diff --git "a/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" "b/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" @@ -0,0 +1,879 @@ +filepath=/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf,len=878 +page_content='Do Users Want Platform Moderation or Individual Control?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Examining the Role of Third-Person Effects and Free Speech Support in Shaping Moderation Preferences Shagun Jhaver, Amy Zhang Online platforms employ commercial content moderators and use automated systems to identify and remove the most blatantly inappropriate content for all users.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' They also provide moderation settings that let users personalize their preferences for which posts they want to avoid seeing.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This study presents the results of a nationally representative survey of 984 US adults.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We examine how users would prefer for three categories of norm-violating content (hate speech, sexually explicit content, and violent content) to be regulated.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Specifically, we analyze whether users prefer platforms to remove such content for all users or leave it up to each user to decide if and how much they want to moderate it.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We explore the influence of presumed effects on others (PME3) and support for freedom of expression on user attitudes, the two critical factors identified as relevant for social media censorship attitudes by prior literature, about this choice.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We find perceived negative effects on others and free speech support as significant predictors of preference for having personal moderation settings over platform-directed moderation for regulating each speech category.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Our findings show that platform governance initiatives need to account for both the actual and perceived media effects of norm-violating speech categories to increase user satisfaction.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Our analysis also suggests that people do not see personal moderation tools as an infringement on others’ free speech but as a means to assert greater agency to shape their social media feeds.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=" And then there were what I'll call the technolibertarians." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For them, MUD rapists were of course assholes, but the presence of assholes on the system was a technical inevitability, like noise on a phone line, and best dealt with not through repressive social disciplinary mechanisms but through the timely deployment of defensive software tools.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Some asshole blasting violent, graphic language at you?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=" Don't whine to the authorities about it – hit the @gag command and the asshole's statements will be blocked from your screen (and only yours)." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=" It's simple, it's effective, and it censors no one." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' – Excerpt from “A Rape in Cyberspace” by Julian Dibbell [7] Introduction With the emergence of social media sites and their widespread use by people to communicate with one another, companies like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube have become the new governors of digital expression.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' At the same time, individuals who use these sites can also actively shape governance in various ways.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For example, they may flag posts that violate community policy, downvote inappropriate posts, serve as volunteer moderators, engage in counter-speech, or configure moderation settings to automate inappropriate post removals.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We are therefore moving towards a “pluralist model of speech regulation [1],” in which speech must be regulated in a multi-stakeholder fashion – legislative entities enforce online speech laws, and platform operators set up governance regimes of acceptable content.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, users themselves can also intervene against content perceived as problematic.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This move to a pluralist model is occurring against recent controversies over platforms’ moderation decisions [32, 47] and growing media, policymakers, and public calls to better regulate their content [51].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In response, platforms have begun investing more resources into improving how inappropriate posts are detected and removed from their sites.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We focus in this article on platforms’ offering of personal moderation tools that let end-users configure content moderation of the posts they see to align with their content preferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We are primarily concerned with tools offered by platforms such as Instagram and Twitch that let users specify their sensitivity to specific topical categories such as sexually explicit content and hate speech.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Configuring such tools lets users have the moderation system operate in alignment with their tastes and thresholds.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' From the perspective of platforms, a tactical consequence of offering personal moderation tools is that the obligation of making hard moderation decisions, the concomitant responsibility of making mistakes with them, and the cognitive labor of making the correct configurations are passed over to the users.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Therefore, it is vital that we understand how users consider the choice between platform versus personal moderation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Our research responds to calls by governance scholars to conduct more survey-based research to understand users’ perspectives on moderation interventions by different regulatory actors [8, 41].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' So far, we have little knowledge of how end-users perceive being given self-regulating authority through personal moderation tools.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We do not know the situations in which users prefer to have a choice in shaping moderation and when they would instead prefer the platforms manage it for every user – and the different factors that shape these preferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Informed by the third-person effects (TPE) hypothesis, we fill this gap by examining users’ preferences in the context of three norm-violating speech categories that have been studied in prior literature: (1) Hate speech;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (2) Sexually explicit content;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and (3) Violent content.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Previous research has shown that perceptions of the effects of media messages on others predict censorship attitudes [42, 44].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We examine the role that third-person effects [6] play in shaping user attitudes about deploying platform-enacted versus personal moderation tools.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We also connect our findings to the scholarship on understanding public attitudes toward freedom of expression and its consequences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Free speech is a core constitutional right highly valued by many Americans.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, the introduction of personal moderation tools offers affordances that complicate the question of preserving free speech – users may configure tools to avoid specific content categories.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Still, others may continue to see the same content, thereby preventing infringement of online expressions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, if most users choose to deploy these tools, specific content categories would have significantly reduced visibility.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Therefore, we analyze how users’ support for freedom of expression shapes their notion of different moderation approaches.