diff --git "a/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" "b/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" @@ -0,0 +1,725 @@ +filepath=/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf,len=724 +page_content='arXiv:2301.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='03288v1 [eess.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='SP] 9 Jan 2023 1 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0: Beyond Diagonal Phase Shift Matrices Hongyu Li, Student Member, IEEE, Shanpu Shen, Member, IEEE, Matteo Nerini, Student Member, IEEE, and Bruno Clerckx, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been envisioned as a promising technique to enable and enhance future wireless communications due to its potential to engineer the wireless channels in a cost-effective manner.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Extensive research attention has been drawn to the use of conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 with diagonal phase shift matrices, where each RIS element is connected to its own load to ground but not connected to other elements.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, the simple architecture of RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 limits its flexibility of manipulating passive beamforming.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To fully exploit the benefits of RIS, in this paper, we introduce RIS 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 beyond diagonal phase shift matrices, namely beyond diagonal RIS (BD-RIS).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We first explain the modeling of BD-RIS based on the scattering parameter network analysis and classify BD-RIS by the mathematical characteristics of the scattering matrix, supported modes, and architectures.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Then, we provide simulations to evaluate the sum-rate performance with different modes/architectures of BD-RIS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We summarize the benefits of BD-RIS in providing high flexibility in wave manipulation, enlarging coverage, facilitating the deployment, and requiring low complexity in resolution bit and element numbers.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Inspired by the benefits of BD-RIS, we also discuss potential applications of BD- RIS in various wireless systems.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Finally, we list key challenges in modeling, designing, and implementing BD-RIS in practice and point to possible future research directions for BD-RIS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Index Terms—Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent sur- face, full space coverage, group-connected, modes/architectures.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' I.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' INTRODUCTION Wireless networks for the first five generations have been operated by catering the uncontrollable wireless environ- ment through various sophisticated designs at the transmit- ter/receiver.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For beyond 5G and 6G, however, wireless net- works are expected to have manipulations of both transmit- ter/receiver and wireless environment, thanks to the emergence of a promising technique, namely reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) [1], [2].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' RIS consists of numerous passive reconfigurable scattering elements so that it can manipulate the wireless environment and thus bring the spectrum and energy efficiency enhancement for the wireless network.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The advantages of RIS have been demonstrated in various wireless systems, such as enhancing physical layer security [3] and H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Li and M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nerini are with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (email: {c.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='li21,m.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='nerini20}@imperial.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='ac.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='uk).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Shen is with the Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong (email: sshenaa@connect.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='ust.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='hk).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Clerckx is with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7, 2AZ, U.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and with Silicon Austria Labs (SAL), Graz A-8010, Austria (email: b.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='clerckx@imperial.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='ac.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='uk).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' enabling integrated sensing and communication [4].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, most existing works focus on using a simple RIS model with diagonal phase shift matrix, here referred to as RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0, where each RIS element is connected to its own recon- figurable impedance without inter-element connections.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' More specifically, there are two limitations of conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0: 1) It can only control the phase of incident signal, which limits capability for manipulating passive beamforming and thus degrades the performance.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2) It only enables the signal reflection towards the same side, which limits the coverage.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To address these limitations of RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 and further enhance the performance gain of RIS, in this paper, we branch out to RIS 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0, whose mathematical model is not limited to be diagonal matrices, namely beyond diagonal RIS (BD-RIS).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We start from the BD-RIS modeling through scattering parameter network analysis.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Then, we classify the BD-RIS based on the characteristics of the BD-RIS matrix, the supported modes, and the architectures, and categorize the existing BD-RIS works accordingly.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Next, we consider a BD-RIS aided multi- user wireless communication system and evaluate the achiev- able sum-rate performance with different modes/architectures of BD-RIS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We summarize the benefits of BD-RIS such as high flexibility in wave manipulation and full-space coverage.