes.
+Difficulty speaking or understanding language.
+Loss of balance.","Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have persistent signs and symptoms that concern you. If you've been treated for cancer in the past, tell your doctor about your medical history.","Brain metastases occur when cancer cells break away from their original location. The cells may travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system and spread to the brain.
+Cancer that spreads from its original location is known by the name of the primary cancer. For example, cancer that has spread from the breast to the brain is called metastatic breast cancer, not brain cancer.","Any type of cancer can spread to the brain. Some of the types that are more likely to spread include:
+Lung cancer.
+Breast cancer.
+Colon cancer.
+Kidney cancer.
+Melanoma.",,,"Tests and procedures for diagnosing brain metastases include:
+Neurological exam.Your healthcare professional checks your cognition, speech, vision, hearing, balance, coordination, strength, sensation and reflexes.
+Imaging tests.These tests make pictures of the body. Magnetic resonance imaging, also calledMRI, is the main test used to help show the location and size of brain metastases. A dye may be injected through a vein in your arm during this test.Other imaging tests may include computerized tomography, also calledCT, and positron emission tomography, also calledPET.
+Biopsy.Your healthcare professional may recommend a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. It can be done with a needle or during surgery to remove a brain tumor.","Treatment for brain metastases can help ease symptoms, slow tumor growth and extend life. Even with successful treatment, they may return. That's why your healthcare professional will follow you closely.
+Treatments will depend on the type, size, number and location of tumors. Healthcare professionals also consider your symptoms, health and treatment goals.","Coping with brain metastases involves accepting the news that your cancer has spread beyond its original site.
+Cancer that has spread can be difficult to cure. People with a single brain metastasis have a better chance of long-term survival than do people with multiple metastatic tumors. Your healthcare team will work to reduce your pain and help you continue your daily activities.
+With time you'll find ways to cope with the stress and uncertainty of cancer. Until then, you may find that it helps to:
+Learn about brain metastases.Ask your healthcare professional for details of your cancer. Ask about the type, treatment options and your prognosis. Ask for good sources of up-to-date information.
+Be aware of possible limits on driving.Ask your healthcare professional if it's OK for you to drive. The answer may depend on if your neurological exam shows that your judgment and reflexes have not been affected and whether you have seizures.
+Express your feelings.Find an activity that allows you to write or talk about your emotions. That may include writing in a journal, talking to a friend, counselor or chaplain, or joining a support group. Ask your healthcare professional about support groups in your area.
+Come to terms with your illness.If treatment isn't helping, you and your family may want to talk with your healthcare team about end-of-life care options, such as hospice.","Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. Tell them if you've been treated for cancer before, even if it was many years ago.
+If you're diagnosed with brain metastases, you'll be referred to one or more of the following healthcare professionals:
+A neuro-oncologist,who specializes in brain metastases.
+A neurologist,who treats disorders of the nervous system.
+A radiation oncologist,who treats brain tumors with radiation.
+A neurosurgeon,who performs surgery on brain tumors.
+Appointments can be brief, and there's a lot to discuss. It's a good idea to be prepared. Here's how to help get ready and what to expect:",,"nausea, headache, weakness, memory problems, vomiting, vision changes, loss of balance, numbness, seizures, difficulty speaking"
+911,Epilepsy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350098,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/doctors-departments/ddc-20350101,"Epilepsy — also known as a seizure disorder — is a brain condition that causes recurring seizures. There are many types of epilepsy. In some people, the cause can be identified. In others, the cause is not known.
+Epilepsy is common. It's estimated that 1.2% of people in the United States have active epilepsy, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epilepsy affects people of all genders, races, ethnic backgrounds and ages.
+Seizure symptoms can vary widely. Some people may lose awareness during a seizure while others don't. Some people stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure. Others may repeatedly twitch their arms or legs, movements known as convulsions.
+Having a single seizure doesn't mean you have epilepsy. Epilepsy is diagnosed if you've had at least two unprovoked seizures at least 24 hours apart. Unprovoked seizures don't have a clear cause.
+Treatment with medicines or sometimes surgery can control seizures for most people with epilepsy. Some people require lifelong treatment. For others, seizures go away. Some children with epilepsy may outgrow the condition with age.","Seizure symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure. Because epilepsy is caused by certain activity in the brain, seizures can affect any brain process. Seizure symptoms may include:
+Temporary confusion.
+A staring spell.
+Stiff muscles.
+Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs.
+Loss of consciousness.
+Psychological symptoms such as fear, anxiety or deja vu.
+Sometimes people with epilepsy may have changes in their behavior. They also may have symptoms of psychosis.
+Most people with epilepsy tend to have the same type of seizure each time. Symptoms are usually similar from episode to episode.","Seek immediate medical help if any of the following occurs with a seizure:
+The seizure lasts more than five minutes.
+Breathing or consciousness doesn't return after the seizure stops.
+A second seizure follows immediately.
+You have a high fever.
+You're pregnant.
+You have diabetes.
+You've injured yourself during the seizure.
+You continue to have seizures even though you've been taking anti-seizure medicine.
+If you have a seizure for the first time, seek medical advice.","Epilepsy has no identifiable cause in about half the people with the condition. In the other half, the condition may be traced to various factors, including:
+Genetic influence.Some types of epilepsy run in families. In these instances, it's likely that there's a genetic influence. Researchers have linked some types of epilepsy to specific genes. But some people have genetic epilepsy that isn't hereditary. Genetic changes can occur in a child without being passed down from a parent.For most people, genes are only part of the cause of epilepsy. Certain genes may make a person more sensitive to environmental conditions that trigger seizures.
+Head trauma.Head trauma as a result of a car accident or other traumatic injury can cause epilepsy.
+Factors in the brain.Brain tumors can cause epilepsy. Epilepsy also may be caused by the way blood vessels form in the brain. People with blood vessel conditions such as arteriovenous malformations and cavernous malformations can have seizures. And in adults older than age 35, stroke is a leading cause of epilepsy.
+Infections.Meningitis,HIV, viral encephalitis and some parasitic infections can cause epilepsy.
+Injury before birth.Before they're born, babies are sensitive to brain damage that could be caused by several factors. They might include an infection in the mother, poor nutrition or not enough oxygen. This brain damage can result in epilepsy or cerebral palsy.
+Developmental conditions.Epilepsy can sometimes occur with developmental conditions. People with autism are more likely to have epilepsy than are people without autism. Research also has found that people with epilepsy are more likely to have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other developmental conditions. Having both conditions may be related to genes.","Certain factors may increase your risk of epilepsy:
+Age.The onset of epilepsy is most common in children and older adults, but the condition can occur at any age.
+Family history.If you have a family history of epilepsy, you may be at an increased risk of seizures.
+Head injuries.Head injuries are responsible for some cases of epilepsy. You can reduce your risk by wearing a seat belt while riding in a car. Also wear a helmet while bicycling, skiing, riding a motorcycle or doing any activities with a high risk of head injury.
+Stroke and other vascular diseases.Stroke and other blood vessel diseases can cause brain damage. Brain damage may trigger seizures and epilepsy. You can take steps to reduce your risk of these diseases. Limit alcohol, don't smoke, eat a healthy diet and exercise regularly.
+Dementia.Dementia can increase the risk of epilepsy in older adults.
+Brain infections.Infections such as meningitis, which causes inflammation in the brain or spinal cord, can increase your risk.
+Seizures in childhood.High fevers in childhood can sometimes be associated with seizures. Children who have seizures due to high fevers generally won't develop epilepsy. The risk of epilepsy increases if a child has a long fever-associated seizure, another nervous system condition or a family history of epilepsy.","Having a seizure at certain times can be dangerous to yourself or others.
+Falling.If you fall during a seizure, you can injure your head or break a bone.
+Drowning.People with epilepsy are 13 to 19 times more likely to drown while swimming or bathing than people without epilepsy. The risk is higher because you might have a seizure while in the water.
+Car accidents.A seizure that causes either loss of awareness or control can be dangerous if you're driving a car or operating other equipment.Many states have driver's license restrictions related to a driver's ability to control seizures. In these states, there is a minimum amount of time that a driver must be seizure-free before being cleared to drive. The amount of time may range from months to years.
+Trouble with sleep.People who have epilepsy may have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep, known as insomnia.
+Pregnancy complications.Seizures during pregnancy pose dangers to both mother and baby. Also, certain anti-seizure medicines increase the risk of birth defects. If you have epilepsy and you're considering becoming pregnant, get medical help as you plan your pregnancy.Most women with epilepsy can become pregnant and have healthy babies. You need to be carefully monitored throughout pregnancy. Your medicines may need to be adjusted. It's very important that you work with your healthcare team to plan your pregnancy.
+Memory loss.People with some types of epilepsy have trouble with memory.",,"To diagnose epilepsy, your healthcare professional reviews your symptoms and medical history. You may have several tests to diagnose epilepsy and to detect the cause of seizures. They may include:
+A neurological exam.This exam tests your behavior, movements, mental function and other areas. The exam helps diagnose epilepsy and determine the type of epilepsy you may have.
+Blood tests.A blood sample can detect signs of infections, genetic conditions or other conditions that may be associated with seizures.
+Genetic testing.In some people with epilepsy, genetic testing may give more information about the condition and how to treat it. Genetic testing is most often performed in children but also may be helpful in some adults with epilepsy.
+You also may have brain imaging tests and scans that detect brain changes:
+Electroencephalogram (EEG).This is the most common test used to diagnose epilepsy. In this test, small metal discs called electrodes are attached to your scalp with an adhesive or cap. The electrodes record the electrical activity of your brain.If you have epilepsy, it's common to have changes in the pattern of brain waves. These changes occur even when you're not having a seizure. Your healthcare professional may monitor you on video during anEEGto detect and record any seizures. This may be done while you're awake or asleep. Recording the seizures may help determine what kind of seizures you're having or rule out other conditions.The test may be done in a healthcare professional's office or the hospital. Or you may have an ambulatoryEEG. TheEEGrecords seizure activity over the course of a few days at home.You may get instructions to do something that can cause seizures, such as getting little sleep prior to the test.
+High-densityEEG.In a variation of anEEGtest, you may have a high-densityEEG. For this test, electrodes are placed closer together compared with a conventionalEEG. High-densityEEGmay help more precisely determine which areas of your brain are affected by seizures.
+Computerized tomography (CT) scan.ACTscan uses X-rays to obtain cross-sectional images of your brain.CTscans can detect tumors, bleeding or cysts in the brain that might be causing epilepsy.
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).AnMRIuses powerful magnets and radio waves to create a detailed view of the brain. Like aCTscan, anMRIlooks at the structure of the brain to detect what may be causing seizures. But anMRIprovides a more detailed look at the brain than aCTscan.
+FunctionalMRI(fMRI).A functionalMRImeasures the changes in blood flow that occur when specific parts of the brain are working. This test may be used before surgery to identify the exact locations of critical functions, such as speech and movement. This allows surgeons to avoid those areas while operating.
+Positron emission tomography (PET).PETscans use a small amount of low-dose radioactive material. The material is injected into a vein to help visualize metabolic activity of the brain and detect changes. Areas of the brain with low metabolism may indicate places where seizures occur.
+Single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT).This type of test is used ifMRIandEEGdidn't pinpoint the location in the brain where the seizures start.ASPECTtest uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive material. The material is injected into a vein to create a detailed, 3D map of blood flow during seizures. Areas of higher than typical blood flow may indicate areas where seizures occur.Another type ofSPECTtest called subtraction ictalSPECTcoregistered toMRI(SISCOM) may provide even more-detailed results. The test overlaps theSPECTresults with brainMRIresults.
+Neuropsychological tests.These tests assess thinking, memory and speech skills. The test results help determine which areas of the brain are affected by seizures.
+Along with your test results, a combination of other techniques may be used to help pinpoint where in the brain seizures start:
+Statistical parametric mapping (SPM).SPMlooks at the areas of the brain with increased blood flow during seizures. It's compared to the same areas of the brains of people who don't have seizures. This provides information about where seizures begin.
+Electrical source imaging (ESI).ESIis a technique that takesEEGdata and projects it onto anMRIof the brain. This is done to show areas where seizures are occurring. This technique provides more-precise detail than doesEEGalone.
+Magnetoencephalography (MEG).MEGmeasures the magnetic fields produced by brain activity. This helps find the potential areas where seizures start.MEGcan be more accurate thanEEGbecause the skull and tissue surrounding the brain interfere less with magnetic fields.MEGandMRItogether provide images that show areas of the brain both affected by seizures and not affected by seizures.
+Diagnosis of your seizure type and where seizures begin gives you the best chance for finding an effective treatment.","Treatment can help people diagnosed with epilepsy have fewer seizures or even completely stop having seizures. Possible treatments include:
+Medicines.
+Surgery.
+Therapies that stimulate the brain using a device.
+A ketogenic diet.","Not being able to control seizures can lead to depression. But you can live an active, full life with epilepsy. To help cope:
+Educate yourself and your friends and familyabout epilepsy so that they understand the condition.
+Try to ignore negative reactions from people.It helps to learn about epilepsy so that you know the facts as opposed to misconceptions about the disease. And try to keep your sense of humor.
+Live as independently as possible.Continue to work, if possible. If you can't drive because of your seizures, investigate public transportation options near you. If you are not cleared to drive, you might consider moving to a city with good public transportation options.
+Find a healthcare professional you likeand with whom you feel comfortable.
+Try not to worryabout having a seizure.
+Find an epilepsy support groupto meet people who understand what you're going through.
+If you can't work outside of the home because of your seizures, you might consider working from home. And there are other ways to feel connected to people.
+Let people you work and live with know how to handle a seizure. This can help if they are with you when you have one. You may offer them suggestions such as:
+Carefully roll the person onto one side to prevent choking.
+Place something soft under the person's head.
+Loosen tight neckwear.
+Don't place fingers or anything else in the person's mouth. People with epilepsy will not ""swallow"" their tongues during a seizure — it's physically impossible.
+Don't try to restrain someone having a seizure.
+If the person is moving, clear away dangerous objects.
+If immediate medical help is needed, stay with the person until medical staff arrive.
+Observe the person closely so that you can provide details on what happened.
+Time the seizures.
+Be calm during the seizures.","You may start by seeing your healthcare professional. However, when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to a specialist. This specialist may be a doctor trained in brain and nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist. Or you may be referred to a neurologist trained in epilepsy, known as an epileptologist.
+Appointments can be brief and there's often a lot to talk about. It's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect.","Understanding your condition can help you take better control of it:
+Take your medicine correctly.Don't adjust your dosage before talking to a member of your healthcare team. If you feel that your medicine should be changed, talk with your healthcare professional.
+Get enough sleep.Lack of sleep can trigger seizures. Be sure to get adequate rest every night.
+Wear a medical alert bracelet.This will help emergency staff know how to treat you correctly.
+Exercise.Exercising may help keep you physically healthy and reduce depression. Make sure to drink enough water, and rest if you get tired during exercise.
+In addition, make healthy life choices. Manage stress, limit alcohol and don't smoke cigarettes.","staring spell, anxiety, psychosis, seizure, jerking movements, uncontrollable jerking movements, deja vu, temporary confusion, confusion, stiff muscles, fear, seizures, loss of consciousness, epilepsy"
+913,Febrile seizure,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/febrile-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20372522,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/febrile-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372527,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/febrile-seizure/doctors-departments/ddc-20372528,"A febrile seizure is a convulsion in a child that's caused by a fever. The fever is often from an infection. Febrile seizures occur in young, healthy children who have normal development and haven't had any neurological symptoms before.
+
+It can be frightening when your child has a febrile seizure. Fortunately, febrile seizures are usually harmless, only last a few minutes, and typically don't indicate a serious health problem.
+
+You can help by keeping your child safe during a febrile seizure and by offering comfort afterward. Call your doctor to have your child evaluated as soon as possible after a febrile seizure.","Usually, a child having a febrile seizure shakes all over and loses consciousness. Sometimes, the child may get very stiff or twitch in just one area of the body.
+
+A child having a febrile seizure may:
+
+Febrile seizures are classified as simple or complex:
+
+Febrile seizures most often occur within 24 hours of the onset of a fever and can be the first sign that a child is ill.","See your child's doctor as soon as possible after your child's first febrile seizure, even if it lasts only a few seconds. Call an ambulance to take your child to the emergency room if the seizure lasts longer than five minutes or is accompanied by:","Usually, a higher than normal body temperature causes febrile seizures. Even a low-grade fever can trigger a febrile seizure.",Factors that increase the risk of having a febrile seizure include:,"Most febrile seizures produce no lasting effects. Simple febrile seizures don't cause brain damage, intellectual disability or learning disabilities, and they don't mean your child has a more serious underlying disorder.
+
+Febrile seizures are provoked seizures and don't indicate epilepsy. Epilepsy is a condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal electrical signals in the brain.","Most febrile seizures occur in the first few hours of a fever, during the initial rise in body temperature.","Febrile seizures occur in children with normal development. Your doctor will carefully review your child's medical history and developmental history to exclude other risk factors for epilepsy. In normally developing children, identifying the cause of your child's fever is the first step after a febrile seizure.","Most febrile seizures stop on their own within a couple of minutes. If your child has a febrile seizure, stay calm and follow these steps:
+
+Call for emergency medical attention if:",,"You're likely to start by seeing your child's family doctor or pediatrician. You may then be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the brain and nervous system (neurologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"febrile seizure shakes, fever, febrile seizure, twitch, shakes all over, gets very stiff, febrile seizures, loses consciousness"
+914,Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/grand-mal-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20363458,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/grand-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20364165,,"A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. It's the type of seizure most people picture when they think about seizures.
+During a seizure, there's a burst of electrical activity in the brain that causes changes in behavior and movements. Seizures can be focal, meaning the burst of electrical activity happens in one area of the brain. Or seizures can be generalized, in which they result in electrical activity in all areas of the brain. Tonic-clonic seizures may begin as focal seizures in a small area of the brain and spread to become generalized seizures that involve the whole brain.
+Focal and generalized seizures have different symptoms. People who have generalized seizures usually lose consciousness. But people who have focal seizures may or may not lose consciousness. In tonic-clonic seizures, the muscles become stiff, causing the person to fall. Then the muscles alternately flex and relax.
+Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain.
+Some people who have a tonic-clonic seizure don’t have another one and don't need treatment. But someone who has recurrent seizures may need treatment with daily anti-seizure medicines to control and prevent future tonic-clonic seizures. Surgery and dietary changes also may be options to manage your seizures.","Tonic-clonic seizures have two stages:
+Tonic phase.Often, someone in the tonic phase will make a sound, such as a groan or yell. The muscles suddenly get stiff and cause the person to fall down. Loss of consciousness occurs. This phase tends to last about 10 to 20 seconds.
+Clonic phase.The muscles go into rhythmic contractions. The arms and legs often jerk. They alternately flex and relax. Convulsions usually last 1 to 2 minutes or less.
+The following symptoms occur in some but not all people with tonic-clonic seizures:
+Loss of bowel and bladder function.This may happen during or following a seizure.
+Not responding after convulsions.The person may not become conscious for several minutes after convulsions have ended.
+Confusion.The person often is disoriented after a tonic-clonic seizure. This is referred to as postictal confusion.
+Fatigue.Sleepiness is common after a tonic-clonic seizure.
+Bad headache.Headaches may occur after a tonic-clonic seizure.","Call 911 or emergency medical help if:
+The seizure lasts more than five minutes.
+Breathing or consciousness doesn't return after the seizure stops.
+A second seizure follows immediately.
+You have a high fever.
+You're experiencing heat exhaustion.
+You're pregnant.
+You have diabetes.
+You've injured yourself during the seizure.
+If you experience a seizure for the first time, see a healthcare professional.
+Also see a healthcare professional if you or your child:
+Experiences an increasing number of seizures for no apparent reason.
+Notices new seizure symptoms.","The brain's nerve cells typically communicate by sending electrical and chemical signals across the synapses that connect the cells. A synapse is the area between cells that allows them to send messages. Tonic-clonic seizures occur when there's a surge of electrical activity over the surface of the brain. Many nerve cells fire at once, much faster than usual. Exactly what causes these changes often is not known.
+However, tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes caused by other health problems, such as:
+Injury or infection.Severe head injuries can cause tonic-clonic seizures. Other possible causes includeinfections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, or having these infections in the past. Stroke and dementias that cause degeneration in the brain, such as Alzheimer's disease, also can cause tonic-clonic seizures.
+Congenital or developmental factors.These can include blood vessels that don't form properly in the brain and brain tumors.
+Metabolic issues.Very low blood levels of glucose, sodium, calcium or magnesium can cause tonic-clonic seizures.
+Withdrawal syndromes.These can include using or withdrawing from drugs, including alcohol.","Risk factors for tonic-clonic seizures include:
+A family history of seizure disorders.
+Any injury to the brain from trauma, a stroke, previous infection and other causes.
+Sleep deprivation.
+Medical problems that affect the balance of minerals in the body.
+Illicit drug use.
+Heavy alcohol use.","Having a seizure at certain times can be dangerous for you or others. You might be at risk of:
+Falling.If you fall during a seizure, you can injure your head or break a bone.
+Drowning.If you have a seizure while swimming or bathing, you're at risk of accidental drowning.
+Car accidents.A seizure that causes either loss of awareness or control can be dangerous if you're driving a car or operating other equipment.
+Pregnancy complications.Seizures during pregnancy pose dangers to both mother and baby. And certain anti-seizure medicines increase the risk of birth defects. If you have epilepsy and plan to become pregnant, talk with a healthcare professional. Your medicines may need to be adjusted. A healthcare professional likely will monitor your pregnancy.
+Emotional health issues.People with seizures are more likely to have depression and anxiety. Children with seizures may be more likely to develop attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, also called ADHD. Emotional health issues may be a result of dealing with the condition itself or as a result of medicine side effects.",,"After a seizure, see a healthcare professional to thoroughly review your symptoms and medical history. You may need several tests to determine the cause of your seizure. The tests can evaluate how likely it is that you'll have another one.
+Tests may include:
+Neurological exam.You may have a test of your behavior, ability to move and control your muscles, and ability to think, understand and solve problems. This helps determine if there's a health issue with your brain or other part of your nervous system.
+Blood tests.A blood sample can check for signs of infections, blood sugar levels or electrolyte imbalances.
+Lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap.You may need to have a sample of cerebrospinal fluid removed for testing if an infection might have caused the seizure.
+Electroencephalogram (EEG).In this test, flat metal discs called electrodes attached to your scalp record the electrical activity of your brain. This shows up as wavy lines on an EEG recording. The EEG may reveal a pattern that tells whether a seizure is likely to occur again. EEG testing also may help exclude other conditions that could cause a seizure.
+CT scan.A CT scan uses X-rays to obtain cross-sectional images of your brain. CT scans can reveal tumors, bleeding and cysts in the brain that might cause a seizure.
+MRI.An MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create a detailed view of your brain. An MRI shows the structure of the brain. This can help determine what may be causing the seizures.
+Positron emission tomography (PET).PET scans use a small amount of low-dose radioactive material that's injected into a vein. The material helps visualize active areas of the brain. This can help a healthcare professional see where seizures are occurring.
+Single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT).A SPECT test uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive material that's injected into a vein. The test creates a detailed, 3D map of the blood flow activity in your brain that happens during a seizure. You may have a form of a SPECT test called subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered to magnetic resonance imaging, also called SISCOM. This can compare blood flow during a seizure to blood flow in between seizures.","Not everyone who has one seizure has another one. Because a seizure can be an isolated incident, you may not start treatment until you've had more than one. Treatment usually involves the use of anti-seizure medicines.","It can be stressful to live with a seizure disorder. Stress can affect your mental health, so it's important to talk with a healthcare professional about your feelings, who can suggest ways you can find help.","Sometimes seizures need immediate medical attention, and there may not be time to prepare for an appointment.
+If your seizure wasn't an emergency, make an appointment with a healthcare professional. You may be referred to a specialist, such as a doctor trained in brain and nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist. Or you may be referred to a neurologist trained in epilepsy, known as an epileptologist.
+To prepare for your appointment, consider what you can do to get ready and understand what to expect.","Here are some steps you can take to help with seizure control:
+Take medicine correctly.Don't adjust the dosage before talking to a healthcare professional. Tell the health professional if you feel your medicine should be changed.
+Get enough sleep.Lack of sleep can trigger seizures. Be sure to get adequate rest every night.
+Wear a medical alert bracelet.This helps emergency personnel know how to treat you correctly if you have another seizure.","headache, seizure, bad headache, convulsions, headaches, yell, groan, fatigue, flex, tonic-clonic seizures, sleepiness, fall down, relax, seizures, disoriented, jerk, stiff, loss of bowel and bladder function, confusion, loss of consciousness, not responding"
+916,Temporal lobe seizure,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/temporal-lobe-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20378214,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/temporal-lobe-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378220,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/temporal-lobe-seizure/doctors-departments/ddc-20378221,"Temporal lobe seizures begin in the temporal lobes of the brain. These areas process emotions and are important for short-term memory. Symptoms of a temporal lobe seizure often affect these functions . Some people have odd feelings during the seizure, such as joy, deja vu or fear.
+Temporal lobe seizures are sometimes called focal seizures with impaired awareness. Some people are aware of what's going on during the seizure. People who have more-intense seizures might look awake but won't respond to what's around them. Their lips and hands may make motions over and over.
+The cause of temporal lobe seizures often isn't known. But it may stem from a scar in the temporal lobe. Temporal lobe seizures are treated with medicine. Some people who don't respond to medicine may have surgery.","An odd feeling called an aura may happen before a temporal lobe seizure. An aura acts as a warning. Not everyone who has temporal lobe seizures has auras. And not everyone who has auras remembers them.
+The aura is the first part of a focal seizure before a loss of consciousness.
+Examples of auras include:
+A sudden sense of fear or joy.
+A feeling that what's happening has happened before, known as deja vu.
+A sudden or strange odor or taste.
+A rising feeling in the belly that feels like being on a roller coaster
+Sometimes temporal lobe seizures keep people from responding to others. This type of temporal lobe seizure most often lasts 30 seconds to 2 minutes.
+Symptoms of a temporal lobe seizure include:
+Not being aware of the people and things around you.
+Staring.
+Lip smacking.
+Swallowing or chewing over and over.
+Finger movements, such as picking motions.
+After a temporal lobe seizure, you may:
+Be confused and have trouble speaking for a time.
+Be unable to recall what happened during the seizure.
+Be unaware of having had a seizure.
+Be very sleepy.
+Sometimes, what starts as a temporal lobe seizure becomes a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. This type of seizure causes shaking, known as convulsions, and loss of consciousness. It also is called a grand mal seizure.","Call 911 or your local emergency number if:
+The seizure lasts more than five minutes.
+Breathing or consciousness doesn't return after the seizure stops.
+A second seizure follows right away.
+Recovery isn't complete after the seizure.
+Recovery is slower than usual after the seizure.
+You're pregnant.
+You have diabetes.
+An injury happens during the seizure.
+For a first seizure, see a healthcare professional.
+Seek medical adviceif:
+You think you or your child has had a seizure.
+You have more seizures or more-intense seizures.
+You have new seizure symptoms.","Often, experts don't know the cause of temporal lobe seizures. But they can be a result of the following factors:
+Traumatic brain injury.
+Infections such as encephalitis and meningitis, or a history of such infections.
+A process that causes scarring in a part of the temporal lobes called the hippocampus. This is known as gliosis.
+Blood vessels in the brain that aren't formed correctly, called vascular malformations.
+Stroke.
+Brain tumors.
+Genetic syndromes.
+Withdrawal from alcohol overuse.
+During waking and sleeping, the brain cells have electrical activity. A burst of electrical activity in many brain cells may cause a seizure.
+If this burst happens in just one area of the brain, the result is a focal seizure. A temporal lobe seizure is a focal seizure that starts in one of the temporal lobes.","There are several risk factors for temporal lobe seizure. They pose the most risk if they happen early in life. These risk factors include:
+Brain injury.
+Infections such as encephalitis or meningitis.
+A seizure caused by a fever, called a febrile seizure.","Over time, repeated temporal lobe seizures can cause the part of the brain involved in learning and memory to shrink. This area of the brain is called the hippocampus. The loss of brain cells in the hippocampus may cause memory problems.",,"After a seizure, your healthcare professional reviews your symptoms and medical history. You may have tests to find the cause of your seizure. Knowing the cause helps show how likely it is that you'll have another seizure.
+Tests may include:
+Neurological exam.Your healthcare professional may test your behavior, motor abilities and mental function. This can show how well your brain and nervous system are working.
+Blood tests.A blood sample goes to a lab to check for signs of infection, genetic conditions, blood sugar levels and electrolyte imbalances.
+Electroencephalogram, also called EEG.Flat metal discs called electrodes attached to your scalp record the electrical activity of your brain. This shows up as wavy lines on an EEG recording. The EEG may show a pattern that tells whether a seizure is likely to happen again. An EEG also can help rule out other conditions that look like epilepsy.
+Computerized tomography, also called CT.A CT scan uses X-rays to get cross-sectional images of the brain. CT scans can show what may be causing seizures. The scans can show tumors, bleeding and cysts.
+MRI.An MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to show a detailed view of the brain. An MRI can show possible causes of seizures.
+Positron emission tomography, also called PET.PET scans use a small amount of low-dose radioactive material. A healthcare professional puts the material into a vein. The scan shows active areas of the brain. PET scans can show where in the brain the seizure began.
+Single-photon emission computerized tomography, also called SPECT.A SPECT test uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive tracer. A healthcare professional puts the tracer into a vein. This makes a detailed, 3D map of the blood flow in the brain during a seizure. A form of a SPECT test called subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered with magnetic resonance imaging, also called SISCOM, may give even more-detailed results.","Not everyone who has a seizure has another one. Your healthcare professional may decide not to start treatment until you've had more than one.
+Seizure treatment aims to find the best therapy to stop your seizures with the fewest side effects.",Stress due to living with a seizure condition can affect your mental health. Talk with your healthcare professional about your feelings. Look for ways to find help.,"Sometimes seizures need medical help right away. There isn’t always time to prepare for an appointment.
+But you may see your main healthcare professional or be sent to a specialist. You might see a specialist trained in brain and nervous system conditions, called a neurologist. Or you might see a neurologist trained in epilepsy, known as an epileptologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","Here are some steps you can take to help manage seizures:
+Take medicine correctly.Don't change the dose without first talking with your healthcare professional. If you think that your medicine needs a change, always talk with your health professional.
+Get enough sleep.Lack of sleep can trigger seizures. Be sure to get enough rest every night.
+Wear a medical alert bracelet.This helps emergency responders know how to treat you if you have a seizure.
+Ask your healthcare professional about driving.People who have seizures must be seizure-free for a certain length of time before being able to drive. The amount of time varies by state.","seizure, auras, convulsions, very sleepy, staring, trouble speaking, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+sudden sense of fear or joy, aura, not being aware, unaware, temporal lobe seizure, deja vu, confused, lip smacking, unable to recall, sudden or strange odor or taste, shaking, temporal lobe seizures, finger movements, swallowing or chewing over and over, rising feeling in the belly, loss of consciousness"
+920,Ventricular septal defect (VSD),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/symptoms-causes/syc-20353495,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353501,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ventricular-septal-defect/doctors-departments/ddc-20353504,A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the heart. It's a common heart problem present at birth (congenital heart defect). The hole occurs in the wall that separates the heart's lower chambers (ventricles).,"Symptoms of serious heart problems present at birth (congenital heart defects) often appear during the first few days, weeks or months of a child's life.
+
+Symptoms of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) depend on the size of the hole and if there are any other heart problems. A small VSD may never cause symptoms.
+
+In general, VSD symptoms in a baby may include:
+
+Symptoms of a ventricular septal defect in adults may include:","Call your health care provider if your baby:
+
+Call your provider if these symptoms develop:","Ventricular septal defect (VSD) occurs as the baby's heart is developing during pregnancy. The muscular wall separating the heart into left and right sides doesn't form fully, leaving one or more holes. The size of the hole or holes can vary.
+
+There's often no clear cause. Genetics and environmental factors may play a role. VSD can occur alone or with other heart problems present at birth. Rarely, a ventricular septal defect can occur later in life after a heart attack or certain heart procedures.","Risk factors for ventricular septal defect include:
+
+A baby born with ventricular septal defect may have other heart problems, such as:
+
+If you already have a child with a congenital heart defect, a genetic counselor can discuss the risk of your next child having one.","A small ventricular septal defect (VSD) may never cause any problems. Some medium or large VSD may be life-threatening. Treatment can help prevent many complications.
+
+Complications of ventricular septal defect can include:","Because the cause is unclear, it may not be possible to prevent ventricular septal defect (VSD). But getting good prenatal care is important. If you have a VSD and are planning to become pregnant, schedule a visit with your health care provider and follow these steps:
+
+If you have a family history of heart problems present at birth, consider talking with a genetic counselor and a heart doctor (cardiologist) before getting pregnant.","Some ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are diagnosed soon after a child is born. However, VSDs may not be diagnosed until later in life. Sometimes a VSD can be detected by a pregnancy ultrasound before the baby is born.
+
+If ventricular septal defect is present, the health care provider may hear a whooshing sound (heart murmur) when listening to the heart with a stethoscope.
+
+Tests that are done to help diagnose ventricular septal defect include:","Ventricular septal defect treatment may include regular health checkups, medications and surgery. Many babies born with a small ventricular septal defect (VSD) won't need surgery to close the hole. Some small ventricular septal defects (VSDs) close on their own.
+
+If the VSD is small, regular health checkups may be all that's needed. Medication may be prescribed to treat any symptoms.
+
+Babies who have large VSDs or who tire easily during feeding may need extra nutrition to help them grow. Some babies may require medication to help treat heart failure symptoms.","You may find that talking with others who've experienced similar events or situations can be helpful. Support groups offer parents, families and caregivers a place to share concerns and find encouragement. Ask your health care provider if there are any support groups in your area.","If a baby has a large ventricular septal defect, it will likely be diagnosed soon after birth. Sometimes it's diagnosed before birth during a pregnancy ultrasound.
+
+If you think your child has a VSD that wasn't recognized at birth, make an appointment with your child's health care provider. You may be referred to a heart doctor (cardiologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"symptoms, ventricular septal defect"
+921,Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sars/symptoms-causes/syc-20351765,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sars/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351771,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sars/doctors-departments/ddc-20351772,"Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a contagious illness caused by a coronavirus. It′s a disease that affects the lungs and airways, also called a respiratory illness. The coronavirus that causes SARS is called SARS-CoV-1. It first appeared in November 2002. Within a few months, the SARS-CoV-1 virus spread worldwide. It mainly passed from person to person.
+
+A global effort from health experts quickly stopped the spread of the disease. No cases of SARS have been reported anywhere in the world since 2004.","SARS usually starts with flu-like symptoms, including:
+
+After about a week, symptoms can include a dry cough and shortness of breath.","SARS is a serious illness that can lead to death. If you have any symptoms of a respiratory infection, call a member of your healthcare team right away. Also call your health professional if you have flu-like symptoms with a fever after you travel abroad.","SARS is caused by SARS-CoV-1, a strain of coronavirus. Coronaviruses are the family of viruses that also cause the common cold. A different strain of coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2, causes COVID-19.
+
+Coronaviruses can cause serious disease in animals. That's why scientists suspect that the SARS-CoV-1 virus might have started in animals and crossed to humans. It now seems likely that one or more animal viruses evolved into the new strain.","By and large, people at greatest risk of SARS are those who have had direct, close contact with someone who's infected. This includes healthcare workers and family members living with someone who has SARS.","Many people with SARS get pneumonia. And sometimes, a machine called a ventilator is needed to help with breathing. SARS is fatal in some cases, often because the body can′t get enough oxygen or can′t remove enough carbon dioxide. This condition is called respiratory failure. SARS also can lead to heart and liver failure.
+
+The risk of getting very sick from SARS rises with age, especially in people older than 60. The risk also goes up if you have another long-term health condition, such as diabetes or chronic hepatitis B.","Researchers are working on various vaccines for SARS. But none has been tested in humans. If infections caused by the SARS virus happen again, follow some safety measures. The following tips are key if you care for someone who may have SARS:
+
+Follow these steps for at least 10 days after the person′s fever has gone away and any breathing symptoms have gotten better. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that an infected person stay home from work or school during this time. Call your healthcare team right away if a fever or other symptoms start within 10 days of close contact with someone who has SARS.","When SARS first appeared, no specific tests checked for it. Now various tests can help detect the virus. These include tests of the blood, stool, nose and throat. But no known spread of the virus that causes SARS has happened anywhere in the world since 2004.","Scientists haven′t yet found an effective treatment for SARS. And antiviral medicines that clear up infections caused by viruses haven′t shown much benefit. Antibiotic medicines only work against bacteria, not viruses.
+
+Hospital care for SARS involves easing symptoms while the SARS virus runs its course. Care might include receiving fluids through a vein and extra oxygen if needed.",,,,"flu-like symptoms, sars, dry cough, cough, shortness of breath"
+923,Female sexual dysfunction,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/symptoms-causes/syc-20372549,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372556,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/doctors-departments/ddc-20372557,"Female sexual dysfunction is a medical term for ongoing sexual problems that upset you or your partner. Problems may involve sexual response, desire, orgasm or pain during sex.
+Many people have sexual problems at some point. Some have them throughout their lives. Female sexual dysfunction can happen at any stage of life. It can happen only sometimes or all the time during sex.
+Sexual response is complex. It involves how your body works, your feelings, things that happen in your life, your beliefs, your lifestyle and how you relate to your partner. A problem in any one of these areas can affect sexual desire, arousal or satisfaction. Treatment often involves more than one approach.","Symptoms vary depending on the type of sexual dysfunction. Symptoms may include:
+Low sexual desire.This most common of female sexual dysfunctions involves a lack of interest in sex and not wanting to have sex.
+Sexual arousal disorder.Even if you want sex, sometimes it may be hard to get or stay aroused during sex.
+Orgasmic disorder.You have ongoing trouble having an orgasm even with enough sexual arousal.
+Sexual pain disorder.You have pain when having sex.","If sexual problems affect your relationship or worry you, make an appointment with a member of your healthcare team.","Sexual dysfunction problems often start when hormones change. This might be after having a baby or during menopause. Major illness, such as cancer, diabetes or heart disease, also can add to sexual dysfunction.
+Factors that add to sex problems include the following:
+Physical.Medical conditions can lead to sexual dysfunction. These may include cancer, diabetes, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and bladder problems. Certain medicines can decrease your sexual desire and make it harder for you to have an orgasm. These include some medicines to treat depression, high blood pressure, allergies and cancers.
+Hormonal.Lower estrogen levels after menopause may lead to changes in your genital tissues and how you respond to sex. Lower estrogen leads to less blood flow to the pelvis. This can cause you to have less feeling in your genitals and to need more time to become aroused and reach orgasm.The vaginal lining also becomes thinner and less stretchy. Not being sexually active can make this worse. These factors can lead to painful intercourse, called dyspareunia. Sexual desire also lessens when hormone levels drop.Your body's hormone levels shift after giving birth and during breastfeeding. This can lead to vaginal dryness and affect your desire for sex.
+Psychological and social.Anxiety or depression that isn't treated can cause sexual dysfunction or add to it. So can long-term stress, a history of sexual abuse, worries of pregnancy and the demands of having an infant.Problems with your partner can affect your sex life. So can cultural and religious issues and problems with body image.","Factors that may increase your risk of sexual dysfunction:
+Depression, anxiety and other mental health conditions.
+Heart disease, diabetes, cancer.
+Conditions of the spine and brain, called neurological. Examples are spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis.
+Gynecological conditions, including infections.
+Certain medicines, such as those taken for depression or high blood pressure.
+Emotional or psychological stress, especially stress in your relationship with your partner.
+A history of sexual abuse.
+Lack of privacy.",,,"To diagnose female sexual dysfunction, your healthcare professional may:
+Discuss your sexual and medical history and your gender identity.You might be uneasy talking about such personal matters. But your sexuality is a key part of your well-being. Being open about your sexual history and current problems raises your chances of finding a way to treat them.
+Do a pelvic exam.During the exam, your healthcare professional checks for physical changes that can affect how much you enjoy sex. These include thinning of your genital tissues, scarring or pain.
+Order blood tests.Blood tests can check for health conditions that might be part of sexual dysfunction.
+Your healthcare professional also may suggest that you see a counselor or therapist who treats sexual and couples' problems.","Sexual dysfunction is a problem only if it bothers you. If it doesn't bother you, you don't need treatment. But if your sexual dysfunction hurts your relationship with your partner, then seeing a counselor or therapist together may be helpful.
+Female sexual dysfunction has many possible symptoms and causes, so treatment varies. You need to tell your healthcare professional your concerns.
+You also need to know how your body responds to sex and what you want from sex. These will help with choosing a treatment and knowing whether it works for you.
+Most often, a mix of treatments that includes medical, relationship and emotional issues works best.",,"If you have sex problems that upset you, make an appointment with your healthcare professional. Don't be shy talking about sex with your healthcare professional.
+You might have a condition that can be treated. Or lifestyle changes, therapy or a mix of treatments might help. Your main healthcare professional will either diagnose and treat the problem or refer you to a specialist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","To boost your sexual health, find ways to be OK with your sexuality, improve your self-esteem and accept your body. Try these healthy lifestyle habits:
+Don't drink too much alcohol.Drinking too much gets in the way of sexual response.
+Don't smoke.Cigarette smoking restricts blood flow. Less blood reaches your sexual organs. This could lower your sexual arousal and keep you from having an orgasm.
+Be physically active.Regular aerobic exercise can give you more energy, help you feel better about your body and put you in a better mood. This can help you feel more romantic more often.
+Learn to relax.Learn ways to lower stress and let yourself relax. Being relaxed can help you focus during sex. And it may help improve arousal and help you have an orgasm.","pain, sexual pain disorder, pain when having sex, hard to get or stay aroused, lack of interest in sex, trouble having an orgasm, orgasmic disorder, low sexual desire, sexual arousal disorder"
+925,Dislocated shoulder,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dislocated-shoulder/symptoms-causes/syc-20371715,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dislocated-shoulder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371720,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dislocated-shoulder/doctors-departments/ddc-20371721,"A dislocated shoulder is an injury in which the upper arm bone pops out of the cup-shaped socket that's part of the shoulder blade. The shoulder is the body's most flexible joint, which makes it more likely to dislocate.
+If you suspect a dislocated shoulder, seek prompt medical attention. Most people regain full use of their shoulder within a few weeks. However, once a shoulder dislocates, the joint might be prone to repeat dislocations.","Dislocated shoulder symptoms can include:
+A visibly deformed or out-of-place shoulder
+Swelling or bruising
+Intense pain
+Inability to move the joint
+Shoulder dislocation can also cause numbness, weakness or tingling near the injury, such as in the neck or down the arm. The muscles in the shoulder might spasm, which can increase the pain.","Get medical help right away for a shoulder that appears dislocated.
+While waiting for medical attention:
+Don't move the joint.Splint or sling the shoulder joint in the position it's in. Don't try to move the shoulder or force it back into place. This can damage the shoulder joint and its surrounding muscles, ligaments, nerves or blood vessels.
+Ice the injured joint.Apply ice to the shoulder to help reduce pain and swelling.","The shoulder joint is the most frequently dislocated joint of the body. Because it moves in several directions, the shoulder can dislocate forward, backward or downward. It might dislocate completely or partially.
+Most dislocations occur through the front of the shoulder. The ligaments — tissue that joins the bones — of the shoulder can be stretched or torn, often making the dislocation worse.
+It takes a strong force, such as a sudden blow to the shoulder, to pull the bones out of place. Extreme twisting of the shoulder joint can pop the ball of the upper arm bone out of the shoulder socket. In a partial dislocation, the upper arm bone is partially in and partially out of the shoulder socket.
+Causes of a dislocated shoulder include:
+Sports injuries.Shoulder dislocation is a common injury in contact sports, such as football and hockey. It's also common in sports that might involve falls, such as downhill skiing, gymnastics and volleyball.
+Trauma not related to sports.A hard blow to the shoulder during a motor vehicle accident can cause dislocation.
+Falls.Landing awkwardly after a fall, such as from a ladder or from tripping on a loose rug, can dislocate a shoulder.","Anyone can dislocate a shoulder. However, dislocated shoulders occur most often in people in their teens and 20s, particularly athletes involved in contact sports.","Complications of a dislocated shoulder might include:
+Tearing of the muscles, ligaments and tendons that reinforce the shoulder joint
+Nerve or blood vessel damage in or around the shoulder joint
+Becoming more prone to repeat dislocations, especially if the injury is severe
+Stretched or torn ligaments or tendons in the shoulder or damaged nerves or blood vessels around the shoulder might require surgery for repair.","To help prevent a dislocated shoulder:
+Take careto avoid falls and other shoulder injuries
+Wear protective gearwhen playing contact sports
+Exercise regularlyto maintain strength and flexibility in joints and muscles
+Having a dislocated shoulder joint can increase the risk of future shoulder dislocations. To help avoid a recurrence, keep doing the strength and stability exercises prescribed for the injury.","A health care provider inspects the affected area for tenderness, swelling or deformity and checks for signs of nerve or blood vessel injury. An X-ray of the shoulder joint can show the dislocation and possibly reveal broken bones or other damage to the shoulder joint.","Dislocated shoulder treatment might involve:
+Closed reduction.In this procedure, some gentle maneuvers might help move the shoulder bones back into position. Depending on the amount of pain and swelling, a muscle relaxant or sedative or, rarely, a general anesthetic might be given before moving the shoulder bones. When the shoulder bones are back in place, severe pain should improve almost immediately.
+Surgery.Surgery might help those with weak shoulder joints or ligaments who have repeated shoulder dislocations despite strengthening and rehabilitation. In rare cases, damaged nerves or blood vessels might require surgery. Surgical treatment might also reduce the risk of re-injury in young athletes.
+Immobilization.After closed reduction, wearing a special splint or sling for a few weeks can keep the shoulder from moving while it heals.
+Medication.A pain reliever or a muscle relaxant might provide comfort while the shoulder heals.
+Rehabilitation.When the splint or sling is no longer needed, a rehabilitation program can help restore range of motion, strength and stability to the shoulder joint.
+A fairly simple shoulder dislocation without major nerve or tissue damage likely will improve over a few weeks. Having full range of motion without pain and regained strength are necessary before returning to regular activities. Resuming activity too soon after shoulder dislocation may cause re-injury of the shoulder joint.",,"Depending on the severity of the injury, your primary care provider or the emergency room doctor might recommend that an orthopedic surgeon examine the injury.","Try these steps to help ease discomfort and encourage healing after being treated for a dislocated shoulder:
+Rest the shoulder.Don't repeat the specific action that caused the shoulder to dislocate. Try to avoid painful movements. Limit heavy lifting or overhead activity until the shoulder feels better.
+Apply ice then heat.Putting ice on the shoulder helps reduce inflammation and pain. Use a cold pack, a bag of frozen vegetables or a towel filled with ice cubes for 15 to 20 minutes at a time. Do this every couple of hours the first day or two.
+Take pain relievers.Medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) might help relieve pain. Follow label directions and stop taking the drugs when the pain improves.
+Maintain the range of motion of the shoulder.After one or two days, your health care provider might have you do some gentle exercises to help maintain the shoulder's range of motion. Being inactive can cause joints to stiffen.
+Once the injury heals and the shoulder has good range of motion, keep exercising. Daily shoulder stretches and a shoulder-strengthening and stability program might help prevent another dislocation. Your health care provider can help plan an appropriate exercise routine.","pain, weakness, swelling, muscle spasm, inability to move, numbness, shoulder dislocation, tingling, intense pain, visibly deformed, spasm, bruising"
+929,Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351838,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351844,,"Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare infectious disease that begins with flu-like symptoms and progresses rapidly to more severe disease. It can lead to life-threatening lung and heart problems. The disease is also called hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome.
+
+Several strains of the hantavirus can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. They are carried by different types of rodents. The most common carrier in North America is the deer mouse. Infection is usually caused by inhaling hantaviruses that have become airborne from rodent urine, droppings or saliva.
+
+Because treatment options are limited, the best protection against hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is to avoid contact with rodents and safely clean up rodent habitats.","The time from infection with the hantavirus to the start of illness is usually about 2 to 3 weeks. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome advances through two distinct stages. In the first stage, which can last for several days, the most common signs and symptoms are:
+
+Some people also experience:
+
+As the disease progresses, it can lead to damaged lung tissues, fluid build-up in the lungs, and serious problems with lung and heart function. Signs and symptoms may include:","The signs and symptoms of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome can worsen suddenly and may quickly become life-threatening. If you have flu-like symptoms that progressively worsen over a few days, see your health care provider. Get immediate medical care if you have trouble breathing.","Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a human disease found only in North and South America. Each strain of the hantavirus has a preferred rodent carrier.
+
+The deer mouse is the most common carrier of the virus in North America and Central America. In the United States, most of the infections occur in the states west of the Mississippi River.
+
+Other carriers in North America include the rice rat and cotton rat in the Southeast and the white-footed mouse in the Northeast. Rodent carriers in South America include the rice rat and the vesper mouse.","In the United States, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is most common in rural areas of the West. However, any exposure to rodent habitats can increase the risk of disease.
+
+Common sites for exposure to rodent nests, urine and droppings include:
+
+Activities that can increase the risk of exposure to the hantavirus include:",Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome can quickly become life-threatening. Severe disease can result in failure of the heart to deliver oxygen to the body. Each strain of the virus differs in severity. The death rate due to the strain carried by deer mice ranges from 30% to 50%.,Keeping rodents out of your home and workplace can help reduce your risk of hantavirus infection. Try these tips:,Blood tests can reveal if your body has made antibodies to a hantavirus. Your doctor may order other laboratory tests to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms.,"Specific treatment options for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are limited. But the prognosis improves with early recognition, immediate hospitalization and adequate support for breathing.",,"You might first see your family doctor. However, when you call to set up an appointment, your doctor may recommend urgent medical care. If you're having difficulty breathing or know you have been exposed to rodents, seek emergency medical attention.",,"hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, illness, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+fluid build-up in the lungs, damaged lung tissues, hantavirus, infection, serious problems with lung and heart function"
+932,Stevens-Johnson syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stevens-johnson-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355936,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stevens-johnson-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355942,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stevens-johnson-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20355944,"Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a rare, serious disorder of the skin and mucous membranes. It's usually a reaction to medication that starts with flu-like symptoms, followed by a painful rash that spreads and blisters. Then the top layer of affected skin dies, sheds and begins to heal after several days.
+
+Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a medical emergency that usually requires hospitalization. Treatment focuses on removing the cause, caring for wounds, controlling pain and minimizing complications as skin regrows. It can take weeks to months to recover.
+
+A more severe form of the condition is called toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). It involves more than 30% of the skin surface and extensive damage to the mucous membranes.
+
+If your condition was caused by a medication, you'll need to permanently avoid that drug and others like it.","One to three days before a rash develops, you may show early signs of Stevens-Johnson syndrome, including:
+
+As the condition develops, other signs and symptoms include:",Stevens-Johnson syndrome requires immediate medical attention. Seek emergency medical care if you experience signs and symptoms of this condition. Drug-induced reactions may occur during the use of a medication or up to two weeks after discontinuing it.,"Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a rare and unpredictable illness. Your health care provider may not be able to identify its exact cause, but usually the condition is triggered by medication, an infection or both. You may react to medication while you're using it or up to two weeks after you've stopped using it.
+
+Drugs that can cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome include:
+
+Infections that can cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome include pneumonia and HIV.",Factors that increase your risk of developing Stevens-Johnson syndrome include:,Stevens-Johnson syndrome complications include:,"If you've had this condition, avoid the medication that triggered it.If you've had Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and your health care provider told you it was caused by a medication, avoid that drug and others like it. This is key to preventing a recurrence, which is usually more severe than the first episode and can be fatal.
+
+Your immediate blood relatives also might want to avoid this drug because sometimes this condition runs in families.",Tests and procedures used to diagnose Stevens-Johnson syndrome include:,"Treating Stevens-Johnson syndrome requires hospitalization, possibly in an intensive care unit or a burn unit.",,"Stevens-Johnson syndrome is an emergency medical condition. If you have signs and symptoms, call 911 or emergency medical help, or go to an emergency room immediately.
+
+If you have time before you go:
+
+Questions your health care provider may ask include:
+
+While you're in the hospital, you'll likely have questions for your health care provider. It might help to keep a list of questions you have, such as:",,"rash, stevens-johnson syndrome"
+933,Melanoma,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/melanoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20374884,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374888,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/melanoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20374890,"Melanoma is a kind of skin cancer that starts in the melanocytes. Melanocytes are cells that make the pigment that gives skin its color. The pigment is called melanin.
+Melanoma typically starts on skin that's often exposed to the sun. This includes the skin on the arms, back, face and legs. Melanoma also can form in the eyes. Rarely, it can happen inside the body, such as in the nose or throat.
+The exact cause of all melanomas isn't clear. Most melanomas are caused by exposure to ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet light, also called UV light, comes from sunlight or tanning lamps and beds. Limiting exposure toUVlight can help reduce the risk of melanoma.
