{"Claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are better than clothe masks", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are better than clothe masks", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are better than clothe masks", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are better than clothe masks", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ultraviolet lamps kill the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "This in vitro study demonstrated that irradiation with a deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED) of 280 5 nm wavelength rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 obtained from a COVID-19 patient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ultraviolet lamps kill the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ultraviolet lamps kill the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drugs (Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen) are helpful for symptomatic treatment only and are not a cure. By decreasing inflammation, they can decrease pain, swelling, redness and other symptoms that may be associated with inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drugs (Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen) are helpful for symptomatic treatment only and are not a cure. By decreasing inflammation, they can decrease pain, swelling, redness and other symptoms that may be associated with inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drugs (Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen) are helpful for symptomatic treatment only and are not a cure. By decreasing inflammation, they can decrease pain, swelling, redness and other symptoms that may be associated with inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drugs (Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen) are helpful for symptomatic treatment only and are not a cure. By decreasing inflammation, they can decrease pain, swelling, redness and other symptoms that may be associated with inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a surgical face mask probably won't keep you from getting sick", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a surgical face mask probably won't keep you from getting sick", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a surgical face mask probably won't keep you from getting sick", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a surgical face mask probably won't keep you from getting sick", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel (new) coronavirus, one that has not been previously identified in humans, and is responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness that became a global pandemic in 2020. ", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The patient was seriously ill, who felt that he suffered from fever, fatigue, cough, and expectoration and sought medical treatment, with a history of contact with Wuhan", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel (new) coronavirus, one that has not been previously identified in humans, and is responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness that became a global pandemic in 2020. ", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A number of COVIN-19 cases with conjunctivitis or conjunctivitis as the first symptom have been observed in our clinical work.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel (new) coronavirus, one that has not been previously identified in humans, and is responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness that became a global pandemic in 2020. ", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The pathogen was proved to be a novel betacoronavirus called 2019 novel coronavirus (officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19). The typical clinical manifestations were fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common symptoms included headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel (new) coronavirus, one that has not been previously identified in humans, and is responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness that became a global pandemic in 2020. ", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis as the first symptom and one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there is very limited data (and none specific for COVID-19), the following cocktail may have a role in the prevention/mitigation of COVID-19 disease. Vitamin C 500 mg BID and Quercetin 250 mg daily Zinc 75-100 mg/day", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there is very limited data (and none specific for COVID-19), the following cocktail may have a role in the prevention/mitigation of COVID-19 disease. Vitamin C 500 mg BID and Quercetin 250 mg daily Zinc 75-100 mg/day", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there is very limited data (and none specific for COVID-19), the following cocktail may have a role in the prevention/mitigation of COVID-19 disease. Vitamin C 500 mg BID and Quercetin 250 mg daily Zinc 75-100 mg/day", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While there is very limited data (and none specific for COVID-19), the following cocktail may have a role in the prevention/mitigation of COVID-19 disease. Vitamin C 500 mg BID and Quercetin 250 mg daily Zinc 75-100 mg/day", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks protect you as the wearer and protects others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks protect you as the wearer and protects others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks protect you as the wearer and protects others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks protect you as the wearer and protects others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dogs can test positive for the virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dogs can test positive for the virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dogs can test positive for the virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dogs can test positive for the virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UVC wands kill viruses. They're also a 'major safety issue", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UVC wands kill viruses. They're also a 'major safety issue", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UVC wands kill viruses. They're also a 'major safety issue", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UVC wands kill viruses. They're also a 'major safety issue", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early studies have found that cats are the animals most likely to catch the new coronavirus. They can also show symptoms of COVID-19 and might be able to pass it to other cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Early studies have found that cats are the animals most likely to catch the new coronavirus. They can also show symptoms of COVID-19 and might be able to pass it to other cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Early studies have found that cats are the animals most likely to catch the new coronavirus. They can also show symptoms of COVID-19 and might be able to pass it to other cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Early studies have found that cats are the animals most likely to catch the new coronavirus. They can also show symptoms of COVID-19 and might be able to pass it to other cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The most effective way to protect yourself against the new coronavirus is by frequently cleaning your hands with alcohol-based hand", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most effective way to protect yourself against the new coronavirus is by frequently cleaning your hands with alcohol-based hand", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No experts are remotely advocating for people to take up smoking to prevent COVID-19, but some researchers have theorized nicotine may be playing some role in keeping the virus at bay", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No experts are remotely advocating for people to take up smoking to prevent COVID-19, but some researchers have theorized nicotine may be playing some role in keeping the virus at bay", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No experts are remotely advocating for people to take up smoking to prevent COVID-19, but some researchers have theorized nicotine may be playing some role in keeping the virus at bay", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals after close contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus emerged in human populations and spread rapidly to cause the global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals after close contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "It is known that transmission from person to person is the most important way to spread.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals after close contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals after close contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "In 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) caused one of the most devastating epidemics known to the developed world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientific evidence establishing a link between ibuprofen and worsening of covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientific evidence establishing a link between ibuprofen and worsening of covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientific evidence establishing a link between ibuprofen and worsening of covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientific evidence establishing a link between ibuprofen and worsening of covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask helps stop infected people from spreading the new coronavirus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask helps stop infected people from spreading the new coronavirus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask helps stop infected people from spreading the new coronavirus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask helps stop infected people from spreading the new coronavirus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that smokers in hospital who have coronavirus are at a higher risk than non-smokers of severe illness and death. While it's important to prevent getting COVID-19 in the first place, it's also essential that we do all we can to keep our lungs healthy to avoid the worst affects of the disease.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that smokers in hospital who have coronavirus are at a higher risk than non-smokers of severe illness and death. While it's important to prevent getting COVID-19 in the first place, it's also essential that we do all we can to keep our lungs healthy to avoid the worst affects of the disease.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that smokers in hospital who have coronavirus are at a higher risk than non-smokers of severe illness and death. While it's important to prevent getting COVID-19 in the first place, it's also essential that we do all we can to keep our lungs healthy to avoid the worst affects of the disease.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that smokers in hospital who have coronavirus are at a higher risk than non-smokers of severe illness and death. While it's important to prevent getting COVID-19 in the first place, it's also essential that we do all we can to keep our lungs healthy to avoid the worst affects of the disease.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of pets spreading Covid-19 to humans is considered 'medium'", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of pets spreading Covid-19 to humans is considered 'medium'", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of pets spreading Covid-19 to humans is considered 'medium'", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of pets spreading Covid-19 to humans is considered 'medium'", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 is infecting quite a few people, many with vicious effects.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 is infecting quite a few people, many with vicious effects.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 is infecting quite a few people, many with vicious effects.