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Inspired by the benefits of BD-RIS, we look ahead to potential applications of BD-RIS in future wireless networks.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We also discuss key challenges and future work of BD-RIS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Finally, we conclude this paper.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' II.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' MODELING AND CLASSIFICATION OF BD-RIS In this section, we introduce the model of BD-RIS based on the scattering parameter network analysis, and classify BD- RIS based on different modes and architectures.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' BD-RIS Model In general, an M-element RIS can be modeled as M antennas connected to an M-port reconfigurable impedance network [5].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The M-port reconfigurable impedance network is constructed by reconfigurable passive components and mathe- matically characterized by the scattering matrix Φ ∈ CM×M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The scattering matrix describes the scattering characteristics of the M-port reconfigurable impedance network, which relates the voltage of incident waves and reflected waves from the M ports.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As per the microwave network theory, for pas- sive reconfigurable impedance network, the scattering matrix should satisfy ΦHΦ ⪯ IM, which denotes IM − ΦHΦ is positive semi-definite.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Particularly,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' when the reconfigurable ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Depends on Inter-Cell Architecture ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Depends on if the Scattering Matrix is Diagonal ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Depends on Supported Modes ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='RIS ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Diagonal Matrix: ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Single-Connected ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Conventional RIS ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Block Diagonal Matrix: ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Group/Fully-Connected ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Hybrid Mode ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Multi-Sector ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Mode ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Cell-Wise ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Single-Connected ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Cell-Wise Group/ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Fully-Connected ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Cell-Wise Single- ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Connected ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Cell-Wise Group/ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Fully-Connected ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Group/Fully- ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Connected RIS ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='STAR-RIS ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Cell-Wise Group/Fully- ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Connected BD-RIS ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Multi-Sector BD-RIS ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Permuted Block Diagonal Matrix: ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Dynamically Group-Connected ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Non-Diagonal Phase ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Shift Matrix ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Beyond Diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Non-Diagonal ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Matrix ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Reflective Mode ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Reflective Mode ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Reflective Mode ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Reflective Mode ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Dynamic Grouping ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Hybrid/Multi- ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Sector Mode ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Cell-Wise ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Dynamically ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Group-Connected ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Depends on Supported Modes ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Depends on Inter-Cell Architecture ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' RIS classification tree.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' impedance network is lossless, we have a unitary constraint for the scattering matrix, that is the power of incident waves is equal to that of the reflected waves.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It should be noted that the characteristics of the scattering matrix is associated with the circuit topology of the M-port reconfigurable impedance network.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this sense, in conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0, each port is connected to its own reconfgurable impedance without any connection across ports, referred to as single-connected RIS in [5], which yields a diagonal scattering matrix.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, in RIS 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0, part of/all the ports are connected to each other so that the scattering matrix is not limited to be diagonal, which is referred to as the BD-RIS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the following subsection, we will classify BD-RIS by the characteristics of scattering matrix, supported modes, and architectures.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' BD-RIS Classification We establish a three-layer RIS classification tree as shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1, where each layer is explained in detail as below.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The first layer is classified by the characteristics of the scat- tering matrix Φ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1) Block Diagonal Matrix: In this category, the M antennas are uniformly divided into G groups and antennas within the same group are connected to each other while those across groups are not connected.