+The risk of melanoma seems to be increasing in people under 40, especially women. Knowing the symptoms of skin cancer can help ensure that cancerous changes are detected and treated before the cancer has spread. Melanoma can be treated successfully if it is found early.","The first melanoma signs and symptoms often are:
+A change in an existing mole.
+The development of a new pigmented or unusual-looking growth on the skin.
+Melanoma doesn't always begin as a mole. It also can happen on otherwise healthy skin.
+Melanomas symptoms can happen anywhere on the body. Melanomas most often develop in areas that have had exposure to the sun. This includes the arms, back, face and legs.
+Melanomas also can happen in areas that aren't as exposed to the sun. This includes the soles of the feet, palms of the hands and fingernail beds. Melanoma also can happen inside the body. These hidden melanomas are more common in people with brown or Black skin.",Make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you notice any skin changes that worry you.,"Melanoma happens when something changes healthy melanocytes into cancer cells. Melanocytes are skin cells that make pigment that gives skin its color. The pigment is called melanin.
+Melanoma starts when melanocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
+It isn't clear what changes the DNA in skin cells and how it leads to melanoma. It's likely a combination of factors, including environmental and genetic factors. Still, healthcare professionals believe exposure to ultraviolet light is the leading cause of melanoma. Ultraviolet light, also called UV light, comes from the sun and from tanning lamps and beds.
+UVlight doesn't cause all melanomas, especially those that occur in places on your body that don't receive exposure to sunlight. This means that other factors may contribute to your risk of melanoma.","Factors that may increase the risk of melanoma include:
+A family history of melanoma.If a close relative has had melanoma, you have a greater chance of developing a melanoma, too. Close relatives may include a parent, child or sibling.
+A history of sunburn.One or more severe, blistering sunburns can increase your risk of melanoma.
+Exposure toUVlight.The ultraviolet light, also called UV light, that comes from the sun and from tanning lights and beds increases the risk of skin cancer, including melanoma.
+Having many moles or moles that aren't typical.Having more than 50 typical moles on your body indicates an increased risk of melanoma. Also, having a type of mole that isn't typical increases the risk of melanoma. Known medically as dysplastic nevi, these moles tend to be larger than typical moles. They may have unusual borders and a mixture of colors.
+Living closer to the equator or at a higher elevation.People living closer to the earth's equator experience more direct sun rays. Therefore, they experience higher amounts ofUVlight from the sun than people living farther north or south. Also, people who live at a higher elevation are more exposed toUVlight.
+Skin that sunburns easily.Anyone can get melanoma, but it's most common in people with white skin. If you have blond or red hair, light-colored eyes, and freckle or sunburn easily, you're more likely to develop melanoma.
+Weakened immune system.If the body's germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medications or illness, there might be a higher risk of melanoma and other skin cancers. People with a weakened immune system include those taking medicines to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain medical conditions, such as infection withHIV, can weaken the immune system.",,"You can reduce your risk of melanoma and other types of skin cancer if you:
+Avoid tanning lamps and beds.Tanning lamps and beds give off ultraviolet light, also called UV light. Exposure to this kind of light can increase your risk of skin cancer.
+Avoid the sun during the middle of the day.For many people in North America, the sun's rays are strongest between about 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Schedule outdoor activities for other times of the day, even in winter or when the sky is cloudy.
+Become familiar with your skin so that you'll notice changes.Check your skin often for new skin growths. Look for changes in existing moles, freckles, bumps and birthmarks. With the help of mirrors, check your face, neck, ears and scalp.Look at your chest and trunk and the tops and undersides of your arms and hands. Check both the front and back of your legs and your feet, including the soles and the spaces between your toes. Also check your genital area and between your buttocks.
+Wear protective clothing.When you go outside during the day, wear clothes that help protect your skin from the sun's rays. Cover your skin with dark, tightly woven clothing that covers your arms and legs. Wear a broad-brimmed hat, which provides more protection than does a baseball cap or visor. Some companies also sell protective clothing. A dermatologist can recommend an appropriate brand.Don't forget sunglasses. Look for those that block both types ofUVlight that come from the sun, calledUVAandUVB.
+Wear sunscreen year-round.Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with anSPFof at least 30, even on cloudy days. Apply sunscreen generously. Reapply every two hours, or more often if you're swimming or sweating.",Tests and procedures used to diagnose melanoma include:,"Melanoma treatment often starts with surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may include radiation therapy and treatment with medicine. Treatment for melanoma depends on several factors. These factors include the stage of your cancer, your overall health and your own preferences.","With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and distress of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find it helps to:","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you notice any skin changes that worry you.
+If your healthcare professional thinks you might have melanoma, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in skin diseases. This doctor is called a dermatologist. If a cancer diagnosis is made, you also may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer. This doctor is called an oncologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"melanoma, melanomas, change in an existing mole, new pigmented or unusual-looking growth on the skin"
+936,Heart palpitations,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-palpitations/symptoms-causes/syc-20373196,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-palpitations/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373201,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-palpitations/doctors-departments/ddc-20373202,"Heart palpitations (pal-pih-TAY-shuns) are feelings of having a fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heart. Stress, exercise, medication or, rarely, a medical condition can trigger them.
+
+Although heart palpitations can be worrisome, they're usually harmless. Rarely, heart palpitations can be a symptom of a more serious heart condition, such as an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), that might require treatment.","Heart palpitations can feel like the heart is:
+
+Heart palpitations may be felt in the throat or neck as well as the chest. They can occur during activity or at rest.","Palpitations that are infrequent and last only a few seconds usually don't need to be evaluated. If you have a history of heart disease and have palpitations that occur frequently or worsen, talk to your health care provider. You may need heart-monitoring tests to see if the palpitations are caused by a more serious heart problem.
+
+Seek emergency medical attention if heart palpitations occur with:","Often the cause of heart palpitations can't be found. Common causes include:
+
+Occasionally heart palpitations can be a sign of a serious problem, such as an irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia).
+
+Arrhythmias might cause a very fast heartbeat (tachycardia), an unusually slow heartbeat (bradycardia), a heartbeat that varies from a typical heart rhythm or a combination of the three.",Risk factors for heart palpitations include:,"For palpitations caused by a heart condition, possible complications may include:",,"To diagnose palpitations, a health care provider will do a physical exam and listen to your heart using a stethoscope. The exam may include looking for signs of medical conditions that can cause heart palpitations, such as a swollen thyroid gland. You will likely be asked questions about your medical history.
+
+If your doctor thinks that palpitations are caused by an irregular heartbeat or other heart condition, tests might include:","Unless the palpitations are caused by a heart condition, heart palpitations rarely require treatment. Instead, a health care provider might recommend taking steps to avoid the triggers that cause palpitations.
+
+If palpitations are caused by a heart condition, such as an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), treatment will focus on correcting the condition.",,"If you have heart palpitations with severe shortness of breath, chest pain or fainting, seek emergency medical attention.
+
+If your palpitations are brief and there are no other worrisome signs or symptoms, make an appointment to see your health care provider. A health care provider can help determine if palpitations are harmless or a symptom of a more serious heart condition. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in heart diseases (cardiologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment:",,"heart palpitations, throat"
+939,Central sleep apnea,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352109,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352114,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/doctors-departments/ddc-20352115,"Central sleep apnea is a disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep.
+Central sleep apnea occurs because the brain doesn't send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing. This condition is different from obstructive sleep apnea, in which breathing stops because the throat muscles relax and block the airway. Central sleep apnea is less common than obstructive sleep apnea.
+Central sleep apnea can result from other conditions, such as heart failure and stroke. Another possible cause is sleeping at a high altitude.
+Treatments for central sleep apnea might involve managing existing conditions, using a device to assist breathing or using supplemental oxygen.","Common symptoms of central sleep apnea include:
+Observed episodes of not breathing during sleep.
+Sudden awakenings with shortness of breath.
+Not being able to stay asleep, known as insomnia.
+Excessive daytime sleepiness, known as hypersomnia.
+Trouble focusing.
+Mood changes.
+Morning headaches.
+Snoring.
+Although snoring suggests some degree of a blocked airway, snoring also can occur in people with central sleep apnea. However, snoring may not be as prominent with central sleep apnea as it is with obstructive sleep apnea.","Consult a medical professional if you have — or if your partner notices — any symptoms of central sleep apnea, particularly:
+Shortness of breath that awakens you from sleep.
+Pauses in your breathing during sleep.
+Trouble staying asleep.
+Excessive daytime drowsiness, which may cause you to fall asleep while you're working, watching television or even driving.
+Ask a member of your health care team about any sleep problem that leaves you regularly fatigued, sleepy and irritable. Excessive daytime drowsiness can be due to other disorders, so it's important to get an accurate diagnosis. Sleepiness during the day may be caused by obstructive sleep apnea, by not allowing yourself time to get enough sleep at night or by sudden attacks of sleep, known as narcolepsy.","Central sleep apnea occurs when your brain doesn't transmit signals to your breathing muscles.
+The brainstem links the brain to the spinal cord. It controls many functions, including heart rate and breathing. Central sleep apnea can be caused by a number of conditions that affect the ability of the brainstem to control breathing.
+The cause varies with the type of central sleep apnea you have. Types include:
+Cheyne-Stokes breathing.This type of central sleep apnea is most commonly associated with congestive heart failure or stroke.During Cheyne-Stokes breathing, breathing effort and airflow gradually rise and then lessen. During the weakest breathing effort, a total lack of airflow can occur.
+Drug-induced apnea.Taking certain medicines such as opioids can cause breathing to become irregular or stop completely for a short time. These medicines can be taken by mouth or by shot, also called injection. They include morphine (MS Contin, Mitigo, others), oxycodone (Roxicodone, Oxycontin, others) and codeine.
+High-altitude periodic breathing.A Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern can occur if you're at a very high altitude. The change in oxygen at a high altitude can cause fast breathing, known as hyperventilation, followed by taking in too little air.
+Treatment-emergent central sleep apnea.Some people with obstructive sleep apnea develop central sleep apnea while using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for treatment. This condition is known as treatment-emergent central sleep apnea. It is a combination of obstructive and central sleep apneas.
+Medical condition-induced central sleep apnea.Several medical conditions, including end-stage kidney disease and stroke, may lead to central sleep apnea. This type of sleep apnea doesn't involve Cheyne-Stokes breathing.
+Primary central sleep apnea, also known as idiopathic sleep apnea.The cause of this uncommon type of central sleep apnea is not known.","Certain factors put you at increased risk of central sleep apnea:
+Sex.Males are more likely to develop central sleep apnea than are females.
+Age.Central sleep apnea is more common among older adults, especially those older than age 60. This could be because people older than 60 are likely to have other medical conditions or sleep patterns that are linked to central sleep apnea.
+Heart disorders.Heart problems put people at higher risk of central sleep apnea. An irregular heartbeat, known as atrial fibrillation, can increase the risk. Having heart muscles that don't pump enough blood for the body's needs, known as congestive heart failure, also can raise the risk.
+Stroke, brain tumor or a structural problem with the brainstem.These brain conditions can affect the brain's ability to regulate breathing.
+High altitude.Sleeping at an altitude higher than you're used to may increase your risk of sleep apnea. High-altitude sleep apnea resolves a few weeks after returning to a lower altitude.
+Opioid use.Opioid medicines may increase the risk of central sleep apnea.
+CPAP.Some people with obstructive sleep apnea develop central sleep apnea while using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). This condition is known as treatment-emergent central sleep apnea. It is a combination of obstructive and central sleep apneas.For some people, complex sleep apnea goes away with continued use of theirCPAPdevice. Other people may be treated with a different kind of positive airway pressure therapy.","Central sleep apnea is a serious medical condition. Some complications include:
+Fatigue.The repeated awakenings associated with sleep apnea make restorative sleep impossible. People with central sleep apnea often have severe fatigue, daytime drowsiness and irritability.You might have trouble focusing. You also may find yourself falling asleep at work, while watching television or even while driving.
+Cardiovascular problems.Sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that occur during central sleep apnea can affect heart health.If you have heart disease, repeated episodes of low blood oxygen increase the risk of irregular heart rhythms.",,"A primary care professional might evaluate your condition based on your symptoms. Or you may be referred to a sleep specialist in a sleep disorder center.
+A sleep specialist can help you decide on your need for further evaluation. That might involve overnight monitoring of your breathing and other body functions during a sleep study called polysomnography.
+During polysomnography, you're connected to equipment that monitors your heart, lung and brain activity, breathing patterns, arm and leg movements, and blood oxygen levels while you sleep. You may have a full-night or split-night sleep study.
+In a split-night sleep study, you're monitored during the first half of the night. If you're diagnosed with central sleep apnea, staff might wake you to start a therapy for the second half of the night. The therapy might be positive airway pressure or supplemental oxygen.
+Polysomnography can help diagnose central sleep apnea. It also can help rule out other sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea, repetitive movements during sleep or narcolepsy. These other disorders can cause excessive daytime sleepiness but require different treatment.
+Doctors trained in nervous system diseases, known as neurologists, and in heart diseases, known as cardiologists, and others might be involved in evaluating your condition. You might need imaging of your head or heart to look for contributing conditions.","Treatments for central sleep apnea might include:
+Addressing associated medical problems.Possible causes of central sleep apnea include other disorders. Treating those conditions might help your central sleep apnea. For example, therapy for heart failure might improve central sleep apnea.
+Reduction of opioid medicines.If opioid medicines are causing your central sleep apnea, your health care team might reduce your dose of those medicines over time.
+Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).This method, also used to treat obstructive sleep apnea, involves wearing a mask over the nose or over the nose and mouth while asleep.The mask is attached to a small pump that supplies a continuous amount of pressurized air to hold open the upper airway.CPAPmay prevent the airway closure that can trigger central sleep apnea.As with obstructive sleep apnea, in central sleep apnea it's important that you use theCPAPdevice only as directed. If your mask is uncomfortable or the pressure feels too strong, talk with your health care team. Several types of masks are available. The air pressure also can be adjusted.
+Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV).IfCPAPdoesn't effectively treat your condition, you might be givenASV. LikeCPAP,ASValso delivers pressurized air.UnlikeCPAP,ASVadjusts the amount of pressure breath-by-breath when you take a breath. This smooths out your breathing pattern. The device also might automatically deliver a breath if you haven't taken a breath within a certain number of seconds.ASVisn't recommended for people with symptomatic heart failure.
+Bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP).LikeASV,BPAPdelivers a set amount pressure when you breathe in and a different amount of pressure when you breathe out. UnlikeASV, the amount of pressure delivered when you breathe in is fixed rather than variable.BPAPalso can be set to deliver a breath if you haven't taken a breath within a certain number of seconds.
+Supplemental oxygen.Using supplemental oxygen while you sleep might help if you have central sleep apnea. Various devices are available to deliver oxygen to your lungs.
+Medicines.Medicines such as acetazolamide have been used to stimulate breathing in people with central sleep apnea. These medicines might be prescribed to help your breathing as you sleep if you can't tolerate positive airway pressure.",,"You're likely to start by seeing a member of your primary health care team. You might then be referred to a sleep specialist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"mood changes, morning headaches, obstructive sleep apnea, snoring, daytime sleepiness, hypersomnia, insomnia, not breathing, apnea, trouble focusing, sleep apnea, shortness of breath, excessive daytime sleepiness, headaches"
+940,Obstructive sleep apnea,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352090,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352095,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea/doctors-departments/ddc-20352097,"Obstructive sleep apnea is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. People with obstructive sleep apnea repeatedly stop and start breathing while they sleep.
+There are several types of sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the throat muscles relax and block the airway. This happens off and on many times during sleep. A sign of obstructive sleep apnea is snoring.
+Treatments for obstructive sleep apnea are available. One treatment is a device that uses positive pressure to keep the airway open during sleep. Another option is a mouthpiece to thrust the lower jaw forward during sleep. In some people, surgery might be an option too.","Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea include:
+Excessive daytime sleepiness.
+Loud snoring.
+Observed episodes of stopped breathing during sleep.
+Waking during the night and gasping or choking.
+Awakening in the morning with a dry mouth or sore throat.
+Morning headaches.
+Trouble focusing during the day.
+Mood changes, such as depression or being easily upset.
+High blood pressure.
+Decreased interest in sex.","Consult a health care professional if you have, or if your partner observes, the following:
+Snoring loud enough to disturb your sleep or the sleep of others.
+Waking up gasping or choking.
+Pausing in your breathing during sleep.
+Having excessive daytime drowsiness. This may cause you to fall asleep while working, watching television or even driving a vehicle.
+Snoring doesn't necessarily indicate something potentially serious, and not everyone who snores has obstructive sleep apnea.
+Be sure to talk to a member of your health care team if you snore loudly, especially if your snoring is interrupted by periods of silence. Snoring may be loudest — and breath pauses known as apneas may be more common — when you sleep on your back.
+Ask your health care team about any sleep problem that leaves you fatigued, sleepy and irritable on a regular basis. Excessive daytime drowsiness may be due to other disorders, such as narcolepsy.","Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the muscles in the back of the throat relax too much to allow for proper breathing. These muscles support the back of the roof of the mouth, known as the soft palate. The muscles also support the tongue and side walls of the throat.
+When the muscles relax, the airway narrows or closes as you breathe in. This can lower the level of oxygen in the blood and cause a buildup of carbon dioxide.
+Your brain senses this impaired breathing and briefly rouses you from sleep so that you can reopen your airway. This awakening is usually so brief that you don't remember it.
+You may awaken with shortness of breath that corrects itself quickly, within one or two deep breaths. Or you might make a snorting, choking or gasping sound.
+This pattern can repeat itself 5 to 30 times or more each hour, all night long. These disruptions impair your ability to reach the deep, restful phases of sleep, and you'll probably feel sleepy during your waking hours.
+People with obstructive sleep apnea might not be aware of their interrupted sleep. Many people with this type of sleep apnea don't realize they haven't slept well all night.","Anyone can develop obstructive sleep apnea. However, certain factors put you at increased risk, including:
+Excess weight.Most but not all people with obstructive sleep apnea are overweight. Fat deposits around the upper airway can obstruct breathing. Medical conditions that are associated with obesity, such as hypothyroidism and polycystic ovary syndrome, also can cause obstructive sleep apnea.
+Older age.The risk of obstructive sleep apnea increases as you age but appears to level off after your 60s and 70s.
+Narrowed airway.A naturally narrow airway is a trait that can be passed down in your family. Or your tonsils or adenoids might become enlarged and block your airway.
+High blood pressure, known as hypertension.Obstructive sleep apnea is relatively common in people with hypertension.
+Chronic nasal congestion.Obstructive sleep apnea occurs twice as often in those who have consistent nasal congestion at night, regardless of the cause.
+Smoking.People who smoke are more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea.
+Diabetes.Obstructive sleep apnea might be more common in people with diabetes.
+Male sex.In general, men are 2 to 3 times more likely as premenopausal women to have obstructive sleep apnea. However, the risk of obstructive sleep apnea increases in women after menopause.
+A family history of sleep apnea.Having family members with obstructive sleep apnea might increase your risk.
+Asthma.Research has found an association between asthma and the risk of obstructive sleep apnea.","Obstructive sleep apnea is considered a serious medical condition. Complications can include:
+Daytime fatigue and sleepiness.Because of a lack of restorative sleep at night, people with obstructive sleep apnea often have severe daytime drowsiness, fatigue and irritability. They might have difficulty concentrating and find themselves falling asleep at work, while watching TV or even when driving. This can put them at higher risk of work-related accidents.Children and young people with obstructive sleep apnea might do poorly in school and commonly have attention or behavior problems.
+Cardiovascular problems.Sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that occur during obstructive sleep apnea increase blood pressure and strain the cardiovascular system. Many people with obstructive sleep apnea develop high blood pressure, which can increase the risk of heart disease.The worse the obstructive sleep apnea, the greater the risk of coronary artery disease, heart attack, heart failure and stroke.Obstructive sleep apnea also increases the risk of heart rhythm problems known as arrhythmias. Arrhythmias can lower blood pressure. If there's underlying heart disease, these repeated multiple episodes of arrhythmias could lead to sudden death.
+Complications with medicines and surgery.Obstructive sleep apnea also is a concern with certain medicines and general anesthesia. Medicines such as sedatives, some prescription painkillers and general anesthetics, relax the upper airway and can make obstructive sleep apnea worse.If you have obstructive sleep apnea, having major surgery can worsen breathing problems. This is especially true if you have been sedated and you were lying on your back. People with obstructive sleep apnea might be more prone to complications after surgery.Before you have surgery, tell your surgeon if you have obstructive sleep apnea or symptoms related to the condition. You may need to get tested for obstructive sleep apnea before surgery.
+Eye problems.Some research has found a connection between obstructive sleep apnea and certain eye conditions, such as glaucoma. Eye complications can usually be treated.
+Sleep-deprived partners.Loud snoring can keep those around you from getting good rest and eventually disrupt your relationships. Some partners choose to sleep in another room.
+People with obstructive sleep apnea also may complain of memory problems, morning headaches, and mood swings or depression. They also may need to urinate often at night.
+Obstructive sleep apnea might be a risk factor for COVID-19. People with obstructive sleep apnea have been found to be at higher risk for developing a severe form of COVID-19. They may be more likely to need hospital treatment than do those who don't have obstructive sleep apnea.",,"A member of your health care team evaluates your condition based on your symptoms, an exam, and tests. You may be referred to a sleep specialist for further evaluation.
+The physical exam involves an examination of the back of your throat, mouth and nose. Your neck and waist circumference may be measured. Your blood pressure also may be checked.
+A sleep specialist can further evaluate you. The specialist can diagnose and determine the extent of your condition. The specialist also can plan your treatment. The evaluation might involve staying at a sleep center overnight. At the sleep center, your breathing and other body functions are monitored as you sleep.",,,"If you suspect that you have obstructive sleep apnea, you'll likely first see your primary doctor or other health care professional. You might be referred to a sleep specialist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","In many cases, self-care may be the most appropriate way for you to deal with obstructive sleep apnea. Try these tips:
+Lose weight.If you're overweight or obese, even moderate weight loss may help relieve constriction of your airway. Losing weight also can improve your health and quality of life and might reduce your daytime sleepiness.
+Exercise.Exercising, such as aerobic exercise and strength training, can help improve your condition. Aim to exercise about 150 minutes a week, and generally try to exercise most days of the week.
+Don't drink alcohol or use some anti-anxiety medicines or sleeping pills.Alcohol, some anti-anxiety medicines and some sleeping pills can worsen obstructive sleep apnea and sleepiness.
+Sleep on your side or stomach rather than on your back.Sleeping on your back can cause your tongue and soft palate to rest against the back of your throat and block your airway.To prevent sleeping on your back, try sewing a tennis ball in the back of your pajama top or place pillows behind you to keep you sleeping on your side.
+Keep your nasal passages open while you sleep.If you have congestion, use a saline nasal spray to help keep your nasal passages open. Talk to a member of your health care team about using nasal decongestants or antihistamines, because some medicines may be recommended for only short-term use.","dry mouth, mood changes, morning headaches, obstructive sleep apnea, snoring, daytime sleepiness, choking, decreased interest in sex, loud snoring, stopped breathing, depression, high blood pressure, trouble focusing, gasping, sore throat, waking during the night, excessive daytime sleepiness, headaches"
+942,Insomnia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355173,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/doctors-departments/ddc-20355176,"Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that can make it hard to fall asleep or stay asleep. It also can cause you to wake up too early and not be able to get back to sleep. You may still feel tired when you wake up. Insomnia can drain your energy level and affect your mood. It also can affect your health, work performance and quality of life.
+How much sleep is enough varies from person to person. But most adults need 7 to 9 hours a night.
+At some point, many adults have short-term insomnia. This can last for days or weeks. Short-term insomnia is usually due to stress or a distressing event. But some people have long-term insomnia, also called chronic insomnia. This lasts for three months or more. Insomnia may be the main problem, or it may be related to other medical conditions or medicines.
+You do not have to put up with sleepless nights. Simple changes in your daily habits often can help.","Insomnia symptoms may include:
+Having a hard time falling asleep at night.
+Waking up during the night.
+Waking up too early.
+Feeling tired or sleepy during the day.
+Feeling cranky, depressed or anxious.
+Having a hard time paying attention, focusing on tasks or remembering.
+Making more errors or having more accidents.
+Having ongoing worries about sleep.","If insomnia makes it hard for you to do daily activities, see your doctor or another primary care professional. Your doctor will search for the cause of your sleep problem and help treat it. If it's thought that you could have a sleep disorder, your doctor might suggest going to a sleep center for special testing.","Insomnia may be the main problem or it may be related to other conditions.
+Long-term insomnia is usually due to stress, life events or habits that disrupt sleep. While treating the cause of your sleep problem may stop your insomnia, sometimes it can last for years.
+Common causes of long-term insomnia include:
+Stress.Concerns about work, school, health, money or family can keep your mind active at night, making it hard to sleep. Stressful life events, such as the death or illness of a loved one, divorce, or a job loss, also may lead to insomnia.
+Travel or work schedule.Your body's ""internal clock,"" known as circadian rhythms, guides things such as your sleep-wake cycle, metabolism and body temperature. Disrupting these rhythms can lead to insomnia. Causes include feeling jet lag from traveling across multiple time zones, working a late or early shift, or changing shifts often.
+Poor sleep habits.Poor sleep habits include going to bed and waking up at different times each day, taking naps, being too active before bedtime and having a sleep area that is not comfortable. Other poor sleep habits include working, eating or watching TV while in bed. Using computers or smartphones, playing video games, or watching TV just before bed can disrupt your sleep cycle.
+Eating too much late in the evening.Having a light snack before bedtime is OK. But eating too much may cause you to feel uncomfortable while lying down. Many people also have heartburn. This is when stomach acid backs up into the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. This tube is called the esophagus. Heartburn may keep you awake.
+Mental health disorders.Anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, may disrupt your sleep. Waking up too early can be a sign of depression. Insomnia often occurs with other mental health conditions.
+Medicines.Many prescription drugs can interfere with sleep, such as certain antidepressants and medicines for asthma or blood pressure. Many medicines available without a prescription, such as some pain medicines, allergy and cold medicines, and weight-loss products, contain caffeine and other stimulants that can disrupt sleep.
+Medical conditions.Examples of conditions linked with insomnia include ongoing pain, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), overactive thyroid, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
+Sleep-related disorders.Sleep apnea causes you to stop breathing at times during the night, disrupting your sleep. Restless legs syndrome causes a strong uncomfortable urge to move your legs when trying to fall asleep. This may keep you from falling asleep or getting back to sleep.
+Caffeine, nicotine and alcohol.Coffee, tea, cola and other drinks that have caffeine are stimulants. Drinking them in the late afternoon or evening can keep you from falling asleep at night. Nicotine in tobacco products is another stimulant that can disrupt sleep. Alcohol may help you fall asleep, but it prevents deeper stages of sleep and often results in waking up in the middle of the night.","Nearly everyone has an occasional sleepless night. But you're more likely to have insomnia if:
+You're a woman.Changes in hormones during the menstrual cycle and in menopause may play a role. During menopause, night sweats and hot flashes often disrupt sleep. Insomnia also is common during pregnancy.
+You're over 60.Because of changes in sleep patterns and health, it's more likely you'll have insomnia as you get older.
+You have a mental health or physical health condition.Many issues that affect your mental or physical health can disrupt sleep.
+You're under a lot of stress.Being stressed can cause short-term insomnia. Major or long-lasting stress can lead to long-term insomnia.
+You do not have a regular schedule.For example, changing shifts at work or traveling can disrupt your sleep-wake cycle.","Sleep is as important to your health as a healthy diet and regular physical activity. Whatever is keeping you from sleeping, insomnia can affect you mentally and physically. People with insomnia report a lower quality of life compared with people who sleep well.
+Complications of insomnia may include:
+Lower performance on the job or at school.
+Slowed reaction time while driving and a higher risk of accidents.
+Mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety or substance misuse.
+Higher risk or worsening of long-term diseases or conditions, such as high blood pressure and heart disease.","Good sleep habits like these can help prevent insomnia:
+Keep the time you go to bed and the time you wake up the same every day, including weekends.
+Stay active. Regular activity can lead to a good night's sleep.
+Limit naps or do not nap at all.
+Limit or do not use caffeine, alcohol and nicotine.
+Do not eat large meals or drink a lot of fluids before bed.
+Make your bedroom comfortable for sleep and only use it for sex or sleep.
+Create a relaxing bedtime ritual, such as taking a warm bath, reading or listening to soft music.","Depending on your situation, the diagnosis of insomnia and the search for its cause may include:
+Physical exam.If the cause of insomnia is not known, your health care professional may do a physical exam to look for signs of medical problems that may be related to insomnia. At times, a blood test may be done to check for thyroid problems or other conditions that may be related to poor sleep.
+Sleep habits review.In addition to asking questions about your sleep, your doctor or other health care professional may have you complete a questionnaire to show your sleep-wake pattern and your level of daytime sleepiness. You also may be asked to keep a sleep diary for a couple of weeks.
+Sleep study.If the cause of your insomnia is not clear, or you have signs of another sleep disorder, such as sleep apnea or restless legs syndrome, you may need to spend a night at a sleep center. Tests are done to keep track of and record various body activities while you sleep. This includes brain waves, breathing, heartbeat, eye movements and body movements.","Changing sleep habits and taking care of any issues related to insomnia, such as stress, medical conditions or medicines, can result in restful sleep for many people. If these steps do not work, your doctor may recommend cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), medicines or both to improve relaxation and sleep.",,"If you're having sleep problems, you'll likely start by talking to your primary care professional. Ask if there's anything you need to do before your appointment, such as keeping a sleep diary. Take your bed partner along, if possible. Your partner can give information about how much and how well you're sleeping.","No matter your age, insomnia typically can be treated. The key often lies in changes to your routine during the day and when you go to bed.
+These tips may help:
+Follow a sleep schedule.Keep your bedtime and wake time the same every day, including on weekends.
+Stay active.Regular activity can lead to a good night's sleep. Schedule exercise at least a few hours before you go to bed. Do not take part in activities that use a lot of energy too close to bedtime.
+Check your medicines.If you take medicines regularly, check with your doctor to see if they may be playing a part in your insomnia. Also, check the labels of products available without a prescription to see if they contain caffeine or other stimulants, such as pseudoephedrine.
+Limit or stop naps.Naps can make it harder to fall asleep at night. If you cannot get by without one, try to limit a nap to no more than 30 minutes. Also, do not nap after 3 p.m. if your regular sleep time is at night.
+Limit or do not use caffeine, alcohol and nicotine.Caffeine, alcohol and nicotine can make it harder to sleep. This effect can last for several hours.
+Do not put up with pain.If a painful condition bothers you, talk to your doctor about which pain relievers may control pain while you sleep.
+Do not eat large meals or drink a lot of fluids before bed.A light snack is fine and may help avoid heartburn. Drink less liquid before bedtime so that you will not have to urinate as often.
+At bedtime:
+Make your bedroom comfortable for sleep.Only use your bedroom for sex or sleep. Keep it dark, quiet and at a comfortable temperature. Hide all clocks in your bedroom, including your watch and cellphone. That way, you do not worry about what time it is.
+Find ways to relax.Try to put your worries and planning aside when you get into bed. A warm bath or a massage before you go to bed can help prepare you for sleep. Create a relaxing bedtime ritual, such as taking a hot bath, reading, listening to soft music, doing breathing exercises or yoga, or praying.
+Do not try too hard to sleep.The harder you try to sleep, the more awake you'll become. Read in another room until you become drowsy. Then go to bed to sleep. Do not go to bed too early, before you're sleepy.
+Get out of bed when you're not sleeping.Sleep as much as you need to feel rested. Then get out of bed. Do not stay in bed if you're not sleeping.","depressed, making errors, hard time remembering, feeling depressed, having accidents, ongoing worries, hard time focusing, feeling cranky, insomnia, waking up too early, feeling tired, feeling anxious, hard time paying attention, hard time falling asleep, feeling sleepy, waking up during the night"
+944,Bradycardia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bradycardia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355474,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bradycardia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355480,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bradycardia/doctors-departments/ddc-20355481,"Bradycardia (brad-e-KAHR-dee-uh) is a slow heart rate. The hearts of adults at rest usually beat between 60 and 100 times a minute. If you have bradycardia, your heart beats fewer than 60 times a minute.
+Bradycardia can be a serious problem if the heart rate is very slow and the heart can't pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the body. If this happens, you may feel dizzy, very tired or weak, and short of breath. Sometimes bradycardia doesn't cause symptoms or complications.
+A slow heart rate isn't always a concern. For example, a resting heart rate between 40 and 60 beats a minute is common in some people, particularly healthy young adults and trained athletes. It also is quite common during sleep.
+If bradycardia is severe, a pacemaker may be needed to help the heart beat at an appropriate rate.","A slower than typical heartbeat is called bradycardia. If the slow heartbeat stops the brain and other organs from getting enough oxygen, symptoms may include:
+Chest pain.
+Confusion or memory problems.
+Dizziness or lightheadedness.
+Feeling very tired, especially during physical activity.
+Fainting or near-fainting.
+Shortness of breath.","Many things can cause symptoms of bradycardia. It's important to get a fast, accurate diagnosis and appropriate care. Make an appointment for a health checkup if you are worried about a slow heart rate.
+If you faint, have difficulty breathing or have chest pain lasting more than a few minutes, call 911 or emergency medical services.","Bradycardia can be caused by:
+Heart tissue damage related to aging.
+Damage to heart tissues from heart disease or heart attack.
+A heart condition that you're born with, called a congenital heart defect.
+Inflammation of heart tissue, called myocarditis.
+A complication of heart surgery.
+An underactive thyroid gland, called hypothyroidism.
+Changes in the level of body minerals such as potassium or calcium.
+A sleep disorder called obstructive sleep apnea.
+Inflammatory disease, such as rheumatic fever or lupus.
+Certain medicines, including sedatives, opioids, and some used to treat heart and mental health conditions.
+To better understand the causes of bradycardia, it may help to know how the heart typically beats. The typical heart has four chambers.
+The two upper chambers are called the atria.
+The two lower chambers are called the ventricles.
+Within the heart's upper right chamber is a group of cells called the sinus node. The sinus node is the heart's natural pacemaker. It creates the signal that starts each heartbeat. Bradycardia happens when these signals slow down or are blocked.
+Things that cause changes in heart signaling that can lead to bradycardia include:
+Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome.In some people, problems in the sinus node at the top of the heart cause alternating slow and fast heart rates.
+Heart block, also called atrioventricular block.In this condition, the heart's electrical signals don't move correctly from the upper chambers to the lower chambers.","Bradycardia is often associated with damage to heart tissue from some type of heart disease. Anything that increases the risk of heart problems can increase the risk of bradycardia. Risk factors include:
+Older age.
+High blood pressure.
+Smoking.
+Heavy alcohol use.
+Illegal drug use.
+Stress and anxiety.","Possible complications of bradycardia include:
+Frequent fainting.
+Heart failure.
+Sudden cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death.","Preventing heart disease may help lower the risk of bradycardia.
+The American Heart Association recommends these steps:
+Get regular exercise.Ask your healthcare team about how much and what type of exercise is best for you.
+Eat nutritious foods.Eat a healthy diet that's low in salt and solid fats and rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
+Keep a healthy weight.Being overweight increases the risk of heart disease. Talk with your care team to set realistic goals for body mass index (BMI) and weight.
+Control blood pressure and cholesterol.High blood pressure and high cholesterol increase the risk of heart disease. Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed to manage high blood pressure or high cholesterol.
+Don't smoke or use tobacco.If you smoke and can't quit on your own, talk to a healthcare professional about methods or programs to help.
+Limit or do not drink alcohol.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
+Manage stress.Intense emotions may affect the heart rate. Getting more exercise, practicing mindfulness and connecting with others in support groups are some ways to reduce and manage stress.
+Get good sleep.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other chronic conditions. Adults should aim to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily. Go to bed and wake at the same time every day, including on weekends. If you have trouble sleeping, talk to a healthcare professional about strategies that might help.
+It's important to have regular health checkups. If you already have heart disease, take these steps to lower your risk of irregular heartbeats:
+Follow your treatment plan.Be sure you understand your treatment. Take all medicines as directed by your healthcare team.
+Tell your care team if your symptoms change.Also tell the healthcare team if you have new symptoms.","To diagnose bradycardia, a healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart with a stethoscope. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms and medical history.","Treatment for bradycardia depends on how severe the symptoms are and the cause of the slow heart rate. If you don't have symptoms, treatment might not be needed.
+Bradycardia treatment may include:
+Lifestyle changes.
+A change in medicines.
+A medical device called a pacemaker.
+If another health problem, such as thyroid disease or sleep apnea, is causing the slow heart rate, treatment of that condition might correct bradycardia.",,"If you have an irregular heartbeat, you may be referred to a doctor trained in heart conditions. This type of health professional is called a cardiologist.
+Medical appointments can be brief. There's often a lot to discuss. So it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.",,"near-fainting, chest pain, lightheadedness, dizziness, fainting, confusion, oxygen, shortness of breath, feeling very tired, bradycardia"
+946,Small bowel prolapse (enterocele),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enterocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20377661,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enterocele/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377666,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enterocele/doctors-departments/ddc-20377668,"Small bowel prolapse, also called enterocele (EN-tur-o-seel), occurs when the small intestine (small bowel) descends into the lower pelvic cavity and pushes at the top part of the vagina, creating a bulge. The word ""prolapse"" means to slip or fall out of place.
+Childbirth, aging and other processes that put pressure on your pelvic floor may weaken the muscles and ligaments that support pelvic organs, making small bowel prolapse more likely to occur.
+To manage small bowel prolapse, self-care measures and other nonsurgical options are often effective. In severe cases, you may need surgery to fix the prolapse.","Mild small bowel prolapse may produce no signs or symptoms. However, if you have significant prolapse, you might experience:
+A pulling sensation in your pelvis that eases when you lie down
+A feeling of pelvic fullness, pressure or pain
+Low back pain that eases when you lie down
+A soft bulge of tissue in your vagina
+Vaginal discomfort and painful intercourse (dyspareunia)
+Many women with small bowel prolapse also experience prolapse of other pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus or rectum.",See your doctor if you develop signs or symptoms of prolapse that bother you.,"Increased pressure on the pelvic floor is the main reason for any form of pelvic organ prolapse. Conditions and activities that can cause or contribute to small bowel prolapse or other types of prolapse include:
+Pregnancy and childbirth
+Chronic constipation or straining with bowel movements
+Chronic cough or bronchitis
+Repeated heavy lifting
+Being overweight or obese","Factors that increase your risk of developing small bowel prolapse include:
+Pregnancy and childbirth.Vaginal delivery of one or more children contributes to the weakening of your pelvic floor support structures, increasing your risk of prolapse. The more pregnancies you have, the greater your risk of developing any type of pelvic organ prolapse. Women who have only cesarean deliveries are less likely to develop prolapse.
+Age.Small bowel prolapse and other types of pelvic organ prolapse occur more often with increasing age. As you get older, you tend to lose muscle mass and muscle strength — in your pelvic muscles as well as other muscles.
+Pelvic surgery.Removal of your uterus (hysterectomy) or surgical procedures to treat incontinence may increase your risk of developing small bowel prolapse.
+Increased abdominal pressure.Being overweight increases pressure inside your abdomen, which increases your risk of developing small bowel prolapse. Other factors that increase pressure include ongoing (chronic) cough and straining during bowel movements.
+Smoking.Smoking is associated with developing prolapse because smokers frequently cough, increasing abdominal pressure.
+Race.For unknown reasons, Hispanic and white women are at higher risk of developing pelvic organ prolapse.
+Connective tissue disorders.You may be genetically prone to prolapse due to weaker connective tissues in your pelvic area, making you naturally more susceptible to small bowel prolapse and other types of pelvic organ prolapse.",,"You may be able to lower your chances of small bowel prolapse with these strategies:
+Maintain a healthy weight.If you're overweight, losing some weight can decrease the pressure inside your abdomen.
+Prevent constipation.Eat high-fiber foods, drink plenty of fluids and exercise regularly to help prevent having to strain during bowel movements.
+Treat a chronic cough.Constant coughing increases abdominal pressure. See your doctor to ask about treatment if you have an ongoing (chronic) cough.
+Quit smoking.Smoking contributes to chronic coughing.
+Avoid heavy lifting.Lifting heavy objects increases abdominal pressure.","To confirm a diagnosis of small bowel prolapse, your doctor performs a pelvic exam. During the exam, your doctor may ask you to take a deep breath and hold it while bearing down like you're having a bowel movement (Valsalva maneuver), which is likely to cause the prolapsed small bowel to bulge downward. If your doctor can't verify that you have a prolapse while you're lying on the exam table, he or she may repeat the exam while you're standing.","Small bowel prolapse typically doesn't need treatment if the symptoms don't trouble you. Surgery may be effective if you have advanced prolapse with bothersome symptoms. Nonsurgical approaches are available if you wish to avoid surgery, if surgery would be too risky or if you want to become pregnant in the future.
+Treatment options for small bowel prolapse include:
+Observation.If your prolapse causes few or no obvious symptoms, you don't need treatment. Simple self-care measures, such as performing exercises called Kegel exercises to strengthen your pelvic muscles, may provide symptom relief. Avoiding heavy lifting and constipation may reduce the likelihood of worsening your prolapse.
+Pessary.A silicone, plastic or rubber device inserted into your vagina supports the bulging tissue. Pessaries come in a variety of styles and sizes. Finding the right one involves some trial and error. Your doctor measures and fits you for the device, and you learn how to insert, remove and clean it.
+Surgery.A surgeon can perform surgery to repair the prolapse through the vagina or abdomen, with or without robotic assistance. During the procedure, your surgeon moves the prolapsed small bowel back into place and tightens the connective tissue of your pelvic floor. Sometimes, small portions of synthetic mesh may be used to help support weakened tissues.A small bowel prolapse usually doesn't recur. However, further injury to the pelvic floor can happen with increased pelvic pressure, for instance with constipation, coughing, obesity or heavy lifting.",,"Your first appointment may be with your primary care doctor or with a doctor who specializes in conditions affecting the female reproductive tract (gynecologist) or the reproductive tract and urinary system (urogynecologist, urologist).","Depending on the severity of your condition, these self-care measures may provide the symptom relief you need:
+Perform Kegel exercises to strengthen pelvic muscles and support weakened vaginal tissues.
+Avoid constipation by drinking plenty of fluids and eating high-fiber foods, such as whole grains, and fresh fruits and vegetables.
+Avoid heavy lifting.
+Try to control coughing.
+Lose weight if you're overweight or obese.
+Avoid bearing down to move your bowels. Rely on your natural colorectal function to empty your lower bowel.
+Quit smoking.","pelvic fullness, pain, low back pain, soft bulge of tissue, pulling sensation, pressure, prolapse, intercourse (dyspareunia, feeling of fullness, vaginal discomfort, painful intercourse, small bowel prolapse"
+950,Sleepwalking,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleepwalking/symptoms-causes/syc-20353506,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleepwalking/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353511,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleepwalking/doctors-departments/ddc-20353513,"Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism, is when people get up and walk around while asleep. It's more common in children than adults. Children usually outgrow sleepwalking by the teen years. Sleepwalking that happens once in a while often isn't a serious problem and doesn't need treatment. But sleepwalking that happens a lot may suggest an underlying sleep disorder.
+Sleepwalking in adults is more likely to be confused with, or happen as part of, other sleep disorders. Medical conditions also can cause people to walk in their sleep.
+If people in your household sleepwalk, it's important to take steps to help prevent them from getting injured while sleepwalking.","Sleepwalking usually occurs early in the night — often 1 to 2 hours after falling asleep. It isn't likely to happen during naps, but it is possible. A bout of sleepwalking can occur rarely or often. A bout generally lasts several minutes, but it can last longer.
+People who sleepwalk may:
+Get out of bed and walk around.
+Sit up in bed and open their eyes.
+Have a glazed, glassy-eyed expression.
+Not respond or talk to others.
+Be hard to wake up.
+Be confused for a short time after waking up.
+Not remember in the morning that they sleepwalked.
+Have problems functioning during the day because of disturbed sleep.
+Also have sleep terrors that cause screaming and waving of arms and legs.
+Sometimes, people who sleepwalk will:
+Do routine activities, such as getting dressed, talking or eating.
+Leave the house.
+Drive a car.
+Take part in unusual behavior, such as passing urine in a closet.
+Take part in sexual activity without being aware of it.
+Get injured, such as by falling down the stairs or jumping out a window.
+Become violent while briefly confused after waking up or once in a while sleepwalking.","Occasional bouts of sleepwalking aren't usually a cause for concern. They usually go away on their own. You can simply mention the sleepwalking at a routine physical or well-child exam.
+See your healthcare professional if the bouts of sleepwalking:
+Happen often — for example, more than 1 to 2 times a week or several times a night.
+Lead to dangerous behavior or injuries to those who sleepwalk or others.
+Disturb the sleep of household members or those who sleepwalk.
+Lead to being very tired during the day or causing problems in daily life activities, such as at school or work.
+Continue into your child's teen years or start for the first time as an adult.","Sleepwalking is classified as a parasomnia — an undesirable behavior or event during sleep. Sleepwalking is a disorder of arousal. This means it occurs during N3 sleep, the deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Another NREM disorder is sleep terrors, which can occur with sleepwalking.
+Many factors can lead to sleepwalking, including:
+Not getting enough sleep.
+Stress.
+Fever.
+Sleep schedule disruptions, travel or sleep interruptions.
+Sometimes underlying conditions that affect sleep can cause sleepwalking, such as:
+Sleep-disordered breathing — a group of disorders featuring unusual breathing patterns during sleep, such as obstructive sleep apnea.
+Taking certain medicines, such as hypnotics, sedatives or some medicines used for mental health conditions.
+Substance use, such as alcohol.
+Restless legs syndrome.
+Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).","Factors that may raise the risk of sleepwalking include:
+Genetics.Sleepwalking appears to run in families. It's more common if one parent has a history of sleepwalking, and much more common if both parents have a history of the sleep disorder.
+Age.Sleepwalking occurs more often in children than adults. When it starts in an adult, it's more likely related to other underlying conditions.","Sleepwalking itself isn't necessarily a concern, but people who sleepwalk can:
+Get hurt, especially if they walk near furniture or stairs, wander outdoors, drive a car, or eat something that shouldn't be eaten while sleepwalking.
+Have a sleep disruption that lasts a long time, which can lead to being very tired during the day and possible school or behavioral issues.
+Be very embarrassed about their actions.
+Disturb others' sleep.
+Rarely, people who sleepwalk can injure someone else nearby.",,"To diagnose sleepwalking, your healthcare professional reviews your medical history and symptoms. Your evaluation may include:
+Physical exam.Your healthcare professional may do a physical exam to identify any conditions that may be confused with sleepwalking, such as nighttime seizures, other sleep disorders or panic attacks.
+Discussion of your symptoms.Unless you live alone and aren't aware of your sleepwalking, you'll likely be told by others that you sleepwalk. If your sleep partner comes with you to the appointment, your healthcare professional may ask your sleep partner whether you appear to sleepwalk. Your healthcare professional also may ask you and your sleep partner to fill out a questionnaire about your sleep behaviors. Tell your healthcare professional if you have a family history of sleepwalking.
+Sleep study.In some cases, your healthcare professional may recommend an overnight study in a sleep lab. This sleep study is called a polysomnography. Sensors placed on your body will record and keep track of your brain waves, the oxygen level in your blood, heart rate and breathing, as well as eye and leg movements, while you sleep. You may be videotaped to document your behavior during sleep cycles.","Occasional sleepwalking usually does not need to be treated. In children who sleepwalk, it usually goes away by the teen years.
+If sleepwalking could lead to injury, disrupts family members, or results in embarrassment or sleep disruption for the people who sleepwalk, treatment may be needed. Treatment generally focuses on promoting safety and stopping what's causing the sleepwalking.
+Treatment may include:
+Treating any underlying condition,if the sleepwalking is related to not getting enough sleep or an underlying sleep disorder or medical condition.
+Adjusting medicine,if it's thought that the sleepwalking is due to a drug.
+Anticipatory awakenings,which involves waking people up about 15 minutes before they usually sleepwalk, then staying awake for a few minutes before falling asleep again.
+Medicinesuch as benzodiazepines, which slow down activity in the nervous system, or certain antidepressants.
+Learning self-hypnosisfrom a trained professional who is familiar with parasomnias. People who are open to suggestions during hypnosis may achieve a deep state of relaxation that could change unwanted activities during sleep.
+Therapy or counseling,where a mental health professional can suggest ways to improve sleep and reduce stress, as well as teach techniques on self-hypnosis and relaxation.",,"If you sleepwalk and have concerns about safety or underlying conditions, see your healthcare professional. You may want to bring a family member or friend along, if possible, to provide more information about your sleepwalking. Your healthcare professional may refer you to a sleep specialist.
+You may want to keep a sleep diary for two weeks before your appointment and bring the diary to your appointment. The information can help your healthcare professional understand more about your sleep schedule, what affects your sleep and when sleepwalking occurs. In the morning, record bedtime routines, quality of sleep and so on. At the end of the day, record behaviors that may affect sleep, such as sleep schedule changes, alcohol consumed and any medicines taken.","If sleepwalking is a problem for you or your child, try to:
+Make the environment safe.If sleepwalking has led to injuries or may do so, take precautions. Close and lock all windows and exterior doors before bedtime. You might even lock interior doors or place alarms or bells on the doors. Block doorways or stairways with a gate. Move electrical cords and other tripping hazards out of the way. Sleep in a ground-floor bedroom, if possible. Place sharp or fragile objects out of reach, and lock up all weapons. If your child sleepwalks, avoid bunk beds for sleeping.
+Gently lead people who sleepwalk to bed.You don't need to wake them up. Although it isn't dangerous to be awakened, it can be disruptive if they become confused and possibly agitated.
+Get enough sleep.Being very tired can lead to sleepwalking. If you don't get enough sleep — at least seven hours each night — try to go to bed earlier or take up a more regular sleep schedule. Or take a short nap, which is especially helpful for toddlers. If possible, avoid noises while sleeping or anything else that could interrupt sleep.
+Have a regular, relaxing routine before bedtime.Do quiet, calming activities before bed, such as reading books, doing puzzles or soaking in a warm bath. Meditation or relaxation exercises may help too. Make the bedroom comfortable and quiet for sleep.
+Put stress in its place.Identify the issues that cause stress and ways to handle the stress. Talk about what's bothering you. Or if your child sleepwalks and seems anxious or stressed, talk with your child about any concerns. A mental health professional can help.
+Look for a pattern.For several nights, note ― or have another person in your home note ― how many minutes after bedtime a bout of sleepwalking occurs. If the timing is fairly consistent, this information could help plan anticipatory awakenings.
+Stay away from alcohol.Drinking alcohol can interfere with a good night's sleep and may cause sleepwalking.","violent, eating, leave the house, not remember, sleep terrors, waving of arms and legs, talking, sexual activity, getting dressed, screaming, drive a car, falling down, passing urine, problems functioning, get injured, not respond, confused, jumping out a window, glazed expression, become violent, hard to wake up"
+954,Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/symptoms-causes/syc-20354326,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354331,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/doctors-departments/ddc-20354333,"Your spleen is an organ that sits just below your left rib cage. Many conditions — including infections, liver disease and some cancers — can cause an enlarged spleen. An enlarged spleen is also known as splenomegaly (spleh-no-MEG-uh-lee).
+An enlarged spleen usually doesn't cause symptoms. It's often discovered during a routine physical exam. A doctor usually can't feel the spleen in an adult unless it's enlarged. Imaging and blood tests can help identify the cause of an enlarged spleen.
+Treatment for an enlarged spleen depends on what's causing it. Surgery to remove an enlarged spleen usually isn't needed, but sometimes it's recommended.","An enlarged spleen typically causes no signs or symptoms, but sometimes it causes:
+Pain or fullness in the left upper belly that can spread to the left shoulder
+A feeling of fullness without eating or after eating a small amount because the spleen is pressing on your stomach
+Low red blood cells (anemia)
+Frequent infections
+Bleeding easily","See your doctor promptly if you have pain in your left upper belly, especially if it's severe or the pain gets worse when you take a deep breath.","A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. The enlargement might be temporary, depending on treatment. Contributing factors include:
+Viral infections, such as mononucleosis
+Bacterial infections, such as syphilis or an infection of your heart's inner lining (endocarditis)
+Parasitic infections, such as malaria
+Cirrhosis and other diseases affecting the liver
+Various types of hemolytic anemia — a condition characterized by early destruction of red blood cells
+Blood cancers, such as leukemia and myeloproliferative neoplasms, and lymphomas, such as Hodgkin's disease
+Metabolic disorders, such as Gaucher disease and Niemann-Pick disease
+Pressure on the veins in the spleen or liver or a blood clot in these veins
+Autoimmune conditions, such as lupus or sarcoidosis","Anyone can develop an enlarged spleen at any age, but certain groups are at higher risk, including:
+Children and young adults with infections, such as mononucleosis
+People who have Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, and several other inherited metabolic disorders affecting the liver and spleen
+People who live in or travel to areas where malaria is common","Potential complications of an enlarged spleen are:
+Infection.An enlarged spleen can reduce the number of healthy red blood cells, platelets and white cells in your bloodstream, leading to more frequent infections. Anemia and increased bleeding also are possible.