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 is infecting quite a few people, many with vicious effects.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The main warning signs of COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, are fever, fatigue, and a dry cough.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The main warning signs of COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, are fever, fatigue, and a dry cough.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The main warning signs of COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, are fever, fatigue, and a dry cough.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The main warning signs of COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, are fever, fatigue, and a dry cough.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's No Evidence That Vitamin-D Prevents Coronavirus ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's No Evidence That Vitamin-D Prevents Coronavirus ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's No Evidence That Vitamin-D Prevents Coronavirus ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's worth noting that there isn't a lot of data on what can kill SARS-CoV-2-the virus that causes coronavirus COVID-19-on surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's worth noting that there isn't a lot of data on what can kill SARS-CoV-2-the virus that causes coronavirus COVID-19-on surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's worth noting that there isn't a lot of data on what can kill SARS-CoV-2-the virus that causes coronavirus COVID-19-on surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's worth noting that there isn't a lot of data on what can kill SARS-CoV-2-the virus that causes coronavirus COVID-19-on surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B could help prevent the 'worst outcomes' in covid-19 cases", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B could help prevent the 'worst outcomes' in covid-19 cases", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B could help prevent the 'worst outcomes' in covid-19 cases", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B could help prevent the 'worst outcomes' in covid-19 cases", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 patients, but one particular substance in cigarettes - nicotine - might prevent infection in some people, or improve COVID-19 prognosis", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 patients, but one particular substance in cigarettes - nicotine - might prevent infection in some people, or improve COVID-19 prognosis", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 patients, but one particular substance in cigarettes - nicotine - might prevent infection in some people, or improve COVID-19 prognosis", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 patients, but one particular substance in cigarettes - nicotine - might prevent infection in some people, or improve COVID-19 prognosis", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "throwing hot water on ginger as a cure-all for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "throwing hot water on ginger as a cure-all for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "throwing hot water on ginger as a cure-all for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "throwing hot water on ginger as a cure-all for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will Garlic Water Cure Coronavirus? No", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will Garlic Water Cure Coronavirus? No", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Will Garlic Water Cure Coronavirus? No", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will Garlic Water Cure Coronavirus? No", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Supplements and products unlikely to help with coronavirus and could be dangerous", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Supplements and products unlikely to help with coronavirus and could be dangerous", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Supplements and products unlikely to help with coronavirus and could be dangerous", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Supplements and products unlikely to help with coronavirus and could be dangerous", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks do reduce spread of flu and some COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks do reduce spread of flu and some COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks do reduce spread of flu and some COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks do reduce spread of flu and some COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that SARS-CoV-2 replicates poorly in dogs, pigs, chickens, and ducks, but ferrets and cats are permissive to infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, although dozens of candidates - including drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parasites, cancer, and HIV - have been proposed", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "In this review, we will update and summarize the most common and plausible drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. These drugs and therapeutic agents include antiviral agents (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir, umifenovir, favipiravir, and oseltamivir), and supporting agents (Ascorbic acid, Azithromycin, Corticosteroids, Nitric oxide, IL-6 antagonists), among others. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, although dozens of candidates - including drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parasites, cancer, and HIV - have been proposed", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Here we report on the most recent updates on experimental drugs successfully employed in the treatment of the disease caused by SARS CoV-2 coronavirus, also referred to as COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 19). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, although dozens of candidates - including drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parasites, cancer, and HIV - have been proposed", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, although dozens of candidates - including drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parasites, cancer, and HIV - have been proposed", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Based on currently available information, WHO does not recommend against the use of of ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Based on currently available information, WHO does not recommend against the use of of ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Based on currently available information, WHO does not recommend against the use of of ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Based on currently available information, WHO does not recommend against the use of of ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "clinical trials are needed to determine if endogenously created vitamin D could be effective for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "clinical trials are needed to determine if endogenously created vitamin D could be effective for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "clinical trials are needed to determine if endogenously created vitamin D could be effective for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "clinical trials are needed to determine if endogenously created vitamin D could be effective for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drugs widely used to treat high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 dangerously worse.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drugs widely used to treat high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 dangerously worse.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drugs widely used to treat high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 dangerously worse.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drugs widely used to treat high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 dangerously worse.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Officials believe that the virus was present in meat sold at the said market.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "In 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) caused one of the most devastating epidemics known to the developed world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Officials believe that the virus was present in meat sold at the said market.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Officials believe that the virus was present in meat sold at the said market.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus emerged in human populations and spread rapidly to cause the global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Higher risk if you have type 1 diabetes. Compared to people without diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes are approximately 3.5 times as likely to die in hospital with COVID-19, while people with type 2 are approximately twice as likely. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Higher risk if you have type 1 diabetes. Compared to people without diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes are approximately 3.5 times as likely to die in hospital with COVID-19, while people with type 2 are approximately twice as likely. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Higher risk if you have type 1 diabetes. Compared to people without diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes are approximately 3.5 times as likely to die in hospital with COVID-19, while people with type 2 are approximately twice as likely. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Higher risk if you have type 1 diabetes. Compared to people without diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes are approximately 3.5 times as likely to die in hospital with COVID-19, while people with type 2 are approximately twice as likely. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Children accounted for a small fraction of COVID19 cases and mostly had social contacts with peers or parents, rather than older people at risk of severe disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 infection may be associated with severe disease in childhood presenting to a specialist hospital, but does not appear significantly different in severity to other causes of similar clinical presentations. In children presenting with pre-existing COVID-19 vulnerable medical conditions at a specialist centre, there does not appear to be significantly increased risk of either contracting COVID-19 or severe complications, apart from those undergoing chemotherapy, who are over-represented.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At present, though the limited data on the effects of COVID 19 in pediatric patients, children seem to count for a little proportion of SARS-COV 2 infection, and present with less severe disease and effects However infants and toddlers are at risk of developing critical course. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data on viral loads were scarce, but indicated that children may have lower levels than adults, partly because they often have fewer symptoms, and this should decrease the transmission risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ferrets can catch the coronavirus and might give it to other ferrets. But poultry and pigs don't appear to be at risk.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ferrets can catch the coronavirus and might give it to other ferrets. But poultry and pigs don't appear to be at risk.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ferrets can catch the coronavirus and might give it to other ferrets. But poultry and pigs don't appear to be at risk.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ferrets can catch the coronavirus and might give it to other ferrets. But poultry and pigs don't appear to be at risk.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can apple cider vinegar prevent the coronavirus? Nothing can really prevent the corona virus (COVid-19) all that authorities can do is slow it down which is why such tough measures are being enforced in some countries.