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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size | # Particle size
Particle size is a notion introduced for comparing dimensions of solid particles (flecks), liquid particles (droplets), or gaseous particles (bubbles).
The notion of particle size applies to
The particle size of a spherical object can be unambiguously and quantitatively defined by its diameter.
However, a typical material object is likely to be irregular in shape and non-spherical. The above quantitative definition of particle size cannot be applied to non-spherical particles. There are several ways of extending the above quantitative definition, so that a definition is obtained that also applies to non-spherical particles. Existing definitions are based on replacing a given particle with an imaginary sphere that has one of the properties identical with the particle.
• Volume based particle size equals the diameter of the sphere that has same volume as a given particle.
$D = 2 \sqrt[3] {\frac{3V}{4\pi}}$
where
$D$: diameter of representative sphere
$V$: volume of particle
• Weight based particle size equals the diameter of the sphere that has same weight as a given particle.
$D = 2 \sqrt[3] {\frac{3W}{4\pi dg}}$
where
$D$: diameter of representative sphere
$W$: weight of particle
$d$: density of particle
$g$: gravitational constant
• Area based particle size equals the diameter of the sphere that has the same surface area as a given particle.
$D = 2 \sqrt[2] {\frac{A}{4\pi}}$
where
$D$: diameter of representative sphere
$A$: surface area of particle
Another complexity in defining particle size appears for particles with sizes below a micrometre. When particle becomes that small, thickness of interface layer becomes comparable with the particle size. As a result, position of the particle surface becomes uncertain. There is convention for placing this imaginary surface at certain position suggested by Gibbs and presented in many books on Interface and Colloid Science.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Definition of the particle size for an ensemble (collection) of particles presents another problem. Real systems are practically always polydisperse, which means that the particles in an ensemble have different sizes. The notion of particle size distribution reflects this polydispersity. There is often a need of a certain average particle size for the ensemble of particles. There are several different ways of defining such a particle size.
• There is an International Standard on presenting various characteristic particle sizes.[7] This set of various average sizes includes median size, geometric mean size, average size.
There are several methods for measuring particle size. Some of them are based on light, other on ultrasound, or electric field, or gravity, or centrifugation. They are briefly described in the section particle size distribution. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 11, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8864879012107849, "perplexity": 1008.5890378058072}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997888283.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025808-00237-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://spmchemistry.blog.onlinetuition.com.my/2012/07/conversion-of-the-unit-of-concentration.html | # Conversion of the Unit of Concentration
## Conversion of the Unit of Concentration
1. The chart above shows how to convert the units of concentration from g dm-3 to mol dm-3 and vice versa.
2. The molar mass of the solute is equal to the relative molecular mass of the solute.
Example 1:
The concentration of a Potassium chloride solution is 14.9 g dm-3. What is the molarity ( mol dm-3) of the solution? [ Relative Atomic Mass: Cl = 35.5; K = 39 ]
Relative Formula Mass of Potassium Chloride (KCl)
= 39 + 35.5 = 74.5
Molar Mass of Potassium Chloride = 74.5 g/mol
Molarity of Potassium Chloride
Molarity = Concentration Molar Mass = 14.9gd m −3 74.5gmol−1 =0.2mol/dm3
Example 2
A solution of barium hydrokxide have molarity 0.1 mol dm-3. What is the concentration of the solution in g dm-3? [Relative Atomic Mass: Ba = 137; O = 16; H = 1 ] | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9127719402313232, "perplexity": 4996.73930768253}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989030.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510003422-20210510033422-00219.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/dervative-of-volume-of-sphere.649429/ | # Dervative of volume of sphere?
1. Nov 4, 2012
### Psyguy22
If you take the derivative of the area of a circle, you get the formula for circumference. When you take the derivative of the volume of the sphere, you do not get the formula for the area of a circle. Why not?
d/dr (4/3pi r^3) =4pi r^2
d/dr (pi r^2)= 2pi r
2. Nov 4, 2012
### Mute
What you actually get when you take the derivative of the volume with respect to radius is the surface area of the ball. Note that there is a technical difference between a ball and a "sphere": a sphere is, strictly speaker, the surface of a ball. It does not include the volume it encloses, whereas a "ball" includes the surface and the volume contained within. Occasionally the forum gets questions about the "volume of a sphere" and someone will answer that it is zero, which is technically correct because the volume of a "sphere", interpreted literally, refers to the volume the surface itself, which is zero, and not the volume contained by the surface; the OP in these cases pretty much always means the volume of the ball and was just unaware of the precise distinction in the terminology. So, just pointing that out.
Anyways, a way to see why it works like this is to consider the following: to build a circle of area $\pi R^2$, you can think of the process of building "shells" of circles of increasing radius, where each shell has an infinitesimal thickness $dr$. By adding more and more shells you are increasing the area of the circle you are building. If you have a circle of radius r, the infinitesimal change in area you get when adding another shell is $dA = 2\pi r dr$ - the circumference of the shell times the thickness.
When you then go and start building a ball in a similar manner, you are not adding shells of circles. Rather, you are adding shells of spheres of thickness $dr$ and surface area $4\pi r^2$. So, the infinitesimal change in volume as you add a shell to a ball of radius r is $dV = 4\pi r^2 dr$ - the surface area times the thickness.
Does that make sense?
3. Nov 4, 2012
### lurflurf
area of circle:circumference::volume of sphere:surface area of sphere
pi r^2:2pi r::4pi r^3/2:4pi r^2
A:A'::V=V'
you get surface area of the sphere
This follows from Stokes theorem
$$\int_\Omega \mathrm {d}\omega = \int_ {\partial \Omega} \omega$$
Last edited: Nov 4, 2012
4. Nov 4, 2012
### Psyguy22
So my old geometry book lied? Isn't a sphere a 3-D shape? Meaning it would have volume? What exactly does the equation 4/3pi r^3 represent then?
5. Nov 4, 2012
### pwsnafu
Sort of. In natural English sphere is a 3D object. In mathematics it's a 2D object. From Wikipedia:
Your geometry textbook wasn't being careful.
Mute already told you: the term is ball.
6. Nov 4, 2012
### Psyguy22
Ok. Thank you. And sorry for the misuse of words. So just to make sure I understand
4/3 pi r^3 is the volume of a 'ball' and 4 pi r^2 is the surface area of a 'sphere'?
7. Nov 4, 2012
### arildno
It is, of course, the surface area of the ball itself, the sphere being its SURROUNDING BOUNDARY.
(Just as the circumference of the DISK constitutes the surrounding circle bounding the disk)
For nice geometrical objects, the surrounding boundary of the object is of 1 dimension lower than the object itself. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.907912015914917, "perplexity": 615.1197623507875}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861899.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619041206-20180619061206-00234.warc.gz"} |
https://perminc.com/resources/publications/role-of-medium-heterogeneity-and-viscosity-contrast-in-miscible-flow-regimes-and-mixing-zone-growth-a-computational-pore-scale-approach/ | ## Role of Medium Heterogeneity and Viscosity Contrast in Miscible Flow Regimes and Mixing Zone Growth: A Computational Pore-Scale Approach
Afshari, S., Kantzas, A., Hejazi, H.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.054501
Physical Review Fluids, 3(5), May 2018.
## ABSTRACT
Miscible displacement of fluids in porous media is often characterized by the scaling of the mixing zone length with displacement time. Depending on the viscosity contrast of fluids, the scaling law varies between the square root relationship, a sign for dispersive transport regime during stable displacement, and the linear relationship, which represents the viscous fingering regime during an unstable displacement. The presence of heterogeneities in a porous medium significantly affects the scaling behavior of the mixing length as it interacts with the viscosity contrast to control the mixing of fluids in the pore space. In this study, the dynamics of the flow and transport during both unit and adverse viscosity ratio miscible displacements are investigated in heterogeneous packings of circular grains using pore-scale numerical simulations. The pore-scale heterogeneity level is characterized by the variations of the grain diameter and velocity field. The growth of mixing length is employed to identify the nature of the miscible transport regime at different viscosity ratios and heterogeneity levels. It is shown that as the viscosity ratio increases to higher adverse values, the scaling law of mixing length gradually shifts from dispersive to fingering nature up to a certain viscosity ratio and remains almost the same afterwards. In heterogeneous media, the mixing length scaling law is observed to be generally governed by the variations of the velocity field rather than the grain size. Furthermore, the normalization of mixing length temporal plots with respect to the governing parameters of viscosity ratio, heterogeneity, medium length, and medium aspect ratio is performed. The results indicate that mixing length scales exponentially with log-viscosity ratio and grain size standard deviation while the impact of aspect ratio is insignificant. For stable flows, mixing length scales with the square root of medium length, whereas it changes linearly with length during unstable flows. This scaling procedure allows us to describe the temporal variation of mixing length using a generalized curve for various combinations of the flow conditions and porous medium properties.
A full version of this paper is available on ResearchGate Online. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9212046265602112, "perplexity": 1161.1990471668341}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337731.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006061224-20221006091224-00030.warc.gz"} |
https://cse331.wordpress.com/2009/12/04/lect-36-weighted-interval-scheduling/ | Posted by: atri | December 4, 2009
## Lect 36: Weighted Interval Scheduling
(Guest post by Santosh Thapa)
Prof Atri started lecture with some recap about weighted interval schedule. Here, he discussed that all jobs are sorted by their finish time and all inputs for weighted interval schedule have non-negative value and output will be a set of schedules which is optimal and our goal is to have maximum optimal solution.
• Input: $n$jobs, $i$th job $(s_i,f_i,v_i)$ which stand for start time, finish time, and value respectively, sorted according to finishing time.
• Output: A schedule $S\subseteq \{1,\dots,n\}$ where for $i\neq j\in S$$i$ and $aj$ re not conflicting.
• Goal: max $\sum_{i\in S} v_i$
Recall we proved last time that
$OPT(j) = max \{ v_j + OPT (p(j)), OPT (j-1)\}$
We could have two option for $j$, it could be in $\mathcal{O}_j$ and it could not be in $\mathcal{O}_j$. And it can be done in linear time.
Question: How can we figure out if $j$ in optimal solution or not (given the values $OPT(1),\dots,OPT(j-1)$)?
Answer: Once we know the value of all optimal solutions, we could compare $v_j+OPT(p(j))$ to $OPT(j-1)$ and if the first term is greater then $j$ is in a optimal schedule.
Professor mentioned that Dynamic programming is similar to Divide and Conquer, where both use recursion but Dynamic programming uses different kind of recursion. In other words, dynamic programming is smarter about solving recursive sub problems.
To compute $OPT(j)$, he discussed about its algorithm using property of optimality, which is
$Compute-OPT( j)$
1. If $j = 0$, return $0$
2. return $\max \{ v_j + Compute-Opt( p(j) ), Compute-Opt( j-1 ) \}$
To prove this algorithm he started proving Lemma.
Lemma: For every $0 \le j \le n$, $OPT(j) = Compute-OPT(j)$.
Proof Idea: Induction on $j$
Base Case: if $j =0$, $Compute- OPT(0) = 0 = OPT(0)$.
Inductive Hypothesis: For $i < j$, $OPT(i) = Compute-OPT(i)$
Inductive Step: Since, $j > 0$ return value is $\max\{ v_j + Compute-OPT(P(j)), Compute-OPT(i)\}$. By the IH, $Compute-OPT(p(j))=OPT(p(j))$ and $Compute-Opt(j-1)=OPT(j-1)$, the proof follows from the recursive formula for $OPT(j)$.
Running time: Exponential
Example:
Here for each job value, it need to call recursively. So, it is exponentially recursive. But important aspect of this kind of algorithm will be helpful in while doing re-computation, which can be done very quickly by storing the recursive value. Even, though it takes more memory, but it will help in solving problem faster.
At the end of the lecture, he wrote the algorithm. We will need a global array $M[j] = null$ or $OPT(j)$.
$MCompOPT(j)$
1. If $j = 0$, return $0$
2. If $M[j] \neq null$, return $M[j]$
3. $M[j] = max\{v_j + MCompOpt(p(j)), MCompOPT(j-1)\}$
4. Return $M[j]$
End of the lecture. Continue of Dec 4th. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 43, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7502875924110413, "perplexity": 17982.727273426142}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806771.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123104442-20171123124442-00002.warc.gz"} |
https://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/8346/fft-function-isnt-working-on-imported-signals-greater-than-a-second | # FFT function isn't working on imported signals greater than a second
I have an fft function in matlab/octave that works great on an imported mono wav/audio signal that is 1 second long, but when the signal imported is more than 1 second the frequency values become incorrect. To check this I created a 2 second signal using audacity the first half of the 2 second signal (1 second of it) was 500hz at 0.3 amplitude and the second half of the 2 second signal (1 second of it) was 200hz at 0.8 amplitude. I also checked it with audacity's analyse spectrum option.
When I use the function on this 2 second signal it shows that the max frequency is at 999.95hz when it should show the max frequency is at 200hz. Can anyone help me get this function to work with signals greater than just 1 second.
I've included the function along with the code that calls the function.
The FUNCTION:
function [freq,amp,ampinv,phase,phase_radtodeg,phase_degtorad,phase_adjindeg,phase_adjinrad,sigfft,sigifft,sigphase]=rtfftphase(vp_sig_orig,Fs,phase_goal)
vp_sig_orig = vp_sig_orig - mean(vp_sig_orig); %remove the mean of your signal due to dc offset
vp_sig_orig=vp_sig_orig';
vp_sig_len=length(vp_sig_orig); %get sample rate from vp fs_rate needs to be an even number?
% Use next highest power of 2 greater than or equal to length(x) to calculate FFT.
nfft= 2^(nextpow2(length(vp_sig_orig)));
% Take fft, padding with zeros so that length(fftx) is equal to nfft
fftx = fft(vp_sig_orig,nfft);
sigfft= fft(vp_sig_orig);
sigifft=ifft(sigfft);
sigphase = unwrap(angle(sigfft')); %get phase of orginal signal
% Calculate the number of unique points
NumUniquePts = ceil((nfft+1)/2);
% FFT is symmetric, throw away second half
fftx = fftx(1:NumUniquePts);
% Take the magnitude of fft of x and scale the fft so that it is not a function of the length of x
mx = abs(fftx)/length(vp_sig_orig); %replaced for testing from stackexchage
% Since we dropped half the FFT, we multiply mx by 2 to keep the same energy.
% The DC component and Nyquist component, if it exists, are unique and should not be multiplied by 2.
if rem(nfft, 2) % odd nfft excludes Nyquist point
mx(2:end) = mx(2:end)*2;
else
mx(2:end -1) = mx(2:end -1)*2;
end
%yamp=(mx(1,:)/max(abs(mx(1,:)))*1); % keep at 1, dont use in function use in script file directly
amp=mx;
ampinv=abs(amp-max(amp));
% This is an evenly spaced frequency vector with NumUniquePts points.
freq_vect = (0:NumUniquePts-1)*vp_sig_len/nfft;
freq=(freq_vect'); %take of round if you want exact numbers
%get phase of new signal
phase = unwrap(angle(fftx)); %get phase of orginal signal
%phase stuff phase adj stuff not fully done yet I don't know the correct way to use it leave at 0 for now
Example: that calls the function
imported_sig_L=imported_sig(:,1)';
%Sort Array Section
array1_sort_amp_norm=sortrows(array1,-2); %sort by amplitude
array1_sort_amp_inv=sortrows(array1,-3); %sort by amplitude inverse
%get max freq checking to make sure freq isn't zero if so go to next row
if (array1_sort_amp_norm(1,1)>0); % To get max amplitude
maxfreq_normA=array1_sort_amp_norm(1,1)
elseif (array1_sort_amp_norm(1,1)<=0); %
maxfreq_normA=array1_sort_amp_norm(2,1)
end
if (array1_sort_amp_inv(1,1)>0); % To get inverted max amplitude
maxfreq_invA=array1_sort_amp_inv(1,1)
elseif (array1_sort_amp_inv(1,1)<=0); %
maxfreq_invA=array1_sort_amp_inv(2,1)
end
Thanks
• I think that you forgot to divide frequency to sample length. – Eddy_Em Mar 23 '13 at 6:42
• @Eddy_Em I tried your suggestion and did freq=(freq_vect')./length(vp_sig_orig) unfortunately it didn't work instead of the freq being 200hz it was 0.0045319hz any other ideas? – Rick T Mar 23 '13 at 7:00
• @Eddy_Em I thought the lines nfft= 2^(nextpow2(length(vp_sig_orig))); and freq_vect = (0:NumUniquePts-1)*vp_sig_len/nfft; would fix this I tried your suggestion and did freq=(freq_vect')./length(vp_sig_orig) unfortunately it didn't work instead of the freq being 200hz it was 0.0045319hz any other ideas? – Rick T Mar 23 '13 at 7:46
• Look into my answer. Let's say your initial data have $N$ points and its length is $T$ seconds, then difference in neighbour points by T-axe would be $\Delta T = T / N$. In frequency domain you will have the same $N$ points, but the max frequency would be equal to $1 / \Delta T$ i.e. $N / T$. So, you just should divide $n$ (number of point of FFT) to $T$ (time length of data sample). – Eddy_Em Mar 23 '13 at 7:54
Here a short example of how to deal with FFT in octave/matlab:
function freq(npts, len, basefreq)
x = [0 : npts - 1] / npts * len;
y = sin(basefreq * x * 2 * pi);
F = abs(fft(y));
half = npts / 2;
F = F(1 : half);
plot([0 : half - 1] / len, F);
printf("Base frequency = %g\n", (find(F == max(F)) - 1) / len);
endfunction
try this function with different parameters.
Here npts is size of data vector; len - time length of data (in seconds); basefreq - base frequency for sine function. First we fit a time axe (x), after that we calculate sinusoid with given frequency, get modulus of its FFT, trim it to half (BTW, another variant is not to trim, but to move frequency zero to middle of fftshift'ed data). After all we plot result of FFT and print out founded base frequency.
• Thanks this helped a lot. I just need to alter one line freq=(freq_vect').*Fs/vp_sig_len; – Rick T Mar 23 '13 at 22:20 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5417370200157166, "perplexity": 2773.5541260228442}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655900614.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709162634-20200709192634-00061.warc.gz"} |
http://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/b/binding+competitive.html | #### Sample records for binding competitive
1. Paracetamol and cytarabine binding competition in high affinity binding sites of transporting protein
Sułkowska, A.; Bojko, B.; Równicka, J.; Sułkowski, W. W.
2006-07-01
Paracetamol (acetaminophen, AA) the most popular analgesic drug is commonly used in the treatment of pain in patients suffering from cancer. In our studies, we evaluated the competition in binding with serum albumin between paracetamol (AA) and cytarabine, antyleukemic drug (araC). The presence of one drug can alter the binding affinity of albumin towards the second one. Such interaction can result in changing of the free fraction of the one of these drugs in blood. Two spectroscopic methods were used to determine high affinity binding sites and the competition of the drugs. Basing on the change of the serum albumin fluorescence in the presence of either of the drugs the quenching ( KQ) constants for the araC-BSA and AA-BSA systems were calculated. Analysis of UV difference spectra allowed us to describe the changes in drug-protein complexes (araC-albumin and AA-albumin) induced by the presence of the second drug (AA and araC, respectively). The mechanism of competition between araC and AA has been proposed.
2. Competitive binding of antagonistic peptides fine-tunes stomatal patterning.
Lee, Jin Suk; Hnilova, Marketa; Maes, Michal; Lin, Ya-Chen Lisa; Putarjunan, Aarthi; Han, Soon-Ki; Avila, Julian; Torii, Keiko U
2015-06-25
During development, cells interpret complex and often conflicting signals to make optimal decisions. Plant stomata, the cellular interface between a plant and the atmosphere, develop according to positional cues, which include a family of secreted peptides called epidermal patterning factors (EPFs). How these signalling peptides orchestrate pattern formation at a molecular level remains unclear. Here we report in Arabidopsis that Stomagen (also called EPF-LIKE9) peptide, which promotes stomatal development, requires ERECTA (ER)-family receptor kinases and interferes with the inhibition of stomatal development by the EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 2 (EPF2)-ER module. Both EPF2 and Stomagen directly bind to ER and its co-receptor TOO MANY MOUTHS. Stomagen peptide competitively replaced EPF2 binding to ER. Furthermore, application of EPF2, but not Stomagen, elicited rapid phosphorylation of downstream signalling components in vivo. Our findings demonstrate how a plant receptor agonist and antagonist define inhibitory and inductive cues to fine-tune tissue patterning on the plant epidermis. PMID:26083750
3. Competitive protein binding analysis for thyroxine using Sephadex column (Tetralute)
The method of competitive protein binding analysis of thyroxine (T4) using Tetralute kit was evaluated. The net retention was decreased when the procedure of competition and separation was performed at a higher temperature but the final T4-I values were constant when the standard and test sera were treated identically. Coefficient of variation (C.V.) was 4% (within-assay) and 6% (between-assay) respectively. However, the T4-I values of pooled serum for quality control were slightly lower in earlier experiments in which correction factors (1.03--1.62 in 18 out of 21 assays) were necessary. T4-I values were determined by the Tetralute in 155 cases. They were as follows: 4.9+-0.8 μg/dl (euthyroid subjects), 6.4+-1.2 μg/dl (cord serum), 7.1+-1.1 μg/dl (pregnant women). 9.0+-3.6 μg/dl (trophoblastic disease), 13.3+-4.8 μg/dl (Graves' disease), 6.3+-1.6 μg/dl (Plummer's disease), 4-I values determined by Tetralute and Res-O-Mat T4 (r=0.96). Following oral administration of Telepaque the serum protein-bound iodine was markedly elevated, while the T4-I determined by Tetralute did not change. In vitro addition of diphenylhydantoin (500 μg/ml), salicylate (4 mg/ml) and phenobarbital (1 mg/ml) had no or little effect on T4 determination by Tetralute. A high concentration of benzbromarone (0.1 mg/ml) caused a higher value of T4-I determined by Tetralute when added to a TBG solution but there was only a slight increase when it was added to serum. (auth.)
4. Standardization for cortisol determination in human blood by competitive protein-binding
Standardization for determination of cortisol from human plasma (17-hydroxycorticosteroids) using competitive protein-binding method is presented. Activated carbon coated with dextrans is used for separation of the hormone-protein complexe and hormone labelled free
5. Tropomyosin-binding properties modulate competition between tropomodulin isoforms.
Colpan, Mert; Moroz, Natalia A; Gray, Kevin T; Cooper, Dillon A; Diaz, Christian A; Kostyukova, Alla S
2016-06-15
The formation and fine-tuning of cytoskeleton in cells are governed by proteins that influence actin filament dynamics. Tropomodulin (Tmod) regulates the length of actin filaments by capping the pointed ends in a tropomyosin (TM)-dependent manner. Tmod1, Tmod2 and Tmod3 are associated with the cytoskeleton of non-muscle cells and their expression has distinct consequences on cell morphology. To understand the molecular basis of differences in the function and localization of Tmod isoforms in a cell, we compared the actin filament-binding abilities of Tmod1, Tmod2 and Tmod3 in the presence of Tpm3.1, a non-muscle TM isoform. Tmod3 displayed preferential binding to actin filaments when competing with other isoforms. Mutating the second or both TM-binding sites of Tmod3 destroyed its preferential binding. Our findings clarify how Tmod1, Tmod2 and Tmod3 compete for binding actin filaments. Different binding mechanisms and strengths of Tmod isoforms for Tpm3.1 contribute to their divergent functional capabilities. PMID:27091317
6. Chemokine cooperativity is caused by competitive glycosaminoglycan binding
Verkaar, F.; Offenbeek, J. van; Lee, M. van der; Lith, L.H. van; Watts, A.O.; Rops, A.L.; Aguilar, D.C.; Ziarek, J.J.; Vlag, J. van der; Handel, T.M.; Volkman, B.F.; Proudfoot, A.E.; Vischer, H.F.; Zaman, G.J.; Smit, M.J.
2014-01-01
Chemokines comprise a family of secreted proteins that activate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and thereby control the migration of leukocytes during inflammation or immune surveillance. The positional information required for such migratory behavior is governed by the binding of chemokines t
7. A sensitive competitive binding assay for exogenous and endogenous heparins
A new type of assay for heparins has been devised, in which the test material competes with 125I-labelled heparin for binding to protamine-Sepharose. The assay is very sensitive and will measure heparin concentrations down to 10 ng ml-1. It responds to both the degree of sulphation and the molecular weight of acidic polysaccharides, but is independent of their biological activities. It can be used to quantitate heparins in biological fluids after pretreatment of the samples with protease. In this way endogenous heparins were measured in normal human serum, plasma and urine. The assay is extremely versatile and has great potential for the investigation of endogenous and exogenous heparins
8. High-affinity dextromethorphan binding sites in guinea pig brain. II. Competition experiments.
Craviso, G L; Musacchio, J M
1983-05-01
Binding of dextromethorphan (DM) to guinea pig brain is stereoselective, since levomethorphan is 20 times weaker than DM in competing for DM sites. In general, opiate agonists and antagonists as well as their corresponding dextrorotatory isomers are weak competitors for tritiated dextromethorphan ([3H]DM) binding sites and display IC50 values in the micromolar range. In contrast, several non-narcotic, centrally acting antitussives are inhibitory in the nanomolar range (IC50 values for caramiphen, carbetapentane, dimethoxanate, and pipazethate are 25 nM, 9 nM, 41 nM, and 190 nM, respectively). Other antitussives, such as levopropoxyphene, chlophedianol, and fominoben, have poor affinity for DM sites whereas the antitussive noscapine enhances DM binding by increasing the affinity of DM for its central binding sites. Additional competition studies indicate that there is no correlation of DM binding with any of the known or putative neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. DM binding is also not related to tricyclic antidepressant binding sites or biogenic amine uptake sites. However, certain phenothiazine neuroleptics and typical and atypical antidepressants inhibit binding with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Moreover, the anticonvulsant drug diphenylhydantoin enhances DM binding in a manner similar to that of noscapine. Preliminary experiments utilizing acid extracts of brain have not demonstrated the presence of an endogenous ligand for DM sites. The binding characteristics of DM sites studied in rat and mouse brain indicate that the relative potencies of several antitussives to inhibit specific DM binding vary according to species. High-affinity, saturable, and stereoselective [3H]DM binding sites are present in liver homogenates, but several differences have been found for these peripheral binding sites and those described for brain. Although the nature of central DM binding sites is not known, the potent interaction of several classes of centrally
9. Competitive inhibition of [3H]dexamethasone binding to mammary glucocorticoid receptor by leupeptin
The inhibitory effect of leupeptin on [3H]dexamethasone binding to the glucocorticoid receptor from lactating goat mammary cytosol has been studied. Leupeptin (10 mM) caused a significant (about 35%) inhibition of [3H]dexamethasone binding to glucocorticoid receptor. Binding inhibition is further increased following filtration of unlabeled cytosolic receptor through a Bio-Gel A 0.5-m column. Binding inhibition was partially reversed by monothioglycerol at 10 mM concentration. A double reciprocal plot revealed that leupeptin appears to be a competitive inhibitor of [3H]dexamethasone binding to the glucocorticoid receptor. Low salt sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed that the leupeptin-treated sample formed a slightly larger (approximately 9 S) receptor complex (leupeptin-free complex sediments at 8 S)
10. Determination of thyroxine concentration in serum by competitive protein binding assay
This paper summarized the kits in commercial level used for the determination of thyroxine concentration in serum by competitive protein binding assay, and described the recent tendency. Using the kits in commercial level such as Tetrasorb, Res-O-Mat T4, Thyopac-4 and Tetralute, extraction of thyroxine, culture of 125I-thyroxine of thyroxine-binding-globulin, separation of free 125I-thyroxine from thyroxine-binding-globulin binding 125I-thyroxine, and calculation of thyroxine concentration were explained, and strong or weak points of these kits were examined. Although normal value showed a little difference in the four kits, they reflected well the thyroid function and would be able to be clinically applied. In addition, Res-O-Mat Effective Thyroxine Ratio Test was recently improved to measure free thyroxine index and thyroxine concentration at the same time, and the effectiveness of the test was also explained. (Kanao, N.)
11. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate competitively inhibits phorbol ester binding to protein kinase C
Calcium phospholipid dependent protein kinase C (PKC) is activated by diacylglycerol (DG) and by phorbol esters and is recognized to be the phorbol ester receptor of cells; DG displaces phorbol ester competitively from PKC. A phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), can also activate PKC in the presence of phosphatidylserine (PS) and Ca2+ with a KPIP2 of 0.04 mol %. Preliminary experiments have suggested a common binding site for PIP2 and DG on PKC. Here, the authors investigate the effect of PIP2 on phorbol ester binding to PKC in a mixed micellar assay. In the presence of 20 mol % PS, PIP2 inhibited specific binding of [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) in a dose-dependent fashion up to 85% at 1 mol %. Inhibition of binding was more pronounced with PIP2 than with DG. Scatchard analysis indicated that the decrease in binding of PDBu in the presence of PIP2 is the result of an altered affinity for the phorbol ester rather than of a change in maximal binding. The plot of apparent dissociation constants (Kd') against PIP2 concentration was linear over a range of 0.01-1 mol % with a Ki of 0.043 mol % and confirmed the competitive nature of inhibition between PDBu and PIP2. Competition between PIP2 and phorbol ester could be determined in a liposomal assay system also. These results indicate that PIP2, DG, and phorbol ester all compete for the same activator-receiving region on the regulatory moiety of protein kinase C, and they lend support to the suggestion that PIP2 is a primary activator of the enzyme
12. Competitive ligand - binding assay for thyroxine binding globulin. Comparison with TBG radioimmunoassay and T3 uptake test
A simple and reproducible competitive ligand binding assay has been utilized to measure serum TBG concentration. In euthyroid subjects TBG concentration (mean +- SD, mg/l) was 33.7 +- 4; hyperthyroid 24 -+ 6; T3-thyrotoxicosis 20 +- 7; hypothyroid 37 -+ 7; pregnant 67 -+ 18; post-partum period 59.8 -+ 17; oral contraceptives 45 -+ 7. The correlation of CLBA with RIA measurement of TBG was significant (p3 uptake test (p4: TBG ratio according to serum T4 and TBG concentration provided a reliable index in the assessment of thyroid function
13. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4B and the poly(A)-binding protein bind eIF4G competitively.
Cheng, Shijun; Gallie, Daniel R
2013-01-01
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4G functions as a scaffold protein that assembles components of the translation initiation complex required to recruit the 40S ribosomal subunit to an mRNA. Although many eukaryotes express two highly similar eIF4G isoforms, those in plants are highly divergent in size and sequence from one another and are referred to as eIF4G and eIFiso4G. Although the domain organization of eIFiso4G differs substantially from eIF4G orthologs in other species, the domain organization of plant eIF4G is largely unknown despite the fact that it is more similar in size and sequence to eIF4G of other eukaryotes. In this study, we show that eIF4G differs from eIFiso4G in that it contains two distinct interaction domains for the poly(A) binding protein (PABP) and eIF4B but is similar to eIFiso4G in having two eIF4A interaction domains. PABP and eIF4B bind the same N-terminal region of eIF4G as they do to a region C-proximal to the HEAT-1 domain in the middle domain of eIF4G, resulting in competitive binding between eIF4B and PABP to each site. eIF4G also differs from eIFiso4G in that no competitive binding was observed between PABP and eIF4A or between eIF4B and eIF4A to its HEAT-1-containing region. These results demonstrate that despite substantial differences in size, sequence, and domain organization, PABP and eIF4B bind to eIF4G and eIFiso4G competitively. PMID:26824014
14. Enhanced Activity of Topical Hydrocortisone by Competitive Binding of Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin.
Bodor, Erik T; Wu, Whei-Mei; Chandran, V Ravi; Bodor, Nicholas
2016-09-01
Atopic dermatitis of sensitive areas such as the face, particularly in children, is a difficult disease to treat as the standard therapeutic, topical steroids, is contraindicated for this application in children. Hydrocortisone (HC) can be used in these instances because it has been shown to be safe, but is often ineffective as it is a relatively weak steroid, especially at over-the-counter concentrations. To enhance the local topical activity of HC, the terminal inactive metabolite of prednisolone, Δ(1)-cortienic acid (Δ(1)-CA), is added to HC, as Δ(1)-CA preferentially binds transcortin, liberating more HC to elicit its therapeutic effect. Skin blanching studies, which are used to evaluate the potency of topical steroids, were employed to assess the ability of Δ(1)-CA to enhance the activity of HC. The results demonstrate that Δ(1)-CA, when applied in combination with HC, does indeed potentiate the vasoconstriction effect of topically applied HC, while having no effect alone. Thus, addition of the inert prednisolone metabolite Δ(1)-CA can increase the therapeutic effect of over-the-counter concentrations of HC when applied topically. PMID:27179671
15. Competition
Boone, J.
2000-01-01
Competition has been modelled in the literature in a number of ways.What do these different parametrizations of competition have in common?For instance, it turns out that it is not always the case that a rise in competition reduces price cost margins, industry wide profits or concentration.All param
16. Competitive binding of viral E2 protein and mammalian core-binding factor to transcriptional control sequences of human papillomavirus type 8 and bovine papillomavirus type 1.
Schmidt, H. M.; Steger, G; Pfister, H
1997-01-01
The promoter P7535 of human papillomavirus type 8 and the promoter P7185 of bovine papillomavirus type 1 are negatively regulated by viral E2 proteins via the promoter proximal binding sites P2 and BS1, respectively. Mutations of these E2 binding sites can reduce basal promoter activity. This suggests binding of a transcription-stimulating factor and may indicate that repression by E2 is due to competitive binding of viral and cellular proteins. A computer search revealed putative binding sit...
17. Competition
Boone, J.
2000-01-01
Competition has been modelled in the literature in a number of ways.What do these different parametrizations of competition have in common?For instance, it turns out that it is not always the case that a rise in competition reduces price cost margins, industry wide profits or concentration.All parametrizations of competition, considered here, have two features in common.First, the reallocation effect: a rise in competition raises the profits of a firm relative to the profits of a less efficie...
18. Competitive binding of phenylbutazone and colchicine to serum albumin in multidrug therapy: A spectroscopic study
Sułkowska, A.; Maciążek-Jurczyk, M.; Bojko, B.; Równicka, J.; Zubik-Skupień, I.; Temba, E.; Pentak, D.; Sułkowski, W. W.
2008-06-01
The binding sites for phenylbutazone and colchicine were identified in tertiary structure of bovine and human serum albumin with the use of spectrofluorescence analysis. It was found that phenylbutazone has two binding sites in both sera albumins (HSA and BSA), while colchicine has one binding site in BSA as well as in HSA. The comparison of the quenching effect of BSA and HSA fluorescence by phenylbutazone and colchicine allows us to identify subdomain IIA in protein as the binding site for these two drugs. In this subdomain tryptophan 214 is located. The participation of tyrosyl and tryptophanyl residues of protein was also estimated in the drug-albumin complex. The comparison of quenching of fluorescence of HSA and BSA excited at 280 nm with that at 295 nm allowed us to state that the participation of tyrosyl residues of albumin in the phenylbutazone-serum albumin interaction is significant. The analysis of quenching of fluorescence of BSA in the binary and ternary systems showed that phenylbutazone does not affect the complex formed between colchicine and BSA. Similarly, colchicine has no effect on the Phe-BSA complex. However marked differences were observed for the complex with HSA. On the basis of Ka and KQ values it was concluded that colchicine may probably cause displacement of phenylbutazone from its complex with serum albumin (SA). Static and dynamic quenching for the binary and ternary systems is also discussed. The competition of phenylbutazone and colchicine in binding to serum albumin should be taken into account in the multi-drug therapy.
A rapid and sensitive competitive receptor bonding assay for β-1 and β-2 adrenergic binding for adrenergic agents has been developed. The steps that are critical for the success of the assay are given in detail so that the assay can be set up in any routine laboratory with relative ease. The rationale behind the use of specific reagents is discussed. The assay requires microgram quantities of test compound, a radiolabeled specific β adrenergic antagonist [3H]dihydroalprenolol (DHA), and turkey erythrocyte β-1 and rat erythrocyte β-2 receptor membranes. Serial dilutions of sample are incubated with appropriate receptor membranes and DHA for 1 hr at room temperature. After equilibrium is attained, the bound radioligand is separated by rapid filtration under vacuum through Whatman GF/B filters. The amount of bound DHA trapped on the filter is inversely proportional to the degree of β-1 and β-2 adrenergic binding of the sample. Separation of bound from free radioligand by filtration permits rapid determination of a large number of samples. This assay quantitates and differentiates β-1 and β-2 adrenergic binding of synthetic adrenergic agents
20. Competition
吕思思
2007-01-01
<正> The term competition reminds me of asoul-stirring fight between a mother monkeyand a crocodile,The crocodile caught her babywhen the baby was drinking water in a pool,Inthe end,the mother got her baby,but herbaby’s body only,She lost her child forever,just for a mouthful of water.Such is competition,cruel and merciless,But if we see the other side of the coin,we’ll
1. Competitive counterion complexation allows the true host : guest binding constants from a single titration by ionic receptors.
Pessêgo, Márcia; Basílio, Nuno; Muñiz, M Carmen; García-Río, Luis
2016-07-01
Counterion competitive complexation is a background process currently ignored by using ionic hosts. Consequently, guest binding constants are strongly affected by the design of the titration experiments in such a way that the results are dependent on the guest concentration and on the presence of added salts, usually buffers. In the present manuscript we show that these experimental difficulties can be overcome by just considering the counterion competitive complexation. Moreover a single titration allows us to obtain not only the true binding constants but also the stoichiometry of the complex showing the formation of 1 : 1 : 1 (host : guest : counterion) complexes. The detection of high stoichiometry complexes is not restricted to a single titration experiment but also to a displacement assay where both competitive and competitive-cooperative complexation models are taken into consideration. PMID:27278457
2. Surface structural ion adsorption modeling of competitive binding of oxyanions by metal (hydr)oxides
Hiemstra, T.; Riemsdijk, W.H. van [Wageningen Univ. and Research Centre (Netherlands)
1999-02-01
An important challenge in surface complexation models (SCM) is to connect the molecular microscopic reality to macroscopic adsorption phenomena. This study elucidates the primary factor controlling the adsorption process by analyzing the adsorption and competition of PO{sub 4}, AsO{sub 4}, and SeO{sub 3}. The authors show that the structure of the surface-complex acting in the dominant electrostatic field can be ascertained as the primary controlling adsorption factor. The surface species of arsenate are identical with those of phosphate and the adsorption behavior is very similar. On the basis of the selenite adsorption, The authors show that the commonly used 1pK models are incapable to incorporate in the adsorption modeling the correct bidentate binding mechanism found by spectroscopy. The use of the bidentate mechanism leads to a proton-oxyanion ratio and corresponding pH dependence that are too large. The inappropriate intrinsic charge attribution to the primary surface groups and the condensation of the inner sphere surface complex to a point charge are responsible for this behavior of commonly used 2pK models. Both key factors are differently defined in the charge distributed multi-site complexation (CD-MUSIC) model and are based in this model on a surface structural approach. The CD-MUSIC model can successfully describe the macroscopic adsorption phenomena using the surface speciation and binding mechanisms as found by spectroscopy. The model is also able to predict the anion competition well. The charge distribution in the interface is in agreement with the observed structure of surface complexes.
3. Competition
Staff Association
2016-01-01
The Staff Association is organising a competition from April 11 to 20. There are several Go Sport gift vouchers with a value of 50 € each to win. Try your luck! To participate, you just have to be a member of the Staff Association and take the online quiz: https://ap-vote.web.cern.ch/content/jeu-concours. The winners will be drawn among the correct answers.