+Ruptured spleen.Even healthy spleens are soft and easily damaged, especially in car crashes. The possibility of rupture is much greater when your spleen is enlarged. A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening bleeding in your belly.",,"An enlarged spleen is usually detected during a physical exam. Your doctor can often feel it by gently examining your left upper belly. However, in some people — especially those who are slender — a healthy, normal-sized spleen can sometimes be felt during an exam.
+Your doctor might order these tests to confirm the diagnosis of an enlarged spleen:
+Blood tests,such as a complete blood count to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your system and liver function
+Ultrasound or CT scanto help determine the size of your spleen and whether it's crowding other organs
+MRIto trace blood flow through the spleen","Treatment for an enlarged spleen focuses on the what's causing it. For example, if you have a bacterial infection, treatment will include antibiotics.",,,"Avoid contact sports — such as soccer, football and hockey — and limit other activities as recommended to reduce the risk of a ruptured spleen.
+It's also important to wear a seat belt. If you're in a car accident, a seat belt can help protect your spleen.
+Finally, be sure to keep your vaccinations up to date because your risk of infection is increased. That means at least an annual flu shot, and a tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis booster every 10 years. Ask your doctor if you need other vaccines.","pain, frequent infections, fullness, anemia, bleeding, bleeding easily, infections, feeling of fullness, low red blood cells"
+956,Metastatic prostate cancer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metastatic-prostate-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20377966,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metastatic-prostate-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377972,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metastatic-prostate-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20377974,"Metastatic prostate cancer is cancer that starts in the prostate and spreads to other parts of the body. Other terms for this condition include advanced prostate cancer and stage 4 prostate cancer.
+Prostate cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the prostate. The prostate is a small gland that helps make the fluid part of semen. It's found just below the bladder. The prostate is part of the male reproductive system.
+Most prostate cancers are found when the cancer is only in the prostate. It's less common for someone to have metastatic prostate cancer when first diagnosed with prostate cancer. Metastatic prostate cancer happens most often in people who had treatment for prostate cancer in the past.
+There are many treatments for metastatic prostate cancer. Treatments aren't likely to cure the cancer, but they can slow its growth.","Metastatic prostate cancer doesn't always cause symptoms. As the cancer grows and becomes more advanced, symptoms might happen. Signs and symptoms of metastatic prostate cancer can include:
+Feeling very tired.
+Having to urinate more often or feeling pain when urinating.
+Losing weight without trying.
+Nausea and vomiting.
+Pain, which might be felt in the back, hips, pelvic area or in a bone. The pain tends to get worse over time.","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If you've been treated for prostate cancer in the past, tell your healthcare professional.","It's not clear what causes metastatic prostate cancer. This advanced form of prostate cancer happens when cancer cells break away from where they started in the prostate. The cancer cells can travel through the lymphatic system or the blood to other areas of the body. A metastatic prostate cancer also is a stage 4 prostate cancer.
+Metastatic prostate cancer most often spreads to the:
+Bones.
+Lymph nodes.
+Liver.
+Lungs.
+Rare places that metastatic prostate cancer spreads include:
+Adrenal glands.
+Brain.
+Pancreas.","The risk factors that raise the risk of metastatic prostate cancer are the same for prostate cancer in general. Factors that can increase the risk of prostate cancer include:
+Older age.The risk of prostate cancer goes up with age. It's most common after age 50.
+Race and ethnicity.In the United States, Black people have a greater risk of prostate cancer than do people of other races and ethnicities. Healthcare professionals aren't exactly sure why. In Black people, prostate cancer also is more likely to grow quickly or be advanced when detected.
+Family history of prostate cancer.If a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, has been diagnosed with prostate cancer, your risk may be increased. The risk also may be increased if other close relatives have had prostate cancer. This includes your grandparents and your parents' siblings.
+Family history of DNA changes.Some DNA changes that increase the risk of cancer are passed from parents to children. The DNA changes called BRCA1 and BRCA2 can cause a higher risk of prostate cancer. These DNA changes are best known for increasing the risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
+Obesity.People with obesity may have a higher risk of prostate cancer compared with people considered to have a healthy weight. Studies of this issue have had mixed results. In people with obesity, prostate cancer is more likely to grow quickly and more likely to come back after treatment.
+Smoking tobacco.Some research shows a link between smoking and prostate cancer. But not all studies agree. People with prostate cancer who smoke may have a higher risk of the cancer coming back. People who smoke also have a higher risk of the cancer spreading beyond the prostate.","Some treatments for metastatic prostate cancer can cause thinning bones. This complication can cause bones to break more easily.
+To help reduce the risk of thinning bones, your healthcare team might recommend that you:
+Limit how much alcohol you drink.
+Stop smoking if you smoke.
+Get 30 minutes of weight-bearing exercise most days of the week. Weight-bearing exercises include activities where your legs carry your weight. Examples include strength training, lifting weights, walking, running, basketball and pickleball.
+Eat foods that are rich in calcium. Examples include dairy products, such as cheese, milk and yogurt, and some vegetables, such as bok choy, broccoli and kale.
+Take vitamin supplements, but don't do this without talking with your healthcare team. Your care team can tell you which vitamins to take and how much to take.
+You might have bone density testing when you start treatment. The test might repeat every year or two to watch for signs of thinning bones. Sometimes medicines can help build up the bones that start to thin.",,Metastatic prostate cancer diagnosis often involves blood tests and imaging tests. A metastatic prostate cancer is an advanced cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. This makes it a stage 4 prostate cancer.,"Treatment for metastatic prostate cancer often starts with hormone therapy. This treatment blocks the effects of hormones that prostate cancer cells use to help them grow. If the cancer starts growing again, other treatments may be used.
+Eventually most metastatic prostate cancers find ways to grow without hormones. When this happens, healthcare professionals call these advanced cancers castration-resistant prostate cancers. Hormone therapy treatments usually continue. But other medicines might be added to the treatment plan. These other treatments might include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and radiopharmaceutical treatments.
+Many treatments are available for metastatic prostate cancer, which also is called stage 4 prostate cancer. If one treatment stops working, there often are other options. Metastatic prostate cancer treatments may slow the cancer and extend your life. But metastatic prostate cancer often can't be cured.","People who are diagnosed with a serious illness often say they feel stressed. In time, you'll find ways to help you cope with stress and other feelings that come with a metastatic prostate cancer diagnosis. Until you find what works for you, some of the following suggestions might help.","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have ongoing symptoms that worry you. If you've had prostate cancer in the past, tell your healthcare professional. If your health professional thinks you might have metastatic prostate cancer, that person might refer you to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, nausea, nausea and vomiting, cancer, vomiting, prostate cancer, losing weight, having to urinate more often, feeling pain when urinating, feeling very tired"
+957,Stuttering,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stuttering/symptoms-causes/syc-20353572,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stuttering/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353577,,"Stuttering is a speech condition that disrupts the normal flow of speech. Fluency means having an easy and smooth flow and rhythm when speaking. With stuttering, the interruptions in flow happen often and cause problems for the speaker. Other names for stuttering are stammering and childhood-onset fluency disorder.
+People who stutter know what they want to say, but they have a hard time saying it. For example, they may repeat or stretch out a word, a syllable, or a consonant or vowel sound. Or they may pause during speech because they've reached a word or sound that's hard to get out.
+Stuttering is common among young children as a usual part of learning to speak. Some young children may stutter when their speech and language abilities aren't developed enough to keep up with what they want to say. Most children outgrow this type of stuttering, called developmental stuttering.
+But sometimes stuttering is a long-term condition that remains into adulthood. This type of stuttering can affect self-esteem and communicating with other people.
+Children and adults who stutter may be helped by treatments such as speech therapy, electronic devices to improve speech fluency or a form of mental health therapy called cognitive behavioral therapy.","Stuttering symptoms may include:
+Having a hard time starting a word, phrase or sentence.
+Stretching out a word or sounds within a word.
+Repeating a sound, syllable or word.
+Brief silence for certain syllables or words, or pausing before or within a word.
+Adding extra words such as ""um"" if expecting to have problems moving to the next word.
+A lot of tension, tightness or movement of the face or upper body when saying a word.
+Anxiety about talking.
+Not being able to communicate well with others.
+These actions may happen when stuttering:
+Rapid eye blinks.
+Trembling of the lips or jaw.
+Unusual face movements, sometimes called facial tics.
+Head nodding.
+Tightening of fists.
+Stuttering may be worse when the person is excited, tired or under stress, or when feeling self-conscious, hurried or pressured. Situations such as speaking in front of a group or talking on the phone can be especially hard for people who stutter.
+But most people who stutter can speak without stuttering when they talk to themselves and when they sing or speak along with someone else.",,Researchers continue to study the underlying causes of developmental stuttering. A combination of factors may be involved.,"Males are much more likely to stutter than females are. Things that raise the risk of stuttering include:
+Having a childhood developmental condition.Children who have developmental conditions, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism or developmental delays, may be more likely to stutter. This is true for children with other speech problems too.
+Having relatives who stutter.Stuttering tends to run in families.
+Stress.Stress in the family and other types of stress or pressure can worsen existing stuttering.","Stuttering can lead to:
+Problems communicating with others.
+Not speaking or staying away from situations that require speaking.
+Not taking part in social, school or work activities and opportunities for success.
+Being bullied or teased.
+Low self-esteem.",,Stuttering is diagnosed by a healthcare professional trained to evaluate and treat children and adults who have a problem with speech and language. This professional is called a speech-language pathologist. The speech-language pathologist listens and talks with the adult or child in different types of situations.,"After an evaluation by a speech-language pathologist, you can work together to decide on the best treatment. Many different methods are available to treat children and adults who stutter. Because problems and needs vary, a method — or combination of methods — that's helpful for one person may not work as well for another person.
+Treatment may not get rid of all stuttering, but it can teach skills that help you or your child:
+Improve speech fluency.
+Develop effective communication.
+Participate fully in school, work and social activities.
+A few examples of treatment methods include:
+Speech therapy.Speech therapy can teach you to slow down your speech and learn to notice when you stutter. You may speak very slowly and carefully when beginning speech therapy. Over time, you can work up to a more natural speech pattern.
+Electronic devices.Many electronic devices are available to improve fluency. With one device, you'll hear delayed feedback that requires you to slow your speech or the speech will sound distorted through the machine. Another device copies your speech so that it sounds as if you're talking along with someone else. Some electronic devices are small enough to wear during daily activities. Ask a speech-language pathologist for guidance on choosing a device.
+Cognitive behavioral therapy.This type of mental health therapy, also called psychotherapy, can help you learn to identify and change ways of thinking that might make stuttering worse. It also can help you get rid of or improve problems with stress, anxiety or self-esteem related to stuttering.
+Parent-child interaction.Practicing techniques at home with your child is a key part of helping your child cope with stuttering, especially with some treatment methods. Follow the guidance of the speech-language pathologist to decide on the best method for your child.","If you're the parent of a child who stutters, these tips may help:
+Pay close attention when listening to your child.Keep natural eye contact when your child speaks.
+Wait for your child to say the word your child is trying to say.Don't jump in to complete the sentence or thought.
+Set aside time when you can talk with your child without distractions.Mealtimes can provide a good opportunity for conversation.
+Speak slowly, in an unhurried way.If you speak in this way, your child will often do the same, which may help lessen stuttering.
+Take turns talking.Encourage everyone in your family to be a good listener and to take turns talking.
+Strive for calm.Do your best to create a relaxed, calm atmosphere at home so your child feels comfortable speaking freely.
+Don't focus on your child's stuttering.Try not to draw attention to the stuttering when talking with your child. Limit situations that create a sense of urgency, pressure or a need to rush.
+Offer praise rather than criticism.It's better to praise your child for speaking clearly than to draw attention to stuttering.
+Accept your child.Don't react negatively or criticize or punish your child for stuttering. This can add to feelings of insecurity and self-consciousness. Support and encouragement can make a big difference.","You'll probably first discuss stuttering with your child's pediatrician or your family healthcare professional. Then you may be referred to a specialist in speech and language disorders called a speech-language pathologist.
+If you're an adult who stutters, you may want to search for a program designed to treat adult stuttering.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for an appointment for you or your child.",,"tightening of fists, stuttering, anxiety, stretching out a word, blinks, hard time starting a word, repeating a sound, tension, brief silence, adding extra words, unusual face movements, tightness, trembling of the lips, head nodding, stuttering symptoms, rapid eye blinks"
+958,Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/symptoms-causes/syc-20351240,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351246,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/doctors-departments/ddc-20351248,"Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs). They are spread mainly by sexual contact.STIsare caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. A sexually transmitted infection may pass from person to person in blood, semen, or vaginal and other bodily fluids.
+Sometimes sexually transmitted infections are spread in ways other than sexual contact. For example,STIscan spread to infants during pregnancy or childbirth.STIsalso can spread through blood transfusions or shared needles.
+STIsdon't always cause symptoms. A person can get sexually transmitted infections from another person who seems healthy and may not even know they have an infection.","STDscan have a range of symptoms, including no symptoms. That's why sexually transmitted infections may go unnoticed until a person has complications or a partner is diagnosed.
+STIsymptoms might include:
+Sores or bumps on the genitals or in the oral or rectal area.
+Painful or burning urination.
+Discharge from the penis.
+Unusual or odorous vaginal discharge.
+Unusual vaginal bleeding.
+Pain during sex.
+Sore, swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the groin but sometimes more widespread.
+Lower abdominal pain.
+Fever.
+Rash over the trunk, hands or feet.
+Sexually transmitted infection symptoms may appear a few days after exposure. But it may take years before you have any noticeable problems, depending on what's causing theSTI.","See a health care professional immediately if:
+You are sexually active and may have been exposed to a sexually transmitted infection.
+You have symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection.
+Make an appointment with a health care professional:
+When you're considering becoming sexually active or by age 21, whichever comes first.
+Before you start having sex with a new partner.","Sexually transmitted infections can be caused by:
+Bacteria.Gonorrhea, syphilis and chlamydia are examples ofSTDsthat are caused by bacteria.
+Parasites.Trichomoniasis is anSTDcaused by a parasite.
+Viruses.STDscaused by viruses include human papillomavirus (HPV), the herpes simplex virus, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS.","Anyone who is sexually active risks getting or spreading anSTD.
+Factors that may increase the risk of getting an sexually transmitted infection include:
+Having unprotected sex.Vaginal or anal sex with an infected partner who isn't wearing a condom (latex or polyurethane) greatly increases the risk of getting anSTD.  Condoms made from natural membranes aren't recommended because they're not effective at preventing someSTIs. Not using condoms properly or not using them each time also can increase risk.Oral sex may be less risky. But sexually transmitted infections can still spread if a person doesn't use a condom (latex or polyurethane) or a dental dam. That is a thin, square piece of rubber made with latex or silicone.
+Having sexual contact with many partners.The more people you have sexual activity with, the greater your risk.
+Having a history ofSTIs.Having one sexually transmitted infection makes it much easier for anotherSTIto take hold.
+Being forced to engage in sexual activity.See a health care professional as soon as possible to get screening, treatment and emotional support.
+Misuse of alcohol or use of recreational drugs.Substance misuse can inhibit your judgment, making you more willing to take part in risky behaviors.
+Injecting drugs.Sharing a needle while injecting drugs can spread many serious infections. Examples are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
+Being young.People age 15 to 24 report high levels ofSTIs compared to those who are older.","Many people in the early stages of anSTDhave no symptoms. That's why screening is important to prevent complications.
+Possible complications of sexually transmitted infections include:
+Pelvic pain.
+Pregnancy complications.
+Eye inflammation.
+Arthritis.
+Pelvic inflammatory disease.
+Infertility.
+Heart disease.
+Certain cancers, such asHPV-associated cervical and rectal cancers.","There are many ways to avoid or lower your risk of getting anSTD.
+Avoid sex or sexual activity.The most effective way to avoidSTDsis to not have sex.
+Stay with one uninfected partner.Staying in a long-term relationship in which both people have sex only with each other and neither partner is infected can be one way to avoid anSTD.
+Wait and test.Avoid vaginal and anal sex or sexual activity with new partners until you have both been tested for sexually transmitted infections. Oral sex may be less risky. ButSTIscan still spread if a person doesn't use a condom (latex or polyurethane) or a dental dam. These barriers prevent skin-to-skin contact between the oral and genital mucous membranes.
+Get vaccinated.Getting vaccinated before having sex can prevent certain types of sexually transmitted infections. Vaccines are available to preventSTDscaused by human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
+Use condoms and dental dams consistently and correctly.Use a new latex or polyurethane condom or dental dam for each sex act, whether oral, vaginal or anal. Never use an oil-based lubricant, such as petroleum jelly, with a latex condom or dental dam. Also, these types of barriers give less protection forSTDsinvolving exposed genital sores, such asHPVor herpes.Nonbarrier forms of contraception, such as birth control pills or intrauterine devices (IUDs), don't protect againstSTIs.
+Don't drink alcohol excessively or use illegal drugs.If you're under the influence of these substances, you're more likely to take sexual risks.
+Talk to your partner.Before any sexual contact, talk to your partner about practicing safer sex. Be sure you clearly agree on what activities will and won't be OK.
+Think about male circumcision.For men, evidence has found that circumcision can help lower the risk of gettingHIVfrom a woman withHIVby as much as 60%. Male circumcision may also help prevent spread of genitalHPVand genital herpes.
+Think about using preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP).The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two combination medicines to lower the risk ofHIVinfection in people who are at very high risk. The medicines are emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada) and emtricitabine plus tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Descovy). These medicines must be taken every day, exactly as prescribed.
+Your health care professional will prescribe these medicines forHIVprevention only if you don't already haveHIV. You'll need anHIVtest before you start takingPrEPand then every three months as long as you're taking it.
+Your health care professional also will test your kidney function before prescribing Truvada. They will then test your kidney function every six months. If you have hepatitis B, see an infectious disease specialist or liver specialist before starting therapy.
+According to theCDC, if you use Truvada daily, you can lower your risk of gettingHIVfrom sex by about 99%. And you can lower your risk of gettingHIVfrom injection drug use by more than 74%.
+Research suggests that Descovy is also effective in lowering the risk of gettingHIVfrom sex. But Descovy hasn't been studied in people who have receptive vaginal sex. Using added prevention, such as condoms, can lower your risk even more and prevent otherSTIs.","Diagnosis of anSTDstarts with your sexual history and current symptoms. If these suggest that you have anSTD, your health care professional may do a physical or pelvic exam to look for signs of infection. Some signs of infection are a rash, warts or discharge.","STDsmay be treated in different ways based on the causes.  Sexually transmitted infections caused by bacteria are generally easier to treat.STIinfections caused by viruses can be managed and treated but not always cured.
+If you are pregnant and have anSTD, getting treatment right away can prevent or lower the risk of your baby becoming infected.
+Treatment for sexually transmitted infections usually consists of one of the following, depending on the infection:
+Antibiotics.Antibiotics, often in a single dose, can cure manySTIscaused by bacteria or parasites, such as gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia and trichomoniasis.Once you start antibiotic treatment, you need to finish the prescription. If you don't think you'll be able to take medicine as prescribed, tell your health care professional. A shorter, simpler course of treatment may be available.Also, it's important to avoid sexual activity until seven days after you've completed antibiotic treatment and any sores have healed.Experts also suggest people diagnosed with chlamydia be retested three months after treatment because there's a high chance of reinfection.
+Antiviral drugs.If you have herpes orHIV, your doctor may prescribe medicine that keeps a viral infection from getting worse, called an antiviral medicine.You'll generally have fewer herpes recurrences if you take what's called daily suppressive therapy with a prescription antiviral medicine. But it's still possible to give your partner herpes.Antiviral medicines can keepHIVinfection in check for many years. But you will still carry the virus and can still spread it, though the risk is lower.The sooner you startHIVtreatment, the more effective it is. If you take your medicines as directed, it's possible to lower the viral load in the blood so that it can't be found. At that point, you won't spread the virus to sex partners.
+If you've had a sexually transmitted infection, ask your health care professional how long after treatment you need to be retested. Getting retested will ensure that the treatment worked and that you haven't been reinfected.","It can be traumatic to find out that you have anSTD. You might be angry if you feel you've been betrayed. Or you might feel ashamed if you might have infected others.
+And you may be worried — anSTIcan cause chronic illness and death, even with the best care that's available.
+These suggestions may help you cope with having aSTDor anSTI:
+Hold off placing blame.Don't assume that your partner has been unfaithful to you. One (or both) of you may have been infected by a past partner.
+Be honest with health care workers.Their job is not to judge you, but to provide treatment and stopSTIsfrom spreading. Anything you tell them stays confidential.
+Contact your health department.Local health departments haveSTDprograms that give confidential testing, treatment and partner services. They may not have the staff and funds to offer every service, though.","The doctor's office is one place where you have to provide details of your sexual experience so that you can get the right care.
+If you feel nervous about this topic, think about writing your experiences down. You can share this with your health care professional before or at your appointment.",,"pain, rash, painful urination, pain during sex, sore lymph nodes, painful or burning urination.
+discharge from the penis., discharge, fever, abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, stdscan, infections, lower abdominal pain, unusual vaginal bleeding, infection, sores or bumps, sore, thesti"
+959,Progressive supranuclear palsy,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/progressive-supranuclear-palsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20355659,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/progressive-supranuclear-palsy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355664,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/progressive-supranuclear-palsy/doctors-departments/ddc-20355667,"Progressive supranuclear palsy is a rare brain disease that affects walking, balance, eye movements and swallowing. The disease results from the damage of cells in areas of the brain that control body movement, coordination, thinking and other important functions. Progressive supranuclear palsy also is called Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome.
+Progressive supranuclear palsy worsens over time and can lead to dangerous complications, such as pneumonia and trouble swallowing. There's no cure for progressive supranuclear palsy, so treatment focuses on managing the symptoms.","Symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy include:
+A loss of balance while walking.A tendency to fall backward can occur very early in the disease.
+An inability to aim your eyes properly.People with progressive supranuclear palsy may not be able to look downward. Or they may experience blurring and double vision. Not being able to focus the eyes can make some people spill food. They also may appear disinterested in conversation because of lack of eye contact.
+Additional symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy vary and may mimic those of Parkinson's disease and dementia. Symptoms get worse over time and may include:
+Stiffness, especially of the neck, and awkward movements.
+Falling, especially falling backward.
+Slow or slurred speech.
+Trouble swallowing, which may cause gagging or choking.
+Being sensitive to bright light.
+Trouble with sleep.
+Loss of interest in pleasurable activities.
+Impulsive behavior, or laughing or crying for no reason.
+Trouble with reasoning, problem-solving and decision-making.
+Depression and anxiety.
+A surprised or frightened facial expression, resulting from rigid facial muscles.
+Dizziness.",Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you experience any of the symptoms listed above.,"The cause of progressive supranuclear palsy isn't known. Its symptoms result from the damage of cells in areas of the brain, especially areas that help you control body movements and thinking.
+Researchers have found that the damaged brain cells of people with progressive supranuclear palsy have excess amounts of a protein called tau. Clumps of tau also are found in other brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.
+Rarely, progressive supranuclear palsy occurs within a family. But a genetic link isn't clear. Most people with progressive supranuclear palsy haven't inherited the disorder.",The only proven risk factor for progressive supranuclear palsy is age. The condition typically affects people in their late 60s and 70s. It's virtually unknown in people under the age of 40.,"Complications of progressive supranuclear palsy result primarily from slow and difficult muscle movements. These complications may include:
+Falling, which could lead to head injuries, fractures and other injuries.
+Trouble focusing your eyes, which also can lead to injuries.
+Trouble sleeping, which can lead to feeling tired and excessive daytime sleeping.
+Not being able to look at bright lights.
+Trouble swallowing, which can lead to choking or inhaling food or liquid into the airway, known as aspiration.
+Pneumonia, which can be caused by aspiration. Pneumonia is the most common cause of death in people with progressive supranuclear palsy.
+Impulsive behaviors. For example, standing up without waiting for assistance, which can lead to falls.
+To avoid the hazards of choking, your healthcare professional may recommend a feeding tube. To avoid injuries due to falling, a walker or a wheelchair may be used.",,"Progressive supranuclear palsy can be hard to diagnose because symptoms are similar to those of Parkinson's disease. Your healthcare professional may suspect that you have progressive supranuclear palsy rather than Parkinson's disease if you:
+Don't have tremors.
+Are having a lot of unexplained falls.
+Have little, temporary or no response to Parkinson's medicines.
+Have trouble moving your eyes, particularly downward.
+You may need anMRIto learn if you have shrinkage in specific regions of the brain associated with progressive supranuclear palsy. AnMRIalso can help exclude disorders that may mimic progressive supranuclear palsy, such as a stroke.
+A positron emission tomography (PET) scan also may be recommended to check for early signs of changes in the brain that may not appear on anMRI.","Although there is no cure for progressive supranuclear palsy, treatments are available to help ease symptoms of the disorder. The options include:
+Parkinson's disease medicines,which increase levels of a brain chemical involved in smooth, controlled muscle movements. The effectiveness of these medicines is limited and usually temporary, lasting about 2 to 3 years in most patients.
+OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox),which may be injected in small doses into the muscles around your eyes. Botox blocks the chemical signals that cause muscles to contract, which can improve eyelid spasms.
+Antidepressants.Some antidepressant medicines may have a modest effect on symptoms such as impulsive behavior.
+Eyeglasses with bifocal or prism lenses,which may help ease problems with looking downward. Prism lenses allow people with progressive supranuclear palsy to see downward without moving their eyes down.
+Speech and swallowing evaluations,to help you learn other ways to communicate and safer swallowing techniques.
+Physical therapy and occupational therapy,to improve balance. Facial exercises, talking keyboards and gait and balance training also can help with many of the symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy.
+Researchers are working to develop treatments of progressive supranuclear palsy, including therapies that may block the formation of tau or help to destroy tau.","Living with any chronic illness can be challenging. Some people may feel angry, depressed or discouraged at times. Progressive supranuclear palsy can cause changes in your brain that make you feel anxious or laugh or cry for no reason. Progressive supranuclear palsy also can become frustrating as walking, talking and eating become harder.
+To manage the stress of living with progressive supranuclear palsy, consider these suggestions:
+Maintain a strong support system of friends and family.
+Contact a support group, for yourself or for family members.
+Discuss your feelings and concerns about living with progressive supranuclear palsy with your healthcare professional or a counselor.",You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the brain and nervous system (neurologist).,"To minimize the effects of progressive supranuclear palsy, you can take certain steps at home:
+Use eye dropsmultiple times a day to help ease dry eyes that can occur as a result of problems with blinking or persistent tearing.
+Install grab barsin hallways and bathrooms, to help you avoid falls.
+Use a walkerthat is weighted, to help prevent falling backward.
+Remove small area rugsor other items that are hard to see without looking downward.
+Don't climb stairs.","parkinson's disease, blurring, stiffness, trouble sleeping, dizziness, trouble focusing, laughing, falling, impulsive behavior, decision-making, anxiety, problem-solving, choking, slurred speech, supranuclear palsy, trouble reasoning, crying, double vision, gagging or choking, awkward movements, gagging, depression, inability to aim eyes, slow speech, dementia, sensitivity to bright light, loss of interest, trouble swallowing, loss of balance, tendency to fall"
+961,Trigger finger,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trigger-finger/symptoms-causes/syc-20365100,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trigger-finger/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365148,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trigger-finger/doctors-departments/ddc-20365343,"Trigger finger makes a finger get stuck in a bent position. It may straighten suddenly with a snap. The fingers most often affected are the ring finger and the thumb, but the condition can affect any finger.
+Trigger finger happens when the tendon that controls that finger can't glide smoothly in the sheath that surrounds it. This may occur if part of the tendon sheath becomes swollen or if a small lump forms on the tendon.
+The condition is most common in women over the age of 50. You may be at higher risk of trigger finger if you have diabetes, low thyroid function or rheumatoid arthritis.
+Treatment of trigger finger can include splinting, steroid injections or surgery.","Symptoms of trigger finger may progress from mild to severe and include:
+Finger stiffness, particularly in the morning.
+A popping or clicking sensation as the finger moves.
+Tenderness or a bump in the palm at the base of the affected finger.
+Finger catching or locking in a bent position, which suddenly pops straight.
+Finger locked in a bent position.
+Trigger finger can affect any finger, including the thumb. More than one finger may be affected at a time, and both hands might be involved. Triggering is usually worse in the morning.",,"Tendons are tough cords that attach muscle to bone. Each tendon is surrounded by a protective sheath. Trigger finger occurs when the affected finger's tendon sheath becomes irritated and swollen. This makes it harder for the tendon to glide through the sheath.
+In most people, there's no explanation for why this irritation and swelling begins.
+The constant back-and-forth irritation can cause a small lump of tissue to form on the tendon. This lump is called a nodule. The nodule can make it even harder for the tendon to glide smoothly.","Factors that put you at risk of developing trigger finger include:
+Repeated gripping.Occupations and hobbies that involve repetitive hand use and prolonged gripping may increase the risk of trigger finger.
+Certain health problems.People who have diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis are at higher risk of developing trigger finger.
+Your sex.Trigger finger is more common in women.","Trigger finger can make it harder to type, button a shirt or insert a key into a lock. It also can affect your ability to grip a steering wheel or grasp tools.",,"During the exam, a health care provider may ask you to open and close your hand, checking for areas of pain, smoothness of motion and evidence of locking.",Trigger finger treatment varies depending on its severity and duration.,,You'll probably start by seeing your primary care doctor to determine what could be causing your symptoms.,,"finger locked, finger catching, finger locking, finger stiffness, bump, popping or clicking sensation, tenderness"
+962,Aortic valve stenosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353139,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353145,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20353147,"Aortic valve stenosis is a type of heart valve disease, also called valvular heart disease. The aortic valve is between the lower left heart chamber and the body's main artery, called the aorta. In aortic valve stenosis, the valve is narrowed and doesn't open fully. This reduces or blocks blood flow from the heart to the aorta and to the rest of the body.
+Treatment of aortic stenosis depends on how severe the condition is. Treatment may include surgery to fix or replace the valve. Without treatment, severe aortic valve stenosis can lead to life-threatening complications.","Aortic valve stenosis ranges from mild to severe. Symptoms generally happen when the valve is very narrowed. Some people with aortic valve stenosis may not have symptoms for many years.
+Symptoms of aortic valve stenosis may include:
+Chest pain or tightness with activity.
+Feeling faint or dizzy or fainting with activity.
+Shortness of breath, especially with activity.
+Fatigue, especially during times of increased activity.
+Rapid, fluttering heartbeat.
+Children with aortic valve stenosis may have other symptoms such as:
+Not eating enough.
+Not gaining enough weight.
+Aortic valve stenosis may lead to heart failure. Heart failure symptoms include extreme tiredness, shortness of breath, and swollen ankles and feet.","If you have an irregular heartbeat or other symptoms of aortic valve stenosis, make an appointment with your healthcare professional.","To understand the causes of aortic valve stenosis, it may help to know how the heart and heart valves typically work.
+The heart has four valves that keep blood flowing in the correct way:
+Aortic valve.
+Mitral valve.
+Tricuspid valve.
+Pulmonary valve.
+Each valve has flaps, also called cusps, that open and close once during each heartbeat. Sometimes, the valves don't open or close properly. If a valve doesn't fully open or close, blood flow is reduced or blocked.
+In aortic valve stenosis, the valve between the lower left heart chamber, called the left ventricle, and the body's main artery, called the aorta, is narrowed and doesn't open completely. This narrowing is called stenosis.
+When the aortic valve opening is narrowed, the heart must work harder to pump enough blood to the body. The extra work can cause the lower left heart chamber to get thick. Eventually the heart may become weak.
+Aortic valve stenosis causes include:
+Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect.Some children are born with an aortic valve that has only two cusps instead of the usual three. If there are only two cusps, it's called a bicuspid aortic valve. Rarely, an aortic valve may have one or four cusps.
+Calcium buildup on the valve, called aortic valve calcification.Calcium is a mineral found in the blood. As blood moves over the aortic valve, calcium can collect on the valve. The calcium deposits may never cause any problems. Aortic valve stenosis that's related to increasing age and calcium deposit buildup usually doesn't cause symptoms until age 70 or 80. But in some people — particularly those with changes in the aortic valve at birth — calcium deposits might cause the valve to narrow at a younger age.
+Rheumatic fever.This complication of untreated strep throat can damage the heart valves. It may cause scar tissue to form on the aortic valve. Scar tissue can narrow the aortic valve opening. It also may make a rough surface on which calcium deposits can collect.","Risk factors of aortic valve stenosis include:
+Older age.
+Some heart conditions present at birth, called congenital heart defects. An example is a bicuspid aortic valve.
+Long-term kidney disease.
+Heart disease risk factors, such as diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure.
+Infections that can affect the heart, such as rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis.
+Radiation therapy to the chest.","Possible complications of aortic valve stenosis are:
+Heart failure.
+Stroke.
+Blood clots.
+Bleeding.
+Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
+Infections that affect the heart, such as endocarditis.","Some possible ways to prevent aortic valve stenosis are:
+Get a health checkup when you have a sore throat.Strep throat that is not treated can lead to rheumatic fever, which can damage heart valves. Strep throat can usually be easily treated with antibiotics. Rheumatic fever is more common in children and young adults.
+Keep the heart healthy.Talk about your risk factors for heart disease with your healthcare team. Ask how to prevent and manage them. Risk factors such as high blood pressure, obesity and high cholesterol may be linked to aortic valve stenosis.
+Take care of the teeth and gums.There may be a link between infected gums, called gingivitis, and a heart infection known as endocarditis. Endocarditis is a risk factor for aortic valve stenosis.","To diagnose aortic valve stenosis, a healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and medical history. The health professional listens to your heart with a stethoscope. If you have aortic valve stenosis, a sound called a heart murmur may be heard.","Treatment for aortic valve stenosis depends on the symptoms and how severe the condition is. Aortic valve stenosis ranges from mild to severe.
+If you have no symptoms or just mild ones, you may only need regular health checkups. Some people need medicines to treat valve disease symptoms or reduce the risk of complications.
+Other treatments for aortic valve disease may include:
+Heart-healthy lifestyle changes. Eat healthy, get regular exercise and stay active, and do not smoke.
+Medicines to treat symptoms or reduce the risk of complications.
+Surgery to fix or replace the valve.",,"If you think you have aortic valve disease, make an appointment for a health checkup. Consider being seen and treated at a medical center with a multidisciplinary heart valve team. This is a team of heart doctors, called cardiologists, and other healthcare professionals trained and experienced in heart valve disease.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.","Try these tips to help prevent or slow aortic valve stenosis and other types of heart disease.
+Do not smoke or use tobacco.Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease. If you smoke and can't quit, talk to your care team about programs or treatments that can help.
+Eat a heart-healthy diet.Eat a variety of fruits and vegetables, low-fat or fat-free dairy products, poultry, fish, and whole grains. Limit salt and saturated fats.
+Keep a healthy weight.Lose weight if you are overweight or have obesity. Losing just a few pounds can help reduce risk factors for heart disease. Ask your healthcare professional what weight is best for you.
+Get regular exercise.Exercise helps manage weight and control risk factors for heart disease. Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week. Talk with your healthcare team about the amount and type of exercise that's best for you.
+Manage stress.Learn ways to help reduce emotional stress. Some ideas are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness or connect with others in support groups.
+Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol.Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed. Get regular health checkups.
+Limit alcohol.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
+Get good sleep.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health conditions. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.
+If you have aortic valve stenosis, your healthcare team may recommend that you limit strenuous activity to avoid overworking your heart.","heart failure symptoms, swollen ankles and feet, fatigue, tiredness, dizzy, rapid heartbeat, chest pain, not eating enough, fainting, feeling faint, extreme tiredness, tightness, heart failure, aortic valve stenosis, not gaining enough weight, shortness of breath"
+963,Mitral valve stenosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353159,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353165,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20353167,"Mitral valve stenosis — sometimes called mitral stenosis — is a narrowing of the valve between the two left heart chambers. The narrowed valve reduces or blocks blood flow into the lower left heart chamber. The lower left heart chamber is the heart's main pumping chamber. It also is called the left ventricle.
+Mitral valve stenosis can make you tired and short of breath. Other symptoms may include irregular heartbeats, dizziness, chest pain or coughing up blood. Some people don't notice symptoms.
+Mitral valve stenosis can be caused by a complication of strep throat called rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is now rare in the United States.
+Treatment for mitral valve stenosis may include medicine or mitral valve repair or replacement surgery. Some people only need regular health checkups. Treatment depends on how severe the valve disease is and whether it's getting worse. Untreated, mitral valve stenosis can lead to serious heart complications.","Mitral valve stenosis usually worsens slowly. You may not have any symptoms, or you may have mild ones for many years. Symptoms of mitral valve stenosis can occur at any age, even during childhood.
+Symptoms of mitral valve stenosis include:
+Shortness of breath, especially with activity or when you lie down.
+Fatigue, especially during increased activity.
+Swollen feet or legs.
+Pounding, skipping or otherwise irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
+Dizziness or fainting.
+Fluid buildup in the lungs.
+Chest discomfort or chest pain.
+Coughing up blood.
+Mitral valve stenosis symptoms may appear or get worse when the heart rate increases, such as during exercise. Anything that puts stress on the body, including pregnancy or infections, may trigger symptoms.","Make an appointment with your healthcare professional right away if you have chest pain, a fast, fluttering or pounding heartbeat, or shortness of breath during activity. Your healthcare professional may tell you to see a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist.
+If you have been diagnosed with mitral valve stenosis but haven't had symptoms, ask your healthcare team how often to have follow-up exams.","To understand the causes of mitral valve disease, it may be helpful to know how the heart works.
+The mitral valve is one of four valves in the heart that keep blood flowing in the right direction. Each valve has flaps, called leaflets, that open and close once during each heartbeat. If a valve doesn't open or close properly, less blood may flow through the heart to the body.
+In mitral valve stenosis, the valve opening narrows. The heart now must work harder to force blood through the smaller valve opening. Blood flow between the upper left and lower left heart chambers may decrease.
+Causes of mitral valve stenosis include:
+Rheumatic fever.This complication of strep throat is the most common cause of mitral valve stenosis. When rheumatic fever damages the mitral valve, the condition is called rheumatic mitral valve disease. Symptoms may not be seen until years to decades after rheumatic fever.
+Calcium deposits.As you age, calcium deposits can build up around the mitral valve. This can cause narrowing of the structures that support the mitral valve flaps. The condition is called mitral annular calcification, or MAC for short. SevereMACcan cause mitral stenosis symptoms. It's difficult to treat even with surgery. People with calcium around the mitral valve often have similar problems with the heart's aortic valve.
+Radiation therapy.This is a treatment for certain types of cancer. Radiation to the chest area can sometimes cause the mitral valve to thicken and harden. The heart valve damage typically occurs 20 to 30 years after radiation therapy.
+Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect.Rarely, some babies are born with a narrowed mitral valve.
+Other health conditions.Lupus and other autoimmune conditions may rarely cause mitral valve stenosis.","Risk factors for mitral valve stenosis include:
+Untreated strep infections.A history of untreated strep throat or rheumatic fever increases the risk of mitral valve stenosis. However, rheumatic fever is rare in the United States. But it's still a problem in developing nations.
+Aging.Older adults are at increased risk of calcium buildup around the mitral valve.
+Radiation therapy.Radiation causes changes in the mitral valve shape and structure. Rarely, people who receive radiation therapy to the chest area for certain types of cancer may develop mitral valve stenosis.
+Illicit drug use.MDMA, short for methylenedioxymethamphetamine and commonly called molly or ecstasy, increases the risk of mitral valve disease.
+Use of certain medicines.Some migraine medicines have an ingredient called ergot alkaloids. Ergotamine (Ergomar) is an example. Ergot alkaloids may rarely cause heart valve scarring that leads to mitral stenosis. Older weight-loss medicines that contained fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine also are linked to heart valve disease and other heart problems. Fen-phen is an example. It's no longer sold in the United States.","Mitral valve stenosis that is not treated can lead to complications such as:
+Irregular heartbeats.Irregular heartbeats are called arrhythmias. Mitral valve stenosis may cause an irregular and chaotic heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation. It's commonly known as AFib.AFibis a common complication of mitral stenosis. The risk increases with age and more-severe stenosis.
+Blood clots.Irregular heartbeats linked to mitral valve stenosis can cause blood clots to form in the heart. If a blood clot from the heart travels to the brain, a stroke can occur.
+High blood pressure in the lung arteries.The medical name for this condition is pulmonary hypertension. It can happen if a narrowed mitral valve slows or blocks blood flow. Decreased blood flow raises pressure in the lung arteries. The heart must work harder to pump blood through the lungs.
+Right-sided heart failure.Changes in blood flow and high pressure in the lung arteries put a strain on the heart. The heart must work harder to pump blood to the chambers on the right side of the heart. The extra effort eventually causes the heart muscle to become weak and fail.",Rheumatic fever is the most common cause of mitral valve stenosis. So the best way to prevent mitral valve stenosis is to prevent rheumatic fever. You can do this by making sure you and your children see a healthcare professional for sore throats. Untreated strep throat infections can develop into rheumatic fever. Strep throat is usually easily treated with antibiotics.,"To diagnosis mitral valve stenosis, your healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and medical history. You also may be asked about your family's medical history.
+The healthcare professional listens to your heart and lungs with a device called a stethoscope. Mitral valve stenosis often causes an irregular heart sound due to the narrowed opening. This sound is called a heart murmur. Mitral valve stenosis also can cause fluid buildup in the lungs.
+If you have symptoms of mitral valve stenosis, tests are done to examine the heart.","Treatment for mitral valve stenosis may include:
+Medicine.
+Valve repair or replacement surgery.
+Open-heart surgery.
+If you have mild to moderate mitral valve stenosis with no symptoms, you might not need immediate treatment. Instead, you need regular health checkups to see if your condition gets worse.
+A doctor trained in heart disease typically provides care for people with mitral valve stenosis. This type of doctor is called a cardiologist.",,"If you have mitral valve stenosis, you may see a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.","Lifestyle changes can help improve heart health. If you have mitral valve stenosis, try these steps to keep your heart healthy:
+Eat nutritious foods.Eat a variety of fruits and vegetables, low-fat or fat-free dairy products, poultry, fish, and whole grains. Avoid saturated and trans fat. Use less salt and sugar.
+Keep a healthy weight.If you are overweight or have obesity, losing weight can help control blood pressure and lower the risk of complications. Ask your healthcare professional what weight is best for you.
+Don't smoke or use tobacco.Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease. If you smoke and can't quit, talk to your care team about programs or treatments that can help.
+Limit alcohol.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
+Ask about exercise.How long and hard you're able to exercise may depend on the severity of mitral valve stenosis and the intensity of exercise. Talk to your healthcare team about the amount and type of exercise that's best for you, especially if you're considering competitive sports. People with severe mitral stenosis should not do competitive sports.
+Get regular health checkups.Regular health checkups are important if you have mitral valve stenosis. You should have an echocardiogram at least every year. If you frequently feel your heart pounding or beating fast, get medical help. Fast heart rhythms that aren't treated can quickly get worse in people with mitral valve stenosis.
+Manage stress.Find ways to help manage stress, such as through relaxation activities, meditation, physical activity, and spending time with family and friends.
+Get good sleep.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other chronic conditions. Adults should aim to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily. Go to bed and wake at the same time every day, including on weekends. If you have trouble sleeping, talk to your healthcare professional about strategies that might help.","fluid buildup in the lungs, irregular heartbeats, fatigue, pounding, arrhythmias, valve stenosis, chest pain, coughing up blood, dizziness, chest discomfort, mitral valve stenosis, fainting, infections, pounding heartbeats, shortness of breath, swollen feet or legs, discomfort or"
+964,Pulmonary valve stenosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20377034,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377039,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20377040,"Pulmonary valve stenosis is a narrowing of the valve between the lower right heart chamber and the lung arteries. In a narrowed heart valve, the valve flaps may become thick or stiff. This reduces blood flow through the valve.","Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising.
+
+Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include:
+
+Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels.","Talk to your health care provider if you or your child has:
+
+Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications.","Pulmonary valve stenosis usually results from a heart problem present at birth. The exact cause is unclear. The pulmonary valve doesn't develop properly as the baby is growing in the womb.
+
+The pulmonary valve is made of three thin pieces of tissue called flaps, also called cusps. The cusps open and close with each heartbeat. They make sure blood moves in the right direction.
+
+In pulmonary valve stenosis, one or more of the cusps may be stiff or thick. Sometimes the cusps may be joined together. That means they are fused. So the valve doesn't open fully. The smaller opening makes it harder for blood to leave the lower right heart chamber. Pressure increases inside the chamber. The increased pressure strains the heart. Eventually the lower right heart chamber wall gets thicker.",Things that may increase the risk of pulmonary valve stenosis include:,Possible complications of pulmonary stenosis include:,,"Pulmonary valve stenosis is often diagnosed in childhood. But it may not be detected until later in life.
+
+A health care provider uses a stethoscope to listen to the heart. A whooshing sound, called a heart murmur, may be heard. The sound is caused by choppy blood flow across the narrowed valve.
+
+Tests to diagnose pulmonary valve stenosis include:
+
+Cardiac catheterization.A thin tube called a catheter is inserted into the groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. Dye flows through the catheter into the blood vessels to make them show up more clearly on X-rays. This part of the test is called a coronary angiogram.
+
+During the test, pressures within the heart can be measured to see how forcefully blood pumps through the heart. A provider can determine the severity of pulmonary stenosis by checking the difference in pressure between the right lower heart chamber and the lung artery.","If you have mild pulmonary valve stenosis without symptoms, you may only need occasional health checkups.
+
+If you have moderate or severe pulmonary valve stenosis, you may need a heart procedure or heart surgery. The type of procedure or surgery done depends on your overall health and the appearance of your pulmonary valve.",,"If you or your child has valve disease, you will likely be referred to a doctor trained in evaluating and treating heart conditions. This type of provider is called a cardiologist.
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"blue skin, pulmonary stenosis, gray skin, pulmonary valve stenosis, blue, oxygen, low oxygen levels"
+965,Pyloric stenosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pyloric-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351416,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pyloric-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351421,,"Pyloric stenosis (pie-LOHR-ik stuh-NOH-sis) is a narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the small intestine. This uncommon condition in infants can trap food in the stomach.
+Typically, a ring-shaped muscular valve closes to hold food in the stomach or opens to allow food to pass into the small intestine. With pyloric stenosis, the muscle tissue is enlarged. The opening becomes very narrow, and little to no food passes into the intestine.
+Pyloric stenosis usually leads to forceful vomiting, dehydration, poor nutrition and weight loss. Babies with pyloric stenosis may seem to be hungry all the time.
+Pyloric stenosis is treated with surgery.
+The passage between the stomach and small intestine is called the pylorus. The valve that controls the opening may be called the pyloric muscle, pyloric sphincter or pyloric valve.
+The enlargement of the pyloric muscle is called hypertrophy. Pyloric stenosis also is called hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.","Symptoms of pyloric stenosis usually appear within 3 to 6 weeks after birth. Pyloric stenosis is rare in babies older than 3 months.
+Symptoms include:
+Vomiting after feeding.The baby may vomit forcefully, ejecting breast milk or formula up to several feet away. This is known as projectile vomiting. Vomiting usually happens right after feeding. Vomiting might be mild at first and worsen over time.
+Constant hunger.Babies who have pyloric stenosis often want to eat soon after vomiting.
+Stomach contractions.Wavelike ripples across your baby's belly may be visible after feeding but before vomiting. This is a sign of the stomach muscles trying to move food out of the stomach.
+Dehydration.A baby may show signs of low body fluids, also called dehydration. These signs may include few wet diapers, lack of energy, dry mouth and lips, and crying without tears.
+Changes in stool.Since pyloric stenosis prevents food from reaching the intestines, babies with this condition might be constipated.
+Weight loss.The lack of nutrition can cause a baby not to gain weight or to lose weight.","Other conditions have symptoms like pyloric stenosis. It's important to get a prompt and accurate diagnosis. See your baby's doctor if your baby:
+Projectile vomits after feeding.
+Is hungry again immediately after vomiting.
+Seems less active or unusually irritable.
+Has few wet or soiled diapers.
+Isn't gaining weight or is losing weight.","The causes of pyloric stenosis are unknown, but genes and environmental factors might play a role. Pyloric stenosis usually isn't present at birth but develops afterward.","Pylorid stenosis is not a common condition. It is more likely in babies who:
+Are boys.
+Are first-born children.
+Were born prematurely.
+Have a family history of pyloric stenosis.
+Were born to a cigarette smoker.
+Were exposed to certain antibiotics late in the pregnancy or after birth.
+Are bottle-fed.","Pyloric stenosis can lead to:
+Failure to grow and develop.The lack of nutrition causes poor growth, weight gain and development.
+Dehydration.Frequent vomiting can cause low fluid levels, called dehydration. This condition also may result in an imbalance in minerals called electrolytes. These minerals help regulate important functions throughout the body.
+Jaundice.Rarely, a substance secreted by the liver, called bilirubin, can build up. This may cause a yellowing of the skin and or the whites of the eyes. This condition is called jaundice.",,"Your baby's healthcare professional will ask you questions about symptoms and do a physical exam.
+Sometimes, an olive-shaped lump can be felt on the baby's belly. This lump is the enlarged pyloric muscle. This is more common in later stages of the condition.
+Wavelike contractions may sometimes be visible when examining the baby's belly, particularly after feeding or before vomiting.","Surgery is needed to treat pyloric stenosis. Before surgery, fluids and electrolytes are given through a tube placed in a vein. Proper hydration and electrolyte balance are needed before the procedure. This may take 24 to 48 hours.
+The procedure is called pyloromyotomy. In pyloromyotomy, the surgeon cuts into the thickened muscle of the pyloric valve. Then a device is used to spread the muscle apart down to the stomach lining tissues.
+The pyloric muscle will still work, but this gap loosens the muscle and will allow food to move out of the stomach. The stomach lining will bulge into the open space, but the stomach contents won't leak out.
+Most often the surgery is done through three small openings in the belly. One is used for a video camera, and two are for surgical tools. This is called laparoscopic surgery. In some cases, a doctor will do an open surgery through one larger opening. Laparoscopic surgery generally has a shorter recovery time.
+After surgery:
+Your baby will be carefully watched for at least 24 hours.
+Recommendations for feeding after surgery may vary. In most cases, feeding can begin 12 to 24 hours after the procedure.
+Your healthcare team may recommend feeding when your baby is hungry, or they may recommend a schedule.
+Some vomiting may occur after surgery.
+During follow-up appointments, your care team will check your baby's weight, growth and development.
+Possible complications from pyloric stenosis surgery include bleeding and infection. However, complications aren't common, and the results of surgery are generally excellent.",,"Your child's primary healthcare professional will likely do the exam and make a diagnosis, but you may be referred to a specialist in digestive disorders called a gastroenterologist. If the diagnosis is pyloric stenosis, you'll be referred to a pediatric surgeon.",,"dry mouth, projectile vomiting, constant hunger, constipation, vomiting, dry lips, vomit, lack of energy, crying without tears, pyloric stenosis, weight loss, stomach contractions, few wet diapers, dehydration"
+966,Spinal stenosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352961,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352966,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-stenosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20352968,"Spinal stenosis happens when the space inside the backbone is too small. This can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves that travel through the spine. Spinal stenosis happens most often in the lower back and the neck.
+Some people with spinal stenosis have no symptoms. Others may experience pain, tingling, numbness and muscle weakness. Symptoms can get worse over time.
+The most common cause of spinal stenosis is wear-and-tear damage in the spine related to arthritis. People who have serious spinal stenosis may need surgery.
+Surgery can create more space inside the spine. This can ease the symptoms caused by pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. But surgery can't cure arthritis, so arthritis pain in the spine may continue.","Spinal stenosis often causes no symptoms. When symptoms do happen, they start slowly and get worse over time. Symptoms depend on which part of the spine is affected.",,"Spinal bones are stacked in a column from the skull to the tailbone. They protect the spinal cord, which runs through an opening called the spinal canal.
+Some people are born with a small spinal canal. But most spinal stenosis occurs when something happens to reduce the amount of open space within the spine. Causes of spinal stenosis include:
+Bone spurs.Wear-and-tear damage from arthritis can cause extra bone to grow on the spine. This creates bone spurs that can push into the spinal canal. Paget's disease also can cause extra bone to grow on the spine.
+Herniated disks.Disks are the soft cushions that act as shock absorbers between the spinal bones. If part of the disk's soft inner material leaks out, it can press on the spinal cord or nerves.
+Thick ligaments.The strong cords that help hold the bones of the spine together can become stiff and thick over time. Thick ligaments can push into the spinal canal.
+Tumors.Rarely, tumors can form inside the spinal canal.