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can apple cider vinegar prevent the coronavirus? Nothing can really prevent the corona virus (COVid-19) all that authorities can do is slow it down which is why such tough measures are being enforced in some countries.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can apple cider vinegar prevent the coronavirus? Nothing can really prevent the corona virus (COVid-19) all that authorities can do is slow it down which is why such tough measures are being enforced in some countries.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Scientific researches on these drugs reveal the presence of a number of pharmacologically active substances, which may provide a new insight into the management of infections and epidemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can apple cider vinegar prevent the coronavirus? Nothing can really prevent the corona virus (COVid-19) all that authorities can do is slow it down which is why such tough measures are being enforced in some countries.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some models show that if people wear masks, death rates from COVID-19 stay very low.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some models show that if people wear masks, death rates from COVID-19 stay very low.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some models show that if people wear masks, death rates from COVID-19 stay very low.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some models show that if people wear masks, death rates from COVID-19 stay very low.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The researchers also ranked face mask material from most to least effective in their testing.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The researchers also ranked face mask material from most to least effective in their testing.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The researchers also ranked face mask material from most to least effective in their testing.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The researchers also ranked face mask material from most to least effective in their testing.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar can kill microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses and treat yeast infections.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar can kill microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses and treat yeast infections.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar can kill microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses and treat yeast infections.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar can kill microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses and treat yeast infections.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If the person is asymptomatic but was tested after having close contact with someone with SARS-CoV-2 infection or as part of a response to an outbreak (e.g., facility has a resident with nursing-home onset COVID-19 or a HCP with COVID-19), then they should also be considered to have SARS-CoV-2 infection and managed as described above.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If the person is asymptomatic but was tested after having close contact with someone with SARS-CoV-2 infection or as part of a response to an outbreak (e.g., facility has a resident with nursing-home onset COVID-19 or a HCP with COVID-19), then they should also be considered to have SARS-CoV-2 infection and managed as described above.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If the person is asymptomatic but was tested after having close contact with someone with SARS-CoV-2 infection or as part of a response to an outbreak (e.g., facility has a resident with nursing-home onset COVID-19 or a HCP with COVID-19), then they should also be considered to have SARS-CoV-2 infection and managed as described above.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If the person is asymptomatic but was tested after having close contact with someone with SARS-CoV-2 infection or as part of a response to an outbreak (e.g., facility has a resident with nursing-home onset COVID-19 or a HCP with COVID-19), then they should also be considered to have SARS-CoV-2 infection and managed as described above.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tobacco kills more than 8 million people globally every year. More than 7 million of these deaths are from direct tobacco use and around 1.2 million are due to non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tobacco kills more than 8 million people globally every year. More than 7 million of these deaths are from direct tobacco use and around 1.2 million are due to non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Antiviral drugs like lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir and remdesivir are also being explored. Cytokine storm and secondary HLH might require heightened immunosuppressive regimens.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The safety of NSAIDs, corticosteroids and renin-angiotensin inhibitors in COVID-19 is challenged. NSAIDs may interfere with the defense process against viral infection and are best avoided. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that emerged in 2019 and is causing the COVID-19 pandemic. There is no current standard of care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Development of a vaccine may be the only effective long-term protection against this disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the symptoms of COVID-19 are no worse than a cold", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The researchers found: 1) individuals with mild and severe disease produced neutralizing IgG to SARS-CoV-2 10 days after disease onset; 2) SARS-CoV-2 persisted longer in those with severe disease; and 3) there was cross-reactivity between antibodies to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, but only antibodies from patients with COVID-19 neutralized SARS-CoV-2. These observations provide important information on the serological response to SARS-CoV-2 of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 that can inform the use of convalescent plasma therapy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the symptoms of COVID-19 are no worse than a cold", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We determined and compared the humoral immune response in severe, hospitalized and mild, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the symptoms of COVID-19 are no worse than a cold", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": " SARS-CoV-2 antibody deficiency in the setting of a tissue viral burden suggests that using an antibody as a therapeutic agent would augment the antiviral immune response.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the symptoms of COVID-19 are no worse than a cold", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While severe COVID-19 patients develop a strong antibody response, mild SARS-CoV-2 infections induce a modest antibody response. Long term monitoring will show whether these responses predict protection against future infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "scientists do not recommend that people should begin smoking simply to attempt to avoid a severe case of COVID-19. Smoking is still a leading cause of preventable death across the globe.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're worried about corona, only the N95 mask will protect you", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you're worried about corona, only the N95 mask will protect you", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you're worried about corona, only the N95 mask will protect you", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you're worried about corona, only the N95 mask will protect you", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the novel coronavirus sweeps the globe, those with high blood pressure are at heightened risk for more severe complications should they contract Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the novel coronavirus sweeps the globe, those with high blood pressure are at heightened risk for more severe complications should they contract Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the novel coronavirus sweeps the globe, those with high blood pressure are at heightened risk for more severe complications should they contract Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the novel coronavirus sweeps the globe, those with high blood pressure are at heightened risk for more severe complications should they contract Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical Masks Stop Transmission Of COVID-19 From Symptomatic People", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During COVID-19 pandemic crisis, Italian Government has approved Law Decree no. 18 of 17 march 2020, in which art. 15 allows enterprises to produce, import and commercialize surgical masks notwithstanding the current rules of product certification. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical Masks Stop Transmission Of COVID-19 From Symptomatic People", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Surgical Masks Stop Transmission Of COVID-19 From Symptomatic People", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Surgical Masks Stop Transmission Of COVID-19 From Symptomatic People", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "N95 respirators might reduce SARS-CoV-1 risk versus surgical masks in health care settings, but applicability to SARS-CoV-2 is uncertain.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Be Treated By Gargling With Warm Water Mixed With Salt And Vinegar", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Be Treated By Gargling With Warm Water Mixed With Salt And Vinegar", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Be Treated By Gargling With Warm Water Mixed With Salt And Vinegar", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Be Treated By Gargling With Warm Water Mixed With Salt And Vinegar", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Yes, 5G radiation causes Covid-19 ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Yes, 5G radiation causes Covid-19 ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Yes, 5G radiation causes Covid-19 ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Yes, 5G radiation causes Covid-19 ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wear masks with two or more layers to stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wear masks with two or more layers to stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wear masks with two or more layers to stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wear masks with two or more layers to stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 hits the old hardest, and young people do not die from it", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 hits the old hardest, and young people do not die from it", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 hits the old hardest, and young people do not die from it", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 hits the old hardest, and young people do not die from it", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Hand sanitizers inactivate novel coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Hand sanitizers inactivate novel coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Hand sanitizers inactivate novel coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Hand sanitizers inactivate novel coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Green tea: Green tea is an excellent source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory catechins, notably, one called epigallocatechin gallate, or EGCG.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Green tea: Green tea is an excellent source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory catechins, notably, one called epigallocatechin gallate, or EGCG.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Green tea: Green tea is an excellent source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory catechins, notably, one called epigallocatechin gallate, or EGCG.