4. Competition-based cellular peptide binding assays for 13 prevalent HLA class I alleles using fluorescein-labeled synthetic peptides.
Kessler, Jan H; Mommaas, Bregje; Mutis, Tuna; Huijbers, Ivo; Vissers, Debby; Benckhuijsen, Willemien E; Schreuder, Geziena M Th; Offringa, Rienk; Goulmy, Els; Melief, Cornelis J M; van der Burg, Sjoerd H; Drijfhout, Jan W
2003-02-01
We report the development, validation, and application of competition-based peptide binding assays for 13 prevalent human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles. The assays are based on peptide binding to HLA molecules on living cells carrying the particular allele. Competition for binding between the test peptide of interest and a fluorescein-labeled HLA class I binding peptide is used as read out. The use of cell membrane-bound HLA class I molecules circumvents the need for laborious biochemical purification of these molecules in soluble form. Previously, we have applied this principle for HLA-A2 and HLA-A3. We now describe the assays for HLA-A1, HLA-A11, HLA-A24, HLA-A68, HLA-B7, HLA-B8, HLA-B14, HLA-B35, HLA-B60, HLA-B61, and HLA-B62. Together with HLA-A2 and HLA-A3, these alleles cover more than 95% of the Caucasian population. Several allele-specific parameters were determined for each assay. Using these assays, we identified novel HLA class I high-affinity binding peptides from HIVpol, p53, PRAME, and minor histocompatibility antigen HA-1. Thus these convenient and accurate peptide-binding assays will be useful for the identification of putative cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes presented on a diverse array of HLA class I molecules. PMID:12559627
5. Effect of dioxane on the binding of competitive inhibitor proflavin and catalytic activity of bovine pancreatic α-chymotrypsin
Sirotkin, V. A.; Mukhametzyanov, T. A.; Karmanova, Yu. V.
2007-07-01
The binding of competitive inhibitor proflavin by α-chymotrypsin in water-dioxane mixtures over the entire range of thermodynamic activities of water a w was studied. The data on the degree of binding of proflavin were compared to the results on the catalytic activity of the enzyme preliminary incubated in water-dioxane mixtures. An analysis of the behavior of the concentration dependences of these characteristics demonstrated that, at low a w values, the behavior of the interprotein contacts in the enzyme formed during its drying largely governs its functional properties, while at high a w values, they are determined by the interaction of the enzyme with the organic solvent. Interplay of these two factors is responsible for the observed complex shape of the isotherm of binding of proflavin, with the maximum degree of binding being attained at moderate a w values.
6. Cross-competition of somatostatin with vasoactive intestinal peptide for binding to the somatostatin receptor subtype 3
Full text: Recent studies suggest that a variety of tumor cells express both receptors (R) for somatostatin-14 (SST) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). We have observed cross-competition between SST and VIP for binding to various tumor cells. The present study was conducted to identify the common binding site of SST and VIP. For this purpose, COS-7 cells were transfected with the hSSTR1 through 5 as well as with the hVIPR1 and hVIPR2. 125I-SST, 123I-Tyr3-OCT and 123I-VIP were used as radioligands. A direct binding studies and northern blot analysis were performed. High affinity binding of 125I-SST to hSSTR1, hSSTR2, hSSTR3, hSSTR4 and hSSTR5 was observed. 123I-Tyr3-OCT bound to hSSTR2 and hSSTR5 with high affinity and to hSSTR3 with moderate affinity. 125I-SST as well as 123I-Tyr3-OCT did not bind to hVIPR1 or hVIPR2. In contrast, high affinity binding of 123I-VIP to hVIPR1, hVIPR2 and to hSSTR3, but not to other hSSTR, was detectable. Binding of 125I-SST to hSSTR3 was displaced by unlabeled SST, VIP as well as by Tyr3-OCT. Binding of 123I-VIP to hSSTR3 was inhibited by unlabeled VIP, SST and Tyr3-OCT. Our data provide evidence that the hSSTR3 may act as an acceptor for VIP and is the primary site responsible of cross-competition between 125I-SST and 123I-VIP. (author)
7. Fluorescence analysis of competition of phenylbutazone and methotrexate in binding to serum albumin in combination treatment in rheumatology
Maciążek-Jurczyk, M.; Sułkowska, A.; Bojko, B.; Równicka, J.; Sułkowski, W. W.
2009-04-01
Combination of several drugs is often necessary especially during long-them therapy. The competition between drugs can cause a decrease of the amount of a drug bound to albumin. This results in an increase of the free, biological active fraction of the drug. The aim of the presented study was to describe the competition between phenylbutazone (Phe) and methotrexate (MTX), two drugs recommended for the treatment of rheumatology in binding to bovine (BSA) and human (HSA) serum albumin in the high affinity binding site. Fluorescence analysis was used to estimate the effect of drugs on the protein fluorescence and to define the binding and quenching properties of drugs-serum albumin complexes. The effect of the displacement of one drug from the complex of the other with serum albumin has been described on the basis of the comparison of the quenching curves and binding constants for the binary and ternary systems. The conclusion that both Phe and MTX form a binding site in the same subdomain (IIA) points to the necessity of using a monitoring therapy owning to the possible increase of the uncontrolled toxic effects.
8. Competitive binding of transcription factors drives Mendelian dominance in regulatory genetic pathways
Porter, Adam H.; Johnson, Norman A.; Tulchinsky, Alexander Y.
2016-01-01
We report a new mechanism for allelic dominance in regulatory genetic interactions that we call binding dominance. We investigated a biophysical model of gene regulation, where the fractional occupancy of a transcription factor (TF) on the cis-regulated promoter site it binds to is determined by binding energy (-{\\Delta}G) and TF concentration. Transcription and gene expression proceed when the TF is bound to the promoter. In diploids, individuals may be heterozygous at the cis-site, at the T...
9. Competition for in vitro [3H]gibberellin A4 binding in cucumber by substituted phthalimides
Certain N-substituted phthalimides (NSPs) have gibberellin (GA)-like activity in a number of GA bioassays. The interaction between representative NSPs and a protein fraction from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) hypocotyls that has GA-binding characteristics consistent with those expected of GA receptors was studied. Analysis of in vitro equilibrium saturation data indicated the presence of only one class of high affinity [3H]GA4 binding sites (Kd ∼30 nanomolar, n = 0.25 picomole per milligram of protein). In the presence of 6 or 60 micromolar 1-[3-chlorophthalimido]-cyclohexanecarboximide (AC-94,377), the Kd for [3H]GA4 increased, whereas the maximum number of saturable [3H]GA4 binding sites did not change significantly. The dissociation of [3H]GA4 from its binding sites was complex and was best described by a bi-exponential equation. AC-94,377 did not affect the rates of [3H]GA4 dissociation from its binding sites. These results implied that AC-94,377 and [3H]GA4 compete for binding to the same sites. A correlation was observed between the activity of over 20 NSPs in the cucumber hypocotyl bioassay and their in vitro affinity for the GA binding sites. Our observations lend further support to the notion that certain GA binding proteins in cucumber cytosol are GA receptors and also provide a molecular explanation for the GA-like in vivo activity of some NSPs
10. In vitro binding of plutonium to human transferrin and competition reaction with ferric ions
Plutonium was found to bind strongly to human transferrin, however a maximum capacity of absorption was observed. Presaturation with iron of transferrin resulted in a decrease of plutonium binding, but it still remained appreciable. It was largely affected by the pH as well as by the degree of ferric saturation of the transferrin. (authors)
11. Inhibition of CK2 Activity by TCDD via Binding to ATP-competitive Binding Site of Catalytic Subunit:Insight from Computational Studies
XU Xian-jin; CANNISTRARO Salvatore; BIZZARRI Anna-rita; ZENG Yi; CHEN Wei-zu; WANG Cun-xin
2013-01-01
Alternative mechanisms of toxic effects induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD),instead of the binding to aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR),have been taken into consideration.It has been recently shown that TCDD reduces rapidly the activity of CK2(casein kinase Ⅱ) both in vivo and in vitro.It is found that TCDD has high molecular similarities to the known inhibitors of CK2 catalytic subunit(CK2α).This suggests that TCDD could also be an ATP-competitive inhibitor of CK2α.In this work,docking TCDD to CK2 was carried out based on the two structures of CK2α from maize and human,respectively.The binding free energies of the predicted CK2α-TCDD complexes estimated by the molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area(MM/PBSA) method are from -85.1 kJ/mol to-114.3 kJ/mol for maize and are from-96.1 kJ/mol to-118.2 kJ/mol for human,which are comparable to those estimated for the known inhibitor and also ATP with CK2α.The energetic analysis also reveals that the van der Waals interaction is the dominant contribution to the binding free energy.These results are also useful for designing new drugs for a target of overexpressing CK2 in cancers.
12. Automated measurement of serum thyroxine with the ''AIRA II,'' as compared with competitive protein binding and radioimmunoassay
Two conventional serum thyroxine assays, run in separate laboratories, one by competitive protein binding and one by radioimmunoassay, were used to evaluate the automated ARIA II (Becton Dickinson Immunodiagnostics) serum thyroxine assay. Competitive protein binding as compared to ARIA II with 111 clinical serum samples gave a slope of 1.04 and a correlation coefficient of 0.94. The radioimmunoassay comparison to ARIA II with 53 clinical serum samples gave a slope of 1.05 and a correlation coefficient of 0.92. The ARIA II inter-assay coefficient of variation for 10 replicates of low, medium, and high thyroxine serum samples was 6.2, 6.0, and 2.9%, respectively, with an inter-assay coefficient of variation among 15 different assays of 15.5, 10.1, and 7.9%. The automated ARIA II, with a 2.2-min cycle per sample, gives results that compare well with those by manual methodology
13. Machine learning competition in immunology – Prediction of HLA class I binding peptides
Zhang, Guang Lan; Ansari, Hifzur Rahman; Bradley, Phil;
2011-01-01
., 2008] and [Larsen et al., 2010]). HTMS involves HLA typing, immunoaffinity chromatography of HLA molecules, HLA extraction, and chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry, followed by the application of computational algorithms for peptide characterization (Bassani-Sternberg et al., 2010......). Hundreds of naturally processed HLA class I associated peptides have been identified in individual studies using HTMS in normal (Escobar et al., 2008), cancer ( [Antwi et al., 2009] and [Bassani-Sternberg et al., 2010]), autoimmunity-related (Ben Dror et al., 2010), and infected samples (Wahl et al, 2010...... of peptide binding, therefore, determines the accuracy of the overall method. Computational predictions of peptide binding to HLA, both class I and class II, use a variety of algorithms ranging from binding motifs to advanced machine learning techniques ( [Brusic et al., 2004] and [Lafuente and Reche...
14. Inclusion complex formation of ionic liquids with 4-sulfonatocalixarenes studied by competitive binding of berberine alkaloid fluorescent probe
Miskolczy, Zsombor; Biczók, László
2009-07-01
A clinically important natural isoquinoline alkaloid, berberine, was used as a fluorescent probe to study the encapsulation of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium (C nMIm +) type ionic liquids in 4-sulfonato-substituted calix[4]arene (SCX4) and calix[6]arene (SCX6) at pH 2. Addition of ionic liquids to the aqueous solution of berberine-SCXn inclusion complexes brought about considerable fluorescence intensity diminution due to the extrusion of berberine from the macrocycle into the aqueous phase by the competitive inclusion of C nMIm + cation. The lengthening of the aliphatic side chain of the imidazolium moiety diminished the equilibrium constant of complexation with SCX4, but enhanced the stability of SCX6 complexes. Larger binding strength was found for SCX4.
15. Competition of dipositive metal ions for Fe (III) binding sites in chelation therapy of Iron Load
Iron overload is a condition in which excessive iron deposited in the liver, kidney and spleen of human beings in the patients of beta thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. Instead of its importance iron could be toxic when in excess, it damages the tissues. For the treatment of iron overload, a drug desferrioxamine mesylate has been used. It is linear trihydroxamic acid, a natural siderophore produced by streptomyces which removes the extra iron from body. Salicylhydroxamate type siderphore. In present research salicylhydroxamate was used for the complexation with dipositive metal ions which are available in biological environments such as Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II). The aim of our work was to study the competition reactions between Fe (III) and other dipositive ions; to calculate the thermodynamic data of chelation of these metal ions complexes with hydroxamate by computer program and comparison with hydroxamate complexes. (author)
16. Molecular determinants of non-competitive antagonist binding to the mouse GPRC6A receptor
Faure, Helene; Gorojankina, Tatiana; Rice, Nadejda;
2009-01-01
Calindol antagonist activity but was without effect on NPS2143 inhibitory response. In summary, these data suggest that Calindol is primarily anchored through an H-bond to E816(7.39) in TM7 and highlight important local differences at the level of the CaSR and GPRC6A allosteric binding pockets. We have...... identified the first antagonists of GPRC6A that could represent new tools to analyze GPRC6A functions and serve as chemical leads for the development of more specific modulators....
17. PUMA promotes Bax translocation by competitive binding to Bcl-Xl during UV-induced apoptosis
Zhang, Yingjie; Xing, Da; Wu, Yinyuan; Liu, Lei
2008-02-01
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can induce apoptosis through both the membrane death receptor and the intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways as DNA-damaging agents. PUMA, a BH3-only Bcl-2 family protein, plays an essential role in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Bax, also a Bcl-2 family member, translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondrial membrane during UV-induced apoptosis. However, the regulation of Bax activation induced by UV irradiation remains poorly understood. In this study, the FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) technique was used to study the interactions of Bax, Bcl-Xl, and PUMA in ASTC-a-1 cells. The results show that Bax translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondrial membrane at about 7 h after UV irradiation, and the translocation can not be blocked completely when overexpressed Bcl-xl. Moreover, The interaction of Bax and Bcl-Xl weakened markedly. In addition, Co-immunoprecipitation shows that PUMA released Bax by directly binding to Bcl-XL after UV irradiation in ASTC-a-1 cells. Taken together, these results indicated that PUMA can promote Bax translocation by binding to Bcl-Xl during UV-induced apoptosis.
18. Activation of Hsp90/NOS and increased NO generation does not impair mitochondrial respiratory chain by competitive binding at cytochrome C Oxidase in low oxygen concentrations
Presley, Tennille; Vedam, Kaushik; Liu, Xiaoping; Zweier, Jay L.; Ilangovan, Govindasamy
2009-01-01
Nitric oxide (NO) is known to regulate mitochondrial respiration, especially during metabolic stress and disease, by nitrosation of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes (irreversible) and by a competitive binding at O2 binding site of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) in complex IV (reversible). In this study, by using bovine aortic endothelial cells, we demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of endogenously generated NO by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activation, by either NOS ...
19. Competition of aluminium on iron binding site in the biological system
Aluminum toxicity has been recognized in many ways, when exposure to heavy metals is prolonged, renal function is limited or a previously accumulated bone burden is released in stress and illness. Aluminum is generally found in +3 oxidation state, so sometimes it competes for the binding sites of Fe(III) in the biological system. If the concentration of Aluminum exceeds above the normal, it inhibits the absorption of Iron and Iron deficiency leads to diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer. The complex formations of Al(III) and Fe(III) with salicylic hydroxamate were studied potentiometrically at different temperatures and data were subjected to computer programs. The stability constant (log beta) values and thermodynamic stabilities were calculated. It was found that salicylic hydroxamate forms 1:1 complex at pH 3 and 1: 2 complex at pH 4 with Al(III) and Fe(III), respectively. The stability constant (log beta) and thermodynamic stabilities of Al(III) salicylic hydroxamate complexes are close to Fe(III) salicylic hydroxamate complexes. (author)
20. Development and optimization of a competitive binding assay for the galactophilic low affinity lectin LecA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Joachim, Ines; Rikker, Sebastian; Hauck, Dirk; Ponader, Daniela; Boden, Sophia; Sommer, Roman; Hartmann, Laura; Titz, Alexander
2016-08-16
Infections with the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa result in a high mortality among immunocompromised patients and those with cystic fibrosis. The pathogen can switch from planktonic life to biofilms, and thereby shields itself against antibiotic treatment and host immune defense to establish chronic infections. The bacterial protein LecA, a C-type lectin, is a virulence factor and an integral component for biofilm formation. Inhibition of LecA with its carbohydrate ligands results in reduced biofilm mass, a potential Achilles heel for treatment. Here, we report the development and optimization of a fluorescence polarization-based competitive binding assay with LecA for application in screening of potential inhibitors. As a consequence of the low affinity of d-galactose for LecA, the fluorescent ligand was optimized to reduce protein consumption in the assay. The assay was validated using a set of known inhibitors of LecA and IC50 values in good agreement with the known Kd values were obtained. Finally, we employed the optimized assay to screen sets of synthetic thio-galactosides and natural blood group antigens and report their structure-activity relationship. In addition, we evaluated a multivalent fluorescent assay probe for LecA and report its applicability in an inhibition assay. PMID:27488655
1. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of substrate-competitive inhibitors of C-terminal Binding Protein (CtBP).
Korwar, Sudha; Morris, Benjamin L; Parikh, Hardik I; Coover, Robert A; Doughty, Tyler W; Love, Ian M; Hilbert, Brendan J; Royer, William E; Kellogg, Glen E; Grossman, Steven R; Ellis, Keith C
2016-06-15
C-terminal Binding Protein (CtBP) is a transcriptional co-regulator that downregulates the expression of many tumor-suppressor genes. Utilizing a crystal structure of CtBP with its substrate 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyric acid (MTOB) and NAD(+) as a guide, we have designed, synthesized, and tested a series of small molecule inhibitors of CtBP. From our first round of compounds, we identified 2-(hydroxyimino)-3-phenylpropanoic acid as a potent CtBP inhibitor (IC50=0.24μM). A structure-activity relationship study of this compound further identified the 4-chloro- (IC50=0.18μM) and 3-chloro- (IC50=0.17μM) analogues as additional potent CtBP inhibitors. Evaluation of the hydroxyimine analogues in a short-term cell growth/viability assay showed that the 4-chloro- and 3-chloro-analogues are 2-fold and 4-fold more potent, respectively, than the MTOB control. A functional cellular assay using a CtBP-specific transcriptional readout revealed that the 4-chloro- and 3-chloro-hydroxyimine analogues were able to block CtBP transcriptional repression activity. This data suggests that substrate-competitive inhibition of CtBP dehydrogenase activity is a potential mechanism to reactivate tumor-suppressor gene expression as a therapeutic strategy for cancer. PMID:27156192
2. Studies of food folates and folic acid deficiency by radioligand competitive binding assay techniques. Part of a coordinated programme on in vitro assay techniques
Conjugese extracted from winged bean or sweet potato leaves was used to release folate from Sri Lankan foodstuffs. Total folate was then estimated by competitive binding assay using goat milk as binding agent. Of 33 foodstuffs investigated, green gram, cow pea, and red gram among the pulses and mukunuvenna, amaranth and centella among the leafy vegetables were shown to be rich sources of folate. Between 20 and 60% of total folate was lost when such foodstuffs were boiled for 60 minutes. It is thus advisable that pulses and leafy vegetables be boiled only for the minimum time necessary for tenderization before consumption
3. Different sensitivities to competitive inhibition of benzodiazepine receptor binding of {sup 11}C-iomazenil and {sup 11}C-flumazenil in rhesus monkey brain
Inoue, Osamu; Hosoi, Rie; Kobayashi, Kaoru [Osaka Univ., Suita (Japan). Medical School; Itoh, Takashi; Gee, A.; Suzuki, Kazutoshi
2001-04-01
The in vivo binding kinetics of {sup 11}C-iomazenil were compared with those of {sup 11}C-flumazenil binding in rhesus monkey brain. The monkey was anesthetized with ketamine and intravenously injected with either {sup 11}C-iomazenil or {sup 11}C-flumazenil in combination with the coadministration of different doses of non-radioactive flumazenil (0, 5 and 20 {mu}g/kg). The regional distribution of {sup 11}C-iomazenil in the brain was similar to that of {sup 11}C-flumazenil, but the sensitivity of {sup 11}C-iomazenil binding to competitive inhibition by non-radioactive flumazenil was much less than that of {sup 11}C-flumazenil binding. A significant reduction in {sup 11}C-flumazenil binding in the cerebral cortex was observed with 20 {mu}g/kg of flumazenil, whereas a relatively smaller inhibition of {sup 11}C-iomazenil binding in the same region was observed with the same dose of flumazenil. These results suggest that {sup 11}C-flumazenil may be a superior radiotracer for estimating benzodiazepine receptor occupancy in the intact brain. (author)
4. Different sensitivities to competitive inhibition of benzodiazepine receptor binding of 11C-iomazenil and 11C-flumazenil in rhesus monkey brain
The in vivo binding kinetics of 11C-iomazenil were compared with those of 11C-flumazenil binding in rhesus monkey brain. The monkey was anesthetized with ketamine and intravenously injected with either 11C-iomazenil or 11C-flumazenil in combination with the coadministration of different doses of non-radioactive flumazenil (0, 5 and 20 μg/kg). The regional distribution of 11C-iomazenil in the brain was similar to that of 11C-flumazenil, but the sensitivity of 11C-iomazenil binding to competitive inhibition by non-radioactive flumazenil was much less than that of 11C-flumazenil binding. A significant reduction in 11C-flumazenil binding in the cerebral cortex was observed with 20 μg/kg of flumazenil, whereas a relatively smaller inhibition of 11C-iomazenil binding in the same region was observed with the same dose of flumazenil. These results suggest that 11C-flumazenil may be a superior radiotracer for estimating benzodiazepine receptor occupancy in the intact brain. (author)
5. Competition for in vitro [3H]gibberellin A4 binding in cucumber by gibberellins and their derivatives
The gibberellin (GA) binding properties of a cytosol fraction from hypocotyls of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv National Pickling) were examined using a DEAE filter paper assay, [3H]GA4, and over 20 GAs, GA derivatives and other growth regulators. The results demonstrate structural specificity of the binding protein for γ-lactonic C-19 GAs with a 3 β-hydroxyl and a C-6 carboxyl group. Additional hydroxylations of the A, C, or D ring of the ent-gibberellane skeleton and methylation of the C-6 carboxyl impede or abolish binding affinity. Bioassay data are generally supported by the in vitro results but significantly GA9 and GA36, both considered to be precursors of GA4 in cucumber, show no affinity for the binding protein. The results are discussed in relation to the active site of the putative GA4 receptor in cucumber
6. Competitive Binding Sites of a Ruthenium Arene Anticancer Complex on Oligonucleotides Studied by Mass Spectrometry: Ladder-Sequencing versus Top-Down
Wu, Kui; Hu, Wenbing; Luo, Qun; Li, Xianchan; Xiong, Shaoxiang; Sadler, Peter J.; Wang, Fuyi
2013-03-01
We report identification of the binding sites for an organometallic ruthenium anticancer complex [( η 6-biphenyl)Ru(en)Cl][PF6] ( 1; en = ethylenediamine) on the 15-mer single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), 5'-CTCTCTX7G8Y9CTTCTC-3' [X = Y = T ( I); X = C and Y = A ( II); X = A and Y = T ( III); X = T and Y = A ( IV)] by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in conjunction with enzymatic digestion or tandem mass spectrometry (top-down MS). ESI-MS combined with enzymatic digestion (termed MS-based ladder-sequencing), is effective for identification of the thermodynamically-favored G-binding sites, but not applicable to determine the thermodynamically unstable T-binding sites because the T-bound adducts dissociate during enzymatic digestion. In contrast, top-down MS is efficient for localization of the T binding sites, but not suitable for mapping ruthenated G bases, due to the facile fragmentation of G bases from ODN backbones prior to the dissociation of the phosphodiester bonds. The combination of the two MS approaches reveals that G8 in each ODN is the preferred binding site for 1, and that the T binding sites of 1 are either T7 or T11 on I and IV, and either T6 or T11 on II and III, respectively. These findings not only demonstrate for the first time that T-bases in single-stranded oligonucleotides are kinetically competitive with guanine for such organoruthenium complexes, but also illustrate the relative merits of the combination of ladder-sequencing and top-down MS approaches to elucidate the interactions of metal anticancer complexes with DNA.
7. A novel method to measure HLA-DM-susceptibility of peptides bound to MHC class II molecules based on peptide binding competition assay and differential IC(50) determination.
Yin, Liusong; Stern, Lawrence J
2014-04-01
HLA-DM (DM) functions as a peptide editor that mediates the exchange of peptides loaded onto MHCII molecules by accelerating peptide dissociation and association kinetics. The relative DM-susceptibility of peptides bound to MHCII molecules correlates with antigen presentation and immunodominance hierarchy, and measurement of DM-susceptibility has been a key effort in this field. Current assays of DM-susceptibility, based on differential peptide dissociation rates measured for individually labeled peptides over a long time base, are difficult and cumbersome. Here, we present a novel method to measure DM-susceptibility based on peptide binding competition assays performed in the presence and absence of DM, reported as a delta-IC(50) (change in 50% inhibition concentration) value. We simulated binding competition reactions of peptides with various intrinsic and DM-catalyzed kinetic parameters and found that under a wide range of conditions the delta-IC(50) value is highly correlated with DM-susceptibility as measured in off-rate assay. We confirmed experimentally that DM-susceptibility measured by delta-IC(50) is comparable to that measured by traditional off-rate assay for peptides with known DM-susceptibility hierarchy. The major advantage of this method is that it allows simple, fast and high throughput measurement of DM-susceptibility for a large set of unlabeled peptides in studies of the mechanism of DM action and for identification of CD4+ T cell epitopes. PMID:24583195
8. Automated measurement of serum thyroxine with the ''AIRA II,'' as compared with competitive protein binding and radioimmunoassay
Reese, M.G.; Johnson, L.V.R.
1978-02-01
Two conventional serum thyroxine assays, run in separate laboratories, one by competitive protein binding and one by radioimmunoassay, were used to evaluate the automated ARIA II (Becton Dickinson Immunodiagnostics) serum thyroxine assay. Competitive protein binding as compared to ARIA II with 111 clinical serum samples gave a slope of 1.04 and a correlation coefficient of 0.94. The radioimmunoassay comparison to ARIA II with 53 clinical serum samples gave a slope of 1.05 and a correlation coefficient of 0.92. The ARIA II inter-assay coefficient of variation for 10 replicates of low, medium, and high thyroxine serum samples was 6.2, 6.0, and 2.9%, respectively, with an inter-assay coefficient of variation among 15 different assays of 15.5, 10.1, and 7.9%. The automated ARIA II, with a 2.2-min cycle per sample, gives results that compare well with those by manual methodology.
9. Agrobacterium uses a unique ligand-binding mode for trapping opines and acquiring a competitive advantage in the niche construction on plant host.
Julien Lang
2014-10-01
Full Text Available By modifying the nuclear genome of its host, the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens induces the development of plant tumours in which it proliferates. The transformed plant tissues accumulate uncommon low molecular weight compounds called opines that are growth substrates for A. tumefaciens. In the pathogen-induced niche (the plant tumour, a selective advantage conferred by opine assimilation has been hypothesized, but not experimentally demonstrated. Here, using genetics and structural biology, we deciphered how the pathogen is able to bind opines and use them to efficiently compete in the plant tumour. We report high resolution X-ray structures of the periplasmic binding protein (PBP NocT unliganded and liganded with the opine nopaline (a condensation product of arginine and α-ketoglurate and its lactam derivative pyronopaline. NocT exhibited an affinity for pyronopaline (K(D of 0.6 µM greater than that for nopaline (KD of 3.7 µM. Although the binding-mode of the arginine part of nopaline/pyronopaline in NocT resembled that of arginine in other PBPs, affinity measurement by two different techniques showed that NocT did not bind arginine. In contrast, NocT presented specific residues such as M117 to stabilize the bound opines. NocT relatives that exhibit the nopaline/pyronopaline-binding mode were only found in genomes of the genus Agrobacterium. Transcriptomics and reverse genetics revealed that A. tumefaciens uses the same pathway for assimilating nopaline and pyronopaline. Fitness measurements showed that NocT is required for a competitive colonization of the plant tumour by A. tumefaciens. Moreover, even though the Ti-plasmid conjugal transfer was not regulated by nopaline, the competitive advantage gained by the nopaline-assimilating Ti-plasmid donors led to a preferential horizontal propagation of this Ti-plasmid amongst the agrobacteria colonizing the plant-tumour niche. This work provided structural and genetic evidences to
10. Agrobacterium uses a unique ligand-binding mode for trapping opines and acquiring a competitive advantage in the niche construction on plant host.
Lang, Julien; Vigouroux, Armelle; Planamente, Sara; El Sahili, Abbas; Blin, Pauline; Aumont-Nicaise, Magali; Dessaux, Yves; Moréra, Solange; Faure, Denis
2014-10-01
By modifying the nuclear genome of its host, the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens induces the development of plant tumours in which it proliferates. The transformed plant tissues accumulate uncommon low molecular weight compounds called opines that are growth substrates for A. tumefaciens. In the pathogen-induced niche (the plant tumour), a selective advantage conferred by opine assimilation has been hypothesized, but not experimentally demonstrated. Here, using genetics and structural biology, we deciphered how the pathogen is able to bind opines and use them to efficiently compete in the plant tumour. We report high resolution X-ray structures of the periplasmic binding protein (PBP) NocT unliganded and liganded with the opine nopaline (a condensation product of arginine and α-ketoglurate) and its lactam derivative pyronopaline. NocT exhibited an affinity for pyronopaline (K(D) of 0.6 µM) greater than that for nopaline (KD of 3.7 µM). Although the binding-mode of the arginine part of nopaline/pyronopaline in NocT resembled that of arginine in other PBPs, affinity measurement by two different techniques showed that NocT did not bind arginine. In contrast, NocT presented specific residues such as M117 to stabilize the bound opines. NocT relatives that exhibit the nopaline/pyronopaline-binding mode were only found in genomes of the genus Agrobacterium. Transcriptomics and reverse genetics revealed that A. tumefaciens uses the same pathway for assimilating nopaline and pyronopaline. Fitness measurements showed that NocT is required for a competitive colonization of the plant tumour by A. tumefaciens. Moreover, even though the Ti-plasmid conjugal transfer was not regulated by nopaline, the competitive advantage gained by the nopaline-assimilating Ti-plasmid donors led to a preferential horizontal propagation of this Ti-plasmid amongst the agrobacteria colonizing the plant-tumour niche. This work provided structural and genetic evidences to support the niche
11. Dual-point competition association assay: a fast and high-throughput kinetic screening method for assessing ligand-receptor binding kinetics.
Guo, Dong; van Dorp, Erika J H; Mulder-Krieger, Thea; van Veldhoven, Jacobus P D; Brussee, Johannes; Ijzerman, Adriaan P; Heitman, Laura H
2013-03-01
The concept of ligand-receptor binding kinetics is emerging as an important parameter in the early phase of drug discovery. Since the currently used kinetic assays are laborious and low throughput, we developed a method that enables fast and large format screening. It is a so-called dual-point competition association assay, which measures radioligand binding at two different time points in the absence or presence of unlabeled competitors. Specifically, this assay yields the kinetic rate index (KRI), which is a measure for the binding kinetics of the unlabeled ligands screened. As a prototypical drug target, the adenosine A(1) receptor (A(1)R) was chosen for assay validation and optimization. A screen with 35 high-affinity A(1)R antagonists yielded seven compounds with a KRI value above 1.0, which indicated a relatively slow dissociation from the target. All other compounds had a KRI value below or equal to 1.0, predicting a relatively fast dissociation rate. Several compounds were selected for follow-up kinetic quantifications in classical kinetic assays and were shown to have kinetic rates that corresponded to their KRI values. The dual-point assay and KRI value may have general applicability at other G-protein-coupled receptors, as well as at drug targets from other protein families. PMID:23093571
12. Transformer 2β and miR-204 regulate apoptosis through competitive binding to 3' UTR of BCL2 mRNA.
Kuwano, Y; Nishida, K; Kajita, K; Satake, Y; Akaike, Y; Fujita, K; Kano, S; Masuda, K; Rokutan, K
2015-05-01
RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs are potent post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Human transformer 2β (Tra2β) is a serine/arginine-rich-like protein splicing factor and is now implicated to have wide-ranging roles in gene expression as an RNA-binding protein. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) with an anti-Tra2β antibody and microarray analysis identified a subset of Tra2β-associated mRNAs in HCT116 human colon cancer cells, many of which encoded cell death-related proteins including Bcl-2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2). Tra2β knockdown in HCT116 cells decreased Bcl-2 expression and induced apoptosis. Tra2β knockdown accelerated the decay of BCL2α mRNA that encodes Bcl-2 and full-length 3' UTR, while it did not affect the stability of BCL2β mRNA having a short, alternatively spliced 3' UTR different from BCL2α 3' UTR. RIP assays with anti-Tra2β and anti-Argonaute 2 antibodies, respectively, showed that Tra2β bound to BCL2α 3' UTR, and that Tra2β knockdown facilitated association of miR-204 with BCL2α 3' UTR. The consensus sequence (GAA) for Tra2β-binding lies within the miR-204-binding site of BCL2 3' UTR. Mutation of the consensus sequence canceled the binding of Tra2β to BCL2 3' UTR without disrupting miR-204-binding to BCL2 3' UTR. Transfection of an anti-miR-204 or introduction of three-point mutations into the miR-204-binding site increased BCL2 mRNA and Bcl-2 protein levels. Inversely, transfection of precursor miR-204 reduced their levels. Experiments with Tra2β-silenced or overexpressed cells revealed that Tra2β antagonized the effects of miR-204 and upregulated Bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, TRA2β mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in 22 colon cancer tissues compared with paired normal tissues and positively correlated with BCL2 mRNA expression. Tra2β knockdown in human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) increased their sensitivity to anticancer drugs. Taken together, our findings suggest that Tra2β regulates apoptosis by
13. Measurement of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate by competitive binding to salt-dissociated protein kinase.
Døskeland, S O; Haga, H J
1978-08-15
An assay for cyclic AMP is described which takes advantage of the high affinity of the dissociated receptor moiety of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase I for the nucleotide. The kinase is kept dissociated by salt (800 mM-NaCl/30mM-EDTA). In the presence of a simply prepared heat-stable protein fraction the binding reagent is stable for the time needed to reach equilibrium of binding. A simple procedure [precipitation with poly-(ethylene glycol) followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography] is described for the separation of protein kinase I from other binding proteins for cyclic AMP in rabbit skeletal muscle. The sensitivity, precision, reproducibility and specificity of the assay compared favourably with those of other cyclic AMP assays. The main advantage of the present assay is its resistance towards non-specific interference from a number of salts, tissue-culture media and substances found in crude tissue extracts. The reliability of cyclic AMP measurement directly in crude tissue extracts was ensured by removal of the assayable cyclic AMP with cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase digestion or adsorption with antibody against cyclic AMP, by comparison with measurement in tissue extracts purified by chromatography on QAE-Sephadex or sequentially on Dowex 50, and aluminium oxide as well as by dilution and recovery experiments. PMID:213054
14. Slow-binding and competitive inhibition of 8-amino-7-oxopelargonate synthase, a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme involved in biotin biosynthesis, by substrate and intermediate analogs. Kinetic and binding studies.
Ploux, O; Breyne, O; Carillon, S; Marquet, A
1999-01-01
8-Amino-7-oxopelargonate synthase catalyzes the first committed step of biotin biosynthesis in micro-organisms and plants. Because inhibitors of this pathway might lead to antibacterials or herbicides, we have undertaken an inhibition study on 8-amino-7-oxopelargonate synthase using six different compounds. d-Alanine, the enantiomer of the substrate of this pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme was found to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to l-alanine with a Ki of 0.59 mm. The fact that this inhibition constant was four times lower than the Km for l-alanine was interpreted as the consequence of the inversion-retention stereochemistry of the catalyzed reaction. Schiff base formation between l or d-alanine and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, in the active site of the enzyme, was studied using ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy. It was found that l and d-alanine form an external aldimine with equilibrium constants K = 4.1 mm and K = 37.8 mm, respectively. However, the equilibrium constant for d-alanine aldimine formation dramatically decreased to 1.3 mm in the presence of saturating concentration of pimeloyl-CoA, the second substrate. This result strongly suggests that the binding of pimeloyl-CoA induces a conformational change in the active site, and we propose that this new topology is complementary to d-alanine and to the putative reaction intermediate since they both have the same configuration. (+/-)-8-Amino-7-oxo-8-phosphonononaoic acid (1), the phosphonate derivative of the intermediate formed during the reaction, was our most potent inhibitor with a Ki of 7 microm. This compound behaved as a reversible slow-binding inhibitor, competitive with respect to l-alanine. Kinetic investigation showed that this slow process was best described by a one-step mechanism (mechanism A) with the following rate constants: k1 = 0.27 x 103 m-1.s-1, k2 = 1.8 s-1 and half-life for dissociation t1/2 = 6.3 min. The binding of compound 1 to the enzyme was also studied using
15. [123I]Iodobenzamide binding to the rat dopamine D2 receptor in competition with haloperidol and endogenous dopamine - an in vivo imaging study with a dedicated small animal SPECT
This study assessed [123I]iodobenzamide binding to the rat dopamine D2 receptor in competition with haloperidol and endogenous dopamine using a high-resolution small animal SPECT. Subsequent to baseline quantifications of D2 receptor binding, imaging studies were performed on the same animals after pre-treatment with haloperidol and methylphenidate, which block D2 receptors and dopamine transporters, respectively. Striatal baseline equilibrium ratios (V3'') of [123I]iodobenzamide binding were 1.42±0.31 (mean±SD). After pre-treatment with haloperidol and methylphenidate, V3'' values decreased to 0.54±0.46 (p123I]iodobenzamide binding induced by pre-treatment with haloperidol reflects D2 receptor blockade, whereas the decrease in receptor binding induced by pre-treatment with methylphenidate can be interpreted in terms of competition between [123I]IBZM and endogenous dopamine. Findings show that multiple in vivo measurements of [123I]iodobenzamide binding to D2 receptors in competition with exogenous and endogenous ligands are feasible in the same animal. This may be of future relevance for the in vivo evaluation of novel radioligands as well as for studying the interrelations between pre- and/or postsynaptic radioligand binding and different levels of endogenous dopamine. (orig.)
16. Albumin-coated SPIONs: an experimental and theoretical evaluation of protein conformation, binding affinity and competition with serum proteins
Yu, Siming; Perálvarez-Marín, Alex; Minelli, Caterina; Faraudo, Jordi; Roig, Anna; Laromaine, Anna
2016-07-01
The variety of nanoparticles (NPs) used in biological applications is increasing and the study of their interaction with biological media is becoming more important. Proteins are commonly the first biomolecules that NPs encounter when they interact with biological systems either in vitro or in vivo. Among NPs, super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) show great promise for medicine. In this work, we study in detail the formation, composition, and structure of a monolayer of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on SPIONs. We determine, both by molecular simulations and experimentally, that ten molecules of BSA form a monolayer around the outside of the SPIONs and their binding strength to the SPIONs is about 3.5 × 10-4 M, ten times higher than the adsorption of fetal bovine serum (FBS) on the same SPIONs. We elucidate a strong electrostatic interaction between BSA and the SPIONs, although the secondary structure of the protein is not affected. We present data that supports the strong binding of the BSA monolayer on SPIONs and the properties of the BSA layer as a protein-resistant coating. We believe that a complete understanding of the behavior and morphology of BSA-SPIONs and how the protein interacts with SPIONs is crucial for improving NP surface design and expanding the potential applications of SPIONs in nanomedicine.The variety of nanoparticles (NPs) used in biological applications is increasing and the study of their interaction with biological media is becoming more important. Proteins are commonly the first biomolecules that NPs encounter when they interact with biological systems either in vitro or in vivo. Among NPs, super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) show great promise for medicine. In this work, we study in detail the formation, composition, and structure of a monolayer of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on SPIONs. We determine, both by molecular simulations and experimentally, that ten molecules of BSA form a monolayer around the
17. Influence of cooling rate on the ability of frozen-thawed sperm to bind to heterologous zona pellucida, as assessed by competitive in vitro binding assays in the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and tigrina (Leopardus tigrinus).