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We refer to this category as group-connected RIS [5] and the corresponding scattering matrix Φ is a block diagonal matrix with each block being unitary, which enables manipulating not only the phase but also the magnitude of incident waves and thus a better performance than the conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Particularly, when there is only one group G = 1, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' all the M antennas are connected to each other, it is referred to as fully- connected RIS [5], which results in a unitary scattering matrix.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Besides, the conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' single-connected RIS, can be regarded as a special case of group-connected RIS with M groups, which has a diagonal scattering matrix.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2) Permuted Block Diagonal Matrix: In this category, the grouping strategy, that is how the M antennas are grouped, for the group-connected RIS is adaptive to the channel state information (CSI), which is thus referred to as dynamically group-connected RIS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The resulting scattering matrix is a permuted block diagonal matrix [6], which provides higher flexibility in beam control than the fixed group-connected RIS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3) Non-Diagonal Matrix: In this category, antennas are linked in pairs through phase shifters so that the signal impinging on one antenna is purely reflected from another antenna, which results in an asymmetric non-diagonal scattering matrix [7] and a higher power gain than conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The second layer is classified by the modes supported by RIS, including reflective, hybrid, and multi-sector modes as detailed in the following.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1) Reflective Mode: In this mode, signals impinging on one side of the RIS are reflected toward the same side, yielding a half-space coverage.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To support the reflective mode, all the M antennas of RIS are placed towards the same direction as shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2(a).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mathematically, the RIS with reflective mode is characterized by the matrix Φ with a unitary constraint.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2) Hybrid Mode: In this mode, signals impinging on one side of the RIS can be partially reflected toward the same side and partially transmitted toward the opposite side, yielding a whole space coverage.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The RIS with hybrid mode is also known as simultaneous transmitting and reflecting RIS (STAR-RIS) or intelligent omni-surface (IOS) [8].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To support the hybrid mode, each two antennas with uni-directional radiation pattern are back to back placed to form one cell, and are connected to a 2-port fully-connected reconfigurable impedance network [9] as shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2(c), so that each antenna in one cell respectively covers half space to achieve full-space coverage.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mathematically, the RIS with hybrid mode is characterized by two matrices, Φr ∈ C M 2 × M 2 and Φt ∈ C M 2 × M 2 , which satisfy that ΦH r Φr + ΦH t Φt = I M 2 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3) Multi-Sector Mode: This mode is a generalization of hybrid mode.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this mode, the full space is divided into L sectors (L ≥ 2) and signals impinging on one sector of RIS can be partially reflected toward the same sector and partially scattered toward the other L−1 sectors.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To support the multi- sector mode,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' in each cell there are L antennas placed at each edge of an L-sided polygon,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' with each antenna having a uni- 2-Cell 4-Sector BD-RIS with Cell- Wise Single-Connected Architecture (Cell Size: 4) (f) Z3 Z5 Z5 Z5 Antenna 1 Z1,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 Z1,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 Z7 Z3,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Z5,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 Z3,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 Z1,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Antenna 3 Antenna 5 Antenna 7 Z1 Cell 1 Z3 Z5 Antenna 1 Z1,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 Z1,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 Z7 Z3,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Z5,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 Z3,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 Z1,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Antenna 3 Antenna 5 Antenna 7 Z1 Cell 1 Z4 Z6 Z6 Z6 Antenna 2 Z2,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 Z2,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 Z8 Z4,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Z6,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 Z4,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 Z2,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Antenna 4 Antenna 6 Antenna 8 Z2 Cell 2 Z4 Z6 Antenna 2 Z2,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 Z2,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 Z8 Z4,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Z6,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 Z4,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 Z2,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Antenna 4 Antenna 6 Antenna 8 Z2 Cell 2 2-Cell 4-Sector BD-RIS with Cell- Wise Single-Connected Architecture (Cell Size: 4) (f) Z3 Z5 Antenna 1 Z1,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 Z1,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 Z7 Z3,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Z5,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 Z3,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 Z1,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Antenna 3 Antenna 5 Antenna 7 Z1 Cell 1 Z4 Z6 Antenna 2 Z2,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 Z2,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 Z8 Z4,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Z6,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 Z4,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 Z2,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Antenna 4 Antenna 6 Antenna 8 Z2 Cell 2 Antenna 5 Antenna 1 Antenna 6 Z5,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Z5 Z1,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Z1 Z2,' metadata={'source': 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metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Uni-Directional ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Radiation Pattern ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='(c) ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Radiation Pattern ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Radiation Pattern ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Radiation Pattern ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Radiation Pattern ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Sector 3 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Sector 3 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Sector 3 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Sector 3 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Radiation Pattern ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Radiation Pattern ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Radiation Pattern ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Radiation Pattern ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Directional ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Directional ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Directional ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Directional ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Uni-Directional ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Radiation Pattern ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Uni-Directional ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Radiation Pattern ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Sector 1 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Sector 2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Sector L ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Sector 3 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Sector l ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Sector L-1 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='(e) ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' RISs with the same circuit topologies of reconfigurable impedance network while supporting different modes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (a) RIS with reflective mode and (b) group-connected architecture;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (c) RIS with hybrid mode and (d) cell-wise group-connected architecture;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (e) RIS with multi-sector mode and (f) cell-wise single-connected architecture.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' directional radiation pattern covering 1/L space, and the L antennas are connected to an L-port fully-connected reconfig- urable impedance network, as shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2(e).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hence, the multi-sector mode can cover the full space while providing higher performance gains than the hybrid mode, thanks to the use of higher-gain antennas with narrower beamwidth covering 1/L space.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mathematically, the RIS with multi-sector mode is characterized by L matrices, Φl ∈ C M L × M L , l = 1, .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' , L, which satisfy �L l=1 ΦH l Φl = I M L .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The third layer is classified by the inter-cell architecture, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' how the cells are connected to each other, in BD-RIS with hybrid/multi-sector modes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Analogous to the first layer in RIS classification tree, here we have cell-wise single/group/fully- connected architectures, where the resulting Φr and Φt for hybrid mode or Φl ∀l for multi-sector mode are diagonal/block diagonal/full matrices, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In [9], it is shown that the cell-wise group/fully connected architecture has a better performance than the cell-wise single connected architecture, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the STAR-RIS/IOS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To further enhance the performance, we have cell-wise dynamically group-connected architecture, where the inter-cell grouping strategy is adaptive to CSI and the resulting Φr and Φt for hybrid mode or Φl ∀l for multi- sector mode are permuted block diagonal matrices [6].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Unified Architectures and Modes It is worthwhile highlighting that the BD-RIS with differ- ent modes and architectures are realized by group-connected reconfigurable impedance network together with different an- tenna array arrangements.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To get insights into the essence of BD-RIS with different modes/architectures, three examples are illustrated in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2, including 1) a BD-RIS with reflective mode and group-connected architecture, 2) a BD-RIS with hybrid mode and cell-wise group-connected architecture, and 3) a BD-RIS with multi-sector mode and cell-wise single- connected architecture.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' From Figs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2(b),' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (d),' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and (f),' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' we can find these three BD-RISs have the same circuit topology of reconfigurable impedance network but different antenna array arrangements,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' which results in different modes and inter-cell TABLE I CIRCUIT COMPLEXITY OF BD-RIS WITH NINE MODES/ARCHITECTURES Mode Architecture (Inter-Cell) Cell-Wise Cell-Wise Cell-Wise Single- Group- Fully- Connected Connected Connected Reflective M ( M G + 1) M 2 (M + 1) M 2 Hybrid 3 2M Multi-Sector (L + 1) M 2 architectures.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For clarity, we summarize the circuit complexity, that is the required number of reconfigurable impedance com- ponents, of BD-RIS with nine different modes/architectures in Table I.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hence, appropriately designing the group-connected reconfigurable impedance network and arranging the antenna array, we can implement BD-RIS with different modes and ar- chitectures to enhance the performance in different scenarios.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' III.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR BD-RIS In this section, we evaluate the performance of BD-RIS with different modes and architectures.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To that end, we consider a BD-RIS aided multiuser multiple input single output (MU- MISO) system, where a 4-antenna transmitter serves 4 single- antenna users with the aid of BD-RIS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The 4 users are located at one side for BD-RIS with reflective mode, while they are located at four corners for BD-RIS with hybrid and multi- sector modes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The transmit precoder and BD-RIS are jointly optimized to maximize the sum-rate of the MU-MISO system as detailed in [9], [10].