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Green tea: Green tea is an excellent source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory catechins, notably, one called epigallocatechin gallate, or EGCG.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Preliminary evidence suggests potential benefit with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Development of a vaccine may be the only effective long-term protection against this disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Antiviral drugs like lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir and remdesivir are also being explored. Cytokine storm and secondary HLH might require heightened immunosuppressive regimens.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinicians need to be mindful of the toxicity of a wide variety of possibly unfamiliar substances being tested or repurposed to treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's been much speculation about whether vitamin D might prevent or help survival with COVID-19, and two new studies appear to underscore the link.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's been much speculation about whether vitamin D might prevent or help survival with COVID-19, and two new studies appear to underscore the link.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's been much speculation about whether vitamin D might prevent or help survival with COVID-19, and two new studies appear to underscore the link.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's been much speculation about whether vitamin D might prevent or help survival with COVID-19, and two new studies appear to underscore the link.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "showing drinking alcoholic beverages did not help to suppress viral infections, and the chances that it would work for Covid-19 patients were extremely slim.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "showing drinking alcoholic beverages did not help to suppress viral infections, and the chances that it would work for Covid-19 patients were extremely slim.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young peope are not at risk and do not die from covid-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "young peope are not at risk and do not die from covid-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "young peope are not at risk and do not die from covid-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "young peope are not at risk and do not die from covid-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins and Minerals Help Fight Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins and Minerals Help Fight Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins and Minerals Help Fight Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins and Minerals Help Fight Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus when they are widely used by people in public settings", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus when they are widely used by people in public settings", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus when they are widely used by people in public settings", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus when they are widely used by people in public settings", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "remdesivir, which has been previously administered to Ebola virus patients, has also proven effective in the U.S. against coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for human and animal coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Currently, there are no proven effective vaccines or therapeutic agents against the virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "antimalarial chloroquine and hydroxy- chloroquine, favipiravir and co-administered darunavir and umifenovir (in patient therapies) were also recently recorded as having anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many mammals around the world could have a role in spreading the disease, including dogs and cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many mammals around the world could have a role in spreading the disease, including dogs and cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many mammals around the world could have a role in spreading the disease, including dogs and cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many mammals around the world could have a role in spreading the disease, including dogs and cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "fever was the first symptom in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Ocular manifestation as first sign of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "fever was the first symptom in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "since moderate conjunctival hyperemia can be the first sign of a severe respiratory distress.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be spread from pets to people or other pets? According to the latest information from the CDC , the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is very low. However, because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it's always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be spread from pets to people or other pets? According to the latest information from the CDC , the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is very low. However, because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it's always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be spread from pets to people or other pets? According to the latest information from the CDC , the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is very low. However, because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it's always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be spread from pets to people or other pets? According to the latest information from the CDC , the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is very low. However, because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it's always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A study from the Journal of Hospital Infection found that wearing a face covering slashed the risk of infection by 24% for a simple cotton covering and up to 99% for a professional, medical-grade filtration mask. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A study from the Journal of Hospital Infection found that wearing a face covering slashed the risk of infection by 24% for a simple cotton covering and up to 99% for a professional, medical-grade filtration mask. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A study from the Journal of Hospital Infection found that wearing a face covering slashed the risk of infection by 24% for a simple cotton covering and up to 99% for a professional, medical-grade filtration mask. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A study from the Journal of Hospital Infection found that wearing a face covering slashed the risk of infection by 24% for a simple cotton covering and up to 99% for a professional, medical-grade filtration mask. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Children, like adults, who have COVID-19 but have no symptoms (asymptomatic) can still spread the virus to others.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Children of all ages can get COVID-19, although they appear to be affected less frequently than adults, as reported in our preliminary survey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Children, like adults, who have COVID-19 but have no symptoms (asymptomatic) can still spread the virus to others.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "The new Coronavirus identified in Whuan at the end of 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the Beta Coronavirus genus and is responsible for the new Coronavirus 2019 pandemia (COVID-19). Infected children may be asymptomatic or present fever, dry cough, fatigue or gastrointestinal symptoms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Children, like adults, who have COVID-19 but have no symptoms (asymptomatic) can still spread the virus to others.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "None of the screened children resulted positive for COVID-19 infection. At first presentation, the most frequent signs and symptoms were: fever (71.4%), fatigue (35.7%) and cough (30.9%). An high C-reactive protein value and abnormalities of chest X-ray (bronchial wall thickening) were detected in 26.2% and 19% of patients, respectively. Almost half of patients (45.2%) required hospitalization in our Pediatric Unit and one patient in Intensive Care Unit.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Children, like adults, who have COVID-19 but have no symptoms (asymptomatic) can still spread the virus to others.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Typical presentations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) including respiratory symptoms (cough, respiratory distress and hypoxia), fever and dyspnea are considered main symptoms in adults, but atypical presentation children could be a diagnostic challenge We report three children whose initial presentation was gastrointestinal, and in whom COVID-19 infection was found, concluding that cases of acute appendicitis, mesenteric adenitis and flank tenderness may mask and infection with this virus, which should therefore be investigated.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can damage the lungs, heart and brain, which increases the risk of long-term health problems.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can damage the lungs, heart and brain, which increases the risk of long-term health problems.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can damage the lungs, heart and brain, which increases the risk of long-term health problems.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can damage the lungs, heart and brain, which increases the risk of long-term health problems.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "diabetes significantly increases coronavirus sufferers risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "diabetes significantly increases coronavirus sufferers risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "diabetes significantly increases coronavirus sufferers risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "diabetes significantly increases coronavirus sufferers risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes is generally known to weaken the immune system, making it harder to protect against viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes is generally known to weaken the immune system, making it harder to protect against viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes is generally known to weaken the immune system, making it harder to protect against viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes is generally known to weaken the immune system, making it harder to protect against viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it's also important to have a strong immune system that can fight back against the germs you may encounter.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it's also important to have a strong immune system that can fight back against the germs you may encounter.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it's also important to have a strong immune system that can fight back against the germs you may encounter.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it's also important to have a strong immune system that can fight back against the germs you may encounter.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "he virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "he virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It does not make a lot of sense that if somebody is otherwise healthy and young and they have hypertension alone, that they should be at increased risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It does not make a lot of sense that if somebody is otherwise healthy and young and they have hypertension alone, that they should be at increased risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It does not make a lot of sense that if somebody is otherwise healthy and young and they have hypertension alone, that they should be at increased risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It does not make a lot of sense that if somebody is otherwise healthy and young and they have hypertension alone, that they should be at increased risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19 \u2014 but evidence to support these claims is lacking.