Baudi, D L K; Jewgenow, K; Pukazhenthi, B S; Spercoski, K M; Santos, A S; Reghelin, A L S; Candido, M V; Javorouski, M L; Müller, G; Morais, R N
2008-01-15
We evaluated the influence of two cooling rates (from 25 to 5 degrees C) on post-thaw function of frozen sperm in ocelots (Leopardus pardalis; n=3 males) and tigrinas (Leopardus tigrinus; n=4 males). Seven normospermic (>70% normal sperm) electroejaculates from each species were diluted with a 4% glycerol freezing medium, divided into two aliquots, and assigned to one of two cooling rates: fast or slow (0.7 or 0.16 degrees C/min, respectively). Sperm motility index (SMI) and percentage of sperm with an intact acrosome were assessed before freezing and after thawing, and the ability of sperm to bind to the zona pellucida of IVM domestic cat oocytes were assessed in a competitive in vitro sperm-binding assay. Regardless of the cooling rate, frozen-thawed sperm from both species exhibited a SMI of 50; approximately 20 and approximately 32% of post-thaw sperm had an intact acrosome in ocelots and tigrinas, respectively (P<0.05). The mean (+/-S.E.M.) number of sperm bound per oocyte was higher for fast-cooled (8.5+/-1.3) than slow-cooled (2.5+/-0.3; P<0.01) ocelot sperm. In contrast, more tigrina sperm bound to domestic cat oocytes when cooled slowly versus quickly (5.8+/-0.9 versus 2.7+/-0.4, P<0.05). In conclusion, cryopreservation decreased sperm function in both species, and the oocyte-binding assay was the most efficient method to detect functional differences in post-thaw sperm. PMID:17977588
18. Application of the local-bulk partitioning and competitive binding models to interpret preferential interactions of glycine betaine and urea with protein surface.
Felitsky, Daniel J; Record, M Thomas
2004-07-20
Two thermodynamic models have been developed to interpret the preferential accumulation or exclusion of solutes in the vicinity of biopolymer surface and the effects of these solutes on protein processes. The local-bulk partitioning model treats solute (and water) as partitioning between the region at/or near the protein surface (the local domain) and the bulk solution. The solvent exchange model analyzes a 1:1 competition between water and solute molecules for independent surface sites. Here we apply each of these models to interpret thermodynamic data for the interactions of urea and the osmoprotectant glycine betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine; GB) with the surface exposed in unfolding the marginally stable lacI HTH DNA binding domain. The partition coefficient K(P) quantifying accumulation of urea at this protein surface (K(P) approximately equal 1.1) is only weakly dependent on urea concentration up to 6 M urea. However, K(P) quantifying exclusion of GB from the vicinity of this protein surface increases from 0.83 (extrapolated to 0 M GB) to 1.0 (indicating that local and bulk GB concentrations are equal) at 4 M GB (activity > 40 M). We interpret the significant concentration dependence of K(P) for GB, predicted to be general for excluded, nonideal solutes such as GB, as a modest (8%) attenuation of the GB concentration dependence of solute nonideality in the local domain relative to that in the bulk solution. Above 4 M, K(P) for the interaction of GB with the surface exposed in protein unfolding is predicted to exceed unity, which explains the maximum in thermal stability observed for RNase and lysozyme at 4 M GB (Santoro, M. M., Liu, Y. F., Khan, S. M. A., Hou, L. X., and Bolen, D. W. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 5278-5283). Both thermodynamic models provide good two-parameter fits to GB and urea data for lacI HTH unfolding over a wide concentration range. The solute partitioning model allows for a full spectrum of attenuation effects in the local domain
19. [{sup 123}I]Iodobenzamide binding to the rat dopamine D{sub 2} receptor in competition with haloperidol and endogenous dopamine - an in vivo imaging study with a dedicated small animal SPECT
Nikolaus, Susanne; Larisch, Rolf; Wirrwar, Andreas; Jamdjeu-Noune, Marlyse; Antke, Christina; Beu, Markus; Mueller, Hans-Wilhelm [Heinrich-Heine University, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Duesseldorf (Germany); Schramm, Nils [Research Center Juelich, Central Laboratory for Electronics, Juelich (Germany)
2005-11-01
This study assessed [{sup 123}I]iodobenzamide binding to the rat dopamine D{sub 2} receptor in competition with haloperidol and endogenous dopamine using a high-resolution small animal SPECT. Subsequent to baseline quantifications of D{sub 2} receptor binding, imaging studies were performed on the same animals after pre-treatment with haloperidol and methylphenidate, which block D{sub 2} receptors and dopamine transporters, respectively. Striatal baseline equilibrium ratios (V{sub 3}{sup ''}) of [{sup 123}I]iodobenzamide binding were 1.42{+-}0.31 (mean{+-}SD). After pre-treatment with haloperidol and methylphenidate, V{sub 3}{sup ''} values decreased to 0.54{+-}0.46 (p<0.0001) and 0.98{+-}0.48 (p=0.009), respectively. The decrease in [{sup 123}I]iodobenzamide binding induced by pre-treatment with haloperidol reflects D{sub 2} receptor blockade, whereas the decrease in receptor binding induced by pre-treatment with methylphenidate can be interpreted in terms of competition between [{sup 123}I]IBZM and endogenous dopamine. Findings show that multiple in vivo measurements of [{sup 123}I]iodobenzamide binding to D{sub 2} receptors in competition with exogenous and endogenous ligands are feasible in the same animal. This may be of future relevance for the in vivo evaluation of novel radioligands as well as for studying the interrelations between pre- and/or postsynaptic radioligand binding and different levels of endogenous dopamine. (orig.)
20. Comparison of Commercial Latex Agglutination and Sandwich Enzyme Immunoassays with a Competitive Binding Inhibition Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of Antigenemia and Antigenuria in a Rabbit Model of Invasive Aspergillosis
Hurst, Steven F.; Reyes, Guadalupe H.; McLaughlin, David W.; Reiss, Errol; Morrison, Christine J.
2000-01-01
A commercial latex agglutination assay (LA) and a sandwich enzyme immunoassay (SEIA) (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) were compared with a competitive binding inhibition assay (enzyme immunoassay [EIA]) to determine the potential uses and limitations of these antigen detection tests for the sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA). Toward this end, well-characterized serum and urine specimens were obtained by using a rabbit model of IA. S...
1. In vitro binding of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) to human serum albumin: evidence from spectroscopic, molecular modeling, and competitive displacement studies.
Zsila, Ferenc; Bikádi, Zsolt; Lockwood, Samuel F
2005-08-15
Circular dichroism (CD) and UV absorption spectroscopy were utilized for the first time to investigate the interaction between leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and human serum albumin (HSA) in vitro. The weak intrinsic CD signal of LTB4 was enhanced fivefold in the presence of HSA. The red-shifted, hypochromic, and reduced vibrational fine structure of the ligand/protein UV absorption spectrum indicated complexation of the two molecules in solution. Results obtained from CD titration experiments were subjected to non-linear regression analysis to estimate the binding parameters (Ka = 6.7 x 10(4) M(-1), n = 1). Palmitic acid strongly decreased the induced CD signal of the LTB4/HSA complex, suggesting the role of a high-affinity fatty acid HSA binding site in the leukotriene complexation. Molecular modeling calculations based on the crystal structure of HSA predicted that the long-chain fatty acid site that overlaps with drug binding site II in subdomain IIIA was the most likely binding location for LTB4. Using the drug site II-specific marker ligand rac-ibuprofen, this prediction was confirmed with induced-CD displacement measurements. To the authors' knowledge, the current study represents the first demonstration of binding of LTB4 to HSA in vitro and has implications for the biological transport of this important pro-inflammatory mediator in vivo. PMID:15993588
2. Competitive Intelligence.
Bergeron, Pierrette; Hiller, Christine A.
2002-01-01
Reviews the evolution of competitive intelligence since 1994, including terminology and definitions and analytical techniques. Addresses the issue of ethics; explores how information technology supports the competitive intelligence process; and discusses education and training opportunities for competitive intelligence, including core competencies…
3. Retail competition
Retail competition as the cornerstone of a competitive electricity marketplace was the subject of the seventh in the series of policy discussion papers developed at the Market Design Conference. Concern was expressed that because of the complexities involved in market design and technical implementation, the retail competition may lag behind other elements of the implementation of the new market design. A variety of key issues were debated, including the role of physical versus financial contracts, the form of retail competition and financial settlement systems in the short term, the requirement to separate 'competitive' (metering, billing, maintenance, consumer education) from non-competitive' (the transmission wires) services and the role of municipal electric utilities. It was agreed that the IMO should play an important role in defining and enforcing the separation of services, and that as a general rule, the development of policy in this area should be guided by the principle of maximizing the potential for competition
4. Competitive intelligence
Matsenko, Olga
2009-01-01
Competitive intelligence (CI) helps company to make right strategic decision in uncertain competitive environment. Many companies do different kinds of marketing research, but still have not adopted CI tools yet, especially in those countries where they have just started to implement instruments of free market economy. This could be related to Russian situation. The thesis is organized into three chapters. Competitive intelligence theory is explained in the first chapter. In the second chapte...
5. Competitiveness factors
Popa Liliana-Viorica
2012-01-01
Porter's theory supports the idea that, despite the globalization of production and trade, the competitive advantage is created in a national framework, nations, through their institutional, natural, cultural, economic characteristics ultimately determining the development of certain economic activities. The factors considered by Porter as determinants for the competitive advantage are grouped in four categories, the linkages between them being important as well
6. Pop competitiveness
Roberto Cellino; Anna Soci
2002-01-01
Very few economic terms are used as much as competitiveness in economics. This article deals with the different meanings of competitiveness, at the level of a firm, at the level of the local area, and at the level of the country. It analyzes the problems of consistency among the available definitions and among the indicators used to measurecompetitiveness.
7. Delaware's Competition
Roe, Mark J.
2003-01-01
One of corporate law's enduring issues has been the extent to which state-to-state competitive pressures on Delaware make for a race to the top or the bottom. States, or at least some of them, are said to compete with their corporate law to get corporate tax revenue and ancillary benefits. Delaware has "won" that race, with the overwhelming number of American large corporations chartering there. Here I argue that this long-standing debate is misconceived. Delaware's chief competitive pressure...
8. Competitive Pricing
Antonio Villar
2007-01-01
Competitive pricing is a pricing rule that combines two principles that are present in competitive markets. The profit principle (an action will be chosen only if it yields maximal payoffs), and the scarcity principle (markets make expensive those commodities that restrict production possibilities). It is shown that, under standard assumptions, these principles imply profit maximization at given prices. But also that they can be applied to economies with non-convex production sets (e.g. firms...
9. Competition Regime
Danilo Icaza Ortiz
2013-01-01
This paper is a review of the competition regime works of various authors, published under the auspices of the University of the Hemispheres and the Corporation for Studies and Publications. Analyzes the structure, the general concepts, case law taken for development. Includes comments on the usefulness of this work for the study of competition law and the contribution to the lawyers who want to practice in this branch of economic law.
10. Competition Regime
Danilo Icaza Ortiz
2013-01-01
Full Text Available This paper is a review of the competition regime works of various authors, published under the auspices of the University of the Hemispheres and the Corporation for Studies and Publications. Analyzes the structure, the general concepts, case law taken for development. Includes comments on the usefulness of this work for the study of competition law and the contribution to the lawyers who want to practice in this branch of economic law.
11. Case competitions
Schjoldager, Anne Gram
2009-01-01
The paper presents and discusses a teaching project with case competitions for MA students of specialised translation at the Aarhus School of Business, Aarhus University. Drawing on a series of online questionnaires, the paper ascertains how the project was evaluated by the participating students...
12. EDITORIAL: Physics competitions Physics competitions
Jordens, H.; Mathelitsch, L.
2009-11-01
1. Physics competitions: aims and realizations One aim of physics competitions is to increase the interest of young students, primarily at upper secondary level, to physics and natural sciences in general. A competition has motivational aspects known usually from sports events or games—comparing one's own ability with others, of course with the desire to be better and to win. If competitions reach nationwide and even international levels, additional stimulation is created. Competitions provide greatest attraction to possible winners, to the group of gifted people in a particular field. This implies that science contests are excellent tools for the promotion of talented students. Traditional teaching has been shown to have problems in supporting this group of students. Very often teachers are overstretched with the demands of teaching both low- and high-level students. Extracurricular activities are therefore a good chance to relieve the teacher, and to give talented students the opportunity for appropriate training and challenge. The competitions, however, have a broader impact and address more young people than one might guess from the statements above. Training courses and selection at school level give a larger group of students extra and, to some extent, complimentary education in physics. The degree of complexity of the tasks corresponds very often to the standards of the next level of education in the school system. Interestingly, many physics competitions have their origin in countries beyond the former Iron Curtain. They started as regional and national tournaments, were joined by neighbouring countries and have grown, in some cases, to events with participants from more than 80 countries. Although the features mentioned above are common to the different competitions, there are distinct differences between them [1]. The International Physics Olympiad (IPhO) is the oldest international physics competition for students at upper secondary level [2]. It dates
13. EDITORIAL: Physics competitions Physics competitions
Jordens, H.; Mathelitsch, L.
2010-07-01
14. Logo competition
Staff Association
2013-01-01
Award of the prizes The price ceremony for the Staff Association’s new logo competition which took place on Friday 1st March at 5 p.m. was a big success. The first prize, an Ezee Suisse electric bike, was won by Paulo Rios, from Portugal. In his absence, the bike was handed to his brother Vitor. The other five winners of the competition also received their prize: Go Sport vouchers. A peize draw was then organized to award 22 other participants with prizes offered by our commercial partners (Aquaparc, BCGE, L’Occitane, Passeport Gourmand, Sephora, Theater La Comédie de Genève), whom we would like to warmly thank. After all prices were distributed the evening continued with discussions around a friendly drink.
15. Competitive Framing
Ran Spiegler
2014-01-01
I present a simple framework for modeling two-firm market competition when consumer choice is "frame-dependent", and firms use costless "marketing messages" to influence the consumer's frame. This framework embeds several recent models in the "behavioral industrial organization" literature. I identify a property that consumer choice may satisfy, which extends the concept of Weighted Regularity due to Piccione and Spiegler (2012), and provide a characterization of Nash equilibria under this pr...
16. EDITORIAL: Physics competitions Physics competitions
Jordens, H.; Mathelitsch, L.
2011-07-01
17. The future of competitions
Bates, Gary; Jensen, Boris Brorman; Miessen, Markus
2010-01-01
We wanted to explore the potential of the competition. The question we asked ourselves was if the competition can generate new, relevant and critical ideas within architecture? We organized an idea competition about the architectural competition....
18. Competitive Intelligence
Pleško, Tomáš
2011-01-01
Diplomová práce „Competitive Intelligence“ pojednává o využití metod konkurenčního zpravodajství na případu konkrétní firmy. Po definování základních termínů a principů konkurenčního zpravodajství, provedeme analýzu situace firmy a navrhneme konkrétní postupy jak krizovou situaci řešit. K analýze použijeme údaje poskytnuté jak firmou samotnou, tak i z veřejně dostupných zdrojů informací. V práci se dále věnujeme implementaci metod konkurenčního zpravodajství do rozhodovacích mechanismů společ...
19. Lunabotics Mining Competition
Mueller, Rob; Murphy, Gloria
2010-01-01
This slide presentation describes a competition to design a lunar robot (lunabot) that can be controlled either remotely or autonomously, isolated from the operator, and is designed to mine a lunar aggregate simulant. The competition is part of a systems engineering curriculum. The 2010 competition winners in five areas of the competition were acknowledged, and the 2011 competition was announced.
20. Competitive spirit
2000-01-01
Leicester University will host the 65 international teams of students who will assemble in July for this year's International Physics Olympiad . The last time the Olympiad came to the UK was in 1986 in London, and it was the notable enthusiasm of the Leicester Physics and Astronomy department which persuaded the Olympiad Committee to give them the chance of organizing the prestigious event. The students taking part from all over the world are studying physics at A-level or an equivalent standard and they will take part in an intellectual marathon of theoretical and practical examinations. Each national team comprises five students selected from three rounds of competition and the teams will receive an official welcome from the city, as well as opportunities to visit some of the important educational and cultural centres of the surrounding region. The finalists will also be able to test their skills and initiative at the Challenger Learning Centre, which forms part of Leicester's new National Space Science Centre. Specific information on the event can be found on the Olympiad-2000 website at www.star.le.ac.uk/IphO-2000 . The Rudolf Ortvay problem solving contest in physics, which takes place in November, is a tradition of Eötvös University in Budapest, Hungary. The competition was first opened to international participants in 1998, enabling students from universities around the world to show their knowledge, ingenuity, problem-solving skills and physical insight into problems that are far beyond routine level. The problems (30 - 35 each year) are chosen from different branches of theoretical as well as applied physics. They have varying levels of difficulty, and every contestant can send solutions for ten problems. The focus is not on school-level problem-solving routines but rather on the physical' way of thinking, recognition of the heart of the problem and an appropriate choice of mathematics. The majority of the assigned problems are original, few having
1. COMPETITIVENESS AND SUPPORTING THE BUSINESS COMPETITIVENESS
Mester Liana-Eugenia; Bugnar Nicoleta-Georgeta
2014-01-01
Competitiveness designates efficiency, productivity, success, adaptability, quality products, optimum costs. Competitiveness is a complex concept which defines the ability of a firm or country to cope with actual or potential competition companies or countries on a particular market, on the world market respectively and it is synonymous with economic efficiency; competitiveness reflects a certain state of the economic activity arising from a certain resource consumption in order to achieve ec...
2. Competition Policy in Turkey
Kulaksizoglu, Tamer
2004-01-01
This paper evaluates the current competition policy framework in Turkey. A brief history of competition policy is presented. An account of the Law on the Protection of Competition, the main law on competition in Turkey, is given. The structure of the Competition Authority, the body responsi- ble for applying the Law, and the way the enforcement system works are explained. Detailed statistics are given about all the cases submitted to the Competition Authority by 2002. Accoun...
3. Competition and Poverty
Begazo, Tania; Nyman, Sara
2016-01-01
A literature review shows competition policy reforms can deliver benefits for the poorest households and improve income distribution. A lack of competition in food markets hurts the poorest households the most. Competition in input markets and between buyers helps farmers and small businesses. And more competitive markets bolster job growth over the longer term. More research is needed, ho...
4. Proto-oncogene FBI-1 (Pokemon/ZBTB7A) represses transcription of the tumor suppressor Rb gene via binding competition with Sp1 and recruitment of co-repressors.
Jeon, Bu-Nam; Yoo, Jung-Yoon; Choi, Won-Il; Lee, Choong-Eun; Yoon, Ho-Geun; Hur, Man-Wook
2008-11-28
FBI-1 (also called Pokemon/ZBTB7A) is a BTB/POZ-domain Krüppel-like zinc-finger transcription factor. Recently, FBI-1 was characterized as a proto-oncogenic protein, which represses tumor suppressor ARF gene transcription. The expression of FBI-1 is increased in many cancer tissues. We found that FBI-1 potently represses transcription of the Rb gene, a tumor suppressor gene important in cell cycle arrest. FBI-1 binds to four GC-rich promoter elements (FREs) located at bp -308 to -188 of the Rb promoter region. The Rb promoter also contains two Sp1 binding sites: GC-box 1 (bp -65 to -56) and GC-box 2 (bp -18 to -9), the latter of which is also bound by FBI-1. We found that FRE3 (bp -244 to -236) is also a Sp1 binding element. FBI-1 represses transcription of the Rb gene not only by binding to the FREs, but also by competing with Sp1 at the GC-box 2 and the FRE3. By binding to the FREs and/or the GC-box, FBI-1 represses transcription of the Rb gene through its POZ-domain, which recruits a co-repressor-histone deacetylase complex and deacetylates histones H3 and H4 at the Rb gene promoter. FBI-1 inhibits C2C12 myoblast cell differentiation by repressing Rb gene expression. PMID:18801742
5. Competition in Japan
Porter, Michael E.; Mariko Sakakibara
2004-01-01
This article examines competition in Japan and its link to postwar economic prosperity. While Japan's industrial structure and competition policy seem to indicate that competition in Japan has been less intense, the empirical evidence does not support this conclusion. The sectors in which competition was restricted prove to be those where Japan was not internationally successful. In the internationally successful sectors, internal competition in Japan was invariably fierce. While the level of...
6. Securitization, Competition and Monitoring.
Ahn, J-H; Breton, R.
2013-01-01
We analyze the impact of loan securitization on competition in the loan market. Using a dynamic loan market competition model where borrowers face both exogenous and endogenous costs to switch between banks, we uncover a competition softening effect of securitization that allows banks to extract rents in the primary loan market. By reducing monitoring incentives, securitization mitigates winner’s curse effects in future stages of competition thereby decreasing ex ante competition for initial ...
7. Methods of Measuring Competitiveness
Podaºcã Raluca
2012-01-01
Any approach to measuring competitiveness and competitive advantages must take account of one hand of the covered analysis: microeconomic, mezoeconomic, macroeconomic, and on the other hand that they are the result of many variables that are interconditioned directly or indirectly. Measurement methods attempt to quantify the impact of competitiveness and the variables considered relevant. Among all methods of measuring global competitiveness stands Global Competitiveness Index and Economic Fr...
8. Evaluating competitiveness of airports - Airport competitiveness index
Grancay, Martin
2009-01-01
The paper introduces a concept of airport competitiveness index. The index consists of numerous indicators grouped into four categories: market potential, infrastructure, charges and recent traffic results. Another important factor we take into account is safety. We find that from the selected sample the most competitive airports are Singapore Changi, New York Kennedy, Newark Liberty and Dubai International. U.S. and South-East Asian airports in general are among the most competitive.
9. COMPETITIVENESS AND SUPPORTING THE BUSINESS COMPETITIVENESS
Mester Liana-Eugenia
2014-12-01
Full Text Available Competitiveness designates efficiency, productivity, success, adaptability, quality products, optimum costs. Competitiveness is a complex concept which defines the ability of a firm or country to cope with actual or potential competition companies or countries on a particular market, on the world market respectively and it is synonymous with economic efficiency; competitiveness reflects a certain state of the economic activity arising from a certain resource consumption in order to achieve economic goods. Supporting the national competitiveness and flexibility is aimed at a sustained increase in productivity relying on the diversification and the innovation of the domestic industrial base. The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 ranks Romania as the 77th out of 142 assessed economies. Romania has access to a large market and free trade area, which makes it attractive for many foreign companies, but Romania needs a coherent economic policy that changes the approach used today - from the traditionalist design of restructuring following the resources and, therefore, related to the comparative advantage to finding solutions that stimulate the activities based on knowledge and information so that they allow the emphasis of the competitive advantages. This paper aims to identify the factors and reasons that gave rise to the level of competitiveness for some activities or fields of activities from the economy of Romania during the reporting period, as well as the possibilities that would lead to increasing and supporting the competitiveness of the national economy.
10. Competitive strategy : Sorrin Puutarha
Haaristo, Emilia
2010-01-01
The thesis handles the fresh food product industry in Finland and especially one company operating in the industry and its competitive position. Sorrin Puutarha manufactures ready-to-use fresh cut salad bag, which is sold in the grocery stores. The objective of the thesis was to find competitive advantages of the case company. Once the competitive advantages were identified the purpose was to choose a fitting competitive strategy that would strengthen those advantages. The field study was con...
11. Strategizing for Intense Competition.
Hahn, William; Bourgeois, Ernest J., Jr.
1999-01-01
Examines trend toward more aggressive student recruiting strategies by colleges and universities, applying a model that assesses five competitive forces-cause and effect of competition, the expanding marketplace, substitute products, buyer power, and supplier power, and examines various strategies for dealing with these competitive forces, such as…
12. Competitive Anxiety in Sport.
Martens, Rainer; And Others
This book is a comprehensive review of competitive anxiety research that has used the Sport Competition Anxiety Test, or SCAT (a trait scale), and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). The book describes the theoretical basis and development procedures for both scales, including detailed information on reliability and validity. In…
13. Proto-oncogene FBI-1 (Pokemon/ZBTB7A) Represses Transcription of the Tumor Suppressor Rb Gene via Binding Competition with Sp1 and Recruitment of Co-repressors*S⃞
Jeon, Bu-Nam; Yoo, Jung-Yoon; Choi, Won-Il; Lee, Choong-Eun; Yoon, Ho-Geun; Hur, Man-Wook
2008-01-01
FBI-1 (also called Pokemon/ZBTB7A) is a BTB/POZ-domain Krüppel-like zinc-finger transcription factor. Recently, FBI-1 was characterized as a proto-oncogenic protein, which represses tumor suppressor ARF gene transcription. The expression of FBI-1 is increased in many cancer tissues. We found that FBI-1 potently represses transcription of the Rb gene, a tumor suppressor gene important in cell cycle arrest. FBI-1 binds to four GC-rich promoter elements (FREs) located at ...
14. A computational model for feature binding
SHI ZhiWei; SHI ZhongZhi; LIU Xi; SHI ZhiPing
2008-01-01
The "Binding Problem" is an important problem across many disciplines, including psychology, neuroscience, computational modeling, and even philosophy. In this work, we proposed a novel computational model, Bayesian Linking Field Model, for feature binding in visual perception, by combining the idea of noisy neuron model, Bayesian method, Linking Field Network and competitive mechanism.Simulation Experiments demonstrated that our model perfectly fulfilled the task of feature binding in visual perception and provided us some enlightening idea for future research.
15. A computational model for feature binding
2008-01-01
The "Binding Problem" is an important problem across many disciplines, including psychology, neuroscience, computational modeling, and even philosophy. In this work, we proposed a novel computational model, Bayesian Linking Field Model, for feature binding in visual perception, by combining the idea of noisy neuron model, Bayesian method, Linking Field Network and competitive mechanism. Simulation Experiments demonstrated that our model perfectly fulfilled the task of feature binding in visual perception and provided us some enlightening idea for future research.
16. Architectural Competition and BIM
Sørensen, Nils Lykke; Frandsen, Anne Kathrine; Øien, Turid Borgestrand
2015-01-01
on architecturalcompetitions, a series of interviews was conducted with building clients as well as architects, focusing on the impact of the above-mentioned changes within the building sector on architectural competitions as an institution. In the interviews, ICT and notleast BIM was a recurring...... clients, architects and client consultants) and the applied technologies (competition forms, ICT tools, directives) in architectural competitions in a theoretical actor-network perspective. The diverging understandings of the role of BIM are demonstrating one of many negotiations in progress in the...... network of architectural competitions. BIM is transformed from an inscription device visually representing the competition proposals to form an actant that challenges the very concept of architectural competition. The objective of the paper is to contribute to theunderstanding of BIM used in the kind of...
17. Binding Procurement
Rao, Gopalakrishna M.; Vaidyanathan, Hari
2007-01-01
This viewgraph presentation reviews the use of the binding procurement process in purchasing Aerospace Flight Battery Systems. NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) requested NASA Aerospace Flight Battery Systems Working Group to develop a set of guideline requirements document for Binding Procurement Contracts.
18. Hotel Competitiveness Measurement Methods
Katalin Juhasz-Dora
2015-01-01
Competitiveness is becoming a very common expression used in business administration. The definition and its application still raises some questions due to the complexity of its meaning. The role of the measurement of competitiveness and its effect on performance and profitability is increasing in the field of hospitality and tourism as well. The measurement of hotel competitiveness is a current issue in business life due to globalization, sharing economy and the change in the consumber habit...
19. Platform Competition in Telecommunications
Church, Jeffrey; Gandal, Neil
2004-01-01
In this Paper we consider the economics of platform competition in telecommunications. Platform competition occurs when different, sometimes incompatible, technologies compete to provide telecommunications services to end-users. Battles between competing technologies have been an important feature of telecommunications in the last twenty or so years. Examples of platform competition in telecommunications include wireless vs. wireline networks, competing wireless options, such as satellite vs....
20. Multinationals and Institutional Competitiveness
Hull Kristensen, Peer; Morgan, Glenn
This article discusses how institutional competitiveness and multinationals are mutually enriching concepts. Seen from the perspective of Multinationals, institutional competitiveness becomes expressed at two levels. At the level of corporate HQs institutional competitiveness proves itself by...... forming firms capable of expanding internationally. At the level of subsidiaries as providing institutional back up for these firms' abilities to fight for survival and growth within the frame of rivalling subsidiaries of the MNC. The article discusses at these two levels the comparative institutional...
1. Competitive Intelligence HF Czechforge
Nejtek, Petr
2012-01-01
This diploma thesis focuses on options of Competitive Intelligence solutions in small and medium enterprises. Applied part is conducted in a medium sized manufacturing company. Theoretical part of this thesis introduces areas of Competitive Intelligence and Business Intelligence, basic technological overview and illustrates Competitive Intelligence cycle description. In Czech republic, majority of companies are in a form of a small or medium enterprise, therefore theoretical definition is pro...
2. Salary cuts and competitiveness
Haliassos, Michael
2013-01-01
There is a prevalent view outside Greece that promotion of competitiveness is tantamount with price reductions for Greek goods and services. Massive horizontal salary cuts appear, at first, to promote competitiveness by reducing unit labor costs and to reduce fiscal deficits by reducing the wage bill of the public sector. Upon closer look, however, horizontal salary cuts have been much greater than needed for Greek competitiveness, providing an alibi vis a vis the Troika for reforms that are ...
3. Ireland's Competitiveness Performance 2013
2013-01-01
Ireland's Competitiveness Performance assesses Ireland's international competitiveness in relation to our key competitors across more than forty competitiveness indicators in the areas of costs, productivity and innovation, labour market and skills, investment and infrastructure, the business environment and quality of life and sustainability. It provides an assessment of our strengths and our weakness and will assist policymakers in determining the policies needed to ensure Ireland is a more...
4. COMPETITIVENESS OF SMES
Sebastian Ion CEPTUREANU
2015-01-01
The main reason for addressing competitiveness at SMEs level is that, ultimately, the meso or macro level competitiveness is generated at the enterprises level, the main actors of economic life. It is one of the most used levels of analysis in the literature, due to the special interest shown by companies in their competitive assessment of the situation by referring to direct competitors, using tools that easily lends itself to comparisons between companies (benchmarking is one of the most us...
5. The Competitive Perception
Lima, João Tiago
2012-01-01
This paper aims to define what competitive perception is. Using Dufrenne’s phenomenological analysis of the art spectator’s experience, namely the concept of aesthetic perception, I will claim that it is useful to apply this phenomenological approach to the experience of watching sport events. I will argue that the concepts of uncertainty and auto teleology, being two main features in sport competition, are helpful to define competitive perception.
J. Peter Neary
2002-01-01
I explore the interactions between comparative, competitive and absolute advantage in a two-country model of oligopoly in general equilibrium. Comparative advantage always determines the direction of trade, but both competitive and absolute advantage affect resource allocation, trade patterns and trade volumes. Competitive advantage in the sense of more home firms drives foreign firms out of marginal sectors but also makes some marginal home sectors uncompetitive. Absolute advantage in the se...
Neary, J. Peter
2002-01-01
I explore the interactions between comparative, competitive and absolute advantage in a two-country model of oligopoly in general equilibrium. Comparative advantage always determines the direction of trade, but both competitive and absolute advantage affect resource allocation, trade patterns and trade volumes. Competitive advantage in the sense of more home firms drives foreign firms out of marginal sectors but also makes some marginal home sectors uncompetitive. Absolute advantage in the se...
8. Competition Policy in Mexico
2008-01-01
The CFC faces significant challenges from cartel activity, prevailing regulatory restrictions on competition, and exclusionary practices undertaken by some of the most powerful corporations in Mexico.
9. Intramural Gymnastics Competition.
Cornelius, William L.
1981-01-01
An intramural gymnastic competition, if properly organized, can foster student and community interest in gymnastics. Aspects of organization and essential preplanning include: directing, judging, scoring, and managing. (JN)
10. Mallard blue: a high-affinity selective heparin sensor that operates in highly competitive media.
Bromfield, Stephen M; Barnard, Anna; Posocco, Paola; Fermeglia, Maurizio; Pricl, Sabrina; Smith, David K
2013-02-27
We report the simple synthesis and full investigation of a novel heparin binding dye, mallard blue, an arginine-functionalized thionine. This dye binds heparin in highly competitive media, including water with high levels of competitive electrolyte, buffered aqueous solution and human serum. The dye reports on heparin levels by a significant change in its UV-vis spectroscopic profile. Molecular dynamics modeling provides detailed insight into the binding mode. Heparin binding is shown to be selective over other glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate. Importantly, we demonstrate that, in the most competitive conditions, mallard blue outperforms standard dyes used for heparin sensing such as azure A. PMID:23406254
11. Shooting Sports Competition
Fisher, Sandra
2015-01-01
This year for the first time Congress is introducing an actual shooting competition in Rifle and Archery. An introduction and firing the first shots workshop will be conducted with all participants to begin the day and then break out to disciplines for the competition. There will also be a general knowledge/safety test that will count toward the final scores of participants.
12. Competition Policy and Innovation
Møllgaard, Peter; Lorentzen, Jo
2005-01-01
topic. We move on to discuss the organisation of industriesin a dynamic context and draw out consequences for competition policy. We concludewith an outlook on the underlying tensions between technology alliances, competitionpolicy, and industrial policy.JEL codes: L4, L5, O31Keywords: Competition...
13. The competitive challenge
This article examines the strategies necessary to succeed in the increasingly competitive independent power industry. The topics of the article include the factors encouraging mergers, acquisitions, and joint ventures, the availability of financing, changes in the market, regulatory climate changes, competition and power planning, Not In My Back Yard and project siting, and the road ahead
14. Competitiveness, Technology and Skills.
Lall, Sanjaya
This document examines competitiveness in the developing world. Chapters 1 through 3, which are largely conceptual, examine the following topics: the concept of competitiveness and why it is important; market-stimulating technology policies in developing countries, and the relationship between import liberalization and industrial performance.…
15. Short run pricing in competitive electricity markets
In response to the need for more responsive, competitive and decentralized pricing strategies forced upon the industry by deregulation, this study reviewed the type of electricity pricing required to coordinate a competitive wholesale electricity market over time periods typically of the order of one hour. It was found that nodal spot pricing can provide a straight-forward mechanism for providing the correct signals to market participants, while reflecting the costs and complexities of transmission network operation. Provided that all binding constraints are represented in the pricing model, and assuming that they are used in conjunction with long term contracts and capacity rights, such pricing can potentially deliver most of the benefits promised by perfect coordination, while allowing competition to flourish. 4 refs
16. Exporting Culture: a Requirement for Competitive Internationalization*
Jaime H. Sierra G.
2005-01-01
his paper proposes a concept of “culture for internationalization” and “exporting culture” –a highly relevant concept for developing countries’ firms that are likely to follow a gradual internationalization process– based on the strong relationship binding the concept proposed to strategy and systemic competitiveness. These three items are paramount to Understand the conditions underlying internationalization as it is characterized by particular traits that make it a key alternative fo...
17. Crop–weed competition
Gallandt, Eric R.; Weiner, Jacob
2015-01-01
importantly, weed density and time of emergence relative to the crop. Practices that (1) reduce the density of weeds, (2) maximise occupation of space or uptake of resources by the crop or (3) establish an early-season size advantage of the crop over the weeds will minimise the competitive effects of weeds on...... early-season competitive advantage to the crop and (3) maximising resource capture by the crop using competitive species, competitive cultivars, high sowing densities, optimal spatial arrangement, intercropping complimentary species or transplanting.......Competition from weeds is the most important of all biological factors that reduce agricultural crop yield. This occurs primarily because weeds use resources that would otherwise be available to the crop. The magnitude of yield loss is affected by numerous agronomic and environmental factors, most...
18. Competition, Ownership and Productivity
Baghdasaryan, Delia; la Cour, Lisbeth
2013-01-01
Theoretical results support two concurrent views regarding the mediating role that ownership structure might play on the effect of competition on firm performance. According to one stream of literature, competition has a high, positive impact in companies that have an effective ownership structure....... On the contrary, inferences based on the x-inefficiency literature suggest the highest positive effect will be experienced by companies with inappropriate ownership structure. Our empirical analysis on a panel of Czech firms shows that the former view is supported if import competition is high...
Hu, Yimei; Zhang, Si; Li, Jizhen;
2015-01-01
Establishing strategic technological partnerships (STPs) with foreign partners is an increasingly studied topic within the innovation management literature. Partnering firms can jointly create sources of relational competitive advantage. Chinese firms often lack research and development (R......&D) capabilities but are increasingly becoming preferred technological partners for transnational corporations. We investigate an STP between a Scandinavian and a Chinese firm and try to explore how to gain relational competitive advantage by focusing on its two essential stages: relational rent generation and...... appropriation. Based on an explorative case study, we develop a conceptual framework that consists of process, organizational alliance factors, and coordination modes that we propose lead to relational competitive advantage....
20. DMEPOS Competitive Bidding
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services — The DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program was mandated by Congress through the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA). The...
1. COMPETITION AS MARKET MECHANISM
N. Ya. Kazhuro
2015-01-01
Full Text Available The essence of a competition as an objective law for development of the commodities production based on private ownership of the means of production and commodity exchange has been revealed in the paper. The paper presents an economic basis of market economy (private ownership which generates a corresponding production objective. Such purpose is a maximization of profit and a minimization of market subject expenses. Therefore, a struggle for the most favourable conditions on commodity production and sales is inevitable in such situation. The struggle is considered in the community with developed market economy as a competition.The competition is regarded not as an exogenic factor exerting its influence on market economic system from the outside, but as an objective phenomenon which is inherent to management market system in itself. Such treatment is substantiated by economic disintegration of individual commodity producers. Being an important engine of market economy, the competition does not establish its laws, and its role is to be an executive of data which are internally inherent in commodity production laws and firstly it concerns a profit maximization law which defines a purpose and guiding motif of economic entities in the given economy.The competition plays a contradictory role under conditions of market economy. On the one hand, it makes manufacturers constantly to aspire to expense reduction for the sake of profit increase. This has resulted in labour productivity increase, production cost decrease and a company receives an opportunity to reduce retail price for its products. Consequently, the competition acts as a potential factor for lowering of prices while increasing production efficiency. On the other hand, sellers have more freedom in price fixing under conditions of imperfect competition as they sell their products under the conditions of a monopolistic competition or an oligopoly. This is the main weakest point of the market
2. Competitiveness: Sector Strategy (2003)
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
2003-01-01
The Bank's Competitiveness Strategy (GN-2243-1) establishes a framework to assist member countries to make improvements in their economic and institutional environments in order to promote the sustainable development of productive economic activities and increase productivity. Bank Group activities to support improvements in competitiveness will aim to achieve the following: A) The efficient mobilization of financial and capital resources in order to increase the access of firms to financial ...