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Understanding the public views on the platform and user-enacted interventions can stimulate debates about the roles and strategies of various regulatory actors.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It can also speak to calls for evidence-based policymaking [30, 40] by clarifying how the public understands moderation practices and identifying the gaps between policy and public demands [36, 37, 41].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Given the rapid introduction of new moderation strategies by the platforms, especially personal moderation tools, independent academic assessments of users’ attitudes on their deployment are vital.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=" Platforms can also benefit from such research by understanding end-users' acceptance or rejection of various regulatory practices and the factors that shape those perspectives." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Further, examinations of the public perception of free speech within the context of online activity may also shape attempts to protect free speech in the long run.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Literature Review and Hypotheses The Perceptual Component of the TPE Since Davison [6] first argued that individuals perceive media’s impact on the attitudes and behaviors of others to be greater than it is on themselves, many studies have shown this discrepancy to be consistent across a range of contexts [49] such as political ads [16, 38], news stories [39] and social media use [46].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This hypothesis, termed by Davison as the third-person effect (TPE) [6], has become a widely applied perspective to explain public opinion on the media censorship [19-21, 33].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The TPE hypothesis has two major components – the perceptual and behavioral components [18].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The perceptual component predicts that presumed media effects on others (PME3) tend to be greater than perceived media effects on self (PME1).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the context of social media messages’ influence, the perceptual component of TPE predicts that participants will consider others to be more negatively influenced by each category of norm-violating speech than themselves.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We, therefore, raise the following hypothesis: H1: For each norm-violating speech category, participants will perceive a greater effect of that speech on others than on themselves.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Behavioral Component of the TPE The behavioral component of the TPE argues that when individuals perceive the greater impact of media messages on others than on themselves, they will take remedial actions to mitigate the perceived harmful effects [20].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Davison [6] described the phenomenon of censorship as one of the most interesting behavioral consequences of third-person perception.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Prior research on TPE consequences shows that it leads to censorship support [15, 19, 44], and the effects are particularly salient when persuasive attempts may include socially undesirable effects [28].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In studying TPE effects on censorship attitudes, some researchers have examined the consequences of the other-self perceptual disparity in media effects (DME = PME3 – PME1).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In contrast, others have focused on the perceived media impact on others (PME3) [42].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Examining past research data on TPE consequences, Chung and Moon [5] concluded that the media’s presumed effect on others (PME3) is a stronger predictor of censorship attitudes than the other-self disparity in the perceived media effects.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We, therefore, choose PME3 as our primary predictor variable and raise the following hypothesis: H2: For each speech category, the perceived effects of that speech on others will be positively related to support for the platform’s banning of that category.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Researchers of TPE have long been curious about the potential behaviors that could result from the perceived media impact on others.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In addition to censorship support, prior studies have interrogated behavioral outcomes such as engaging in political action [10, 43, 50], disseminating opposing information [3, 17], and exposing apparent biases [2, 29].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the context of online content moderation, Jang and Kim found that people with a greater level of third-person perception were more likely to support media literacy interventions to address fake news [22].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We add to previous efforts to surface the different types of behavioral consequences of TPE by examining its impact on users’ support for having personal moderation settings to moderate norm-violating content.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Since such configurations are also a form of regulation, prior TPE research suggests that PME3 would predict support for them [19, 42].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The following hypothesis thus can be raised: H3: For each speech category, the perceived effects of that speech on others will be positively related to support for having personal moderation tools to regulate the speech of that category.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Platform-enacted moderation and personal configurations to self-moderate content are different ways to regulate norm-violating speech.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, while platform-enacted moderation censors content platform-wide, personal moderation tools allow users to adjust whether and how much norm-violating speech they are willing to encounter personally.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Prior literature generally predicts that TPE would lead to support for censorship attitudes [5, 19].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, it does not guide how people will react to a choice between letting platforms handle a specific content category and allowing users to specify their moderation preferences for that category.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We, therefore, ask the following research question: RQ1: For each speech category, how do its perceived effects on others relate to support for the platform’s banning of that category versus support for having personal moderation tools regulate it?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Support for Freedom of Speech Discussions about the benefits of moderation measures are always intertwined with the issue of freedom of speech.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the United States, the constitution protects the right to free expression as a fundamental human right.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, platforms are private parties.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 provides them the legislative freedom to police their users as they see fit while not being held accountable for errors or oversights [13, 34].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Additionally, experts have shown that despite Americans’ support for freedom of expression generally, their tolerance for hate speech is low [12, 48, 52].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Thus, people’s acceptance of free speech in the abstract may not automatically imply their tolerance for opposing expressions [20].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=" Examining how much people's support for free speech affects their opinions about varied moderation strategies may help us better understand this discrepancy in the context of social media platforms." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Support for free speech and attitudes toward content moderation have been linked in previous studies.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For instance, Naab et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' showed that people who commit to freedom of expression are less likely to support restrictive actions by Facebook moderators [36].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Guo and Johnson showed that a lack of support for freedom of speech predicts support for government regulation of sexist hate speech [20].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, they did not find that the former could predict supportive attitudes toward platform censorship.