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Nature provides a huge reservoir of anti-infectious compounds, from which we can deduce innovative ideas, therapies, and products.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19 \u2014 but evidence to support these claims is lacking.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Natural herbal remedies have long been the main, if not the only, remedy in the oral tradition for treating illnesses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19 \u2014 but evidence to support these claims is lacking.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As no vaccine is available for COVID-19, the development of directly acting antiviral agents and preventive strategies have to be considered.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19 \u2014 but evidence to support these claims is lacking.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The objective of this study is to determine if the components of natural origin have an anti-viral effect and which can prevent humans from infection by this coronavirus using the most reliable method is molecular docking, which used to find the interaction between studied molecules and the protein, in our case we based on the inhibitor of Coronavirus (nCoV-2019) main protease. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Further, the report enlightened on the use of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Further, the report enlightened on the use of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Further, the report enlightened on the use of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Further, the report enlightened on the use of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 isn't a risk for young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 isn't a risk for young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 isn't a risk for young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 isn't a risk for young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In the setting of pericardial diseases, there are two possible different scenarios to consider: the patient being treated for pericarditis who subsequently becomes infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the patient with COVID-19 who develops pericarditis or pericardial effusion. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ARVs can treat Covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ARVs can treat Covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ARVs can treat Covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If your head is spinning, let medical experts provide some focus on one of the symptoms of the coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If your head is spinning, let medical experts provide some focus on one of the symptoms of the coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If your head is spinning, let medical experts provide some focus on one of the symptoms of the coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If your head is spinning, let medical experts provide some focus on one of the symptoms of the coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pets can Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pets can Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If Fever Helps Fight Infection, Should I Avoid Fever-Reducing Drugs", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In the setting of pericardial diseases, there are two possible different scenarios to consider: the patient being treated for pericarditis who subsequently becomes infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the patient with COVID-19 who develops pericarditis or pericardial effusion. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If Fever Helps Fight Infection, Should I Avoid Fever-Reducing Drugs", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If Fever Helps Fight Infection, Should I Avoid Fever-Reducing Drugs", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If Fever Helps Fight Infection, Should I Avoid Fever-Reducing Drugs", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Avoid medications to lower fever if sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": " We aimed to evaluate whether ibuprofen use in individuals with COVID-19 was associated with more severe disease, compared with individuals using paracetamol or no antipyretics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Avoid medications to lower fever if sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Avoid medications to lower fever if sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Avoid medications to lower fever if sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will cure COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will cure COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will cure COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will cure COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doesn't Seem To Raise COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doesn't Seem To Raise COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doesn't Seem To Raise COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doesn't Seem To Raise COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D HEALTHY LEVELS decrease COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D HEALTHY LEVELS decrease COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D HEALTHY LEVELS decrease COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D HEALTHY LEVELS decrease COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does wearing a mask help reduce my risk of COVID-19? Cloth and surgical masks help stop droplets spreading when people talk, cough and sneeze, which reduces the risk of spreading the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does wearing a mask help reduce my risk of COVID-19? Cloth and surgical masks help stop droplets spreading when people talk, cough and sneeze, which reduces the risk of spreading the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does wearing a mask help reduce my risk of COVID-19? Cloth and surgical masks help stop droplets spreading when people talk, cough and sneeze, which reduces the risk of spreading the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does wearing a mask help reduce my risk of COVID-19? Cloth and surgical masks help stop droplets spreading when people talk, cough and sneeze, which reduces the risk of spreading the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Patches Help You Avoid COVID-19? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Patches Help You Avoid COVID-19? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Patches Help You Avoid COVID-19? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Patches Help You Avoid COVID-19? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Supplementation is unlikely to show an effect in people whose vitamin C levels are already high", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Supplementation is unlikely to show an effect in people whose vitamin C levels are already high", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Supplementation is unlikely to show an effect in people whose vitamin C levels are already high", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Supplementation is unlikely to show an effect in people whose vitamin C levels are already high", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone reduced death rates", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone reduced death rates", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The efficacy of dexamethasone in preventing mortality in critical Covid-19 suggests that inflammation has a causal role in death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone reduced death rates", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "College students, many of whom are already stressed, reported an increase in depression and anxiety during the initial outbreak.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Of all respondents, 24.7% reported a moderate or severe psychological impact, and 48.8% showed mental health problems.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "College students, many of whom are already stressed, reported an increase in depression and anxiety during the initial outbreak.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has produced substantial health challenges from the perspective of both its direct health complications and the disruption to delivery of standard care for individuals with a range of acute and chronic health issues.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "College students, many of whom are already stressed, reported an increase in depression and anxiety during the initial outbreak.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "College students, many of whom are already stressed, reported an increase in depression and anxiety during the initial outbreak.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The COVID-19 pandemic and associated physical isolation practices are likely to result in a range of mental health and psychosocial challenges.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "headaches are rarely the sole symptom present in a coronavirus patient.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Symptomatic COVID19 patients, around 6%10%, also reported headache as a presenting symptom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "headaches are rarely the sole symptom present in a coronavirus patient.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "headaches are rarely the sole symptom present in a coronavirus patient.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "headaches are rarely the sole symptom present in a coronavirus patient.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A few hours later the patient experienced intense headache and developed fever, cough and severe dyspnea. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A headache is a potential symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Symptomatic COVID19 patients, around 6%10%, also reported headache as a presenting symptom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A headache is a potential symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A headache is a potential symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A few hours later the patient experienced intense headache and developed fever, cough and severe dyspnea. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A headache is a potential symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, and climate conditions have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Exhibited positive correlations of ambient ozone levels and negative correlations of NO2 with the increased rates of COVID-19 infections (Total number, Daily New positive and Total Deaths cases), can be attributed to airborne bioaerosols distribution. The results show positive correlation of daily averaged O3 with air temperature and inversely correlations with relative humidity and precipitation rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The data shown here give hints on the origin of this virus and may inform efforts on transmissibility, host adaptation and other biological aspects of this virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), belongs to the betacoronaviruses, one of the four genera of coronaviruses.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), belongs to the betacoronaviruses, one of the four genera of coronaviruses.