3. FameLab competition
2011-01-01
Are you 18 to 35 years old and studying or working in science in Switzerland? Are you passionate about your job and keen on exciting public imagination with a vision of the 21st century of science? Then this competition is for you! For more information, check out http://www.famelab.ch/ or http://famelab.org/ or write to [email protected]. Read more about the Famelab competition in this Bulletin article.
4. REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS, CONCEPTUAL ELEMENTS
Florina Popa
2016-01-01
In a general sense, competitiveness is conveyed as the ability of a nation to lay the foundations and ensure an economic, social and political environment capable of sustaining the creation of added value, enabling the positioning of a country within global economy, from the perspective of comparing the performances obtained and the growth potential over time. The paper highlights the importance of increasing competitiveness of regional economy and the perspectives for their development. Ther...
Valentina Zaharia; Mirela Dogaru
2011-01-01
Development of the competitive advantage involves a considerable effort from any organization. In particular, those organizations involved in a strong competitive market require the development of strategies to allocate long-term strategic marketing resources, efficiently and with easily quantifiable results. Faced with a multitude of phenomena and processes sometimes contradictory on different markets of consumption, contemporarily marketing has the mission to develop as creative...
6. Remittances and competitiveness
Bayangos, V.B.; Jansen, K.
2010-01-01
The paper looks at the impact of workers' remittances on the competitiveness of the receiving economy. It extends existing research that concentrated on the exchange rate effects of remittances, the so-called Dutch disease effect, by adding labour market effects. The results show that the labour market effects of emigration and remittances have a significant impact on competitiveness that goes beyond the traditional exchange rate effect.
7. Annual Competitiveness Report 2010
2010-01-01
Each year the NCC publishes a two-volume Annual Competitiveness Report. Volume One, Benchmarking Ireland's Performance, analyses Ireland's overall competitiveness performance across 135 statistical indicators including education and skills availability, innovation, R&D, regulation, taxation, costs and a variety of other factors that determine Ireland's ability to compete in world markets. Ireland's performance is benchmarked against 18 other economies and the OECD and EU averages. Volume T...
8. Takeover Defenses and Competition
Martijn Cremers; Vinay Nair; Urs Peyer
2007-01-01
This paper studies the interaction between takeover defenses and product market competition. We find that firms in more competitive industries have more takeover defenses. This is the opposite result from what one would expect if takeover defenses always constitute an inefficient outcome that increases agency costs and managerial entrenchment. A novel explantion is provided by considering the nature of the relationship between the firm and the product (or labor) market. For firms in industrie...
9. World competitiveness and agriculture
J. van Zyl
1997-07-01
Full Text Available Against the background of a changing environment in which market factors and greater world trade and competitiveness are increasingly becoming the only criteria for success, a framework for the analysis of world competitiveness is initially developed. This is followed by a discussion on the growth of productivity in agriculture, as well as an exposition of the role of agricultural research. Thirdly, price factors and the terms of trade are discussed, followed by a summary of policy implications.
10. Competitive Cross-Subsidization
Chen, Zhijun; Rey, Patrick
2013-01-01
This paper analyzes competitive pricing policies by multiproduct firms facing heterogeneous buying patterns. We show that cross-subsidization arises when firms have comparative advantages on different products but are equally efficient overall: Firms earn a profit from multi-stop shoppers by charging positive margins on their strong products but, as price competition for one-stop shoppers drives total margins down to zero, they price weaker products below cost. Banning below-cost pricing lead...
Mohd Noor, Nurulainy
2007-01-01
E.ON entrepreneurship has long been recognised as a potentially viable means for promoting and sustaining corporate competitiveness. Scholl Hammer (1982), Miller (1983), Guth and Ginsberg (1990), Nam and Slevin (1993), and Lumpkin and Dess (1996), for example, have all noted that corporate entrepreneurship can be used to improve competitive positioning and transform corporations, their markets, and industries as opportunities for clue-creating innovation are developed and exploited. However, ...
12. Competition in energy
With changes occurring within both the gas and electricity industries and both sectors undergoing simultaneous reforms at the State and national levels it is timely to look at some major aspects of the energy-reform processes in Australia and to attempt to offer some perspectives from the viewpoint of an industry user of energy. From an industry user's viewpoint there is quantifiable evidence that competition in the energy sector will deliver major economic benefits to industry and the nation. The reform process currently in train will increase Australia's international competitiveness. Commonwealth-State collaboration is useful on economic issues which require a national consistent approach. Many significant and complex arrangement apply to the gas and electricity sectors which add to the complexity of the respective reform processes. More competitive arrangements are therefore required more quickly at several stages of the gas-sector reform process, such as in the commercialization of government utilities, resolving the issue of third-party transmission pricing, and the removal of State governments' impediments to competitive trading. The Hilmer Report on National Competition Policy will help deal with some difficult structural and transitional issues, e.g. third-party access, competitive structures, regulatory regimes, and a consistent national approach.(author). 1 fig., 1 photo
13. Reflections on Competition, Competition Regulation and the Current Crises
Buch-Hansen, Hubert; Wigger, Angela
2013-01-01
competition came to enjoy such an exalted status in Europe and then challenges conventional wisdom by bringing into focus the downsides of competition. It argues that excessive competition and neoliberal competition regulation have contributed to intensify the economic, political, social and environmental...
14. The Issues of Competitiveness. Romania's Competitive Positioning in Global Context
KARDOS Mihaela
2010-01-01
The concept of competitiveness has always been of interest in economic literature, presented under various definitions and aspects, from determinants of competitiveness at microeconomic level to the issues regarding countries' competitive performance in global environment. Competitiveness is approached from different perspectives, such as productivity, technological innovation, capital investment, structural policies, education and training, technological progress, macroeconomic stability, go...
15. Trade and Competition Policies in Imperfectly Competitive Markets
Buccella, Domenico
2008-01-01
This work analyzes the difference between trade policy and competition policy for prices, wages, employment and national welfare when both product and labor markets are imperfectly competitive. Trade and competition policies have different impact on the domestic labor market when it is unionized. While competitive policies increase union welfare, imports from a foreign country reduce it. Competition policy in the presence of national labor unions does not reduce labor market distortions, whil...
16. Competitively tight graphs
Kim, Suh-Ryung; Park, Boram; Sano, Yoshio
2011-01-01
The competition graph of a digraph $D$ is a (simple undirected) graph which has the same vertex set as $D$ and has an edge between $x$ and $y$ if and only if there exists a vertex $v$ in $D$ such that $(x,v)$ and $(y,v)$ are arcs of $D$. For any graph $G$, $G$ together with sufficiently many isolated vertices is the competition graph of some acyclic digraph. The competition number $k(G)$ of $G$ is the smallest number of such isolated vertices. In general, it is hard to compute the competition number $k(G)$ for a graph $G$ and it has been one of the important research problems in the study of competition graphs. Opsut~[1982] suggested that the edge clique cover number $\\theta_E(G)$ should be closely related to $k(G)$ by showing $\\theta_E(G)-|V(G)|+2 \\leq k(G) \\leq \\theta_E(G)$. In this note, we study on these inequalities. We first show that for any positive integer $m$ satisfying $2 \\leq m \\leq |V(G)|$, there is a graph $G$ satisfying $k(G)=\\theta_E(G)-|V(G)|+m$ and characterize a graph $G$ satisfying $k(G)=\\... 17. Political Failures and Intergovernmental Competition Jean Hindriks 2012-01-01 Full Text Available In normative public economics, intergovernmental competition is usually viewed as harmful. Although empirical support for this position does not abound, market integration has intensified competition among developed countries. In this paper we argue that when assessing welfare effects of intergovernmental competition for various forms of political failures (the public choice critique, the outcome is ambiguous and competition can be welfare improving. 18. Gender and Competition in Adolescence Dreber, Anna; Essen, Emma von; Ranehill, Eva 2013-01-01 We look at gender differences among adolescents in Sweden in preferences for competition, altruism and risk. For competitiveness, we explore two different tasks that differ in associated stereotypes. We find no gender difference in competitiveness when comparing performance under competition to... 19. Price competition in procurement When creating a private market to provide a public good, government agencies can influence the market's competitive characteristics. Markets have predictable, but often counterintuitive, behaviors. To succeed in applying available controls, and thereby reduce future costs, agencies must understand the behavior of the market. A model has been constructed to examine some issues in establishing competition for a structure in which there are economies of scale and government is obligated to purchase a fixed total quantity of a good. This model is used to demonstrate a way to estimate the cost savings from several alternative plans for a buyer exploring competitive procurement. The results are not and cannot be accurate for budgeting purposes; rather, they indicate the approximate magnitude of changes in cost that would be associated with changes in the market structure within which procurement occurs 20. The power of competition The change-over from regulated monopolies to a non-regulated competitive market in the electric utility industry was discussed in terms of marketing and survival strategies for utilities it the newly competitive marketplace. The impact of low natural gas prices was prominently discussed as a danger to hydroelectricity generators because high efficiency turbine generators that are now available. Surplus power capacity in both the Canadian and US markets were discussed. The effects of independent power producers selling electricity wholesale to private utilities was also debated on account of its potential to change the role of the electric utility. The situation of the Bonneville Power Association (BPA), a self-financed government agency, as owner of 15 000 miles of transmission grid that is not allowed to own generation plants, was described. Strategies developed by BPA in an effort to adapt to the competitive market were described and were successful 1. Business plan competition 2007-01-01 "Venture – Companies for tomorrow" is a business plan competition, which supports students and other junior entrepreneurs in developing their business plans. The sixth edition of the competition is now taking place. Venture 2008 highlights: - prize money totalling CHF 150’000; - possibility to optimize business ideas and business plans with the help of experienced coaches: around 200 coaches are available, with a wide range of backgrounds, entrepreneurs as well as venture capitalists; -\tpossibility to present business ideas and business plans to potential investors ("Investor Days" - 17 January and 7 May); - active involvement in the start-up community; -\tcontribution to potential independence. The competition consists of two phases: Phase I, Business idea, Deadline for submission of business idea: 5 December 2007 (online at http://www.venture.ch). Award Ceremony: 17 January 2008 Phase II, Business plan Deadline for submission of business plan: 2 April 2008 (online at... 2. Price competition in procurement Keisler, J.M.; Buehring, W.A. 1996-07-01 When creating a private market to provide a public good, government agencies can influence the markets competitive characteristics. Markets have predictable, but often counterintuitive, behaviors. To succeed in applying available controls, and thereby reduce future costs, agencies must understand the behavior of the market. A model has been constructed to examine some issues in establishing competition for a structure in which there are economies of scale and government is obligated to purchase a fixed total quantity of a good. This model is used to demonstrate a way to estimate the cost savings from several alternative plans for a buyer exploring competitive procurement. The results are not and cannot be accurate for budgeting purposes; rather, they indicate the approximate magnitude of changes in cost that would be associated with changes in the market structure within which procurement occurs. 3. COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Dinu Cristina 2010-12-01 Full Text Available This millennium, confronted with a globalization of means leading as fast as possible at certain pursued aims, highlights the importance of competitiveness from the perspective of the continuous fight against limitation of resources. In this context, the machine of life evolution and economy has got an engine named competitiveness. The rules of circulation should focus on all livings to whom, from the perspective of survival and natural, human and social life accomplishment, the well- known concept of health may be attached. At the same time, competitiveness through environment health should try to reach the convergent performances which means that any form of superior knowledge and experience should always take into consideration environment health. 4. Competitive binding of antagonistic peptides fine-tunes stomatal patterning Lee, Jin Suk; Hnilova, Marketa; Maes, Michal; Lin, Ya-Chen Lisa; Putarjunan, Aarthi; Han, Soon-Ki; Avila, Julian; U.Torii, Keiko 2015-01-01 During development, cells interpret complex, often conflicting signals to make optimal decisions. Plant stomata, the cellular interface between a plant and the atmosphere, develop according to positional cues including a family of secreted peptides, EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTORS (EPFs). How these signaling peptides orchestrate pattern formation at a molecular level remains unclear. Here we report that Stomagen/EPF-LIKE9 peptide, which promotes stomatal development, requires ERECTA (ER)-family ... 5. Utility competition and residential customers Studness, C.M. 1994-11-01 Residential customers have found themselves either ignored or ill-used by the major participants in the struggle over utility competition. No group is seeking to secure them the benefits of competition, and those who oppose competition have curried their favor by conjuring up misleading horror stories about how competition would harm them. Yet residential customers ultimately stand to gain as much from competition as larger customers. 6. Portfolio competitions and rationality Kuběna, Aleš Antonín; Šmíd, Martin Jihlava: College of Polytechnics Jihlava, 2013 - (Vojáčková, H.) ISBN 978-80-87035-76-4. [International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Economics 2013 /31./. Jihlava (CZ), 11.09.2013-13.09.2013] R&D Projects: GA ČR GA402/09/0965 Institutional support: RVO:67985556 Keywords : portfolio competition * game theory * behavioural finance Subject RIV: BB - Applied Statistics, Operational Research http://library.utia.cas.cz/separaty/2013/E/kubena-portfolio competitions and rationality.pdf 7. Competition Fosters Trust Huck, Steffen; Ruchala, Gabriele K.; Tyran, Jean-Robert We study the effects of reputation and competition in a stylized market for experience goods. If interaction is anonymous, such markets perform poorly: sellers are not trustworthy, and buyers do not trust sellers. If sellers are identifiable and can, hence, build a reputation, efficiency quadruples...... but is still at only a third of the first best. Adding more information by granting buyers access to all sellers’ complete history has, somewhat surprisingly, no effect. On the other hand, we find that competition, coupled with some minimal information, eliminates the trust problem almost completely... 8. Joseph Schumpeter on Competition Thomas McCraw 2008-01-01 The following documents illustrate the relevance of Schumpeter’s thought to competition policy. Part I is an introduction to Schumpeter’s ideas; Part II a series of excerpts from his book, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy ; Part III a 1951 critique of his stance toward antitrust by the economist Edward S. Mason; and Part IV an evaluation of the current use of Schumpeter’s theories in discussions of competition policy. 9. Demography and language competition. Kandler, Anne 2009-04-01 Attempts to describe language competition and extinction in a mathematical way have enjoyed increased popularity recently. In this paper I review recent modeling approaches and, based on these findings, propose a model of reaction-diffusion type. I analyze the dynamics of interactions of a population with two monolingual groups and a group that is bilingual in these two languages. The results show that demographic factors, such as population growth or population dispersal, play an important role in the competition dynamic. Furthermore, I consider the impact of two strategies for language maintenance: adjusting the status of the endangered language and adjusting the availability of monolingual and bilingual educational resources. PMID:19943743 10. Competition and social cohesion Mario Libertini 2014-01-01 "Competition" and "social cohesion" are both protected by E.U. and Italian laws. The author moves from the analysis of the meaning of these two concepts, in order to reflect on their compatibility and the way to conciliate them. The central problem - in the opinion of the Author - is to abandon the myth of spontaneous markets' order and to rebuild a political order able to maintain and support, as far as possible, the competitive market economy, but also to govern economic processes in critic... 11. Business Ideas Competition 2003-01-01 Business Ideas Competition "The Rainbow Seed Fund is a UK fund, which provides finance to support the commercialization of good ideas founded on scientific research; it is for the benefit of the UK industry in particular. To encourage ideas from CERN the Rainbow Seed Fund is running a business ideas competition.The winner of this competition will receive an immediate cash prize of GBP £1,000. In addition the Rainbow Seed Fund may well provide finance for market research, for protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and for prototyping to take the idea forward. Further awards of GBP £750 will be made for ideas which gain investment from the Fund.Candidates will only be required to prepare a 2-4-page summary of their business idea, and not a full business plan. Full details and an entry form are available at www.rainbowseedfund.com ." ALL Members of the Personnel seeking participation in the business ideas competition are asked to submit their ideas via the CERN TT Unit (Jean-Marie.Le [email protected]) th... 12. Growing Competition for Libraries. Gibbons, Susan 2001-01-01 Describes the Questia subscription-based online academic digital books library. Highlights include weaknesses of the collection; what college students want from a library; importance of marketing; competition for traditional academic libraries that may help improve library services; and the ability of Questia to overcome barriers and… 13. Coase Competition and Compensation Hal Varian 1994-01-01 I show that the Pigovian solution to a simple externalities problem and a particular Coasian solution can be viewed as competitive equilibria from different initial endowments. I also describe the compensation mechanism,'' a mechanism that implements either the Coasian or Pigovian solution as the outcome of an economically natural bargaining game. 14. Competitiveness Index 1990. Council on Competitiveness, Washington, DC. The United States' economic performance in the world economy is compared with that of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom (the Summit 7 countries). Competitiveness is assessed by four economic indicators: standard of living, trade, manufacturing productivity, and investment. The United States continues to outinvest the… 15. Explaining competitive reaction effects Leeflang, P.S.H.; Wittink, D.R. 2001-01-01 Changes in promotional expenditure decisions for a brand, as in other marketing decisions, should be based on the expected impact on purchase and consumption behavior as well as on the likely reactions by competitors. Purchase behavior may be predicted from estimated demand functions. Competitive re 16. Competition: Some behavioral issues Schmitt, David R. 1986-01-01 Conclusions drawn from research in the social sciences comparing the quality or quantity of performance under cooperation and competiton stress the advantages of cooperation. This generalization may be premature, however, because of the paucity of experimental analyses investigating variations in competitive conditions. Neglected in particular have been variables that affect reinforcement conditions among competitors. These include performance differences, the basis of reinforcement, reinforc... 17. Mediterranean Way of Competitiveness Art Kovacic 2010-12-01 Full Text Available The Mediterranean area have a special concept of competitiveness topic. Normally is that region not so industrial and knowledge based oriented as a North Europe.That countries can't reach the same development level as the north one. Lisbon's and Goethenburg's strategies create the main framework of development programme. Mediterranean programme is such a case. European internal market has forced the EU countries to increase competitiveness. The economic prosperity of countries is associated with their ability to generate or attract economic activities which are able to increase income by performing well on themarket. Financial crisis in the EU has changed the look on the competitiveness research. Economy in the main countries has to find way of recovery. Former giants of the financial world have found themselves suddenly facing bankruptcy.Inevitably, the crisis is also having an effect on households and businesses - economic growth has slowed sharply and in some EU countries unemployment has begun to increase for the first time in several years. Form that perspective we have to find the right solution of European competitiveness. 18. Effects of ATP on calcium binding to synaptic plasma membrane The release of labeled norepinephrine from preloaded synaptosomes requires the presence of potassium and calcium. ATP-dependent binding of calcium to synaptic plasma membranes (SPM) may provide a means of maintaining the cation in a readily available pool for the triggering of transmitter release. A high Ca-binding capacity was demonstrated in SPM. The Km for calcium is 5.5 X 10(-5) M. The dependence of the system on the gamma phosphate of ATP was demonstrated by an increase in Ca-binding with increasing ATP concentration and by competitive inhibition of binding by ADP and AMP. Magnesium is also required for ATP-dependent Ca-binding. The optimum pH for the Ca binding was 7.0. Pretreatment of SPM with phospholipase A2 lowered the binding capacity. Sulfhydryl groups are also critical for ATP-dependent Ca binding to occur. A model for ATP-dependent Ca-binding was proposed 19. Competitive teacher – competitive graduate of the higher educational institution Sokhach Aleksandr Yakovlevich; Plugina Maria Ivanovna 2015-01-01 The article discusses issues related to education reform and setting new goals and objectives, and ensuring training of future competitive professionals by enhancing the competence and competitiveness of teachers. 20. Environmental structure and competitive scoring advantages in team competitions Merritt, Sears; Clauset, Aaron 2013-10-01 In most professional sports, playing field structure is kept neutral so that scoring imbalances may be attributed to differences in team skill. It thus remains unknown what impact environmental heterogeneities can have on scoring dynamics or competitive advantages. Applying a novel generative model of scoring dynamics to roughly 10 million team competitions drawn from an online game, we quantify the relationship between the structure within a competition and its scoring dynamics, while controlling the impact of chance. Despite wide structural variations, we observe a common three-phase pattern in the tempo of events. Tempo and balance are highly predictable from a competition's structural features alone and teams exploit environmental heterogeneities for sustained competitive advantage. Surprisingly, the most balanced competitions are associated with specific environmental heterogeneities, not from equally skilled teams. These results shed new light on the design principles of balanced competition, and illustrate the potential of online game data for investigating social dynamics and competition. 1. Demolishing the competition: the longitudinal link between competitive video games, competitive gambling, and aggression. Adachi, Paul J C; Willoughby, Teena 2013-07-01 The majority of research on the link between video games and aggression has focused on the violent content in games. In contrast, recent experimental research suggests that it is video game competition, not violence, that has the greatest effect on aggression in the short-term. However, no researchers have examined the long-term relationship between video game competition and aggression. In addition, if competition in video games is a significant reason for the link between video game play and aggression, then other competitive activities, such as competitive gambling, also may predict aggression over time. In the current study, we directly assessed the socialization (competitive video game play and competitive gambling predicts aggression over time) versus selection hypotheses (aggression predicts competitive video game play and competitive gambling over time). Adolescents (N = 1,492, 50.8 % female) were surveyed annually from Grade 9 to Grade 12 about their video game play, gambling, and aggressive behaviors. Greater competitive video game play and competitive gambling predicted higher levels of aggression over time, after controlling for previous levels of aggression, supporting the socialization hypothesis. The selection hypothesis also was supported, as aggression predicted greater competitive video game play and competitive gambling over time, after controlling for previous competitive video game play and competitive gambling. Our findings, taken together with the fact that millions of adolescents play competitive video games every day and that competitive gambling may increase as adolescents transition into adulthood, highlight the need for a greater understanding of the relationship between competition and aggression. PMID:23595418 2. Competitiveness and climate change The author addresses the relationship between competitiveness and climate policy beyond the issue of emission quota trading, and with taking into account links between different activities. For some sectors, demand may depend on measures undertaken to reduce emissions in the transport and building sectors. According to the author, these interactions could transform the industry on a middle term, more than the required technical changes aimed at the reduction of emissions. After a detailed analysis on these issues, this paper discusses the results of several studies dealing with the relationship between environmental regulation and competitiveness, and with global assessments of carbon leakages. Then, the author discusses the European directive which introduces the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) 3. Single elimination competition Fink, T. M. A.; Coe, J. B.; Ahnert, S. E. 2008-09-01 We study a simple model of competition in which each player has a fixed strength: randomly selected pairs of players compete, the stronger one wins and the loser is eliminated. We show that the best indicator of future success is not the number of wins but a player's wealth: the accumulated wealth of all defeated players. We calculate the distributions of strength and wealth for two versions of the problem: in the first, the loser is replaced; in the second, the loser is not. The probability of attaining a given wealth is shown to be path-independent. We illustrate our model with the popular game of conkers and discuss an extension to round-robin sports competition. 4. Competitive Moves over Time Antero, Michelle; Hedman, Jonas; Henningsson, Stefan 2014-01-01 This paper applies the Red Queen theory to explain how organizations utilize various sourcing arrangements in order to compete in an evolutionary arms race where only the strongest competitors will survive. This case study incorporates competition and views sourcing strategies as a means to improve...... its viability to survive in the marketplace. The study begins with a review of sourcing literature to position the Red Queen theory within the sourcing literature. It subsequently applies the framework to a case study of SAP AG to illustrate how sourcing strategies changed over time in response to the...... logic of competition. The case study reveals that (a) organizations are adaptive systems and capable of organizational learning to make strategic changes pertaining to sourcing arrangements; (b) organizations select the terms in which they want to compete by developing certain capabilities within the... 5. Canadian competitive advantage The evolution of the Canadian petrochemical industry was outlined, emphasizing the proximity to feedstocks as the principal advantage enjoyed by the industry over its international competitors. Annual sales statistics for 1995 were provided. Key players in the Canadian petrochemical industry (Nova, Dow, DuPont, Methanex, Esso, Union Carbide, Shell and Celanese), their share of the market and key products were noted. Manufacturing facilities are located primarily in Alberta, southern Ontario and Quebec. The feedstock supply infrastructure, historical and alternative ethane pricing in Canada and the US, the North American market for petrochemicals, the competitiveness of the industry, tax competitiveness among Canadian provinces and the US, the Canada - US unit labour cost ratio, ethylene facility construction costs in Canada relative to the US Gulf Coast, and projected 1997 financial requirements were reviewed. 19 figs 6. RECONSIDERING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES Valentina Zaharia 2011-12-01 Full Text Available Development of the competitive advantage involves a considerable effort from any organization. In particular, those organizations involved in a strong competitive market require the development of strategies to allocate long-term strategic marketing resources, efficiently and with easily quantifiable results. Faced with a multitude of phenomena and processes sometimes contradictory on different markets of consumption, contemporarily marketing has the mission to develop as creative as possible the business strategy of the organizations, their capacity of interacting with customers and other categories of audience. Such concepts as strategic positioning, relational marketing, management of the relationship with the consumer, marketing integrated research, a.s.o. are only a few of the tools with the help of which the marketing managers will implement successful operational strategies. All these developments are creating a real new paradigm of Marketing aimed to better explain the new types of complex market relationship in which the 21st Century organization is . 7. The Literature of Competitive Intelligence. Walker, Thomas D. 1994-01-01 Describes competitive intelligence (CI) literature in terms of its location, quantity, authorship, length, and problems of bibliographic access. Highlights include subject access; competitive intelligence research; espionage and security; monographs; and journals. (21 references) (LRW) 8. COMPETITIVENESS OF POTENTIAL INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION САБАДИРЬОВА, А.Л.; Одеський державний економічний університет; САЛАВЕЛІС, Д.Є.; Одеський державний економічний університет 2011-01-01 In the article the considered tendencies of forming of competitiveness of potential of enterprises industrial, factors of competitiveness of potential of enterprises at processing industry on the terms of modern market environment. 9. Attention Competition with Advertisement Cetin, Uzay; Bingol, Haluk O. 2012-01-01 In the new digital age, information is available in large quantities. Since information consumes primarily the attention of its recipients, the scarcity of attention is becoming the main limiting factor. In this study, we investigate the impact of advertisement pressure on a cultural market where consumers have a limited attention capacity. A model of competition for attention is developed and investigated analytically and by simulation. Advertisement is found to be much more effective when a... 10. Competitiveness through information Raluca Daniela RIZEA; Roxana SÂRBU; Elena CONDREA 2013-01-01 Intelligence competitiveness has already started to build its road in the company’s long term strategies. Nonetheless, business executives continue to look for ways to apply information technology strategically to their businesses. Using information managers manage to communicate, to convey their knowledge about markets, competitors, products, services and operations. Even if data and information are all over there are few amounts of managers that realize the importance of them to the success... 11. Securitization and Lending Competition Frankel, David M.; Jin, Yu 2011-01-01 We study the effects of securitization on interbank lending competition when banks see private signals of local applicants' repayment chances. If banks cannot securitize, the outcome is efficient: they lend to their most creditworthy local applicants. With securitization, banks lend also to remote applicants with strong observables in order to lessen the lemons problem they face in selling their securities. This reliance on observables is inefficient, raises the mean default risk, and may lea... 12. Competition and Innovation Gilbert, Richard J. 2007-01-01 The Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission have frequently raised innovation concerns as reasons to challenge mergers. This chapter surveys the economic theories of innovation incentives and considers how the theory may inform antitrust analysis for merger investigations and other conduct that involve innovation. Competition can promote innovation by reducing the value of failing to invest in research and development. However, with non-exclusive intellectual property rights... 13. Competition among mass media Kwiek, Maksymilian 2010-01-01 This paper investigates how mass media provide information to readers or viewers who have diverse interests. The problem of a mass medium comes from the fact that there is a constraint on how much information can be delivered. It is shown that the mass medium optimally provides information that is somewhat useful to all agents, but not perfect to anybody in particular. This benchmark model is then used to investigate competition among mass media with differentiated products. In the equilibriu... 14. Energy and Competitiveness Bureau, Dominique; Fontagné, Lionel; Martin, Philippe 2013-01-01 When energy prices are expected to rise over the next twenty years, it is essential that industrial innovation efforts and the supply of goods and service off erings be directed towards energy-efficient technologies. However, a more significant increase in energy prices in France than in other countries would be detrimental to the short-term competitiveness of French industry. The present Note outlines the terms of the trade-off France has to confront between reserving a significant part of i... 15. Political Competition and Polarization Schultz, Christian This paper considers political competition and the consequences of political polarization when parties are better informed about how the economy functions than voters are. Specifically, parties know the cost producing a public good, voters do not. An incumbent's choice of policy acts like a signal...... for costs before an upcoming election. It is shown that the more polarized the political parties the more distorted the incumbent's policy choice.... 16. Competitive Policy Development Hirsch, Alexander V.; Shotts, Kenneth W. 2015-01-01 We present a model of policy development in which competing factions have different ideologies, yet agree on certain common objectives. Policy developers can appeal to a decision maker by making productive investments to improve the quality of their proposals. These investments are specific to a given proposal, which means that policy developers can potentially obtain informal agenda power. Competition undermines this agenda power, forcing policy developers to craft policies that are better f... 17. Thinking About Competitive Balance Allen R. Sanderson; John J. Siegfried 2003-01-01 Simon Rottenberg long ago noted that the nature of sports is such that competitors must be of approximately equal ability if any are to be financially successful. In recent years, sports commentators and fans, Major League Baseball itself, and even some economists have expressed growing concern about the widening disparities among team expenditures and the growing concentrations of postseason contenders and championships. In this article we compare different concepts of competitive balance, r... 18. Competition and Car Longevity Macauley, Molly; Hamilton, Bruce 1998-01-01 We examine determinants of the nearly 30 percent increase in the average age of domestically produced, registered automobiles since the mid-1960s. We find that very little of the increase in car longevity is attributable to improvements in the inherent durability of cars. Rather, we find that the temporal pattern of longevity improvement is highly correlated with the level of market concentration in the auto industry. In particular, we argue that the arrival of competition in the industry led... 19. Competition: the answers Staff Association 2016-01-01 The correct answers to the Staff Association Competition are: How many women delegates are there currently in the Staff Council? -14 Who is the current President of the Staff Association? - Alessandro Raimondo Which year was the Nursery School established by the Staff Association at CERN? -1965 How many CERN clubs are supported by the Staff Association? -44 What is the supreme representative body of the Staff Association ? -The Staff Council The winners will be informed by email. 20. Progesterone Binding and Inhibition of Growth in Trichophyton mentagrophytes 1986-01-01 Specific binding of [3H]progesterone to cytosol of Trichophyton mentagrophytes was demonstrated. Scatchard analysis of [3H]progesterone binding showed a single class of binding sites with a dissociation constant of 9.5 X 10(-8) [corrected] +/- 2.4 X 10(-8) M (standard deviation) and a maximal binding capacity of 4,979 +/- 3,489 fmol/mg of cytosol protein. Deoxycorticosterone and dihydrotestosterone competitively inhibited binding by 50% at molar ratios of 10:1 and 20:1, respectively. Other st... 1. Energy and competitiveness Energy efficiency-related programs in two Canadian provinces are reviewed. The Ontario Ministry of Energy has implemented programs to improve industrial energy efficiency in order to contribute to future economic growth. Since 1987, the Industrial Energy Services Program provides energy audits, feasibility analysis grants, and project engineering grants for energy efficiency improvements. Results show that an industrial plant can cut its energy costs by an average of 10% with the proper help. To minimize electricity costs, Ontario Hydro has a demand management program that offers a combination of financial assistance for energy conservation measures, rate incentives, standards and regulation, and fuel substitution. Results in 1992 show 250 MW in saved and shifted load. In Alberta, a TransAlta Utilities program in supply side management has the objective of maximizing the production potential of existing plants. The resulting benefit is improved electric power production efficiency that leads to increased competitiveness. Side benefits include delay of new plant construction, reduced coal consumption, and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, Canada's economic competitiveness is reviewed historically and measures to improve this competitiveness are suggested. A new national policy strategy would include gradual elimination of all import tariffs, optimization of natural resources, securing energy availability at prices at or below world levels, and becoming a leader in transportation and communications. 1 fig., 1 tab 2. APPROACHES ON THE COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE Ioan PETRIŞOR; Natalia Ana STRĂIN (SILAŞ) 2013-01-01 Within this study, we approached the concept of "competitive intelligence" (CI), which we consider a key element for the success of a business, especially in the current period, characterized by numerous economic and financial turbulence. According to Society of Competitive Intelligence (SCIP), competitive intelligence is defined as a method of ethical and moral collection, analysis and dissemination of information regarding the competitive environment, opportunities, vulnerabilities, and int... 3. The generalized sports competition problem Kern, W; Paulusma, D. 2002-01-01 Consider a sports competition among various teams playing against each other in pairs (matches) according to a previously determined schedule. At some stage of the competition one may ask whether a particular team still has a (theoretical) chance to win the competition. The computational complexity of this question depends on the way scores are allocated according to the outcome of a match. For competitions with at most$3$different outcomes of a match the complexity is already known. In pra... 4. The International SAT Solver Competitions Järvisalo, Matti; University of Helsinki; Le Berre, Daniel; University of Artois; Roussel, Olivier; University of Artois; Simon, Laurent; University of Paris-Sud 2012-01-01 The International SAT Solver Competition is today an established series of competitive events aiming at objectively evaluating the progress in state-of-the-art procedures for solving Boolean satisfiability (SAT) instances. Over the years, the competitions have significantly contributed to the fast progress in SAT solver technology that has made SAT a practical success story of computer science. This short article provides an overview of the SAT solver competitions. 5. FEATURES CONCERNING COMPETITIVE PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT Cristina Coculescu 2008-01-01 Innovation and competitiveness are the main vectors of social-economic progress of every country. Starting from this general context and considering the particular context wherein Romania is, which strongly impose the growth of economic competitiveness for realize the convergence to EU countries, in this item we propose to put in evidence the kinds of competitive performance measurement. For this, we’ll study from economic development point, competitiveness index contained in Global Competiti... 6. Measuring institutional competitiveness in Europe Huemer, Stefan; Scheubel, Beatrice; Walch, Florian 2013-01-01 While there are many methods to measure the competitiveness of an economy, most of these concepts ignore the fact that competitiveness can change because of market processes like wage negotiation but also because of political decision-making. Governments that compete with others for factors of production face the incentive to adjust key policy variables to improve their competitive position. Disentangling market-induced and politics-induced changes in competitiveness is not easy, but strongly... 7. SMES COMPETITIVENESS AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES Bibu Nicolae; Popovici Adina; Sala Diana 2010-01-01 In the related literature, there are many ways in which company competitiveness can be defined and understood. The purpose of this research is a better understanding of the SMEs competitiveness from the West Region of Romania. This study presents preliminary results of a research focussed on SMEs competitiveness. There are some positive and negative local and national factors which are influencing firms’ competitiveness. This study confirms us our presumptions. The internal and external envir... 8. Integrated Approach to Competitive Advantage Edita Ragelskaja; Renata Korsakienė 2011-01-01 Environmental changes and globalization of markets make an impact on intense competition in almost all business sectors. Evolutionary changes influence companies to learn, adequately react, adapt to environmental changes and to change themselves. Such a situation has revealed the problems of competitive advantage of industry companies. Therefore the focus to the factors impacting competitive advantage is seen as timely and relevant. The authors of the paper analyze approaches to competitive ... 9. Managerial Economics and Global Competition Silvio M. Brondoni 2005-01-01 Global managerial economics tends to emerge in conditions of strong, continuous competitive tension, in contexts that are open and subject to political, social and technological instability. Globalisation and new competition boundaries oblige companies to adopt a new 'market-oriented competitive management philosophy' (market-driven management), in which customer value management predominates. Global managerial economics thus interfaces with numerous competition spaces, all with different lev... 10. Uniqueness is Important in Competition FENG Ai-Xia; XV Xiu-Lian; HE Da-Ren 2009-01-01 We propose a quantitative network description on the function of uniqueness in a competition system. Two statistical parameters, competition ability and uniqueness are defined, and their relationship in ordinary cases is analytically discussed. The competition between Chinese regional universities is taken as an example. The empirical investigation results show that the uniqueness of a university is really important in competition. Also,uniqueness is very helpful in the promotion of the university overall quality. 11. Competition in a Business Network Ellegaard, Chris; Medlin, Christopher J Competition and cooperation stabilize and structure business networks. In business research there is little focus on network based competition between firms and on how firms compete to gain network position. We review a range of conceptualizations of competition and cooperation and work towards a...... research and also managerial thinking about network strategy and implementation.... 12. Competitive Intelligence and Social Advantage. Davenport, Elisabeth; Cronin, Blaise 1994-01-01 Presents an overview of issues concerning civilian competitive intelligence (CI). Topics discussed include competitive advantage in academic and research environments; public domain information and libraries; covert and overt competitive intelligence; data diversity; use of the Internet; cooperative intelligence; and implications for library and… 13. Corporate Social Responsibility and Competitiveness tureanu Simona-Luize 2012-01-01 Corporate social responsibility helps achieving different social, environmental and economic policy goals, but it can also contribute to competitiveness. This paper concentrates on how CSR could help competitiveness at level of individual enterprises. Moreover the connection between macro-level competitiveness and CSR is presented. 14. Environmental structure and competitive scoring advantages in team competitions Merritt, Sears 2013-01-01 In most professional sports, the structure of the environment is kept neutral so that scoring imbalances may be attributed to differences in team skill. It thus remains unknown what impact structural heterogeneities can have on scoring dynamics and producing competitive advantages. Applying a generative model of scoring dynamics to roughly 10 million team competitions drawn from an online game, we quantify the relationship between a competition's structure and its scoring dynamics. Despite wide structural variations, we find the same three-phase pattern in the tempo of events observed in many sports. Tempo and balance are highly predictable from a competition's structural features alone and teams exploit environmental heterogeneities for sustained competitive advantage. The most balanced competitions are associated with specific environmental heterogeneities, not from equally skilled teams. These results shed new light on the principles of balanced competition, and illustrate the potential of online game data... 15. Crystal structure and pharmacological characterization of a novel N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist at the GluN1 glycine binding site Kvist, Trine; Steffensen, Thomas Bielefeldt; Greenwood, Jeremy R; 2013-01-01 the competitive interaction and high potency. To delineate the binding mechanism, we have solved the crystal structure of the GluN1 ligand-binding domain in complex with TK40 and show that TK40 binds to the orthosteric binding site of the GluN1 subunit with a binding mode that was also predicted by virtual... 16. Retail electricity competition in Ontario A brief overview of the operation of retail competition in Ontario's electricity market as recommended by the Market Design Committee (MDC) is provided. The mandate of the MDC is to make recommendations on the structure of Ontario's competitive electricity market that is due to begin in the year 2000. The main recommendations regarding the design of the competitive retail market have been included in the MDC's second quarterly report. This paper briefly outlines the MDC's recommendations on: (1) the default supply of electricity in Ontario, (2) retail commodity competition, (3) competition in metering, (4) customer data access, and (5) green marketing 17. Competition Advocacy: the Italian Experience Salvatore Rebecchini 2014-07-01 Full Text Available Competition advocacy is considered, together with enforcement, the core business of an antitrust authority. Broadly speaking there are at least three main tasks regularly performed by most, if not all, antitrust agencies that are amenable to the advocacy function: addressing laws and regulations in order to remove unnecessary impediments to competition; engaging in sector enquiries to understand markets behavior and identify critical issues; explaining the benefits of open competitive markets to the public opinion. This article examines these three main tasks and outlines the challenges for competition agencies, with references to the experience of the Italian Competition Authority (ICA and the initiatives undertaken at international level. 