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Jang and Kim suggested that support for free expression decreases support for regulating fake news despite the existence of third-person effects [22].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Overall, this body of research indicates that participants’ support for platform regulation will decline as free speech support increases.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We, therefore, raise the following hypotheses: H4: For each speech category, participants’ support for freedom of expression will be negatively related to their support for the platform’s banning of that category.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' While prior research provides guidance on the expected relationship between free speech support and support for platform-enacted moderation, the literature on personal moderation tools is scarce.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It does not offer any direct guidance on the relationship between support for free speech and support for having personal moderation tools.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, there is some prior work that speaks to related issues.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For example, Naab et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' did not find a relationship between users’ commitment to free speech and their intention to engage in corrective actions such as rebuking the comment author or reporting the comment [36].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It is unclear whether that finding would apply to our context since deploying personal moderation tools is a restrictive action, not a corrective action.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Its expected costs (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=', setting up once for personal moderation v/s reporting every inappropriate post;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' experiencing retaliation when engaging in counter-speech v/s private post removals for personal moderation) are also lower.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Riedl et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' conducted a survey that showed that individuals’ support for free speech does not increase their assumed self- responsibility to intervene against problematic comments [41].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, they did not specify to the survey takers what type of responsibility they should carry out.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Besides, in our study context, users may not consider personal moderation tools an obligation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' On the one hand, support for free speech values should reduce support for restrictive actions of any kind.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' But on the other hand, people may perceive personal moderation tools as simply having a greater agency to shape what they see and not an infringement on the free speech of others.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this way, personal moderation tools allow a distinction between freedom of speech and the obligation to be heard.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To clarify the direction of this relationship, we ask the following research question: RQ2: Does participants’ support for freedom of expression relate to their support for having personal moderation tools?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' When faced with a choice between letting platforms handle a certain content category and allowing users to specify their moderation preferences, we expect the latter to be perceived as more free speech preserving.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It lets users decide whether and how many content removals should occur instead of allowing platforms to handle those same decisions unilaterally.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We, therefore, raise the following hypothesis: H5: For each speech category, participants’ support for freedom of expression will be related to greater support for having personal moderation tools to moderate that category than their support for the platform’s banning of that category.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Methods Our study was considered exempt from review by the University of Washington IRB.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We recruited participants through Lucid,1 a survey company that provides researchers access to nationally representative samples.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Our inclusion criterion for the survey participants was all adult internet users in the US.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We paid participants through the Lucid system.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We designed our survey questions to test the hypotheses identified in the previous section and adapted survey instruments from relevant prior literature to test some measures.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We describe these measures in more detail below.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To increase the validity of the survey, we sought feedback on an early draft of the survey questionnaire from other students at the authors’ institutions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nine students who were not involved with the project responded to our request and provided feedback on the wording of the questions and survey flow, which we incorporated into the final survey design.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We also piloted the survey with a small subset of the sample (27 participants).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' During this field test, we included this open-ended question at three different points in the survey: “Do you have any feedback on any of the questions so far?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For example, is any question unclear or ambiguous?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Please list the question and describe your challenge with answering it.” At the end of the survey, we also asked, “Overall, how can we improve this survey from the perspective of survey takers?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Do you have any other thoughts or feedback for us?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Please describe.” Results from this survey pretest resulted in another round of iteration before our questionnaire reached the desired quality.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Our survey questionnaire consisted of three blocks containing similar questions about hate speech, sexually explicit content, and violent posts.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To counter the effects of the order of presentation on survey results, we counterbalanced the order in which question blocks related to the three content categories were shown to the participants.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' At the beginning of each block, we specified the norm-violating category that the following questions related to and defined that category.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We used the following definitions: Hate speech: “Hate speech includes speech that is dehumanizing, stereotyping, or insulting, on the basis of identity markers such as race/ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, etc.” Violent content: “Violent content includes threats to commit violence, glorifying violence or celebrating suffering, depictions of violence that are gratuitous or gory, and animal abuse.” 1 https://lucidtheorem.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='com Sexually explicit content: “Sexually explicit content includes content showing sexual activity, offering or requesting sexual activity, female nipples (except breastfeeding, health, and acts of protest), nudity showing genitals, and sexually explicit language.” The above definitions were inspired by the language provided by the Facebook site when reporting any post under the category of hate speech, violence, and nudity, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We administered the survey online using the survey software package Qualtrics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We launched the survey on November 29, 2022.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Table 1 presents the demographic details of our final sample after data cleaning and compares it with the demographics of the adult US internet population [45].