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no link between vitamin D concentrations and risk of COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no link between vitamin D concentrations and risk of COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no link between vitamin D concentrations and risk of COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no link between vitamin D concentrations and risk of COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some herbal medicine advocates believe that the combination of garlic, ginger and some herbs can cure Coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some herbal medicine advocates believe that the combination of garlic, ginger and some herbs can cure Coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some herbal medicine advocates believe that the combination of garlic, ginger and some herbs can cure Coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads by contact with respiratory droplets that spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2, identified in Wuhan, China, for the first time in December 2019, is a new viral strain, which has not been previously identified in humans; it can be transmitted both by air and via direct and indirect contact; however, the most frequent way it spreads is via droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads by contact with respiratory droplets that spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To share a useful intervention to minimize risk of COVID-19 infection to both healthcare workers and patients in the eye clinic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads by contact with respiratory droplets that spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads by contact with respiratory droplets that spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with Diabetes May Have Higher Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with Diabetes May Have Higher Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with Diabetes May Have Higher Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with Diabetes May Have Higher Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might help protect against becoming infected with, and developing serious symptoms of, COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might help protect against becoming infected with, and developing serious symptoms of, COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might help protect against becoming infected with, and developing serious symptoms of, COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might help protect against becoming infected with, and developing serious symptoms of, COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will protect me against getting the coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will protect me against getting the coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will protect me against getting the coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will protect me against getting the coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists believe cannabis could help prevent, treat coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists believe cannabis could help prevent, treat coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists believe cannabis could help prevent, treat coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists believe cannabis could help prevent, treat coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Evidence is currently lacking and it is too early to make robust conclusions on any link between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers with risk or severity of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Evidence is currently lacking and it is too early to make robust conclusions on any link between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers with risk or severity of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Evidence is currently lacking and it is too early to make robust conclusions on any link between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers with risk or severity of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Evidence is currently lacking and it is too early to make robust conclusions on any link between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers with risk or severity of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most children have mild symptoms or no symptoms.", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Most children have mild symptoms or no symptoms.", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that garlic can protect you against the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that garlic can protect you against the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that garlic can protect you against the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that garlic can protect you against the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Fever has been reported as a common symptom occurring in COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although smoking is the most common way to use marijuana, some people bake it into a brownie or other food. Eating pot might spare you the lung effects of this drug, but that doesn't mean it's safe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although smoking is the most common way to use marijuana, some people bake it into a brownie or other food. Eating pot might spare you the lung effects of this drug, but that doesn't mean it's safe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although smoking is the most common way to use marijuana, some people bake it into a brownie or other food. Eating pot might spare you the lung effects of this drug, but that doesn't mean it's safe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although smoking is the most common way to use marijuana, some people bake it into a brownie or other food. Eating pot might spare you the lung effects of this drug, but that doesn't mean it's safe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The drugs have anti-inflammatory effects \"in addition to their blood pressure benefits.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The drugs have anti-inflammatory effects \"in addition to their blood pressure benefits.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The drugs have anti-inflammatory effects \"in addition to their blood pressure benefits.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The drugs have anti-inflammatory effects \"in addition to their blood pressure benefits.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "However, some children can get severely ill from COVID-19. They might require hospitalization, intensive care, or a ventilator to help them breathe.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Children of all ages can get COVID-19, although they appear to be affected less frequently than adults, as reported in our preliminary survey.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "However, some children can get severely ill from COVID-19. They might require hospitalization, intensive care, or a ventilator to help them breathe.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "None of the screened children resulted positive for COVID-19 infection. At first presentation, the most frequent signs and symptoms were: fever (71.4%), fatigue (35.7%) and cough (30.9%). An high C-reactive protein value and abnormalities of chest X-ray (bronchial wall thickening) were detected in 26.2% and 19% of patients, respectively. Almost half of patients (45.2%) required hospitalization in our Pediatric Unit and one patient in Intensive Care Unit.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "However, some children can get severely ill from COVID-19. They might require hospitalization, intensive care, or a ventilator to help them breathe.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "The numbers of children with COVID-19 pneumonia infection are small, and most of them come from family aggregation. Symptoms are mainly mild or even asymptomatic, which allow children to be a risk factor for transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "However, some children can get severely ill from COVID-19. They might require hospitalization, intensive care, or a ventilator to help them breathe.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Little is known about the risk factors for the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in children.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can infect your skin", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can infect your skin", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 was declared in the last weeks as global pandemic. Currently affecting more than 5 000 000 individuals worldwide, COVID-19 is most commonly associated with symptoms caused by the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can infect your skin", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected. However, SARS-CoV-2 can affect several human organs due to high expressions of ACE2 receptor which is the main viral target and the virus may affect not only higher and lower respiratory tracts, but also heart, kidney, gastro enteric tract, liver, pancreas, nervous system and skin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can infect your skin", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we thoroughly reviewed multiple organs including lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, skin, heart, blood, spleen, lymph nodes, brain, blood vessels, and placenta in terms of COVID-19-related pathological alterations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face Masks are More Guaranteed to Protect Me from the Coronavirus than a Vaccine If I don't get an immune response, the vaccine's not going to protect me.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The overall risk of dying in the hospital from COVID-19 among people with T1D is very low, however, one study found that this risk is higher for people with T1D (3.5 times higher) compared to people without diabetes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The overall risk of dying in the hospital from COVID-19 among people with T1D is very low, however, one study found that this risk is higher for people with T1D (3.5 times higher) compared to people without diabetes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The overall risk of dying in the hospital from COVID-19 among people with T1D is very low, however, one study found that this risk is higher for people with T1D (3.5 times higher) compared to people without diabetes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The overall risk of dying in the hospital from COVID-19 among people with T1D is very low, however, one study found that this risk is higher for people with T1D (3.5 times higher) compared to people without diabetes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is safe take Advil to bring down your temperature caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is safe take Advil to bring down your temperature caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is safe take Advil to bring down your temperature caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is safe take Advil to bring down your temperature caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 kills also young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 kills also young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 kills also young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 kills also young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers have a very much lower probability of developing symptomatic or severe SARA-CoV-2 [COVID-19] infection as compared to the general population", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smokers have a very much lower probability of developing symptomatic or severe SARA-CoV-2 [COVID-19] infection as compared to the general population", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smokers have a very much lower probability of developing symptomatic or severe SARA-CoV-2 [COVID-19] infection as compared to the general population", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The N95 respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but neither Schaffner", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The N95 respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but neither Schaffner", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The N95 respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but neither