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3 shows the sum-rate performance versus the number of BD-RIS antennas for the BD-RIS with nine different modes and architectures.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3, the direct link between the transmitter and users is assumed to be blocked.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The distance between the transmitter and the BD-RIS is set as 100 m.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The distance between the BD-RIS and users is set as 10 m.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Channels from the transmitter to the BD-RIS and from BD-RIS to users are modeled as a combination of small- scale fading and large-scale fading.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Specifically, the small- scale fading components follow the Rician fading with Rician factor 5 dB.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The large-scale fading components are related to the BD-RIS antenna gains and path loss, which are modeled and calculated based on [10].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Transmit power is set as P = 30 dBm.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The noise power at each user is set as −80 dBm.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The number of groups G for all three modes is fixed to 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We make the following observations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' First, under the reflective mode, BD-RIS with group/fully- connected architectures always achieves better performance than conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 due to the more general constraint of the BD-RIS matrix.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Second, with the same cell-wise architecture, the BD-RIS with multi-sector mode always outperforms that with hybrid mode, even though the number of antennas covering each user for the former case is reduced compared to the latter.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This is because the BD-RIS antennas with multi-sector mode has narrower beamwidth compared to those with hybrid mode, and thus provide higher gains.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' More interestingly, multi-sector BD- RIS with cell-wise single-connected architecture outperforms the hybrid BD-RIS with all three inter-cell architectures.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This finding implies that with proper antenna array arrangements 40 60 80 100 120 M 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Sum-rate(b/s/Hz) (a) Reflective,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Single-Connected Reflective,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Group-Connected Reflective,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fully-Connected 40 60 80 100 120 M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sum-rate(b/s/Hz) (b) Hybrid,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cell-Wise Single-Connected Multi-Sector,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cell-Wise Single-Connected Hybrid,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cell-Wise Group-Connected Multi-Sector,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cell-Wise Group-Connected Hybrid,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cell-Wise Fully-Connected Multi-Sector,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cell-Wise Fully-Connected 80 90 4 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sum-rate versus the number of BD-RIS antennas for (a) BD-RIS with reflective mode and (b) BD-RIS with hybrid/multi-sector modes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' of BD-RIS, a reduced circuit complexity can achieve both satisfactory performance and full-space coverage.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Third, for all three modes, the sum-rate achieved by BD- RIS with (cell-wise) fully/group-connected architectures grows faster with M than that with single-connected architecture.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This phenomenon can be explained by Table I, which indicates that the circuit complexity of BD-RIS grows linearly with M for single-connected architecture, but grows quadratically with M for group/fully-connected architectures: The higher the circuit complexity, the more the number of non-zero elements of BD-RIS matrices, and thus the higher the flexibility of passive beamforming.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' IV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' BENEFITS AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF BD-RIS We have shown the pronounced benefits of BD-RIS com- pared to conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 in the example of MU-MISO system in Section III.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this section, we summarize the key benefits of BD-RIS and discuss potential applications of BD- RIS in various wireless systems as illustrated in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Benefits of BD-RIS 1) High Flexibility in Wave Manipulation: Compared with the conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 which can only manipulate the phase of incident wave, the BD-RIS has higher flexibility in manipulating both the magnitude and phase, which further boosts the performance in various wireless systems such as the received power in single input single output (SISO) systems [5], [11] and sum-rate in MU-MISO systems [6], [7].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2) Full-Space Coverage: Compared with conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 which can only cover half-space, the BD-RIS utilizing ap- propriate group-connected reconfigurable impedance network and antenna array arrangement can support the hybrid and multi-sector modes to realize full-space coverage [9], [10].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Moreover, the multi-sector mode can provide high channel gain and thus effectively extend the communication range for full-space coverage [10].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3) Facilitating Deployments: BD-RIS with hybrid and multi-sector modes facilitates practical deployments.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Benefit- ing from the full-space coverage, the locations of the BD-RIS could be more flexible than conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' BD-RIS Macrocell Picocell Picocell Picocell Integrated Sensing and Communication !' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Backhaul and Access " MmWave/THz Communications Power Station Power Station Step-up Transformer Step-up Transformer Step-down Transformer Step-down Transformer Transmission Station # Power Grid BD-RIS $ Wireless Power Transfer % Wireless Sensing BD-RIS & Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer BD-RIS BD-RIS Information/Power Transfer Link Sensing/Communication Link Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Potential applications of BD-RIS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ① BD-RIS works as a passive relay in the power grid;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ② BD-RIS insists wireless power transfer;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ③ BD-RIS enables wireless backhaul and access;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ④ BD-RIS insists millimeter wave (mmWave)/Terahertz (THz) communications;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ⑤ BD-RIS insists wireless sensing;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ⑥ BD-RIS insists simultaneous wireless information and power transfer;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ⑦ BD-RIS enables integrated sensing and communication.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4) Low Complexity in Resolution Bit Number: When con- sidering RIS with discrete values, BD-RIS is shown to achieve a better performance than conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 with fewer resolution bits [12], due to the high flexibility of reconfig- urable impedance network.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Such reduction of resolution bits is beneficial for implementation of BD-RIS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5) Low Complexity in Element Number: As the BD-RIS, especially with multi-sector mode, greatly enhances the per- formance in various wireless networks, given the same perfor- mance requirement, the required BD-RIS element number can be effectively reduced compared to that of conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0, which lowers the RIS complexity, cost, and form factor.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Potential Applications of BD-RIS 1) Wireless Power Relay/Transfer: One promising applica- tion of BD-RIS is to deploy it in the power grid to relay wireless power.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The power grid is an electricity system which is generally used to carry power from a few central generators to numerous users/customers/devices.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Specifically, the power grid consists of the power generation, the transmission grid which moves the up-stepped power over long distances to substations, and the distribution grid which delivers the down- stepped power to serve users [13].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4 we provide a diagram of employing BD-RIS in the power distribution grid to relay wireless power.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' With proper power levels, suitable deployments and locations of BD-RIS, the BD-RIS could act as a passive energy-efficient and low-cost power relay, which provides better relay performance than conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 while realizing wide coverage.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2) Wireless Communications: Another interesting applica- tion of BD-RIS is to enable flexible and scalable integrated access and backhaul (IAB) [14].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' IAB is one of the promising techniques for 5G networks, where the operator can use part of the radio resources for wireless backhauling while providing the existing cellular services in the same node.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4 illustrates the BD-RIS assisted IAB, where the BD-RIS can be flexibly deployed in the IAB system to not only assist the wireless backhauling between the macrocell and picocells, but also the wireless access between picocells and users.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Specifically, the wireless backhauling usually have complicated propagation environments and various obstacles, e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' trees and high build- ings as shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' BD-RIS with full space coverage and high gain performance can be easily incorporated into real environments to bypass the obstacles and assist/enhance the wireless backhaul.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Meanwhile, wireless access, especially in millimeter wave or Terahertz wireless frequencies, usually has sparse and highly-directional channels, suffers from high path loss, and is vulnerable to blockages [15].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this case, BD- RIS is more appealing in providing highly-directional beams to align with low-rank channels, compensate for the severe path loss, and enlarge coverage.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3) Wireless Sensing: BD-RIS can also be deployed to boost the wireless sensing performance, such as improving the target detection accuracy and reducing the parameter estimation error, for targets enjoying line of sight (LoS) links.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' More importantly, for those complicated propagation environments without LoS links between the radar and targets, BD-RIS enables wireless sensing and enlarges coverage by creating effective LoS links.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4) Integrated Wireless Power Transfer, Communications, and Sensing: In addition to stand-alone wireless power trans- fer, communications, and sensing, BD-RIS can also be used to assist integrated systems, such as simultaneous wireless information and power transfer as shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4, which helps to increase the output power level while enhancing the information transfer, or integrated sensing and communication to enable better communication and sensing performance.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Not limited to these applications, BD-RIS can be applied in all the conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 enabled systems, but with higher flexibility and better performance in architecture design, beam manipulation, and deployment than conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' CHALLENGES AND FUTURE WORK OF BD-RIS While the BD-RIS has benefits compared with conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0, there exist challenges in designing and implementing BD-RIS for practical wireless networks, which shed light on future research directions for BD-RIS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this section, we list four challenges and future work from the perspectives of hardware implementation, discrete value BD-RIS design, channel estimation, and wideband modeling as follows.