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Table 1: Demographic Profile of the US Survey Authors’ study, US survey Nov 2022 (%) American Community Survey, US sample 2021 (%) Age: 18-29 18.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 17.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 30-49 40.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 29.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 50-64 23.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 25.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 65+ 17.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 27.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 Gender: Male 48.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 48.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Female 51.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 51.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 Race/Ethnicity: White 73.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 68.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 Black 12.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 9.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 Other 14.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 22.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 Hispanic: Yes 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 13.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 Education: High school or less 31.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 33.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Some college 24.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 33.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 College+ 43.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 33.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 Measures Perceived Influence on Self and Others For each norm-violating speech category, we asked the participants to estimate the influence of that category on the self and others.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In each case, we asked two questions: “Seeing posts on social media has a powerful influence on my attitudes.” and “Seeing posts on social media has a powerful influence on my behaviors.” The response categories ranged on a 7-point Likert-type scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These two items were averaged to create a measure of the perceived influence of each speech category on the self (Hate speech: M=3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='89, SD=1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='91, a=.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='84;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Violent speech: M=3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='78, SD=1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='87, a=.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='81;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sexually explicit speech: M=3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='55, SD=1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='89, a=.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='87).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We asked another two questions replacing only the word “my” with “other people’s” and averaged the responses to create an index of the perceived influence of each speech category on others (Hate speech: M=5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='28, SD=1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='46, a=.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='92;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Violent speech: M=5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='19, SD=1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='40, a=.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='91;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sexually explicit speech: M=4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='99, SD=1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='46, a=.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='93).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Support for Freedom of Speech We used items developed by Guo and Johnson to measure support for freedom of speech [20].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Participants rated these four statements on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree): (1) In general, I support the First Amendment, (2) Freedom of expression is essential to democracy, (3) Democracy works best when citizens communicate in an unregulated marketplace of ideas, and (4) Even extreme viewpoints deserve to be voiced in society.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We included the First Amendment statement2 in the first question to clarify its meaning.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We formed an index for free speech support using the means of these four items (M=5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='43, SD=1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='15, a=.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='80).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Dependent Variables Related to Moderation Support for platform-enacted moderation of each speech category was operationalized by asking participants to rate the following statement: “I support social media platforms taking down any posts they consider to be so that no users can see them.”' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The responses for this statement ranged on a 7-point Likert-type scale,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' where 1=“strongly disagree” and 7=“strongly agree.”' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For operationalizing support for having personal moderation tools for each category,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' we showed participants an example of a personal moderation feature where every user can decide the extent to which they want the content filtered out (see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We asked participants to rate their support for providing this kind of setting to all users on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2 The First Amendment to the United States Constitution states: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 1: Survey question asking participants to rate their support for platforms providing personal moderation feature In addition to these two measures,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' we also operationalized choosing platform-enacted moderation v/s personal moderation for each speech category by asking respondents a binary question: ‘Given a choice between platform-wide moderation and a "Choose your moderation settings" feature to handle posts,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' which would you prefer to have?’' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The response categories included: (1) Platform-wide moderation: Platforms should have the power to remove all posts they identify as across the platform or (2) "Choose your moderation settings" feature: Each user should be allowed to configure the extent to which posts should be removed for them.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We note that the “Choose you moderation settings” feature enables a range of choices – from “no moderation” to “a range of moderation.” Thus, users who desired neither platform-wide nor personal moderation to remove any posts for them could select this feature and configure it at the “no moderation” level.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The below example shows a feature where every user can decide for themselves the extentto whichtheywantsexuallyexplicit contentfiltered out.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chooseyourmoderationsettings: Filteroutsexuallyexplicitpostsbasedonthelevelyouselect: Alittle Some More Alotof No moderation moderation moderation moderation moderation Onlythemostsexuallyexplicitpostswillberemovedatthislevel.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' I support platforms providing this kind of setting to all users O Strongly disagree O Disagree OSomewhatdisagree ONeitheragree nordisagree O Somewhatagree O Agree O Strongly agree Figure 2: Frequency of participants’ responses to survey questions about support for platform- wide and personal moderation, measured in percentage.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Control Variables Prior research has shown that socio-demographic variables are related to TPE and free speech and attitude towards media regulation [19, 26, 27, 31].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Further, social media use has also been associated with individuals’ perceptions of harmful content and their interventions against such [24, 25, 35, 53].