Schaffner", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The N95 respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but neither Schaffner", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone do not cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The efficacy of dexamethasone in preventing mortality in critical Covid-19 suggests that inflammation has a causal role in death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone do not cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone do not cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "adults who are hooked on cigarettes are 50% less likely to test positive for the illness", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "adults who are hooked on cigarettes are 50% less likely to test positive for the illness", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "adults who are hooked on cigarettes are 50% less likely to test positive for the illness", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "adults who are hooked on cigarettes are 50% less likely to test positive for the illness", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic won't prevent COVID-19. These 'home remedies' and 'cures' just don't work", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic won't prevent COVID-19. These 'home remedies' and 'cures' just don't work", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic won't prevent COVID-19. These 'home remedies' and 'cures' just don't work", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic won't prevent COVID-19. These 'home remedies' and 'cures' just don't work", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both dogs and cats can be infected by the virus that causes Covid-19 in humans, but none of the ten animals observed in the study showed clinical symptoms like coughing", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both dogs and cats can be infected by the virus that causes Covid-19 in humans, but none of the ten animals observed in the study showed clinical symptoms like coughing", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both dogs and cats can be infected by the virus that causes Covid-19 in humans, but none of the ten animals observed in the study showed clinical symptoms like coughing", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both dogs and cats can be infected by the virus that causes Covid-19 in humans, but none of the ten animals observed in the study showed clinical symptoms like coughing", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can protect you from more severe COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can protect you from more severe COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can protect you from more severe COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can protect you from more severe COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 are the same thing", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The data shown here give hints on the origin of this virus and may inform efforts on transmissibility, host adaptation and other biological aspects of this virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 are the same thing", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 are the same thing", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs may improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs may improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs may improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs may improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine cures covid-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine cures covid-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine cures covid-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine cures covid-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic doesn't cure coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic doesn't cure coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic doesn't cure coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic doesn't cure coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Scientists raise the vitamin D alarm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Scientists raise the vitamin D alarm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Scientists raise the vitamin D alarm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hand washing with soap and water and scrubbing for at least 20 seconds is recommended, but a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol is the best alternative", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand washing with soap and water and scrubbing for at least 20 seconds is recommended, but a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol is the best alternative", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand washing with soap and water and scrubbing for at least 20 seconds is recommended, but a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol is the best alternative", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand washing with soap and water and scrubbing for at least 20 seconds is recommended, but a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol is the best alternative", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G caused the coronavirus outbreak", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G caused the coronavirus outbreak", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G caused the coronavirus outbreak", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G caused the coronavirus outbreak", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes have not a higher risk for complications from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes have not a higher risk for complications from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes have not a higher risk for complications from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes have not a higher risk for complications from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Statistical surveys of COVID-19 patients indicate, against all common logic, that people who smoke are less prone to the infection and/or exhibit less severe respiratory symptoms than non-smokers.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks will not prevent your acquiring diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Does Not Cure Covid-19 But It Plays an Important Role", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Does Not Cure Covid-19 But It Plays an Important Role", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Does Not Cure Covid-19 But It Plays an Important Role", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Does Not Cure Covid-19 But It Plays an Important Role", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nearly half of coronavirus cases are people 20 to 44 years old", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nearly half of coronavirus cases are people 20 to 44 years old", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nearly half of coronavirus cases are people 20 to 44 years old", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nearly half of coronavirus cases are people 20 to 44 years old", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In other words, the SARS-CoV-2 stool analysis is not diagnostic of COVID-19.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The data shown here give hints on the origin of this virus and may inform efforts on transmissibility, host adaptation and other biological aspects of this virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ideally, try to maintain at least three feet of distance from others if you are in a community where COVID-19 is spreading. This can help prevent you from breathing in any liquid droplets containing the virus, which can be sprayed through the nose or mouth through coughing and sneezing. 3. Clean and disinfect surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ideally, try to maintain at least three feet of distance from others if you are in a community where COVID-19 is spreading. This can help prevent you from breathing in any liquid droplets containing the virus, which can be sprayed through the nose or mouth through coughing and sneezing. 3. Clean and disinfect surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ideally, try to maintain at least three feet of distance from others if you are in a community where COVID-19 is spreading. This can help prevent you from breathing in any liquid droplets containing the virus, which can be sprayed through the nose or mouth through coughing and sneezing. 3. Clean and disinfect surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ideally, try to maintain at least three feet of distance from others if you are in a community where COVID-19 is spreading. This can help prevent you from breathing in any liquid droplets containing the virus, which can be sprayed through the nose or mouth through coughing and sneezing. 3. Clean and disinfect surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because SARS-CoV-2 has been discovered so recently, there haven't been many studies looking at how effective cleaners are against it", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because SARS-CoV-2 has been discovered so recently, there haven't been many studies looking at how effective cleaners are against it", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because SARS-CoV-2 has been discovered so recently, there haven't been many studies looking at how effective cleaners are against it", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because SARS-CoV-2 has been discovered so recently, there haven't been many studies looking at how effective cleaners are against it", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Frequent hand washing, avoiding crowds and contact with sick people, and cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces can help prevent coronavirus infections. ", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To share a useful intervention to minimize risk of COVID-19 infection to both healthcare workers and patients in the eye clinic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Frequent hand washing, avoiding crowds and contact with sick people, and cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces can help prevent coronavirus infections. ", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Frequent hand washing, avoiding crowds and contact with sick people, and cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces can help prevent coronavirus infections. ", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2, identified in Wuhan, China, for the first time in December 2019, is a new viral strain, which has not been previously identified in humans; it can be transmitted both by air and via direct and indirect contact; however, the most frequent way it spreads is via droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Frequent hand washing, avoiding crowds and contact with sick people, and cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces can help prevent coronavirus infections. ", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir proves effective against COVID-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In vitro, remdesivir inhibited replication of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir proves effective against COVID-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir proves effective against COVID-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir proves effective against COVID-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir has a modest yet significant reduction in mortality and significantly improves the time to recovery", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Young people as diligent about Covid measures as older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young people as diligent about Covid measures as older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young people as diligent about Covid measures as older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young people as diligent about Covid measures as older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hypothesis: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hypothesis: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hypothesis: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hypothesis: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In one study it was found that 100% of ICU COVID-19 patients less than 75 years old had vitamin D insufficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In one study it was found that 100% of ICU COVID-19 patients less than 75 years old had vitamin D insufficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In one study it was found that 100% of ICU COVID-19 patients less than 75 years old had vitamin D insufficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In one study it was found that 100% of ICU COVID-19 patients less than 75 years old had vitamin D insufficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To minimize coronavirus risk, use alcohol for sanitizing, not for drinking", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To minimize coronavirus risk, use alcohol for sanitizing, not for drinking", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "Question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", "Evidence": "The present treatise proposes a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based technique for simple and rapid detection of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "Question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", "Evidence": "The present treatise proposes a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based technique for simple and rapid detection of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone has only been shown to have positive effects in patients who require supplemental oxygen.