+Spinal injuries.Car accidents and other trauma can cause spinal bones to break or move out of place. Swelling of nearby tissue right after back surgery also can put pressure on the spinal cord or nerves.",Most people with spinal stenosis are over age 50. Younger people may be at higher risk of spinal stenosis if they have scoliosis or other spinal problems.,,,Your healthcare professional may ask about your symptoms and medical history. You may have a physical exam. You also may need an imaging test to help find the problem.,Treatment for spinal stenosis depends on how severe your symptoms are.,,"You might be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the nervous system, called a neurologist. Depending on how serious your symptoms are, you also may need to see a spinal surgeon, which could be a neurosurgeon or an orthopedic surgeon.","Your healthcare professional may suggest:
+Pain relievers.Medicines you can buy without a prescription — such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) and acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) — can help reduce pain and swelling.
+Weight loss.Losing excess weight can reduce pain by taking some stress off the lower back.
+Exercise.Stretching and strengthening exercises may help relieve symptoms. Talk with your healthcare team about what exercises are safe to do at home.
+Walking aids.In addition to providing stability, canes and walkers can help relieve pain by allowing you to bend forward while walking.","no symptoms, spinal stenosis"
+967,Bee sting,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bee-stings/symptoms-causes/syc-20353869,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bee-stings/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353874,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bee-stings/doctors-departments/ddc-20353876,"A bee sting is a common outdoor nuisance. You can take several steps to avoid stings from bees, hornets and wasps. If you're stung, basic first aid can help ease the pain of a mild or moderate reaction. You may need emergency medical help for a severe reaction.","Bee sting symptoms can range from pain and swelling to a life-threatening allergic reaction. Having one type of reaction doesn't mean you'll always have the same reaction every time you're stung or that the next reaction will be more severe.
+Mild reaction.Most of the time, bee sting symptoms are minor and include instant, sharp burning pain, a welt and swelling. In most people, the swelling and pain go away within a few hours.
+Moderate reaction.Some people who get stung by a bee or other insect have a stronger reaction, with burning pain, a welt, itching, flushing and swelling that gets worse over the next day or two. The symptoms can last up to seven days.
+Severe reaction.A severe reaction to a bee sting is potentially life-threatening and requires emergency treatment. This type of reaction is called anaphylaxis. A small percentage of people who are stung by a bee or other insect develop anaphylaxis. It usually happens 15 minutes to an hour after the sting. Symptoms include rash, itching, trouble breathing, swollen tongue, trouble swallowing and tightness in the chest.
+Multiple bee stings.If you get stung more than a dozen times, you can have a bad reaction that makes you feel quite sick. Symptoms include those of a moderate reaction as well as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever and lightheadedness.","Call 911 or seek immediate care for:
+A severe reaction to a bee sting that suggests anaphylaxis, even if it's just one or two symptoms. If you were prescribed emergency epinephrine that you inject yourself (EpiPen, Auvi-Q, others), use it right away as your healthcare professional directed. Inject the epinephrine first, then call 911.
+Multiple stings in children, older adults, and people who have heart or breathing problems.
+Make an appointment to see a healthcare professional if:
+Bee sting symptoms don't go away within three days.
+You've had other symptoms of an allergic response to a bee sting.","A bee sting is an injury caused by bee venom. To sting, a bee jabs a barbed stinger into the skin. The stinger releases venom. The venom has proteins in it that cause pain and swelling around the sting area.
+Generally, insects such as bees and wasps aren't aggressive and only sting in self-defense. In most cases, this results in one or perhaps a few stings. Some types of bees tend to swarm, stinging in a group. An example of this type of bee is Africanized bees.","Risk factors for a bee sting include:
+Living in an area where bees are active.
+Being near beehives.
+Spending a lot of time outdoors.",,"The following tips may help reduce your risk of a bee sting:
+Take care when drinking sweet beverages outside. Use wide, open cups so you can see if a bee is in them. Inspect cans and straws before drinking from them.
+Tightly cover food containers and trash cans, as odors from them can attract insects.
+Clear away garbage, fallen fruit, and dog or other animal feces, as flies can attract wasps.
+Wear closed-toe shoes when walking outside. Don't walk through flowers.
+Don't use perfumes and scented hair and body products, as they can attract insects.
+Don't wear bright colors or floral prints, as they can attract bees.
+Be careful when mowing the lawn or trimming vegetation. Such activities might disturb insects in a beehive or wasp nest.
+Avoid being near bees, yellow jackets and hornets. For example, remove hives and nests near your home if you can do this safely.
+Know what to do when bees or other stinging insects are nearby:
+If a few bees are flying around you, stay calm and slowly walk away from the area. Swatting at an insect may cause it to sting.
+If a bee or wasp stings you, or many insects start to fly around, cover your mouth and nose and quickly leave the area. When a bee stings, it releases a chemical that attracts other bees. If you can, get into a building or closed vehicle.
+People who have a severe reaction to a bee sting have on average a 50% chance of anaphylaxis the next time they're stung. Talk to a healthcare professional about prevention measures such as allergy shots to avoid a similar reaction if you get stung again.","To diagnose an allergy to venom from a bee sting, your healthcare professional may suggest that you have one or both of the following tests:
+Skin test.During skin testing, a small amount of bee venom is injected into the skin of the arm or upper back. If you're allergic to bee stings, you'll get a raised bump on your skin at the test site.
+Blood test.A blood test can measure how your immune system reacts to bee venom.
+Your healthcare professional also may want to test you for allergies to yellow jackets, hornets and wasps. Stings from these insects can cause allergic reactions similar to those of bee stings.","For most bee stings, home treatment is enough. Multiple stings or an allergic reaction may be a medical emergency that needs treatment right away.",,"Bee and other insect stings are a common cause of anaphylaxis. If you've had a severe reaction to a bee sting but did not seek emergency treatment, contact a healthcare professional. You may be referred to an allergy specialist, who can find out whether you're allergic to bee or other insect venom.
+List questions you want to ask your healthcare professional, such as:
+What do I do if I get stung again?
+If I have an allergic reaction, do I need to use emergency medicine such as an epinephrine autoinjector?
+How can I prevent this reaction from happening again?
+Don't hesitate to ask other questions, as well.
+Your healthcare professional is likely to do a physical exam and ask you a number of questions, such as:
+When and where were you stung?
+What symptoms did you have after getting stung?
+Have you had an allergic reaction to an insect sting in the past?
+Do you have other allergies, such as hay fever?
+What medicines do you take, including herbal remedies?
+Do you have other health conditions?","For a minor or moderate bee sting, follow these first-aid steps:
+Move to a safe area to avoid more stings.
+If you see a stinger sticking out of the wound — it looks like a black dot — remove it as soon as possible. Try scraping it off with a fingernail or the blunt edge of a knife. A stinger may not be present, as only bees leave a stinger. Other stinging insects, such as wasps, do not.
+Wash the sting area with soap and water.
+Remove any rings in the sting area right away, before swelling gets worse.
+Apply to the area a cloth dampened with cold water or filled with ice. Keep it on the sting for 10 to 20 minutes. Repeat as needed.
+If the sting is on an arm or leg, raise it. Swelling may increase over the next two days but usually goes away with time and elevation.
+Apply hydrocortisone cream or calamine lotion to ease itching and swelling. Do this up to four times a day until your symptoms go away.
+If needed, take a pain reliever. Pain medicine you can buy without a prescription can help ease pain. Examples are ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and acetaminophen (Tylenol, others). If the sting area itches, take an anti-itch medicine by mouth. This type of medicine is also called an antihistamine. Examples are diphenhydramine (Benadryl), chlorpheniramine, loratadine (Alavert, Claritin, others), cetirizine (Zyrtec Allergy) and fexofenadine (Allegra Allergy). Some of these products can make you drowsy.","nausea, tightness, swelling, allergic reaction, tightness in the chest, anaphylaxis, welt, itching, flushing, rash, diarrhea, vomiting, lightheadedness, swollen tongue, burning pain, bad reaction, nausea, vomiting, pain, trouble breathing, fever, trouble swallowing"
+968,Jellyfish stings,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jellyfish-stings/symptoms-causes/syc-20353284,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jellyfish-stings/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353290,,"Jellyfish stings are fairly common problems for people swimming, wading or diving in oceans. The long tentacles trailing from the jellyfish can inject venom from thousands of microscopic barbed stingers.
+Most often jellyfish stings cause instant pain and inflamed marks on the skin. Some stings may cause more whole-body (systemic) illness. And in rare cases they're life-threatening.
+Most jellyfish stings get better over a few days or weeks with home treatment. Severe reactions likely need emergency medical care.","Symptoms of jellyfish stings include:
+Burning, prickling, stinging pain
+Welts or tracks on the skin — a ""print"" of the tentacles' contact with the skin
+Itchiness (pruritus)
+Swelling
+Throbbing pain that radiates up a leg or an arm
+Severe jellyfish stings can affect multiple body systems. These reactions may appear rapidly or several hours after the stings. Symptoms of severe jellyfish stings include:
+Stomach pain, nausea and vomiting
+Headache
+Muscle pain or spasms
+Faintness, dizziness or confusion
+Difficulty breathing
+Heart problems
+The severity of a reaction depends on:
+The type and size of the jellyfish
+The age, size and health of the person affected, with severe reactions more likely in children
+How long the person was exposed to the stingers
+How much of the skin is affected","Seek emergency treatment if you have severe symptoms.
+See your health care provider if your symptoms worsen or the wound shows symptoms of infection.","Jellyfish stings are caused by brushing against a jellyfish tentacle. Tentacles have thousands of microscopic barbed stingers. Each stinger has a tiny bulb that holds venom and a coiled, sharp-tipped tube.
+When you brush against a tentacle, tiny triggers on its surface release the stingers. The tube pierces the skin and releases venom. It affects the area of contact and may enter the bloodstream.
+Jellyfish that have washed up on a beach may still release venomous stingers if touched.","Conditions that increase the risk of jellyfish stings:
+Swimming when jellyfish appear in large numbers (a jellyfish bloom)
+Swimming or diving in jellyfish areas without protective clothing
+Playing or sunbathing where jellyfish are washed up on the beach
+Swimming in a place known to have many jellyfish","Possible complications of a jellyfish sting include:
+Delayed skin reaction, causing blisters, rash or other irritation
+Irukandji syndrome, which causes chest and stomach pain, high blood pressure, and heart problems","The following tips can help you avoid jellyfish stings:
+Wear a protective suit.When swimming or diving in areas where jellyfish stings are possible, wear a wet suit or other protective clothing. Diving stores sell protective ""skin suits"" or ""stinger suits"" made of thin, high-tech fabric. Consider protective footwear, as stings can also occur while wading in shallow water.
+Get information about conditions.Talk to lifeguards, local residents or officials with a local health department before swimming or diving in coastal waters, especially in areas where jellyfish are common.
+Avoid water during jellyfish season.Stay out of the water in jellyfish areas when jellyfish numbers are high.","Diagnosing jellyfish stings generally doesn't require a visit to a health care provider. If you do go, your provider will likely be able to diagnose your injury by looking at it.
+Your health care provider may collect samples of the stingers to help guide treatment.",Treatment for jellyfish stings includes first-aid care and medical treatment.,,,,"nausea, headache, itchiness, swelling, vomiting, prickling, jellyfish stings, stomach pain, muscle pain, dizziness, burning, confusion, spasms, throbbing pain, faintness, pruritus, difficulty breathing, stinging pain"
+969,Scorpion sting,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scorpion-stings/symptoms-causes/syc-20353859,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scorpion-stings/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353865,,"Scorpion stings are painful but rarely life-threatening. Healthy adults usually don't need treatment for scorpion stings. Young children and older adults are most at risk of serious complications.
+Scorpions are arthropods — a relative of insects, spiders and crustaceans. Bark scorpions — the only scorpion species in the U.S. with venom strong enough to cause serious symptoms — are generally about 1.6 to 3 inches (4 to 8 cm) long, including a segmented tail with a stinger that can deliver venom. They're found mainly in the desert Southwest. Worldwide, of more than 2,000 species of scorpions, about 100 produce venom serious enough to be fatal.
+Scorpions have eight legs and a pair of lobster-like pinchers and a tail that curves up. They're generally more active at night. They usually won't sting unless provoked or attacked. Most stings occur when they're accidentally grabbed or stepped on or brushed against the body.","Symptoms at the site of a scorpion sting may include:
+Pain, which can be intense.
+Numbness and tingling.
+Slight swelling.
+Warmth.
+Symptoms from venom that affect the whole body — usually in children who are stung — include:
+A hard time breathing.
+Muscle twitching or thrashing.
+Unusual head, neck and eye movements.
+Drooling.
+Sweating.
+Slurred speech.
+Nausea and vomiting.
+High blood pressure (hypertension).
+Fast heart rate (tachycardia).
+Being restless or excitable, or crying in children that can't be comforted.
+As with other stinging insects, such as bees and wasps, it is possible for people who have been stung by scorpions before to have allergic reactions when stung later. Reactions to these later stings are sometimes serious enough to cause a life-threatening condition called anaphylaxis. Symptoms in these cases are like those of anaphylaxis caused by bee stings, including hives, trouble breathing, and nausea and vomiting.","Contact your local poison control center at once if a child is stung by a scorpion. To reach a poison control center in the U.S., call Poison Help at800-222-1222. Also, seek medical care if you've been stung and begin to have a hard time breathing or other symptoms that continue for more than a week. If you're concerned about a scorpion sting, you also can call your local poison control center for advice.","A scorpion sting is caused by the stinger in a scorpion's tail. When a scorpion stings, its stinger can release venom. The venom contains a complex mix of toxins that affect the nervous system. These are called neurotoxins.","Your risk of a scorpion sting rises if you:
+Live or travel where scorpions are.In the U.S., scorpions mainly live in the desert Southwest, primarily Arizona, New Mexico and parts of California. Worldwide, they're found most often in Mexico, North Africa, South America, the Middle East and India. And you might bring them home with you. That's because scorpions can hide in clothing, luggage and shipping containers.
+Work, hike or camp where scorpions are.Bark scorpions live under rocks and logs. They also live under tree bark, which is how they get their name. You're more likely to come into contact with one when you're working outside, hiking or camping.","The very old and the very young are most likely to die of untreated venomous scorpion stings. The cause is usually heart or lung failure that occurs some hours after the sting. Very few deaths from scorpion stings have been reported in the U.S.
+Rarely, scorpion stings can cause a serious allergic reaction called anaphylaxis.","Scorpions tend to avoid contact. If you live in an area where scorpions are common, consider these steps to prevent chance meetings:
+Remove pilesof rocks or lumber from around your house, and don't store firewood against the house or inside.
+Keep grass closely mowed,and prune bushes and overhanging tree branches that can provide scorpions with a path to your roof.
+Caulk cracks,install weatherstripping around doors and windows, and repair torn screens.
+Inspect and shake outgardening gloves, clothing and boots that haven't been used for a while.
+Take steps when you're traveling.When you're in areas where deadly scorpions are common — especially if you're camping or staying in rustic accommodations — wear shoes. Also, shake out your clothing, bedding, gear and packages often.
+Scorpions glow under a black light, so you might want to use one at night to look at what's around you. If you find a scorpion, use tongs to gently move it away from people.","Your doctor usually needs only your history and symptoms to make a diagnosis. If you have serious symptoms, you may have blood or imaging tests to check for the effects of the venom on your liver, heart, lungs and other organs.","Most scorpion stings don't need medical treatment. But if symptoms are serious, you may need to receive care in a hospital. You may be given drugs through a vein to treat pain.
+Scorpion anti-venom may be given to children to keep symptoms from happening. Adults with serious symptoms also may be given anti-venom.",,,"If a scorpion stings your child, first contact your local poison control center. To reach this center, call Poison Help at800-222-1222.
+Based on Poison Help's advice, consider the following:
+Clean the wound with mild soap and water.
+Apply a cool compress to the affected area. This may ease the pain.
+If stung on an arm or leg, rest the affected limb in a supportive position.
+If having a hard time swallowing, limit intake to sips of water. If this symptom does not resolve or gets worse over the next hour, seek medical attention.
+Don't take or give any medicines to make you sleep or to feel calm or less anxious.
+Take a pain reliever available without a prescription as needed. You might try ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, Children's Motrin, others) to ease pain.
+If you're healthy and you're not having any serious symptoms, you may not need to be treated by a doctor. Rather, you also can follow the steps above.
+Check vaccination records to be sure tetanus vaccinations are up to date for you and your child.
+These tips can help keep children safe until they see a doctor.","nausea, swelling, warmth, unusual eye movements, allergic reactions, restlessness, hard time breathing, nausea and vomiting, thrashing, anaphylaxis, unusual neck movements, slurred speech, numbness, fast heart rate, sweating, stinging, scorpions, tachycardia, crying, vomiting, muscle twitching, pain, restless, trouble breathing, scorpion, excitability, hives, tingling, unusual head movements, high blood pressure, drooling, hypertension"
+972,Encopresis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encopresis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354494,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encopresis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354500,,"Encopresis (en-ko-PREE-sis), sometimes called fecal incontinence or soiling, is the repeated passing of stool (usually involuntarily) into clothing. Typically it happens when impacted stool collects in the colon and rectum: The colon becomes too full and liquid stool leaks around the retained stool, staining underwear. Eventually, stool retention can cause stretching (distention) of the bowels and loss of control over bowel movements.
+
+Encopresis usually occurs after age 4, when a child has already learned to use a toilet. In most cases, soiling is a symptom of long-standing constipation. Far less frequently it occurs without constipation and may be the result of emotional issues.
+
+Encopresis can be frustrating for parents — and embarrassing for the child. However, with patience and positive reinforcement, treatment for encopresis is usually successful.",Signs and symptoms of encopresis may include:,Call your doctor if your child is already toilet trained and starts experiencing one or more of the symptoms listed above.,"There are several causes of encopresis, including constipation and emotional issues.",Encopresis is more common in boys than in girls. These risk factors may increase the chances of having encopresis:,"A child who has encopresis may experience a range of emotions, including embarrassment, frustration, shame and anger. If your child is teased by friends or criticized or punished by adults, he or she may feel depressed or have low self-esteem.",Below are some strategies that can help prevent encopresis and its complications.,"To diagnose encopresis, your child's doctor may:","Generally, the earlier that treatment begins for encopresis, the better. The first step involves clearing the colon of retained, impacted stool. After that, treatment focuses on encouraging healthy bowel movements. In some cases, psychotherapy may be a helpful addition to treatment.",,"You'll likely first bring up your concerns with your child's doctor. He or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in digestive disorders in children (pediatric gastroenterologist) if needed or to a mental health professional if your child is distressed, very embarrassed, frustrated or angry because of encopresis.",,"nausea, constipation, encopresis, vomiting, there is no patient description. However, painful bowel movements, The paragraph is empty, abdominal pain, bloody stools, I can provide the symptoms of encopresis as mentioned in the title. Here are the symptoms:
+
+soiling"
+975,Residual limb pain,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/residual-limb-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20541403,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/residual-limb-pain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20541405,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/residual-limb-pain/doctors-departments/ddc-20541412,"Residual limb pain is a type of pain felt in the part of an arm or leg that's left after the arm or leg is removed, called amputation. More than half of people who have an amputation get this type of pain. Sometimes called stump pain, it may happen soon after the surgery, often within the first week. But the pain may last after healing.
+Residual limb pain is not the same thing as phantom pain. Phantom pain feels like it comes from the part of the arm or leg that's no longer there after amputation. But many people have both residual limb pain and phantom pain.
+Residual limb pain gets better on its own for some people. For others, there are treatments.","Residual limb pain symptoms can begin soon after surgery. Or they can start more than two years after the amputation. The type of pain may depend on the cause. People most often feel the pain at the end of the stump. Pain may feel like:
+Prickling.
+Throbbing.
+Burning.
+Squeezing.
+Stabbing.
+Cramping.
+In some people, the residual limb may move by itself a little or a lot.",,"There are several causes of pain after removal of an arm or leg, called amputation. They include the following:
+Issues in the bone or the soft tissue, such as sores or bone spurs.
+Infection.
+Poor blood supply to the part of the arm or leg that's left.
+A tumor.
+A tangle of nerve endings that forms after the arm or leg is removed, called a neuroma.
+Nerve damage.
+Issues with the fit or use of a replacement arm or leg, called a prosthesis.","Some studies have found that risk factors for residual limb pain may include:
+How high on the body the arm or leg was removed, called amputation.
+How much pain there was before amputation.
+The reason for the amputation.
+Older age at the time of amputation.
+Emotional stress, such as fear and lack of emotional support, may make the pain worse.","Residual limb pain affects quality of life and may get in the way of using a replacement arm or leg, called a prosthesis. People with residual limb pain may be more likely to be depressed or anxious than people who don't have the pain.","A replacement limb, called a prothesis, that fits well can ease pressure between the residual limb and the prothesis. This can help prevent residual limb pain. Taking good care of the skin that comes into contact with the prothesis also can help prevent residual limb pain.
+Some nerve issues, such as diabetic neuropathy, can make it harder to feel pain. If you have these nerve issues, you can take steps to help prevent skin sores and infections. It may help to remove the prothesis several times a day to check for skin issues and take care of them right away.
+Researchers are studying other ways to prevent residual limb pain after amputation.","To diagnose residual limb pain, a healthcare professional looks for the cause. Some causes can be treated. Tests and procedures used to diagnose residual limb pain may include:
+Physical exam.A healthcare professional feels the residual arm or leg to check for issues in the skin or bones. The healthcare professional also looks for signs of infection and lumps.
+Imaging tests.MRI, CT, X-rays or ultrasound can help rule out other causes for the pain or confirm the diagnosis. These tests may show bone breaks or bruises, tumors, infection, or other bone issues.
+Blood tests.Blood tests may help rule out other causes for the pain or confirm the diagnosis.","Treatment for residual limb pain depends on the cause. For some people with residual limb pain, the pain gets better in time without treatment. Treatments for residual limb pain may involve medicines, therapies or procedures.",,,,"pain, throbbing, prickling, squeezing, cramping, burning, stabbing"
+976,Infertility,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infertility/symptoms-causes/syc-20354317,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354322,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infertility/doctors-departments/ddc-20354324,"If you and your partner are struggling to have a baby, you're not alone. Millions of people around the world face the same challenge. Infertility is the medical term for when you can't get pregnant despite having frequent, unprotected sex for at least a year for most couples.
+Infertility may happen because of a health issue with either you or your partner, or a mix of factors that prevent pregnancy. But many safe and effective treatments can boost your chances of getting pregnant.","The main symptom of infertility is not getting pregnant. There may be no other clear symptoms. Some women with infertility may have irregular menstrual periods or no periods. And some men may have some symptoms of hormonal problems, such as changes in hair growth or sexual function.
+Many couples eventually will conceive — with or without treatment.","You likely don't need to see a member of your healthcare team about infertility unless you've been trying to get pregnant for at least one year. But women should talk with a healthcare professional sooner if they:
+Are age 35 or older and have tried to conceive for six months or longer.
+Are over age 40.
+Have no periods, or irregular or very painful periods.
+Have known fertility problems.
+Have endometriosis or a history of pelvic inflammatory disease.
+Have had more than one miscarriage.
+Have gotten cancer treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation.
+Men should talk to a healthcare professional if they have:
+A low number of sperm or other problems with sperm.
+A history of testicular, prostate or sexual conditions.
+Had treatment for cancer such as chemotherapy.
+Had hernia surgery.
+Testicles that are smaller than the typical adult size, or swollen veins in the bag of skin that holds the testicles, called the scrotum.
+Had infertility with a partner in the past.
+Relatives with infertility problems.","All of the steps during ovulation and fertilization need to happen correctly in order to get pregnant. Ovulation is the release of an egg from an ovary. Fertilization is when the egg and sperm unite to form an embryo, which becomes an unborn baby during pregnancy. Sometimes, the issues that cause infertility in couples are present at birth. Other times, they develop later in life.
+Infertility causes can affect one or both partners. In some cases, no cause can be found.","Many of the risk factors for both male and female infertility are the same. They include:
+Age.Women's fertility slowly declines with age, especially in the mid-30s. It drops quickly after age 37. Infertility in older women likely is due to the lower number and quality of eggs, or to health problems that affect fertility. Men over age 40 may be less fertile than younger men. The risk of birth defects and genetic problems also rises for children born to men over age 40.
+Tobacco use.Smoking tobacco by either partner may lower the chances of pregnancy. It also can make fertility treatments less effective. The risk of miscarriages may rise in women who smoke tobacco. When a pregnant person's partner smokes, that also raises the risk of miscarriage — even when the pregnant person is not a smoker. And smoking can raise the risk of erectile dysfunction and a low sperm count in men.
+Marijuana use.Marijuana may affect fertility, but more research is needed. Use during pregnancy has been linked with negative health effects on unborn babies. It also might raise the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth.
+Alcohol use.For women, there is no safe level of alcohol use when you're trying to get pregnant or during pregnancy. Alcohol may contribute to infertility. For men, heavy drinking can lower sperm count and affect how well sperm move.
+Being overweight.An inactive lifestyle and being overweight or obese can raise the risk of infertility. Obesity is linked with lower quality of semen, the fluid that contains sperm.
+Being underweight.People at risk of fertility problems include those with eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia. Those who follow a very low-calorie or restrictive diet also are at risk.
+Exercise issues.A lack of exercise plays a role in obesity, which raises the risk of infertility. Less often, ovulation problems may be linked with frequent, strenuous, intense exercise in women who are not overweight.",,Some types of infertility can't be prevented. But the following tips may boost your chances of pregnancy.,"Before infertility testing, your health care team or clinic works to understand your sexual habits. They might make recommendations to improve your chances of getting pregnant. But in some infertile couples, no clear cause is found. That is called unexplained infertility.
+Infertility testing can involve uncomfortable procedures. It can be expensive too. And some medical plans may not cover the cost of fertility treatment. Also, there's no guarantee that you'll get pregnant — even after all the testing and counseling.","Infertility treatment depends on:
+The cause of the infertility.
+How long you've been infertile.
+Your age and your partner's age, if you have a partner.
+Personal preferences.
+Some causes of infertility can't be corrected.
+If pregnancy doesn't happen after a year of unprotected sex, couples often can still become pregnant through infertility treatments called assisted reproductive technology. But treatment can involve big financial, physical, emotional and time commitments.","Coping with infertility can be very hard, because there are so many unknowns. The journey can take a serious emotional toll. These steps can help you cope:
+Be prepared.The uncertainty of infertility testing and treatments can be stressful. Ask your fertility doctor to explain the steps and prepare for each one.
+Set limits.Before you start treatment, decide which procedures and how many you can afford financially and accept emotionally. Infertility treatments may be expensive and often are not covered by insurance companies. What's more, a successful pregnancy usually depends on more than one attempt at treatment.
+Think about other options.You might need to use donor sperm or eggs, or a gestational carrier. You could also consider adopting a child or choosing to have no children. Think about these options as early as possible in the infertility evaluation. It may ease anxiety during treatment and feelings of hopelessness if you don't become pregnant.
+Seek support.You might want to join an infertility support group or talk with a counselor before, during or after treatment. It can help you carry on through the process and ease grief if your treatment doesn't work.","Depending on your age and health history, your usual health care professional may recommend a medical evaluation. A gynecologist, urologist or family doctor can help find out whether there's a problem that requires a specialist or clinic that treats infertility problems. In some cases, both you and your partner may need a full infertility evaluation.",,"changes in sexual function, not getting pregnant, no periods, changes in hair growth, irregular menstrual periods, infertility"
+979,Suicide and suicidal thoughts,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/suicide/symptoms-causes/syc-20378048,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/suicide/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378054,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/suicide/doctors-departments/ddc-20378056,"Suicide, taking your own life, is a tragic reaction to stressful life situations — and all the more tragic because suicide can be prevented. Whether you're considering suicide or know someone who feels suicidal, learn suicide warning signs and how to reach out for immediate help and professional treatment. You may save a life — your own or someone else's.
+It may seem like there's no way to solve your problems and that suicide is the only way to end the pain. But you can take steps to stay safe — and start enjoying your life again.","Suicide warning signs or suicidal thoughts include:
+Talking about suicide — for example, making statements such as ""I'm going to kill myself,"" ""I wish I were dead"" or ""I wish I hadn't been born""
+Getting the means to take your own life, such as buying a gun or stockpiling pills
+Withdrawing from social contact and wanting to be left alone
+Having mood swings, such as being emotionally high one day and deeply discouraged the next
+Being preoccupied with death, dying or violence
+Feeling trapped or hopeless about a situation
+Increasing use of alcohol or drugs
+Changing normal routine, including eating or sleeping patterns
+Doing risky or self-destructive things, such as using drugs or driving recklessly
+Giving away belongings or getting affairs in order when there's no other logical explanation for doing this
+Saying goodbye to people as if they won't be seen again
+Developing personality changes or being severely anxious or agitated, particularly when experiencing some of the warning signs listed above
+Warning signs aren't always obvious, and they may vary from person to person. Some people make their intentions clear, while others keep suicidal thoughts and feelings secret.","If you're feeling suicidal, but you aren't immediately thinking of hurting yourself:
+Reach out to a close friend or loved one — even though it may be hard to talk about your feelings
+Contact a minister, spiritual leader or someone in your faith community
+Call a suicide hotline
+Make an appointment with your doctor, other health care provider or a mental health professional
+Suicidal thinking doesn't get better on its own — so get help.","Suicidal thoughts have many causes. Most often, suicidal thoughts are the result of feeling like you can't cope when you're faced with what seems to be an overwhelming life situation. If you don't have hope for the future, you may mistakenly think suicide is a solution. You may experience a sort of tunnel vision, where in the middle of a crisis you believe suicide is the only way out.
+There also may be a genetic link to suicide. People who complete suicide or who have suicidal thoughts or behavior are more likely to have a family history of suicide.","Although attempted suicide is more frequent for women, men are more likely than women to complete suicide because they typically use more-lethal methods, such as a firearm.
+You may be at risk of suicide if you:
+Attempted suicide before
+Feel hopeless, worthless, agitated, socially isolated or lonely
+Experience a stressful life event, such as the loss of a loved one, military service, a breakup, or financial or legal problems
+Have a substance abuse problem — alcohol and drug abuse can worsen thoughts of suicide and make you feel reckless or impulsive enough to act on your thoughts
+Have suicidal thoughts and have access to firearms in your home
+Have an underlying psychiatric disorder, such as major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder or bipolar disorder
+Have a family history of mental disorders, substance abuse, suicide, or violence, including physical or sexual abuse
+Have a medical condition that can be linked to depression and suicidal thinking, such as chronic disease, chronic pain or terminal illness
+Are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender with an unsupportive family or in a hostile environment","Suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide take an emotional toll. For instance, you may be so consumed by suicidal thoughts that you can't function in your daily life. And while many attempted suicides are impulsive acts during a moment of crisis, they can leave you with permanent serious or severe injuries, such as organ failure or brain damage.
+For those left behind after a suicide — people known as survivors of suicide — grief, anger, depression and guilt are common.","To help keep yourself from feeling suicidal:
+Get the treatment you need.If you don't treat the underlying cause, your suicidal thoughts are likely to return. You may feel embarrassed to seek treatment for mental health problems, but getting the right treatment for depression, substance misuse or another underlying problem will make you feel better about life — and help keep you safe.
+Establish your support network.It may be hard to talk about suicidal feelings, and your friends and family may not fully understand why you feel the way you do. Reach out anyway, and make sure the people who care about you know what's going on and are there when you need them. You may also want to get help from your place of worship, support groups or other community resources. Feeling connected and supported can help reduce suicide risk.
+Remember, suicidal feelings are temporary.If you feel hopeless or that life's not worth living anymore, remember that treatment can help you regain your perspective — and life will get better. Take one step at a time and don't act impulsively.","Your doctor may do a physical exam, tests and in-depth questioning about your mental and physical health to help determine what may be causing your suicidal thinking and to determine the best treatment.
+Assessments may include:
+Mental health conditions.In most cases, suicidal thoughts are linked to an underlying mental health issue that can be treated. If this is the case, you may need to see a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental illness (psychiatrist) or other mental health provider.
+Physical health conditions.In some cases, suicidal thinking may be linked to an underlying physical health problem. You may need blood tests and other tests to determine whether this is the case.
+Alcohol and drug misuse.For many people, alcohol or drugs play a role in suicidal thinking and completed suicide. Your doctor will want to know whether you have any problems with alcohol or drug use — such as bingeing or being unable to cut back or quit using alcohol or drugs on your own. Many people who feel suicidal need treatment to help them stop using alcohol or drugs, to reduce their suicidal feelings.
+Medications.In some people, certain prescription or over-the-counter drugs can cause suicidal feelings. Tell your doctor about any medications you take to see whether they could be linked to your suicidal thinking.","Treatment of suicidal thoughts and behavior depends on your specific situation, including your level of suicide risk and what underlying problems may be causing your suicidal thoughts or behavior.","Don't try to manage suicidal thoughts or behavior on your own. You need professional help and support to overcome the problems linked to suicidal thinking. In addition:
+Go to your appointments.Don't skip therapy sessions or doctor's appointments, even if you don't want to go or don't feel like you need to.
+Take medications as directed.Even if you're feeling well, don't skip your medications. If you stop, your suicidal feelings may come back. You could also experience withdrawal-like symptoms from abruptly stopping an antidepressant or other medication.
+Learn about your condition.Learning about your condition can empower and motivate you to stick to your treatment plan. If you have depression, for instance, learn about its causes and treatments.
+Pay attention to warning signs.Work with your doctor or therapist to learn what might trigger your suicidal feelings. Learn to spot the danger signs early, and decide what steps to take ahead of time. Contact your doctor or therapist if you notice any changes in how you feel. Consider involving family members or friends in watching for warning signs.
+Make a plan so you know what to do if suicidal thoughts return.You may want to make a written agreement with a mental health provider or a loved one to help you anticipate the right steps to take when you don't have the best judgment. Clearly stating your suicidal intention with your therapist makes it possible to anticipate it and address it.
+Eliminate potential means of killing yourself.If you think you might act on suicidal thoughts, immediately get rid of any potential means of killing yourself, such as firearms, knives or dangerous medications. If you take medications that have a potential for overdose, have a family member or friend give you your medications as prescribed.
+Seek help from a support group.A number of organizations are available to help you cope with suicidal thinking and recognize that there are many options in your life other than suicide.","When you call your primary care doctor to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to a psychiatrist. If you're in danger of killing yourself, your doctor may have you get emergency help at the hospital.","There's no substitute for professional help when it comes to treating suicidal thinking and preventing suicide. However, there are a few things that may reduce suicide risk:
+Avoid drugs and alcohol.Alcohol and recreational drugs can worsen suicidal thoughts. They can also make you feel less inhibited, which means you're more likely to act on your thoughts.
+Form a strong support network.That may include family, friends or members of your church, synagogue or other place of worship. Religious practice has been shown to help reduce the risk of suicide.
+Get active.Physical activity and exercise have been shown to reduce depression symptoms. Consider walking, jogging, swimming, gardening or taking up another form of physical activity that you enjoy.","feeling emotionally high, anxious, personality changes, wanting to be left alone, preoccupied with death, changes in eating patterns, risky behavior, feeling trapped, alcohol, death, agitated, hopeless, withdrawing from social contact, deeply discouraged, changes in sleeping patterns, mood swings"
+980,Polymorphous light eruption,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polymorphous-light-eruption/symptoms-causes/syc-20355868,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polymorphous-light-eruption/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355872,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polymorphous-light-eruption/doctors-departments/ddc-20355874,"Polymorphous light eruption is a rash caused by sun exposure in people who are sensitive to sunlight. Polymorphous means that the rash can have many forms, such as tiny bumps, raised areas or blisters. The condition also is called sun allergy, sun poisoning and polymorphic light eruption.",Symptoms of the rash in polymorphous light eruption may include:,"See your healthcare professional if you have any rash with no obvious cause, such as a known allergy or recent contact with poison ivy.
+
+Polymorphous light eruption rashes look similar to rashes caused by other diseases, some of which are serious. So it's important to get a prompt diagnosis and treatment.
+
+Seek immediate medical careif your rash:","The exact cause of polymorphous light eruption isn't understood. The rash appears in people who have developed sensitivity to sunlight, especially ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or other sources, such as tanning beds. This is called photosensitivity. It leads to immune system activity that causes a rash.","Anyone can develop polymorphous light eruption, but several things can increase your risk of the condition:",,,Your healthcare professional can probably make a diagnosis of polymorphous light eruption based on a physical exam and your answers to questions. You might undergo laboratory tests in order to confirm a diagnosis or rule out other conditions. Tests may include:,"Treatment of polymorphous light eruption often isn't needed because the rash usually goes away on its own within 10 days. If your symptoms are severe, your healthcare professional may prescribe anti-itch medicine (a corticosteroid cream or pill).",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor. You may be referred to a specialist in skin diseases (dermatologist).
+
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,rash
+983,Supraventricular tachycardia,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/supraventricular-tachycardia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355243,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/supraventricular-tachycardia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355249,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/supraventricular-tachycardia/doctors-departments/ddc-20355252,"Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a type of irregular heartbeat, also called an arrhythmia. It's a very fast or erratic heartbeat that affects the heart's upper chambers.SVTalso is called paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
+The typical heart beats about 60 to 100 times a minute. DuringSVT, the heart beats about 150 to 220 times a minute. Occasionally it beats faster or slower.
+Most people with supraventricular tachycardia don't need treatment. When recommended, treatment may include specific actions or movements, medicines, a heart procedure, or a device to control the heartbeat.","The main symptom of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a very fast heartbeat that may last for a few minutes to a few days. The heart beats 100 or more times a minute. Usually duringSVT, the heart beats 150 to 220 times a minute. The fast heartbeat may come and go suddenly.
+Symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia may include:
+Pounding or fluttering feelings in the chest, called palpitations.
+A pounding sensation in the neck.
+Chest pain.
+Fainting or almost fainting.
+Lightheadedness or dizziness.
+Shortness of breath.
+Sweating.
+Weakness or extreme tiredness.
+Some people withSVTdo not notice symptoms.
+In infants and very young children, symptoms ofSVTmay be vague. The symptoms can include sweating, poor feeding, a change in skin color and a rapid pulse. If your infant or young child has any of these symptoms, talk with a healthcare professional.","Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is usually not life-threatening unless you have heart damage or another heart condition. But ifSVTis severe, the irregular heartbeat may cause all heart activity to suddenly stop. This is called sudden cardiac arrest.
+Call a healthcare professional if you have a very fast heartbeat for the first time or if an irregular heartbeat lasts longer than a few seconds.
+Symptoms ofSVTmay be related to a serious health condition. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have a very fast heartbeat that lasts for more than a few minutes or if a fast heartbeat occurs with these symptoms:
+Chest pain.
+Dizziness.
+Shortness of breath.
+Weakness.","Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is caused by faulty signaling in the heart. Electrical signals in the heart control the heartbeat.
+InSVT, a change in heart signaling causes the heartbeat to start too early in the heart's upper chambers. When this happens, the heartbeat speeds up. The heart can't fill with blood properly. Symptoms such as lightheadedness or dizziness can occur.","Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is the most common type of arrhythmia in infants and children. It also tends to occur more often in women, particularly during pregnancy.
+Health conditions or treatments that may increase the risk of supraventricular tachycardia include:
+Coronary artery disease, heart valve disease and other heart diseases.
+Heart failure.
+A heart problem present at birth, also called a congenital heart defect.
+Previous heart surgery.
+A sleep disorder called obstructive sleep apnea.
+Thyroid disease.
+Uncontrolled diabetes.
+Some medicines, including those used to treat asthma, allergies and colds.
+Other things that may increase the risk ofSVTinclude:
+Emotional stress.
+Too much caffeine.
+Excessive alcohol use, which is defined as 14 or more drinks a week for men and seven or more drinks a week for women.
+Smoking and nicotine use.
+Stimulant drugs, including cocaine and methamphetamine.","When the heart beats too fast, it may not send enough blood to the body. As a result, the organs and tissues may not get enough oxygen.
+Over time, untreated and frequent attacks of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) may weaken the heart and lead to heart failure. This is especially true in people who also have other medical conditions.
+A severe attack ofSVTmay cause fainting or a sudden loss of all heart activity, called sudden cardiac arrest.","The same lifestyle changes used to manage supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) also may help prevent it. Try these tips.
+Follow a heart-healthy lifestyle.Eat a nutritious diet, don't smoke, get regular exercise and manage stress.
+Don't use a lot of caffeine.Avoid large amounts of caffeine. For most people with supraventricular tachycardia, moderate amounts of caffeine do not trigger episodes ofSVT.
+Keep a notebook or diary of when symptoms happen.Include the symptoms, your heart rate and what you were doing at the time of the fast heartbeat. This information can help you learn the things that trigger the very fast heartbeat.
+Use medicines carefully.Some medicines, including those bought without a prescription, may contain stimulants that can triggerSVT.","To diagnose supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), a healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. A member of your care team takes your blood pressure. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms, health habits and medical history.","Most people with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) don't need treatment. If the very fast heartbeat happens often or lasts for a long time, your care team may suggest treatment.
+Treatment forSVTmay include:
+Carotid sinus massage.The carotid arteries are the two main blood vessels that send blood to the head and brain. There is one on each side of the neck. During carotid sinus massage, a healthcare professional gently presses on a specific area of the neck by the carotid artery. This makes the body release chemicals that slow the heart rate. Carotid massage should only be done by an experienced healthcare professional. Do not do carotid sinus massage on your own.
+Vagal maneuvers.Simple but specific actions such as coughing, bearing down as if passing stool or putting an ice pack on the face can help slow down the heart rate. These actions affect the vagus nerve, which helps control the heartbeat.
+Medicines.IfSVThappens frequently, medicines may be given to control the heart rate or reset the heart rhythm. It's very important to take the medicine exactly as directed in order to reduce complications.
+Cardioversion.Paddles or patches on the chest deliver shocks that reset the heart rhythm. This treatment is generally used when emergency care is needed or when vagal maneuvers and medicines don't work. It's also possible to do cardioversion with medicines.
+Catheter ablation.In this treatment, a doctor inserts one or more thin, flexible tubes called catheters through a blood vessel, usually in the groin. Sensors on the tip of the catheter use heat or cold energy to create tiny scars in the heart. The scars block faulty heart signals that cause the irregular heartbeat.
+Pacemaker.Rarely, a small device called a pacemaker is needed to help the heart to beat. It stimulates the heart as needed to keep it beating regularly. A pacemaker is placed under the skin near the collarbone in a minor surgery. Wires connect the device to the heart.",,"If you have an unusually fast heartbeat, make an appointment for a health checkup. If a very fast heartbeat lasts longer than a few minutes, get medical care right away.
+You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart conditions, called a cardiologist. You also might see a doctor trained in heart rhythm disorders, called an electrophysiologist.
+Appointments can be brief. Because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get started.","If you have supraventricular tachycardia, a heart-healthy lifestyle is an important part of your treatment plan.
+Try these tips to keep the heart healthy:
+Don't smoke.Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease. If you smoke and can't quit, talk to your care team about programs or treatments that can help.
+Eat healthy foods.Choose fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit salt and saturated fats.
+Get regular exercise.Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week. Talk to your healthcare team about the amount and type of exercise that's best for you.
+Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight increases the risk of heart disease. Ask your healthcare team what weight is best for you.
+Control high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed. Get regular health checkups.
+Manage stress.Find ways to help reduce emotional stress. Practicing mindfulness and joining a support group are some ways to reduce and control stress. If you have anxiety or depression, talk to your care team about strategies to help.
+Get good sleep.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health conditions. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.
+Limit alcohol.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.","fainting or almost fainting, pounding or fluttering feelings in the chest, dizziness, pounding sensation in the neck, shortness of breath, lightheadedness or dizziness, tiredness, rapid pulse, supraventricular tachycardia, sweating, poor feeding, palpitations, lightheadedness, change in skin color, weakness or extreme tiredness, weakness, pounding, chest pain, pounding sensation"
+985,Edema,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20366493,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/edema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366532,,"Edema is swelling caused by too much fluid trapped in the body's tissues. Edema can affect any part of the body. But it's more likely to show up in the legs and feet.
+Medicines and pregnancy can cause edema. It also can be the result of a disease, such as congestive heart failure, kidney disease, venous insufficiency or cirrhosis of the liver.
+Wearing compression garments and reducing salt in the diet often relieves edema. When a disease causes edema, the disease needs treatment, as well.","Symptoms of edema include:
+Swelling or puffiness of the tissue right under the skin, especially in legs or arms.
+Stretched or shiny skin.
+Skin that holds a dimple, also known as pitting, after it's been pressed for a few seconds.
+Swelling of the belly, also called the abdomen, so that it's bigger than usual.
+Feeling of leg heaviness.","Make an appointment to see a health care provider for swelling, stretched or shiny skin, or skin that holds a dimple after being pressed. See a provider right away for:
+Shortness of breath.
+Irregular heartbeat.
+Chest pain.
+These can be signs of fluid buildup in the lungs, also known as pulmonary edema. It can be life-threatening and needs quick treatment.
+After sitting for a long time, such as on a long flight, call your care provider if you get leg pain and swelling that won't go away. Especially if the pain and swelling is on one side, these can be symptoms of a blood clot deep in the vein, also known as deep vein thrombosis, or DVT.","Edema occurs when tiny blood vessels in the body, also known as capillaries, leak fluid. The fluid builds up in nearby tissues. The leak leads to swelling.
+Causes of mild cases of edema include:
+Sitting or staying in one position for too long.
+Eating too much salty food.
+Being premenstrual.
+Being pregnant.
+Edema also can be a side effect of some medicines. These include:
+High blood pressure medicines.
+Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines.
+Steroid medicines.
+Estrogens.
+Certain diabetes medicines called thiazolidinediones.
+Medicines use to treat nerve pain.
+Sometimes edema can be a sign of a more serious condition. Illnesses that can cause edema include:
+Congestive heart failure.Congestive heart failure causes one or both of the heart's lower chambers stop pumping blood well. As a result, blood can back up in the legs, ankles and feet, causing edema.Congestive heart failure can also cause swelling in the stomach area. This condition also can cause fluid to build up in the lungs. Known as pulmonary edema, this can lead to shortness of breath.
+Liver damage.This liver damage from cirrhosis can cause fluid to build up in the stomach area. and in the legs. This fluid buildup in the stomach area is known as ascites.
+Kidney disease.Kidney disease can cause fluid and salts in the blood to build up. Edema linked to kidney disease usually occurs in the legs and around the eyes.
+Kidney damage.Damage to the tiny, filtering blood vessels in the kidneys can result in nephrotic syndrome. In nephrotic syndrome, decreased levels of protein in the blood can lead to edema.
+Weakness or damage to veins in your legs.This condition, known as chronic venous insufficiency, harms the one-way valves in the leg. One-way valves keep blood flowing in one direction. Damage to the valves allows blood to pool in the leg veins and causes swelling.
+Deep vein thrombosis, also called DVT.Sudden swelling in one leg with pain in the calf muscle can be due to a blood clot in one of the leg veins.DVTrequires medical help right away.
+Problems with the system in the body that clears extra fluid from tissues.If the body's lymphatic system is damaged, such as by cancer surgery, the lymphatic system might not drain well.
+Severe, long-term lack of protein.An extreme lack of protein in the diet over time can lead to edema.","The following increases the risk of edema:
+Being pregnant.
+Taking certain medicines.
+Having a long-lasting illness, such as congestive heart failure or liver or kidney disease.
+Having surgery that involves a lymph node.","If left untreated, edema can cause:
+Swelling that gets more and more painful.
+Problems walking.
+Stiffness.
+Stretched skin, which can itch.
+Increased risk of infection in the swollen area.
+Scarring between layers of tissue.
+Less blood flow.
+Less ability of the of arteries, veins, joints and muscles to stretch.
+Increased risk of skin ulcers.",,"To understand the cause of your edema, a health care provider will do a physical exam and ask about your medical history. This might be enough to figure out the cause. Sometimes, diagnosis might require blood tests, ultrasound exams, vein studies or others.","Mild edema usually goes away on its own. Wearing compression garments and raising the affected arm or leg higher than the heart helps.
+Medicines that help the body get rid of too much fluid through urine can treat worse forms of edema. One of the most common of these water pills, also known as diuretics, is furosemide (Lasix). A health care provider can decide about the need for water pills.
+Treating the cause of the swelling is often the focus over time. If edema is a result of medicines, for example, a care provider might change the dose or look for another medicine that doesn't cause edema.",,"Unless you're already seeing a health care provider for a condition such as pregnancy, you'll probably start by seeing your family provider.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","The following may help decrease edema and keep it from coming back. Talk to your health care provider about which of these might help you.
+Use pressure.If edema affects an arm or leg, wearing compression stockings, sleeves or gloves might help. These garments keep pressure on the limbs to prevent fluid from building up. Usually worn after the swelling goes down, they help prevent more swelling.For pregnant people, wearing support stockings during air travel might help.
+Move.Moving and using the muscles in the part of the body that's swollen, especially the legs, might help move fluid back toward the heart. A health care provider can talk about exercises that might reduce swelling.
+Raise.Hold the swollen part of the body above the level of the heart several times a day. Sometimes, raising the swollen area during sleep can be helpful.
+Massage.Stroking the affected area toward the heart using firm, but not painful, pressure might help move fluid out of that area.
+Protect.Keep the swollen area clean and free from injury. Use lotion or cream. Dry, cracked skin is more open to scrapes, cuts and infection. Always wear socks or shoes on the feet if that's where the swelling usually is.
+Reduce salt.A health care provider can talk about limiting salt. Salt can increase fluid buildup and worsen edema.","belly swelling, swelling, dimple, puffiness, pitting, stretched skin, shiny skin, edema, heaviness"
+989,Lupus,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lupus/symptoms-causes/syc-20365789,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lupus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365790,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lupus/doctors-departments/syc-20365791,"Lupus is a disease that occurs when your body's immune system attacks your own tissues and organs (autoimmune disease). Inflammation caused by lupus can affect many different body systems — including your joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart and lungs.
+
+Lupus can be difficult to diagnose because its signs and symptoms often mimic those of other ailments. The most distinctive sign of lupus — a facial rash that resembles the wings of a butterfly unfolding across both cheeks — occurs in many but not all cases of lupus.
+
+Some people are born with a tendency toward developing lupus, which may be triggered by infections, certain drugs or even sunlight. While there's no cure for lupus, treatments can help control symptoms.","No two cases of lupus are exactly alike. Signs and symptoms may come on suddenly or develop slowly, may be mild or severe, and may be temporary or permanent. Most people with lupus have mild disease characterized by episodes — called flares — when signs and symptoms get worse for a while, then improve or even disappear completely for a time.
+
+The signs and symptoms of lupus that you experience will depend on which body systems are affected by the disease. The most common signs and symptoms include:","See your doctor if you develop an unexplained rash, ongoing fever, persistent aching or fatigue.","As an autoimmune disease, lupus occurs when your immune system attacks healthy tissue in your body. It's likely that lupus results from a combination of your genetics and your environment.
+
+It appears that people with an inherited predisposition for lupus may develop the disease when they come into contact with something in the environment that can trigger lupus. The cause of lupus in most cases, however, is unknown. Some potential triggers include:",Factors that may increase your risk of lupus include:,"Inflammation caused by lupus can affect many areas of your body, including your:",,"Diagnosing lupus is difficult because signs and symptoms vary considerably from person to person. Signs and symptoms of lupus may change over time and overlap with those of many other disorders.
+
+No one test can diagnose lupus. The combination of blood and urine tests, signs and symptoms, and physical examination findings leads to the diagnosis.","Treatment for lupus depends on your signs and symptoms. Determining whether you should be treated and what medications to use requires a careful discussion of the benefits and risks with your doctor.
+
+As your signs and symptoms flare and subside, you and your doctor may find that you'll need to change medications or dosages. The medications most commonly used to control lupus include:
+
+Biologics.A different type of medication, belimumab (Benlysta) administered intravenously, also reduces lupus symptoms in some people. Side effects include nausea, diarrhea and infections. Rarely, worsening of depression can occur.
+
+Rituximab (Rituxan, Truxima) may be beneficial for some people in whom other medications haven't helped. Side effects include allergic reaction to the intravenous infusion and infections.
+
+In clinical trials, voclosporin has been shown to be effective in treating lupus.
+
+Other potential drugs to treat lupus are currently being studied, including abatacept (Orencia), anifrolumab and others.","If you have lupus, you're likely to have a range of painful feelings about your condition, from fear to extreme frustration. The challenges of living with lupus increase your risk of depression and related mental health problems, such as anxiety, stress and low self-esteem. To help you cope, try to:
+
+Gather support among your friends and family.Talk about lupus with your friends and family and explain ways they can help out when you're having flares. Lupus can be frustrating for your loved ones because they usually can't see it, and you may not appear sick.
+
+Family and friends can't tell if you're having a good day or a bad day unless you tell them. Be open about what you're feeling so that your loved ones know what to expect.","You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor, but he or she may refer you to a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory joint conditions and immune disorders (rheumatologist).