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Therefore, we controlled for age, education, gender, race, political affiliation (1 = “very liberal”, 7= “very conservative”), and social media use of each respondent.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We operationalized the frequency of social media use by following recommendations by Ernala et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [9] and prompting participants to respond to the question, ‘In the past week, on average, approximately how much time PER DAY have you spent actively using any social media?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Results Our results show that 72.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='8%, 73.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='1%, and 66.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='2% of participants at least somewhat agreed that platforms should ban hate speech, violent content, and sexually explicit content, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Further, 69.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='9%, 72.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='6%, and 72.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='1% of participants at least somewhat agreed that platforms should offer personal moderation tools to let end-users regulate hate speech, violent content, and sexually explicit content, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Statistics Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhatdisagree Personal ModerationofSexuallyExplicitContent I Neither agree nor disagree Somewhatagree lAgree IStronglyagree PlatformBanofSexualyExplicitContent Personal ModerationofViolentContent PlatformBanofViolentContent PersonalModerationofHateSpeech PlatformBanofHateSpeech 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percentage of ParticipantsIn line with research on the third-person effects,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' H1 predicted that for each norm-violating content category,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' participants would perceive the effects of that category on others to be stronger than on themselves.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We ran a paired t-test and found the perceived effects on others significantly stronger than on oneself for each category (see Table 2).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Thus, our results support H1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Table 2: Mean, standard deviations, standard errors of participants’ perceived effects of hate speech, violent content, and sexually explicit content on others and self, and t-test results comparing perceived effects on others and self for each speech category (N = 993).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' *** denotes p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001 M SD SE t Cohen’s d Hate speech Effects on others 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='28 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='46 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='05 25.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='37*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='805 Effects on self 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='89 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='91 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='06 Violent content Effects on others 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='19 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='40 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='05 25.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='44*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='807 Effects on self 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='77 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='87 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='06 Sexually explicit content Effects on others 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='99 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='46 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='05 25.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='81*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='819 Effects on self 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='55 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='88 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='06 Support for Platform Ban We computed hierarchical linear regression to test our hypotheses 2 and 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For each of the three norm-violating categories, we created a model where the participant’s support for banning that category served as the dependent variable.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Step 1 of the three regression models, we included the control variables age, gender, education, race, political affiliation, and social media use.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Step 2, we introduced the independent variables PME3 (perceived effects on others) for that category and support for free speech (Table 3).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=" Table 3: Hierarchical multiple regression analyses predicting support for platforms' banning of hate speech, violent content, and sexually explicit content (N = 983) Independent Variable Support for platform ban of hate speech (β) Support for platform ban of violent content (β) Support for platform ban of sexually explicit content (β) Step 1 Age ." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='119*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='055 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='102** Gender (Female) .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='127*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='167*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='153*** Race (White) .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='018 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='013 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='059 Educationa .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='008 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='039 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='022 Political affiliationb .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='156*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='09** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='019 Social media usec .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='022 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='013 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='019 R2 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='093*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='065*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='05*** Step 2 Support for free speech .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='101*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='039 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='006 Perceived effects of hate speech on others .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='476*** Perceived effects of violent content on others .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='397*** Perceived effects of sexually explicit content on others .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='391*** R2 change .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='215 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='15*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='149*** Total R2 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='307*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='215*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='199*** **p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='01, ***p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001 (t test for β, two-tailed;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' F test for R2, two-tailed).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' a0= Less than secondary education;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1= Secondary education or more.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' b1= Strong Democrat, 7= Strong Republican.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' c1= Less than 10 minutes per day, 6= More than 3 hours per day.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' β = standardized beta from the full model (final beta controlling for all variables in the model).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=" For each norm-violating speech category, the regression models show significant influences of the participants' perceived effects of that category on others (PME3) on their support for platform ban of that category (Model 1: hate speech – β = ." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='476, p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Model 2: violent content – β = .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='397, p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Model 3: sexually explicit content – β = .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='391, p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001), supporting H2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Greater support for free speech significantly negatively influences support for platform ban of hate speech (β = -.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='101, p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It does not, however, influence support for platform ban of violent content (β = -.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='039, p > .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='05) or sexually explicit content (β = -.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='006, p > .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='05).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Thus, H4 is only partially supported.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Support for Personal Moderation We computed hierarchical linear regression to test our hypothesis 3 and answer RQ 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For each of the three norm-violating categories, we created a model where the participant’s support for having personal moderation tools to regulate that category served as the dependent variable.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Step 1 of the three regression models, we included the control variables age, gender, education, race, political affiliation, and social media use.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Step 2, we introduced the independent variables PME3 (perceived effects on others) for that category and support for free speech (Table 4).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Table 4: Hierarchical multiple regression analyses predicting support for using personal moderation tools (PMT) to regulate hate speech, violent content, and sexually explicit content (N = 983) Independent Variable Support for PMT to regulate hate speech (β) Support for PMT to regulate violent content (β) Support for PMT to regulate sexually explicit content (β) Step 1 Age .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='014 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='017 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='010 Gender (Female) .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='016 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='019 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='016 Race (White) .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='019 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='007 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='08* Educationa .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='018 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='022 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='003 Political affiliationb .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='019 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='049 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='074* Social media usec .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='051 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='057 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='086** R2 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='009 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='013 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='027*** Step 2 Support for free speech .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='173*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='195*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='224*** Perceived effects of hate speech on others .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='224*** Perceived effects of violent content on others .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='187*** Perceived effects of sexually explicit content on others .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='225*** R2 change .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='087 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='081 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='111 Total R2 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='096*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='095*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='138*** p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='05, **p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='01, ***p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001 (t test for β, two-tailed;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' F test for R2, two-tailed).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' a0= Less than secondary education;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1= Secondary education or more.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' b1= Strong Democrat, 7= Strong Republican.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' c1= Less than 10 minutes per day, 6= More than 3 hours per day.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' β = standardized beta from the full model (final beta controlling for all variables in the model).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=" For each norm-violating speech category, the regression models show significant influences of the participants' perceived effects of that category on others (PME3) on their support for using personal moderation tools to regulate that category (Model 4: hate speech – β = ." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='224, p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Model 5: violent content – β = .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='187, p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Model 6: sexually explicit content – β = .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='225, p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001), supporting H4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Greater support for free speech has a significant positive influence on participants’ support for using personal moderation tools to regulate each norm-violating category (Model 4: hate speech – β = .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='173, p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Model 5: violent content – β = .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='195, p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Model 6: sexually explicit content – β = .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='224, p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This answers our RQ 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Choosing Between Platform-wide Moderation and Personal Moderation Figure 3: Percentage of participants preferring platform-wide ban or personal moderation to regulate hate speech, violent content, and sexually explicit content Given a choice between platform-wide moderation and a personal moderation tool to regulate hate speech, violent content, and sexually explicit content, 52.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='4%, 52%, and 55.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='3% of participants, respectively, chose the personal moderation tool.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This finding suggests that more participants prefer autonomy over moderation than delegating it to platforms as they see fit.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We created binomial logistic regression models to test our hypothesis 5 and answer RQ 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For each of the three norm-violating categories, we created a model where the participants’ binary choice between platform-wide moderation and personal moderation to handle that category served as the dependent variable.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Step 1 of the three regression models, we included the control variables age, gender, education, race, political affiliation, and social media use.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Step 2, we introduced the independent variables PME3 (perceived effects on others) for that category and support for free speech.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For each model, we used the Box- Tidwell procedure [4, 11] to check the assumption of linearity in the logit and found in each case that our continuous variable support for free speech was not linearly related to the logit of the dependent variable.