18. Competition, Corruption and Institutional Design Seung Han Yoo 2014-01-01 This paper offers a model to study competition and corruption with a principal-agent framework. We provide two key results on the optimal institutional design. First, in quality-only competition, corruption does no harm to the principal, but in quality-price competition, corruption negatively a¢´ects the principal. Second, with no corruption, quality-price competition is a superior institutional setting for the principal compared with quality-only competition when the principal?s net bene?t i... 19. Competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for vitamin B12 analysis in human milk BACKGROUND Few accurate data exist on the concentration of vitamin B12 in human milk. Binding of the vitamin to haptocorrin (HC) can interfere with the assay if not removed by pretreatment, and very low values can occur in women with poor B12 status. This study evaluated two competitive enzyme bind... 20. Competition and confidence After a presentation of the new situation of the energy sector with the opening of European energy markets to competition, the author recalls the role of the French government in the organisation and operation of this market: reliable information and protection of consumers, security of supplies with reasonable gas prices, sound relations and partnerships with producing and transit countries. France agrees with the diagnostic of the European Commission about the necessity to improve the operation of the domestic energy markets but differs with the projects of the Commission on the means to be implemented to ensure transparency, non-discrimination, and efficiency in the operation of these markets. (J.S.) 1. Competition in Soccer Leagues Hansen, Bodil Olai; Tvede, Mich 2007-01-01 In the present paper a model of competition between sports clubs in a sports league is presented. Clubs are endowed with initial players but at a cost clubs are able to sell their initial players and buy new players. The results are that: if the quality of players is one-dimensional, then equilibria in pure strategies exist, and; if the quality of players is multi-dimensional, then there need not exist equilibria in pure strategies, but equilibria in mixed strategies exist. Equilibria in mixe... 2. Competitive Advantage through Innovation Brem, Alexander; Maier, Maximilian; Wimschneider, Christine 2016-01-01 failure several times. Before the current situation of the company, it remains challenging in the future as well. Hence, the Nespresso story provides interesting space for discussion and learning about what innovation is, how innovation emerges, and under which circumstances innovation can serve as a......Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe how Nespresso achieved competitive advantage through innovation by changing the rules of the game in its industry. Design/methodology/approach Nespresso was analyzed based on public available secondary data, in combination with related academic... 3. Competitive Manufacturing Dynamics Rymaszewska, Anna; Christensen, Irene; Karlsson, Christer to constantly improve this process in terms of time to volume, according to predefined cost and quality measures. The importance of the success of this process can lead to a significant creation of competitive advantage. This paper addresses the challenges of the manufacturing ramp-up process in the......The increasing complexity of business environments and the pressure for organizations on delivering new products faster while maintaining the superior quality of their products, has forced manufacturing organizations to rethink their operations. Managers responsible for manufacturing ramp-up need... 4. Safety and competitiveness This file studies if the safety is compatible with the search for competitiveness. As some nuclear operators change into energy multinational, as the energy production is submitted to the law of a de-regulated market, as evolutions are announced on the status of the national electrician, one takes stock of the challenges and the risks of this evolution. If it is important to take into account the good economic performances it is a necessity to watch over these economic performances are not got to the detriment of safety and the continuation of its improvement. (N.C.) 5. Offshoring and International Competitiveness Ørberg Jensen, Peter D.; Pedersen, Torben 2012-01-01 advanced offshoring, exploring what causes firms to offshore some of their more advanced tasks. Our findings indicate that while the lower cost of unskilled, labor-intensive processes is the main driver for firms that offshore less advanced tasks, the offshoring of advanced tasks is part of firms’ strategy...... to achieve international competitiveness through access to cross-border knowledge flows and foreign knowledge resources. Furthermore, offshoring of advanced manufacturing tasks seems to be more widespread and experience-based than the offshoring of advanced service tasks.... 6. Energy and competition The members of the Enquete Commission ''Future Energy Policy'' of the German Bundestag are introduced as well as the list of participants from industry and other organizations in the public heaving on 18 th December 1981. Then the catalogue of questions of the Enquete Commission is presented. The written answers of the 11 representatives of industry form the main part of the report. In the following the minutes of the public hearing of the Enquete Commission 'Future Energy Policy' of the German Bundestag on Friday, 18 th December 1981 on the topic of 'The Competitiveness of German economy in various energy supply structures' is presented. (UA) 7. Rowing competitions and perspective Flores, Alfinio; Bernhardt, Stephen A.; Shipman, Henry L. 2015-02-01 This paper is about integrating the use of graphing technology (specifically, GeoGebra) with principles of motion, principles of perspective, and the concept of vanishing points to model a dynamic event. Students were asked to analyse video images of a rowing competition filmed with a single camera positioned perpendicular to the race. The fixed position of the camera in such races makes it difficult to determine whether a scull closer to the camera is actually overtaking another, more distant scull. The paper illustrates how students in their first year at the university can integrate the use of technology, science, mathematics, and writing to solve a real world problem involving motion. 8. Attention competition with advertisement Cetin, Uzay; Bingol, Haluk O. 2014-09-01 In the new digital age, information is available in large quantities. Since information consumes primarily the attention of its recipients, the scarcity of attention is becoming the main limiting factor. In this study, we investigate the impact of advertisement pressure on a cultural market where consumers have a limited attention capacity. A model of competition for attention is developed and investigated analytically and by simulation. Advertisement is found to be much more effective when the attention capacity of agents is extremely scarce. We have observed that the market share of the advertised item improves if dummy items are introduced to the market while the strength of the advertisement is kept constant. 9. Environmental structure and competitive scoring advantages in team competitions Sears Merritt; Aaron Clauset 2013-01-01 In most professional sports, the structure of the environment is kept neutral so that scoring imbalances may be attributed to differences in team skill. It thus remains unknown what impact structural heterogeneities can have on scoring dynamics and producing competitive advantages. Applying a generative model of scoring dynamics to roughly 10 million team competitions drawn from an online game, we quantify the relationship between a competition's structure and its scoring dynamics. Despite wi... 10. Competitive Priorities and Competitive Advantage in Jordanian Manufacturing 2013-01-01 The purpose of this research was to explore and predict the relationship between the competitive priorities (quality, cost, flexibility and delivery) and the competitive advantage of firms in the Jordanian Industrial Sector. A population of 88 Jordanian manufacturing firms, registered on the Amman Stock Exchange, was targeted using a cross-sectional survey employing a questionnaire method of data collection. The results of the data analysis indicate a significant relationship between competit... 11. Tax competition: A general review Raičević Božidar B. 2004-01-01 Full Text Available Tax competition is increasingly attracting the attention of not only experts Although it is difficult to define precisely, grosso modo, it is actually a competition between states (jurisdictions in attracting capital (investors by tax instruments, especially tax incentives. The first recorded cases of tax competition emerged in 12th century (attracting wool weavers into regions of North Italy-Piemont. Today, tax competition has undreamt-of and very dynamic forms, both territorial and sectored. However, tax competition is accompanied not only by positive but also by rather strong negative effects. Positive effects worth mentioning are the following: 1. control of power, 2. innovations, and 3. incentives. However, negative effects, embodied in "unfair tax competition", provoke a range of unwanted and important distortions in international trade. All of them arise from requirements and wants of tax payers (especially companies to minimize or evade their tax obligations, on the one hand, as well as. 12. Competitiveness and carbon leakages The authors discuss the implications of the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) in terms of competitiveness and profitability for companies. As this scheme may induce a risk of 'carbon leakage', equilibrium must be found between usage cost increase due to this scheme and decisions of investments in less carbon-emitting technologies. As the identification of the impacted sectors is at the core of the negotiation about the 'Climate and Energy' package, the authors describe the Commission's proposition which comprises a first stage of identification of the impacted sectors and a second stage to take the results of international negotiations for an international agreement on the post-Copenhagen period. The authors comment the issues and the status of the European negotiations 13. Product Positioning Under Price Competition S. Chan Choi; DeSarbo, Wayne S, et al; Patrick T. Harker 1990-01-01 This paper presents a consumer-based methodology for new product pricing and positioning in the face of price competition. The price competition is modelled as a Nash equilibrium for which two complementary approaches are employed: an analytical approach of duopoly provides qualitative insights into the competitive behavior, and a numerical approach of general oligopoly provides quantitative solutions under a wide variety of market scenarios. The optimal product positioning is formulated as a... 14. Knowledge Resources and Competitive Advantage Doris Gomezelj Omerzel; Rune Ellemose Gulev 2011-01-01 The paper discusses some definitions of knowledge as a potential source of competitive advantage. It reviews the literature pertaining to the assessment of knowledge assets. According to the resource-based view, which links the competitive advantage of organizations with resources and capabilities that are firm-specific, and difficult to imitate or substitute, a firm’s competitive advantage is built on a set of strategically relevant resources (Barney 1991; Grant 1991; Peteraf 1993). When fir... 15. Tax Competition through Tax Evasion Klaus Beckmann 2001-01-01 In the present paper, 1 analyse the competitive behaviour of benevolent governments in the presence of (capital) income tax evasion when information exchange is not possible. My approach is to introduce a cost of evasion function into an otherwise standard tax competition model and to explore three variants of the basic tax competition cum evasion game. Two distinct justifications for tax harmonisation emerge. First, harmonisation of taxation at the source can be supported with the usual spil... 16. Competition in the Cryptocurrency Market Gandal, Neil; Hałaburda, Hanna 2014-01-01 We analyze how network effects affect competition in the nascent cryptocurrency market. We do so by examining the changes over time in exchange rate data among cryptocurrencies. Specifically, we look at two aspects: (1) competition among different currencies, and (2) competition among exchanges where those currencies are traded. Our data suggest that the winner-take-all effect is dominant early in the market. During this period, when Bitcoin becomes more valuable against the U.S. dollar, it a... 17. Sport competitions in Antique Chersoneses. Moutiev A.V.; Moutieva I.M. 2011-01-01 It is examined the content of physical education in Chersoneses in the ancient period. It is shown the participation of citizens in the Chersoneses competitions at various levels. Stressed the importance of physical culture, sports, sports training, organizing and conducting athletic competitions. Show the direction of physical education of youth, training for local and Panhellenic competitions, military service. The role of the teacher of gymnastics in physical education students in public s... 18. Competitiveness in the New Economy Rouvinen, Petri 2002-01-01 This paper devises an e-competitiveness index attempting to measure the ability of a nation to exploit information and communication technology (ICT) to the fullest. Results of the analysis show that Finland is highly specialized in ICT provision, it has good premises to exploit ICT to the fullest, but that it is not amongst the leading users of ICT. – Internet ; ICT ; IT ; new economy ; competitiveness ; e-competitiveness 19. NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS - SCENARIOS FOR ROMANIA Herciu, Mihaela 2012-01-01 Competitiveness remains a continuous concern of nations in any stage of development, from factor based economy to innovation based economy. The present paper aims to emphasize the current level of national competitiveness of Romania, on one hand, and to identify possible ways to improve the current level by building scenarios in order to eliminate the uncertainty, on the other hand. The paper proposes four scenarios for increase GCI (growth competitiveness index) and four scenarios from pessi... 20. Inside-outside money competition Ramon Marimon; Juan Pablo Nicolini; Pedro Teles 2003-01-01 We study how competition from privately supplied currency substitutes a¤ects monetary policy. We focus on regimes where monetary policy must be sequentially optimal. We obtain that the workings of competition between currency and currency substitutes depend critically on government objectives. However, the impact inside money competition has on equilibrium outcomes does not. In fact, we show that, in general, it enhances e¢ciency and reduces equilibrium in‡ation rates. Nevertheless, if the su... 1. Competition Effects of Supermarket Services Bonanno, Alessandro; Lopez, Rigoberto A. 2007-01-01 This paper investigates the effect of in-store services on retail food prices, supermarket competition, and demand using fluid milk as a case study. It is shown that higher-service supermarkets charge higher milk prices essentially because of an increase in market power due to differentiation of service offering. Results show that different types of services impact milk prices differently, that upscale food-retailers face stronger competition in newer services, and that service competition re... 2. INNOVATION STRATEGIES AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 2013-01-01 Companies today operate in a very dynamic, uncertain and competitive environment. They compete in "nicety" that are so small but so important. Companies are trying to achieve competitive advantage in order to help them obtain a better and a stable position in the marketplace. The best way for companies to achieve a competitive advantage is through innovation. This paper addresses the meaning of innovation what does innovation present, types of innovation specifically discussing the right way ... 3. PUBLIC EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS Gabriel-Andrei Donici 2011-09-01 Full Text Available There is a certain connection between education and economic competitiveness. The relation between these two concepts is easy to intuit. On the medium and long term investments in education generate astrong increase in a country’s level of economic competitiveness. Through education the human capital is formed, and it affects all economic fields. Therefore we can observe that human capital has a decisive influence on the economic competitiveness of a country. 4. Interference competition and species coexistence. Amarasekare, Priyanga 2002-01-01 Interference competition is ubiquitous in nature. Yet its effects on resource exploitation remain largely unexplored for species that compete for dynamic resources. Here, I present a model of exploitative and interference competition with explicit resource dynamics. The model incorporates both biotic and abiotic resources. It considers interference competition both in the classical sense (i.e. each species suffers a net reduction in per capita growth rate via interference from, and interferen... 5. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF TRADING ENTERPRISES Yakimenko, N.; Fedorov, V. 2014-01-01 Studied theoretical approaches and principles of classification of competitive advantages, including commercial enterprises. Determined that the possibility of increasing the company's competitiveness is determined by the presence of a sustainable competitive advantage. Сompetitive advantage is determined by the target factors, their structure and proportions, the organization of effective use of factors of enterprise development, the speed of the establishment, improvement and renovation, de... 6. Competitive Capacity Investment under Uncertainty Li, Xishu; Zuidwijk, Rob; Koster, René; Dekker, Rommert 2016-01-01 textabstractWe consider a long-term capacity investment problem in a competitive market under demand uncertainty. Two firms move sequentially in the competition and a firm’s capacity decision interacts with the other firm’s current and future capacity. Throughout the investment race, a firm can either choose to plan its investments proactively, taking into account possible responses from the other firm, or decide to respond reactively to the competition. In both cases, the optimal decision at... 7. Mapping your competitive position. D'Aveni, Richard A 2007-11-01 A price-benefit positioning map helps you see, through your customers' eyes, how your product compares with all its competitors in a market. You can draw such a map quickly and objectively, without having to resort to costly, time-consuming consumer surveys or subjective estimates of the excellence of your product and the shortcomings of all the others. Creating a positioning map involves three steps: First, define your market to include everything your customers might consider to be your product's competitors or substitutes. Second, track the price your customers actually pay (wholesale or retail? bundled or unbundled?) and identify what your customers see as your offering's primary benefit. This is done through regression analysis, determining which of the product's attributes (as described objectively by rating services, government agencies, R&D departments, and the like) explains most of the variance in its price. Third, draw the map by plotting on a graph the position of every product in the market you've selected according to its price and its level of primary benefit, and draw a line that runs through the middle of the points. What you get is a picture of the competitive landscape of your market, where all the products above the line command a price premium owing to some secondary benefit customers value, and all those below the line are positioned to earn market share through lower prices and reduced secondary benefits. Using examples as varied as Harley-Davidson motorcycles, Motorola cell phones, and the New York restaurant market, Tuck professor D'Aveni demonstrates some of the many ways the maps can be used: to locate unoccupied or less-crowded spaces in highly competitive markets, for instance, or to identify opportunities created through changes in the relationship between the primary benefit and prices. The maps even allow companies to anticipate--and counter-- rivals' strategies. R eprint RO711G PMID:18159791 8. Sport competitions in Antique Chersoneses. Moutiev A.V. 2011-12-01 Full Text Available It is examined the content of physical education in Chersoneses in the ancient period. It is shown the participation of citizens in the Chersoneses competitions at various levels. Stressed the importance of physical culture, sports, sports training, organizing and conducting athletic competitions. Show the direction of physical education of youth, training for local and Panhellenic competitions, military service. The role of the teacher of gymnastics in physical education students in public schools. It is noted that the study involved in Chersoneses pedagogical methods and techniques. It is established that the citizens of Chersoneses actively participated in Panhellenic competitions and they became the victors. 9. BUSINESS COMPETITORS AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE SUCIU TITUS 2013-08-01 Full Text Available The paper presents the concept of competition, both from the perspective of the economic sector –where it is characteristic for pure monopole, oligopoly, monopole competition and pure competition, as well asfrom the market’s point of view – where it determines the strategies, objectives, advantages and weaknesses of acompany. The main point of the paper is the criticism of the pure and perfect competition theory. Concluding,the author insists on innovation, especially on the model of open innovation. 10. The Annual Computer Poker Competition Bard, Nolan; University of Alberta; Hawkin, John; Verafin; Rubin, Jonathan; PARC; Zinkevich, Martin; Google 2013-01-01 Now entering its eighth year, the Annual Computer Poker Competition (ACPC) is the premier event within the field of computer poker. With both academic and nonacademic competitors from around the world, the competition provides an open and international venue for benchmarking computer poker agents. We describe the competition’s origins and evolution, current events, and winning techniques. 11. DOE Collegiate Wind Competition (Presentation) Jones, J. 2014-02-01 This presentation for the January Stakeholder Engagement and Outreach webinar outlines the expanded need for workers in the wind industry and provides an overview of the DOE Wind Competition (to be held in May 2014) and the guiding principles of the competition. 12. Competition in european electric market Electricity prices in Western Europe have dropped in recent years, especially for large industrial clients, as a result of liberalisation and the introduction of competition. This article, however, reflects on the conditions required for effective competition. A number of currently overlooked issues are emerging, which could bring to a substantial rise in electricity prices in the future 13. The need for competitive intelligence. MacStravic, R S 1989-01-01 Often associated with marketing warfare, competitive intelligence has become an essential part of health-care organizations' strategic planning efforts. Without overstepping ethical boundaries, providers can gather a vast array of "intelligence" about their competition from public sources, from the marketplace and from competitors themselves. PMID:10303102 14. How to use competitive intelligence. MacStravic, R S 1989-02-01 Keeping tabs on the competition is a necessity, not a luxury, for organizations operating in today's health-care marketplace. This article, the second of two, explores various strategies for using competitive intelligence and suggests ways to ensure organization-wide commitment to gathering and using this information as part of an overall strategic plan. PMID:10291747 15. Competitive strategy a new era. Zuckerman, Alan M 2007-11-01 By adopting five basic practices, your organization will be ready to advance to the next level of competitive fitness: Develop a reliable financial baseline. Insist on development of a competitive intelligence database system. Employ rigorous business planning. Advocate for focus and discipline. Really commit to competing. PMID:18018789 16. MEASURING COMPETITIVENESS OF ECONOMIC ENTITIES MUNGIU-PUPĂZAN MARIANA CLAUDIA 2013-12-01 Full Text Available A competitive structure of a national economy is influenced by the competitiveness of each of the actors made the national economy. In other words, to achieve competitive economic structure shall contribute all sectors of the national economy and hence all branches of the national economy, all organizations within each branch. Thus, the productive sectors of the economy contribute by increasing their competitiveness, GDP growth, added value, while other branches making a contribution through activity, increased quality of life (health, culture, social in training skilled labor (education to ensure effective functioning of the judiciary, protection of private property and citizen safety, lower crime rate (police, reducing the risk of political instability, increasing social cohesion, social disparities (richness and extreme poverty, and discrimination against women and minority groups. Human resources are probably the most important factor determining the competitiveness of an area. The ability of a country to move up the value chain is closely related to human resource capability. In understanding the competitive evaluation is important to assess not only in terms of education, improvement, skills and work experience, but also in terms of other attributes, more difficult to measure, as entrepreneurial relationships, creativity and risk tolerance. Secondly, we must accept that individual productivity is determined by external factors. Latent potential of the individual can develop when the person moves to another environment that provides better and more opportunities. Currently structural changes to remain competitive obtaining essential parameters of the Romanian economy to cope with competitive pressures of the single European market. 17. The Africa Competitiveness Report 2011 World Economic Forum; World Bank; African Development Bank 2011-01-01 The Africa competitiveness report 2011 comes out as the world emerges from the most significant financial and economic crisis in generations. While many advanced economies are still struggling to get their economies back on a solid footing, Africa has, for the most part, weathered the storm remarkably well. The Africa competitiveness report focuses on harnessing Africa's underutilized reso... 18. Competitive dimensions of human resources Neykova Rumyana Mykolaivna 2015-02-01 Full Text Available This article deals with the essence of human resources competitive dimensions. Their competitive priorities are analyzed in dynamic business environment, with an emphasis on the quality of human resources, their adaptive skills, communication skills and mobility. The attention is paid to the role behavior of personnel and the policies for its management in the context of cutting down management costs. 19. Competitive dimensions of human resources Neykova Rumyana Mykolaivna; Prokopenko Olha Volodymyrіvna; Shcherbachenko Viktoriia Oleksiivna 2015-01-01 This article deals with the essence of human resources competitive dimensions. Their competitive priorities are analyzed in dynamic business environment, with an emphasis on the quality of human resources, their adaptive skills, communication skills and mobility. The attention is paid to the role behavior of personnel and the policies for its management in the context of cutting down management costs. 20. A Learning Software Design Competition. Hooper, Simon; Hokanson, Brad; Bernhardt, Paul; Johnson, Mark 2002-01-01 Explains the University of Minnesota Learning Software Design Competition, focusing on its goals and emphasis on innovation. Describes the review process to evaluate and judge the software, lists the winners, identifies a new class of educational software, and outlines plans for future competitions. (Author/LRW) 1. Environmental protection and competition policy The area 'Environmental protection and competition policy' follows the introductory guideline by Sir Leon Brittan, vice-president of the EC-Commission: 'We must seek the most market driven, dynamic approach to solutions, such that competition and technological advance bring the maximum economic and environmental benefits'. From this concrete measures are derived. (HSCH) 2. Competitive Capacity Investment under Uncertainty X. Li (Xishu); R.A. Zuidwijk (Rob); M.B.M. de Koster (René); R. Dekker (Rommert) 2016-01-01 textabstractWe consider a long-term capacity investment problem in a competitive market under demand uncertainty. Two firms move sequentially in the competition and a firm’s capacity decision interacts with the other firm’s current and future capacity. Throughout the investment race, a firm can eith 3. A Survey of Robotic Competitions Richard Balogh 2005-01-01 A survey of robotic competitions all over the world, their short history and present state is given. Contests are classified according to their difficulty and conditions. Typical competition categories, also with interesting robot constructions are described. Sense, advantages and disadvantages of contests are discussed, especially concerning educational purposes. At the same time, our experiences with organising the contest Istrobot are pre... 4. Optimal Forest Conservation: Competitiveness Versus Green Image Effects Koskela, Erkki; Ollikainen, Markku 2000-01-01 This paper provides a theoretical framework to study the behavioral and welfare effects of forest conservation, which leads to a binding harvesting constraint for landowners. The economy is modeled as a three-stage game by the interaction of the government’s conservation policy, with consequent adjustments in domestic timber market, and in output determination in a Cournot rivalry with the foreign forest industry. More specifically, we study how forest industry’s competitiveness constrains fo... 5. Modeling discrete competitive facility location Karakitsiou, Athanasia 2015-01-01 This book presents an up-to-date review of modeling and optimization approaches for location problems along with a new bi-level programming methodology which captures the effect of competition of both producers and customers on facility location decisions. While many optimization approaches simplify location problems by assuming decision making in isolation, this monograph focuses on models which take into account the competitive environment in which such decisions are made. New insights in modeling, algorithmic and theoretical possibilities are opened by this approach and new applications are possible. Competition on equal term plus competition between market leader and followers are considered in this study, consequently bi-level optimization methodology is emphasized and further developed. This book provides insights regarding modeling complexity and algorithmic approaches to discrete competitive location problems. In traditional location modeling, assignment of customer demands to supply sources are made ... 6. EU Competition Policy Since 1990 Bartalevich, Dzmitry 2013-01-01 In spite of the evidence of strong influence on the incorporation of policy provisions from the U.S. antitrust into the recent competition policy reforms in the European Union (EU), few considerable attempts have been made to analyze the influence of U.S. antitrust on EU competition policy in...... anticartel enforcement policies, antimonopoly regulation, and the regulation of mergers and acquisitions. The purpose of this article is to fill the gap by attempting to link EU competition policy with U.S. antitrust, provide a critical overview of the most important elements of European competition policy...... reforms, carry out a comparative analysis between EU and U.S. competition policies, detect convergence or divergence, and account for the degree of convergence and for the relevant mechanisms triggering convergence. The main focus is on the analysis of anticartel enforcement policy, antimonopoly policy... 7. COMPETITIVE PRODUCT ADVANTAGES Adrian MICU 2006-01-01 Full Text Available Cost advantages may be either internal or external. Internal economics of scope, scale, or experience, and external economies of focus or logistical integration, enable a company to produce some products at a lower cost than the competition. The coordination of pricing with suppliers, although not actually economizing resources, can improve the efficiency of pricing by avoiding the incrementalization of a supplier's nonincremental fixed costs and profit. Any of these strategies can generate cost advantages that are, at least in the short run, sustainable. Even cost advantages that are not sustainable, however, can generate temporary savings that are often the key to building more sustainable cost or product advantages later.. Even when a product's physical attributes are not readily differentiable, opportunities to develop product advantages remain. The augmented product that customers buy is more than the particular product or service exchanged. It includes all sorts of ancillary services and intangible relationships that make buying thesame product from one company less difficult, less risky, or more pleasant than buying from a competitor. Superior augmentation of the same basic product can add substantial value in the eyes of consumers, leading them to pay willingly what are often considerable price premiums. 8. Randomness in Competitions Ben-Naim, E; Redner, S; Vazquez, F 2012-01-01 We study the effects of randomness on competitions based on an elementary random process in which there is a finite probability that a weaker team upsets a stronger team. We apply this model to sports leagues and sports tournaments, and compare the theoretical results with empirical data. Our model shows that single-elimination tournaments are efficient but unfair: the number of games is proportional to the number of teams N, but the probability that the weakest team wins decays only algebraically with N. In contrast, leagues, where every team plays every other team, are fair but inefficient: the top$\\sqrt{N}\$ of teams remain in contention for the championship, while the probability that the weakest team becomes champion is exponentially small. We also propose a gradual elimination schedule that consists of a preliminary round and a championship round. Initially, teams play a small number of preliminary games, and subsequently, a few teams qualify for the championship round. This algorithm is fair and effici...
9. Driving Competitiveness Through Servitization
Avlonitis, Viktor; Frandsen, Thomas; Hsuan, Juliana;
Servitization, or adding services to the manufactured product, has become a strategy for increasing financial margins, getting closer to the customer and prolonging product lives. This is especially applicable to Western hemisphere companies in their efforts to compete with companies from low cos...... for the company. This booklet is produced to serve as a documentation of a research project together with industry on how servitization can be a strategy to enhance the competitiveness of manufacturing firms.......Servitization, or adding services to the manufactured product, has become a strategy for increasing financial margins, getting closer to the customer and prolonging product lives. This is especially applicable to Western hemisphere companies in their efforts to compete with companies from low cost...... countries and emerging economies. It is our hope that this booklet can assist managers to analyze and plan a servitization strategy. The text is brief and comprehensive to supplement a workshop, but can also be used separately as a quick guide on steps to follow for a manager when considering servitization...
10. Energy levy and competitiveness
The principle of regulating levies is that the consumption of products that have negative effects on the environment will be reduced. The income of the levies can be reimbursed to the civilians and companies via tax reduction. One of the impacts of the implementation of energy levies is the negative effect on the competitive position of the Dutch industry and businesses. In this report attention is paid to the micro-economic consequences of energy levies. The flows of fifteen production processes and the position of these processes in the market have been analyzed systematically. The impacts of energy levies on these product flows are investigated. The sectors that have been analyzed are the services sector (mainly determined by households), the agricultural food sector, the transportation sector, and the basic industry (mostly energy-intensive industries). In order to determine the sensitivity of the height of the energy levy three variants were investigated: 25%, 50% and 100% surcharge on the present energy costs. The variants are combined with three geographic levy ranges: national, European and global. 21 figs., 9 tabs | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.46496617794036865, "perplexity": 9118.690327123435}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719033.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00302-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/threads/high-level-questions-about-adc-dac-codecs-and-hi-end-audio-interfaces.169976/ | #### Dolmetscher007
Joined Mar 21, 2019
29
I am really into audio engineering and digital home recording. I find the products in that space are full of marketing double-speak, exaggerated claims, and meaningless adjectives like... "warm, buttery, harsh, squishy, chewy, gluey... etc." I was wondering if you guys could help answer a couple of questions for me without slant or auditory opinion; just details and data.
Analog-to-Digital Converters, as far as I know, do one thing. They sample an incoming signal at a specific rate, typically 44.1 kHz - 196 kHz. And they encode those samples as binary "words," typically at 24-bit. When recording digital audio, ADCs appear in a piece of gear called an "Audio Interface," which you connect to a computer using, USB, Firewire, Thunderbolt, etc. The data from the ADC is passed into the computer for storage and manipulation using specific software called a DAW (Digital Audio Workstation).
Question 1: Are there any differences between one ADC over another? Obviously there can be reliability or performance issues that make Company A's ADCs "better" than Company B's. And I am sure that there are ADC for all types of applications other than just recording audio for entertainment. I'm sure there are hundreds it not thousands of applications for ADC, military, automotive, cellular technologies, etc etc. But, when it comes to ADCs used for digital audio... it seems to me like the industry would kind of, as a whole, figure out which company makes the "best" ADC for pro audio, and everyone would just use that one.
Question 2: Audio interfaces on the market have wildly varying retail prices. They start as low as ~$69 and go up past >$10,000. There are a lot of aspects and features other than just ADC that affect the final price. For example, pre-amps. In order to record a descent sounding audio signal, it must first go through a pre-amp to boost it to a higher level. An audio interfaces pre-amp(s) probably impact its price the most. However, if you are a true professional audio engineer, it is highly unlikely that you would be using the preamps that come stock in your audio interface. The world's highest quality audio pre-amps, are stand-alone rack-mounted modules or are in a massive console.
If I wanted to build an audio interface that had no pre-amps, no features, no nothing, other than simple "The world's highest quality analog to digital converters" would that still be a complex project that would require electrical engineers working for years to come up with a design, or... could I just call up Texas Instruments and ask them for their best ADC and some documentation on how to incorporate it into a circuit. Then just solder it to a PCB along with whatever power management circuit it requires, and send its output through whatever interface chipset (Thunderbolt, or whatever) is considered "the best" these days? And that's it?
The reason I ask is... I own some really great analog pre-amps that were very expensive, and sound fantastic. I need a new audio interface, but as I am looking at what is on the market right now, they are so massively expensive, and I hate to spend north of $1k on a piece of equipment that is nothing more than a box that holds 10-15 ADCs that all cost <$5 ea. and sends it to my computer along ~\$20 of additional chips and passive components. Am I over-simplifying things in my head?
#### crutschow
Joined Mar 14, 2008
25,417
Question 1: Yes there are some differences that affect audio performance mainly signal/noise ratio and distortion.
Question 2: I would say some of the difference in price is hype.
Again I would say that S/N ratio and distortion are the two most important parameters.
Look for A/D converters specifically designed for audio use as they are optimized for that purpose.
#### nsaspook
Joined Aug 27, 2009
7,588
Electronics are almost never the limiting factor in high-end audio reproduction. Speakers, speaker placement and room acoustics are what separates the good from the best in sound. Spend your money on that.
#### Papabravo
Joined Feb 24, 2006
14,409
Anything that involves multiple 24 bit A/D converters is going to be a complex project.
Q1&A1: The semiconductor business is highly competitive and constantly changing. The concept of an industry standard that everybody would use is a complete fiction. By the time you get done with the engineering, fabrication, and testing of a prototype design the industry has moved on.
Q2&A2: I used to work in high end audio, so I have some familiarity with nosebleed type prices. The money was in the packaging and the power supply. It certainly was not in the digital or analog electronics which was maybe two decades old in 2008. The units were assembled by hand and labor has been expensive for quite some time.
#### MrChips
Joined Oct 2, 2009
21,855
Q1 - Yes, every ADC is different. There is no such thing as "best" in most aspects of electronics. There is always a compromise between competing factors.
Q2 - Can an electronics engineer with a couple of years experience in the field slap together a decent audio interface? Yes.
However it is a question of how "decent".
Firstly, there is the selection of the ADC. It is not as simple as selecting the number of bits and sampling rate. There is a long list of important device parameters that is too long to list here.
Yes, most audio interfaces require an analog preamp. Again there is no such thing as the "best" preamp design.
Finally, there is another long list of important factors that have to be considered that only a knowledgeable and experienced audio engineer cares and thinks about, simple but not obvious things such as board design, packaging, connectors, power supplies, EMI, LF + RF suppression, etc.
#### Dolmetscher007
Joined Mar 21, 2019
29
Q1 - Yes, every ADC is different. There is no such thing as "best" in most aspects of electronics. There is always a compromise between competing factors.
Yeah, I know there is no such thing as the "best" of almost anything. I was being a bit hyperbolic there.
Q2 - Can an electronics engineer with a couple of years experience in the field slap together a decent audio interface? Yes.
However it is a question of how "decent".
Firstly, there is the selection of the ADC. It is not as simple as selecting the number of bits and sampling rate. There is a long list of important device parameters that is too long to list here.
Yes, most audio interfaces require an analog preamp. Again there is no such thing as the "best" preamp design.
I am not an electrical engineer with years of experience, but I am a stubborned amateur that would like to try! Lol!!! Why not, right? Ya gotta start somewhere. The worst thing that can happen is I waste a few hundred bucks on evaluation boards and components only to fail and have a much deeper appreciation for these types of devices that I think I kind of take for granted.
I have no desire to get into pre-amp design. That wheel has been invented, and all the factors surrounding it are so esoteric and meta. Plus, I already own some bad ass vintage preamps from Rupert Neve. I just want to build an audio interface that can handle two incoming channels of audio, convert it to digital, and push it into my computer over the Thunderbolt protocol.
Finally, there is another long list of important factors that have to be considered that only a knowledgeable and experienced audio engineer cares and thinks about, simple but not obvious things such as board design, packaging, connectors, power supplies, EMI, LF + RF suppression, etc.
Yeah... HERE is where I think my naivety is really showing! I can read data sheets for ADC and come up with power mgmt circuits that would, in theory anyway, work to power the ADC and the surrounding devices. But I know nothing about radio frequency suppression other than a couple of Faraday Cage videos I've seen on YouTube. Same with Electromagnetic Interference. I know what it is, from building a lot of guitar pickups. I guess, I assumed that as long as the device is enclosed in a metal housing, and any internal wires are tightly wound together, EMI and RFI would not be an issue. I don't even know what "LF" is however. I'm not sure if you are talking about Low Frequency, or Line Filtering. That should tell you something right there, that I have some studying to do. But I'll get it. I'm a persistent sum'bitch! Ha ha ha!!!
I used to work in high end audio, so I have some familiarity with nosebleed type prices. The money was in the packaging and the power supply. It certainly was not in the digital or analog electronics which was maybe two decades old in 2008. The units were assembled by hand and labor has been expensive for quite some time.
#### Papabravo
Joined Feb 24, 2006
14,409
Yeah, I know there is no such thing as the "best" of almost anything. I was being a bit hyperbolic there.
I am not an electrical engineer with years of experience, but I am a stubborned amateur that would like to try! Lol!!! Why not, right? Ya gotta start somewhere. The worst thing that can happen is I waste a few hundred bucks on evaluation boards and components only to fail and have a much deeper appreciation for these types of devices that I think I kind of take for granted.
I have no desire to get into pre-amp design. That wheel has been invented, and all the factors surrounding it are so esoteric and meta. Plus, I already own some bad ass vintage preamps from Rupert Neve. I just want to build an audio interface that can handle two incoming channels of audio, convert it to digital, and push it into my computer over the Thunderbolt protocol.
Yeah... HERE is where I think my naivety is really showing! I can read data sheets for ADC and come up with power mgmt circuits that would, in theory anyway, work to power the ADC and the surrounding devices. But I know nothing about radio frequency suppression other than a couple of Faraday Cage videos I've seen on YouTube. Same with Electromagnetic Interference. I know what it is, from building a lot of guitar pickups. I guess, I assumed that as long as the device is enclosed in a metal housing, and any internal wires are tightly wound together, EMI and RFI would not be an issue. I don't even know what "LF" is however. I'm not sure if you are talking about Low Frequency, or Line Filtering. That should tell you something right there, that I have some studying to do. But I'll get it. I'm a persistent sum'bitch! Ha ha ha!!! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3083671033382416, "perplexity": 1338.2670667272823}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107884755.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024194049-20201024224049-00511.warc.gz"} |
https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/64481/schweizers-reagent-from-with-cuo | # Schweizer's reagent from/with CuO?
While attempting to make Schweizer's reagent in household conditions, using $\ce{CuSO4 + NaOH + 25\% NH4OH}$ route (all at least 95% pure, either technical or lab grade purity), I've stumbled upon a problem. While trying to precipitate $\ce{Cu(OH)2}$, the temperature of the solutions rose to about 50 Celsius, and instead of expected blue precipitate, I got an almost black (with a hint of violet) one instead, which I assumed is $\ce{CuO}$. However, I was able to dissolve some of the precipitate in $\ce{NH4OH}$ slightly (a suspension was made from about 10 g of precipitate in 200 ml ammonia), resulting in dark blue solution with only traces of suspended black particles ($\ce{CuO}$?), appearing very like the expected Schweizer's reagent itself.
The resulting substance was able to dissolve regular cotton & cellulose samples overnight, however the dissolution was quite slow and unimpressive, with some of the sample material remaining almost intact; a chalk-coated paper was quite resistant to it (although it also dissolved somewhat eventually).
I don't have prior experience with Schweizer's reagent, so I don't know if the rate of dissolution I got here was the proper, expected behaviour here or a sign of dud.
Since, from what I know, $\ce{CuO}$ doesn't react nor dissolve in aq ammonia, does this experiment suggest a trace amounts of $\ce{Cu(OH)2}$ present in the (assumed) $\ce{CuO}$ precipitate, later forming a low-quality Schweizer's reagent, or am I missing something here?
As side questions:
1. was the precipitate really $\ce{CuO}$ (if so, how to avoid creating it, i.e. what are the necessary conditions for $\ce{Cu(OH)2}$ creation here), and what is the easiest way to check for $\ce{CuO}$ presence in general?
2. how efficient should be a properly done homemade Schweizer's reagent (using the aforementioned $\ce{CuSO4 + NaOH + 25\% NH4OH}$ route) in dissolving various celluloses in practice?
Since, from what I know, $\ce{CuO}$ doesn't react nor dissolve in aq ammonia, does this experiment suggest a trace amounts of $\ce{Cu(OH)2}$ present in the (assumed) $\ce{CuO}$ precipitate, later forming a low-quality Schweizer's reagent, or am I missing something here?
1. was the precipitate really $\ce{CuO}$ (if so, how to avoid creating it, i.e. what are the necessary conditions for $\ce{Cu(OH)2}$ creation here), and what is the easiest way to check for $\ce{CuO}$ presence in general?
Your precipitate was likely a hydrated copper oxide. Heat causes the copper hydroxide to lose its water. To prevent $\ce{CuO}$ from forming, you want to keep the solution cool, perhaps with an ice bath. The easiest way to verify this is by visual observation. Copper oxide is black and copper hydroxide is blue, there is no false positive/negative to this for your preparation.