+
+Because the symptoms of lupus can mimic so many other health problems, you may need patience while waiting for a diagnosis. Your doctor must rule out a number of other illnesses before diagnosing lupus. You may need to see a number of specialists such as doctors who treat kidney problems (nephrologists), blood disorders (hematologists) or nervous system disorders (neurologists) depending on your symptoms, to help with diagnosis and treatment.",,"flares, signs, temporary, mild, severe, permanent, lupus"
+992,Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/total-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return/cdc-20385613,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350080,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/doctors-departments/ddc-20350082,,"Symptoms of total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) in babies may include trouble breathing, poor feeding and a weak pulse. The baby's skin may look gray or blue due to low oxygen levels. This is called cyanosis. Depending on skin color, these changes may be easier or harder to see.
+Symptoms ofTAPVRmay appear soon after birth. But some people don't have symptoms until later in life.
+Serious congenital heart defects are often diagnosed before or soon after a child is born. If you think that your baby has symptoms of total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), call your child's healthcare professional.",,"Most congenital heart defects are caused by changes that happen early as the unborn baby's heart is developing before birth. An unborn baby is also called a fetus. The exact cause of most congenital heart defects, including total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), is not known.
+Changes in the genes, some medicines or health conditions, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking, may play a role.","Possible risk factors for congenital heart defects, including total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), may include:
+Rubella, also called German measles.Having rubella during pregnancy can change how the baby's heart develops. A blood test can be done before pregnancy to see if you're immune to rubella. If you're not, you can get a vaccine.
+Diabetes.Having type 1 or type 2 diabetes during pregnancy may change how the baby's heart grows during pregnancy. Diabetes that develops during pregnancy is called gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes generally doesn't increase the risk of congenital heart disease.
+Genetics.AlthoughTAPVRdoesn't usually run in families, changes in genes have been linked to heart conditions at birth. For example, people with Down syndrome are often born with heart conditions.
+Smoking.If you smoke, quit. Smoking during pregnancy or exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby.
+Alcohol use.Drinking alcohol during pregnancy has been linked to heart conditions in the baby.
+Some medicines.Some medicines taken during pregnancy may increase the risk of congenital heart defects. These include lithium (Lithobid) for bipolar disorder and isotretinoin (Claravis, Myorisan, others), which is used to treat acne. Talk to your healthcare team about the medicines you take.",,,"A congenital heart defect may be diagnosed during pregnancy or after birth. Signs of certain heart defects can be seen on a routine pregnancy ultrasound test (fetal ultrasound).
+After a baby is born, a healthcare professional might think there's a congenital heart defect if the baby has:
+Growth delays.
+Color changes in the lips, tongues or nails.
+The healthcare professional may hear a sound, called a murmur, while listening to the child's heart with a stethoscope. Most heart murmurs are innocent, meaning that there is no heart defect and the murmur isn't dangerous to your child's health. However, some murmurs may be caused by blood flow changes to and from the heart.","Treatment of congenital heart defects in children depends on the specific heart problem and how severe it is.
+Some congenital heart defects don't have a long-term effect on a child's health. They may safely go untreated.
+Other congenital heart defects, such as a small hole in the heart, may close as a child ages.
+Serious congenital heart defects need treatment soon after they're found. Treatment may include:
+Medicines.
+Heart procedures.
+Heart surgery.
+Heart transplant.","You may find that talking with other people who have been through the same situation brings you comfort and encouragement. Ask your healthcare team if there are any support groups in your area.
+Living with a congenital heart defect may make some children feel stressed or anxious. Talking to a counselor may help you and your child learn new ways to manage stress and anxiety. Ask a healthcare professional for information about counselors in your area.","A life-threatening congenital heart defect is usually diagnosed soon after birth. Some may be discovered before birth during a pregnancy ultrasound.
+If you think your child has symptoms of a heart condition, talk to your child's healthcare professional. Be prepared to describe your child's symptoms and provide a family medical history. Some congenital heart defects tend to be passed down through families. That means they are inherited.","If your child has a congenital heart defect, lifestyle changes may be recommended to keep the heart healthy and prevent complications.
+Sports and activity restrictions.Some children with a congenital heart defect may need to reduce exercise or sports activities. However, many others with a congenital heart defect can participate in such activities. Your child's care professional can tell you which sports and types of exercise are safe for your child.
+Preventive antibiotics.Some congenital heart defects can increase the risk of infection in the lining of the heart or heart valves, called infective endocarditis. Antibiotics may be recommended before dental procedures to prevent infection, especially for people who have a mechanical heart valve. Ask your child's heart doctor if your child needs preventive antibiotics.","weak pulse, blue skin, trouble breathing, cyanosis, gray skin, oxygen, poor feeding, low oxygen levels, congenital heart defects"
+993,Tuberculosis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351256,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351258,"Tuberculosis, also called TB, is a serious illness that mainly affects the lungs. The germs that cause tuberculosis are a type of bacteria.
+
+Tuberculosis can spread when a person with the illness coughs, sneezes or sings. This can put tiny droplets with the germs into the air. Another person can then breathe in the droplets, and the germs enter the lungs.
+
+Tuberculosis spreads easily where people gather in crowds or where people live in crowded conditions. People with HIV/AIDS and other people with weakened immune systems have a higher risk of catching tuberculosis than people with typical immune systems.
+
+Medicines called antibiotics can treat tuberculosis. But some forms of the bacteria no longer respond well to treatments.","When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage.
+
+Primary TB infection.The first stage is called the primary infection. Immune system cells find and capture the germs. The immune system may completely destroy the germs. But some captured germs may still survive and multiply.
+
+Most people don't have symptoms during a primary infection. Some people may get flu-like symptoms, such as:
+
+Latent TB infection.Primary infection is usually followed by the stage called latent TB infection. Immune system cells build a wall around lung tissue with TB germs. The germs can't do any more harm if the immune system keeps them under control. But the germs survive. There are no symptoms during latent TB infection.
+
+Active TB disease.Active TB disease happens when the immune system can't control an infection. Germs cause disease throughout the lungs or other parts of the body. Active TB disease may happen right after primary infection. But it usually happens after months or years of latent TB infection.
+
+Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include:
+
+Active TB disease outside the lungs.TB infection can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include:
+
+Active TB disease in the voice box is outside the lungs, but it has symptoms more like disease in the lungs.
+
+Common sites of active TB disease outside the lungs include:
+
+Active TB disease in children.Symptoms of active TB disease in children vary. Typically, symptoms by age may include the following:","The symptoms of tuberculosis are similar to symptoms of many different illnesses. See your healthcare professional if you have symptoms that don't improve with a few days of rest.
+
+Get emergency care if you have:
+
+Get immediate or urgent care if you:","Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
+
+People with active TB disease in the lungs or voice box can spread the disease. They release tiny droplets that carry the bacteria through the air. This can happen when they're speaking, singing, laughing, coughing or sneezing. A person can get an infection after inhaling the droplets.
+
+The disease is more likely to spread when people spend a lot of time together in an indoor space. So the disease spreads easily in places where people live or work together for long periods. Also, the disease spreads more easily in crowded gatherings.
+
+A person with a latent TB infection cannot pass the disease to other people. A person taking medicine to treat active TB disease usually can't pass the disease after 2 to 3 weeks of treatment.","Anyone can get tuberculosis, but certain factors increase the risk of getting an infection. Other factors increase the risk of an infection becoming active TB disease.
+
+The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends a TB test for people who have an increased risk of TB infection or active TB disease. Talk to your healthcare professional if you have one or more of the following risk factors.",,"If you test positive for latent TB infection, you may need to take medicines to prevent active TB disease.","To diagnosis a tuberculosis (TB) infection, your healthcare professional will do an exam that includes:","If you have a latent TB infection, your healthcare professional may begin treatments. This is especially true for people with HIV/AIDS or other factors that increase the risk of active TB disease. Most latent TB infections are treated for three or four months.
+
+Active TB disease may be treated for four, six or nine months. Specialists in TB treatment will determine which medicines are best for you.
+
+You will have regular appointments to see if you're improving and to watch for side effects.","The long treatment plan for tuberculosis can be challenging. Anger or frustration are normal. Talking to someone, such as a therapist, might help you develop coping strategies.",You are likely to start with an appointment with your healthcare professional. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating infectious diseases.,,"joint pain, hoarseness, swelling, chills, tb germs, weight loss, germs, tb infection, fatigue, tb, primary infection, loss of appetite, sweating, cough, diarrhea, vomiting, flu-like symptoms, infection, difficulty swallowing, seizures, redness, tuberculosis, pain, back pain, neck stiffness, fever, coughing up blood, chest pain, abdominal pain"
+994,Traumatic brain injury,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378561,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/doctors-departments/ddc-20378562,"Traumatic brain injury usually results from a violent blow or jolt to the head or body. An object that goes through brain tissue, such as a bullet or shattered piece of skull, also can cause traumatic brain injury.
+
+Mild traumatic brain injury may affect your brain cells temporarily. More-serious traumatic brain injury can result in bruising, torn tissues, bleeding and other physical damage to the brain. These injuries can result in long-term complications or death.","Traumatic brain injury can have wide-ranging physical and psychological effects. Some signs or symptoms may appear immediately after the traumatic event, while others may appear days or weeks later.","Always see your doctor if you or your child has received a blow to the head or body that concerns you or causes behavioral changes. Seek emergency medical care if there are any signs or symptoms of traumatic brain injury following a recent blow or other traumatic injury to the head.
+
+The terms ""mild,"" ""moderate"" and ""severe"" are used to describe the effect of the injury on brain function. A mild injury to the brain is still a serious injury that requires prompt attention and an accurate diagnosis.","Traumatic brain injury is usually caused by a blow or other traumatic injury to the head or body. The degree of damage can depend on several factors, including the nature of the injury and the force of impact.
+
+Common events causing traumatic brain injury include the following:
+
+Explosive blasts and other combat injuries.Explosive blasts are a common cause of traumatic brain injury in active-duty military personnel. Although how the damage occurs isn't yet well understood, many researchers believe that the pressure wave passing through the brain significantly disrupts brain function.
+
+Traumatic brain injury also results from penetrating wounds, severe blows to the head with shrapnel or debris, and falls or bodily collisions with objects following a blast.",The people most at risk of traumatic brain injury include:,Several complications can occur immediately or soon after a traumatic brain injury. Severe injuries increase the risk of a greater number of and more-severe complications.,Follow these tips to reduce the risk of brain injury:,"Traumatic brain injuries may be emergencies. In the case of more-severe TBIs, consequences can worsen rapidly without treatment. Doctors or first responders need to assess the situation quickly.",Treatment is based on the severity of the injury.,"A number of strategies can help a person with traumatic brain injury cope with complications that affect everyday activities, communication and interpersonal relationships. Depending on the severity of injury, a family caregiver or friend may need to help implement the following approaches:",,,"traumatic, none, brain injury"
+996,Teeth grinding (bruxism),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bruxism/symptoms-causes/syc-20356095,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bruxism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356100,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bruxism/doctors-departments/ddc-20356102,"The medical term for teeth grinding is bruxism (BRUK-siz-um), a condition in which you squeeze or rub your teeth together, also called clenching or grinding. Bruxism is common and can happen during the day or night. If you have awake bruxism, you clench or grind your teeth when you're awake without being aware that you're doing it. If you have sleep bruxism, you clench or grind your teeth during sleep. Sleep bruxism is a sleep-related movement disorder.
+People who clench or grind their teeth during sleep are more likely to have other sleep disorders, such as snoring and pauses in breathing called sleep apnea. Some people may not know they have sleep bruxism until they have tooth or jaw problems because of it.
+In some people, bruxism can be a problem and happen often enough to lead to jaw pain, headaches, damaged teeth and other problems. The grinding sound can disrupt a bed partner's sleep. Learn the symptoms of bruxism and get regular dental care to check your teeth.","Symptoms of bruxism may include:
+Teeth grinding or clenching, which may be loud enough to wake up your sleep partner.
+Teeth that are flattened, fractured, chipped or loose.
+Worn tooth enamel. This can expose the inner layers of your teeth.
+Tooth pain or sensitivity.
+Tired or tight jaw muscles, or a locked jaw that won't open or close all the way. Your jaw may pop and click.
+Jaw, neck or face pain or soreness.
+Jaw muscles that are larger than expected.
+Pain that feels like an earache, though it's not really a problem with your ear.
+Dull headache starting at your temples — the sides of your head between your forehead and ears.
+Sleep problems.
+See your dentist or other healthcare professional if you have symptoms that could be caused by grinding or clenching your teeth or if you have other concerns about your teeth or jaws.
+If you notice that your child has symptoms of teeth grinding, be sure to mention it at your child's next dental appointment.",,"Exactly what causes bruxism isn't completely understood. It may be due to a mix of physical, mental health and genetic factors.
+Awake bruxismmay be due to emotions such as anxiety, stress, anger, frustration or tension. Bruxism also may be a coping strategy or a habit when you're thinking deeply or concentrating.
+Sleep bruxismmay be a sleep-related chewing activity linked with brief disturbances during sleep.","These factors can raise your risk of bruxism:
+Stress.Having extra anxiety or stress can lead to teeth grinding and clenching. So can anger and frustration.
+Age.Bruxism is common in young children, but it usually goes away by adulthood.
+Personality type.Having a personality type that's aggressive, competitive or hyperactive can raise your risk of bruxism.
+Awake time mouth habits.Mouth habits, such as lip, tongue or cheek biting and chewing gum for long periods of time, can increase the risk of awake bruxism.
+Medicines and other substances.Smoking tobacco or drinking caffeinated beverages or alcohol can raise your risk of bruxism. So can using recreational drugs or taking medicines that aren't approved by your healthcare professional. It's not common, but bruxism can be a side effect of mental health medicines such as some antidepressants and medicines to treat seizures and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
+Family members with bruxism.Sleep bruxism tends to occur in families. If you have bruxism, other members of your family also may have bruxism or a history of it.
+Other conditions.Bruxism can be linked with some mental health and medical conditions. These may include Parkinson's disease, dementia, gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD), epilepsy, night terrors, sleep-related disorders such as sleep apnea and ADHD.","For most people bruxism doesn't cause serious complications. But severe bruxism may lead to:
+Damage to your teeth or jaws and to fillings, crowns or other dental repairs.
+Tension-type headaches.
+Severe facial or jaw pain.
+Conditions that occur in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). These are jaw joints just in front of your ears. TMJ problems can cause pain and may sound like clicking when you open and close your mouth.",,"During regular dental exams, your dentist checks for signs of bruxism.","In many cases, treatment isn't needed. Many children outgrow bruxism without treatment. And many adults don't grind or clench their teeth badly enough to need treatment.
+If bruxism is severe, options include certain dental treatments, therapies and medicines. These can help to prevent more tooth damage and relieve jaw pain or discomfort. If bruxism is caused by a mental health or medical condition, treating that condition may stop or lessen grinding and clenching.
+Talk with your dentist or other healthcare professional about which plan may work best for you.",,You may start by seeing your dentist or your primary healthcare professional. You also may be referred to a sleep medicine specialist.,"These self-care steps may keep bruxism from happening or help treat it:
+Reduce stress.For example, try meditation, music, a warm bath, yoga or exercise. These can help you relax and may lessen your risk of clenching and grinding.
+Don't drink stimulating beverages in the evening.Don't drink caffeinated coffee or caffeinated tea after dinner and don't drink alcohol during the evening. These may worsen clenching and grinding.
+Don't smoke.If you smoke, talk to your healthcare professional about ways to help you quit.
+Practice good sleep habits.Getting a good night's sleep, which may include treatment for sleep problems, may help lessen bruxism.
+Talk to your sleep partner.If you have a sleep partner, ask your partner if you make any grinding or clicking sounds while sleeping. You can then report this to your dentist or other healthcare professional.
+Schedule regular dental exams.Dental exams are the best way to find out if you have bruxism. Your dentist can spot signs of bruxism in your mouth and jaws during regular visits and exams.","fractured teeth, headache, soreness, worn tooth enamel, jaw pain, earache, jaw popping, locked jaw, face pain, tired jaw muscles, loose teeth, neck pain, tooth pain, flattened teeth, bruxism, jaw clicking, loud noise, chipped teeth, pain, tight jaw muscles, sleep problems, large jaw muscles, teeth grinding, teeth clenching, tooth sensitivity, dull headache"
+998,TMJ disorders,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tmj/symptoms-causes/syc-20350941,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tmj/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350945,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tmj/doctors-departments/ddc-20350948,"The temporomandibular (tem-puh-roe-man-DIB-u-lur) joint, also called TMJ, acts like a sliding hinge. It connects the jawbone to the skull. There is one joint on each side of the jaw. TMJ disorders — a type of temporomandibular disorder or TMD — can cause pain in the jaw joint and in the muscles that control jaw movement.
+The exact cause of TMJ disorder is often hard to determine. The pain may be due to a mix of factors, including habits such as teeth clenching, gum chewing and nail biting; stress; and painful conditions that occur along with TMJ disorder such as fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis or jaw injury. The habit of teeth clenching or grinding also is known as bruxism.
+Most of the time, the pain and discomfort related to TMJ disorders lasts for only a limited time. Self-managed home care, physical therapy for the jaw and the use of a mouth guard can be effective in treating symptoms of TMJ disorder. Surgery is usually a last resort after conservative measures have failed. But surgical treatments may help some people with TMJ disorders.","Symptoms of TMJ disorders may include:
+Pain or tenderness in the jaw.
+Pain in one or both temporomandibular joints.
+Aching pain in and around the ear.
+Having a hard time chewing or pain while chewing.
+Aching facial pain.
+Locking of the joint, making it hard to open or close your mouth.
+Headache.
+Neck pain.
+Eye pain.
+Tooth pain that occurs along with jaw tenderness.
+TMJ disorders also can cause a clicking sound or grating sensation when you open your mouth or chew. But if there's no pain or limitation of movement related to your jaw clicking, it's likely that you won't need treatment.","Seek medical attention if you have constant pain or tenderness in your jaw that occurs suddenly or during jaw movements or if you can't open or close your jaw completely. Your dentist, TMJ specialist or other healthcare professional can discuss possible causes and treatments.","The temporomandibular joint combines a hinge action with sliding motions. The parts of the bones that work together in the joint are covered with cartilage and separated by a small shock-absorbing disk. This disk usually keeps the movement smooth.
+Painful TMJ disorders can happen if:
+The disk erodes or moves out of its proper relationship between the ball and socket of the joint.
+Sprain or strain occurs in the ligaments or soft tissues associated with TMJ disorders.
+Arthritis damages the joint's cartilage.
+A blow or another impact damages the joint.
+Jaw muscles are associated with TMJ spasms.
+Many times, the cause of TMJ disorder has a variety of causes and is hard to identify.","Factors that may raise the risk of getting TMJ disorders include:
+Different types of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis.
+Jaw injury.
+Habits such as gum chewing, nail biting, and grinding or clenching of teeth.
+Certain connective tissue diseases.
+Stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety or depression.
+Conditions such as fibromyalgia, ankylosing spondylitis and sleep disturbances.
+Smoking.",,,"Your healthcare professional will likely discuss your symptoms and study your jaw by:
+Listening to and feeling your jaw when you open and close your mouth.
+Watching the range of motion in your jaw.
+Pressing on areas around your jaw to find sites of pain or discomfort.
+If your healthcare professional thinks there is an issue, you may need:
+Dental X-rays to look at your teeth and jaw.
+CT scan to show detailed images of the bones involved in the joint.
+MRI to show issues with the joint's disk or surrounding soft tissue.
+TMJ arthroscopy is sometimes used to diagnose a TMJ disorder. During TMJ arthroscopy, your healthcare professional inserts a small thin tube called a cannula into the joint space. Then a small camera called an arthroscope is inserted to look at the area and help find a diagnosis.
+TMJ arthroscopy also is sometimes used to treat TMJ disorder. The procedure can help with therapy, such as releasing scar tissue and removing inflammatory soft tissue and byproducts to improve TMJ symptoms and help the jaw move without pain.","Sometimes the symptoms of TMJ disorders may go away without treatment. If your symptoms don't go away, your healthcare professional may recommend treatment options, often more than one to be done at the same time.",,"You'll probably first talk about your TMJ symptoms with your family healthcare professional or dentist. If suggested treatments don't give you enough relief, you may be referred to a healthcare professional who specializes in TMJ disorders.","Become more aware of habits linked with stress — clenching your jaw, grinding your teeth or chewing pencils — so you won't do them as often. These tips may help you reduce symptoms of TMJ disorders:
+Avoid overuse of jaw muscles.Eat soft foods. Cut food into small pieces. Steer clear of sticky or chewy food. Don't chew gum.
+Practice gentle stretching and massage.A physical therapist or other healthcare professional can show you how to do exercises that stretch and strengthen your jaw muscles and how to massage the muscles yourself.
+Apply heat or cold.Applying warm, moist heat or an ice pack to the side of your face may ease pain. Acute pain is best treated with an ice pack. Chronic dull pain is best treated with heat therapy. Apply heat or cold for 15 to 20 minutes several times a day. This approach, combined with stretching, has been found to be very effective.
+Adjust your diet.Eating soft foods or smaller pieces of food, not opening your mouth too wide, and eating foods using utensils such as a spoon or fork may ease symptoms. Chewing foods with both sides of the mouth and not just one side also may ease symptoms.","pain, grating sensation, headache, tmj disorders, facial pain, aching, difficulty chewing, temporomandibular joints, neck pain, clicking, aching pain, eye pain, tenderness, tooth pain, locking"
+1000,Achilles tendinitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/achilles-tendinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369020,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/achilles-tendinitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369025,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/achilles-tendinitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20369026,"Achilles tendinitis is an injury of the Achilles (uh-KILL-eez) tendon. It can be caused by using it too much or too hard without enough rest, called overuse. Or it can develop without a clear cause. The Achilles tendon is the band of tissue that joins calf muscles at the back of the lower leg to the heel bone.
+
+Achilles tendinitis also is called Achilles tendinopathy. It often occurs in runners who have suddenly increased how hard or long they run. It's also common in middle-aged people who play sports, such as tennis or basketball, only on the weekends.
+
+Most often, Achilles tendinitis can be treated with at-home care guided by a healthcare professional. Self-care steps can be helpful to prevent Achilles tendinitis from returning.
+
+Serious cases of Achilles tendinitis can lead to tendon tears, also called ruptures. Tears might need surgery to fix them.","Achilles tendinitis pain most often begins as a mild ache in the back of the leg or above the heel after running or other sports activity. More-severe burning or aching pain might occur after running a long time, stair climbing or sprinting. Over time, there might be pain even at rest.
+
+Achilles tendinitis can make it hard to use the affected foot. The area also might be tender or stiff, especially in the morning. The soreness usually gets better with mild activity.","If you have pain around the Achilles tendon that doesn't go away, call your healthcare professional. If the pain is suddenly severe or keeps you from moving, you may have torn your Achilles tendon. Seek medical help right away.","Repeated or intense strain on the Achilles tendon can cause Achilles tendinitis, though sometimes the cause is not clear. The Achilles tendon is the band of tissue that joins the calf muscles to the heel bone. This tendon is used while walking, running, jumping, climbing or standing on tip toes. Achilles tendinitis can occur within the middle part of the tendon or where it attaches to the heel bone.
+
+The Achilles tendon weakens with age. That can make it easier to injure. This is true for people who play sports only on the weekends or who start running farther, faster or longer without building up over time.",Factors that can raise the risk of Achilles tendinitis include:,"Achilles tendinitis can weaken the tendon. The weakness makes it more likely to tear, also called rupture. An Achilles rupture is a serious injury that often needs surgery to repair it.",It may not be possible to prevent Achilles tendinitis. But here are some ways to reduce the risk:,"During the physical exam, your healthcare professional will press gently on the area to find where the pain, tenderness or swelling are and watch how the foot and ankle look moving and at rest.","Tendinitis most often does well with self-care. But if your symptoms are severe or long-lasting, other treatments to try might include the following.",,"You'll likely first contact your family healthcare professional. You might be sent to a doctor specializing in sports medicine or physical and rehabilitative medicine, called a physiatrist. If your Achilles tendon has torn, you may need to see an orthopedic surgeon.",,"pain, achilles tendinitis pain, mild ache, tender, achilles tendinitis, ache, soreness, burning pain, stiff, more-severe burning, aching pain"
+1002,De Quervain tenosynovitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/de-quervain-tenosynovitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371332,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/de-quervain-tenosynovitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371337,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/de-quervain-tenosynovitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20371338,"De Quervain tenosynovitis (dih-kwer-VAIN ten-oh-sine-oh-VIE-tis) is a painful condition affecting the tendons on the thumb side of the wrist. If you have de Quervain tenosynovitis, you will probably feel pain when you turn your wrist, grasp anything or make a fist.
+Although the exact cause of de Quervain tenosynovitis isn't known, any activity that relies on repetitive hand or wrist movement — such as working in the garden, playing golf or racket sports, or lifting a baby — can make it worse.","Symptoms of de Quervain tenosynovitis include:
+Pain near the base of the thumb
+Swelling near the base of the thumb
+Difficulty moving the thumb and wrist when doing something that involves grasping or pinching
+A ""sticking"" or ""stop-and-go"" sensation in the thumb when moving it
+If the condition goes too long without treatment, the pain may spread farther into the thumb or forearm or both. Moving the thumb and wrist may make the pain worse.","Consult your health care provider if you're still having problems with pain or function and you've already tried:
+Not using your affected thumb
+Applying cold to the affected area
+Using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve)","De Quervain tenosynovitis affects the two tendons on the thumb side of the wrist. Tendons are ropelike structures that attach muscle to bone.
+Chronic overuse, such as repeating a particular hand motion day after day, may irritate the covering around the tendons. If the covering becomes irritated, the tendons can thicken and swell. This thickening and swelling restrict the movement of the tendons through the small tunnel that connects them to the base of the thumb.
+Other causes of de Quervain tenosynovitis include:
+Inflammatory arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
+Direct injury to the wrist or tendon, which may cause scar tissue that restricts movement of the tendons
+Fluid retention, such as from changes in hormones during pregnancy","Risk factors for de Quervain tenosynovitis include:
+Age.People between the ages of 30 and 50 have a higher risk of developing de Quervain tenosynovitis than do people in other age groups, including children.
+Sex.The condition is more common in women.
+Being pregnant.The condition may be associated with pregnancy.
+Baby care.Lifting a child repeatedly involves using the thumbs as leverage and may be associated with the condition.
+Jobs or hobbies that involve repetitive hand and wrist motions.These may contribute to de Quervain tenosynovitis.","When de Quervain tenosynovitis goes untreated, it can become difficult to use the hand and wrist properly. The wrist may lose some range of motion.",,"To diagnose de Quervain tenosynovitis, your health care provider will examine your hand to see if you feel pain when pressure is applied on the thumb side of the wrist.","Treatment for de Quervain tenosynovitis is aimed at reducing inflammation, preserving movement in the thumb and preventing recurrence.
+If you start treatment early, your symptoms should improve within 4 to 6 weeks. If de Quervain tenosynovitis starts during pregnancy, symptoms are likely to end around the end of either pregnancy or breastfeeding.",,"Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have hand or wrist pain and if avoiding the activities that trigger the pain aren't helping. After an initial exam, you may be referred to an orthopedist, a rheumatologist, a hand therapist or an occupational therapist.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","If you don't need surgery, caring for your condition is much the same as preventing it:
+Avoid moving your wrists the same way repeatedly.
+Wear a brace or splint if suggested by your health care provider.
+Follow through with recommended exercises.
+Note activity that causes pain, swelling or numbness in your thumb and wrist. Try to avoid this activity and share the information with your provider.","pain, pain near the base of the thumb, pain in the thumb, sticking sensation in the thumb, pain in the forearm, difficulty moving the thumb and wrist, quervain tenosynovitis, swelling near the base of the thumb"
+1003,Retractile testicle,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retractile-testicle/symptoms-causes/syc-20377197,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retractile-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377203,,"A retractile testicle is a testicle that may move back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. When the retractile testicle is in the groin, it might be easily guided by hand into its proper position in the scrotum — the bag of skin hanging behind the penis — during a physical exam. Upon release, the testicle will remain in the proper position at least temporarily.
+For most boys, the problem of a retractile testicle goes away sometime before or during puberty. The testicle moves to its correct location in the scrotum and stays there permanently.
+Sometimes the retractile testicle remains in the groin and is no longer movable. When this happens, the condition is called an ascending testicle or an acquired undescended testicle.","Testicles form in the abdomen during fetal development. During the final months of development, the testicles gradually descend into the scrotum. If this descent isn't completed at birth, the testicle usually descends within a few months. If your son has a retractile testicle, the testicle originally descended as it should, but doesn't remain in place.
+Symptoms of a retractile testicle include:
+The testicle may be moved by hand from the groin into the scrotum and won't immediately retreat to the groin.
+The testicle might spontaneously appear in the scrotum and remain there for a time.
+The testicle might spontaneously disappear again for a time.
+Retractile testicle is different from undescended testicle (cryptorchidism). An undescended testicle is one that never entered the scrotum.","During regular well-baby checkups and annual childhood checkups, a healthcare professional will examine the testicles to determine if they're descended and appropriately developed. If you believe that your son has a retractile or ascending testicle — or have other concerns about the development of his testicles — see his care professional. The care professional will tell you how often to schedule checkups to monitor changes in the condition.","An overactive muscle causes a testicle to become a retractile testicle. The cremaster muscle is a thin pouch-like muscle in which a testicle rests. When the cremaster muscle contracts, it pulls the testicle up toward the body. The cremaster reflex can be stimulated by rubbing a nerve on the inner thigh and by emotion, such as fear and laughter. The cremaster is also activated by a cold environment.
+If the cremaster reflex is strong enough, it can result in a retractile testicle, pulling the testicle out of the scrotum and up into the groin.",There are no known risk factors for retractile testicles.,"Retractile testicles are generally not associated with complications, aside from a greater risk of the testicle becoming an ascending testicle.",,"If your son has a testicle not located in the scrotum, his doctor will determine its location in the groin. Once it's located, the doctor will attempt to guide it gently into its proper position in the scrotum.
+Your son may be lying down, sitting or standing during this examination. If your son is a toddler, the doctor might have him sit with the soles of his feet touching and knees to the sides. These positions make it easier to find and manipulate the testicle.
+If the testicle is a retractile testicle, it will move relatively easily and won't immediately move up again.
+If the testicle in the groin immediately retreats to its original location, it's most likely an undescended testicle.","Retractile testicles don't require surgery or other treatment. A retractile testicle is likely to descend on its own before or during puberty. If your son has a retractile testicle, a healthcare professional will monitor any changes in the testicle's position in annual evaluations to determine if it stays in the scrotum, remains retractile or becomes an ascending testicle.","If your son has a retractile testicle, he might be sensitive about his appearance. To help your son cope:
+Explain in simple terms what a retractile testicle is.
+Remind him that there's nothing wrong with him.
+Explain that the position of the testicle is something you, your son and his doctor will pay attention to and fix, if necessary.
+Help him practice a response if he's teased or asked about the condition.","A primary healthcare professional usually can diagnose a retractile testicle. However, if there is any question about the diagnosis or need for immediate treatment, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary disorders and problems with male genitals in children, called a pediatric urologist.
+Be prepared to answer the following questions on your child's behalf or to help him answer questions:
+Were both testicles previously identified as descended in a well-baby or annual exam?
+When did you notice the absence of the testicle in the scrotum?
+Have you observed this before?
+Has your child experienced any pain in his testicles or groin?
+Has your son ever been treated for a hernia?
+Has your son experienced any trauma to his genitals or groin?",,"testicle may be moved by hand from the groin into the scrotum, testicle might spontaneously appear in the scrotum, testicle might spontaneously disappear"
+1008,Buerger disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/buergers-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350658,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/buergers-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350664,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/buergers-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20350666,"Buerger disease is a rare disease of the arteries and veins in the arms and legs. In Buerger disease — also called thromboangiitis obliterans — blood vessels become blocked. This reduces blood flow to the affected areas. Blood clots may form in the blood vessels.
+Over time, the lack of blood flow damages or destroys skin tissue. The damage can lead to infection and death of body tissue, called gangrene. Buerger disease is usually first seen in the feet. It may eventually affect the blood vessels of the hand. Blood clots may form in the small veins of the arms and legs.
+People who get Buerger disease almost always smoke cigarettes or use other forms of tobacco, such as chewing tobacco. Quitting all forms of tobacco is the only way to stop Buerger disease. For those who don't quit, surgery to remove fingers and toes might be needed.","Buerger disease symptoms include:
+Tingling or numbness in the fingers or toes.
+Changes in skin color in the hands and feet. The skin may look pale gray, red or blue. Depending on your skin color, these color changes may be harder or easier to see.
+Fingers and toes that turn white then blue when exposed to cold, known as Raynaud's disease. Depending on your skin color, these color changes may be harder or easier to see.
+Pain in the feet that occurs with walking. The pain may make it difficult to walk long distances.
+Painful open sores on fingers and toes. Pain in the fingers and toes may become severe and occur at rest.
+Inflammation of a vein just below the skin's surface, due to a blood clot in the vein.",See a health care provider if you think you have symptoms of Buerger disease.,"The exact cause of Buerger disease is unknown. The condition is strongly linked to tobacco use. It's thought that chemicals in tobacco may hurt the lining of the blood vessels.
+Experts think that some people have genes that make them more likely to get Buerger disease. It's also possible that the disease occurs when the body's immune system attacks healthy tissue by mistake.","The biggest risk factor for Buerger disease is smoking or using any type of tobacco. The disease can occur in people who smoke cigarettes, use cigars and chew tobacco. The rates of Buerger disease are highest in areas of the Mediterranean, Middle East and Asia where heavy smoking is most common.
+Some research says that long-term use of marijuana, also called cannabis, also raises the risk of blood vessel problems similar to those of Buerger disease.
+Other risk factors for Buerger disease include being male and being younger than 45 years old. Long-term infection of the gums in the mouth may also increase the risk. But more study is needed to confirm this link.","Buerger disease decreases blood flow to the hands and feet. As the disease gets worse, the skin and tissue in the affected areas do not get enough blood. This can cause painful open sores that do not heal. The sores may lead to a complication called gangrene.
+Symptoms of gangrene include black or blue skin, a loss of feeling in the affected finger or toe, and a bad smell from the area. Gangrene is a serious condition. Surgery is usually needed to remove the affected finger, toe or other tissue.","Nearly everyone who has Buerger disease has smoked or used some form of tobacco. To prevent Buerger disease, it's important to not use tobacco.
+Quitting smoking can be hard. Talk to a health care provider about ways to quit.","There's no test that can diagnose Buerger disease. But tests can be done to check for other common conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
+Tests may include:
+Blood tests.Blood tests may be done to check for diabetes, blood-clotting disorders, or autoimmune diseases such as scleroderma or lupus.
+Exam of the arteries in hands and feet.Blood pressure cuffs and ultrasound imaging are used to see how blood moves through the hands and feet. This test is often done in a special vascular laboratory. But it can be done at a medical provider's office. Other tests may be done to check blood flow to the skin.
+CTorMRIscan of the blood vessels.These tests show blood flow in the arteries. Before the images are taken, a special dye may be given byIV. The dye helps the arteries show up more clearly on the images.
+Angiogram of the hands and feet.This invasive test helps health care providers see blockages in the very small blood vessels of the hands and feet. A long, thin flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel. Dye, also called contrast, flows through the catheter to arteries in the heart. The dye helps the arteries show up more clearly on X-ray images and video.","There's no cure for Buerger disease. The only proven treatment for Buerger disease is to quit using all tobacco products. Even one cigarette a day can make the disease worse. This includes using electronic cigarettes, vaping and using marijuana.
+If you have Buerger disease and smoke or use tobacco in any form, talk to your health care provider about ways to quit. Nicotine replacement products aren't an option because they still have nicotine in them. Nicotine is thought to irritate the blood vessels. Your health care provider can recommend other medicines that might help.
+Another option is a live-in program to help you stop smoking. You typically stay at a treatment center or hospital for a few days or weeks. You'll learn how to stop cravings for cigarettes and how to live tobacco-free.
+Other treatments for Buerger disease symptoms are available, but they don't work as well as quitting smoking. Those treatments may include medicines, compression therapy and surgery.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. If you have symptoms of Buerger disease, you may be referred to a provider trained in blood vessel diseases. This type of health care provider is called a vascular specialist.","To improve symptoms of Buerger disease and prevent complications, take the following steps:
+Exercise.Regular exercise helps improve blood flow. With your provider's OK, aim for 30 to 60 minutes of physical activity most days of the week. Talk to your health care provider about the amount and type of exercise that's best for you.
+Check your skin.Buerger disease can cause a loss of feeling in the fingers, toes and other body areas. So an injury to the skin might go unnoticed. Check every day for cuts and scrapes on the arms and legs. Protect fingers and toes from cold and injury.
+Clean cuts and scrapes.A lack of blood flow to the arms and legs increases the risk of infection. Even small cuts and scrapes can turn into serious infections. Always clean cuts and scrapes with soap and water to prevent infection. Apply antibiotic ointment and cover the cuts with clean bandages. If a skin injury gets worse or heals slowly, see a health care provider quickly.
+Take care of your teeth and gums.Visit a dentist regularly to keep gums and teeth in good health. Long-term gum disease is linked to Buerger disease.
+Do not smoke tobacco, vape or use marijuana.Not smoking is the best way to prevent and manage Buerger disease. Also avoid vaping, e-cigarettes and marijuana. It's also important to stay away from smoke from all burning tobacco products and the smoke a tobacco user breathes out. This type of smoke is called secondhand smoke. Any amount of secondhand smoke is bad for the heart and blood vessels.","pain, raynaud's disease, changes in skin color, red, buerger disease, tingling, numbness, painful open sores, blue, inflammation, pale gray"
+1013,Transient ischemic attack (TIA),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-ischemic-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20355679,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-ischemic-attack/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355684,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-ischemic-attack/doctors-departments/ddc-20355685,"A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a short period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke. It's caused by a brief blockage of blood flow to the brain. ATIAusually lasts only a few minutes and doesn't cause long-term damage.
+However, aTIAmay be a warning. About 1 in 3 people who has aTIAwill eventually have a stroke, with about half occurring within a year after theTIA.
+Often called a ministroke, aTIAcan serve as both a warning of a future stroke and a chance to prevent it.","Transient ischemic attacks usually last a few minutes. Most symptoms disappear within an hour. Rarely, symptoms may last up to 24 hours. The symptoms of aTIAare similar to those found early in a stroke. Symptoms happen suddenly and may include:
+Weakness, numbness or paralysis in the face, arm or leg, typically on one side of the body.
+Slurred speech or trouble understanding others.
+Blindness in one or both eyes or double vision.
+Dizziness or loss of balance or coordination.
+You may have more than oneTIA. Their symptoms may be similar or different depending on which area of the brain is involved.","If you think you're having or have had a transient ischemic attack, get medical attention right away.TIAsmost often occur hours or days before a stroke. Being evaluated quickly means healthcare professionals can pinpoint potential treatable conditions. Treating those conditions may help you prevent a stroke.","The cause of a transient ischemic attack is similar to the cause of an ischemic stroke, which is the most common type of stroke. In an ischemic stroke, a blood clot blocks the blood supply to part of the brain. In aTIA, unlike a stroke, the blockage is brief and there is no permanent damage.
+The blockage that occurs during aTIAoften results from a buildup of cholesterol-containing fatty deposits called plaques in an artery. This is known as atherosclerosis. The buildup also may occur in an artery's branches that supply oxygen and nutrients to the brain.
+Plaques can decrease the blood flow through an artery or lead to the development of a clot. A blood clot that moves from another part of the body, such as the heart, to an artery that supplies the brain also may cause aTIA.",Some risk factors of a transient ischemic attack and stroke can't be changed. Others you can control.,,"Knowing your risk factors and living healthfully are the best things you can do to prevent a transient ischemic attack. A healthy lifestyle includes getting regular medical checkups. Also:
+Don't smoke.Stopping smoking reduces your risk of aTIAor a stroke.
+Limit cholesterol and fat.Cutting back on cholesterol and fat, especially saturated fat and trans fat, in your diet may reduce buildup of plaques in the arteries.
+Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.These foods contain nutrients such as potassium, folate and antioxidants, which may protect against aTIAor a stroke.
+Limit sodium.If you have high blood pressure, avoid salty foods and don't add salt to food. These habits may help reduce your blood pressure. Limiting salt may not prevent high blood pressure, but excess sodium may increase blood pressure in some people.
+Exercise regularly.If you have high blood pressure, regular exercise is one of the few ways you can lower your blood pressure without medicines.
+Limit alcohol intake.Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. The recommended limit is no more than one drink daily for women and two drinks a day for men.
+Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight contributes to other risk factors, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Losing weight with diet and exercise may lower your blood pressure and improve your cholesterol levels.
+Don't use illicit drugs.Illicit drugs such as cocaine are associated with an increased risk of aTIAor a stroke.
+Control diabetes.You can manage diabetes and high blood pressure with diet, exercise, weight control and, when necessary, medicine.","A prompt evaluation of your symptoms is vital to diagnose the cause of a transient ischemic attack. It also helps your healthcare professional determine the best treatment. To pinpoint the cause of theTIAand to assess your risk of a stroke, your healthcare professional may rely on the following:
+Physical exam and tests.Your healthcare professional performs a physical exam and a neurological exam. Tests of your vision, eye movements, speech and language, strength, reflexes, and sensory system are included.Your healthcare professional may use a stethoscope to listen to the carotid artery in your neck. During this exam, a whooshing sound called a bruit may mean that you have atherosclerosis. Or your healthcare professional may use an ophthalmoscope. This instrument looks for cholesterol fragments or platelet fragments called emboli in the tiny blood vessels of the retina at the back of the eye.You also may be checked for risk factors of a stroke. These include high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, diabetes and sometimes high levels of the amino acid homocysteine.
+Carotid ultrasonography.If your healthcare professional suspects that a narrowed carotid artery in the neck may be the cause of yourTIA, you may need a carotid ultrasound. A wandlike device called a transducer sends high-frequency sound waves into the neck. The sound waves pass through the tissue and create images on a screen. The images can show narrowing or clotting in the carotid arteries.
+Computerized tomography (CT) or computerized tomography angiography (CTA) scans.CTscans of the head use X-ray beams to create a 3D image. This allows your healthcare professional to look at the brain or the arteries in the neck and brain. ACTAscan may involve an injection of a contrast material into a blood vessel. Unlike a carotid ultrasound, aCTAscan can look at blood vessels in the neck and head.
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).These tests use a strong magnetic field to create a 3D view of the brain.MRAuses technology similar toMRIto look at the arteries in the neck and brain. But anMRAmay include an injection of a contrast material into a blood vessel.
+Echocardiography.This test may be done to find out if a heart issue caused fragments in the blood that led to a blockage. A traditional echocardiography is called a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). ATTEinvolves moving an instrument called a transducer across the chest to look at the heart. The transducer emits sound waves that bounce off different parts of the heart, creating an ultrasound image.Or you may need another type of echocardiography called a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). A flexible probe with a transducer is placed into the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach, known as the esophagus. Because the esophagus is directly behind the heart, aTEEcan create clearer, detailed ultrasound images. This allows a better view of some things, such as blood clots, that might not be seen clearly in a traditional echocardiography exam.
+Arteriography.This procedure is used in some people to get a view of arteries in the brain not usually seen in an X-ray. A radiologist inserts a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through a small incision, usually in the groin.The catheter is guided through the major arteries and into the carotid or vertebral artery in the neck. Then a dye is injected through the catheter. The dye allows the arteries to be seen on X-ray images.","Once your healthcare professional learns the cause of the transient ischemic attack, the goal of treatment is to correct the issue and prevent a stroke. You may need medicines to prevent blood clots. Or you might need surgery.",,"A transient ischemic attack often is diagnosed in an emergency situation. But if you're concerned about your risk of having a stroke, you can plan to talk about it with your healthcare professional at your next appointment.",,"blindness, weakness, double vision, dizziness, slurred speech, loss of coordination, paralysis, numbness, loss of balance, stroke, trouble understanding"
+1016,Ringworm (scalp),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ringworm-scalp/symptoms-causes/syc-20354918,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ringworm-scalp/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354924,,"Ringworm of the scalp (tinea capitis) is a rash caused by a fungal infection. It usually causes itchy, scaly, bald patches on the head. Ringworm gets its name because of its circular appearance. No worm is involved.",Signs and symptoms of ringworm of the scalp may include:,"Several conditions affecting the scalp may have a similar appearance. See your child's doctor if your child has any hair loss, scaling or itchiness of the scalp, or other unusual appearance of the scalp. It's important to get an accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment with prescription medicine. Nonprescription creams, lotions and powders won't get rid of ringworm of the scalp.",Ringworm of the scalp is caused by a common fungus. The fungus attacks the outer layer of skin on the scalp and the hair. This causes those hairs to break. The condition can be spread in the following ways:,Risk factors for ringworm of the scalp include:,"Some people with ringworm of the scalp may develop a severe inflammation called kerion. Kerion appears as soft, raised swellings that drain pus and cause thick, yellow crusting on the scalp.","Ringworm of the scalp is difficult to prevent. The fungus that causes it is common, and the condition is contagious even before symptoms appear. Take these steps to reduce the risk of ringworm:","Your doctor will likely be able to diagnose ringworm of the scalp by looking at the affected skin and asking certain questions. To confirm the diagnosis, your doctor may take a sample of hair or skin to be tested in a lab. Testing a sample of hair or skin can show if a fungus is present.","Treatment for ringworm of the scalp requires a prescription-strength antifungal medication taken by mouth. The first-choice medication is usually griseofulvin (Gris-Peg). Alternatives might be used if griseofulvin isn't working or your child is allergic to it. These include terbinafine and itraconazole (Sporanox, Tolsura). Your child might need to take one of these medications for six weeks or more — until hair regrows. Typically, with successful treatment, the bald spots will grow hair again and the skin will heal without scarring.
+
+Your doctor might recommend that you also wash your child's hair with a prescription-strength medicated shampoo. The shampoo removes fungus spores and helps prevent spreading the infection to others or to other areas of the body.
+
+There is no need to shave the head or cut the hair as part of the treatment.",,"If your child has a condition affecting the scalp, you'll likely start by seeing your family doctor or child's pediatrician. You may be referred to a skin specialist (dermatologist).",,"ringworm, none"
+1017,Ringworm (body),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ringworm-body/symptoms-causes/syc-20353780,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ringworm-body/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353786,,"Ringworm of the body (tinea corporis) is a rash caused by a fungal infection. It's usually an itchy, circular rash with clearer skin in the middle. Ringworm gets its name because of its appearance. No worm is involved.",Signs and symptoms of ringworm may include:,Talk to your doctor if you have a rash that doesn't begin to improve within two weeks of using an over-the-counter antifungal product. You may need prescription medication.,Ringworm is a contagious fungal infection caused by common mold-like parasites that live on the cells in the outer layer of your skin. It can be spread in the following ways:,You're at higher risk of ringworm of the body if you:,"A fungal infection rarely spreads below the surface of the skin to cause serious illness. But people with weak immune systems, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), may find it difficult to get rid of the infection.","Ringworm is difficult to prevent. The fungus that causes it is common, and the condition is contagious even before symptoms appear. Take these steps to reduce your risk of ringworm:",Your doctor might be able to diagnose ringworm simply by looking at it. Your doctor may take skin scrapings from the affected area so that they can be examined under a microscope.,"If over-the-counter treatments don't work, you may need prescription-strength antifungal medications — such as a lotion, cream or ointment that you apply to the affected skin. If your infection is particularly severe or extensive, your doctor might prescribe antifungal pills.",,Your family doctor or a skin specialist (dermatologist) can diagnose ringworm of the body. Here are some tips to help you get ready for your appointment.,,"ringworm, none"
+1018,Jock itch,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jock-itch/symptoms-causes/syc-20353807,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jock-itch/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353812,,"Jock itch is a fungal skin infection that causes an itchy rash in warm, moist areas of the body. The rash often affects the groin and inner thighs and may be shaped like a ring. The condition is also called tinea cruris.
+Jock itch gets its name because it's common in athletes. It's also common in people who sweat a lot. The condition can range from mild to serious. It usually clears up in 1 to 3 weeks with antifungal creams and self care.","Symptoms of jock itch are:
+A spreading rash that begins in the crease of the groin and moves down the upper thigh and buttocks.
+A rash whose center tends to clear as the rash spreads.
+A rash that may be full or partially ring shaped.
+A rash bordered with small blisters.
+Itchiness.
+Scaly skin.
+A rash that might be red, brown, purple or gray depending on your skin color.",See your doctor if your rash is painful or you develop a fever. And seek medical care if the rash hasn't improved after a week of self-care with the type of antifungal product you can get without a prescription. Also seek medical care if the rash hasn't cleared up fully after three weeks of treatment.,"Jock itch is caused by fungi that thrive in warm, moist areas of the body.  Jock itch is often caused by the same organism that causes athlete's foot. The rash can spread from person to person with skin contact or from sharing contaminated towels or clothing. You can also spread an infection from the foot to groin by way of the hands or a towel.","You're at greater risk of jock itch if you:
+Are male.
+Are a teen or young adult.
+Wear underwear, jeans or other clothing that's tight.
+Sweat heavily.
+Have a weak immune system.
+Have athlete's foot.",,"Tips for reducing the risk of jock itch include:
+Stay dry.Keep the groin area and inner thighs dry by drying with a clean towel after showering or exercising. Dry your feet last to avoid spreading athlete's foot to the groin area.
+Wear clean clothes.Change your underwear at least once a day or more often if you sweat a lot. It helps to wear underwear made of cotton or other fabric that breathes and keeps the skin drier. Wash workout clothes after each use.
+Find the correct fit.Choose underwear, athletic supporters and sports uniforms that fit well. Tight-fitting clothes can chafe your skin and up the risk of jock itch. Try wearing boxer shorts rather than briefs.
+Don't share personal items.Don't let others use your clothing, towels or other personal items. Don't borrow such items from others.
+Treat or prevent athlete's foot.Control athlete's foot to prevent its spread to the groin. Prevent athlete's foot by wearing waterproof footwear around public pools and in showers and locker rooms.","Your doctor will likely be able to diagnose jock itch by looking at the rash. If the diagnosis isn't certain, your doctor may take a skin scraping from the affected area for testing in a lab.","For mild jock itch, your doctor may suggest using an antifungal ointment, cream or gel that you can get without a prescription. Continue to apply the medicine for at least a week after the rash clears up.
+Severe jock itch or a rash that doesn't improve with nonprescription medicine may need prescription-strength creams, ointments or pills, or a combination of these products.
+If you also have athlete's foot, it's usually treated at the same time as jock itch to reduce the risk of either rash coming back.",,Your primary care provider or a skin specialist (dermatologist) can diagnose jock itch. Here are some tips to help you get ready for your appointment.,,"rash, blisters, spreading rash, itchiness, itch, brown rash, red rash, scaly, scaly skin, gray rash, small blisters, purple rash"
+1024,Cavities and tooth decay,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cavities/symptoms-causes/syc-20352892,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cavities/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352898,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cavities/doctors-departments/ddc-20352899,"Cavities are areas in the hard surface of your teeth that are damaged. These areas of tooth decay become tiny openings or holes that can lead to a serious toothache, infection and tooth loss. There are several causes of cavities, including bacteria in your mouth, snacking a lot, sipping sugary drinks and not cleaning your teeth well.
+Cavities and tooth decay are among the world's most common health problems. They're especially common in children, teenagers and older adults. But anyone who has teeth can get cavities, including babies.
+If cavities aren't treated, they get larger and affect deeper layers of your teeth. Regular dental visits and good brushing and flossing habits are the best ways to protect your teeth from cavities.","The symptoms of cavities vary, depending on how many you have and where they're located. When a cavity is just beginning, you may not have any symptoms. As the decay gets larger, it may cause symptoms such as:
+Toothache and other pain.
+Tooth sensitivity.
+Mild to sharp pain when eating or drinking something sweet, hot or cold.
+Holes or pits in your teeth that you can see.
+Brown, black or white staining on any surface of a tooth.
+Pain when you bite down.",,"Tooth decay causes cavities. This is a process that occurs over time.
+Here's how tooth decay happens:
+Plaque forms.Dental plaque is a clear sticky film that coats your teeth. It's due to eating a lot of sugars and starches and not cleaning your teeth well. When you don't clean sugars and starches off your teeth, bacteria quickly begin feeding on them and forming plaque. Plaque that stays on your teeth can harden under or above your gumline into tartar. Tartar makes plaque harder to remove and creates a shield for bacteria. A dental professional needs to remove this plaque.
+Plaque attacks.The acids from bacteria remove minerals in your tooth's hard, outer enamel. This erosion causes tiny openings or holes in the enamel — the first stage of cavities. Once areas of enamel are worn away, the bacteria and acid can reach the next layer of your teeth, called dentin. This layer is softer than enamel and less resistant to acid, causing your teeth to be more sensitive.
+Damage continues.As tooth decay happens, the bacteria and acid move through your teeth to the inner tooth material (pulp) that contains nerves and blood vessels. The pulp becomes swollen and irritated from the bacteria. Because there is no place for the swelling to expand inside of a tooth, the nerve becomes pressed, causing pain. Sometimes pain and damage can spread outside of the tooth root to the bone, causing bone loss around the tooth and even reaching nearby teeth.","Anyone who has teeth can get cavities, but these factors raise the risk:
+Tooth location.Decay most often occurs in your back teeth — your molars and premolars. These teeth have lots of grooves, pits and crannies, and multiple roots that can collect food particles. That's why they're harder to keep clean than your smoother, easy-to-reach front teeth.