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hardware Implementation The hardware implementation of BD-RIS is a fundamental issue.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As per the model in Section II, an M-element BD-RIS consists of two parts, which can be implemented as follows.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1) M-Antenna Array: For the reflective mode, we can use the conventional uniform linear or planar antenna array.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For the hybrid mode, we need to place each two antennas with uni- directional radiation pattern (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' patch antenna) back to back to form a cell and then arrange all the cells in a uniform array.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Furthermore, for the multi-sector mode, we need to place each L antennas with narrow beamwidth at each edge of an L-side polygon to form a cell and arrange the cells in a uniform array.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2) M-Port Reconfigurable Impedance Network: As shown in Section II.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='C, the group-connected reconfigurable impedance network is the key to implement the BD-RIS with different modes and architecture.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We can utilize tunable inductance and capacitance, e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' varactors, to construct the group-connected reconfigurable impedance network as per the circuit topology shown in Section II.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='C, so that the continuous value BD-RIS can be implemented.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Alternatively, we can use PIN diodes as switches to reconfigure the impedance network to implement discrete value BD-RIS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, as the group size increases, the circuit complexity and cost also increases.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hence, it is challenging but worthwhile to achieve good trade-off between performance and circuit complexity/cost for BD-RIS hardware implementation and prototyping to verify its superiority com- pared to conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Discrete Value BD-RIS Design When using PIN diodes to implement the discrete value BD-RIS, it is challenging to design discrete values of the BD- RIS matrix.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 with diagonal phase shift matrix, the discretization is straightforward by uniformly sampling the phase within 2π.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, for BD-RIS with unitary matrix, the discretization is difficult.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Instead, we need to determine the discrete values of the reactance matrix for the reconfigurable impedance network.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the recent work [12], a potential direction for the codebook design of group/fully- connected BD-RIS with reflective mode has been provided.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nevertheless, investigating discrete value BD-RIS design with hybrid/multi-sector modes and different architectures still re- mains an open problem.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Channel Estimation The pronounced performance gain brought by the BD-RIS requires accurate CSI.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0, there are two channel estimation strategies: 1) Semi-passive channel estima- tion by equipping a few low-power RF chains to the RIS to enable the pilot transmission/reception;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2) Pure passive chan- nel estimation by estimating the cascaded transmitter-RIS-user channels with pre-defined RIS patterns, which characterize the variation of RIS matrix during the training period.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, these channel estimation strategies cannot be directly applied in BD-RIS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For the first strategy, we need to reconsider the deployment of RF chains and the pilot design in the channel estimation process due to the different architectures/modes of BD-RIS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The second strategy may not be feasible for BD- RIS since most existing BD-RIS designs require the CSI for separate transmitter-RIS and RIS-user channels.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Therefore, it is important to develop new channel estimation strategies for BD-RIS in the near future.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Wideband BD-RIS Modeling The current BD-RIS model is only for narrowband com- munication.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' When it comes to wideband communications, the modeling of BD-RIS should take into account the frequency response of the reconfigurable impedance network.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Specifi- cally, each reconfigurable component of the impedance net- work is frequency dependent, where the frequency response is determined by the circuit designs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Consequently, the resulting BD-RIS matrices at different frequencies are dependent on each other, which will complicate the wideband BD-RIS de- sign.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To tackle the frequency dependent BD-RIS matrices and simplify the wideband BD-RIS design, a possible solution is to 1) analyze and fit the relationship between amplitudes/phase shifts of BD-RIS matrices and frequencies based on practical and specific circuits and 2) consider the wideband BD-RIS design based on the fitted frequency dependent BD-RIS model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' VI.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' CONCLUSION In this paper, we depart from conventional RIS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 with diagonal phase shift matrices and branch out to RIS 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 (BD- RIS) with beyond diagonal scattering matrices.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Specifically, we model and classify the BD-RIS based on fundamental circuit topologies of reconfigurable impedance network.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In addition, we highlight the benefits of BD-RIS with different modes/architectures in providing high flexibility in wave ma- nipulation, achieving full-space coverage, flexibility in various deployments, and low complexity in resolution bit and element numbers of the impedance network.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/29E1T4oBgHgl3EQflwQn/content/2301.03288v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 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