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To address this, we split this variable into two ordinal categories – high and low, recoding each entry for this variable based on whether it exceeded the median value.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rerunning the Box-Tidwell procedure with this transformed support for the free speech categorical variable, we found all remaining continuous Statistics Prefer platform-wide ban Preferpersonalmoderation Sexually explicit content Violent content Hate speech 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percentage of Participantsindependent variables in each model to be linearly related to the logit of the dependent variable.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=" We next present these models' binomial logistic regression results (Table 5)." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Table 5: Binomial logistic regression analyses predicting support for using personal moderation tools (PMT) over platform-wide ban to regulate hate speech,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' violent content,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and sexually explicit content (N = 984) Independent Variable Support for PMT over platform ban to regulate hate speech,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Odds Ratio Support for PMT over platform ban to regulate violent content,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Odds Ratio Support for PMT over platform ban to regulate violent content,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Odds Ratio Step 1 Age .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='986** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='992 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='994 Gender (Female) .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='790 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='655** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='674** Race (White) 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='107 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='313 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='203 Educationa .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='934 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='870 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='981 Political affiliationb 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='163*** 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='118*** 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='074* Social media usec .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='990 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='071 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='091* Nagelkerke R2 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='066*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='066*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='045*** Step 2 Support for free speechd 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='703*** 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='239**** 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='969*** Perceived effects of hate speech on others .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='735*** Perceived effects of violent content on others .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='752*** Perceived effects of sexually explicit content on others .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='857** Total Nagelkerke R2 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='165*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='138*** .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='087*** p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='05, **p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='01, ***p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001 (t test for β, two-tailed;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients for R2).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' a0= Less than secondary education;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1= Secondary education or more.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' b1= Strong Democrat, 7= Strong Republican.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' c1= Less than 10 minutes per day, 6= More than 3 hours per day.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' d0= low, 1=high.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' odds ratio = exp(β) from full model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=" For each norm-violating speech category, the regression models show significant influences of the participants' perceived effects of that category on others (PME3) on their choice of using personal moderation tools over platform-enacted bans to regulate that category." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Increasing PME3 was associated with a decreased likelihood of choosing personal moderation tools over platform bans (Model 7: hate speech – exp(β) = .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='735, p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Model 8: violent content – exp(β) = .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='752, p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='001;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Model 9: sexually explicit content – exp(β) = .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='857, p < .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='01).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This answers our RQ 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Higher support for free speech has a significant positive influence on participants’ support for using personal moderation tools over platform-enacted bans to regulate each norm- violating category.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Participants who showed high support for free speech have 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='703, 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='239, and 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='969 times higher odds of choosing personal moderation tools over platform- enacted bans to regulate hate speech, violent content, and sexually explicit content, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Thus, H5 is supported.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Discussion In recent years, the debates surrounding the censorship of inappropriate content on social media have surfaced more and more due to the increasing essentiality of social media in political discourse and growing controversies over how platforms regulate [13, 14].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The purpose of this study was to measure public attitudes regarding two important forms of social media regulation: platform-wide moderation, which lets platforms unilaterally make moderation decisions for every user, and personal moderation, which empowers users to decide for themselves how they would like to regulate different content categories by adjusting their moderation settings.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Third-person effects (TPE) are commonly used in examining people’s attitudes towards censorship and related behaviors or behavioral intentions [6, 18].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The present research extends the TPE research to managing hate speech, violent content, and sexually explicit content on social media.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We explored the presumed negative effects of each type of content on self (PME1) and others (PME3).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The results produced strong support for the TPE hypothesis.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As expected, participants perceived the social media hate speech, violent content, and sexually explicit content to have a greater influence on others than on themselves.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We also examined how PME3 and support for free speech affected participants’ consequent censorial behavior.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In each case, we found that the perceived effects on others (PME3) predicted participants’ support for both platform-wide moderation and personal moderation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This is a theoretically significant finding of this study since it helps advance TPE research by showing that perceived effects on others play an essential role in triggering censorial behavior.