+Certain foods and drinks.Foods that cling to your teeth for a long time are more likely to cause decay than foods that are easily washed away by saliva. These foods include milk, ice cream, honey, sugar, soda, dried fruit, cake, cookies, hard candy and mints, dry cereal, and chips.
+Snacking or sipping a lot.When you snack or sip sugary drinks a lot, you give mouth bacteria more fuel to make acids that attack your teeth and wear them down. And sipping soda or other acidic drinks throughout the day helps create a continual acid bath over your teeth.
+Bedtime baby feeding.When babies are given bedtime bottles filled with milk, formula, juice or other liquids that have sugar, these beverages remain on their teeth for hours while they sleep. This feeds bacteria that can cause decay. This damage often is called baby bottle tooth decay. Similar damage can occur when toddlers wander around drinking from a sippy cup filled with these beverages.
+Not brushing your teeth well.If you don't clean your teeth soon after eating and drinking, plaque forms quickly, and the first stages of decay and gingivitis can begin.
+Not getting enough fluoride.Fluoride, a naturally occurring mineral, helps prevent cavities. It also can reverse the earliest stages of tooth damage. Because of its benefits for teeth, fluoride is added to many public water supplies. It's also a common ingredient in toothpaste and mouth rinses. But bottled water usually does not contain fluoride.
+Younger or older age.In the U.S., cavities are common in very young children and teenagers. Older adults also are at higher risk. Over time, teeth can wear down and gums may recede, making teeth more likely to decay. Older adults also may use more medicines that reduce saliva flow, raising the risk of tooth decay.
+Dry mouth.Dry mouth is caused by a lack of saliva. Saliva helps prevent tooth decay by washing away food and plaque from your teeth. Substances found in saliva also help counter the acid produced by bacteria. Certain medicines, some medical conditions, radiation to your head or neck, or certain chemotherapy drugs can raise your risk of cavities by reducing saliva production.
+Worn fillings or dental devices.Over the years, dental fillings can weaken, begin to break down or get rough edges. This allows plaque to build up more easily and makes it harder to remove. Dental devices can stop fitting well, allowing decay to begin under them.
+Heartburn.Heartburn, a common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can cause stomach acid to flow into your mouth. This is called reflux. It can wear away the enamel of your teeth and cause a lot of damage. This exposes more of the dentin to bacteria, creating tooth decay. Your dentist may recommend that you talk with your healthcare professional to see if GERD is causing your enamel loss.
+Eating disorders.Anorexia and bulimia can lead to a lot of tooth erosion and cavities. Stomach acid from repeated vomiting, called purging, washes over the teeth and begins eating away at the enamel. Eating disorders also can get in the way of saliva production.","Cavities and tooth decay are so common that you may not take them seriously. And you may think that it doesn't matter if children get cavities in their baby teeth. But cavities and tooth decay can have serious and lasting complications, even for children who don't have their permanent teeth yet.
+Complications of cavities may include:
+Pain.
+Abscess — a bacterial infection that causes a pocket of pus to form in a tooth.
+Swelling or pus around a tooth.
+Damage or broken teeth.
+Chewing problems.
+Positioning shifts of teeth after tooth loss.
+When cavities and decay become serious, you may have:
+Pain that makes it hard to live your daily life.
+Weight loss or nutrition problems because it's painful or difficult to eat or chew.
+Tooth loss, which may affect your appearance, confidence and self-esteem.
+In rare cases, a tooth abscess, which can lead to more-serious or even life-threatening infections.","Good oral and dental hygiene can help keep you from getting cavities. Here are some tips to help prevent cavities. Ask your dentist which tips are best for you.
+Brush with fluoride toothpaste after eating or drinking.Brush your teeth at least twice a day, and ideally after every meal, using toothpaste with fluoride. To clean between your teeth, floss or use an interdental cleaner. This cleaner helps reach areas where a toothbrush can't reach.
+Rinse your mouth.If your dentist feels that you have a high risk of getting cavities, a mouth rinse with fluoride may be recommended.
+Visit your dentist regularly.Get professional teeth cleanings and regular oral exams, which can help prevent problems or spot them early. Your dentist can recommend a schedule that's best for you.
+Consider dental sealants.A sealant is a protective plastic coating applied to the chewing surface of back teeth. It seals off grooves and crannies that tend to collect food, protecting tooth enamel from plaque and acid. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends sealants for all school-age children. Sealants may last for several years before they need to be replaced, but they need to be checked regularly.
+Drink some tap water.Most public water supplies have added fluoride, which can reduce tooth decay greatly. If you drink only bottled water that doesn't contain fluoride, you'll miss out on the benefits of fluoride.
+Avoid snacking and sipping a lot.Whenever you eat or drink beverages other than water, you help your mouth bacteria create acids that can destroy tooth enamel. If you snack or drink throughout the day, your teeth are under constant attack.
+Eat tooth-healthy foods.Some foods and beverages are better for your teeth than others. Avoid foods that get stuck in grooves and pits of your teeth for long periods, or brush soon after eating them. Foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables increase saliva flow, and unsweetened coffee, tea and sugar-free gum help wash away food particles.
+Consider fluoride treatments.Your dentist may recommend periodic fluoride treatments, especially if you aren't getting enough fluoride through fluoridated drinking water and other sources. Your dentist also may recommend custom trays that fit over your teeth to apply prescription fluoride if your risk of tooth decay is very high.
+Ask about antiseptic and disinfecting treatments.If tooth decay is likely — for example, because of a medical condition — your dentist may recommend special antiseptic and disinfecting mouth rinses like chlorhexidine or other treatments to cut down on harmful bacteria in your mouth. Unless your dentist tells you otherwise, mouth rinses, also called mouthwash, generally are not recommended for children younger than the age of 6 so they don't swallow too much of it.
+Combined treatments.Chewing sugar-free gum along with prescription fluoride and an antibacterial rinse can help reduce the risk of cavities. But in some people, xylitol, which is often found in sugar-free gum or sugar-free candies, may cause gas or diarrhea if consumed in large amounts.","Your dentist usually can detect tooth decay by:
+Asking about tooth pain and sensitivity.
+Looking around inside your mouth and at your teeth.
+Probing your teeth with dental instruments to check for soft areas.
+Looking at dental X-rays, which can show where cavities and decay are.
+Your dentist also can tell you which of the three types of cavities you have: smooth surface, pit and fissure, or root.","Regular checkups can find cavities and other dental issues before they lead to more-serious problems. The sooner you seek care, the better your chances of reversing the earliest stages of tooth decay and stopping it from getting worse. If a cavity is treated before it starts causing pain, you probably won't need a lot of treatment.
+Treatment of cavities depends on how serious they are and your situation. Treatment options include:
+Fluoride treatments.If your cavity just started, a fluoride treatment may help restore your tooth's enamel and can sometimes reverse a cavity in the very early stages. Professional fluoride treatments contain more fluoride than the amount found in tap water, toothpaste and mouth rinses. Fluoride treatments may be liquid, gel, foam or varnish that's brushed onto your teeth or placed in a small tray that fits over your teeth.
+Fillings.Fillings, also called restorations, are the main treatment option. Fillings are made of various materials, such as tooth-colored composite resin or porcelain, or dental amalgam that is a mixture of several materials.
+Crowns.If you have a lot of decay or weakened teeth, you may need a crown — a custom-fitted covering that replaces your tooth's entire natural crown. The crown helps protect the soundness of the tooth and lowers the risk of fracture. Your dentist drills away the decayed area and enough of the rest of your tooth to ensure a good fit. Crowns may be made of gold, high-strength porcelain, resin, porcelain fused to metal or other materials.
+Root canals.When decay reaches the inner material of your tooth, called the pulp, you may need a root canal. This is a treatment to repair and save a badly damaged or infected tooth instead of removing it. The diseased tooth pulp is removed. Medicine is sometimes put into the root canal to clear any infection. Then the pulp is replaced with a filling.
+Tooth extractions.Some teeth become so seriously decayed that they can't be restored and must be removed. Having a tooth pulled can leave a gap that allows your other teeth to shift. If possible, consider getting a bridge or a dental implant to replace the missing tooth.",,"If you're having pain or sensitivity in your teeth, make an appointment with your dentist as soon as possible. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, pits, black staining, pain when biting down, tooth, brown staining, white staining, mild pain, toothache, holes, tooth sensitivity, sharp pain"
+1025,Testicular torsion,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-torsion/symptoms-causes/syc-20378270,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-torsion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378274,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-torsion/doctors-departments/ddc-20378275,"Testicular torsion occurs when a testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum. The reduced blood flow causes sudden and often severe pain and swelling.","Signs and symptoms of testicular torsion include:
+
+Young boys who have testicular torsion typically wake up due to scrotal pain in the middle of the night or early in the morning.","Seek emergency care for sudden or severe testicle pain. Prompt treatment can prevent severe damage or loss of your testicle if you have testicular torsion.
+
+You also need to seek prompt medical help if you've had sudden testicle pain that goes away without treatment. This can occur when a testicle twists and then untwists on its own (intermittent torsion and detorsion). Surgery is frequently needed to prevent the problem from happening again.","Testicular torsion occurs when the testicle rotates on the spermatic cord, which brings blood to the testicle from the abdomen. If the testicle rotates several times, blood flow to it can be entirely blocked, causing damage more quickly.
+
+It's not clear why testicular torsion occurs. Most males who get testicular torsion have an inherited trait that allows the testicle to rotate freely inside the scrotum. This inherited condition often affects both testicles. But not every male with the trait will have testicular torsion.
+
+Testicular torsion often occurs several hours after vigorous activity, after a minor injury to the testicles or while sleeping. Cold temperature or rapid growth of the testicle during puberty also might play a role.",,Testicular torsion can cause the following complications:,"Having testicles that can rotate in the scrotum is a trait inherited by some males. If you have this trait, the only way to prevent testicular torsion is surgery to attach both testicles to the inside of the scrotum.","Your doctor will ask you questions to verify whether your signs and symptoms are caused by testicular torsion or something else. Doctors often diagnose testicular torsion with a physical exam of the scrotum, testicles, abdomen and groin.
+
+Your doctor might also test your reflexes by lightly rubbing or pinching the inside of your thigh on the affected side. Normally, this causes the testicle to contract. This reflex might not occur if you have testicular torsion.
+
+Sometimes medical tests are necessary to confirm a diagnosis or to help identify another cause for your symptoms. For example:
+
+If you've had pain for several hours and your physical exam suggests testicular torsion, you might be taken directly to surgery without any additional testing. Delaying surgery might result in loss of the testicle.","Surgery is required to correct testicular torsion. In some instances, the doctor might be able to untwist the testicle by pushing on the scrotum (manual detorsion). But you'll still need surgery to prevent torsion from occurring again.
+
+Surgery for testicular torsion is usually done under general anesthesia. During surgery, your doctor will make a small cut in your scrotum, untwist your spermatic cord, if necessary, and stitch one or both testicles to the inside of the scrotum.
+
+The sooner the testicle is untwisted, the greater the chance it can be saved. After six hours from the start of pain, the chances of needing testicle removal are greatly increased. If treatment is delayed more than 12 hours from the start of pain, there is at least a 75 percent chance of needing testicle removal.",,"Testicular torsion will likely occur as an emergency, leaving you little time to prepare. You'll probably first be seen in the emergency room or by your family doctor. However, you'll probably then be seen by a doctor who specializes in urinary tract problems and disorders affecting male genitals (urologist).
+
+If you have some advance warning before you see the urologist, here's some information to help you prepare, and what to expect from your doctor.",,"pain, scrotal pain, torsion"
+1029,TEN,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toxic-epidermal-necrolysis/symptoms-causes/syc-20491903,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toxic-epidermal-necrolysis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20491915,,"Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare, life-threatening skin reaction, usually caused by a medication. It's a severe form of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). In people withSJS,TENis diagnosed when more than 30% of the skin surface is affected and the moist linings of the body (mucous membranes) have extensive damage.
+TENis a life-threatening condition that affects people of all ages.TENis usually treated in a hospital. While the skin heals, supportive care includes controlling pain, caring for wounds and making sure you're getting enough fluids. Recovery can take weeks to months.
+If your condition was caused by a medication, you'll need to permanently avoid that drug and those related to it.","Toxic epidermal necrolysis signs and symptoms include:
+Widespread skin pain
+A spreading rash covering more than 30% of the body
+Blisters and large areas of peeling skin
+Sores, swelling and crusting on the mucous membranes, including the mouth, eyes and vagina","Early treatment is key for people with Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN). If you have symptoms, seek immediate medical attention. You'll likely need care from a skin specialist (dermatologist) and other experts in a hospital.","SJS/TENis usually caused by a skin reaction to medicine. The symptoms are likely to start showing up one to four weeks after you start taking a new drug.
+The most common drug triggers ofSJS/TENinclude antibiotics, epilepsy drugs, sulfa drugs and allopurinol (Aloprim, Zyloprim).","Factors that increase your risk ofSJS/TENinclude:
+HIV infection.Among people with HIV, the incidence ofSJS/TENis about 100 times greater than that among the general population.
+A weakened immune system.The immune system can be affected by an organ transplant, HIV/AIDS and autoimmune diseases.
+Cancer.People with cancer, especially blood cancers (hematologic malignancies), are at increased risk ofSJS/TEN.
+A history ofSJS/TEN.If you've had a medication-related form of this condition, you are at risk of a recurrence if you use that drug again.
+A family history ofSJS/TEN.If a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, has hadSJS/TEN, you may be more susceptible to developing it too.
+Genetic factors.Having certain genetic variations puts you at increased risk ofSJS/TEN, especially if you're also taking drugs for seizures, gout or mental illness.","People at highest risk ofTENcomplications are those over age 70 and those who have liver cirrhosis or spreading (metastatic) cancer. Complications ofTENinclude:
+Blood infection (sepsis).Sepsis occurs when bacteria from an infection enter your bloodstream and spread throughout your body. Sepsis is a rapidly progressing, life-threatening condition that can cause shock and organ failure.
+Lung involvement.This can cause coughing, difficulty breathing and, with severe disease, acute respiratory failure.
+Visual impairment.TENcan cause eye problems, such as dry eye, ingrown eyelashes, corneal scarring and, rarely, blindness.
+Permanent skin damage.After recovering fromTEN, your skin may have bumps, scars and discoloration. Lasting skin problems might cause your hair to fall out, and your fingernails and toenails might not grow normally.
+Vaginal sores.In women,TENcan cause sores in the tissues lining the vagina, leading to pain or, if left untreated, vaginal fusion.
+Emotional distress.This condition causes distress and can have long-term psychological impact.","To prevent another episode ofTEN, learn whether it was caused by a medicine. If so, never take that medicine or anything similar again. A recurrence could be worse and life-threatening. Also tell any future health care providers about your history ofTEN, and wear a medic alert bracelet or necklace with information about your condition. Or carry an allergy passport.",TENis diagnosed when people withSJSdevelop severe disease that affects more than 30% of the body.,"If your doctor suspects that yourTENwas caused medicine you took, you'll need to stop taking that drug. Then you'll likely be moved to a hospital for treatment, possibly in its burn center or intensive care unit. Full recovery can take several months.",,,,"rash, spreading rash, toxic epidermal necrolysis signs and symptoms, blisters, swelling, sores, crusting, skin pain, peeling skin"
+1030,Transposition of the great arteries,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transposition-of-the-great-arteries/symptoms-causes/syc-20350589,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transposition-of-the-great-arteries/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350595,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transposition-of-the-great-arteries/doctors-departments/ddc-20350597,"Transposition of the great arteries, also called TGA, is a serious, rare heart condition in which the two main arteries leaving the heart are switched. The condition is present at birth. That means it's a congenital heart defect.","Symptoms of transposition of the great arteries include:
+Blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. Depending on skin color, these color changes may be harder or easier to see.
+Pounding heartbeat.
+Weak pulse.
+Lack of appetite.
+Poor weight gain.
+Some people with the congenitally corrected type of TGA may not have symptoms for many years.
+Also, skin color changes may not be seen right away if a baby with TGA also has other heart changes that let some oxygen-rich blood move through the body. But as the baby becomes more active, less oxygen-rich blood flows through the body. The changes in skin color become more noticeable as oxygen levels drop.","Serious congenital heart defects are often diagnosed before or soon after a child is born.
+Get help right away if a child has trouble breathing.
+Also get emergency medical help for anyone who has blue or gray skin or nails. Low oxygen levels can cause this change in skin color. Depending on skin color, the changes may be harder or easier to see.","Transposition of the great arteries, also called TGA, happens during pregnancy when the unborn baby's heart is forming. An unborn baby also is called a fetus. The cause is most often not known.
+To understand TGA, it may help to know how the heart usually pumps blood. The typical heart has four chambers.
+The two upper chambers are called the atria.
+The two lower chambers are called the ventricles.
+The artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs is called the pulmonary artery. It connects to the heart's lower right chamber, called the right ventricle.
+The right side of the heart moves blood to the lungs. In the lungs, blood picks up oxygen and then returns it to the heart's left side. The left side of the heart then pumps the blood through the body's main artery, called the aorta. The blood then goes out to the rest of the body.","Possible risk factors for congenital heart defects such as transposition of the great arteries include:
+Rubella, also called German measles.Having rubella during pregnancy can cause changes in an unborn baby's heart development. A blood test done before pregnancy can determine if you're immune to rubella. A vaccine is available if you aren't.
+Some medicines.Taking certain medicines during pregnancy can cause congenital heart defects and other health conditions present at birth. Always tell your healthcare team about the medicines you take.
+Alcohol use.Drinking alcohol during pregnancy raises the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby.
+Smoking.If you smoke, quit. Smoking during pregnancy can be harmful to the unborn baby, also called a fetus.
+Diabetes.Careful control of blood sugar before and during pregnancy can reduce the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby. Diabetes that develops during pregnancy is called gestational diabetes.","Complications depend on the type of transposition of the great arteries. Possible complications of complete transposition of the great arteries may include:
+Not enough oxygen to body tissues.Unless there's some mixing of oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood within the heart, this complication causes death.
+Possible complications of congenitally corrected transposition, also called l-TGA, may include:
+Complete heart block.Transposition of the great arteries can change the way electrical signals move through the heart and tell the heart to beat. A complete heart block occurs if all signals are blocked.
+Heart valve disease.In l-TGA, the valve between the upper and lower heart chambers, called the tricuspid valve, may not close all the way. Blood might flow backward. This condition is called tricuspid valve regurgitation. It can make it harder for the heart to pump blood.
+Heart failure.The heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Heart failure may happen over time in l-TGA because the right lower heart chamber is pumping under higher pressure than usual. The strain may make the muscle of the right lower chamber weak.","Because the exact cause of most congenital heart defects is not known, it may not be possible to prevent these conditions.
+If you have a family history of heart conditions present at birth, talk with a genetic counselor and a healthcare professional trained in congenital heart defects before getting pregnant.
+It's important to take steps to have a healthy pregnancy. Get proper prenatal care. Before becoming pregnant, get recommended immunizations. Start taking a multivitamin with folic acid. Folic acid has been shown to prevent harmful changes in the unborn baby's brain and spinal cord. It also may help reduce the risk of congenital heart defects.","Transposition of the great arteries, also called TGA, is often diagnosed before birth during a routine pregnancy ultrasound. If not, it is diagnosed soon after birth.
+Immediately after birth, a healthcare professional listens to the baby's heart and lungs. A whooshing heart sound, called a murmur, may be heard while listening to the baby's heart. Some murmurs are caused by blood flow changes to and from the heart.","Treatment depends on the type of transposition of the great arteries.
+All babies with complete transposition of the great arteries, also called d-TGA, need surgery soon after birth to fix the heart.
+Treatment for congenitally corrected transposition, also called l-TGA, depends on:
+When the condition is diagnosed.
+What other heart conditions exist.","Caring for a baby with a serious heart condition, such as transposition of the great arteries, can be challenging. These tips might help.
+Get support.Ask for help from family members and friends. Talk with your baby's healthcare team about support groups and other types of assistance that are available near you.
+Keep notes about the baby's health history.Write down the diagnosis, medicines, surgeries and other treatments. Include the dates of treatments and the names and phone numbers of all the healthcare professionals. Such notes are helpful for healthcare professionals who are unfamiliar with your baby's health history.
+Ask about activities and sports.After surgery to fix TGA, some high-energy activities might not be safe to do. Talk with a healthcare professional about which exercises or activities are safe.","A life-threatening congenital heart defect is usually diagnosed soon after birth. There may not be time to prepare for the appointment.
+If you think your baby has symptoms of a heart condition, talk with a healthcare professional. You may be sent to a doctor trained in heart conditions present at birth, called a congenital cardiologist.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for any appointments.",,"weak pulse, blue or gray skin, pounding heartbeat, oxygen, lack of appetite, weight gain, poor weight gain"
+1032,Down syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355983,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20355985,"Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused when an unusual cell division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material causes the developmental changes and physical features of Down syndrome.
+The term ""syndrome"" refers to a set of symptoms that tend to happen together. With a syndrome, there is a pattern of differences or problems. The condition is named after an English physician, John Langdon Down, who first described it.
+Down syndrome varies in severity among individuals. The condition causes lifelong intellectual disability and developmental delays. It's the most common genetic chromosomal cause of intellectual disabilities in children. It also commonly causes other medical conditions, including heart and digestive system problems.
+Better understanding of Down syndrome and early interventions can greatly improve the quality of life for children and adults with this condition and help them live fulfilling lives.","Each person with Down syndrome is an individual. Problems with intellect and development are usually mild to moderate. Some people are healthy while others have serious health issues such as heart problems that are present at birth.
+Children and adults with Down syndrome have distinct face and body features. Though not all people with Down syndrome have the same features, some of the more common features include:
+Flattened face and small nose with a flat bridge.
+Small head.
+Short neck.
+Tongue that tends to stick out of the mouth.
+Upward slanting eyelids.
+Skin fold of the upper eyelid that covers the inner corner of the eye.
+Small, rounded ears.
+Wide, small hands with a single crease in the palm and short fingers.
+Small feet with a space between the first and second toes.
+Tiny white spots on the colored part of the eye called the iris. These white spots are called Brushfield's spots.
+Short height.
+Poor muscle tone in infancy.
+Joints that are loose and too flexible.
+Infants with Down syndrome may be average size, but typically they grow slowly and remain shorter than other children the same age.","Down syndrome usually is diagnosed before or at birth. But if you have any questions regarding your pregnancy or your child's growth and development, talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional.","Human cells usually contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome in each pair comes from the sperm, the other from the egg.
+Down syndrome results from an unusual cell division involving chromosome 21. This unusual cell division results in an extra partial or full chromosome 21. This extra genetic material changes how the body and brain develop. It is responsible for the physical features and developmental problems of Down syndrome.
+Any one of three genetic changes can cause Down syndrome:
+Trisomy 21.About 95% of the time, Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21. This means the person has three copies of chromosome 21, instead of the usual two copies. The extra chromosome 21 is in all cells in the body. Trisomy 21 results from an unusual cell division during the development of the sperm cell or the egg cell.
+Mosaic Down syndrome.This is a rare form of Down syndrome. People with mosaic Down syndrome have only some cells with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This mosaic of typical and changed cells is caused by an unusual cell division after the egg has been fertilized by the sperm.
+Translocation Down syndrome.In a small number of people, Down syndrome can occur when a part of chromosome 21 becomes attached, also called translocated, onto another chromosome. This can happen before or at conception. The person has the usual two copies of chromosome 21, but also has extra genetic material from chromosome 21 attached to another chromosome.","Some parents have a greater risk of having a baby with Down syndrome. Risk factors include:
+Older age.Chances of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome goes up with age because older eggs have a greater risk of unusual chromosome division. The risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases after a pregnant person is 35 years of age. But most children with Down syndrome are born to pregnant people under age 35 because they have far more babies.
+Being carriers of the genetic translocation for Down syndrome.Either parent can pass the genetic translocation for Down syndrome on to their children.
+Having had one child with Down syndrome.Both parents who have one child with Down syndrome and parents who have a translocation themselves are at higher risk of having another child with Down syndrome. A genetic counselor can help parents understand the risk of having a second child with Down syndrome.","Health concerns that result from having Down syndrome can be mild, moderate or severe. Some children with Down syndrome are healthy, while others may have serious health problems. Some health concerns may become more of a problem as the person gets older.
+Health concerns can include:
+Heart problems.About half the children with Down syndrome are born with some type of heart condition that is present at birth. These heart problems can be life-threatening and may require surgery in early infancy.
+Problems with the digestive system and digesting food.Stomach and intestinal conditions occur in some children with Down syndrome. These may include changes in the structure of the stomach and intestines. There is a higher risk of developing digestive problems, such as intestinal blockage, heartburn called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or celiac disease.
+Problems with the immune system.Because of differences in their immune systems, people with Down syndrome are at higher risk of developing autoimmune disorders, some forms of cancer and infectious diseases such as pneumonia.
+Sleep apnea.Soft tissue and spinal changes can lead to blockage of the airways. Children and adults with Down syndrome are at greater risk of obstructive sleep apnea.
+Being overweight.People with Down syndrome are more likely to be overweight or obese compared with the general population.
+Spinal problems.In some people with Down syndrome, the top two vertebrae in the neck may not line up as they should. This is called atlantoaxial instability. The condition puts people at risk of serious injury to the spinal cord from activities that bend the neck too far. Some examples of these activities include contact sports and horseback riding.
+Leukemia.Young children with Down syndrome have a higher risk of leukemia.
+Alzheimer's disease.Having Down syndrome greatly raises the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Also, dementia often occurs at an earlier age than in the general population. Symptoms may begin around age 50.
+Other problems.Down syndrome also may also be linked with other health conditions, such as thyroid problems, dental problems, seizures, ear infections, and hearing and vision problems. Conditions such as depression, anxiety, autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also may be more common.","There's no way to prevent Down syndrome. If you're at higher risk of having a child with Down syndrome or you already have one child with Down syndrome, you may want to talk with a genetic counselor before becoming pregnant.
+A genetic counselor can help you understand your chances of having a child with Down syndrome. The counselor also can explain the prenatal tests that are available and help explain the pros and cons of testing.","The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends offering the option of screening tests and diagnostic tests for Down syndrome to all who are pregnant, no matter what age.
+Screening testscan suggest the likelihood or chances that you're carrying a baby with Down syndrome. But these tests can't tell for sure whether your baby has Down syndrome.
+Diagnostic testscan tell for sure whether your baby has Down syndrome.
+Your healthcare professional can discuss the types of tests, advantages and disadvantages, benefits and risks, and the meaning of your results. If needed, your healthcare professional may recommend that you talk to a genetic counselor.","Early intervention for infants and children with Down syndrome can make a major difference in improving their quality of life. Because each child with Down syndrome is unique, treatment will depend on your child's needs. Also, as your child gets older and enters different stages of life, your child may need different care or services.
+For people with Down syndrome, ongoing services, including healthcare, education and life skills support, are important throughout life. Getting routine medical care and treating issues when needed can help keep a healthy lifestyle.","When you learn your child has Down syndrome, you may experience a range of emotions. You may not know what to expect, and you may not be sure of your ability to care for a child with a disability. Information and support can help ease these concerns.
+Consider these steps to prepare yourself and to care for your child:
+Ask your healthcare professional about early intervention programs in your area.Available in most states in the U.S., these special programs are for infants and young children with Down syndrome and other disabilities. They usually begin at birth until age 3. The programs help to develop motor, language, social and self-help skills. Most programs offer free screening to assess your child's abilities and needs. An Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP) is created to outline services to meet your child's needs.
+Learn about educational options for school.Depending on your child's needs, options may include attending regular classes, called mainstreaming, support staff in regular classes, special education classes, or a combination. An Individualized Education Plan (IEP) is a detailed, written document that describes how a school system will provide education that meets your child's needs. Talk to your school district about developing an IEP for your child.
+Seek out other families who have a family member with Down syndrome.Most communities and national organizations have support groups for parents and families of children and adults with Down syndrome. You also can find internet support groups. Family and friends can be a source of understanding and support too.
+Participate in social and leisure activities.Take time for family outings and look in your community for social activities such as park district programs, Special Olympics, sports teams or ballet classes. These kinds of activities can help your child feel part of a team and build self-confidence. Children and adults with Down syndrome can enjoy many social and leisure activities, though some adjustments may be needed to help them take part in activities.
+Encourage independence.Your child's abilities may be different from other children's abilities. But with your support and some practice, your child may be able to do independent tasks such as packing a lunch, bathing and dressing, cooking, house cleaning, and laundry. You might make a daily checklist of tasks to be done on your child's own. This will likely help your child feel more independent and accomplished.
+Prepare for the transition to adulthood.Opportunities for living, working, and social and leisure activities can be explored before your child leaves school. Community living or group homes and community employment, day programs or workshops after high school require some advance planning. Ask about opportunities and support in your area.
+People with Down syndrome can live fulfilling lives. Most people with Down syndrome live with their families, in supported living settings or independently. With needed support, most people with Down syndrome go to mainstream schools, read and write, make decisions, have friends, enjoy an active social life, and have jobs.",,,"tongue sticking out, small head, short fingers, upward slanting eyelids, wide hands, loose joints, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
+
+flattened face, short neck, skin fold, poor muscle tone, white spots on iris, space between toes, down syndrome, small nose, small feet, small ears, short height"
+1033,Triple X syndrome,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/triple-x-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350977,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/triple-x-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350981,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/triple-x-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20350983,"Triple X syndrome, also called trisomy X or 47,XXX, is a genetic disorder that affects about 1 in 1,000 females. Females normally have two X chromosomes in all cells — one X chromosome from each parent. In triple X syndrome, a female has three X chromosomes.
+
+Many girls and women with triple X syndrome don't experience symptoms or have only mild symptoms. In others, symptoms may be more apparent — possibly including developmental delays and learning disabilities. Seizures and kidney problems occur in a small number of girls and women with triple X syndrome.
+
+Treatment for triple X syndrome depends on which symptoms, if any, are present and their severity.","Signs and symptoms can vary greatly among girls and women with triple X syndrome. Many experience no noticeable effects or have only mild symptoms.
+
+Being taller than average height is the most typical physical feature. Most females with triple X syndrome experience normal sexual development and have the ability to become pregnant. Some girls and women with triple X syndrome have intelligence in the normal range, but possibly slightly lower when compared with siblings. Others may have intellectual disabilities and sometimes may have behavioral problems.
+
+Occasionally, significant symptoms may occur, which vary among individuals. These signs and symptoms may show up as:
+
+Sometimes females with triple X syndrome have these signs and symptoms:","If you're concerned about any signs or symptoms, make an appointment to talk with your family health care provider or pediatrician, who can help determine the cause and suggest appropriate action.","Although triple X syndrome is genetic, it's usually not inherited — it's due to a random genetic error.
+
+Normally, people have 46 chromosomes in each cell, organized into 23 pairs, including two sex chromosomes. One set of chromosomes is from the mother and the other set is from the father. These chromosomes contain genes, which carry instructions that determine everything from height to eye color.
+
+The pair of sex chromosomes — either XX or XY — determines a child's sex. A mother can give the child only an X chromosome, but a father can pass on an X or a Y chromosome:
+
+Females with triple X syndrome have a third X chromosome from a random error in cell division. This error can happen before conception or early in the embryo's development, resulting in one of these forms of triple X syndrome:
+
+Triple X syndrome is also called 47,XXX syndrome because the extra X chromosome results in 47 chromosomes in each cell instead of the usual 46.","There are no major risk factors for Triple X syndrome. Most cases are due to a random error in the division of cells in the mother's egg, the father's sperm or when the embryo is developing.","Although some females may have mild or no symptoms associated with triple X syndrome, others experience developmental, psychological and behavioral problems that may lead to a variety of other issues, including:",,"Because many girls and women with triple X syndrome are healthy and show no outward signs of the condition, they may remain undiagnosed all their lives, or the diagnosis may be discovered while checking other issues. Triple X syndrome may also be discovered during prenatal testing to identify other genetic disorders.
+
+During pregnancy, a sample of the mother's blood can be tested to check the baby's DNA. If the test shows an increased risk of triple X syndrome, a sample of fluid or tissue from inside the womb can be collected. Genetic testing of the fluid or tissue will show if there's an extra, third, X chromosome.
+
+If triple X syndrome is suspected after birth based on signs and symptoms, it can be confirmed by genetic testing. In addition to genetic testing, genetic counseling can help you gain comprehensive information about triple X syndrome.","The chromosome error that causes triple X syndrome can't be repaired, so the syndrome itself has no cure. Treatment is based on symptoms and needs. Options that may be helpful include:","It's quite possible for girls and women with triple X syndrome to lead full and happy lives. However, sometimes help and support are needed. Both you and your child may benefit from these strategies:","Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what you might expect from your health care provider. You may want to bring a family member or friend to the appointment for support and to help you remember information.",,"x syndrome, Here is the list of medical symptoms mentioned in the paragraph:
+
+behavioral problems, intellectual disabilities"
+1036,Salivary gland tumors,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salivary-gland-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354151,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salivary-gland-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354155,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salivary-gland-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20354159,"Salivary gland tumors are growths of cells that start in the salivary glands. Salivary gland tumors are rare.
+The salivary glands make saliva. Saliva aids in digestion, keeps the mouth moist and supports healthy teeth. There are three pairs of major salivary glands under and behind the jaw. These are the parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands. Many other tiny salivary glands are in the lips, inside the cheeks, and throughout the mouth and throat.
+Salivary gland tumors can happen in any salivary gland. Most salivary gland tumors occur in the parotid gland. Of these, most aren't cancer. For every five parotid gland tumors, on average, only one is found to be cancerous.
+Treatment for salivary gland tumors is usually with surgery to remove the tumor. People with salivary gland cancers may need additional treatments.","Signs and symptoms of a salivary gland tumor may include:
+A lump or swelling on or near the jaw or in the neck or mouth.
+Muscle weakness on one side of the face.
+Numbness in part of the face.
+Ongoing pain near a salivary gland.
+Trouble opening the mouth widely.
+Trouble swallowing.",Make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.,"The cause of many salivary gland tumors isn't known. Healthcare professionals have identified some things that raise the risk of salivary gland tumors. These include smoking and radiation therapy for cancer. Not everyone with a salivary gland tumor has these risk factors, though. More research is needed to find out exactly what causes these tumors.
+Salivary gland tumors happen when cells in a salivary gland develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
+Sometimes the changes in the DNA turn the cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.","Factors that may increase the risk of salivary gland tumors include:
+Older age.Though salivary gland tumors can happen at any age, they most often happen in older adults.
+Radiation exposure.Radiation treatments for cancer, such as radiation used to treat head and neck cancers, may increase the risk of salivary gland tumors.
+Smoking tobacco.Smoking tobacco is shown to increase the risk of salivary gland tumors.
+Viral infections.People who have had viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus and human papillomavirus may have a higher risk of salivary gland tumors.
+Workplace exposure to certain substances.People who work with certain substances may have an increased risk of salivary gland tumors. Examples of industries associated with an increased risk include those that involve rubber manufacturing and nickel.",,,Salivary gland tumor diagnosis often begins with a physical exam of the area by a healthcare professional. Imaging tests and a biopsy may be used to find the location of the tumor and determine what type of cells are involved.,"Treatment for salivary gland tumors usually involves surgery to remove the tumor. People with salivary gland cancers may need additional treatments. These additional treatments can include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy or immunotherapy.","With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the worries that may come with a salivary gland tumor diagnosis. Until then, you may find it helps to:","Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
+If your healthcare professional thinks that you might have a salivary gland tumor, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases that affect the ears, nose and throat. This doctor is called an ENT specialist or otolaryngologist.
+Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.",,"pain, swelling, tumor, muscle weakness, numbness, lump, trouble swallowing, trouble opening the mouth widely"
+1039,Peptic ulcer,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peptic-ulcer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354223,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peptic-ulcer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354229,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peptic-ulcer/doctors-departments/ddc-20354232,"Peptic ulcers are open sores on the inner lining of the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine. The most common symptom of a peptic ulcer is stomach pain.
+Peptic ulcers include:
+Gastric ulcers, which appear on the inside of the stomach.
+Duodenal ulcers, which appear on the inside of the upper part of the small intestine, called the duodenum.
+The most common causes of peptic ulcers are infection with the germ Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve).
+Stress and spicy foods do not cause peptic ulcers. But they can make symptoms worse.","Many people with peptic ulcers don't have symptoms. If there are symptoms, they may include:
+Dull or burning stomach pain. For some people, pain may be worse between meals and at night. For others, it may be worse after eating.
+Feeling of fullness or bloating.
+Belching.
+Heartburn.
+Nausea.
+Peptic ulcers can cause bleeding from the ulcer. Then symptoms might include:
+Vomiting blood, which may appear red or black.
+Having dark blood in stools, or stools that are black or tarry.
+Feeling dizzy or fainting.","See your healthcare professional if you're vomiting blood, having dark blood in stools or are feeling dizzy. Also see your healthcare professional if nonprescription antacids and acid blockers relieve your pain but the pain returns.","Peptic ulcers happen when acid in the organs that food travels through, called the digestive tract, eats away at the inner surface of the stomach or small intestine. The acid can create a painful open sore that may bleed.
+Your digestive tract is coated with a mucous layer that most often protects against acid. But if the amount of acid increases or the amount of mucus decreases, you could develop an ulcer.
+Common causes include:
+Helicobacter pylori.This germ lives in the mucous layer that covers and protects tissues that line the stomach and small intestine. The H. pylori germ often causes no problems. But it can cause swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the stomach's inner layer. When this happens, it can cause an ulcer.It's not clear how H. pylori infection spreads. It may go from person to person by close contact, such as kissing. People also can contract H. pylori through food and water.
+Regular use of certain pain relievers.Taking aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) over time can irritate or inflame the lining of the stomach and small intestine. These medicines include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve, Anaprox DS, others), ketoprofen and others. They do not include acetaminophen (Tylenol, others).","If you take NSAIDs, the following factors may increase your risk of peptic ulcers:
+Old age.This includes people older than 60.
+Prior peptic ulcer.People who have had a peptic ulcer before have a higher risk of having another one.
+NSAIDs use.Taking high doses of NSAIDs or two or more NSAIDs increases the risk. So does taking NSAIDS with certain other medicines.These include other pain relievers, steroids, blood thinners, certain antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and medicines to treat the bone-thinning disease osteoporosis. These include alendronate (Fosamax, Binosto) and risedronate (Actonel, Atelvia).
+Factors that don't cause peptic ulcers but can make them worse include:
+Smoking.This may increase the risk of peptic ulcers in people who are infected with H. pylori.
+Drinking alcohol.Alcohol can irritate and erode the mucous lining of the stomach. And it increases stomach acid.
+Having untreated stress.
+Eating spicy foods.","Untreated peptic ulcers can cause:
+Bleeding in the stomach or duodenum.Bleeding can be a slow blood loss that leads to too few red blood cells, called anemia. Or you can lose enough blood so that you need to be in a hospital or get blood from a donor. Severe blood loss may cause black or bloody vomit or black or bloody stools.
+A hole, called a perforation, in the stomach wall.Peptic ulcers can eat a hole through the wall of your stomach or small intestine. This puts you at risk of infection of your abdomen, called peritonitis.
+Blockage.Peptic ulcers can keep food from going through the digestive tract. The blockage can make you feel full easily and cause you to vomit and lose weight.
+Stomach cancer.Studies have shown that people infected with H. pylori have an increased risk of stomach cancer.","To help prevent peptic ulcers:
+Take care with pain relievers.If you often use NSAIDs, which can increase your risk of peptic ulcer, take steps to reduce your risk of stomach problems. For instance, take pain relievers with meals.Work with your healthcare professional to find the lowest dose that gives you pain relief. Don't drink alcohol with pain relievers. Together, they can increase your risk of stomach upset.If you need an NSAID, you also may need to take other medicines to help protect your stomach. These include antacids, proton pump inhibitors, acid blockers or cytoprotective agents.A class of NSAIDs called COX-2 inhibitors may be less likely to cause peptic ulcers. But these medicines may increase the risk of heart attack.
+If you smoke, find a way to quit.Quitting smoking can lower your risk of peptic ulcer. Talk with your healthcare professional for help with quitting.","To detect an ulcer, your healthcare professional may first take a medical history and do a physical exam. You also may need tests, such as:
+Laboratory tests for H. pylori.A blood, stool or breath test can show whether H. pylori is in your body.For the breath test, you drink or eat something that contains radioactive carbon. H. pylori breaks down the substance in your stomach. Later, you blow into a bag, which is then sealed. If you have H. pylori, your breath sample has the radioactive carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.If you take an antacid or an antibiotic, tell your healthcare professional. You may need to stop the medicine for a time. Both can affect test results.
+Endoscopy.During this procedure, your healthcare professional uses a long, flexible tube with a tiny camera, called an endoscope, to look at the upper part of your digestive system. Endoscopy involves passing the endoscope, down your throat and into your esophagus, stomach and small intestine to look for ulcers.If there's an ulcer, your health professional may remove a small tissue sample for study in a lab. This is called a biopsy. A biopsy also can show whether H. pylori is in your stomach lining.You're more likely to have endoscopy if you are older, have signs of bleeding, or have had recent weight loss or trouble eating and swallowing. If the endoscopy shows an ulcer in your stomach, you're likely to have a follow-up endoscopy after treatment. This can show if the ulcer has healed.
+Upper gastrointestinal series.Sometimes called a barium swallow, this series of X-rays of the upper digestive system makes pictures of your esophagus, stomach and small intestine. During the series of X-rays, you swallow a white liquid that has barium. The liquid coats your digestive tract and makes an ulcer easier to see.","Treatment for peptic ulcers involves killing the H. pylori germ, if needed. Treatment also might involve stopping NSAIDs or lowering the amount, if possible, and taking medicine to help the ulcer heal.
+Medicines can include:
+Antibiotics to kill H. pylori.If you have H. pylori in your digestive tract, your healthcare professional may suggest a mix of antibiotics. These may include amoxicillin (Amoxil, Larotid), clarithromycin (Biaxin XL), metronidazole (Flagyl, Likmez), tinidazole (Tindamax), tetracycline and levofloxacin.
+Medicines that block acid.Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce stomach acid. PPIs include omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), rabeprazole (Aciphex), esomeprazole (Nexium) and pantoprazole (Protonix).Most people take PPIs in pill form. In the hospital, treatment for a bleeding ulcer may involve a PPI given through a vein in the arm. This is known as intravenous delivery.Long-term or high-dose use of proton pump inhibitors may increase your risk of hip, wrist and spine fracture. Ask your healthcare professional whether a calcium supplement may reduce this risk.
+Medicines to reduce stomach acid.Acid blockers, also called histamine (H-2) blockers, help relieve ulcer pain and help with healing. Acid blockers include famotidine (Pepcid AC), cimetidine (Tagamet HB) and nizatidine (Axid AR).
+Antacids that counter the effects of stomach acid.These can relieve pain quickly. But they aren't used to heal ulcers. Side effects can include constipation or diarrhea, depending on the main ingredients in the antacids.
+Medicines that protect the lining of the stomach and small intestine.These are called cytoprotective agents. They include the prescription medicines sucralfate (Carafate) and misoprostol (Cytotec).",,"Make an appointment with your main healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. Your health professional may send you to a specialist in the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist.
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.","You may find relief from the pain of a stomach ulcer if you:
+Switch pain relievers.If you use pain relievers regularly, ask your healthcare professional whether acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) might work for you.
+Control stress.Stress may make the symptoms of a peptic ulcer worse. Think about what causes your stress and what you can do to ease it. There are many ways to cope with stress. These include exercise, spending time with friends, deep breathing, writing in a journal or meditating.
+Don't smoke.Smoking may harm the lining of the stomach, raising the chance of getting an ulcer. Smoking also increases stomach acid.
+Limit or avoid alcohol.Too much alcohol can irritate and eat away the mucous lining in your stomach and intestines. This can cause the lining to inflame and bleed.","pain, nausea, ulcers, dull or burning stomach pain, belching, bloating, fullness, having dark blood in stools, feeling dizzy or fainting, stomach pain, vomiting blood, heartburn, bleeding, peptic ulcers, ulcer, feeling of fullness or bloating, tarry"
+1041,Ulnar wrist pain,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ulnar-wrist-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20355510,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ulnar-wrist-pain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20449907,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ulnar-wrist-pain/doctors-departments/ddc-20355512,"Ulnar wrist pain is pain on the side of your wrist opposite the thumb. The ulna is one of two forearm bones. Wrist pain can vary, depending on the cause. Ulnar wrist pain can be linked to many different types of injuries, including problems with the bones, tendons and ligaments.","Symptoms of ulnar wrist pain may include:
+Pain that worsens when gripping something or twisting the wrist.
+Loss of strength when trying to grip firmly.
+Trouble moving the wrist or rotating the forearm.
+A popping or clicking sound when moving the wrist.",,"Because so many factors can lead to wrist pain, it can be difficult to diagnose. Common causes of ulnar wrist pain include:
+Sudden impacts.A common cause of wrist injuries is a fall onto an outstretched hand. This can cause sprains, strains and even fractures.
+Repetitive stress.Any activity that involves wrist motion done over and over can inflame the tissues around the joint or cause stress fractures. The risk of injury is increased when you perform the movement for hours on end without a break.
+Arthritis.This can cause swelling and stiffness in the wrist. Both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis can cause wrist pain.","Sports participation, repetitive work, and certain diseases and conditions can put you at risk for ulnar wrist pain.
+Sports participation.Wrist injuries are common in many sports, both those that involve impact and those that put repetitive stress on the wrist. These can include football, golf, tennis and pickleball.
+Repetitive work.People who regularly use a computer mouse or keyboard are at risk. Carpenters and plumbers may develop ulnar wrist pain because they often use tools in small spaces, causing awkward positioning of the wrist.
+Other diseases and conditions.People with generally loose ligaments, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or gout also are at risk.",,,"To diagnose the underlying cause of ulnar wrist pain, your healthcare professional may do a physical exam. The exam involves moving your wrist or hand into different positions to see what hurts. The exam also checks your range of motion and grip strength.
+Imaging tests may be needed, including:
+X-ray.This is the most commonly used test for wrist pain. Using a small amount of radiation, X-rays can reveal bone fractures or signs of osteoarthritis.
+CT.This scan can give more-detailed views of the bones in the wrist and may spot fractures that don't show up on X-rays.
+MRI.This test uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce detailed images of the bones and soft tissues. For a wristMRI, you may be able to insert your arm into a smaller device instead of a whole-bodyMRImachine.
+Ultrasound.This simple, noninvasive test can help examine tendons, ligaments and cysts.",Treatment for ulnar wrist pain may vary depending on the type of injury and how serious it is.,,"You may start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Or you may be referred immediately to a specialist in orthopedics or sports medicine.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, trouble moving, loss of strength, popping or clicking sound"
+1043,Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350289,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/doctors-departments/ddc-20350291,"Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland doesn't make enough thyroid hormone. This condition also is called underactive thyroid. Hypothyroidism may not cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages. Over time, hypothyroidism that isn't treated can lead to other health problems, such as high cholesterol and heart problems.
+Blood tests are used to diagnose hypothyroidism. Treatment with thyroid hormone medicine usually is simple, safe and effective once you and your health care provider find the right dosage for you.","The symptoms of hypothyroidism depend on the severity of the condition. Problems tend to develop slowly, often over several years.
+At first, you may barely notice the symptoms of hypothyroidism, such as fatigue and weight gain. Or you may think they are just part of getting older. But as your metabolism continues to slow, you may develop more-obvious problems.
+Hypothyroidism symptoms may include:
+Tiredness.
+More sensitivity to cold.
+Constipation.
+Dry skin.
+Weight gain.
+Puffy face.
+Hoarse voice.
+Coarse hair and skin.
+Muscle weakness.
+Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness.
+Menstrual cycles that are heavier than usual or irregular.
+Thinning hair.
+Slowed heart rate, also called bradycardia.
+Depression.
+Memory problems.","See your health care provider if you're feeling tired for no reason or if you have other symptoms of hypothyroidism.
+If you're taking thyroid hormone medicine for hypothyroidism, follow your health care provider's advice on how often you need medical appointments. At first, you may need regular appointments to make sure you're receiving the right dose of medicine. Over time, you may need checkups so that your health care provider can monitor your condition and medicine.","The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. The thyroid gland makes two main hormones: thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3). These hormones affect every cell in the body. They support the rate at which the body uses fats and carbohydrates. They help control body temperature. They have an effect on heart rate. And they help control how much protein the body makes.
+Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland doesn't make enough hormones. Conditions or problems that can lead to hypothyroidism include:
+Autoimmune disease.The most common cause of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune disease called Hashimoto's disease. Autoimmune diseases happen when the immune system makes antibodies that attack healthy tissues. Sometimes that process involves the thyroid gland and affects its ability to make hormones.
+Thyroid surgery.Surgery to remove all or part of the thyroid gland can lower the gland's ability to make thyroid hormones or stop it completely.
+Radiation therapy.Radiation used to treat cancers of the head and neck can affect the thyroid gland and lead to hypothyroidism.
+Thyroiditis.Thyroiditis happens when the thyroid gland becomes inflamed. This may be due to an infection. Or it can result from an autoimmune disorder or another medical condition affecting the thyroid. Thyroiditis can trigger the thyroid to release all of its stored thyroid hormone at once. That causes a spike in thyroid activity, a condition called hyperthyroidism. Afterward, the thyroid becomes underactive.
+Medicine.A number of medicines may lead to hypothyroidism. One such medicine is lithium, which is used to treat some psychiatric disorders. If you're taking medicine, ask your heath care provider about its effect on the thyroid gland.
+Less often, hypothyroidism may be caused by:
+Problems present at birth.Some babies are born with a thyroid gland that doesn't work correctly. Others are born with no thyroid gland. In most cases, the reason the thyroid gland didn't develop properly is not clear. But some children have an inherited form of a thyroid disorder. Often, infants born with hypothyroidism don't have noticeable symptoms at first. That's one reason why most states require newborn thyroid screening.
+Pituitary disorder.A relatively rare cause of hypothyroidism is the failure of the pituitary gland to make enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This is usually because of a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland.
+Pregnancy.Some people develop hypothyroidism during or after pregnancy. If hypothyroidism happens during pregnancy and isn't treated, it raises the risk of pregnancy loss, premature delivery and preeclampsia. Preeclampsia causes a significant rise in blood pressure during the last three months of pregnancy. Hypothyroidism also can seriously affect the developing fetus.
+Not enough iodine.The thyroid gland needs the mineral iodine to make thyroid hormones. Iodine is found mainly in seafood, seaweed, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and iodized salt. Too little iodine can lead to hypothyroidism. Too much iodine can make hypothyroidism worse in people who already have the condition. In some parts of the world, it's common for people not to get enough iodine in their diets. The addition of iodine to table salt has almost eliminated this problem in the United States.","Although anyone can develop hypothyroidism, you're at an increased risk if you:
+Are a woman.
+Have a family history of thyroid disease.
+Have an autoimmune disease, such as type 1 diabetes or celiac disease.
+Have received treatment for hyperthyroidism.
+Received radiation to your neck or upper chest.
+Have had thyroid surgery.","Hypothyroidism that isn't treated can lead to other health problems, including:
+Goiter.Hypothyroidism may cause the thyroid gland to become larger. This condition is called a goiter. A large goiter may cause problems with swallowing or breathing.
+Heart problems.Hypothyroidism can lead to a higher risk of heart disease and heart failure. That's mainly because people with an underactive thyroid tend to develop high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol — the ""bad"" cholesterol.
+Peripheral neuropathy.Hypothyroidism that goes without treatment for a long time can damage the peripheral nerves. These are the nerves that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. Peripheral neuropathy may cause pain, numbness and tingling in the arms and legs.
+Infertility.Low levels of thyroid hormone can interfere with ovulation, which can limit fertility. Some of the causes of hypothyroidism, such as autoimmune disorders, also can harm fertility.
+Birth defects.Babies born to people with untreated thyroid disease may have a higher risk of birth defects compared with babies born to mothers who do not have thyroid disease.Infants with hypothyroidism present at birth that goes untreated are at risk of serious physical and mental development problems. But if the condition is diagnosed within the first few months of life, the chances of typical development are excellent.
+Myxedema coma.This rare, life-threatening condition can happen when hypothyroidism goes without treatment for a long time. A myxedema coma may be triggered by sedatives, infection or other stress on the body. Its symptoms include intense cold intolerance and drowsiness, followed by an extreme lack of energy and then unconsciousness. Myxedema coma requires emergency medical treatment.",,"The symptoms of hypothyroidism can be different from person to person. And they often look like symptoms of other health problems. Because of that, a diagnosis of hypothyroidism doesn't rely on symptoms alone. It's usually based on the results of blood tests.
+The first blood test typically done to diagnose hypothyroidism measures the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood. If it's high, the test is done again, along with a blood test for the thyroid hormoneT-4. If the results show thatTSHis high andT-4is low, then the diagnosis is hypothyroidism. In some cases, the thyroid hormoneT-3may be measured as well.