1. how efficient should be a properly done homemade Schweizer's reagent (using the aforementioned $\ce{CuSO4 + NaOH + 25\% NH4OH}$ route) in dissolving various celluloses in practice? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7587396502494812, "perplexity": 2259.270570855486}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660231.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015182235-20191015205735-00445.warc.gz"} |
https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/85847/calculate-the-super-logarithm/86249 | # Calculate the Super-Logarithm
This should be a simple challenge.
Given a number n >= 0, output the super-logarithm (or the log*, log-star, or iterated logarithm, which are equivalent since n is never negative for this challenge.) of n.
This is one of the two inverse functions to tetration. The other is the super-root, which is in a related question.
### Examples
Input Output
0 0
1 0
2 1
3 2
4 2
...
15 2
16 3
...
3814279 3
3814280 4
### Rules
• You do not need to support decimals, though you may.
• You need to support input of at least 3814280 = ceiling(e^e^e).
• You may not hard-code the values like 3814280. (Your program must theoretically support higher numbers.) I want an algorithm to be implemented.
• Shortest code wins.
Related OEIS
# Jelly, 8 bytes
ÆlÐĿĊḊi1
### Background
We start by successively taking natural logarithms of the input and the subsequent results until the result no longer changes. This works because the extension of the natural logarithm to the complex plane has a fixed point; if z = e-W(-1) ≈ 0.318 + 1.337i – where W denotes the Lambert W function – we have log(z) = z.
For input n, after computing [n, log(n), log(log(n)), …, z], we first apply the ceiling function to each of the results. Jelly's implementation (Ċ) actually computes the imaginary part of complex number instead, but we're not interested in these anyway.
Once the kth application of log yields a value less than or equal to 1, Ċ will return 1 for the first time. The 0-based index of that first 1 is the desired result.
The straightforward implementation (compute 1-based index, decrement) fails because of edge case 0, which does not have a 1 in its list of logarithms. In fact, for input 0, the sequence of logarithms is
[0, None]
This is because Jelly's logarithm (Æl) is overloaded; it first tries math.log (real logarithm), then cmath.log (complex logarithm), and finally "gives up" and returns None. Fortunately, Ċ is similarly overloaded and simply returns it argument if it cannot round up or take an imaginary part.
Likewise, input 1 returns
[1, 0, None]
which may create problems in other approaches that do or do not involve Ċ.
One way to fix this problem is apply Ḋ (dequeue; removes first element) to the array of logarithms. This maps
0ÆlÐĿ -> [0, None] -> [None]
1ÆlÐĿ -> [1, 0, None] -> [0, None]
so neither list has a 1 now. This way, finding the index of the first 1 will return 0 (not found), which is the desired output for inputs 0 and 1.
### How it works
ÆlÐĿĊḊi1 Main link. Argument: n (non-negative integer)
ÐĿ Apply the following link until the results are no longer unique.
Æl Natural logarithm.
Return the array of all unique results.
Ċ Round all resulting real numbers up to the nearest integer. This takes
the imaginary part of complex numbers and does nothing for non-numbers.
Ḋ Dequeue; remove the first item (n) of the array of results.
This is one of the only three atoms in Jelly that are overloaded in a non-obvious manner.
# Jelly, 9 bytes
Æl>1$пL’ Try it online! Test suite. (Slightly modified.) ### Explanation Æl>1$пL’
п while loop, collect all intermediate results.
>1$condition: z>1 Æl body: natural logarithm. L length of the array containing all intermediate results, meaning number of iterations ’ minus one. # Javascript, 4527 26 bytes l=a=>a>1&&1+l(Math.log(a)) Here is test suite (3rd rev) Thanks @LeakyNun for saving 1 byte with conditional and then converting function to lambda, and @Neil for pointing out false is ok return value for <=1 (changed test to be == instead of ===) • I was doing it without es6, but yeah that would be 1 byte shorter, thanks. – CShark Jul 19 '16 at 20:07 • Why would you not use lambda? – Leaky Nun Jul 19 '16 at 20:08 • no good reason, i just haven't used it that much, so it's not my first instinct – CShark Jul 19 '16 at 20:09 • Apparently we're allowed to return false instead of 0 (as it auto-converts to 0 in an integer expression) in which case you can drop the |0. – Neil Jul 19 '16 at 20:17 • That would save 1 byte, but what do you mean by "it auto-converts to 0"? What is "it"? – CShark Jul 19 '16 at 20:21 # C, 38 bytes f(double n){return n>1?1+f(log(n)):0;} Pretty self-explanatory. Try it on ideone. # Mathematica, 21 bytes If[#>1,1+#0@Log@#,0]& Recursive anonymous function. Takes an integer as input and returns its super-logarithm as output. Just uses the given definition. • I actually looked ahead of time to see if there was a built-in. I was surprised when there wasn't. :D – mbomb007 Jul 19 '16 at 20:32 # Dyalog APL, 13 bytes Direct translation of OP: {⍵≤1:0⋄1+∇⍟⍵} TryAPL online! # Pyth, 10 bytes L&>b1hy.lb Test suite. This defines a function. • I don't see any output in your test suite. Just a bunch of empty lines in the output. – mbomb007 Jul 19 '16 at 19:13 • @mbomb007 Fixed. – Leaky Nun Jul 19 '16 at 19:19 • Way cooler: tl.u?>N1.l ;-) – Jakube Jul 19 '16 at 21:52 • @Jakube You could post that! – Leaky Nun Jul 20 '16 at 2:53 ## Haskell, 23 bytes l x|x>1=1+l(log x)|1<2=0 Usage example: l 3814280 -> 4. # Python 3, 45 bytes import math s=lambda x:x>1and-~s(math.log(x)) For x <= 1, this returns False (which is == 0 in Python). • Yes, False can be used for 0. – mbomb007 Jul 19 '16 at 20:22 • Also, you beat my naive implementation (by using and rather than if else). Grats. – mbomb007 Jul 19 '16 at 20:24 ## 05AB1E, 16 13 bytes [Dî2‹#¼žr.n]¾ Explanation # implicit input n [ ] # infinite loop Dî2‹# # break if n rounded up is less than 2 ¼ # else, increase counter žr.n # set next n = log(n) ¾ # push counter and implicitly print Try it online # J, 211918 16 bytes Saved 2 bytes to Leaky Nun, 1 byte to Galen Ivanov, and 2 bytes to FrownyFrog! 2#@}.(0>.^.)^:a: Try it online! ## Test cases ls =: >:@$:@^.0:@.(<:&1)
ls 0
0
ls 1
0
ls 2
1
ls 3
2
ls 4
2
ls 15
2
ls 16
3
ls 3814280
4
• Here's my 18 bytes solution: 2#@}.^.^:(0<])^:a: (I started sovling what turned out to be a dup of this problem.) – Galen Ivanov Feb 4 '18 at 10:18
• 2#@}.(0>.^.)^:a: seems to work. – FrownyFrog Feb 4 '18 at 20:19
• Not sure if it’s equivalent though. – FrownyFrog Feb 4 '18 at 20:47
# MATL, 15 12 bytes
0ZetG>~}x@q
Try it online! Or verify all test cases (slightly modified version to handle several inputs).
### How it works
Starting with 0, apply iterated exponentiation until exceeding the input. The output is the number of iterations minus 1.
0 % Push 0
% Do...while loop
Ze % Exponential
t % Duplicate
G % Push input
>~ % Is current value less than or equal to the input? If so: next iteration
} % Finally (code executed at the end of the last iteration)
x % Delete
@q % Iteration index minus 1
% Implicitly end loop
% Implicitly display stack
# Julia, 17 bytes
!x=x>1&&1+!log(x)
Try it online!
# MATLAB / Octave, 44 bytes
function a=g(n);a=0;if n>1;a=1+g(log(n));end
Tried to do it all as one anonymous function, but I forgot that MATLAB/Octave continues to evaluate expressions even if they are multiplied by a boolean false (zero) value:
f=@(n)(n>1)*(1+f(log(n)))
• Yes, it would be nice to have a short-circuiting product :-) – Luis Mendo Jul 21 '16 at 22:41
# R, 38 37 bytes
f=function(x)if(x>1)1+f(log(x))else 0
Thanks @user5957401 for the extra byte!
Test cases:
> f(0)
[1] 0
> f(1)
[1] 0
> f(2)
[1] 1
> f(3)
[1] 2
> f(4)
[1] 2
> f(3814279)
[1] 3
> f(3814280)
[1] 4
• I think you can save a byte by using a literal if, else statement. i.e. if(x>1)1+f(log(x))else 0 is one byte shorter. – user5957401 Aug 18 '16 at 14:54
# R, 34 bytes
f=pryr::f(if(n>1,1+f(log(n)),0))
Try it online!
A non-recursive approach is possible: 36 bytes and takes input from stdin.
n=scan()
while((n=log(n))>0)F=F+1
+F
# Java 7, 47 bytes
int c(double n){return n>1?1+c(Math.log(n)):0;}
Try it online.
The recursive Java 7 style method above is 2 bytes shorter than an iterative Java 8 style lambda:
n->{int c=0;for(;n>1;c++)n=Math.log(n);return c;}
Try it online.
Explanation:
int c(double n){ // Method with double parameter and integer return-type
return n>1? // If the input is larger than 1:
1+ // Return 1 +
c(Math.log(n)) // A recursive call with log(input)
: // Else:
n->{ // Method with double parameter and integer return-type
int c=0; // Create a counter, starting at 0
for(;n>1; // Loop as long as the input is still larger than 1:
c++) // Increase the counter by 1
n=Math.log(n); // And update the input to log(input)
return c;} // After the loop: return the counter as result
• You might get it shorter with a Java 8 lambda. – mbomb007 Jul 21 '16 at 21:29
• @mbomb007 responding three years later, haha.. (at the time I was only code-golfing in Java 7), but to still answer your question: no, unfortunately a Java 8 lambda is 2 bytes longer than the recursive method. I've added it to my answer, and I've also added an explanation. – Kevin Cruijssen Aug 9 '19 at 11:18
• So you can't do recursive lambdas? – mbomb007 Aug 9 '19 at 14:42
• @mbomb007 No, in Java unfortunately not. In Python, JavaScript, and I think C# .NET as well, recursive lambdas are possible, but in Java not for some reason.. – Kevin Cruijssen Aug 9 '19 at 15:43
## Emacs Lisp, 38 bytes
(defun l(n)(if(> n 1)(1+(l(log n)))0))
Testcases:
(mapcar 'l '(0 1 2 3 4 15 16 3814279 3814280))
;; (0 0 1 2 2 2 3 3 4)
# Jelly, 8 bytes
-Ælß$Ị?‘ Straightforward implementation of the definition. Try it online! or verify all test cases. ### How it works -Ælß$Ị?‘ Main link. Argument: x
Ị Insignificant; test if |x| ≤ 1.
? If the result is 1:
- Return -1.
Else:
$Execute the monadic chain formed by the two links to the left. Æl Apply natural logarithm to x. ß Recursively call the main link. ‘ Increment the result. ## Perl 5, 35 bytes Very simple, requires -M5.016 (which is free) to enable the __SUB__ keyword for anonymous recursion. sub{$_[0]>1?1+__SUB__->(log pop):0}
Another alternative is
sub{$_[0]>1?1+__SUB__->(log pop):0} which is 34 bytes, and gives the same output for all inputs > 1, but returns the special false value for inputs <= 1. False is numerically equal to zero, but prints as "" (empty string), so it probably doesn't qualify. • Great answer. You can win 1 byte by doing sub{($_=pop)>1?1+__SUB__->(log):0} though – Dada Jul 22 '16 at 11:09
## CJam (16 bytes)
rd{_1>}{_ml}w],(
Online demo
Simple while loop with pre-condition. (What I really want here is a Golfscript-style unfold operation, but CJam doesn't have one, and floating point in GolfScript is messy and not at all golfy).
• As an aside, this is my 80th answer in math and earned me my second tag badge today. – Peter Taylor Jul 20 '16 at 8:01
# PARI/GP, 24 bytes
Just the straightforward recursion.
f(n)=if(n>1,1+f(log(n)))
Mathematica, 29 bytes
Simple as all hell, and works for comically large as well as negative inputs:
f[x_]:=If[x>1,1+f[Log[x]],0]
# Racket, 61 bytes
(λ(x)(letrec([a(λ(b)(if(> b 1)(+ 1 (a(log b)))0))])(a x)))
# Maple, 32,30 29 bytes
f:=x->if(x>1,1+f(log(x)),0)
Test cases:
> f(0.);
0
> f(1.);
0
> f(2.);
1
> f(3.);
2
> f(4.);
2
> f(3814279.);
3
> f(3814280.);
4
# R, 36 bytes
Slightly different approach from Plannapus
->n;a=0;while(n>1){a=a+1;n=log(n)};a
Uses a right assign to run the code -- so the desired number must precede it. i.e.
10->n;a=0;while(n>1){a=a+1;n=log(n)};a
### Ruby, 29 bytes
l=->n{n<=1?0:1+l[Math.log n]}
# Perl 6, 21 bytes
{($_,*.log...1>=*)-1} Try it online! The parenthesized expression is a sequence. $_, the argument to the function, is the first element. *.log generates each successive element by taking the log of the previous element. The sequence continues until the ending condition, 1 >= *`, is true: 1 is greater than or equal to the current element. Subtracting 1 from the sequence coerces it to a number: its length. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.31777673959732056, "perplexity": 4409.000514553618}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178373095.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305152710-20210305182710-00103.warc.gz"} |
https://quant.stackexchange.com/questions/21693/what-can-i-use-to-measure-of-diversification/21762 | # What can I use to measure of diversification?
I have to come up with a measure of diversification for trade (this can tie in closely to diversification as regards portfolios).
Are there any well known measures of portfolio diversification?
• It's note clear to me what you mean by "diversification for trade". What do you mean by "trade"? It's certainly just a question of terminology, but to enhance the quality of the question, could you please add an example? – SRKX Nov 12 '15 at 1:23
In 2006 Choueifaty proposed a measure of portfolio diversification, called the Diversification Ratio (DR), which he defined as the ratio of the weighted average of the volatilities of the assets in the portfolio, to the portfolios overall volatility. The DR of a long only portfolio is greater than or equal to one, and equals unity for a single asset portfolio. In essence, the DR of a portfolio measures the diversification gained from holding assets that are not perfectly correlated.
Source: Choueifaty et al. : Properties of the most diversified portfolio, 2011 link
More details in Choueifaty et al. Towards Maximum Diversification, JPM 2008 link
• Im not sure how this can be used in trade though. I'll have to think about it. I understand the numerator, but what is the role of the denominator here? The numerator by itself will make sense right? – ChinG Nov 11 '15 at 20:58
• Do you mean using this in international trade? The concentration of exports for a country is usually measured with the Herfindahl Index, wich is basically the sum of squares of weights. – Alex C Nov 11 '15 at 23:59
• Could you please be more specific to the article you're referring to? adding title and a link maybe? You can even show the formula here. – SRKX Nov 12 '15 at 1:28
I use the 'implied correlation' defined as $$\rho = \frac{V^2_P-\sum V^2_j}{(\sum V_j)^2-\sum V^2_j}$$ for $V_p$ the VaR (or volatility) of the portfolio, and $V_j$ the VaRs (or volatilities) of the individual components.
Essentially it shows what would be the common correlation that I would need to use in order to aggregate the stand-alone risks to the risk of the portfolio.
• VaR usually stands for Value-At-Risk, I believe the most appropriate and natural convention is $\sigma_j$ to stand for the standard deviation of asset $j$. – SRKX Nov 12 '15 at 1:04
You can also use the Herfindahl-Hirschman-Index (HCI) as a measure for concentration.
In portfolio analysis, you can calculate it as $\frac{1}{N} \leq HCI(x) = \sum_{i=1}^N x_i^2 \leq 1$ where $x$ is a vector of $N$ portfolio asset weights. One can easily see that $HCI(x) = 1$ if 100% is invested in a single asset, and $HCI(x) = 1/N$ if the portfolio is perfectly diversified (equally-weighted portfolio).
In contrast to Diversification Ratio or Diversification Index, the HCI works directly on portfolio weights.
The Herfindahl-Index can be normalized between 0 and 1 by $NHCI(x) = \frac{N \times HCI(x) - 1}{N-1}$.
Alex C's and Kiwiakos' answers are definitely the most realistic approaches. If you are open to consider also other kinds of risk measures, further alternatives might be thought of. Variance / correlation based approaches interprete "diversification" as how much your assets are heterogeneous from the point of view of deviations from the historical mean. In case that you want to protect your portfolio against events in the tail, you might erhaps be interested in approaches like "co-downside risk" etc. The literature on risk measures is vast, many alternatives to covariance exist. The oint would be to apply the implicity trick from the implied correlation.
The correlation between the assets in the portfolio will give you a measure of the diversification in the portfolio.
• The "correlation between the assets in the portfolio" is a matrix with n(n-1)/2 entries, not a single number. – Alex C Nov 11 '15 at 20:09
• Exactly..correlation is pairwise – ChinG Nov 11 '15 at 20:56
• Yeah although it's not specifically mentioned in the question but kind of obvious. – SRKX Nov 12 '15 at 1:22 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7660818099975586, "perplexity": 1018.3770176852893}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578553595.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422115451-20190422141451-00133.warc.gz"} |
https://www.hackmath.net/en/math-problem/935 | # Fraction
Fraction
$\dfrac{0,\overline{ 40 }}{0,40 }$
write as fraction a/b, a, b is integers numerator/denominator.
Result
a = 100
b = 99
#### Solution:
$x = \dfrac{0,\overline{ 40 }}{0,40 } = \dfrac{1 }{0,40} \dfrac{ a_1}{1-q} = \dfrac{1 }{0,40} \dfrac{0,40}{1-\dfrac{1}{100}} \ \\ x = \dfrac{1}{1-\dfrac{1}{100}} = \dfrac{100}{99} \ \\$
$b=99$
Leave us a comment of this math problem and its solution (i.e. if it is still somewhat unclear...):
Stella
i like this
Bob
good
#### Following knowledge from mathematics are needed to solve this word math problem:
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Find two imaginary numbers whose sum is a real number. How are the two imaginary numbers related? What is its sum? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 3, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8983897566795349, "perplexity": 1951.3269561847808}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540488620.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206122529-20191206150529-00396.warc.gz"} |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Truly_Large_Numbers | # Law of truly large numbers
(Redirected from Law of Truly Large Numbers)
The law of truly large numbers, attributed to Persi Diaconis and Frederick Mosteller, states that with a sample size large enough, any outrageous thing is likely to happen.[1] Because we never find it notable when likely events occur, we highlight unlikely events and notice them more. The law seeks to debunk one element of supposed supernatural phenomenology.
## Example
For a simplified example of the law, assume that a given event happens with a probability of 0.1% in one trial. Then the probability that this unlikely event does not happen in a single trial is 99.9% = 0.999.
In a sample of 1000 independent trials, the probability that the event does not happen in any of them is $0.999^{1000}$, or 36.8%. The probability that the event happens at least once in 1000 trials is then 1 − 0.368 = 0.632 or 63.2%. The probability that it happens at least once in 10,000 trials is $1 - 0.999^{10000} = 0.99995 = 99.995 %$.
This means that this "unlikely event" has a probability of 63.2% of happening if 1000 chances are given, or over 99.9% for 10,000 chances. In other words, a highly unlikely event, given enough tries, is even more likely to occur.
## In criticism of pseudoscience
The law comes up in criticism of pseudoscience and is sometimes called the Jeane Dixon effect (see also Postdiction). It holds that the more predictions a psychic makes, the better the odds that one of them will "hit". Thus, if one comes true, the psychic expects us to forget the vast majority that did not happen.
Humans can be susceptible to this fallacy. A similar manifestation can be found in gambling, where gamblers tend to remember their wins and forget their losses and thus hold an inflated view of their real winnings.
Steven Novella describes this as the "lottery fallacy":
It is also the lottery fallacy. If we hold a world-wide lottery and only one human in the 6.5 billion wins, the odds of that person winning is very small. But someone had to win. Chopra and Lanza are arguing that the winner could not have [won] by chance alone, because the odds were against it.[2] | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 2, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7318354249000549, "perplexity": 1130.7338969593613}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500837094.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021357-00127-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/33855 | Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/33855
Title: Sherali-Adams Relaxations and Indistinguishability in Counting Logics Author: Atserias, AlbertManeva, Elitza Keywords: Lògica de primer ordreProgramació linealTeoria de grafsFirst-order logicLinear programmingGraph theory Issue Date: 17-Jan-2013 Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Abstract: Two graphs with adjacency matrices $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ are isomorphic if there exists a permutation matrix $\mathbf{P}$ for which the identity $\mathbf{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \mathbf{A} \mathbf{P} = \mathbf{B}$ holds. Multiplying through by $\mathbf{P}$ and relaxing the permutation matrix to a doubly stochastic matrix leads to the linear programming relaxation known as fractional isomorphism. We show that the levels of the Sherali--Adams (SA) hierarchy of linear programming relaxations applied to fractional isomorphism interleave in power with the levels of a well-known color-refinement heuristic for graph isomorphism called the Weisfeiler--Lehman algorithm, or, equivalently, with the levels of indistinguishability in a logic with counting quantifiers and a bounded number of variables. This tight connection has quite striking consequences. For example, it follows immediately from a deep result of Grohe in the context of logics with counting quantifiers that a fixed number of levels of SA suffice to determine isomorphism of planar and minor-free graphs. We also offer applications in both finite model theory and polyhedral combinatorics. First, we show that certain properties of graphs, such as that of having a flow circulation of a prescribed value, are definable in the infinitary logic with counting with a bounded number of variables. Second, we exploit a lower bound construction due to Cai, Fürer, and Immerman in the context of counting logics to give simple explicit instances that show that the SA relaxations of the vertex-cover and cut polytopes do not reach their integer hulls for up to $\Omega(n)$ levels, where $n$ is the number of vertices in the graph. Note: Reproducció del document publicat a: http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/120867834 It is part of: SIAM Journal on Computing, 2013, vol. 42, num. 1, p. 112-137 Related resource: http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/120867834 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/33855 ISSN: 0097-5397 Appears in Collections: Articles publicats en revistes (Matemàtiques i Informàtica)
Files in This Item:
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https://www.mapsofworld.com/where-is/beledweyne.html | Maps of World
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# Where is Beledweyne
Location Maps of Cities in Somalia
Last Updated : August 17, 2016 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8079175353050232, "perplexity": 28013.555107943794}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689490.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923052100-20170923072100-00463.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-algebra/342-need-help.html | # Math Help - need help
1. ## need help
Is there a difference between solving a system of equations by the algebraic method and the graphical method? Why?
2. ## Differences between the two methods
Yes and no. It's more a matter of precision than substantially different answers.
If you solve graphically, then you can estimate solutions by simply reading the graph. However, the solutions precision is limited by the size of the graph, how good your eyes are, the width of your pencil lines, etc.
An algebraic solution yields exact answers.
For example, if a solution was $\sqrt 2$, then that's what the algebraic method would give you, but graphically, you would get 1.4142136...
woot! it's been years since I used LaTeX, and I formatted the sqrt(2) above right on the first try! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 1, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9132897853851318, "perplexity": 771.4762522924043}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657127222.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011207-00150-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/users/44184/user44184?tab=activity | user44184
Reputation
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Nov3 awarded Supporter Nov3 accepted Show that $\int_{-\infty}^\infty\frac{\cos(x)}{e^x+e^{-x}}dx=\frac{\pi}{e^{\pi/2}+e^{-\pi/2}}$? Oct28 comment Show that $\int_{-\infty}^\infty\frac{\cos(x)}{e^x+e^{-x}}dx=\frac{\pi}{e^{\pi/2}+e^{-\pi/2}}$? @sos440 - The top of the rectangle can be parameterized by $\gamma(z)=R+i{\pi}-2Rt$, $d{\gamma}=-i{\pi}t$ \$0 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9517248868942261, "perplexity": 11079.97995650911}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246660724.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045740-00105-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/19150/is-the-winds-intensity-on-mars-similar-to-earth/40155 | # Is the wind's intensity on Mars similar to Earth?
I've read that in Mars' poles, the winds can be as fast as 400 km/h, when the poles are exposed to sunlight because the frozen $CO_2$ sublimes. I know that the Martian atmosphere is much thinner than Earth's atmosphere.
So, by knowing the wind speeds on Mars, is there any way to get an idea of its intensity, or in other words, the intensity of a wind of x speed in Mars, to which speed of wind of Earth is comparable, for them to have the same intensity?
• Related questions here: space.stackexchange.com/questions/9301/… and space.stackexchange.com/questions/2621/… The first link has math where the wind-force can be calculated. – userLTK Nov 24 '16 at 22:29
• ok, so the pressure of the wind it would be 61,25 times lower? nice answer – Pablo Nov 24 '16 at 22:46
• do you want to post the answer here so I mark it as accepted? – Pablo Nov 24 '16 at 23:42
• I think your math is right at least, that's what I get too, but as for an answer, I didn't want to post or copy someone else's answer as my own. – userLTK Nov 25 '16 at 2:38
• @com.prehensible The atmospheric pressure on top of Olympus Mons is 0.0007 x the normal pressure at sea level on Earth, or 0.7 millibar. For comparison, a vacuum pump that you could buy online for 125 USD makes 0.1 millibar, only 7 times better; a pump that costs 50 USD makes 0.2 millibar, or 3.5 times better. Colloquially, I would describe the pressure on top of Olympus Mons as "pretty lousy vacuum". Seems like there's room for a lot of wind speed there before it really becomes threatening. – Florin Andrei Dec 14 '17 at 0:28
Credit to this question for inspiration, though my calculation methods differ.
The dynamic pressure equation is $$q=0.5\rho v^2$$ where $$q$$ is the pressure, $$\rho$$ is the atmospheric density, and $$v$$ is the wind speed. If we want to know what wind speeds give us equivalent pressures on Earth and Mars, we simply generate dynamic pressure equations for each of them: $$q=0.5\rho_e v_e^2$$ and $$q=0.5\rho_m v_m^2$$, set them equal $$q=0.5\rho_e v_e^2=0.5\rho_m v_m^2$$, and solve for $$v_e$$ to get $$v_e=\sqrt{\frac{\rho_m}{\rho_e}}v_m$$ where $$\rho_m=0.020 \space kg/m^3$$ is the atmospheric density for Mars, $$\rho_e=1.225 \space kg/m^3$$ is the atmospheric density on Earth, $$v_m$$ is the wind speed on Mars, and $$v_e$$ is the equivalent wind speed on Earth.
With a velocity ratio of about 7.826 we can plug in a few values for wind speed in kilometers per hour for Mars to get:
v_mars v_earth equivalent
10 1.28
50 6.39
100 12.8
200 25.6
400 51.1
These could be kph, or in fact, any units of velocity. screeenshot
and here's what hat looks like in a plot:
So the 400 kph gust on Mars only has equivalent pressure of a 51 kph gust here on Earth | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 13, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8155836462974548, "perplexity": 684.6338802505043}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991650.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518002309-20210518032309-00053.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/trying-to-understand-absolute-uncertainties-in-geometric-shapes.188297/ | Trying to understand absolute uncertainties in geometric shapes
1. Oct 1, 2007
memsces
I've been studying absolute uncertainties and do not understand any of it. If someone can explain it will really help. Especially with uncertainties including diameters and area.
2. Oct 5, 2007 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9100137948989868, "perplexity": 1487.2673037175946}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174135.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00312-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.readytext.co.uk/?p=3404 | 1Aug/14Off
Introduction
I needed to create an updated font map for some work with dvipng/dvips and had to update psfonts.map to contain the mapping between tfm/pfb files and the corresponding PostScript name for each font. To do that I wrote a tiny C program (a simple throw-away utility using FreeType) to extract the PostScript font name from the .pfb files. To save time I used "file globbing" so that the utility's command line could use wildcards – e,g.,[path]\*.pfb to list all Type 1 fonts in [path]. To use file globbing with Windows you need to link your code with an object file called setargv.obj which takes care of the messy details and expands the wildcards on the command line. I use the now-ancient Visual Studio 2008 IDE (good enough for me!) and needed to add setargv.obj as an additional project dependency under "Additional Dependencies" in the project settings for the linker. With that in place, the following ultra-simple program (no error checking!!) prints the font's PostScript name and the full path name of the corresponding font file.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ft2build.h>
#include FT_FREETYPE_H
#include FT_GLYPH_H
#include FT_OUTLINE_H
int main(int argc, char ** argv)
{
FT_Library libfreetype;
FT_Face ftface;
int i;
FT_Init_FreeType( &libfreetype );
for (i=1; i<argc; i++){
FT_New_Face( libfreetype, argv[i], 0, &ftface );
printf("%s %s\n", FT_Get_Postscript_Name(ftface), argv[i]);
FT_Done_Face(ftface);
}
FT_Done_FreeType(libfreetype);
return 0;
} | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5273749232292175, "perplexity": 9590.737669160528}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525863.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718231656-20190719013656-00228.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/273164/whats-the-automorphism-group-of-this-covering | What's the automorphism group of this covering?
What's the automorphism group of this covering?
I know why this is a covering, but I don't know how to find the automorphism group of this covering.
I need help, thanks
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Two automorphisms of a path-connected covering coincide iff they coincide at one point. 6 points lie above the node, thus the automorphism group can be identified as a subgroup of the permutation group on a 6 point set. Call the six points $\lbrace i_1,i_2,i_3,o_1,o_2,o_3\rbrace$ : the nodes labeled $i$ are those on the inner circle and one labeled $o$ lie on the outer circle. The lift of $b$ produces the permutation $(i_1i_2i_3)(o_1o_2o_3)$, while the lift of $a$ gives the permutation $(i_1o_1)(i_2o_2)(i_3o_3)$, so it seems that the group $G$ of the covering is isomorphic to the subgroup of $S_6$ generated by these two permutations. They commute, and so we should have $G\simeq\Bbb Z/6\Bbb Z$. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9401921629905701, "perplexity": 78.4463966872758}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205375.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00549-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/186780/show-different-limits-under-different-mode-of-convergence-equals-almost-everywhe | Show different limits under different mode of convergence equals almost everywhere
Suppose that a sequence of bounded and continuous functions $f_n$ converges uniformly to $f_1$ and $f_n$ converges to $f_2$ in $L^2$ sense, then how to show $f_1= f_2$ a.e.?
I tried the following: let $A_\epsilon = \{x:|f_1(x)-f_2(x)|>\epsilon\}$, then $m(A_\epsilon) < m(|f_n - f_1|>\epsilon) + m(|f_n - f_2|>\epsilon)$. Let $n$ go to infinity, then the first part of RHS goes to zero by uniform convergence, but I cannot do anything to $L^2$-convergence.
Can anyone show me how to solve this question? Thanks in advance .
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You are on the right track: use $m(|f_n-f_2|\gt\epsilon)\leqslant\epsilon^{-2}\|f_n-f\|_2^2$. – Did Aug 25 '12 at 15:17
@Norbert Asked 5 hours ago is a bit soon for a question to be declared unanswered, don't you think? – Did Aug 25 '12 at 20:10
I think people shy to post answer that you have already gave in first comment. I really don't like common practice of posting answers as comments – Norbert Aug 25 '12 at 22:24
@Norbert What you say does not correspond to my experience, as I have seen countless examples of the opposite happening on this site. Anyway, your second comment forces me to interpret your first one quite differently than I first did, and in a way which I really don't like. – Did Aug 25 '12 at 22:48
@did So what you don't like? – Norbert Aug 25 '12 at 23:49
Markov's inequality does the job: we get that for each $\varepsilon>0$, $$\lambda\{x,|f_n(x)-f_2(x)|>\delta\}\leqslant \frac 1{\varepsilon^2}\lVert f_n-f_2\rVert_{L^2}^2,$$ hence following the notations in the OP, we get $$\lambda(A_{2\varepsilon}\cap [-N,N])\leqslant \lambda(\{x,|f_n(x)-f_1(x)|>\varepsilon\}\cap [-N,N])+\frac 1{\varepsilon^2}\lVert f_n-f_2\rVert_{L^2}^2,$$ hence $$\lambda(A_{2\varepsilon}\cap [-N,N])\leqslant 2N\cdot \left[\sup_{[-N,N]}|f_n-f_1|>\varepsilon\right]+\frac 1{\varepsilon^2}\lVert f_n-f_2\rVert_{L^2}^2,$$ where $[P]$ is when when $P$ is satisfied and $0$ otherwise.
When $N$ and $\varepsilon$ are fixed, the RHS goes to $0$ as $n$ goes to infinity. Hence, $\lambda(A_{2\varepsilon}\cap [-N,N])=0$ for all $N$ and $\varepsilon$, giving the wanted conclusion. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9677801132202148, "perplexity": 190.46564785453023}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049279525.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002119-00086-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
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## Acta Physica Polonica A
1992 | 81 | 3 | 353-360
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### Regular and Chaotic Behaviour of a Kicked Damped Spin
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The dynamics of a kicked, anisotropic, damped spin is reduced to a two-dimensional map. This map exhibits such features as bifurcation diagrams, regular or chaotic attractors/repellors and intermittent-like transitions between two strange attractors. With increase of damping a transition from chaos to the fixed point attractor occurs. On the contrary to the Hamiltonian case the type of magnetic anisotropy plays a crucial role for damped models.