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Given a choice between the platform and personal moderation, PME3 predicted support for platform moderation in each case.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This finding indicates that when users perceive the adverse effects of a content category on the public, they desire platforms to take site-wide actions on that content rather than regulate it for themselves.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Further, the relationship between support for free speech and support for platform-wide moderation received only partial support.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' While the connection is significant and negative for hate speech, it is not significant for violent and sexually explicit content.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This result is in line with the mixed findings for free speech support as a predictor of supportive attitudes towards platform censorship observed in prior literature [20].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' On the other hand, we found that support for free speech predicted support for the use of personal moderation for regulating each inappropriate speech category.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This suggests that people may perceive personal moderation tools as not an infringement on the free speech of others but simply having a greater agency to shape what they see.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This is further bolstered by our finding that given a choice between the platform and personal moderation, support for free speech predicts support for personal moderation in each case.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Other significant effects, less central to the hypotheses being tested, also were found.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We found that age was positively related to support for platform moderation of hate speech and sexually explicit content, but not violent content.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Females supported platform moderation of each speech category more than males.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Democrats were more likely than Republicans to support platform moderation of hate speech and violent content, but not sexually explicit content.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Regarding support for personal moderation, race, political affiliation, and social media use were significant predictors for the sexually explicit content category;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' however, no control variables significantly predicted personal moderation of hate speech or violent content.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The evidence presented here has important implications for how platforms govern their sites.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We show that part of the reason the public supports moderation of norm-violating categories such as pornography and war violence is that it overestimates these categories’ effects on others.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Therefore, company-wide moderation decisions and public debates concerning free speech and its limitations, must recognize and account for third-person effects.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It also points to an urgent need to measure the actual media effects as opposed to the perceived media effects of different content types.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We have noticed that even during our interview studies on online harms, participants tend to advocate for specific moderation initiatives based on their perceptions of what others might need.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To arrive at an accurate needs-gathering, scholars must focus on understanding the perspectives of online content on users themselves – a topic on which they are an expert – rather than the abstract others whose actual needs may considerably differ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Several limitations of this study should be recognized.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The survey design prohibited us from exploring the motivations for specific perceptions in depth.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Furthermore, we cannot make conclusive statements about causal relations as a cross-sectional study.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We asked participants to respond to questions about speech categories that could be broadly interpreted.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We chose this instead of presenting a specific instance of each speech category to increase the generalizability of our findings.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Still, different users may have different perceptions of what counts as hate speech, violent content, or sexually explicit content.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Prior moderation research has recognized this as a complex challenge in the social media regulation [23].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We provided definitions of each speech category in the survey to clarify the scope of each category to our participants.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nevertheless, further research on user perceptions of stimulus-based designs that present preselected instances of each norm- violating speech category to participants would provide valuable insights.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We did not ground our survey questions in a specific platform to increase the generalizability of our results.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Studies focused on particular social media sites can uncover whether attitudes towards specific platforms influence users’ perceptions of moderation actions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' References [1] Jack M Balkin.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2017.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Free speech in the algorithmic society: Big data, private governance, and new school speech regulation.' metadata={'source': 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metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Riedl, Kelsey N.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Whipple and Ryan Wallace.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2021.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Antecedents of support for social media content moderation and platform regulation: the role of presumed effects on self and others.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Information, Communication & Society (2021), 1-18.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' https://doi.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='1080/1369118X.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='2021.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='1874040 [43] Hernando Rojas.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2010.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' “Corrective” Actions in the Public Sphere: How Perceptions of Media and Media Effects Shape Political Behaviors.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22, 3 (2010), 343-363.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' https://doi.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='1093/ijpor/edq018 [44] Hernando Rojas, Dhavan V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Shah and Ronald J.' metadata={'source': 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Opinion Research, 23, 2 (2011), 169-190.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' https://doi.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content='1093/ijpor/edq044 [51] Mark Williams, Michelle Butler, Anna Jurek-Loughrey and Sakir Sezer.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2021.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Offensive communications: exploring the challenges involved in policing social media.' metadata={'source': 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metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cambridge University Press, 2002.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [53] Marc Ziegele, Teresa K Naab and Pablo Jost.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2020.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Lonely together?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Identifying the determinants of collective corrective action against uncivil comments.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/HdE0T4oBgHgl3EQfRgBm/content/2301.02208v1.pdf'} +page_content=' New 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