+If the second test shows highTSHbutT-4andT-3are in the standard range, then the diagnosis is a condition called subclinical hypothyroidism. It usually doesn't cause any noticeable symptoms.
+TSHtests also play an important role in managing hypothyroidism over time. They help your health care provider find and maintain the right dosage of medication for you.
+The results of these blood tests can be affected by some medicines or supplements. This includes biotin, a vitamin taken as a stand-alone supplement or as part of a multivitamin. Before you have blood tests done, tell your health care provider about any medicines or supplements you take.","Treatment for hypothyroidism usually includes taking the thyroid hormone medicine levothyroxine (Levo-T, Synthroid, others) every day. This medicine is taken by mouth. It returns hormone levels to a healthy range, eliminating symptoms of hypothyroidism.
+You'll likely start to feel better one or two weeks after you begin treatment. Treatment with levothyroxine likely will be lifelong. Because the dosage you need may change, your health care provider may check yourTSHlevel every year.",,"You'll likely start by seeing your primary health care provider. Or you may be referred to a specialist in hormone disorders, called an endocrinologist. Infants with hypothyroidism need to see a pediatric endocrinologist right away. Children or teens can start with their primary health care provider. But they need to see a pediatric endocrinologist if there are any questions about levothyroxine or about the correct dosage of the medicine.
+Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your health care provider.",,"stiffness, muscle aches, muscle weakness, irregular menstrual cycles, hypothyroidism, fatigue, tiredness, coarse hair, tenderness, weight gain, puffy face, heavier menstrual cycles, bradycardia, constipation, thinning hair, memory problems, puffy, depression, sensitivity to cold, hoarse voice, slowed heart rate, dry skin"
+1052,Double uterus,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/double-uterus/symptoms-causes/syc-20352261,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/double-uterus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352265,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/double-uterus/doctors-departments/ddc-20352266,"A double uterus is a rare condition that is present at birth in some women. In a female fetus, the uterus starts out as two small tubes. As the fetus grows, the tubes typically join to create one larger, hollow organ. This organ is the uterus.
+Sometimes the tubes don't join completely. Instead, each one develops into a separate organ. A double uterus may have one opening into one vagina. This opening is called the cervix. In other cases, each uterus has its own cervix. Often, there's also a thin wall of tissue that runs down the length of the vagina. This divides the vagina in two, with two separate openings.
+Women who have a double uterus often have successful pregnancies. But the condition can make you more likely to have a miscarriage or premature birth.","A double uterus often causes no symptoms. The condition may be discovered during a regular pelvic exam. Or it may be found during imaging tests to find the cause of repeated miscarriages.
+Women who have a double vagina along with a double uterus may first see a health care provider for menstrual bleeding that isn't stopped by a tampon. This can happen when a tampon is placed in one vagina, but blood still flows from the second uterus and vagina.",Seek medical advice if you have a menstrual flow despite using a tampon. Or if you have severe pain during your periods or you have repeated miscarriages.,Health experts don't know exactly why some fetuses develop a double uterus. Genetics may play a role. That's because this rare condition sometimes runs in families.,"The risk factors for a double uterus are not well understood. The cause of the condition isn't known either. Genetics likely plays a role, along with other unknown factors.","Many women with a double uterus have active sex lives. They also may have routine pregnancies and successful deliveries. But sometimes a double uterus and other uterine factors can cause:
+Infertility.
+Miscarriage.
+Premature birth.
+Kidney problems.",,"A double uterus may be diagnosed during a routine pelvic exam. Your doctor may observe a double cervix or feel an unusually shaped uterus. To confirm the diagnosis of double uterus, you may need certain tests:
+Ultrasound.This test uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of your body. To capture the images, a device called a transducer is pressed against the outside of your lower belly. Or you may have the transducer put into your vagina. This is called transvaginal ultrasound. You may need both types of ultrasound to get the best view. A 3D ultrasound may be used, if it's available at your facility.
+Sonohysterogram.The sonohysterogram (son-o-HIS-ter-o-gram) is a special type of ultrasound scan. You have fluid injected through a tube into your uterus. The fluid outlines the shape of your uterus on the ultrasound scan. This allows your doctor to look for anything unusual.
+Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).TheMRImachine looks like a tunnel that has both ends open. You lie down on a movable table that slides into the opening of the tunnel. This painless test uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create cross-sectional images of the inside of your body.
+Hysterosalpingography.During a hysterosalpingography (his-tur-o-sal-ping-GOG-ruh-fe), a special dye is injected into your uterus through your cervix. As the dye moves through your reproductive organs, X-rays are taken. These images show the shape and size of your uterus. They also show if your fallopian tubes are open.
+Sometimes, ultrasound orMRIis also done to check for kidney problems.","Treatment often isn't needed for a double uterus if you have no symptoms or other problems. Surgery to join a double uterus isn't usually done.
+But sometimes surgery can help. If the uterus is partially divided, and you've had a pregnancy loss with no other medical explanation for the loss, your doctor might recommend surgery. This may help you keep a future pregnancy.
+Surgery also might help if you have a double vagina along with a double uterus. The procedure removes the wall of tissue separating the two vaginas. This can make childbirth a little easier.",,"You may start by seeing your primary doctor or other care provider. Or you may be referred to a specialist. This could include seeing a doctor, called a gynecologist, who specializes in conditions that affect the female reproductive system. Or you may see a doctor who specializes in reproductive hormones and helping with fertility. This type of doctor is called a reproductive endocrinologist.",,"repeated miscarriages, menstrual bleeding"
+1053,Urinary tract infection (UTI),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353447,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353453,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/doctors-departments/ddc-20353456,"A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of the urinary system. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra.
+Women are at greater risk of developing aUTIthan are men. If an infection is limited to the bladder, it can be painful and annoying. But serious health problems can result if aUTIspreads to the kidneys.
+Health care providers often treat urinary tract infections with antibiotics. You can also take steps to lower the chance of getting aUTIin the first place.","UTIs don't always cause symptoms. When they do, they may include:
+A strong urge to urinate that doesn't go away
+A burning feeling when urinating
+Urinating often, and passing small amounts of urine
+Urine that looks cloudy
+Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored — signs of blood in the urine
+Strong-smelling urine
+Pelvic pain, in women — especially in the center of the pelvis and around the area of the pubic bone
+In older adults,UTIs may be overlooked or mistaken for other conditions.",Contact your health care provider if you have symptoms of aUTI.,"UTIs typically occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to spread in the bladder. The urinary system is designed to keep out bacteria. But the defenses sometimes fail. When that happens, bacteria may take hold and grow into a full-blown infection in the urinary tract.
+The most commonUTIs occur mainly in women and affect the bladder and urethra.
+Infection of the bladder.This type ofUTIis usually caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli).E. coliis a type of bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. But sometimes other bacteria are the cause.Having sex also may lead to a bladder infection, but you don't have to be sexually active to develop one. All women are at risk of bladder infections because of their anatomy. In women, the urethra is close to the anus. And the urethral opening is close to the bladder. This makes it easier for bacteria around the anus to enter the urethra and to travel to the bladder.
+Infection of the urethra.This type ofUTIcan happen whenGIbacteria spread from the anus to the urethra. An infection of the urethra can also be caused by sexually transmitted infections. They include herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia and mycoplasma. This can happen because women's urethras are close to the vagina.","UTIs are common in women. Many women experience more than oneUTIduring their lifetimes.
+Risk factors forUTIs that are specific to women include:
+Female anatomy.Women have a shorter urethra than men do. As a result, there's less distance for bacteria to travel to reach the bladder.
+Sexual activity.Being sexually active tends to lead to moreUTIs. Having a new sexual partner also increases risk.
+Certain types of birth control.Using diaphragms for birth control may increase the risk ofUTIs. Using spermicidal agents also can increase risk.
+Menopause.After menopause, a decline in circulating estrogen causes changes in the urinary tract. The changes can increase the risk ofUTIs.
+Other risk factors forUTIs include:
+Urinary tract problems.Babies born with problems with their urinary tracts may have trouble urinating. Urine can back up in the urethra, which can causeUTIs.
+Blockages in the urinary tract.Kidney stones or an enlarged prostate can trap urine in the bladder. As a result, risk ofUTIs is higher.
+A suppressed immune system.Diabetes and other diseases can impair the immune system — the body's defense against germs. This can increase the risk ofUTIs.
+Catheter use.People who can't urinate on their own often must use a tube, called a catheter, to urinate. Using a catheter increases the risk ofUTIs. Catheters may be used by people who are in the hospital. They may also be used by people who have neurological problems that make it difficult to control urination or who are paralyzed.
+A recent urinary procedure.Urinary surgery or an exam of your urinary tract that involves medical instruments can both increase the risk of developing aUTI.","When treated promptly and properly, lower urinary tract infections rarely lead to complications. But left untreated,UTIs can cause serious health problems.
+Complications of aUTImay include:
+Repeated infections, which means you have two or moreUTIs within six months or three or more within a year. Women are especially prone to having repeated infections.
+Permanent kidney damage from a kidney infection due to an untreatedUTI.
+Delivering a low birth weight or premature infant when aUTIoccurs during pregnancy.
+A narrowed urethra in men from having repeated infections of the urethra.
+Sepsis, a potentially life-threatening complication of an infection. This is a risk especially if the infection travels up the urinary tract to the kidneys.","These steps may help lower the risk ofUTIs:
+Drink plenty of liquids, especially water.Drinking water helps dilute the urine. That leads to urinating more often — allowing bacteria to be flushed from the urinary tract before an infection can begin.
+Try cranberry juice.Studies that look into whether cranberry juice preventsUTIs aren't final. However, drinking cranberry juice is likely not harmful.
+Wipe from front to back.Do this after urinating and after a bowel movement. It helps prevent the spread of bacteria from the anus to the vagina and urethra.
+Empty your bladder soon after having sex.Also drink a full glass of water to help flush bacteria.
+Avoid potentially irritating feminine products.Using them in the genital area can irritate the urethra. These products include deodorant sprays, douches and powders.
+Change your birth control method.Diaphragms, unlubricated condoms or condoms treated with spermicide can contribute to bacterial growth.","Tests and procedures used to diagnose urinary tract infections include:
+Analyzing a urine sample.Your health care provider may ask for a urine sample. The urine will be looked at in a lab to check for white blood cells, red blood cells or bacteria. You may be told to first wipe your genital area with an antiseptic pad and to collect the urine midstream. The process helps prevent the sample from being contaminated.
+Growing urinary tract bacteria in a lab.Lab analysis of the urine is sometimes followed by a urine culture. This test tells your provider what bacteria are causing the infection. It can let your provider know which medications will be most effective.
+Creating images of the urinary tract.RecurrentUTIs may be caused by a structural problem in the urinary tract. Your health care provider may order an ultrasound, aCTscan orMRIto look for this issue. A contrast dye may be used to highlight structures in your urinary tract.
+Using a scope to see inside the bladder.If you have recurrentUTIs, your health care provider may perform a cystoscopy. The test involves using a long, thin tube with a lens, called a cystoscope, to see inside the urethra and bladder. The cystoscope is inserted in the urethra and passed through to the bladder.",Antibiotics usually are the first treatment for urinary tract infections. Your health and the type of bacteria found in your urine determine which medicine is used and how long you need to take it.,,"Your primary care provider, nurse practitioner or other health care provider can treat mostUTIs. If you have frequentUTIs or a chronic kidney infection, you may be referred to a health care provider who specializes in urinary disorders. This type of doctor is called a urologist. Or you may see a health care provider who specializes in kidney disorders. This type of doctor is called a nephrologist.","Urinary tract infections can be painful, but you can take steps to ease discomfort until antibiotics treat the infection. Follow these tips:
+Drink plenty of water.Water helps to dilute your urine and flush out bacteria.
+Avoid drinks that may irritate your bladder.Avoid coffee, alcohol, and soft drinks containing citrus juices or caffeine until the infection has cleared. They can irritate your bladder and tend to increase the need to urinate.
+Use a heating pad.Apply a warm, but not hot, heating pad to your belly to help with bladder pressure or discomfort.","cola-colored urine, utis, burning feeling when urinating, pelvic pain, cloudy urine, strong-smelling urine, strong urge to urinate, bright pink urine, red urine, passing small amounts of urine, urinating often"
+1056,Heart valve disease,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353727,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353732,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-valve-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20353735,"In heart valve disease, one or more of the valves in the heart doesn't work properly. There are four heart valves. They keep blood flowing through the heart in the correct direction. Sometimes a valve doesn't open or close all the way. This can change how blood flows through the heart to the rest of the body.
+Heart valve disease treatment depends on the heart valve affected and the type and severity of the disease. Sometimes surgery is needed to repair or replace the heart valve.","Some people with heart valve disease might not have symptoms for many years. When symptoms occur, they might include:
+Shortness of breath at rest or when active or lying down.
+Fatigue.
+Chest pain.
+Dizziness.
+Swelling of the ankles and feet.
+Fainting.
+Irregular heartbeat.","If you have symptoms of possible heart valve disease, make an appointment for a health checkup. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist.","To understand the causes of heart valve disease, it may be helpful to know how the heart works.
+Four valves in the heart keep blood flowing in the right direction. These valves are:
+Aortic valve.
+Mitral valve.
+Pulmonary valve.
+Tricuspid valve.
+Each valve has flaps, called leaflets or cusps. The flaps open and close once during each heartbeat. If a valve flap doesn't open or close properly, less blood moves out of the heart to the rest of the body.
+Types of heart valve disease include:
+Stenosis.The valve flaps become thick or stiff and sometimes can join together. The valve opening becomes narrowed. Less blood can flow through the narrowed valve.
+Regurgitation.The valve flaps may not close tightly, causing blood to leak backward.
+Prolapse.The valve flaps become stretched out and floppy. They bulge backward like a parachute. This condition can lead to regurgitation.
+Atresia.The valve isn't formed. A solid sheet of tissue blocks the blood flow between the heart chambers. This type usually affects the pulmonary valve.
+Some people are born with heart valve disease. This is called congenital heart valve disease. But adults can get heart valve disease too. Causes of heart valve disease in adults may include infections, age-related changes and other heart conditions.","Several things can increase the risk of heart valve disease, including:
+Older age.
+Some infections, such as rheumatic fever or blood infections.
+A heart attack or some types of heart disease.
+High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and other heart disease risk factors.","Heart valve disease can cause many complications, including:
+Heart failure
+Stroke
+Blood clots
+Heart rhythm abnormalities
+Death",,"To diagnose heart valve disease, a health care professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and health history. A whooshing sound called a heart murmur may be heard when listening to your heart with a device called a stethoscope.
+Blood and imaging tests may be done to check your heart health.","Heart valve disease treatment depends on:
+The symptoms.
+The severity of the disease.
+If the heart valve problem is getting worse.
+Treatment may include:
+Regular health checkups.
+Lifestyle and diet changes.
+Medicines.
+Surgery to repair or replace the valve.","If you have heart valve disease, here are some ways to help you manage your condition and thrive:
+Get support.Connecting with friends and family or a support group is a good way to reduce stress. You may find that talking about your concerns with others in similar situations can help.
+Manage stress.Find ways to help reduce emotional stress. Getting more exercise, practicing mindfulness, and connecting with others in support groups are some ways to reduce and manage stress. If you have anxiety or depression, talk to your health care team about strategies to help.","If you think you might have symptoms of heart valve disease, make an appointment for a health checkup. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.","If you have heart valve disease, your health care team may suggest making lifestyle changes. Try these steps:
+Eat a heart-healthy diet.Eat a variety of fruits and vegetables, low-fat or fat-free dairy products, poultry, fish, and whole grains. Avoid saturated and trans fats and excess salt and sugar.
+Get regular exercise.As a general goal, aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity every day. Talk to your health care team before starting a new exercise routine.
+Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight raises the risk of heart problems. Talk with your care team to set realistic goals for weight.
+Don't use tobacco.If you smoke or chew tobacco, quit. Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease. Quitting is the best way to reduce the risk. If you need help quitting, talk to a health care professional.
+Practice good sleep habits.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease. Adults should aim to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily. Go to bed and wake at the same time every day, including on weekends. If you have trouble sleeping, talk to your health care team about strategies that might help.
+Control blood pressure.Uncontrolled high blood pressure increases the risk of serious health problems. Get your blood pressure checked at least every two years if you're 18 and older. If you have risk factors for heart disease or are over age 40, you may need more-frequent checks.
+Get a cholesterol test.Get a baseline cholesterol test when you're in your 20s and then at least every 4 to 6 years. Some people may need to start testing earlier or have more-frequent checks.
+Manage diabetes.If you have diabetes, tight blood sugar control can help keep your heart healthy.","heart valve disease, fatigue, swelling of the ankles and feet, chest pain, dizziness, fainting, irregular heartbeat, shortness of breath"
+1058,Chickenpox,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chickenpox/symptoms-causes/syc-20351282,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chickenpox/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351287,,"Chickenpox is an illness caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It brings on an itchy rash with small, fluid-filled blisters. Chickenpox spreads very easily to people who haven't had the disease or haven't gotten the chickenpox vaccine. Chickenpox used to be a widespread problem, but today the vaccine protects children from it.
+The chickenpox vaccine is a safe way to prevent this illness and the other health problems that can happen during it.","The rash caused by chickenpox appears 10 to 21 days after you're exposed to the varicella-zoster virus. The rash often lasts about 5 to 10 days. Other symptoms that may appear 1 to 2 days before the rash include:
+Fever.
+Loss of appetite.
+Headache.
+Tiredness and a general feeling of being unwell.
+Once the chickenpox rash appears, it goes through three phases:
+Raised bumps called papules, which break out over a few days.
+Small fluid-filled blisters called vesicles, which form in about one day and then break and leak.
+Crusts and scabs, which cover the broken blisters and take a few more days to heal.
+New bumps keep showing up for several days. So you may have bumps, blisters and scabs at the same time. You can spread the virus to other people for up to 48 hours before the rash appears. And the virus stays contagious until all broken blisters have crusted over.
+The disease is by and large mild in healthy children. But sometimes, the rash can cover the whole body. Blisters may form in the throat and eyes. They also may form in tissue that lines the inside of the urethra, anus and vagina.","If you think you or your child might have chickenpox, call your health care provider. Often, chickenpox can be diagnosed with an exam of the rash and other symptoms. You may need medicines that can help fight off the virus or treat other health problems that can happen because of chickenpox. To avoid infecting others in the waiting room, call ahead for an appointment. Mention that you think you or your child may have chickenpox.
+Also, let your provider know if:
+The rash spreads to one or both eyes.
+The rash gets very warm or tender. This might be a sign that the skin is infected with bacteria.
+You have more serious symptoms along with the rash. Watch for dizziness, new confusion, fast heartbeat, shortness of breath, shakiness, loss of the ability to use muscles together, a cough that becomes worse, vomiting, stiff neck or a fever higher than 102 F (38.9 C).
+You live with people who've never had chickenpox and haven't gotten the chickenpox vaccine yet.
+Someone in your household is pregnant.
+You live with someone who has a disease or takes medicines that affect the immune system.",A virus called varicella-zoster causes chickenpox. It can spread through direct contact with the rash. It also can spread when a person with chickenpox coughs or sneezes and you breathe in the air droplets.,"Your risk of getting infected with the virus that causes chickenpox is higher if you haven't already had chickenpox or if you haven't had the chickenpox vaccine. It's extra important for people who work in child care or school settings to be vaccinated.
+Most people who have had chickenpox or have gotten the vaccine are immune to chickenpox. If you've been vaccinated and still get chickenpox, symptoms are often milder. You may have fewer blisters and mild or no fever. A few people can get chickenpox more than once, but this is rare.","Chickenpox is often a mild disease. But it can be serious and can lead to other health problem including:
+Infected skin, soft tissues, bones, joints or bloodstream caused by bacteria.
+Dehydration, when the body runs too low on water and other fluids.
+Pneumonia, an illness in one or both lungs.
+Swelling of the brain called encephalitis.
+Toxic shock syndrome, a dangerous complication of some illnesses caused by bacteria.
+Reye's syndrome, a disease that causes swelling in the brain and liver. This can happen in children and teens who take aspirin during chickenpox.
+In very rare cases, chickenpox could lead to death.","The chickenpox vaccine, also called the varicella vaccine, is the best way to prevent chickenpox. In the United States, experts from theCDCreport that two doses of the vaccine prevent illness over 90% of the time. Even if you get chickenpox after receiving the vaccine, your symptoms may be much milder.
+In the United States, two chickenpox vaccines are licensed for use: Varivax contains only the chickenpox vaccine. It can be used in the United States to vaccinate people age 1 or older. ProQuad combines the chickenpox vaccine with the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. It can be used in the United States for children ages 1 to 12. This is also called the MMRV vaccine.
+In the United States, children receive two doses of the varicella vaccine: the first between ages 12 and 15 months and the second between ages 4 and 6 years. This is part of the routine vaccination schedule for children.
+For some children between the ages of 12 and 23 months, the MMRV combination vaccine may raise the risk of fever and seizure from the vaccine. Ask your child's health care provider about the pros and cons of using the combined vaccines.
+Children 7 to 12 years old who haven't been vaccinated should receive two doses of the varicella vaccine. The doses should be given at least three months apart.
+People age 13 or older who haven't been vaccinated should receive two catch-up doses of the vaccine at least four weeks apart. It's even more important to get the vaccine if you have a higher risk of getting exposed to chickenpox. This includes health care workers, teachers, child-care employees, international travelers, military personnel, adults who live with young children and all nonpregnant women of childbearing age.
+If you don't remember whether you've had chickenpox or the vaccine, your provider can give you a blood test to find out.
+Other chickenpox vaccines are offered outside the United States. Talk to your health care provider for more information on how well they prevent chickenpox.
+Do not get the chickenpox vaccine if you're pregnant. If you decide to get vaccinated before pregnancy, don't try to get pregnant during the series of shots or for one month after the last dose of the vaccine.
+Other people also shouldn't get the vaccine, or they should wait. Check with your health care provider about whether you should get the vaccine if you:
+Have a weaker immune system. This includes people who haveHIVor take medicines that have an effect on the immune system.
+Are allergic to gelatin or the antibiotic neomycin.
+Have any kind of cancer or are getting cancer treatment with radiation or medicines.
+Recently received blood from a donor or other blood products.
+Talk to your provider if you're not sure whether you need the vaccine. If you plan on getting pregnant, ask your provider if you're up to date on your vaccines.","Most often, health care providers find out you have chickenpox based on the rash.
+Chickenpox also can be confirmed with lab tests, including blood tests or a tissue study of samples of affected skin.","In otherwise healthy children, chickenpox often needs no medical treatment. Some children may be able to take a type of medicine called an antihistamine to calm itching. But for the most part, the disease just needs to run its course.",,Call your family health care provider if you or your child has symptoms of chickenpox. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.,"To help ease the symptoms of mild chickenpox, you can follow these self-care tips.","rash, blisters, headache, tiredness, scabs, throat, fever, raised bumps, chickenpox, vesicles, papules, crusts, bumps, loss of appetite"
+1059,Esophageal varices,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-varices/symptoms-causes/syc-20351538,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-varices/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351544,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-varices/doctors-departments/ddc-20351545,"Esophageal varices are enlarged veins in the esophagus, the tube that connects the throat and stomach. Esophageal varices most often happen in people with serious liver diseases.
+Esophageal varices form when regular blood flow to the liver is blocked by a clot or scar tissue in the liver. To go around the blockages, blood flows into smaller blood vessels that aren't designed to carry large volumes of blood. The vessels can leak blood or even burst, causing life-threatening bleeding.
+A few medicines and medical procedures are available to help prevent or stop bleeding from esophageal varices.","Esophageal varices usually don't cause symptoms unless they bleed. Symptoms of bleeding esophageal varices include:
+Vomiting large amounts of blood.
+Black, tarry or bloody stools.
+Lightheadedness due to blood loss.
+Loss of consciousness in severe cases.
+A healthcare professional might suspect esophageal varices if someone has signs of liver disease or has been diagnosed with liver cirrhosis, including:
+Yellow coloration of your skin and eyes, known as jaundice.
+Easy bleeding or bruising.
+Fluid buildup in your belly, called ascites (uh-SAHY-teez).","Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. If you've been diagnosed with liver disease, ask a care professional about your risk of esophageal varices and what you can do to reduce your risk. Also ask whether you should get a procedure to check for esophageal varices.
+If you've been diagnosed with esophageal varices, a care professional will likely tell you to watch for signs of bleeding. Bleeding esophageal varices are an emergency. Call 911 or your local emergency services right away if you have black or bloody stools, or bloody vomit.","Esophageal varices sometimes form when blood flow to the liver is blocked. This is most often caused by scar tissue in the liver due to liver disease, also known as cirrhosis of the liver. The blood flow begins to back up. This increases pressure within the large vein, known as the portal vein, that carries blood to the liver. This is known as portal hypertension.
+Portal hypertension forces the blood to seek other pathways through smaller veins, such as those in the lowest part of the esophagus. These thin-walled veins balloon with the added blood. Sometimes they rupture and bleed.
+Causes of esophageal varices include:
+Severe liver scarring, called cirrhosis.Several liver diseases — including hepatitis infection, alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver disease and a bile duct disorder called primary biliary cholangitis — can result in cirrhosis.
+A blood clot, also called thrombosis.A blood clot in the portal vein or in a vein that feeds into the portal vein, known as the splenic vein, can cause esophageal varices.
+Parasitic infection.Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection found in parts of Africa, South America, the Caribbean, the Middle East and East Asia. The parasite can damage the liver, as well as the lungs, intestine, bladder and other organs.","Although many people with advanced liver disease develop esophageal varices, most won't have bleeding. Esophageal varices are more likely to bleed if you have:
+High portal vein pressure.The risk of bleeding increases as the pressure in the portal vein increases.
+Large varices.The larger the esophageal varices, the more likely they are to bleed.
+Red marks on the varices.Some esophageal varices show long red streaks or red spots. A medical professional can see them through a thin, flexible tube, called an endoscope, passed down the throat. These marks suggest a high risk of bleeding.
+Severe cirrhosis or liver failure.Most often, the more serious the liver disease, the more likely esophageal varices are to bleed.
+Continued alcohol use.The risk of variceal bleeding is far greater for people who continue to drink, especially if the disease is alcohol related.
+If someone had bleeding from esophageal varices before, they're more likely to have varices that bleed again.","The most serious complication of esophageal varices is bleeding. If a person has a bleeding episode, the risk of another bleeding episode greatly increases. If a person loses enough blood, they can go into shock, which can lead to death.","Currently, no treatment can prevent the development of esophageal varices in people with cirrhosis. While beta blocker drugs are effective in preventing bleeding in many people who have esophageal varices, they don't stop esophageal varices from forming.
+If you've been diagnosed with liver disease, ask a healthcare professional about strategies to avoid liver disease complications. To keep your liver healthy:
+Don't drink alcohol.People with liver disease are often advised to stop drinking alcohol, since the liver processes alcohol. Drinking alcohol may stress an already vulnerable liver.
+Eat a healthy diet.Choose a diet that's full of fruits and vegetables. Select whole grains and lean sources of protein. Reduce the amount of fatty and fried foods you eat.
+Maintain a healthy weight.An excess amount of body fat can damage your liver. Obesity is associated with a greater risk of complications of cirrhosis. Lose weight if you are obese or overweight.
+Use chemicals sparingly and carefully.Follow the directions on household chemicals, such as cleaning supplies and insect sprays. If you work around chemicals, follow all safety precautions. Your liver removes toxins from your body, so give it a break by limiting the amount of toxins it must process.
+Reduce your risk of hepatitis.Sharing needles and having unprotected sex can increase your risk of hepatitis B and C. Protect yourself by abstaining from sex or using a condom if you choose to have sex. Get tested for exposure to hepatitis A, B and C, since infection can make your liver disease worse. Also ask your healthcare professional whether you should be vaccinated for hepatitis A and hepatitis B.","If someone is diagnosed with cirrhosis, a healthcare professional will then typically screen for esophageal varices. How often screening tests are done depends on someone's condition. The main tests used to diagnose esophageal varices are:
+Upper endoscopy.An upper endoscopy uses a tiny camera on the end of a flexible tube to visually examine the upper digestive system. This procedure is the preferred method of screening for esophageal varices. The tiny camera lets a medical professional examine the esophagus, stomach and the beginning of the small intestine, called the duodenum.The professional doing the endoscopy looks for dilated veins. If found, the enlarged veins are measured and checked for red streaks and red spots, which usually indicate a significant risk of bleeding. Treatment can be performed during the exam.
+Imaging tests.Both abdominal CT scans and Doppler ultrasounds of the splenic and portal veins can suggest the presence of esophageal varices. An ultrasound test called transient elastography may be used to measure scarring in the liver. This can help determine if someone has portal hypertension, which may lead to esophageal varices.","The primary aim in treating esophageal varices is to prevent bleeding. Bleeding esophageal varices are life-threatening. If bleeding happens, treatments are available to try to stop the bleeding.",,"You might start by seeing someone on your primary healthcare team. Or you may be referred immediately to a healthcare professional who specializes in digestive disorders, called a gastroenterologist. If you're having symptoms of internal bleeding, call 911 or your local emergency number to be taken to the hospital for urgent care.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for an appointment.",,"bleeding esophageal varices, black tarry or bloody stools, easy bleeding, yellow coloration of skin and eyes, vomiting, jaundice, lightheadedness, bleeding, liver disease, ascites, liver cirrhosis, varices, fluid buildup in belly, tarry, vomiting large amounts of blood, blood loss, loss of consciousness, bruising"
+1060,Smallpox,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/smallpox/symptoms-causes/syc-20353027,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/smallpox/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353032,,"Smallpox is a serious and often deadly viral infection. It's contagious — meaning it spreads from person to person — and can cause permanent scarring. Sometimes, it causes disfigurement.
+Smallpox has affected humans for thousands of years but was wiped out worldwide by 1980 thanks to smallpox vaccines. It's no longer found naturally in the world. The last case of naturally occurring smallpox was reported in 1977.
+Samples of smallpox virus have been kept for research purposes. And scientific advances have made it possible to create smallpox in a lab. This has led to concerns that smallpox could someday be used as a bioweapon.
+Vaccines can prevent smallpox, but because most people are unlikely to come in contact with smallpox naturally, routine vaccination isn't recommended. New antiviral medications can be used to treat people who develop smallpox.","The first symptoms of smallpox usually appear 12 to 14 days after you're exposed to the smallpox virus. However, the virus can be in your body from 7 to 19 days before you look or feel sick. This time is called the incubation period.
+After the incubation period, sudden flu-like symptoms occur. These include:
+Fever
+Muscle aches
+Headache
+Severe fatigue
+Severe back pain
+Vomiting, sometimes
+A few days later, flat, red spots appear on the body. They may start in the mouth and on the tongue and then spread to the skin. The face, arms and legs are often affected first, followed by the torso, hands and feet.
+Within a day or two, many of the spots turn into small blisters filled with clear fluid. Later, the blisters fill with pus. These sores are called pustules. Scabs form 8 to 9 days later and eventually fall off, leaving deep, pitted scars.
+Smallpox can be spread from person to person when the rash appears and until the scabs fall off.",,"Smallpox is caused by the variola virus. The virus can spread:
+Directly from person to person.You can catch the smallpox virus by being around someone who has it. An infected person can spread the virus when they cough, sneeze or talk. Coming in contact with skin sores also can cause you to get smallpox.
+Indirectly from an infected person.Rarely, smallpox can spread through the air inside buildings, infecting people in other rooms or on other floors.
+Through contaminated items.Smallpox can also spread through contact with contaminated clothing and bedding. But getting smallpox this way is less likely.
+As a terrorist weapon, potentially.Using smallpox as a weapon is an unlikely threat. But because releasing the virus could spread the disease quickly, governments are preparing for this possibility.",,"Most people who get smallpox survive. However, some rare types of smallpox are almost always deadly. These more-severe forms are most common in pregnant women and children.
+People who recover from smallpox usually have severe scars, especially on the face, arms and legs. Sometimes, smallpox causes vision loss (blindness).","If a smallpox outbreak happened, people with smallpox would be isolated to try to stop the spread of the virus. Anyone who had contact with someone who had smallpox would need a smallpox vaccine. A vaccine can protect you from getting sick or cause you to get less sick if you get smallpox. The vaccine should be given before or one week after exposure to the virus.
+Two vaccines are available:
+The ACAM2000 vaccine uses a live virus that's like smallpox, but less harmful. It can sometimes cause serious side effects, such as infections in the heart or brain. That's why the vaccine is not given to everyone. Unless there is a smallpox outbreak, the risks of the vaccine outweigh the benefits for most people.
+A second vaccine (Jynneos) uses a very weakened strain of virus and is safer than ACAM2000. It can be used in people who can't take ACAM2000 due to compromised immune systems or skin disorders.
+Smallpox vaccines also provide protection against other similar viral infections such as mpox, also known as monkeypox, and cowpox.","If a smallpox outbreak happened today, most health care providers probably wouldn't recognize the virus in its early stages. This would allow the smallpox virus to spread.
+Even one case of smallpox would be a public health emergency. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention uses special labs to test tissue samples for smallpox. This test can tell for sure if a person has the virus.","If someone were infected with smallpox, new antiviral medications may be used.
+Tecovirimat(Tpoxx). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved this drug for use in the U.S. in 2018. Research found that it worked in animals and in lab tests. However, it hasn't been tested in people who are sick with smallpox. So it's not known if it's an effective drug option. A study tested it in healthy people and found it to be safe.
+Brincidofovir(Tembexa). TheFDAapproved this drug in 2021 for use in the U.S. Like tecovirimat, researchers tested brincidofovir in animals and in labs. Research hasn't tested it in people who have smallpox. It has been safely given to healthy people and people with other viruses.
+It's unknown if these drugs work in a person with smallpox. Research continues to study other antiviral drugs to treat smallpox.",,,,"rash, blisters, headache, fatigue, scabs, back pain, vomiting, fever, muscle aches, severe fatigue, severe back pain"
+1064,DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome),https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/digeorge-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353543,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/digeorge-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353548,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/digeorge-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20353550,"DiGeorge syndrome, also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, is a condition caused when a small part of chromosome 22 is missing. This deletion causes several body systems to develop poorly.
+The term 22q11.2 deletion syndrome covers terms once thought to be different conditions. These terms include DiGeorge syndrome, velocardiofacial (vel-oh-cahr-dee-oh-fay-shell) syndrome and other conditions caused by the same missing part of chromosome 22. But features may vary slightly.
+Medical problems commonly related to 22q11.2 deletion syndrome include heart problems, lowered immunity, a cleft palate, complications from low levels of calcium, various eye issues and autoimmune disorders. Complications also include hearing loss, skeletal differences, kidney and genital differences, and delayed development with behavioral and emotional problems.
+The number and severity of symptoms related to 22q11.2 deletion syndrome vary. But specialists in various fields need to treat almost everyone with this syndrome.","Symptoms of DiGeorge syndrome can vary based on what body systems are affected and the severity of the problems. Some symptoms may be clear at birth, but others may not appear until later in infancy or as a young child, or as an adult.
+Symptoms of DiGeorge syndrome may include:
+Heart issues, such as problems with the structure of the heart and vessels, or a heart murmur and bluish skin because of poor circulation of blood, also known as cyanosis.
+Frequent infections.
+Distinctive facial features, such as an underdeveloped chin, ears that look different, wide-set eyes, hooded eyes and an enlarged nose tip. Asymmetric crying facies also may be present. This is when muscles on one side of the mouth don't develop fully, causing that side of the mouth to droop when crying, though the face looks balanced at rest.
+A gap in the roof of the mouth, also known as a cleft palate, or other problems with the palate.
+A hard time feeding, failure to gain weight or stomach problems.
+Hearing loss.
+Poor muscle tone.
+Kidney problems.
+Poor vision and other eye problems.
+Low levels of calcium in the blood.
+Scoliosis.
+Other symptoms may include:
+Delayed growth.
+Delayed development, such as delays in rolling over, sitting up or other infant milestones.
+Delayed speech development or nasal-sounding speech.
+Learning delays or disabilities.
+Behavioral problems.
+Other conditions may cause symptoms like 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. It's important to get the right diagnosis quickly if your child shows any symptoms listed above.
+Healthcare professionals may suspect 22q11.2 deletion syndrome:
+At birth.If a severe heart problem, cleft palate or other signs typical of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome are clear at birth, tests likely will be done before your child leaves the hospital.
+At well-baby visits.Illnesses or conditions that are typical of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome may become clear over time. Your child's healthcare professional may see issues during regularly scheduled well-baby visits or annual checkups.",,"Each person has two copies of chromosome 22 — one inherited from each parent. If a person has DiGeorge syndrome, one copy of chromosome 22 is missing a segment that includes an estimated 30 to 40 genes. Many of these genes haven't been clearly identified and aren't well understood. The region of chromosome 22 that's deleted is known as 22q11.2.
+The deletion of genes from chromosome 22 usually occurs as a random event in the father's sperm or in the mother's egg. Or it may occur early when the baby is developing. Rarely, the deletion is passed to a child from a parent who also has a deletion in chromosome 22 but may have fewer or mild symptoms.","Babies who are missing a portion of chromosome 22, specifically a region known as 22q11.2, are most at risk of DiGeorge syndrome. This missing portion causes several body systems to develop poorly.","The portions of chromosome 22 missing in DiGeorge syndrome affect the development of several body systems. As a result, the condition can cause several errors during fetal development.
+Heart issues.22q11.2 deletion syndrome often causes heart problems that could lead to too little oxygen-rich blood. For example, problems may include a hole between the lower chambers of the heart, also known as a ventricular septal defect. Or there may be only one large vessel rather than two vessels leading out of the heart, also known as truncus arteriosus. Or there may be four problems with heart structure, also known as tetralogy of Fallot.
+Hypoparathyroidism.The four parathyroid glands in the neck regulate the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome can cause parathyroid glands to be smaller than usual and produce too little parathyroid hormone. This leads to hypoparathyroidism. This condition results in low levels of calcium and high levels of phosphorus in the blood.
+Thymus gland dysfunction.The thymus gland, which is beneath the breastbone, is where T cells — a type of white blood cell — mature. Mature T cells help fight infections. In children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, the thymus gland may be small or missing. This leads to poor immune function and frequent, severe infections.
+Cleft palate.A common condition of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a cleft palate, which is an opening in the roof of the mouth, with or without a cleft lip. Other, less visible problems with the structure of the palate can make it hard to swallow or make certain sounds in speech.
+Distinct facial features.A number of particular facial features may be present in some people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. These may include small, low-set ears, short width of eye openings (palpebral fissures), hooded eyes, a relatively long face, an enlarged nose tip (bulbous), or a short or flattened groove in the upper lip.
+Learning, behavioral and mental health problems.22q11.2 deletion syndrome may cause problems with development and function of the brain, resulting in learning, social, developmental or behavioral problems. Delays in toddler speech development and finding it hard to learn are common. Some children develop attention-deficit/hyperactivity condition (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder. Later in life, the risk of depression, anxiety and other mental health conditions is higher.
+Autoimmune conditions.People with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome also may have a greater risk of getting autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or Graves' disease.
+Other problems.Many medical conditions may be related to 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, such as hearing problems, eye problems and poor kidney function.","In some cases, an affected parent may pass DiGeorge syndrome to a child. If you're worried about a family history of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome or if you already have a child with the syndrome, you may want to see a doctor who specializes in genetic conditions. This doctor is called a geneticist. Or you may want to see a genetic counselor to help plan future pregnancies.","A diagnosis of DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome) is based primarily on a lab test that can detect the deletion in chromosome 22. Your child's healthcare professional likely will order this test if your child has:
+A mix of medical problems or conditions suggesting 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
+A heart problem because certain heart problems are commonly related to 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
+In some cases, a child may have a mix of conditions that suggest 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, but the lab test doesn't suggest a missing portion of chromosome 22.","Although there is no cure for DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome), treatments usually can correct critical problems, such as a heart problem or cleft palate. Other health issues, as well as developmental, mental health or behavioral problems, can be dealt with or watched as needed.
+Treatments and therapy for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome may include treatments for:
+Hypoparathyroidism.Taking calcium and vitamin D supplements as directed by your healthcare professional often can manage hypoparathyroidism. In some cases, other supplements also may be recommended.
+Heart problems.Most heart problems related to 22q11.2 deletion syndrome require surgery soon after birth to repair the heart and make the supply of oxygen-rich blood better.
+Limited thymus gland function.If your child has some thymic function, infections may be frequent but not necessarily severe. These infections — usually colds and ear infections — generally are treated as they would be in any child. Most children with limited thymic function follow the usual vaccination schedules. Immune system function improves with age for most children whose thymus has been moderately harmed.
+Severe thymus dysfunction.If the harm to the thymus is severe or there's no thymus, your child is at risk of several severe infections. Treatment may require a transplant of thymus tissue and specialized cells from bone marrow or specialized disease-fighting blood cells.
+Cleft palate.A cleft palate or other unusual features of the palate and lip usually can be repaired by surgery.
+Overall development.Your child likely will benefit from a range of therapies, including speech therapy, occupational therapy and developmental therapy. In the U.S., early intervention programs providing these types of therapy usually are available through a state or county health department.
+Mental health care.Treatment may be recommended if your child is later diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder, depression, or another mental health or behavioral condition.
+Management of other conditions.These conditions may include feeding and growth issues, hearing or vision problems, and other medical conditions.","Having a child with DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome) is challenging. You could be dealing with multiple health issues and treatments. To help meet your child's and your own needs, ask the healthcare team about organizations that provide educational materials, support groups and other resources for parents of children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.","Your child's doctor or other healthcare professional may suspect DiGeorge syndrome at birth. If so, tests and treatment likely will begin before your child leaves the hospital.
+Your child's healthcare professional will look for developmental problems at regular checkups and talk about any concerns. It's important to take your child to all regularly scheduled well-baby visits and annual appointments.
+Here's some information to help you prepare for your child's appointment.",,"digeorge syndrome, droop, frequent infections, disabilities, enlarged nose tip, hooded eyes, kidney problems, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, poor muscle tone, failure to gain weight, nasal-sounding speech, delayed development, delayed speech development, gap in the roof of the mouth, delayed growth, cyanosis, learning delays, hearing loss, hard time feeding, stomach problems, infections, failure to gain weight or stomach problems., poor vision, eye problems, behavioral problems, heart murmur, cleft palate, wide-set eyes, asymmetric crying facies, calcium, palate, ears that look different, scoliosis, low levels of calcium in the blood, bluish skin, underdeveloped chin"
+1068,Ventricular fibrillation,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ventricular-fibrillation/symptoms-causes/syc-20364523,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ventricular-fibrillation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20364524,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ventricular-fibrillation/doctors-departments/ddc-20364526,"Ventricular fibrillation is a type of irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia). During ventricular fibrillation, the lower heart chambers contract in a very rapid and uncoordinated manner. As a result, the heart doesn't pump blood to the rest of the body.
+
+Ventricular fibrillation is an emergency that requires immediate medical attention. It's the most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death.
+
+Emergency treatment for ventricular fibrillation includes cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and shocks to the heart with a device called an automated external defibrillator (AED). Medications, implanted devices or surgery may be recommended to prevent episodes of ventricular fibrillation.
+
+Ventricular fibrillation may also be called VFib, V-fib or VF.","Collapse and loss of consciousness are the most common symptoms of ventricular fibrillation.
+
+Before a ventricular fibrillation episode, you may have symptoms of an irregularly fast or erratic heartbeat (arrhythmia). You may have:","Make an appointment with a heart doctor (cardiologist) if you have an unexplained fast or pounding heartbeat.
+
+If you see someone collapse, seek emergency medical help immediately. Follow these steps:",Ventricular fibrillation is caused by either:,Things that may increase the risk of ventricular fibrillation include:,"Without immediate treatment, ventricular fibrillation can cause death within minutes. The condition's rapid, erratic heartbeats cause the heart to abruptly stop pumping blood to the body. Blood pressure drops suddenly and significantly. The longer the body lacks blood, the greater the risk of damage to the brain and other organs.
+
+Ventricular fibrillation is the most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death. The risk of other long-term complications depends on how fast treatment is received.",,"Ventricular fibrillation is always diagnosed in an emergency situation. If sudden cardiac death has occurred, a pulse check will reveal no pulse.
+
+Tests to diagnose and determine the cause of ventricular fibrillation include:","Ventricular fibrillation requires emergency medical treatment to prevent sudden cardiac death. The goal of emergency treatment is to restore blood flow as quickly as possible to prevent organ and brain damage.
+
+Emergency treatment for ventricular fibrillation includes:
+
+Other treatments for ventricular fibrillation are given to prevent future episodes and reduce the risk of arrhythmia-related symptoms. Treatment for ventricular fibrillation includes medications, medical devices and surgery.","Some irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) can be triggered by emotional stress. Taking steps to ease stress and anxiety can help keep the heart healthy. Getting more exercise, practicing mindfulness and connecting with others in support groups are some ways to reduce and manage stress. If you have anxiety or depression, talk to your provider about strategies to help.
+
+Some types of complementary and alternative therapies may help reduce stress, such as:
+
+Getting support from loved ones may also be helpful.",,,"collapse, ventricular fibrillation, erratic heartbeat, arrhythmia, irregularly fast heartbeat, loss of consciousness"
+1069,Vocal cord paralysis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vocal-cord-paralysis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378873,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vocal-cord-paralysis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378878,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vocal-cord-paralysis/doctors-departments/ddc-20378879,"Vocal cord paralysis is a condition that causes the loss of control of the muscles that control the voice. It happens when the nerve impulses to the voice box, also called the larynx, are disrupted. This results in paralysis of the vocal cord muscles.
+Vocal cord paralysis can make it hard to speak and even breathe. The vocal cords, also called vocal folds, do more than just produce sound. They also protect the airway. They prevent food, drink and even saliva from entering the windpipe and causing a person to choke.
+Possible causes of vocal cord paralysis include nerve damage during surgery, viral infections and certain cancers. Treatment for vocal cord paralysis usually involves surgery, and sometimes voice therapy.","Vocal cord paralysis usually involves the loss of control of only one vocal cord. Paralysis of both vocal cords is a rare but serious condition. This can make it hard to speak and can cause trouble with breathing and swallowing.
+The vocal cords are two flexible bands of muscle tissue that sit at the entrance to the windpipe, also known as the trachea. When speaking, the bands come together and vibrate to make sound. The rest of the time, the vocal cords are relaxed in an open position so that you can breathe.
+Symptoms of vocal cord paralysis may include:
+A breathy quality to the voice.
+Hoarseness.
+Noisy breathing.
+Shortness of breath.
+Loss of vocal pitch.
+Choking or coughing while swallowing food, drink or saliva.
+The need to take several breaths while speaking.
+Inability to speak loudly.
+Loss of a gag reflex.
+Ineffective coughing.
+Frequent throat clearing.",Contact your healthcare professional if you have a hoarse voice that can't be explained and that lasts for more than 2 to 4 weeks. Also see your healthcare professional if you notice any voice changes or discomfort.,"Vocal cord paralysis happens when nerve impulses to the voice box, known as the larynx, are disrupted. This causes the muscle to become paralyzed. Often the exact cause of vocal cord paralysis isn't known. But some known causes may include:
+Injury to the vocal cord during surgery.Surgery on or near the neck or upper chest can result in damage to the nerves that serve the voice box. Surgeries that carry a risk of damage include surgeries to the thyroid or parathyroid glands, esophagus, neck, and chest.
+Neck or chest injury.Trauma to the neck or chest may injure the nerves that serve the vocal cords or the voice box itself.
+Stroke.A stroke interrupts blood flow in the brain and may damage the part of the brain that sends messages to the voice box.
+Tumors.Tumors, both cancerous and noncancerous, can grow in or around the muscles, cartilage or nerves controlling the function of the voice box. This can cause vocal cord paralysis.
+Infections.Some infections, such as Lyme disease, Epstein-Barr virus and herpes, can cause inflammation and directly damage the nerves in the voice box. There's some evidence that infection with COVID-19 may cause vocal cord paralysis.
+Neurological conditions.Certain neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease, can lead to vocal cord paralysis.","Risk factors for vocal cord paralysis include:
+Having throat or chest surgery.People who need surgery on their thyroid, throat or upper chest have an increased risk of vocal cord nerve damage. Sometimes the breathing tubes used in surgery or to help people breathe when they're having serious respiratory trouble can damage the vocal cord nerves.
+Having a neurological condition.People with certain neurological conditions — such as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis — are more likely to develop vocal cord weakness or paralysis.","Breathing problems associated with vocal cord paralysis may be so mild that you just have a hoarse-sounding voice. Or they can be so serious that they're life-threatening.
+Vocal cord paralysis keeps the opening to the airway from completely opening or closing. This can cause someone to choke on or inhale food or liquid, known as aspiration. Aspiration that leads to severe pneumonia is rare but serious and requires immediate medical care.",,"To diagnose vocal cord paralysis, your healthcare professional asks about your symptoms and lifestyle. Your care professional also listens to your voice and asks how long you've had voice changes. You also may need the following tests:
+Laryngoscopy.Your healthcare professional looks at your vocal cords using a mirror or a thin, flexible tube known as a laryngoscope or endoscope, or both. You also may have a test called videostrobolaryngoscopy. It uses a special scope that contains a tiny camera at its tip or a larger camera connected to the scope's viewing piece.These special high-magnification endoscopes allow your healthcare professional to view your vocal cords directly or on a video monitor. The tests reveal the movement and position of the vocal cords. This can tell your healthcare professional whether one or both vocal cords are affected.
+Laryngeal electromyography.This test measures the electrical currents in your voice box muscles. To do this, small needles are inserted into the vocal cord muscles through the skin of the neck.This test isn't used to guide treatment, but it may give an estimate about how well you may recover. This test is most useful when it's done between six weeks and six months after your symptoms began.
+Blood tests and scans.Several diseases may cause nerve injuries. You may need additional tests to find the cause of the paralysis. Tests may include bloodwork, X-rays, MRI or CT scans.","Treatment of vocal cord paralysis depends on the cause, how serious the symptoms are and when symptoms began. Treatment may include voice therapy, bulk injections, surgery or a combination of treatments.
+In some instances, you may get better without surgical treatment. For this reason, your healthcare team may delay permanent surgery for at least a year from the beginning of your vocal cord paralysis.
+However, surgical treatment with various bulk injections is often done within the first three months of voice loss.
+During the waiting period for surgery, you may get voice therapy to help keep you from using your voice improperly while the nerves heal.","Vocal cord paralysis can be frustrating and affect your daily life. It can be hard to communicate with other people. A speech therapist can help you develop the skills you need to communicate.
+Even if you're not able to get back the voice you once had, voice therapy can help you learn effective ways to make up for it. In addition, a speech-language pathologist can teach you how to use your voice without causing further damage to the vocal cords.","You're likely to first see your healthcare professional about vocal cord paralysis. But if both vocal cords are paralyzed, you'll probably first be seen in a hospital emergency department.
+After the initial assessment, you'll likely be referred to a doctor who specializes in ear, nose and throat conditions. You also may be referred to a speech-language pathologist for voice assessment and therapy.
+It's helpful to arrive well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready and what to expect.",,"breathy quality to the voice, coughing while swallowing food, throat, inability to speak loudly, hoarseness, need to take several breaths, loss of gag reflex, noisy breathing, cord paralysis, frequent throat clearing, loss of vocal pitch, choking or coughing, ineffective coughing, shortness of breath"
+1074,Common warts,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-warts/symptoms-causes/syc-20371125,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-warts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371131,,"Common warts are small, grainy skin growths that occur most often on the fingers or hands. They're rough to the touch and often have tiny black dots. These dots are clotted blood vessels.
+Common warts are caused by a virus and are transmitted by touch. It can take 2 to 6 months for a wart to develop. The warts are usually harmless and over time go away on their own. But many people choose to remove them because they find them bothersome or embarrassing.","Common warts symptoms include:
+Small, fleshy, grainy bumps on the fingers or hands.
+Feeling rough to the touch.
+A sprinkling of black dots, which are clotted blood vessels.","See a healthcare professional for common warts if:
+The growths hurt, bleed, burn or itch.
+You've tried treating the warts, but they persist, spread or come back.
+The growths are bothersome or interfere with activities.
+You're unsure whether the growths are warts.
+You have many warts.
+You have a weak immune system.
+Warts show up on the face, feet or genitals.","Common warts are caused by the human papillomavirus, also called HPV. There are more than 100 types of this common virus, but only a few cause warts on the hands. Some strains ofHPVare spread through sexual contact. But most are spread by casual skin contact or shared objects, such as towels or washcloths. The virus usually spreads through breaks in the skin, such as hangnails or scrapes. Biting your nails also can cause warts to spread on your fingertips and around your nails.
+Each person's immune system responds toHPVdifferently. So not everyone who comes in contact withHPVdevelops warts.","People at higher risk of developing common warts include:
+Children and young adults.
+People with weakened immune systems, such as those withHIV/AIDSor those who have had organ transplants.
+People with the habit of nail biting or picking at hangnails.",,"To help prevent common warts:
+Don't touch or pick at warts, including your own.