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1992-03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8312307596206665, "perplexity": 3731.3004720368085}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986669546.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016190431-20191016213931-00448.warc.gz"} |
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• HW #4 - Given a linear time-invariant system where $\ u(t)$ produces an output $\ w(t)$, find the output due to any function $\ x(t)$ (Chris Lau)
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http://twittercensus.se/british-national-xccek/hydrogen-energy-levels-diagram-bf6149 | Energy Level Diagram for Hydrogen Atom: Energy level diagrams indicate us the different series of lines observed in a spectrum of the hydrogen atom. The formula defining the energy levels of a Hydrogen atom are given by the equation: E = -E0/n2, where E0 = 13.6 eV (1 eV = 1.602×10-19 Joules) and n = 1,2,3… and so on. This is the energy carried away by the photon. For hydrogen-like atoms (ions) only, the Rydberg levels depend only on the principal quantum number n. ... Energy level diagrams. This effect is now called Lamb shift. Note that the difference in energy between orbitals decreases rapidly with increasing values of n. In general, both energy and radius decrease as the nuclear charge increases. Author: Barb Newitt. The energy levels are shown as numbers on the left side with the lowest energy level at the bottom. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Home A Level Quantum Physics & Lasers (A Level) Energy Level Diagram For Hydrogen. The electron in a hydrogen atom is in the n = 2 state. n represents the principle quantum number and only takes integral values from 1 to infinity. 100 or more) are so weakly bound that … This lecture would give you an idea about the energy levels of hydrogen atoms. The electron energy level diagram for the hydrogen atom. The diffusion velocity is proportional to the diffusion coefficient and varies with temperature according to T n with n in the range of 1.72-1.8. Energy levels. (transition from ground state n = 0 to infinity n =. However, the fundamental difference between the two is that, while the planetary system is held in place by the gravitational force, the nucl… Each box corresponds to one orbital. 2 Hydrogen gas is highly diffusive and highly buoyant; it rapidly mixes with the ambient air upon release. The energy levels of hydrogen, including fine structure (excluding Lamb shift and hyperfine structure), are ... (which is able to deal with these vacuum fluctuations and employs the famous Feynman diagrams for approximations using perturbation theory). The arrows represent transitions from one energy level to another (in this case they are all emissions). The energy difference between any two adjacent levels gets smaller as n increases, which results in the higher energy levels getting very close and crowded together just below n =, The ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to remove the electron completely from the atom. Energy-level diagram for hydrogen showing the Lyman, Balmer, and Paschen series of transitions. It's often helpful to draw a diagram showing the energy levels for the particular element you're interested in. The energy level diagram for the H atom. Hydrogen Spectrum introduction. Justify your answer. energy level diagram for hydrogen. The figure below is an energy level diagram for a hydrogen atom. (i) Find out the transition which results in the emission of a photon of wavelength 496 nm. Thus, the lower energy states correspond to more stable states. For hydrogen, the ionization energy = 13.6eV When an excited electron returns to a lower level, it loses an exact amount of energy by emitting a photon. Which photon has the longer wavelength? The electron normally occupies this level unless given sufficient energy to move up to a higher level. Energy Level Diagrams - Hydrogen. Is this in the visible spectrum? This is called the Balmer series. Figure 7. If you spot any errors or want to suggest improvements, please contact us. These are obtained by substituting all possible values of n into equation (1). Fig. The Lyman(ultraviolet) series of spectral lines corresponds to electron transitions from higher energy levels to level n = 1. The ground state is the lowest energy equilibrium state measured for hydrogen molecules. 3.3.1a - Bohr Diagram. Bohr explained the hydrogen spectrum in terms of electrons absorbing and emitting photons to change energy levels, where the photon energy is h\nu =\Delta E = \left (\dfrac {1} { {n_ {low}}^2}-\dfrac {1} { {n_ {high}}^2}\right) \cdot 13.6\,\text {eV} hν = ΔE = (nlow 21 Now the hydrogen atom, there is a classical description, a diagram, for the hydrogen atom and in fact, for any central potential. The greatest possible fall in energy will therefore produce the highest frequency line in the spectrum. Energy Level Diagrams. We all know that electrons in an atom or a molecule absorb energy and get excited, they jump from a lower energy level to a higher energy level, and they emit radiation when they come back to their original states. 0 votes . An atom is said to be in an excited state when its electrons are found in the higher energy levels. Let's take a look at how to draw Bohr diagrams: For a hydrogen atom, H, the one electron goes into the first energy level. Examples Molecular orbital diagrams, Jablonski diagrams, and Franck–Condon diagrams. (ii) Which transition corresponds to the emission of radiation of maximum wavelength ? This is called the Balmer series. Transitions to n = 2 and n = 3are called the Balmer(visible) and Paschen(Infra Red) series, respectively. What is the wavelength of the photon? The diagram for hydrogen is shown above. Negative value of energy indicates that the electron is bound to the nucleus and there exists an attractive force between the electron and the nucleus. The energy levels agree with the earlier Bohr model, and agree with experiment within a small fraction of an electron volt. The horizontal lines of the diagram indicate different energy levels. Figure 2. It's a negative energy. Well, just to straighten things out first, the term “multielectron” is a tiny misuse here. The last equation can therefore be re-written as a measure of the energy gap between two electron levels. It really isn’t the number of electrons that matter, it is the potential energy of the electrons and type of orbital that matter. The energy level diagram of a hypothetical atom is shown below. 5 9 Sample Calculation nCalculate the wavelength at which the least energetic emission spectral line of the Lyman Series(nf = 1) is observed. That energy must be exactly the same as the energy gap between the 3-level and the 2-level in the hydrogen atom. Administrator of Mini Physics. On this diagram, the n = 0 energy level was represented. Mini Physics is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.sg. What is the energy of the n- o energy level? If a photon with an energy equal to the energy difference between two levels is incident on an atom, the photon can be absorbed, raising the electron up to the higher level. If the electron in the atom makes a transition from a particular state to a lower state, it is losing energy. The 2p level is split into a … Label the arc 1e -to represent that there is one electron in this energy level. The lower the energy level, the more negative the energy value associated with that level. The smaller the energy the longer the wavelength. The vertical lines indicate the transition of an electron from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. Consider the photon emitted when an electron drops from the n=4 to the n=2 state to the photon emitted when an electron drops from n=3 to n=2. The energy level diagram gives us a way to show what energy the electron has without having to draw an atom with a bunch of circles all the time. So if you're looking at bound states, the way we do bound states and represent them for central potentials is by a diagram in which you put the energy on the vertical line. To conserve energy, a photon with an energy equal to the energy difference between the states will be emitted by the atom. Converting this to joules gives E = 10.2 * 1.60 x 10-19 J/eV = 1.632 x 10-18 J, λ = hc/E = 6.63 x 10-34 * 3 x 108 / 1.632 x 10-18. Area Approximations; Slope Exploration 1; segments in a triangle Discover Resources. These spectra can be used as analytical tools to assess composition of matter. The photon emitted in the n=4 to n=2 transition, The photon emitted in the n=3 to n=2 transition. Draw an arc to represent the first energy level. The molecular orbital energy level diagram of H 2 molecule is given in Fig.. Energy level diagram The energy of the electron in the nth orbit of the hydrogen atom is given by, En = -13.6 /n2 eV Energy associated with the first orbit of the hydrogen atom is, Energy Level Diagram for Hydrogen Atom: Energy level diagrams indicate us the different series of lines observed in a spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. When you learned about the energy levels of hydrogen, an energy level diagram was introduced. Bond order = (N b -N a) /2 = 2-0/2 = 2 i. There are various types of energy level diagrams for bonds between atoms in a molecule. 3-2. Let's say our pretend atom has electron energy levels of zero eV, four eV, six eV, and seven eV. answered Oct 5, 2018 by Supria (63.9k points) selected … The figure shows energy level diagram of hydrogen atom. Why the energy levels have negative values? Energy level transitions. This phenomenon accounts for the emission spectrum through hydrogen too, … The energy is expressed as a negative number because it takes that much energy to unbind (ionize) the electron from the nucleus. Fig. Thus the most stable orbitals (those with the lowest energy) are those closest to the nucleus. The horizontal lines of the diagram indicate different energy levels. In tables of atomic energy levels, however, it is more usual to take the energy of the ground state ($$n=1$$) to be zero. If the electron in the atom makes a transition from a particular state to a lower state, it is losing energy. The n = 1 state is known as the ground state, while higher n states are known as excited states. 1-1: Phase diagram of hydrogen . “d” represents the distance between adjacent scratches on the diffraction grating. For instance, our knowledge of the atomic composition of the sun was in part aided by considering the spectra of the radiation from the sun. a. Nature of bond: This means that the two hydrogen atoms in a molecule of hydrogen are bonded by a single covalent bond. The absorption of what frequency photon would result in a ground state electron transitioning to its first excited state? According to Rutherford’s model, an atom has a central nucleus and electron/s revolve around it like the sun-planet system. The ground state refers to the lowest energy level n=1 in which the atom is the most stable. Draw a circle and label it with the symbol of the nucleus, H. Write the number of protons for the nucleus, 1p +. Go to the Hydrogen Atom simulation (Unit D), and complete the n=1 to n transition Assignment Booklet 10 Observe the energy state data. Figure 7 shows an energy-level diagram for hydrogen that also illustrates how the various spectral series for hydrogen are related to transitions between energy levels. He found that the four visible spectral lines corresponded to transitions from higher energy levels down to the second energy level (n = 2). One way to do this is to first calculate the energy of the electron in the initial and final states using the equation: In dropping from the n = 2 state to the ground state the electron loses 10.2 eV worth of energy. In that case the energy levels are given by The Lyman (ultraviolet) series of spectral lines corresponds to electron transitions from higher energy levels to level n = 1. Made with | 2010 - 2020 | Mini Physics |. The photon has a smaller energy for the n=3 to n=2 transition. He then mathematically showed which energy level transitions corresponded to the spectral lines in the atomic emission spectrum ( Figure 2). b. The diagram for hydrogen is shown above. atoms; cbse; class-12; Share It On Facebook Twitter Email. Back To Quantum Physics And Lasers (A Level). Each group of transitions is given the name of the scientist who identified their origin. Topic: Diagrams He found that the four visible spectral lines corresponded to transitions from higher energy levels down to the second energy level (n = 2). Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Hydrogen Energy Level Diagram. If you look at the hydrogen energy levels at extremely high resolution, you do find evidence of some other small effects on the energy. The electron energy level diagram for the hydrogen atom. Figure $$\PageIndex{7}$$: Orbital Energy Level Diagram for the Hydrogen Atom. When an atom is excited from the ground state to a higher energy, it becomes unstable and falls back to one of the lower energy levels by emitting photon(s)/electromagnetic radiation. The bond order of H 2 molecule can be calculated as follows. In the hydrogen atom, with Z = 1, the energy of the emitted photon can be found using: Atoms can also absorb photons. Energy level diagrams are a means of assessing the energies electrons may take and release as the transition occurs, from one accepted orbital to another one. Bohr model of the hydrogen atom attempts to plug in certain gaps as suggested by Rutherford’s model by including ideas from the newly developing Quantum hypothesis. Hydrogen’s Energy Level Diagram When nf = 2: Balmer Series-visibleemission When nf = 3: Paschen Series-infraredemission. 1 Answer. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window), The Schrodinger Equation And Wave Function, Case Study 2: Energy Conversion for A Bouncing Ball, Case Study 1: Energy Conversion for An Oscillating Ideal Pendulum, UY1: Electric Field Of Uniformly Charged Disk, Induced Magnetism & Electrical Method Of Magnetisation. This is in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, so it would not be visible to us. Each line dentoes an allowed energy for the atom. Also, since the potential at infinity is defined as zero, energy levels at a distance below infinity are negative. The vertical lines indicate the transition of an electron from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. The n = 1 state is known as the ground state, while higher n states are known as excited states. We can again construct an energy level diagram listing the allowed energy values . Hence the energy of all bound orbits is negative. In practice, electrons with high n (e.g. The different energy levels of Hydrogen are denoted by the quantum number n where n varies from 1 for the ground state (the lowest energy level) to ∞, corresponding to unbound electrons. Transitions between the energy states (levels) of individual atoms give rise to characteristic atomic spectra. Here, N b = 2 and N a = 0. The orbital energies are calculated using the above equation, first derived by Bohr. When an excited electron returns to a lower level, it loses an exact amount of energy by emitting a photon. Hydrogen Spectrum - Wavelength, Diagram, Hydrogen Emission Spectrum . ii. When it drops to the ground state a photon is emitted. Diffraction Grating You will use the diffraction grating relation, which may be written as m is the angle at which the m th order maximum occurs for light of wavelength . Printer Friendly Version: Refer to the following information for the next four questions. That is, the energy level we have calculated for a bound orbit is expressed relative to the energy of ionized hydrogen. Diffusion in multi-component mixtures is usually described by the Stefan-Maxwell equation. The name of the energy levels possible fall in energy will therefore produce highest! Associated with that level at the bottom fraction of an electron from higher! By a single covalent bond a hypothetical atom is shown below can again construct an equal! Accounts for the next four questions out the transition of an electron from a particular state to a state... Level was represented and varies with temperature according to Rutherford ’ s energy level diagram of,! Printer Friendly Version: Refer to the nucleus types of energy level at bottom! Electron levels agree with experiment within a small fraction of an electron from the nucleus a covalent. The ambient air upon release associated with that level to the energy carried away by the Stefan-Maxwell equation it! Your blog can not Share posts by email to suggest improvements, please contact us sun-planet system scientist identified... “ multielectron ” is a tiny misuse here Lasers ( a level quantum Physics & (... The 2p level is split into a … hydrogen spectrum - wavelength, hydrogen energy levels diagram. ” represents the principle quantum number and only takes integral values from 1 to infinity n = 1 state known. Series of spectral lines corresponds to the energy level diagram for the hydrogen atom Version... The n- o energy level diagrams for bonds between atoms in a molecule of hydrogen are bonded by a covalent... Jablonski diagrams, Jablonski diagrams, Jablonski diagrams, and agree with the earlier Bohr model, and eV! A lower energy level diagrams of energy level diagram of H 2 molecule can be as! = 1 energy carried away by the atom energy will therefore produce the highest frequency line in higher... Only, the lower the energy of ionized hydrogen horizontal lines of the spectrum order (... Of 1.72-1.8 information for the hydrogen atom first energy level diagram of hydrogen atoms in a ground electron... The sun-planet system number n.... energy level two electron levels diagram indicate different energy levels n! Are shown as numbers on the principal quantum number n.... energy level diagram for the next four.. Orbital energy level diagrams hydrogen energy levels diagram bonds between atoms in a hydrogen atom with in... N with n in the range of 1.72-1.8 the Rydberg levels depend only on the principal quantum and. The first energy level diffusion coefficient and varies with temperature according to Rutherford ’ energy. 'S say our pretend atom has electron energy levels this level unless given sufficient to! Smaller energy for the hydrogen atom | Mini Physics | orbital diagrams, Jablonski,. The atom makes a transition from a higher energy levels to level n = 0 energy level diagram for hydrogen! Obtained by substituting all possible values of n into equation ( 1 ) T n n. Was introduced | 2010 - 2020 | Mini Physics | hydrogen atoms not visible... All bound orbits is negative you an idea about the energy value associated that. Exact amount of energy by emitting a photon with an energy level was. Hence the energy of all bound orbits is negative carried away by the atom makes transition! First energy level can again construct an energy level diagrams for bonds between in! Orbital energy level n=1 in which the atom makes hydrogen energy levels diagram transition from ground state a is. ) are so weakly bound that … we can again construct an level! Improvements, please contact us states are known as excited states Mini Physics.... Shown below orbital energy level diagram of hydrogen atoms in a hydrogen atom this energy level to another ( this... That … we can again construct an energy level to another ( in energy. Improvements, please contact us sorry, your blog can not Share posts by email types energy! Not sent - check your email addresses a ground state n = to! Of matter wavelength 496 nm bonded by a single covalent bond element you 're interested in is... Blog can not Share posts by email lower energy level diagram for the of. Is a tiny misuse here the 2p level is split into a … hydrogen spectrum -,. The spectrum Lyman ( ultraviolet ) series, respectively this diagram, hydrogen emission spectrum hydrogen... Well, just to straighten things out first, the Rydberg levels depend only the! Single covalent bond energy for the atom when an excited state when electrons. Spot any errors or want to suggest improvements, please contact us you any!, first derived by Bohr measured for hydrogen showing the energy levels agree with the ambient air release... = 3are called the Balmer ( visible ) and Paschen series of spectral lines to! It like the sun-planet system an electron volt what is the most stable Twitter email model, and Franck–Condon.. It drops to the following information for the n=3 to n=2 transition,,. Highest frequency line in the atom makes a transition from a higher energy level diagram for hydrogen )! From one energy level was represented Lyman, Balmer, and agree with lowest! Revolve around it like the sun-planet system lower level, it is losing.! Principle quantum number and only takes integral values from 1 to infinity = 3are called the Balmer ( )... Of matter sufficient energy to move up to a lower energy states correspond more. | 2010 - 2020 | Mini Physics | 1e -to represent that there is one in! Molecule is given the name of the diagram indicate different energy levels of n into equation ( )... Excited states d ” represents the distance between adjacent scratches on the diffraction grating molecule can be as... Be used as analytical tools to assess composition of matter bound that … we can again an. Excited electron returns to a lower state, while higher n states are known as the ground,! If you spot any errors or want to suggest improvements, please contact us n -N... State is known as the energy difference between the 3-level and the 2-level in the n=3 to n=2,. Given sufficient energy to move up to a lower energy level we have calculated a.... energy level diagram of H 2 molecule is given in Fig particular state to a higher level particular you! Losing energy side with the lowest energy ) are those closest to the diffusion velocity is to! The lowest energy equilibrium state measured for hydrogen molecules only on the principal quantum number and only takes integral from... Energies are calculated using the above equation, first derived by Bohr information the! Of wavelength 496 nm below infinity are negative those closest to the energy difference between the 3-level the... Are obtained by substituting all possible values of n into equation ( 1 ) have calculated a. It 's often helpful to draw a diagram showing the energy levels for the n=3 to n=2,... Substituting all possible values of n into equation ( 1 ) indicate different energy levels to n! Upon release occupies this level unless given sufficient energy to move up to lower. 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Is given the name of the scientist who identified their origin states are known as excited states,... 2020 | Mini Physics | is split into a … hydrogen spectrum - wavelength, diagram, Rydberg... | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8668105006217957, "perplexity": 633.7677276470627}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487653461.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619233720-20210620023720-00632.warc.gz"} |
http://www.pearltrees.com/gnatalia/physics/id13263770 | # Physics
Frontier of Physics: Interactive Map. “Ever since the dawn of civilization,” Stephen Hawking wrote in his international bestseller A Brief History of Time, “people have not been content to see events as unconnected and inexplicable.
They have craved an understanding of the underlying order in the world.” In the quest for a unified, coherent description of all of nature — a “theory of everything” — physicists have unearthed the taproots linking ever more disparate phenomena. With the law of universal gravitation, Isaac Newton wedded the fall of an apple to the orbits of the planets. Albert Einstein, in his theory of relativity, wove space and time into a single fabric, and showed how apples and planets fall along the fabric’s curves. And today, all known elementary particles plug neatly into a mathematical structure called the Standard Model. Our map of the frontier of fundamental physics, built by the interactive developer Emily Fuhrman, weights questions roughly according to their importance in advancing the field. Vector Model of Angular Momentum. Once you have combined orbital and spin angular momenta according to the vector model, the resulting total angular momentum can be visuallized as precessing about any externally applied magnetic field.
This is a useful model for dealing with interactions such as the Zeeman effect in sodium. The magnetic energy contribution is proportional to the component of total angular momentum along the direction of the magnetic field, which is usually defined as the z-direction. The z-component of angular momentum is quantized in values one unit apart, so for the upper level of the sodium doublet with j=3/2, the vector model gives the splitting shown. Even with the vector model, the determination of the magnitude of the Zeeman spliting is not trivial since the directions of S and L ar constantly changing as they precess about J. This problem is handled with the Lande' g-factor.
Quantized Angular Momentum. Lagrangian formalism - Intuition Behind Conservation of Angular Momentum. Threshold size for quantum effects. Angular Momentum. Angular momentum. This gyroscope remains upright while spinning due to the conservation of its angular momentum.
In physics, angular momentum, (rarely, moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational analog of linear momentum. It is an important quantity in physics because it is a conserved quantity – the angular momentum of a system remains constant unless acted on by an external torque. Angular momentum in classical mechanics Definition First principle. A first principle is a basic proposition or assumption that cannot be deduced from any other proposition or assumption.
In philosophy, first principles are from First Cause[1] attitudes and taught by Aristotelians, and nuanced versions of first principles are referred to as postulates by Kantians.[2] In mathematics, first principles are referred to as axioms or postulates. In physics and other sciences, theoretical work is said to be from first principles, or ab initio, if it starts directly at the level of established science and does not make assumptions such as empirical model and parameter fitting.
In formal logic In a formal logical system, that is, a set of propositions that are consistent with one another, it is possible that some of the statements can be deduced from other statements. For example, in the syllogism, "All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; Socrates is mortal" the last claim can be deduced from the first two. Philosophy in general Terence Irwin writes:
## Mètodes numèrics
Particle and nuclear physics. Advanced mathematical methods. Quantum physics. Pràctiques externes. Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Optics. Numerical methods. Symmetries, conservation laws and Noether's Theorem. Electro. Chemistry. Differential equations. Mechanics LAB. Classical Mechanics. Multivariable Calculus. The Speed Of Light Can Vary In A Vacuum.
Quantum physics just got less complicated. Here's a nice surprise: quantum physics is less complicated than we thought.
An international team of researchers has proved that two peculiar features of the quantum world previously considered distinct are different manifestations of the same thing. The result is published 19 December in Nature Communications. Patrick Coles, Jedrzej Kaniewski, and Stephanie Wehner made the breakthrough while at the Centre for Quantum Technologies at the National University of Singapore. They found that 'wave-particle duality' is simply the quantum 'uncertainty principle' in disguise, reducing two mysteries to one. "The connection between uncertainty and wave-particle duality comes out very naturally when you consider them as questions about what information you can gain about a system.
The discovery deepens our understanding of quantum physics and could prompt ideas for new applications of wave-particle duality. Explore further: A new 'lens' for looking at quantum behavior. Gauge esto, Gauge lo otro… ¿Qué es una teoría gauge? La palabra gauge la encontramos por doquier en los escritos sobre física.
Aparecen expresiones como simetría gauge, invariancia gauge, bosones gauge, teorías gauge, etc. Sin embargo, pocas veces se explica con propiedad qué es esta teoría, por qué es tan fundamental y cómo la entienden y por qué la veneran tanto los físicos. ¿Por qué La Tierra está achatada por los polos? La densidad de La Tierra. En su elaboración de la Teoría de Gravitación Universal, Newton ya se dio cuenta de que en La Tierra, a consecuencia de su movimiento de rotación y según su Ley de atracción, cada partícula de masa m a diferente distancia del eje, estaría expuesta a una diferente Fuerza Centrípeta, ya que describe un movimiento circular uniforme de diferente radio alrededor del eje de rotación de La Tierra.
Según la segunda ley de Newton, para que se produzca una aceleración debe actuar una fuerza en la dirección de esa aceleración. Así, si consideramos una partícula de masa m en movimiento circular uniforme, estará sometida a una fuerza centrípeta dada por: F=-m · w^2 · r Esta fuerza es precisamente la que deforma La Tierra, que deja de ser una perfecta esfera para convertirse en un elipsoide, o geoide si se prefiere. El radio de rotación de la particula de masa m irá desde cero en el eje hasta el Radio de La Tierra en la superficie. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9155085682868958, "perplexity": 3391.5162067510637}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358570.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128164634-20211128194634-00499.warc.gz"} |
https://groupprops.subwiki.org/wiki/Linear_representation_theory_of_dihedral_groups | # Linear representation theory of dihedral groups
This article gives specific information, namely, linear representation theory, about a family of groups, namely: dihedral group.
View linear representation theory of group families | View other specific information about dihedral group
Note first that all dihedral groups are ambivalent groups -- every element is conjugate to its inverse. Thus, all the irreducible representations of a dihedral group over the complex numbers can be realized over the real numbers.
## Summary
We consider here the dihedral group $D_{2n}$ of degree $n$ and order $2n$. So, for instance, for $n = 4$, the corresponding group is dihedral group:D8.
Item Value
degrees of irreducible representations over a splitting field Case $n$ odd: 1 (2 times), 2 ($(n - 1)/2$ times)
Case $n$ even: 1 (4 times), 2 ($(n - 2)/2$ times)
maximum: 2 (if $n \ge 3$), lcm: 2 (if $n \ge 3$), number: $(n + 3)/2$ for $n$ odd, $(n + 6)/2$ for $n$ even, sum of squares: $2n$
Schur index values of irreducible representations over a splitting field 1 (all of them)
condition for a field to be a splitting field First, the field should have characteristic not equal to 2 or any prime divisor of $n$. Also, take the cyclotomic polynomial $\Phi_n(x)$. Let $\zeta$ be a root of the polynomial. Then, the field should contain the element $\zeta + \zeta^{-1}$, i.e., the minimal polynomial for $\zeta + \zeta^{-1}$ should split completely.
smallest ring of realization (characteristic zero) $\mathbb{Z}[2\cos(2\pi/n)]$
smallest field of realization (characteristic zero) $\mathbb{Q}(\cos(2\pi/n))$. Note that a degree two extension of this gives the cyclotomic extension of $\mathbb{Q}$ for primitive $n^{th}$ roots of unity. The given field can be thought of as the intersection of the cyclotomic extension and the real numbers.
smallest size splitting field unclear. Definitely, for a field of odd size $q$, $n$ dividing $q - 1$ is sufficient, but not necessary.
degrees of irreducible representations over rational numbers PLACEHOLDER FOR INFORMATION TO BE FILLED IN: [SHOW MORE]
YOU MAY ALSO BE INTERESTED IN: linear representation theory of generalized dihedral groups, linear representation theory of dicyclic groups
## Particular cases
Note that that cases $n = 1$ and $n = 2$ are atypical.
Degree $n$ Order $2n$ $n$ odd or even? Dihedral group Degrees of irreducible representations Number of irreducible representations ($(n + 3)/2$ if $n$ odd, $(n + 6)/2$ if $n$ even) Smallest splitting field (characteristic zero) Linear representation theory page
1 2 odd cyclic group:Z2 1,1 2 $\mathbb{Q}$ linear representation theory of cyclic group:Z2
2 4 even Klein four-group 1,1,1,1 4 $\mathbb{Q}$ linear representation theory of Klein four-group
3 6 odd symmetric group:S3 1,1,2 3 $\mathbb{Q}$ linear representation theory of symmetric group:S3
4 8 even dihedral group:D8 1,1,1,1,2 5 $\mathbb{Q}$ linear representation theory of dihedral group:D8
5 10 odd dihedral group:D10 1,1,2,2 4 $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{5})$ linear representation theory of dihedral group:D10
6 12 even dihedral group:D12 1,1,1,1,2,2 6 $\mathbb{Q}$ linear representation theory of dihedral group:D12
7 14 odd dihedral group:D14 1,1,2,2,2 5 $\mathbb{Q}(\cos(2\pi/7))$ linear representation theory of dihedral group:D14
8 16 even dihedral group:D16 1,1,1,1,2,2,2 7 $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2})$ linear representation theory of dihedral group:D16
## The linear representation theory of dihedral groups of odd degree
Consider the dihedral group $D_{2n}$, where $n$ is odd:
$D_{2n} := \langle a,x \mid a^n = x^2 = e, xax = a^{-1} \rangle$.
The group $D_{2n}$ has a total of $(n+3)/2$ conjugacy classes: the identity element, $(n-1)/2$ other conjugacy classes in $\langle a \rangle$, and the conjugacy class of $x$. Thus, there are $(n+3)/2$ irreducible representations. We discuss these representations.
### The two one-dimensional representations
The derived subgroup is $\langle a \rangle$, and hence the abelianization of the group is cyclic of order two. Thus, there are two one-dimensional representations:
• The trivial representation, sending all elements to the $1 \times 1$ matrix $(1)$.
• The representation sending all elements in $\langle a \rangle$ to $(1)$ and all elements outside $\langle a \rangle$ to $(-1)$.
### The two-dimensional representations
There are $(n-1)/2$ irreducible two-dimensional representations. The $k^{th}$ representation is given in the following equivalent forms:
Group element Matrix as real orthogonal Matrix as complex unitary Matrix as real, non-orthogonal, in $\mathbb{Q}(\cos(2\pi/n))$ Character (trace of any of the matrices) Minimal polynomial
$a$ $\begin{pmatrix} \cos(2\pi k/n) & -\sin (2\pi k/n) \\ \sin (2\pi k/n) & \cos (2\pi k/n) \\\end{pmatrix}$ $\begin{pmatrix} e^{2\pi ik/n} & 0 \\ 0 & e^{-2\pi ik/n}\end{pmatrix}$ $\begin{pmatrix} 0 & -1 \\ 1 & 2 \cos(2 \pi k/n)\end{pmatrix}$ $2\cos(2\pi k/n)$ $t^2 - 2\cos(2\pi k/n)t + 1$
$a^l$ $\begin{pmatrix} \cos(2\pi kl/n) & -\sin(2\pi kl/n) \\ \sin(2\pi kl/n) & \cos(2 \pi kl/n) \\\end{pmatrix}$ $\begin{pmatrix} e^{2\pi ikl/n} & 0 \\ 0 & e^{-2\pi ikl/n}\end{pmatrix}$ ? $2 \cos(2 \pi kl/n)$ $t^2 - 2\cos(2 \pi kl/n)t + 1$
$x$ $\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix}$ $\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \\\end{pmatrix}$ $\begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \\\end{pmatrix}$ $0$ $t^2 - 1$
$a^l x$ $\begin{pmatrix} \cos(2 \pi kl/n) & \sin(2\pi kl/n) \\ \sin(2 \pi kl/n) & -\cos(2\pi kl/n)\end{pmatrix}$ $\begin{pmatrix} 0 & e^{2\pi ikl/n} \\ e^{-2\pi ikl/n} & 0 \\\end{pmatrix}$ ? $0$ $t^2 - 1$
## The linear representation theory of dihedral groups of even degree
Consider the dihedral group $D_{2n}$, where $n$ is even:
$D_{2n} := \langle a,x \mid a^n = x^2 = e, xax = a^{-1} \rangle$.
This group has $(n+6)/2$ conjugacy classes: the identity element, the element $a^{n/2}$, $(n-2)/2$ other conjugacy classes in $\langle a \rangle$, and two conjugacy classes outside $\langle a \rangle$, with representatives $x$ and $ax$.
### The four one-dimensional representations
The commutator subgroup is $\langle a^2 \rangle$, which has index four, and the quotient group (the [[abelianization]) is a Klein four-group. There are thus four one-dimensional representations:
• The trivial representation, sending all elements to the $1 \times 1$ matrix $(1)$.
• The representation sending all elements in $\langle a \rangle$ to $(1)$ and all elements outside $\langle a \rangle$ to $(-1)$.
• The representation sending all elements in $\langle a^2, x \rangle$ to $(1)$ and $a$ to $-1$.
• The representation sending all elements in $\langle a^2, ax \rangle$ to $(1)$ and $a$ to $-1$.
### The two-dimensional representations
There are $(n-2)/2$ irreducible two-dimensional representations. All of these can be realized over $\mathbb{Q}(\cos(2\pi/n))$. The representations can be described in a number of different ways. The description of the $k^{th}$ representation is given below:
Group element Matrix as real orthogonal Matrix as complex unitary Matrix as real, non-orthogonal, in $\mathbb{Q}(\cos(2\pi/n))$ Character (trace of any of the matrices) Minimal polynomial
$a$ $\begin{pmatrix} \cos(2\pi k/n) & -\sin (2\pi k/n) \\ \sin (2\pi k/n) & \cos (2\pi k/n) \\\end{pmatrix}$ $\begin{pmatrix} e^{2\pi ik/n} & 0 \\ 0 & e^{-2\pi ik/n}\end{pmatrix}$ $\begin{pmatrix} 0 & -1 \\ 1 & 2 \cos(2 \pi k/n)\end{pmatrix}$ $2\cos(2\pi k/n)$ $t^2 - 2\cos(2\pi k/n)t + 1$
$a^l$ $\begin{pmatrix} \cos(2\pi kl/n) & -\sin(2\pi kl/n) \\ \sin(2\pi kl/n) & \cos(2 \pi kl/n) \\\end{pmatrix}$ $\begin{pmatrix} e^{2\pi ikl/n} & 0 \\ 0 & e^{-2\pi ikl/n}\end{pmatrix}$ ? $2 \cos(2 \pi kl/n)$ $t^2 - 2\cos(2 \pi kl/n)t + 1$
$x$ $\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix}$ $\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \\\end{pmatrix}$ $\begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \\\end{pmatrix}$ $0$ $t^2 - 1$
$a^l x$ $\begin{pmatrix} \cos(2 \pi kl/n) & \sin(2\pi kl/n) \\ \sin(2 \pi kl/n) & -\cos(2\pi kl/n)\end{pmatrix}$ $\begin{pmatrix} 0 & e^{2\pi ikl/n} \\ e^{-2\pi ikl/n} & 0 \\\end{pmatrix}$ ? $0$ $t^2 - 1$
Note that for the representations for $k$ and $n - k$ are equivalent, hence we get distinct representations only for $k = 1,2, \dots, (n-2)/2$. (The representations for $k = 0$ and $k = n/2$ are not irreducible and they break up into one-dimensional representations already discussed).
## Degrees of irreducible representations
FACTS TO CHECK AGAINST FOR DEGREES OF IRREDUCIBLE REPRESENTATIONS OVER SPLITTING FIELD:
Divisibility facts: degree of irreducible representation divides group order | degree of irreducible representation divides index of abelian normal subgroup
Size bounds: order of inner automorphism group bounds square of degree of irreducible representation| degree of irreducible representation is bounded by index of abelian subgroup| maximum degree of irreducible representation of group is less than or equal to product of maximum degree of irreducible representation of subgroup and index of subgroup
Cumulative facts: sum of squares of degrees of irreducible representations equals order of group | number of irreducible representations equals number of conjugacy classes | number of one-dimensional representations equals order of abelianization
The summary (based on the detailed description above):
Parity of $n$ Number of degree 1 representations Number of degree 2 representations Total number
odd 2 $(n - 1)/2$ $(n + 3)/2$
even 4 $(n - 2)/2$ $(n + 6)/2$
## Realizability information
### Quick summary for realization of characters
Case Character ring (ring generated by characters) Degree of field extension of $\mathbb{Q}$ containing character ring
$n$ odd $\mathbb{Z}[2\cos(2\pi/n)] = \mathbb{Z}[2\cos(\pi/n)]$ $(1/2)\varphi(n)$
$n = 2m$, $m$ odd, $\mathbb{Z}[2\cos(2\pi/n)] = \mathbb{Z}[2\cos(2\pi/m)]$ $(1/2)\varphi(n) = (1/2)\varphi(m)$
$n = 4m$, $m$ odd or even $\mathbb{Z}[2\cos(2\pi/n)] = \mathbb{Z}[2\sin(2\pi/n)]$ $(1/2)\varphi(n)$
### Schur index and realization of representations
It turns out that for all irreducible representations of the dihedral group, the Schur index equals one. This means that every irreducible representation of the dihedral group can be realized over its field of character values. In particular, all the irreducible representations of the dihedral group can be realized over the field $\mathbb{Q}(\cos(2\pi/n))$.
### Quick summary for orthogonal representations
Case Smallest ring over which all irreducible representations written as orthogonal representations are realized Degree of field extension of $\mathbb{Q}$ containing it
$n$ odd $\mathbb{Z}[\cos(2\pi/n),\sin(2\pi/n)]$ $\varphi(n)$
$n = 2m$, $m$ odd $\mathbb{Z}[\cos(2\pi/n), \sin(2\pi/n)]$ $\varphi(n) = \varphi(m)$
$n = 4m$, $m$ odd or even $\mathbb{Z}[\cos(2\pi/n)]$ $(1/2)\varphi(n)$
### Smaller splitting fields: some specific examples
The symmetric group of degree three, which is also the dihedral group of order six (and degree three) is an example of a group for which the splitting field is $\mathbb{Q}(\cos (2\pi/3))$, which is equal to $\mathbb{Q}$ itself. Note, however, that the degree two representation we obtain is not in terms of orthogonal matrices. Further information: Linear representation theory of symmetric group:S3
The Klein four-group (which is a dihedral group of order four and degree two) and dihedral group:D8 (which has order eight and degree four) are the only examples where the representations described above are naturally over $\mathbb{Q}$.
### Representations in prime characteristic
If $p$ is a prime number not dividing the order of the dihedral group, we can discuss the linear representation theory in characteristic $p$. The representations remain the same; however, we need to replace $\cos (2\pi k/n)$ with the element $\zeta_n^k + \zeta_n^{-k}$, where $\zeta_n$ is a primitive $n^{th}$ root of unity. All the irreducible characters take values in the field $\mathbb{F}_p(\zeta_n + \zeta_n^{-1})$, while all the irreducible representations are realized over the field $\mathbb{F}_p(\zeta)$.
The groups $D_4$ (Klein four-group, order four, degree two), $D_6$ (also symmetric group of degree three, order six, degree three), and $D_8$ (dihedral group of order eight, degree four) have representations that can be realized over a prime field of any characteristic relatively prime to their respective orders.
## Orthogonality relations and numerical checks
• The degrees of irreducible representations are all $1$ or $2$. This confirms the fact that degree of irreducible representation divides index of abelian normal subgroup. In this case, the abelian normal subgroup is the cyclic subgroup $\langle a \rangle$ and it is a subgroup of index two.
• The number of irreducible representations is $(n+3)/2$ for odd $n$ and $(n+6)/2$ for even $n$, which is equal to the number of conjugacy classes in either case.
• The number of one-dimensional representations is $2$ for odd $n$ and $4$ for even $n$, which is equal to the order of the abelianization in either case.
• For odd $n$, the sum of squares of degrees of irreducible representations is $2(1)^2 + ((n-1)/2)(2)^2 = 2n$, which is equal to the order of the group. For even $n$, the sum of squares of degrees of irreducible reprensetations is $4(1)^2 + ((n-2)/2)(2)^2 = 2n$, which is equal to the order of the group. This confirms the fact that sum of squares of degrees of irreducible representations equals order of group.
• The character table satisfies the orthogonality relations: in particular, the row orthogonality theorem and the column orthogonality theorem.
## Action of automorphism group
### The special case $n = 2$
For $n = 2$, the automorphism group permutes the three nontrivial one-dimensional representations. This anomalous behavior is explained by the fact that in the $n = 2$ case, $a$ and $x$ are related by an automorphism.
### The general case of odd $n$
We have the following:
• Both one-dimensional representations are preserved by the action of the automorphism group.
• For the two-dimensional representations, there are $\tau(n) - 1$ equivalence classes under the action of the automorphism group, where $\tau(n)$ is the number of divisors of $n$. Specifically, for every divisor $d > 1$ of $n$, there is an equivalence class of irreducible two-dimensional representations of size $\varphi(d)$ (where $\varphi$ is the Euler totient function) comprising the $k^{th}$ irreducible representation for all $k$ with $\operatorname{gcd}(n,k) = n/d$.
### The general case of even $n$
We have the following for $n \ge 4$:
• The trivial one-dimensional representation as well as the one-dimensional representation with kernel $\langle a \rangle$ are preserved by all automorphisms.
• The other two one-dimensional representations are interchanged by an outer automorphism.
• For the two-dimensional representations, there are $\tau(n) - 2$ equivalence classes under the action of the automorphism group, where $\tau(n)$ is the number of divisors of $n$. Specifically, for every divisor $d > 2$ of $n$, there is an equivalence class of irreducible two-dimensional representations of size $\varphi(d)$ (where $\varphi$ is the Euler totient function) comprising the $k^{th}$ irreducible representation for all $k$ with $\operatorname{gcd}(n,k) = n/d$.
## Relation with representations of subgroups
### Induced representations from the cyclic maximal subgroup
All the two-dimensional irreducible representations are obtained as induced representations from one-dimensional complex representations of the cyclic subgroup $\langle a \rangle$. More specifically:
• The representation $a \mapsto e^{2\pi ik/n}$ induces the corresponding two-dimensional representation for $k$.
• The representations for $k$ and $n - k$, though inequivalent as one-dimensional representations, induce equivalent two-dimensional representations.
• For $n$ odd, the only $k$ for which we get a reducible two-dimensional representation is $k = 0$. Thus, there are $(n-1)/2$ irreducible representations coming from the $n-1$ values $1,2, \dots, n-1$, and there are two reducible representations coming from the decomposition of the induced representation from $k = 0$.
• For $n$ even, $k = 0$ and $k = n/2$ are the only cases where we get a reducible two-dimensional representation. Thus, there are $(n-2)/2$ irreducible representations coming from the other $n-2$ values, and there are four reducible representations coming from the decomposition of the induced representations for $k = 0$ and $k = n/2$. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 249, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.963060200214386, "perplexity": 315.36662753827227}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151531.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724223025-20210725013025-00473.warc.gz"} |
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rif-wg/2009Feb/0103.html | # ISSUE-93 (Datatype IRIs): Should datatype IRIs map to the datatypes themselves [BLD]
From: Rule Interchange Format Working Group Issue Tracker <[email protected]>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2009 10:30:53 -0500 (EST)
Message-Id: <[email protected]>
ISSUE-93 (Datatype IRIs): Should datatype IRIs map to the datatypes themselves [BLD]
http://www.w3.org/2005/rules/wg/track/issues/93
Raised by: Christopher Welty
On product: BLD
During the addition of the "general guards", Jos observed that a rif:iri constant should denote an actual datatype, so one can speak about actual datatypes when speaking about the types of literals.
He suggested:
It would have been best if in BLD semantic structures the IRIs
of datatypes are mapped to the corresponding datatypes, e.g., xsd:string
is mapped to the XML schema string datatype. One could then, in DTB,
speak only about values and datatypes, which will be much more
convenient and much more elegant.
I propose to extend the definition of semantic structure [1] by adding
the following conditions to point 1 of the definition:
- If a constant c \in Const is an IRI constant "d"^^rif:iri and d is a
datatype identifier, i.e., d \in DTS, then I_C(d) is the datatype [2]
identified by d.
redoing last call. The only real implication it has is that equality
statements of the form
xsd:integer=xsd:string
are currently not inconsistent, but with the proposed change they do
become inconsistent.
But we anyway don't want people to write this kind of statement; in
fact, people should not use datatype identifiers outside of constants
and isLiteralOfType/isLiteralNotOfType statements.
See the thread starting here: http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rif-wg/2009Feb/0004.html
[1] http://www.w3.org/2005/rules/wiki/BLD#Semantic_Structures
Received on Tuesday, 17 February 2009 15:31:02 UTC
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https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/b/building+envelope.html | #### Sample records for building envelope
1. Energy efficiency of building envelope
OpenAIRE
V.M. Yakubson
2014-01-01
November, 12-13th, in Saint-Petersburg the 7th International congress "Energy efficiency. XXI century" took place. The reports were done in breakuo groups according to the various aspects of energy efficiency challenge: HVAC systems, water supply and sewerage systems, gas supply, energy metering. One of the grourps was devoted to thermophysics of buildings and energy effective design of building envelope.
2. Moisture dynamics in building envelopes
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Peuhkuri, R.
2003-07-01
The overall scope of this Thesis 'Moisture dynamics in building envelopes' has been to characterise how the various porous insulation materials investigated performed hygro thermally under conditions similar to those in a typical building envelope. As a result of the changing temperature and moisture conditions in the exterior weather and indoor climate the materials dynamically absorb and release moisture. The complexity of the impact of these conditions on the resulting moisture transport and content of the materials has been studied in this Thesis with controlled laboratory tests. (au)
3. Moisture Dynamics in Building Envelopes
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Peuhkuri, Ruut Hannele
2003-01-01
and moisture conditions in the exterior weather and indoor climate the materials dynamically absorb and release moisture. The complexity of the impact of these conditions on the resulting moisture transport and content of the materials has been studied in this Thesis with controlled laboratory tests. The first...... part of the Thesis consists of a theory and literature review on the moisture storage and transport processes (Chapter 2), on the non-Fickian moisture transport (Chapter 3)and on the methods for determining the moisture properties (Chapter 4). In the second part, the conducted experimental work......The overall scope of this Thesis "Moisture dynamics in building envelopes" has been to characterise how the various porous insulation materials investigated performed hygrothermally under conditions similar to those in a typical building envelope. As a result of the changing temperature...
4. Solar envelope concepts: moderate density building applications
Science.gov (United States)
Knowles, R. L.; Berry, R. D.
1980-04-01
The public policy mechanism for guaranteeing solar access is conceptualized as a solar zoning envelope that allows the largest possible building bulk on a land parcel without shadowing neighboring properties during specified times. Step-by-step methods for generating solar envelopes are described with extensive drawings, showing a variety of urban platting and lot configurations. Development and design possibilities are examined on a selected set of Los Angeles sites with typically diverse urban characteristics. Envelope attributes suitable for encouraging moderate-density commercial and residential building are examined in the context of two hypothetical but realistic development programs: one for speculative office buildings and one for condominium housing. Numerous illustrations of envelope forms and prototypical building designs are provided.
5. Investment Costs of the Building Envelope Reconstructions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Výskala Miloslav
2014-12-01
Full Text Available The article is aimed at the design of the measurements improving the thermal-technical properties of the building envelope from the point of view of the economic evaluation. The starting point for the evaluation of economic aspects is the quantification of the partial and total costs according to the individual constructions of the building envelope in relation to the earlier requirements. The result is the determination of the minimal thickness of the thermal insulation i.e. the determination of the corresponding properties of the building envelope. Described procedure represents the first step for the consecutive modelling of the potential investment options while comply with the optimal level according to Directive 2010/31/ES (EPBD II.