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone has only been shown to have positive effects in patients who require supplemental oxygen.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While there are a lot of unknowns with the novel virus, there's no evidence of COVID-19 transmitting through food or packaging, according to the Food and Drug Administration.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Therefore, in this study, was discussed the role of environmental factors and conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind speed as well as food, water and sewage, air, insects, inanimate surfaces, and hands in COVID-19 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there are a lot of unknowns with the novel virus, there's no evidence of COVID-19 transmitting through food or packaging, according to the Food and Drug Administration.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there are a lot of unknowns with the novel virus, there's no evidence of COVID-19 transmitting through food or packaging, according to the Food and Drug Administration.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "There have been no reports of SARS-COV-2 transmission by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there are a lot of unknowns with the novel virus, there's no evidence of COVID-19 transmitting through food or packaging, according to the Food and Drug Administration.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will not help prevent infection with COVID-19. While it is a healthy food and is proven to have some antimicrobial properties, there is no evidence that eating garlic can protect from covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will not help prevent infection with COVID-19. While it is a healthy food and is proven to have some antimicrobial properties, there is no evidence that eating garlic can protect from covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will not help prevent infection with COVID-19. While it is a healthy food and is proven to have some antimicrobial properties, there is no evidence that eating garlic can protect from covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will not help prevent infection with COVID-19. While it is a healthy food and is proven to have some antimicrobial properties, there is no evidence that eating garlic can protect from covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The current treatment option for COVID-19 involves treating symptoms and oxygen therapy to keep the body in a stable condition in severe cases.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The current treatment option for COVID-19 involves treating symptoms and oxygen therapy to keep the body in a stable condition in severe cases.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The current treatment option for COVID-19 involves treating symptoms and oxygen therapy to keep the body in a stable condition in severe cases.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A study of COVID-19 patients in the Netherlands did not find the disease to be associated with cytokine storm, as previously suggested. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A study of COVID-19 patients in the Netherlands did not find the disease to be associated with cytokine storm, as previously suggested. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A study of COVID-19 patients in the Netherlands did not find the disease to be associated with cytokine storm, as previously suggested. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A study of COVID-19 patients in the Netherlands did not find the disease to be associated with cytokine storm, as previously suggested. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is currently no guidance on the use of micronutrient supplements as a treatment of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the new coronavirus can persist in the body for at least two weeks after symptoms of the disease clear up. ", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the new coronavirus can persist in the body for at least two weeks after symptoms of the disease clear up. ", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the new coronavirus can persist in the body for at least two weeks after symptoms of the disease clear up. ", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Adding pepper to your soup or other meals does not prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because some of the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 are similar, it may be hard to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because some of the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 are similar, it may be hard to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because some of the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 are similar, it may be hard to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because some of the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 are similar, it may be hard to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Enjoy ginger, but it's not a 'cure' for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Enjoy ginger, but it's not a 'cure' for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Enjoy ginger, but it's not a 'cure' for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Enjoy ginger, but it's not a 'cure' for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "mix and drink as hot tea every afternoon", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "mix and drink as hot tea every afternoon", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "mix and drink as hot tea every afternoon", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "mix and drink as hot tea every afternoon", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy. Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy. Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy. Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy. Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks are just a physical barrier that will protect you against \"a visible splash or spray of fluid or large droplets", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might be able to protect people from the coronavirus (COVID-19).", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might be able to protect people from the coronavirus (COVID-19).", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might be able to protect people from the coronavirus (COVID-19).", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might be able to protect people from the coronavirus (COVID-19).", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is \"significantly\" improving oronavirus patients symptoms when traiting them with Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it is \"significantly\" improving oronavirus patients symptoms when traiting them with Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is \"significantly\" improving oronavirus patients symptoms when traiting them with Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is \"significantly\" improving oronavirus patients symptoms when traiting them with Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most children with COVID-19 have mild symptoms or have no symptoms at all.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "The numbers of children with COVID-19 pneumonia infection are small, and most of them come from family aggregation. Symptoms are mainly mild or even asymptomatic, which allow children to be a risk factor for transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most children with COVID-19 have mild symptoms or have no symptoms at all.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Children of all ages can get COVID-19, although they appear to be affected less frequently than adults, as reported in our preliminary survey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most children with COVID-19 have mild symptoms or have no symptoms at all.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Little is known about the risk factors for the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in children.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is correct to call the virus that causes COVID-19, SARS.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is correct to call the virus that causes COVID-19, SARS.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few cases of dogs tested weak positives of Coronavirus and there is evidence they can transmit to humans directly.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 originally jumped from animals to humans. So too did the virus responsible for SARS and MERS. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "N95 respirators offer far superior protection against covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antiviral drugs that have been used to treat other viral infections including HIV are also being tried for COVID-19, so far without proven success.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antiviral drugs that have been used to treat other viral infections including HIV are also being tried for COVID-19, so far without proven success.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antiviral drugs that have been used to treat other viral infections including HIV are also being tried for COVID-19, so far without proven success.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "In this review, we will update and summarize the most common and plausible drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. These drugs and therapeutic agents include antiviral agents (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir, umifenovir, favipiravir, and oseltamivir), and supporting agents (Ascorbic acid, Azithromycin, Corticosteroids, Nitric oxide, IL-6 antagonists), among others. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Exposing yourself to the sun or to temperatures higher than 25C degrees does not prevent the coronavirus disease (COVID-19).", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Exposing yourself to the sun or to temperatures higher than 25C degrees does not prevent the coronavirus disease (COVID-19).", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No. Spraying alcohol or chlorine all over your body will not kill viruses that have already entered your body.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No. Spraying alcohol or chlorine all over your body will not kill viruses that have already entered your body.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "CBD help prevent or treat the Covid-19 coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}