+Don't use the same emery board, pumice stone or nail clipper on your warts as you use on healthy skin and nails. Use a disposable emery board.
+Don't bite your fingernails or pick at hangnails.
+Groom with care. And avoid brushing, clipping or shaving areas that have warts.
+Avoid shared hot tubs, showers and warm baths. And don't share washcloths or towels.
+Use hand moisturizer daily. This helps prevent dry, cracked skin.","In most cases, a healthcare professional can diagnose a common wart with one or more of these techniques:
+Examining the wart.
+Scraping off the top layer of the wart to check for dark, pinpoint dots, which are common in warts.
+Removing a small sample of the wart and sending it to a laboratory to rule out other types of skin growths. This is called a shave biopsy.","Most common warts go away without treatment, though it may take a year or two and new ones may develop nearby. Some people choose to have their warts treated by a healthcare professional because home treatment isn't working and the warts are bothersome, spreading or a cosmetic concern.
+The goals of treatment are to destroy the wart, stimulate an immune system response to fight the virus or both. Treatment may take weeks or months. Even if warts clear up with treatment, they tend to come back or spread. Your healthcare professional will likely suggest starting treatment with the least painful method, particularly when treating young children.
+Treatment for common warts includes the following approaches. Which is best for you depends on the where the wart is, your symptoms and your preferences. These methods are sometimes combined with home treatments.
+Prescription-strength peeling medicine.Wart medicines with salicylic acid work by removing layers of a wart a little bit at a time. Studies show that salicylic acid is more effective when combined with freezing or pulsed-dye laser treatment.
+5-fluoruracil.This wart medicine is applied directly to the wart and keep under a bandage for 12 weeks. This method is often used with good results in children.
+Candida antigen.This method works by injecting candida antigen into a wart. It stimulates the immune system to fight warts, even those not close to the injection site. This is an off-label use of this medicine, which means that it doesn't haveFDAapproval for removing warts. This method is often used with good results for people whose warts haven't responded to other treatments.
+Freezing.Freezing therapy administered at the office of a healthcare professional involves applying liquid nitrogen to a wart. This method also is called cryotherapy. It works by causing a blister to form under and around the wart, killing the tissue. The dead tissue sloughs off in a week or so. You'll likely need repeat treatments.Side effects of cryotherapy include pain, blistering and scarring. Because this technique can be painful, it usually isn't used to treat the warts of young children.
+Other acids.If salicylic acid or freezing isn't working, your healthcare professional might suggest trichloroacetic acid or other acids. With this method, the wart is shaved and then the acid is applied with a wooden toothpick. You'll need repeat treatments every week or so until the wart goes away.Side effects are burning, stinging and changes in skin color.
+Remove wart tissue.Your healthcare professional can use a special tool to remove part of the wart. This tool is called a curet. This treatment may be combined with other methods. The wart may return in the same area.
+Laser treatment.If other methods haven't worked, your healthcare professional might suggest laser treatment. This type of treatment is also called photo-based therapy. Examples include carbon dioxide laser, pulsed-dye laser and photodynamic therapy. Laser treatment burns the tiny blood vessels in warts. Over time the wart dies and falls off.Evidence for how well laser treatments work is limited.A carbon dioxide laser can cause pain and scarring.",,You'll likely start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. But you may be referred to a specialist in disorders of the skin. This type of doctor is called a dermatologist. The following tips can help you prepare for your appointment.,,"feeling rough, black dots, fleshy, small, grainy bumps"
+1076,Plantar warts,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plantar-warts/symptoms-causes/syc-20352691,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plantar-warts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352697,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plantar-warts/doctors-departments/ddc-20352699,"Plantar warts are small, rough growths on the feet. They usually show up on the balls and heels of the feet, the areas that bear the most pressure. This pressure may also cause a wart to grow inward beneath a hard, thick layer of skin (callus).
+Plantar warts are caused by HPV. This virus enters through tiny cuts or breaks on the bottom of the feet.
+Most plantar warts aren't a serious health concern and often go away without treatment, especially in children under 12. To get rid of them sooner, you can try self-care treatments or see your health care provider.","Plantar wart signs and symptoms include:
+A small, rough growth on the bottom of your foot, usually at the base of the toes or on the ball or heel
+On brown and Black skin, the growth may be lighter than unaffected skin
+Hard, thickened skin (callus) over a spot on the skin, where a wart has grown inward
+Black pinpoints, which are small clotted blood vessels commonly called wart seeds
+A cluster of growths on the sole of the foot (mosaic warts)
+A growth that interrupts the normal lines and ridges in the skin of your foot
+Pain or tenderness when walking or standing","See your health care provider for the growth on your foot if:
+The growth is bleeding, painful or changes in shape or color
+You've tried treating the wart, but it persists, multiplies or comes back after clearing for a time (recurs)
+Your pain interferes with your activities
+You also have diabetes or poor feeling in your feet
+You also have a weak immune system because of immune-suppressing drugs, HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders
+You aren't sure if the growth is a wart","Plantar warts are caused by an infection with HPV in the outer layer of skin on the soles of the feet. The warts develop when the virus enters through tiny cuts, breaks or weak spots on the bottom of the foot. If left untreated, warts can last from a few months to 2 years in children, and several years in in adults.
+HPV is very common, and more than 100 kinds of the virus exist. But only a few of them cause warts on the feet. Other types of HPV are more likely to cause warts on other areas of your skin or on mucous membranes.","Anyone can develop plantar warts, but this type of wart is more likely to affect:
+Children and teenagers
+People with weak immune systems
+People who have had plantar warts before
+People who walk barefoot in areas where a wart-causing virus is common, such as locker rooms and swimming pools","When plantar warts cause pain, you may alter your normal posture or gait — perhaps without realizing it. Eventually, this change in how you stand, walk or run can cause muscle or joint discomfort.","To help prevent plantar warts:
+Avoid direct contact with warts. This includes your own warts. Wash your hands carefully after touching a wart.
+Keep your feet clean and dry.
+Wear sandals or other foot protection when walking around swimming pools, in locker rooms or in gym showers.
+Don't pick at or scratch warts.
+When using an emery board, pumice stone or nail clipper on your warts, choose one that you don't use on your healthy skin and nails.",A health care provider usually diagnoses a plantar wart by looking at it or cutting off the top layer with a scalpel and checking for dots. The dots are tiny clotted blood vessels. Or your health care provider might cut off a small section of the growth and send it to a lab for testing.,"Most plantar warts are harmless and go away without treatment, though it may take a year or two in children, and even longer in adults. If you want to get rid of warts sooner, and self-care approaches haven't helped, talk with your health care provider. Using one or more of the following treatments may help:
+Freezing medicine (cryotherapy).Cryotherapy is done in a clinic and involves applying liquid nitrogen to the wart, either with a spray or a cotton swab. This method can be painful, so your health care provider may numb the area first.The freezing causes a blister to form around your wart, and the dead tissue sloughs off within a week or so. Cryotherapy may also stimulate your immune system to fight viral warts. You may need to return to the clinic for repeat treatments every 2 to 3 weeks until the wart disappears.Possible side effects of cryotherapy are pain, blisters and permanent changes in skin color (hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation), particularly in people with brown or Black skin.
+Stronger peeling medicine (salicylic acid).Prescription-strength wart medications with salicylic acid work by removing a wart a layer at a time. They may also boost your immune system's ability to fight the wart.Your health care provider will likely suggest you apply the medicine regularly at home, followed by occasional office visits. It might take weeks to remove the wart using this method.",,"You'll likely start by seeing your primary care provider, who may then refer you to a specialist in disorders of the skin (dermatologist) or feet (podiatrist). The following tips can help you prepare for your appointment.","Many people have removed warts with these self-care tips:
+Peeling medicine (salicylic acid).Nonprescription wart removal products are sold as a patch, gel or liquid. You'll likely be instructed to wash the site, soak it in warm water, and gently remove the top layer of softened skin with a pumice stone or emery board. Then after the skin has dried, you apply the solution or patch. Patches are often changed every 24 to 48 hours. Liquid products are used daily. It might take weeks to remove the wart using this method.
+Freezing medicine (cryotherapy).Nonprescription medicines that freeze the wart include Compound W Freeze Off and Dr. Scholl's Freeze Away. The Food and Drug Administration cautions that some wart removers are flammable and shouldn't be used around fire, flame, heat sources (such as curling irons) and lit cigarettes.
+Duct tape.Using duct tape to remove warts is a harmless but unproven approach. To try it, cover the wart with silver duct tape, changing it every few days. Between applications, soak the wart and gently remove dead tissue with a pumice stone or emery board. Then leave the wart open to the air to dry for a few hours before covering it with tape again.
+In general, no matter which treatment you try, do these two things:
+Cover the wart to help prevent it from spreading to other parts of the body or to other people.
+Wash your hands after touching the wart.
+If a plantar wart goes away after treatment and another wart grows, it could be because the area was exposed again to HPV.","pain, black pinpoints, growths, hard skin, rough growth, wart, thickened skin, tenderness"
+1078,Swollen knee,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swollen-knee/symptoms-causes/syc-20378129,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swollen-knee/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378134,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swollen-knee/doctors-departments/ddc-20378135,"A swollen knee occurs when excess fluid collects in or around your knee joint. Healthcare professionals might refer to this condition as an effusion (uh-FU-zhun) in your knee joint.
+
+A swollen knee may be the result of trauma, overuse injuries, or an underlying disease or condition. To find the cause of the swelling, your healthcare team might need to test a sample of the fluid for infection, disease or blood from an injury.
+
+Removing some of the fluid may help reduce the pain and stiffness associated with the swelling. Once the underlying cause is known, treatment can begin.",Signs and symptoms typically include:,"See your healthcare professional if self-care measures, such as ice and rest, don't improve symptoms. Seek immediate medical attention if one knee has a change in skin color and feels warm to the touch compared with your other knee. This can be a sign of infection within the joint.",Many things can cause a swollen knee. They include traumatic injuries to diseases and other conditions.,Factors that may increase your risk of a swollen knee include:,Complications of a swollen knee can include:,A swollen knee is typically the result of an injury or chronic health condition. To manage your overall health and prevent injuries:,Your healthcare team is likely to start with a detailed history and physical examination. After that you likely will need tests to find out what's causing your swollen knee.,"Treatment varies depending on the cause of the swollen knee, its severity and your medical history.",,You may be referred to a healthcare professional who specializes in musculoskeletal and joint problems.,,"and I'll be happy to extract the medical symptoms for you., There is no paragraph provided. Please provide the paragraph"
+1079,Granulomatosis with polyangiitis,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/granulomatosis-with-polyangiitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351088,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/granulomatosis-with-polyangiitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351093,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/granulomatosis-with-polyangiitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351095,"Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare disease that causes swelling, also called inflammation, of small blood vessels. This condition mainly affects blood vessels in the nose, sinuses, throat, lungs and kidneys. But it can affect any organ.
+GPA used to be called Wegener granulomatosis. It's one of a group of blood vessel diseases called vasculitis. GPA slows blood flow to some organs. The affected tissues can develop inflamed areas called granulomas. Granulomas can damage these organs and affect how they work.
+Symptoms of GPA vary. At first, the symptoms can seem like those of a cold. Other symptoms depend on which organs the disease affects. The cause of GPA isn't clear, but the immune system may play a role.
+It's important for healthcare professionals to find and treat GPA as soon as possible. Early treatment can help people live full lives. Without treatment, the condition can lead to organ damage that sometimes is fatal.","Symptoms of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) can vary widely from person to person. Symptoms can start quickly, or they can develop over months.
+Early on, GPA can cause general symptoms such as:
+Fever.
+Tiredness and not feeling well, also called malaise.
+Weight loss without a clear reason for it.
+Muscle aches and pain.
+Joint stiffness.
+Specific symptoms depend on what parts of the body GPA affects.","GPA symptoms can seem like those of some other health conditions. Early symptoms may feel like a cold or flu and can last for weeks or longer. See your healthcare professional if you have a runny nose that doesn't get better with cold medicines. Be sure to get a healthcare checkup if you have a runny nose along with:
+Nosebleeds and pus-like fluid.
+Bloody cough.
+Any other symptoms of granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
+The disease can become worse quickly. Without treatment, it can lead to other serious health conditions called complications. That's why it's important for a healthcare professional to find it and start treatment early.","The exact cause of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) isn't clear. The immune system may play a role. Some white blood cells may not function as they should, and they may be involved in the disease. The immune system makes proteins called antibodies that protect the body from germs such as viruses and bacteria. GPA has been linked with the presence of certain antibodies that attack healthy cells by mistake.
+The condition can lead to inflamed, narrowed blood vessels and harmful, inflamed tissue masses called granulomas. Granulomas can destroy healthy tissue. And narrowed blood vessels lower the amount of blood and oxygen that reaches tissues and organs.
+GPA doesn't spread from person to person. And it likely doesn't pass from parents to children through genes.","Age is a risk factor for granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Most often, the disease affects people between the ages of 40 and 65. But it can happen at any age.","Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) can lead to other health conditions called complications. The complications depend on which organs or body parts the disease affects. They can include:
+Hearing loss.
+A loss of height in the bridge of the nose caused by weakened cartilage.
+Skin sores or scarring.
+Kidney damage or kidney failure.
+Bleeding and scarring of the lungs.
+A blood clot that forms in one or more deep veins, usually in the leg.
+Heart conditions such as swelling of the sac that surrounds the heart.
+Rarely, stroke or vision loss.",,Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare team takes to find out if you have granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Your healthcare professional asks you about your symptoms and health history. You also get a physical exam. You may need other tests as well.,"Treatment for granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) includes medicines to get the disease under control and keep it from coming back. Along with getting care from your regular healthcare professional, you'll likely need treatment and follow-up care from various specialists. The specialists that you need depend on the organs that the disease affects. With early treatment, many people who have GPA get better and lead full lives.","You're likely to get better after treatment for granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Even so, you might feel stress about the disease coming back or the damage it can cause. Here are some tips to help you cope:
+Understand your condition.Learn all that you can about GPA. The knowledge may help you deal with complications, medicine side effects and relapses. Talk with your healthcare professional. You also might want to talk with a counselor or a medical social worker.
+Build a strong support system.Family and friends can help you cope. And you might find it helpful and comforting to talk with other people who are living with the condition. Ask a member of your healthcare team about how to connect with a support group.","You're likely to start by seeing your usual healthcare professional. You also might be referred to a specialist such as:
+A doctor called a rheumatologist who treats conditions of the joints, muscles, and immune system.
+A doctor called a pulmonologist who treats lung conditions.
+A doctor called an otolaryngologists who treats ear, nose, and throat conditions.
+A kidney doctor called a nephrologist.
+A doctor called a neurologist who treats conditions of the nervous system.
+A specialist likely will be the one to find out if you have granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
+Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"pain, malaise, joint stiffness, granulomatosis, tiredness, fever, muscle aches, weight loss, polyangiitis"
+1082,Pediatric white blood cell disorders,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20352674,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20582387,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/doctors-departments/ddc-20352676,"Children with pediatric white blood cell disorders have too few or too many white blood cells. White blood cells, called leukocytes, are part of the immune system. They come from bone marrow and help fight infections. Several conditions can cause having too few or too many white blood cells.
+A low white blood cell count, also called leukopenia, means having too few leukocytes in the blood. A long-term low white blood cell count raises the risk of infections.
+A high white blood cell count, also called leukocytosis, means having too many leukocytes in the blood. This most often is from an infection.","Symptoms depend on the type of white blood cell and whether there are too few or too many of them. Symptoms might be those of infections, conditions in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues, called autoimmune conditions, allergies and certain cancers.",,The cause of pediatric white blood cell disorders depends on the type of white blood cell that's affected.,"The following factors can raise the risk of pediatric white blood cell disorders:
+Family history.
+Infections.
+Cancer.
+Allergies.
+Conditions in which the body attacks its own cells, called autoimmune conditions.
+Certain medicines.",,,Diagnosis of pediatric white blood cell disorder involves a detailed medical history and physical exam. Blood tests are key to diagnosing pediatric white blood cell disorders. Your healthcare professional may order other tests depending on the suspected cause.,Treatment depends on the type of condition caused by the high or low white blood cell count and the underlying cause. Treatment for infection might involve antibiotics or antiviral or antifungal medicines.,,"If your child has symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with your child's main healthcare professional. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.",,"cancers, infections, autoimmune conditions, allergies"
+1084,Impacted wisdom teeth,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wisdom-teeth/symptoms-causes/syc-20373808,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wisdom-teeth/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373813,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wisdom-teeth/doctors-departments/ddc-20373814,"Wisdom teeth, the third molars at the back of the mouth, are the last adult teeth to come in. Most people have four wisdom teeth — two on the top and two on the bottom. When wisdom teeth become impacted, they don't have enough room to emerge or develop in the usual way.
+Impacted wisdom teeth can cause pain, damage other teeth and lead to other dental problems. Sometimes they don't cause any problems. But because wisdom teeth are hard to clean, they may be more prone to tooth decay and gum disease than other teeth.
+Impacted wisdom teeth that cause pain or other dental problems usually are taken out. Some dentists and oral surgeons also recommend taking out impacted wisdom teeth that don't cause symptoms to prevent future problems.","Impacted wisdom teeth don't always cause symptoms. But when an impacted wisdom tooth becomes infected, damages other teeth or causes other dental problems, you may have some of these symptoms:
+Red or swollen gums.
+Tender or bleeding gums.
+Jaw pain.
+Swelling around the jaw.
+Bad breath.
+An unpleasant taste in your mouth.
+A hard time opening your mouth.",See your dentist if you have symptoms in the area behind your last molar that may be related to an impacted wisdom tooth.,"Wisdom teeth become impacted because they don't have enough room to come in or develop in the usual way.
+Wisdom teeth usually emerge sometime between the ages of 17 and 26. Some people have wisdom teeth that emerge behind the second molars without any problems and line up with the other teeth. But in many cases, the mouth is too crowded for proper development of third molars. These crowded third molars become impacted.
+An impacted wisdom tooth may partially emerge so that some of the crown is visible. This is called a partially impacted wisdom tooth. If the tooth never breaks through the gums, it's called a fully impacted wisdom tooth.
+Whether partially or fully impacted, the tooth may:
+Grow at an angle toward the next tooth, which is the second molar.
+Grow at an angle toward the back of the mouth.
+Grow at a right angle to the other teeth, as if the wisdom tooth is ""lying down"" within the jawbone.
+Grow straight up or down like other teeth but stay trapped within the jawbone.",Risk factors that can lead to impacted wisdom teeth include lack of space or a blockage that keeps the teeth from emerging properly.,"Impacted wisdom teeth can cause several problems in the mouth, including:
+Damage to other teeth.If the wisdom tooth pushes against the second molar, it may damage the second molar or raise the risk of infection in that area. This pressure also can cause problems with crowding of the other teeth or require orthodontic treatment to straighten other teeth.
+Cysts.Wisdom teeth develop in sacs within the jawbone. The sacs can fill with fluid, forming cysts that can damage the jawbone, teeth and nerves. Rarely, a tumor develops. This type of tumor is usually noncancerous, also called benign. But tissue and bone may need to be taken out due to this problem.
+Decay.Partially impacted wisdom teeth appear to be at higher risk of getting cavities compared toother teeth. This is because the position of wisdom teeth when they are impacted makes them harder to clean. Also, food and bacteria can get trapped easily between the gum and a partially erupted tooth.
+Gum disease.It's hard to clean impacted, partially erupted wisdom teeth. So you're more likely to get a painful, inflammatory gum condition called pericoronitis (per-ih-kor-o-NI-tis) in those areas.",You can't keep an impaction from occurring. But keeping regular six-month dental appointments for cleaning and checkups allows your dentist to watch the growth and emergence of your wisdom teeth. Regularly updated dental X-rays may show impacted wisdom teeth before any symptoms start.,"Your dentist or oral surgeon can look at your teeth and mouth to see if you have impacted wisdom teeth or another condition that could be causing your symptoms. Such exams typically include:
+Questions about your dental symptoms and general health.
+Checks of the condition of your teeth and gums.
+Dental X-rays that can show impacted teeth as well as symptoms of damage to teeth or bone.","If your impacted wisdom teeth are hard to treat or if you have medical conditions that may raise surgical risks, your dentist likely will ask you to see an oral surgeon. The oral surgeon can talk with you about the best course of action.","Needing to have a tooth taken out may cause you to feel worried or anxious, but delaying care can lead to serious and lasting problems. It's important to talk with your dentist about your concerns. It's common to be very nervous. This is nothing to be embarrassed about. Ask your dentist for ways to ease your anxiety and discomfort.
+Many dentists offer ways to ease nervousness or anxiety, such as listening to music or watching videos. You may be able to bring along a supportive family member or friend. You also can learn relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing and imagery. If you have severe anxiety, you likely will be referred to an oral surgeon. An oral surgeon can provide medicines or sedative techniques that may reduce your level of anxiety and allow for the procedure to be completed more comfortably and safely.","If you're having symptoms or other dental problems that may suggest an impacted wisdom tooth, see your dentist as soon as possible. Your dentist may ask you these questions:
+What symptoms are you having?
+When did your symptoms begin?
+Does anything worsen symptoms, such as chewing toward the back of your mouth?
+Have you noticed any bleeding while brushing or flossing your teeth?
+How do you usually clean your teeth?",,"pain, red or swollen gums, tender or bleeding gums, swelling around the jaw, bleeding, tooth, jaw pain, bad breath, hard time opening your mouth, damages, unpleasant taste in your mouth"
+1086,Wrinkles,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wrinkles/symptoms-causes/syc-20354927,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wrinkles/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354931,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wrinkles/doctors-departments/ddc-20354933,"Wrinkles are a natural part of aging. These lines and creases in the skin are most likely to form on skin that's often exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, hands and forearms. Pollutants and smoking also speed the aging process. Using sunscreen every day and quitting smoking help prevent some wrinkling.
+If your wrinkles bother you, many options are available to help smooth them or make them less visible. These include medicines, skin-resurfacing techniques, fillers and surgery.","Wrinkles are the lines and creases that form in your skin. Some wrinkles become deep and may be especially noticeable around the eyes, mouth and neck.","If you're concerned about how your skin looks, see a doctor who specializes in the skin. This type of expert is called a dermatologist. Your doctor can assess your skin, help you create a skin care plan and discuss wrinkle treatments.","Wrinkles are caused by several factors — some you can control, others you can't:
+Age.With aging, the skin naturally becomes less elastic and drier, with less fat and collagen in the deeper layers. This process results in the lines and creases typical of wrinkling. It also causes loose, saggy skin.
+Ultraviolet (UV) radiation.Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight and other sources speeds the skin's aging process, especially in people who tend to sunburn easily. It breaks down the elastin fibers and collagen in skin. Without these supportive connective tissues, the skin loses strength and flexibility.
+Smoking and pollution.Smoking and air pollutants speed the aging process.
+Repeated facial expressions.Facial movements and expressions lead to fine lines and wrinkles. For example, every time you squint, smile and frown, tiny grooves form beneath the surface of the skin. As skin ages, it loses its flexibility and can no longer spring back. These grooves then become features of the face.
+Family history.The genes you inherit play a big part in the look and feel of your skin.",,,"Here are some tips for slowing the effects of sun exposure and other causes of wrinkles:
+Protect your skin fromUVradiation.Avoid indoor tanning and limit the time you spend in the sun, especially midday. When you're in the sun, wear sun-protective clothing, such as wide-brimmed hats, long-sleeved shirts and sunglasses. Also, use sunscreen every day year-round. Choose a broad-spectrum sunscreen with anSPFof at least 30, even on cloudy days. Apply sunscreen generously. Reapply every two hours, or more often if you're swimming or sweating.
+Wash your face and moisturize.Dry skin shrivels plump skin cells, which can lead to fine lines and wrinkles. Make it a habit to gently wash your face and moisturize it every day. Moisturizing traps water in the skin.Moisturizers often have active ingredients that are intended to reduce fine lines and wrinkles. Look for ingredients such as retinol, niacinamide and vitamin C. Many such products also come with a broad-spectrum sunscreen in them. Read the product labels for when and how to apply. Products with retinol or retinoids are not for use when pregnant.Another option you can buy without a prescription is adapalene (Differin). This is a vitamin A-derived product that can help prevent fine lines and wrinkles.It may take a few weeks or even months of regular use of the product before you notice any improvement in your skin. Or you may see no change at all. Moisturizers and wrinkle creams that you can buy without a prescription aren't classified as medicine, so they aren't required to undergo scientific research to prove they work. If you're not happy with the results, talk with your healthcare team about moisturizers with prescription-strength anti-wrinkle ingredients, such as retinoids.
+Don't smoke.Even if you've smoked for years or smoke heavily, you can still improve your skin and prevent wrinkles by quitting smoking.
+Eat a healthy diet.There is some evidence that certain vitamins in your diet help protect the skin. More study is needed on the role of nutrition in preventing wrinkles, but it's good to eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.","A diagnosis of wrinkles involves looking at the skin to assess the lines and creases and what may have caused them. Your doctor also talks with you about your medical history and what's important to you. This discussion helps inform the decision on which treatments might best meet your needs and goals related to results, side effects and recovery time.","Several wrinkle treatment options are available to help smooth wrinkles. Your doctor may suggest two or more treatments for the best result.
+Prescription creams and serums.Your doctor may prescribe an anti-wrinkle product with prescription-strength retinoids. This ingredient is derived from vitamin A. These creams and serums are intended to reduce fine wrinkles and splotches. You may need to use the product for a few weeks or months before you notice improvement. Examples are tretinoin (Renova, Retin-A), tazarotene (Avage, Tazorac) and adapalene (Differin). Differin is now available without a prescription. Retinoids might cause a rash, burning or dryness. Products with retinoids are not for use when pregnant.Retinoids can make the skin sensitive to the sun, so you may be advised to use the product at bedtime. If you use it during the day, also apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with anSPFof at least 30. And wear protective clothing, such as a wide-brimmed hat.
+Botox injections.When injected in small doses into specific muscles, Botox prevents the muscles from moving. This helps skin look smoother.Botox works well on frown lines between the eyebrows and across the forehead and on crow's-feet. It may take up to seven days to see results. The effect typically lasts a few months. Repeat injections are needed to maintain results.Possible side effects are headache, droopy eyelids, and pain, swelling, or bruising at the injection site.
+Chemical peel.A chemical peel may be done as an outpatient procedure. Often numbing is not required. You may be given medicine to put you in a sleep-like state for extensive resurfacing. Then a member of your healthcare team applies a chemical solution to the skin to remove the top layers. The skin that grows back is smoother. Depending on the depth of the peel, you may need several treatments before you see a difference in your skin.Possible side effects include scarring, infection and changes in skin color of the treated area. People with brown or Black skin have a higher risk of long-term skin color changes.
+Facial fillers.Facial fillers are products injected into the skin. The fillers plump and smooth lines and creases. Examples are calcium hydroxylapatite (Radiesse), poly-L-lactic acid (Sculptra) and hyaluronic acid (Restylane, Juvederm, others). It may take 1 to 3 sessions to achieve the result you're looking for. After about six months, repeat injections are needed to maintain results.Possible side effects are inflamed skin, bruising and changes in skin color. These tend to clear up within weeks.
+Laser resurfacing.Laser resurfacing is a general term for facial rejuvenation procedures that use energy to improve the skin's appearance. These procedures can smooth the skin, but they can't fix sagging skin.A method called ablative laser resurfacing uses a beam of energy to destroy the outer layer of skin and heat the underlying skin. This stimulates the growth of collagen. As the wound heals, the new collagen leads to smoother, tighter skin. On average, it takes 7 to 10 days to recover.A method called nonablative laser resurfacing also stimulates collagen growth, but it's a less aggressive approach with more subtle results. It has a shorter recovery time than does the ablative method. Nonablative resurfacing can be a good option for people with moderate wrinkles.Either of these methods can be done with a fractional laser, which leaves microscopic columns of untreated tissue throughout the treatment area. A procedure done with a fractional laser may have a shorter recovery time and reduce the risk of side effects. You'll likely need more than one treatment session.Laser resurfacing risks include scarring, infection and skin color changes in the treated area. People with brown or Black skin have a higher risk of long-term skin color changes. If this is a concern, seek out an expert with experience in selecting lasers and settings for a range of skin colors. Before treatment, talk with your doctor about any history of hyperpigmentation or keloid formation.
+Deoxycholic acid injections.Deoxycholic acid (Kybella) injections are used to treat excess fat under the chin. This condition is often called a double chin. Deoxycholic acid is injected under the skin. It works to dissolve the extra fat cells. The result is a reduction in fullness under the chin. Repeat injections are usually needed.Possible side effects are swelling, pain, numbness, bruising and hardness under the skin in the treated area.
+Face-lift and neck lift.Face-lift surgery involves lifting the skin and tightening the underlying muscle and tissues. The goal is to improve the look of the jawline, neck and lower face. A neck lift is often done at the same time. A face-lift won't correct fine wrinkles, sun damage, uneven skin color, or creases around the nose and upper lip.These surgeries may be done in a hospital or an outpatient surgical facility. Before the procedure, you're given an injection to numb the treatment area, medicine to relax you or medicine to put you in a sleep-like state.Risks include bleeding, infection and a collection of blood under the skin, which is called a hematoma. Healing times can be lengthy. Bruising and swelling won't clear up for several weeks after surgery.Face-lift and neck lift results aren't permanent. You may choose to undergo another surgery several years later.
+Products, procedures and surgeries to enhance your appearance usually aren't covered by insurance. Also, many of these treatments can have side effects, so be sure to discuss them with your doctor. Ask how many times they've done the treatment you're considering and if they have experience in treating people with your skin color.",,"When you make an appointment with a dermatologist, it's a good idea to prepare for your appointment by making a list of questions you want answered. For wrinkles, some basic questions to ask include:
+What is the best course of action?
+What are my treatment options and the pros and cons of each?
+What do the treatments cost? Does medical insurance usually cover these treatments?
+What results can I expect?
+How often will I need to repeat the treatment?
+What kind of follow-up, if any, will I have?
+Don't hesitate to ask any other questions you have.",,"lines, creases, deep wrinkles"
+1087,Broken wrist,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-wrist/symptoms-causes/syc-20353169,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-wrist/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353175,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-wrist/doctors-departments/ddc-20353176,"A broken wrist is a break or crack in one or more of the bones of your wrist. The most common of these injuries occurs in the wrist when people try to catch themselves during a fall and land hard on an outstretched hand.
+You may be at higher risk of a broken wrist if you participate in sports like in-line skating or snowboarding, or if you have a condition in which bones become thinner and more fragile (osteoporosis).
+It's important to treat a broken wrist as soon as possible. Otherwise, the bones might not heal in proper alignment, which might affect your ability to do everyday activities, such as writing or buttoning a shirt. Early treatment will also help minimize pain and stiffness.","A broken wrist might cause these signs and symptoms:
+Severe pain that might worsen when gripping or squeezing or moving your hand or wrist
+Swelling
+Tenderness
+Bruising
+Obvious deformity, such as a bent wrist",,"A broken wrist can be caused by:
+Falls.Falling onto an outstretched hand is one of the most common causes of a broken wrist.
+Sports injuries.Many wrist fractures occur during contact sports or sports in which you might fall onto an outstretched hand — such as in-line skating or snowboarding.
+Motor vehicle crashes.Motor vehicle crashes can cause wrist bones to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair.",Participating in certain sports activities and having the bone-thinning disease osteoporosis can increase your chances of breaking a wrist.,"Complications of a broken wrist are rare, but they might include:
+Ongoing stiffness, aching or disability.Stiffness, pain or aching in the affected area generally goes away eventually after your cast is removed or after surgery. However, some people have permanent stiffness or pain. Be patient with your recovery, and talk to your doctor about exercises that might help or for a referral to physical or occupational therapy.
+Osteoarthritis.Fractures that extend into a joint can cause arthritis years later. If your wrist starts to hurt or swell long after a break, see your doctor for an evaluation.
+Nerve or blood vessel damage.Trauma to the wrist can injure adjacent nerves and blood vessels. Seek immediate attention if you have numbness or circulation problems.",It's impossible to prevent the unforeseen events that often cause a broken wrist. But these tips might offer some protection.,The diagnosis of a broken wrist generally includes a physical exam of the affected hand and X-rays.,"If the broken ends of the bone aren't aligned properly, there can be gaps between the pieces of bone or fragments might overlap. Your doctor will need to manipulate the pieces back into position, a procedure known as a reduction. Depending on the amount of pain and swelling you have, you might need a local or general anesthetic before this procedure.
+Whatever your treatment, it's important to move your fingers regularly while the fracture is healing to keep them from stiffening. Ask your doctor about the best ways to move them. If you smoke, quit. Smoking can delay or prevent bone healing.",,"You might first seek treatment for a broken wrist in an emergency room or urgent care clinic. If the pieces of broken bone aren't lined up properly to allow healing with immobilization, you might be referred to a doctor specializing in orthopedic surgery.",,"pain, swelling, deformity, tenderness, bruising"
+1088,Dry skin,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-skin/symptoms-causes/syc-20353885,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-skin/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353891,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-skin/doctors-departments/ddc-20353893,"Dry skin makes the skin look and feel rough, itchy, flaky or scaly. The location where these dry patches form vary from person to person. It's a common condition that affects people of all ages.
+Dry skin, also known as xerosis or xeroderma, has many causes, including cold or dry weather, sun damage, harsh soaps, and overbathing.
+You can do a lot on your own to improve dry skin, including moisturizing and practicing sun protection year-round. Try various products and skin care routines to find an approach that works for you.","Dry skin is often temporary or seasonal — you might get it only in winter, for example — or you might need to treat it long term. Signs and symptoms of dry skin might vary based on your age, health status, skin tone, living environment and sun exposure. They include:
+A feeling of skin tightness
+Skin that feels and looks rough
+Itchiness (pruritus)
+Slight to severe flaking skin, which causes the ashy look that can affect dry brown and black skin
+Slight to severe scaling or peeling
+Cracked ""dry riverbed"" look to leg
+Fine lines or cracks
+Skin that ranges from reddish on white skin to grayish on brown and black skin
+Deep cracks that may bleed","Most cases of dry skin respond well to lifestyle changes and home remedies. You may need help from your primary care doctor or a doctor who specializes in skin conditions (dermatologist) if:
+You've tried self-care steps but your signs and symptoms persist
+Your skin becomes inflamed or painful
+You develop dry, thick skin as a side effect of cancer treatment
+Your condition makes you so uncomfortable that you're losing sleep or are distracted from your daily routines
+You have open sores or infections from scratching
+You have large areas of scaly or peeling skin","Dry skin is due to water loss from the outer layer of skin. It might be caused by:
+Heat.Central heating, wood-burning stoves, space heaters and fireplaces all reduce humidity.
+Environment.Living in cold, windy conditions or low-humidity climates.
+Too much bathing or scrubbing.Taking long, hot showers or baths or scrubbing your skin too much can dry your skin. Bathing more than once a day can remove the natural oils from your skin too.
+Harsh soaps and detergents.Many popular soaps, detergents and shampoos strip moisture from your skin because they are formulated to remove oil.
+Other skin conditions.People with skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis (eczema) or psoriasis are more likely to have dry skin.
+Medical treatments.Some people develop dry, thick skin after undergoing treatment for cancer, receiving dialysis or taking certain medications.
+Aging.As people age, the skin thins and produces less of the oils needed for the skin to retain water.","Anyone can develop dry skin. But you're more likely to develop the condition if you:
+Are over 40, as the skin's ability to retain moisture diminishes with age
+Live in cold, windy conditions or low-humidity climates
+Have a job that requires you to immerse your hands in water, such as nursing or hairstyling
+Use your hands to work with cement, clay or soil
+Swim frequently in chlorinated pools
+Have certain diseases or conditions, such as hypothyroidism, diabetes or malnutrition","Dry skin is usually harmless. But when it's not cared for, dry skin may lead to:
+Atopic dermatitis (eczema).If you're prone to develop this condition, excessive dryness can lead to activation of the disease, causing a rash and cracking skin.
+Infections.Dry skin may crack, allowing bacteria to enter, causing infections.
+These complications are most likely to occur when your skin's protective mechanisms are severely compromised. For example, severely dry skin can cause deep cracks or fissures, which can open and bleed, providing an avenue for invading bacteria.","Try these tips to help your skin retain moisture:
+Moisturize.Moisturizer seals in water to help keep your skin's protective barrier healthy. Use moisturizer throughout the day, especially on the hands. And before going outdoors, use a moisturizer that contains sunblock or a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, even on cloudy days. Apply sunscreen generously and reapply every two hours — or more often if you're swimming or sweating.
+Limit water exposure.Keep bath and shower time to 10 minutes or less. Use warm, not hot, water. Rinse and pat dry. Try to bathe no more than once a day.
+Use a gentle cleanser or allergen-free soap.Try a nonsoap cleansing cream or shower gel. Or use fragrance-free moisturizing soap with no alcohol or allergy-causing substances (hypoallergenic soap), especially if you handwash often. Rinse thoroughly and pat dry. Apply a moisturizing cream while your skin is still damp.
+Shave with care.Shaving can be drying. If you shave, use a lubricating agent before you start. Shave in the direction of hair growth, unless that irritates your skin. Use a sharp blade and rinse it with warm water after each stroke. When done, apply moisturizer.
+Cover as much skin as possible in cold or windy weather.Harsh weather can be especially drying to skin. Scarves, hats, and gloves or mittens help protect your skin when you're outdoors.
+Wear gloves.Protect your hands with suitable gloves when gardening, using harsh cleansers and doing other skin-drying activities.
+Rinse and moisturize after swimming.This is especially important if you've been swimming in a heavily chlorinated pool.
+Drink when you're thirsty.Drink noncaffeinated beverages each day to help keep all your body's tissues, including your skin, well hydrated.
+Bathe babies with care.For babies, using a cleanser every 1-2 weeks for bathing usually is enough. Otherwise, bathe them in just water. However, clean their diaper area with each diaper change. Apply a thin layer of petroleum jelly (Vaseline, Aquaphor, others) while the skin is still damp.","To diagnose dry skin, your doctor is likely to examine you and ask about your medical history. You might discuss when your dry skin started, what factors make it better or worse, what your bathing habits are, and how you care for your skin.
+Your doctor may suggest that you have some tests to see if your dry skin is being caused by a medical condition, such as an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism). Often, dry skin is a symptom of another skin condition, such as dermatitis or psoriasis.","Dry skin often responds well to lifestyle measures, such as using moisturizers and avoiding long, hot showers and baths. If you have very dry skin, your doctor may recommend a moisturizing product formulated for your needs.
+If you have a serious skin disease, a doctor may want to treat it with a prescription cream or ointment. If your dry skin becomes itchy, you may use a lotion with hydrocortisone in it. If your skin cracks open, your doctor may prescribe wet dressings to help prevent infection.",,"You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor. Sometimes, you may be referred directly to a specialist in skin diseases (dermatologist). Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.","The following measures can help keep your skin moist and healthy:
+Gently wash your face at least twice a day.Use a gentle, alcohol-free, nonfoaming cleanser on your face twice a day and after sweating. Products with stearic acid (found in shea butter) or linoleic acid (found in argan oil and others) can help repair your skin. If you have sensitive skin, wash with a cleanser in the evening and just rinse with water other times.While your skin is still damp, apply any topical medication you're using, wait a few minutes (see medication packaging for specifics), then apply your moisturizer. If you use cosmetics, consider selecting products with a cream or oil base. Use a moisturizer that contains sunblock or a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, even on cloudy days. Apply sunscreen generously and reapply every two hours — or more often if you're swimming or sweating.
+Moisturize.Apply moisturizer several times a day, especially when your skin feels dry and after handwashing or bathing, while your skin is still moist. Ask your doctor about the pros and cons of various products for your skin and condition. You may need to try several products before you find those you like, that help you and that you'll use regularly.Look for healing ingredients such as urea, ceramides, fatty acids and glycerol (also known as glycerin), shea butter, and cocoa butter. Look for fragrance-free products that don't cause acne (noncomedogenic) and don't contain allergy-causing substances (hypoallergenic). Avoid products that contain sodium lauryl sulfate, which is drying.For the face and neck, you might want to use a cream. Choose something that's easy to apply and leaves no visible residue. If you are acne-prone, avoid products on your face that contain petroleum jelly, cocoa butter or coconut oil. If you skin is very oily, try using a sunscreen instead of a moisturizer. If you have mature skin, you might prevent scaly, flaky skin by using products that contain antioxidants or alpha hydroxy acid. Moisturizers often form the basis for wrinkle creams, with added retinoids, antioxidants, peptides and other ingredients.If nonfacial skin is very dry, you might want to use a thicker moisturizer (Eucerin, Cetaphil, others) or an oil, such as baby oil. Oil has more staying power than do lotions and prevents the evaporation of water from the skin's surface. Another possibility is a petrolatum-based product (Vaseline, Aquaphor, others). If it feels too greasy, use it only at bedtime or just on tiny cracks in your skin. For very dry hands, apply petroleum jelly liberally at bedtime and put on plain cotton socks or gloves.
+Use warm water and limit bath time.Long showers or baths and hot water remove your skin's natural oils. Limit bathing to no more than once a day and no longer than 5-10 minutes. Use warm, not hot, water.
+Use allergen-free moisturizing soap.For handwashing, use fragrance-free (hypoallergenic) moisturizing soap. Then apply a moisturizing cream while your hands are still damp.In the shower or bath, try a nonsoap cleansing cream or shower gel, and use soap only in areas where needed, such as the armpits and groin. Avoid loofahs and pumice stones. Rinse thoroughly and pat dry.
+Use a humidifier.Hot, dry, indoor air can parch sensitive skin and worsen itching and flaking. A portable home humidifier or one attached to your furnace adds moisture to the air inside your home.
+Choose fabrics that are kind to your skin.Natural fibers, such as cotton, allow your skin to breathe. Wool, although natural, sometimes irritates even healthy skin.For laundry, use detergents without dyes or perfumes, both of which can irritate your skin. These types of products usually have the word ""free"" in their names.
+Relieve itchiness.If dry skin causes itchiness, apply a clean, cool, damp cloth to the affected area. You might also apply an anti-itch cream or ointment, containing at least 1% hydrocortisone.
+If these measures don't relieve your symptoms or if your symptoms worsen, see your doctor or consult a dermatologist about creating a personalized skin care plan based on your skin type and any skin condition you may have.","grayish skin, cracked skin, itchiness, scaling, skin that feels and looks rough, reddish skin, skin tightness, flaking skin, fine lines, deep cracks that may bleed, feeling of skin tightness, peeling, cracks, pruritus"
+1089,Dry mouth,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-mouth/symptoms-causes/syc-20356048,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-mouth/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356052,,"Dry mouth, also called xerostomia (zeer-o-STOE-me-uh), is when the salivary glands in the mouth don't make enough saliva to keep the mouth wet. Dry mouth often is due to aging, the side effects of certain medicines or radiation therapy for cancer. Less often, a condition directly affecting the salivary glands can cause dry mouth. You also may experience dry mouth temporarily if you are thirsty or feel anxious about something.
+For some people, dry mouth is only annoying. For others, dry mouth can greatly affect general health and the health of teeth and gums. Also, it can affect how much people eat and how much they enjoy what they eat.
+Treatment for dry mouth depends on the cause.","If you're not producing enough saliva, you may notice these symptoms all or most of the time:
+Dryness or a feeling of stickiness in your mouth.
+Saliva that seems thick and stringy.
+Bad breath.
+Having a hard time chewing, speaking and swallowing.
+Dry or sore throat and hoarseness.
+Dry or grooved tongue.
+A changed sense of taste.
+Problems wearing dentures.
+Lipstick stuck to teeth.
+Saliva helps prevent tooth decay by washing away sugar and food particles and making bacteria neutral and less harmful. When you don't have enough saliva, you may find it harder to taste, chew and swallow. You also may have a hard time digesting food.","If you have dry mouth symptoms that don't go away, make an appointment with your healthcare professional.","Dry mouth is caused when the salivary glands in the mouth don't make enough saliva to keep the mouth wet. Sometimes these glands may not work properly due to:
+Medicines.Hundreds of medicines, including many medicines available without a prescription, can cause dry mouth. Among the medicines more likely to cause problems are those for depression, high blood pressure and anxiety, as well as some antihistamines, decongestants, muscle relaxants and pain relievers.
+Aging.Many older people have symptoms of dry mouth as they age. Certain changes in how the body processes medicine, poor nutrition and long-term health problems can cause dry mouth.
+Cancer therapy.Medicine to treat cancer, called chemotherapy, can change the nature of saliva and the amount produced. This may be for a limited time, with typical salivary flow returning after treatment ends. Radiation treatments to the head and neck can damage salivary glands, greatly lowering saliva production. This may be for a limited time, or it could be lasting, depending on the radiation dose and area treated.
+Nerve damage.An injury or surgery that causes nerve damage to the head and neck area can be due to dry mouth.
+Other health conditions.Dry mouth can be due to certain health conditions, such as diabetes, stroke, a yeast infection in the mouth or Alzheimer's disease. Or dry mouth could be due to autoimmune diseases, such as Sjogren syndrome orHIV/AIDS.
+Snoring and mouth breathing.Snoring and breathing with the mouth open can lead to dry mouth.
+Tobacco and alcohol use.Drinking alcohol and smoking or chewing tobacco can lead to more dry mouth symptoms.
+Use of legal or illegal drugs that may be sold on the streets.Methamphetamine use can cause serious dry mouth, and it can damage teeth. Marijuana use also can cause dry mouth.","Risk of dry mouth is higher in people who:
+Take medicines that have dry mouth listed as a possible side effect.
+Are being treated for cancer.
+Have nerve damage in the head and neck area.
+Have other health conditions, such as diabetes, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Sjogren syndrome orHIV/AIDS.
+Use tobacco products.
+Drink alcohol.
+Use street drugs.
+Eat sugary or acidic foods or candies.","Not having enough saliva and getting dry mouth can lead to:
+Increased plaque, tooth decay and gum disease.
+Mouth sores.
+A yeast infection in the mouth, also known as thrush.
+Sores or split skin at the corners of the mouth, or cracked lips.
+Poor nutrition from having problems with chewing and swallowing.",,"To determine the cause of your dry mouth, your healthcare professional reviews your medical history and the medicines you take, including medicines available without a prescription. Your healthcare professional also looks in your mouth.
+Sometimes you may need blood tests, imaging scans of your salivary glands or tests to measure how much saliva you produce. These scans and tests can help find the cause of your dry mouth. If your healthcare professional suspects that Sjogren syndrome is causing your dry mouth, a small sample of cells taken from salivary glands in your lip may be sent for testing. This procedure is called a biopsy.","Your treatment depends on the cause of your dry mouth. Your healthcare professional may:
+Change medicines that cause dry mouth.If your healthcare professional thinks a medicine is the cause, your dose may be changed. Or you may switch to another medicine that doesn't cause dry mouth.
+Recommend products to moisturize your mouth.These products can include prescription medicines or mouth rinses available without a prescription, artificial saliva, or moisturizers to lubricate your mouth. Mouthwashes designed for dry mouth, especially ones with xylitol, can be effective. Examples include Biotene Dry Mouth Oral Rinse or Act Dry Mouth Mouthwash.
+If your mouth is extremely dry due to Sjogren syndrome or radiation treatment for head and neck cancer, your healthcare professional may prescribe pilocarpine (Salagen) to help you make more saliva. Or cevimeline (Evoxac) may be prescribed to help you make more saliva if you have Sjogren syndrome.",,Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.,"In addition to your healthcare professional's advice, these tips may ease dry mouth symptoms:
+Sip water or sugar-free drinks or suck on ice chips.Do this throughout the day to moisten your mouth. Also, drink water during meals to make it easier to chew and swallow.
+Chew sugar-free gum or suck on sugar-free hard candies.Products that contain xylitol also may help prevent cavities. But xylitol, which is often found in sugar-free gum and sugar-free candies, may cause some people to have gas or diarrhea if they consume it in large amounts.
+Try saliva substitutes that contain xylitol and are available without a prescription.These include Mouth Kote or Oasis Moisturizing Mouth Spray. Or try saliva substitutes that contain carboxymethylcellulose (kahr-bok-see-meth-ul-SEL-u-lohs) or hydroxyethyl cellulose (hi-drok-see-ETH-ul SEL-u-lohs), such as Biotene Dry Mouth Oralbalance Gel.
+Breathe through your nose, not your mouth.You may need to seek treatment for snoring if it causes you to breathe through your mouth during the night.
+Add moisture to the air at night.Use a room humidifier.
+Moisturize your lips.This helps soothe dry or cracked areas.
+Stay away from products that can make your symptoms worse. These include:
+Caffeine and alcohol.These products can cause dryness and irritation. Don't use a mouthwash that contains alcohol.
+Tobacco.If you smoke or chew tobacco, stop. Tobacco products can dry and irritate your mouth.
+Antihistamines and decongestants available without a prescription.These medicines can worsen your dry mouth.
+Sugary or acidic foods and candies.These foods raise the risk of tooth decay. Also, stay away from spicy or salty foods because they can cause irritation.
+Saliva is important to maintain the health of your teeth and mouth. Taking these steps to protect your teeth also may help your dry mouth:
+Brush with a fluoride toothpaste and floss your teeth.Ask your dentist if you might benefit from prescription fluoride toothpaste, a toothpaste containing betaine or a tooth gel to neutralize bacteria acids.
+Use fluoride or rinses.To prevent cavities, your dentist might fit you for fluoride trays, which you fill with fluoride and wear over your teeth at night. Your dentist also may recommend that you brush on fluoride gel before bedtime or use a chlorhexidine rinse weekly.
+See your dentist at least twice yearly.Have your teeth examined and plaque removed to help prevent tooth decay.","hoarseness, changed sense of taste, dry throat, lipstick stuck to teeth, problems wearing dentures, dry tongue, tooth, hard time chewing, grooved tongue, bad breath, sore throat, hard time swallowing, hard time speaking, dryness"
+1091,Plague,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/symptoms-causes/syc-20351291,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351297,,"Plague is a serious illness caused by a germ called Yersinia pestis. The germs mostly live in small rodents and their fleas. The most common way for humans to get plague is a flea bite.
+Plague is a rare disease. The illness mostly occurs in only a few countries around the world. In the United States, plague affects a few people each year in rural or semirural areas of western states.
+Plague usually can be treated with antibiotics. If not treated, the illness is often deadly.
+Plague is considered a potential bioweapon. The U.S. government has plans and treatments in place if the disease is used as a weapon.",There are three types of plague. The symptoms vary for each type.,"Get immediate care if you have a sudden high fever.
+Get emergency care if you have a sudden high fever or other symptoms and you live in an area that has had cases of plague. In the western United States, most cases have been in Arizona, California, Colorado and New Mexico.
+Cases have occurred in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The countries with frequent cases include Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Peru.","Plague is caused by a bacteria called Yersinia pestis. The bacteria circulate in populations of small animals and their fleas.
+In the western United States, these animals include:
+Rats, mice and voles.
+Squirrels.
+Rabbits.
+Prairie dogs.
+Ground squirrels and chipmunks.
+Other animals can get plague by eating small animals with the disease or picking up their fleas. These may include:
+Pet cats and dogs.
+Coyotes.
+Wild cats.","The risk of getting plague is very low. Worldwide, only a few thousand people get plague each year. In the United States, seven people on average get plague each year.","Complications of plague may include:
+Gangrene.Blood clots can form in the tiny blood vessels of the fingers, toes, nose and ears. This can cause the tissues to die. The dead tissue needs to be removed.
+Meningitis.Rarely, plague may cause swelling and disease of the protective tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This condition is called meningitis.
+Pharyngeal plague.Rarely, the disease can be present in the tissues behind the nasal cavity and mouth, called the pharynx. This is called pharyngeal plague.","No vaccine is available, but scientists are working to develop one. Antibiotics can help prevent infection if you were likely exposed to plague.
+People with pneumonic plague are isolated during treatment to prevent the spread of disease. Health care workers must wear protective masks, gowns, gloves and eyewear when they treat someone with pneumonic plague.","A health care provider will likely make a probable diagnosis of plague based on:
+Symptoms.
+Possible exposure to the disease during recent outdoor activity or travel.
+Contact with a dead or sick animal.
+Known flea bite or known exposure to rodents.
+Treatment will likely start while your provider waits for the results of one or more laboratory tests to identify the Yersinia pestis bacteria. Samples for tests may come from:
+Fluid from buboes.
+Blood.
+Mucous from the lungs.
+Fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.","Treatment for plague begins as soon as the health care provider suspects the disease. Treatment is typically done in the hospital. Antibiotics that may be used include the following:
+Gentamicin.
+Doxycycline (Monodox, Vibramycin, others).
+Ciprofloxacin (Cipro).
+Levofloxacin.
+Moxifloxacin (Avelox).
+Chloramphenicol.",,"Plague symptoms are sudden and serious. If you are coughing or sneezing, you should wear a mask.
+You will likely go to an emergency room. If plague is suspected, you'll see a specialist in infectious disease.",,"No symptoms mentioned in the paragraph. The paragraph only talks about the types of plague and that the symptoms vary for each type, but it doesn't mention any specific symptoms."