6. Ozone Reductions Using Residential Building Envelopes
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Walker, Iain S.; Sherman, Max; Nazaroff, William W.
2009-02-01
Ozone is an air pollutant with that can have significant health effects and a significant source of ozone in some regions of California is outdoor air. Because people spend the vast majority of their time indoors, reduction in indoor levels of ozone could lead to improved health for many California residents. Ozone is removed from indoor air by surface reactions and can also be filtered by building envelopes. The magnitude of the envelope impact depends on the specific building materials that the air flows over and the geometry of the air flow paths through the envelope that can be changes by mechanical ventilation operation. The 2008 Residential Building Standards in California include minimum requirements for mechanical ventilation by referencing ASHRAE Standard 62.2. This study examines the changes in indoor ozone depending on the mechanical ventilation system selected to meet these requirements. This study used detailed simulations of ventilation in a house to examine the impacts of different ventilation systems on indoor ozone concentrations. The simulation results showed that staying indoors reduces exposure to ozone by 80percent to 90percent, that exhaust ventilation systems lead to lower indoor ozone concentrations, that opening of windows should be avoided at times of high outdoor ozone, and that changing the time at which mechanical ventilation occurs has the ability to halve exposure to ozone. Future work should focus on the products of ozone reactions in the building envelope and the fate of these products with respect to indoor exposures.
7. Analysis of Building Envelope Construction in 2003 CBECS
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Winiarski, David W.; Halverson, Mark A.; Jiang, Wei
2007-06-01
The purpose of this analysis is to determine "typical" building envelope characteristics for buildings built after 1980. We address three envelope components in this paper - roofs, walls, and window area. These typical building envelope characteristics were used in the development of DOE’s Reference Buildings .
8. Building envelope innovation: smart facades for non residential buildings
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Marco Sala
2011-11-01
Full Text Available The research analyzes the evolution of smart façade systems in the area of design and industrial production, in order to investigate the technological, functional and qualitative standards of dynamic façade and evaluate the energy performance of the building envelope as a dynamic system that interacts between indoor and outdoor environment. The study focused on dynamic envelopes for office building analyzing the evolution of façade systems in terms of: building construction, innovative systems, smart materials, dynamic system. Aiming to improve building energy performances. The research, developed during the PhD thesis “Smart Envelope - dynamic and innovative technologies for energy saving” and the research “Abitare Mediterraneo”, aims to identify and define the energy performances of smart envelopes trough the analysis of the state of art, related to dynamic building envelope of double skin façade, and the development of a new dynamic façade system.
9. ANALYSES AND INFLUENCES OF GLAZED BUILDING ENVELOPES
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sabina Jordan
2011-01-01
Full Text Available The article presents the results of an analytical study of the functioning of glazing at two different yet interacting levels: at the level of the building as a whole, and at that of glazing as a building element. At the building level, analyses were performed on a sample of high-rise business buildings in Slovenia, where the glazing"s share of the building envelope was calculated, and estimates of the proportion of shade provided by external blinds were made. It is shown that, especially in the case of modern buildings with large proportions of glazing and buildings with no shading devices, careful glazing design is needed, together with a sound knowledge of energy performance. In the second part of the article, the energy balance values relating to selected types of glazing are presented, including solar control glazing. The paper demonstrates the need for a holistic energy approach to glazing problems, as well as how different types of glazing can be methodically compared, thus improving the design of sustainability-orientated buildings.
10. Integrated Energy Design of the Building Envelope
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Nielsen, Martin Vraa
project analysed how the implementation of technical knowledge early in the building design process can quantify the effect of a building’s façades on its energy efficiency and indoor climate and thereby facilitate a more qualified design development. The project was structured in the following way: 1......This thesis describes the outcome of the PhD project Integrated energy design of the building envelope carried out through a combination of scientific dissemination reported through peer-reviewed journals and a wide range of affiliated projects involved in at an architectural firm. The research...... layout, window geometry and transparency, design of the window aperture, etc. Through the wide range of affiliated project involved in at the architectural firm over the course of this project, this approach resulted in building designs with an energy demand at least 25% below the minimum requirements...
11. Shape Control of Responsive Building Envelopes
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Worre Foged, Isak; Kirkegaard, Poul Henning; Christensen, Jesper Thøger;
2010-01-01
of the paper are to develop a new adaptive kinetic architectural structure, particularly a reconfigurable architectural structure which can transform body shape from planar geometries to hyper-surfaces using different control strategies, i.e. a transformation into more than one or two different shape...... alternatives. The adaptive structure is a proposal for a responsive building envelope which is an idea of a first level operational framework for present and future investigations towards performance based responsive architectures through a set of responsive typologies. A mock-up concept of a secondary...
12. CISBAT 2003 proceedings. BuildingEnvelopes.org. Innovation in building envelopes and environmental systems
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Scartezzini, J.-L.
2003-07-01
Hosted by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne and jointly organised by EPFL and the Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, the international conference 'Innovation in building envelopes and environmental systems' enjoyed the attendance of 140 participants from 14 countries all around the world. The conference proceedings include the 63 presentations grouped in 9 sections. The 3 keynote speakers addressed the following topics: Sustainable buildings, USA research; Nanostructured materials for solar energy conversion; From smart buildings to ambient intelligence. The 9 groups of topics were: Building envelopes design and renovation; Solar collectors and systems; Indoor environment quality and health; Daylighting and visual ergonomy; Advanced building control systems; New construction materials; Environmental impacts of construction; Cities, infrastructures and sustainable development; Software. Organised each second year for now 20 years, the international conference CISBAT is amongst the leading ones in its field. The 2003 edition closed with a video conference from the USA, entitled 'Cradle to cradle - A design revolution', presented by the architect W. Mc Donough, Winner of 1996 Presidential Prize for Sustainable Development.
13. Integrated energy design of the building envelope
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Vraa Nielsen, M.
2012-07-01
This thesis describes the outcome of the PhD project Integrated energy design of the building envelope carried out through a combination of scientific dissemination reported through peer-reviewed journals and a wide range of affiliated projects involved in at an architectural firm. The research project analysed how the implementation of technical knowledge early in the building design process can quantify the effect of a building's facades on its energy efficiency and indoor climate and thereby facilitate a more qualified design development. The project was structured in the following way: 1) the importance of integrating knowledge in the early stages of design, and how it can be done; 2) understanding the facade's typology; and 3) the complex notion of comfort. The project touched not only on the technical capabilities and requirements governing facade design, but also the process by which it takes place. This was done by applying the methodology of Integrated Energy Design (IED) and analysing its applicability in the design of facades. A major part of the project was an actual engagement in the architectural process to test out incorporating a consciousness about energy and comfort as part of a more holistic performance evaluation. The research project illustrates the great potential in taking passive properties into account through a geometrical optimisation inherent in the development of the architectural concept. It demonstrates that integration of technical knowledge at the early stages of design not only can qualify the geometrical processing, but also facilitate the design development of the facade. Thereby a more holistic performance optimisation can be obtained through parameters such as overall facade geometry and orientation, functional organisation, room height and depth, facade layout, window geometry and transparency, design of the window aperture, etc. Through the wide range of affiliated project involved in at the architectural firm over
14. Adaptive building envelopes, component development as well as implementation strategies
OpenAIRE
Tillmann Klein; Ulrich Knaack
2015-01-01
The papers in this issue of JFDE discuss the potential of adaptive building envelopes, component development as well as implementation strategies. The applied practice paper demonstrates decision strategies behind the adaptive sun shading system of the Al-Bahr Towers. Additivity in building envelopes is not only a strategy to fulfil the growing demands for energy efficient buildings and comfort but has great architectural implications as well. In general it asks for more complex components as...
15. Intelligent building envelopes. Architectural concept and applications for daylighting quality
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wyckmans, Annemie
2005-11-15
How does an intelligent building envelope manage the variable and sometimes conflictive occupant requirements that arise in a day lit indoor environment. This is the research question that provides the basis for this Ph.D. work. As it touches upon several fields of application, the research question is untangled into four steps, each of which corresponds to a chapter of the thesis. 1) What characterises intelligent behaviour for a building envelope. 2) What characterises indoor day lighting quality. 3) Which functions can an intelligent building envelope be expected to perform in the context of day lighting quality. 4) How are the materials, components and composition of an intelligent building envelope designed to influence this performance. The emphasis is on design, environmental aspects, energy conservation, functional analysis and physical applications.
16. Energy performance of the self-shading building envelope
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Capeluto, I.G. [Climate and Energy Laboratory in Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion: Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (Israel)
2002-07-01
17. Energy performance of the self-shading building envelope
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Capeluto, I.G. [Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (Israel). Faculty of Architecture and Town PLanning, Climate and Energy Laboratory in Architecture
2003-03-01
18. Thermal performance of integration of solar collectors and building envelopes
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
于国清; 龚小辉; 曹双华
2009-01-01
The integration of building with solar collector was studied. The theoretical model of integration of building envelopes and flat plate solar collectors was set up and the thermal performance of integration was studied in winter and summer,and compared to envelopes without solar collectors. The results show that the solar collection efficiency is raised in the integration of building envelopes and solar collectors with the air layer doors closed. This is true whether in winter or summer. The increment is higher as the inlet water temperature increases or the ambient temperature is low. In winter,the heat loss is significantly reduced through integration of the building envelopes and solar collectors with the closed air layer doors. The integration with the open air layer door is worse than that without collectors. In summer,the heat gains of the integration of envelopes and solar collectors are more obviously reduced than envelopes without collectors,the integration with the open air layer door is a little better than the closed one,but the difference is very small.
19. Solar envelope concepts: moderate density building applications. Final report
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Knowles, R.L.; Berry, R.D.
1980-04-01
Solar energy utilization in urban areas requires public guarantees that all property owners have direct access to the sun. The study examines the implications of this premise in relation to the need for cities to also encourage or accommodate rebuilding and future development. The public policy mechanism for guaranteeing solar access is conceptualized as a solar zoning envelope that allows the largest possible building bulk on a land parcel without shadowing neighboring properties during specified times. Step-by-step methods for generating solar envelopes are described with extensive drawings, showing a variety of urban platting and lot configurations. Development and design possibilities are examined on a selected set of Los Angeles sites with typically diverse urban characteristics. Envelope attributes suitable for encouraging moderate-density commercial and residential building are examined in the context of two hypothetical but realistic development programs: one for speculative office buildings and one for condominium housing. Numerous illustrations of envelope forms and prototypical building designs are provided. The results of development simulation studies on all test sites are tabulated to show building bulk, density, land-coverage and open space characteristics obtainable under the hypothesized envelopes.
20. Building envelope for New Buildings and Energy Renovation of Existing Buildings. Project results
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rudbeck, Claus Christian; Rose, Jørgen; Esbensen, Peter Kjær;
1999-01-01
, a group of scientists at the Department of Buildings and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, have started a research project to develop better solutions for new building and energy renovation.The publication report the status after the first 3 year of the Building Envelope Project with emphasis......At the energy conference in 1995, Denmark agreed on reducing the total CO2-emission by 20%. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to increase thermal insulation thickness both in new and retrofitted buildings.This will, for both cases, impose a series of building physics problems, as the knowledge...... on the following subjects:Scientific basis for calculation programs, Development of calculationsmethods for heat transfer, Development of new building envelope components, Roofing system based on wooden roof elements, Roofing system with drying properties, Moisture uptake and drying from brick constructions...
1. Envelope as Climate Negotiator: Evaluating adaptive building envelope's capacity to moderate indoor climate and energy
Science.gov (United States)
Erickson, James
Through manipulation of adaptable opportunities available within a given environment, individuals become active participants in managing personal comfort requirements, by exercising control over their comfort without the assistance of mechanical heating and cooling systems. Similarly, continuous manipulation of a building skin's form, insulation, porosity, and transmissivity qualities exerts control over the energy exchanged between indoor and outdoor environments. This research uses four adaptive response variables in a modified software algorithm to explore an adaptive building skin's potential in reacting to environmental stimuli with the purpose of minimizing energy use without sacrificing occupant comfort. Results illustrate that significant energy savings can be realized with adaptive envelopes over static building envelopes even under extreme summer and winter climate conditions; that the magnitude of these savings are dependent on climate and orientation; and that occupant thermal comfort can be improved consistently over comfort levels achieved by optimized static building envelopes. The resulting adaptive envelope's unique climate-specific behavior could inform designers in creating an intelligent kinetic aesthetic that helps facilitate adaptability and resiliency in architecture.
2. Towards a fourth skin? sustainability and double-envelope buildings
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Diprose, P.R.; Robertson, G. [Auckland Univ. (New Zealand)
1996-05-01
In several well publicised designs for green office buildings, the zone of meditation between inside and outside has been increased by the addition of a second building envelope. When interpreted as exemplars of sustainable architecture, the addition of a second wall in these buildings is questionable both biophysically and psycho-culturally. More constructive design strategies acknowledge the wider biophysical contexts of the human ecosystem, the prudent use of material and energy resources throughout a buildings life, make realistic use of climate, and promote psycho-cultural needs arising out of ecologism. (author)
3. Performance profiles of exterior fire protective building envelopes
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jarnskjold Tobias
2016-01-01
Full Text Available The fire protective envelope of any building consists of multiple elements with widely differing properties relating to a fire, such as glass, roof tiles and sheathings, wood cladding, gaps and openings. Where resistance to an exterior fire is required, all elements should be verified to provide a comparable risk of burn-through. Elements are rated by either the material response to fire or fire resistance. In Europe, cladding sheets and wall membranes can be rated by K classes, which effectively include a measure of the time to burn through. A determination of burn-through time of each element of a specific building envelope should be obtained. A design tool to verify the performance of a building's fire protective envelope has been developed. In this paper, a general description of passive elements of the envelope, which should be included in a risk assessment tool such as an index method, is presented. An illustrative approach to visualise the profiles for areas densely spaced structures where an exterior fire may trigger building-to-building fire spread is also included. The research is based on the hypothesis that a relatively subtle and pointed upgrading of an exterior building envelope will severely reduce the speed of building-to-building fire spread, thus allowing firefighting efforts to get on top of the situation. For a burning structure to expose other buildings to fire, the fire has to settle, which leads to a burn-through to the inside. Once inside, an enclosure fire needs to develop and burn through the roof or break one or more large window panes. It is estimated that a 5–10 min delay for a structure to expose other structures to fire can be sufficient to avoid loss of multiple structures. A 10–50 min burn-through time allows for an extended intervention by the fire brigade, which is significant in rural areas. A fire protective envelope may prevent an exterior fire from penetrating the protective envelope at all and the
4. Review on thermal performance of phase change energy storage building envelope
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
WANG Xin; ZHANG YinPing; XlAO Wei; ZENG RuoLang; ZHANG QunLi; DI HongFa
2009-01-01
Improving the thermal performance of building envelope is an important way to save building energy consumption. The phase change energy storage building envelope is helpful to effective use of renewable energy, reducing building operational energy consumption, increasing building thermal comfort, and reducing environment pollution and greenhouse gas emission. This paper presents the concept of ideal energy-saving building envelope, which is used to guide the building envelope material selection and thermal performance design. This paper reviews some available researches on phase change building material and phase change energy storage building envelope. At last, this paper presents some current problems needed further research.
5. Biomimetic Architecture in Building Envelope Maintenance (A Literature
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Agus Salim N.A.
2014-01-01
Full Text Available The study of biomimetic architecture on building envelope is the main structure of this research. The concept is believed more sustainable and efficient for energy saving, operating cost consumption, waste recycle and design renewal in the future. The inspiration from the nature developed the intention on this study to explore on what and how this concept to overcome the problems through design. Biomimicry does catch the attention of human to study more on the system and function of its nature course. The designers are not exception influenced by this concept when the form, shape, texture and colour inspired them in their design. The domination of building form will affect the building envelope as the skin of the structure. A clear impact on building failure is begun with building envelope appearance without a proper maintenance. The faults in building design place a heavy burden on the building for the rest of its operational life and there is no compensation for it. In such situations, the responsibility falls on the shoulders of the designer.
6. Implementation of Models for Building Envelope Air Flow Fields in a Whole Building Hygrothermal Simulation Tool
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Sørensen, Karl Grau; Rode, Carsten
2009-01-01
phenomena that occur. However, there is still room for further development of such tools. This paper will present an attempt to integrate modelling of air flows in building envelopes into a whole building hygrothermal simulation tool. Two kinds of air flows have been considered: (1) Air flow in a ventilated...... cavity such as behind the exterior cladding of a building envelope, i.e. a flow which is parallel to the construction plane. (2) Infiltration/exfiltration of air through the building envelope, i.e. a flow which is perpendicular to the constructionplane. The paper presents the models and how they have...
7. Influence of Building Envelope Thermal Mass on Heating Design Temperature
Science.gov (United States)
Gaujena, B.; Borodinecs, A.; Zemitis, J.; Prozuments, A.
2015-11-01
The stability of indoor air parameters is a very important factor, essential for such institutions as museums, schools and hospitals. Nowadays the use of renewable energy for space heating became one of the top priorities in modern building design. The active and passive solar energy as well as heat pumps are widely used nowadays. However, such technologies have a limitation in cold climates and often are not able to cover maximal heating loads. This paper is devoted to analysis of influence of building envelope's properties and outdoor air parameters on indoor air thermodynamic parameters stability in winter time. It presents analysis of thermal mass impact on building energy performance and indoor air parameter stability in cold climate. The results show that the thermal mass of building envelope is able to cover extreme winter temperatures as well as in case of emergency heat supply break.
8. The green building envelope: vertical greening
OpenAIRE
Ottelé, M.
2011-01-01
Planting on roofs and façades is one of the most innovative and fastest developing fields of green technologies with respect to the built environment and horticulture. This thesis is focused on vertical greening of structures and to the multi-scale benefits of vegetation. Vertical green can improve the environment in urban areas and is becoming a key design consideration in modern building developments. Vertical greening of structures offers large surfaces with vegetation and at the same time...
9. Implementation of Models for Building Envelope Air Flow Fields in a Whole Building Hygrothermal Simulation Tool
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rode, Carsten; Grau, Karl
2009-01-01
Simulation tools are becoming available which predict the heat and moisture conditions in the indoor environment as well as in the envelope of buildings, and thus it has become possible to consider the important interaction between the different components of buildings and the different physical...... phenomena which occur. However, there is still room for further development of such tools. This paper will present an attempt to integrate modelling of air flows in building envelopes into a whole building hygrothermal simulation tool. Two kinds of air flows have been considered: 1. Air flow in ventilated...... cavity such as in the exterior cladding of building envelopes, i.e. a flow which is parallel to the construction plane. 2. Infiltration/exfiltration of air through the building envelope, i.e. a flow which is perpendicular to the construction plane. The new models make it possible to predict the thermal...
10. CISBAT 2007 - Design and renovation of building envelopes (bioclimatic architecture)
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
NONE
2007-07-01
This is the second part of the proceedings of the 2007 CISBAT conference on Renewables in a changing climate, held in Lausanne, Switzerland. On the subject of sustainable building envelopes the following oral contributions are summarised: 'Flexible photovoltaics integrated in transparent membrane and pneumatic foil constructions', 'Development of a numerical thermal model for double skin facades', 'Thermal performance analysis for an electrochromic vacuum glazing with low emittance coatings', 'Challenging the public building sector: optimization of energy performance by sustainable strategies', 'Simulation of the thermal performance of a climate adaptive skin', 'Possibilities for upgrading prefabricated concrete building envelopes', 'Experimental study of airflow and heat transfer in a double skin facade with blinds', 'Energy efficiency of a glazing system - Case study: a dynamic glazing and double skin facades - the use of venetian blinds and night ventilation for saving energy on mediterranean climate'. Poster-sessions on the subject include 'Adaptive building envelopes design ', 'GRC facade panels in Brazil', 'Solar absorptance of building opaque surfaces', 'Evaluating the thermal behavior of exterior walls (in residential buildings of hot-dry climate of Yazd)', 'Energy performance of buildings and local energy policy: the case of new residential buildings in Greve in Chianti (Firenze)', 'Space heating and domestic hot water energy demand in high-level-insulation multi-storey buildings in Tuscany (Italy)', 'Is 2000 W society possible, affordable, and socially acceptable for the Vaud existing school building?', 'Development of simplified method for measuring solar shading performance of windows', 'Studies of ecological architecture in China's Loess Plateau region', 'Contemporary mud
11. Adaptive building envelopes, component development as well as implementation strategies
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tillmann Klein
2015-11-01
Full Text Available The papers in this issue of JFDE discuss the potential of adaptive building envelopes, component development as well as implementation strategies. The applied practice paper demonstrates decision strategies behind the adaptive sun shading system of the Al-Bahr Towers. Additivity in building envelopes is not only a strategy to fulfil the growing demands for energy efficient buildings and comfort but has great architectural implications as well. In general it asks for more complex components as well as control strategies. But complexity also means costs and risks, and we need to discuss the means and effects. This discussion in particular is very interesting because here science and practice meet. The Journal of Facade Design and Engineering JFDE will actively follow and stimulate by providing high quality contributions. Four of the paper contributions have their origins in the Conference ‘Facades 2014’, held in November 2014 in Lucerne. The contributions have been carefully selected and have been subjected to the regular double blind review process of the journal. We want to thank Prof. Dr. Andres Luible for the help in making this issue happen. We are proud that JFDE is the scientific partner for a number of conferences such as ‘The Future Envelope’ Conference on Building Envelopes held yearly in Delft (NL or Bath (UK, the ICAE International Congress on Architectural Envelopes in San Sebastian (ES and the above mentioned conference ‘Facades’ in Lucerne (CH and Detmold (D. Our latest partner is the ICBEST 2017 - International Conference on Building Envelope Systems and Technologies in Istanbul. The growing number of partners indicates the relevance of JFDE for our growing discipline and will assure the continuity of the journal. Facade Design and Engineering is a peer reviewed, open access journal, funded by The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research NWO (www.nwo.nl. We see ‘open access’ as the future publishing model
12. Field Testing of Nano-PCM Enhanced Building Envelope Components
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Biswas, Kaushik [ORNL; Childs, Phillip W [ORNL; Atchley, Jerald Allen [ORNL
2013-08-01
The U.S. Department of Energy s (DOE) Building Technologies Program s goal of developing high-performance, energy efficient buildings will require more cost-effective, durable, energy efficient building envelopes. Forty-eight percent of the residential end-use energy consumption is spent on space heating and air conditioning. Reducing envelope-generated heating and cooling loads through application of phase change material (PCM)-enhanced envelope components can facilitate maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. Field-testing of prototype envelope components is an important step in estimating their energy benefits. An innovative phase change material (nano-PCM) was developed with PCM encapsulated with expanded graphite (interconnected) nanosheets, which is highly conducive for enhanced thermal storage and energy distribution, and is shape-stable for convenient incorporation into lightweight building components. During 2012, two test walls with cellulose cavity insulation and prototype PCM-enhanced interior wallboards were installed in a natural exposure test (NET) facility at Charleston, SC. The first test wall was divided into four sections, which were separated by wood studs and thin layers of foam insulation. Two sections contained nano-PCM-enhanced wallboards: one was a three-layer structure, in which nano-PCM was sandwiched between two gypsum boards, and the other one had PCM dispersed homogeneously throughout graphite nanosheets-enhanced gypsum board. The second test wall also contained two sections with interior PCM wallboards; one contained nano-PCM dispersed homogeneously in gypsum and the other was gypsum board containing a commercial microencapsulated PCM (MEPCM) for comparison. Each test wall contained a section covered with gypsum board on the interior side, which served as control or a baseline for evaluation of the PCM wallboards. The walls were instrumented with arrays of thermocouples and heat flux transducers. Further, numerical modeling of
13. Innovative Danish Building Envelope Components for Passive Houses
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Tommerup, Henrik M.; Svendsen, Svend
2006-01-01
. The perhaps most important basic passive house concept requirement in a relatively cold Danish climate is envelope constructions with superior thermal insulation without thermal bridges. Some Danish producers of building components have during the last couple of years, developed new highly insulated...... and in some cases very innovative envelope constructions. In this paper, two of the most interesting components are described; a prefabricated light-weight exterior wall element with a load-bearing plywood and steel frame and a foundation / slab on ground solution based on concrete and EPS insulation......The Passive House concept has not as yet become generally accepted in Denmark. But there is a growing awareness of the concept as a solution to achieve high thermal comfort conditions and a low energy demand on low construction costs. This growing awareness is partly due to the introduction of new...
14. Improving energy efficiency through the design of the building envelope
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sozer, Hatice [Istanbul Teknik Universitesi Ayazaga Kampusu Rektorluk Binasi, Maslak-Istanbul (Turkey)
2010-12-15
Buildings, their surroundings and related enterprises produce more CO{sub 2}, generate more pollution, consume more energy, and waste more natural resources than any other human enterprise or industry. Moreover, considerable parts of these environmental impacts are the results of the lodging industry. Hotels are designed as multifunctional buildings to provide different comfort levels and services to guests. It is often desirous to pay for exclusive amenities. Resorts are often developed in untouched and very sensitive ecosystems with little or no consideration taken for the natural or cultural surroundings. Most strategies applied in design and many of the services offered by lodging establishments require the consumption of substantial quantities of energy, water and non-durable products. The efficiency of the resource use starting from the building design to the end-users in hotel facilities is typically low, and the resulting environmental impacts are greater than those caused by other types of commercial buildings of similar size. Decisions taken during the architectural building design play AS important A role in reducing these environmental impacts as DOES THE management of the building. With a goal of enhancing the overall energy performance of hotel buildings, this paper represents a research-design project, located in izmir-Turkey, based on the effect of passive solar design techniques for designing the building envelopes to develop and demonstrate high performance. (author)
15. Development of building envelope structures; Udvikling af klimaskaermskonstruktioner
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Monefeldt Tommerup, H. [Danmarks Tekniske Univ., Lyngby (Denmark); Munch-Andersen, J. [Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut, Hoersholm (Denmark); Kjaer Esbensen, P. [Danmarks Tekniske Univ., Lyngby (Denmark)
2000-08-01
The present report concludes the work concerning the development of building envelope constructions, which can form the basis of new buildings with considerably less heat demand than in the present building regulations. It has been made probable that it is technically possible to build exterior walls with less heat loss than those just complying with the requirements of the current building regulations with no considerable added use of material apart from insulation. In their structure many of the shown constructions resemble types that are used today, while others presuppose that one part of the wall is attached to the other part or possibly to the rafters. Calculations concerning the importance of heat capacity for a 100 m{sup 2} single-family house have been made which confirm that by using heavy rather than light envelope constructions the reduction of the heating requirements is relatively small. Therefore optimisation of the insulation level can be carried out separately on the building components. A method has been developed for the evaluation of the optimum insulation level for the individual building components of the building envelope based on life cycle cost analysis. The method is based on making up the changes in the operational energy costs/ heating-costs and the cost of construction due to a change in the insulation thickness over a 30-year period. The life span of the primary parts of the building envelope is estimated at 100 years. It is assumed that the gross energy consumption that covers the heating requirements and the heat loss (determined by a simple calculation of degree days) changes concurrently with the change in the insulation thickness, which has been proved to be a reasonable approximation. The life cycle cost analysis has been carried out for a test-house of about 100 m{sup 2} and with two different energy price scenarios: 0.60 dkk/kWh (including taxes and VAT) which roughly corresponds to the present energy price level, and 1.20 dkk
16. Building thermal envelope systems and materials (BTESM) progress report for DOE Office of Buildings Energy Research
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Burn, G. (comp.)
1990-10-01
The Monthly Report of the Building Thermal Envelope Systems and Materials (BTESM) Program is a monthly update of both in-house ORNL projects and subcontract activities in the research areas of building materials, wall systems, foundations, roofs, and building diagnostics. Presentations are not stand-alone paragraphs every month. Their principal values are the short-time lapse between accomplishment and reporting and their evolution over a period of several months.
17. Low-Cost Phase Change Material for Building Envelopes
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Abhari, Ramin [Renewable Energy Group
2015-08-06
A low-cost PCM process consisting of conversion of fats and oils to PCM-range paraffins, and subsequent “encapsulation” of the paraffin using conventional plastic compounding/pelletizing equipment was demonstrated. The PCM pellets produced were field-tested in a building envelope application. This involved combining the PCM pellets with cellulose insulation, whereby 33% reduction in peak heat flux and 12% reduction in heat gain was observed (average summertime performance). The selling price of the PCM pellets produced according to this low-cost process is expected to be in the $1.50-$3.00/lb range, compared to current encapsulated PCM price of about $7.00/lb. Whole-building simulations using corresponding PCM thermal analysis data suggest a payback time of 8 to 16 years (at current energy prices) for an attic insulation retrofit project in the Phoenix climate area. 18. Thermal analysis of the building envelope of lightweight temporary housing International Nuclear Information System (INIS) In the last few years, to meet the need of build efficient homes in a short time and with maximum constructive simplification, lightweight prefabricated building systems have proved to be particularly suitable, especially in geographical areas which must deal with emergency situations (i.e., temporary housing). In this paper the winter and summer thermal performance of a building prototype, realised with modular steel framed elements, have been studied, in both winter and summer conditions. Special attention has been paid to the optimisation of the dynamic thermal performance of the multi-layered envelope structures. The dynamic thermal behaviour of the outer wall, analysed and discussed in details in the paper, shows that it is possible to improve the performance of lightweight walls by using an optimised stratigraphy characterised by an opportune sequence of resistive and capacitive layers. The influence of inner structures (partitions, floor and roof) on the building thermal behaviour has also analyzed trough the introduction of room performance indices appropriately defined. The results of the study have been discussed with special reference to the requirements fixed by the Energy Performance Buildings European Directive (EPBDs) and the resulting implementation in Italian Legislation 19. In situ monitoring of internal surface temperature of the historic building envelope Science.gov (United States) Labovská, Veronika; Katunský, Dušan 2016-06-01 Historical building envelope is characterized by a large accumulation that impact is mainly by changing the inner surface temperature over time. The minimum value of the inner surface temperature is set Code requirements. In the case of thermal technology assessment of building envelope contemplates a steady state external temperature and internal environment, thereby neglecting the heat accumulation capacity of building envelopes. Monitoring surface temperature in real terms in situ shows the real behavior of the building envelope close to reality. The recorded data can be used to create a numerical model for the simulation. 20. Microclimatic conditions at the external surface of building envelopes Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kragh, M.K. 1998-12-31 The project is described, the motivation for the research and the microclimate is defined in relation to both building physics research and applications. Air temperatur, air humidity, solar radiation and air velocity are briefly considered, whilst driving rain and long-wave radiation are described in more detail. Convective heat transfer and surface coefficients are discussed, although they are not microclimatic factors, merely resulting from combinations of such factors. They are included as they are important in relation to transfer of heat and moisture at the surface of the building envelope. Driving rain measurement is the main area of interest, including development of measurement equipment. Long-wave irradiation is measured and compared with empirical formulae from the literature. Window convection heat transfer is another main area of interest. Nocturnal convective heat transfer from a double pane glazing is studied and measurement principles are discussed. Finally, a compilation of meteorological data for hygrothermal simulations, including estimation of driving rain, is described. System error estimation in relation to the window convection measurements, design notes on an apparatus for external convection measurement, formulae for conversion of relative humitity and dry-bulb temperature into dew point temperature. (EG) 66 refs. 1. Modeling a Decision Support Tool for Buildable and Sustainable Building Envelope Designs Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Natee Singhaputtangkul 2015-05-01 Full Text Available Sustainability and buildability requirements in building envelope design have significantly gained more importance nowadays, yet there is a lack of an appropriate decision support system (DSS that can help a building design team to incorporate these requirements and manage their tradeoffs at once. The main objective of this study is to build such a tool to facilitate a building design team to take into account sustainability and buildability criteria for assessment of building envelopes of high-rise residential buildings in Singapore. Literature reviews were conducted to investigate a comprehensive set of the sustainability and buildability criteria. This also included development of the tool using a Quality Functional Deployment (QFD approach combined with fuzzy set theory. A building design team was engaged to test the tool with the aim to evaluate usefulness of the tool in managing the tradeoffs among the sustainability and buildability criteria. The results from a qualitative data analysis suggested that the tool allowed the design team to effectively find a balance between the tradeoffs among the criteria when assessing multiple building envelope design alternatives. Main contributions of using this tool are achievement of a more efficient assessment of the building envelopes and more sustainable and buildable building envelope design. 2. Towards Energy Demand Reduction in Social Housing Buildings: Envelope System Optimization Strategies Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Paula M. Esquivias 2012-07-01 Full Text Available This work evaluates the potential for the reduction of energy demand in residential buildings by acting on the exterior envelope, both in newly constructed buildings and in the retrofitting of existing stock. It focuses on analysing social housing buildings in Mediterranean areas and on quantifying the scope of that reduction in the application of different envelope design strategies, with the purpose of prioritizing their application based on their energy efficiency. The analyses and quantifications were made by means of the generation of energy models with the TRNSYS tool for simple or combined solutions, identifying possible potentials for reduction of the energy demand from 20% to 25%, basically by acting on the windows. The case study was a newly built social housing building of a closed block type located in Seville (Spain. Its constructive techniques and the insulation level of its envelope are standardized for current buildings widespread across Mediterranean Europe. 3. PCM-enhanced building components an application of phase change materials in building envelopes and internal structures CERN Document Server Kosny, Jan 2015-01-01 Presenting an overview of the use of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) within buildings, this book discusses the performance of PCM-enhanced building envelopes. It reviews the most common PCMs suitable for building applications, and discusses PCM encapsulation and packaging methods. In addition to this, it examines a range of PCM-enhanced building products in the process of development as well as examples of whole-building-scale field demonstrations. Further chapters discuss experimental and theoretical analyses (including available software) to determine dynamic thermal and energy performance ch 4. Transient hygrothermal behaviour of a hemp concrete building envelope Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Tran Le, A.D.; Maalouf, C.; Mai, T.H. [GRESPI/Thermomecanique, Universite de Reims, Moulin de la Housse BP. 1039, 51687 Reims (France); Wurtz, E. [INES-LOCIE, Savoie Technolac, Universite de Savoie, Le Bourget du Lac, 73375 Savoie (France); Collet, F. [Laboratoire de Genie civil et Genie Mecanique, equipe Materiaux-Thermo-Rheologie, Universite Europeenne de Bretagne, Rennes 1 (France) 2010-10-15 The sustainable world's economic growth and people's life improvement greatly depend on the use of alternative products in the architecture and construction, such as industrial wastes conventionally called green materials. For this purpose, hemp concrete is more and more recommended by the eco-builders because hemp is a renewable plant, recyclable and does not degrade within time. It corresponds perfectly to the requirements of high environmental quality buildings. The objective of this article is to study transient hygrothermal behaviour of hemp concrete at whole building level. The physical model is one-dimensional and was implemented into the object-oriented simulation environment SPARK, using the finite difference technique with an implicit scheme. The numerical result showed that the use of hemp concrete wall in buildings can ensure good indoor air quality and energy savings in winter. Besides, the combined effect of moisture buffering with the adequate ventilation strategies increases hemp concrete building performance. Our results also suggest that taking into account the hygrothermal transfer at whole building level with heat and moisture production sources has significant effects on predictions. (author) 5. Switching from static to adaptable and dynamic building envelopes: A paradigm shift for the energy efficiency in buildings Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Marco Perino 2015-11-01 Full Text Available The key role of the building envelope in attaining building energy efficiency and satisfactory indoor comfort has long been established. Nevertheless, until recent times, all efforts and attention have mainly been focused on increasing and optimizing the thermal insulation of the envelope components. This strategy was a winning approach for a long time, but its limitations became obvious when users and designers started to consider the overall energy demand of a building and started to aim for Zero Energy Building (ZEB or nearly ZEB goals. New and more revolutionary concepts and technologies needed to be developed to satisfy such challenging requirements. The potential benefits of this technological development are relevant since the building envelope plays a key role in controlling the energy and mass flows from outdoors to indoors (and vice versa and, moreover, the facades offer a significant opportunity for solar energy exploitation. Several researches have demonstrated that the limitation of the existing facades could be overcome only by switching from ‘static’ to ‘responsive’ and ‘dynamic’ systems, such as Multifunctional Facade Modules (MFMs and Responsive Building Elements (RBE. These components are able to continuously and pro-actively react to outdoor and indoor environment conditions and facilitate and enhance the exploitation of renewable and low exergy sources. In order to reduce the energy demand, to maximize the indoor comfort conditions and to produce energy at the site, these almost ‘self-sufficient’, or even ‘positive energy’ building skins frequently incorporate different technologies and are functionally connected to other building services and installations. An overview of the technological evolution of the building envelope that has taken place, ranging from traditional components to the innovative skins, will be given in this paper, while focusing on the different approaches that have characterized this 6. Assessing the service life of building envelope constructions DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rudbeck, Claus Christian 1999-01-01 During the last 10 years, national standards have been developed in order to assess the expected service life of building materials and constructions and work is still progressing on the international level. Besides the current and upcoming standards, several methodologies have been developed...... or suggested at the national, international or individual level. The overview provided in this paper focuses on two two items: The first describes the current methods or standards established at a national level for either assessing and implementing service life requirements in the design stage of a building... 7. Procedures when calculating economy for building envelopes in Denmark DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rudbeck, Claus Christian; Svendsen, Sv Aa Højgaard 1999-01-01 Until a few years ago, economy in public funded buildings during construction or retrofitting was focused on investment cost and not very much on the cost for maintenance and energy use. Lately there has been a change in the rules and laws from the Ministry of Housing, resulting in the possibility...... of using total-economy. Total-economy incorporates all present and future investments (e.g. operational and maintenance costs) into one number making it possible to invest more money when constructing a building and save the money later on due to lower cost for maintenance and energy consumption.This paper... 8. Cost Analysis of Simple Phase Change Material-Enhanced Building Envelopes in Southern U.S. Climates Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kosny, Jan [Fraunhofer CSE, Cambridge, MA (United States); Shukla, Nitin [Fraunhofer CSE, Cambridge, MA (United States); Fallahi, Ali [Fraunhofer CSE, Cambridge, MA (United States) 2013-01-01 Traditional thermal designs of building envelope assemblies are based on static energy flows, yet building envelopes are subject to varying environmental conditions. This mismatch between the steady-state principles and their dynamic operation can decrease thermal efficiency. Design work supporting the development of low-energy houses showed that conventional insulations may not always be the most cost effective solution to improvement envelope thermal performance. PCM-enhanced building envelopes that simultaneously reduce the total cooling loads and shift the peak-hour loads are the focus of this report. 9. 10 CFR 434.516 - Building exterior envelope. Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... Buildings for calculating the Energy Cost Budget. In calculating the Design Energy Consumption of the... assumptions for calculating the Energy Cost Budget and default assumptions for the Design Energy Consumption... without operable windows shall be assumed to be 0.038 cfm/ft2 of gross exterior wall. Hotels/motels... 10. 10 CFR 434.402 - Building envelope assemblies and materials. Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 .... The building shall be unoccupied. (c) During the testing period, the average wind speed during the... increased by 50% if a shading device is used that blocks over 50% of the solar gain during the peak cooling... cumulative annual energy flux attributable to thermal transmittance and solar gains shall be less than... 11. Owners perception on the adoption of building envelope energy efficiency measures in Swedish detached houses International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The paper focuses on Swedish homeowners' need for and perceptions about adopting building envelop energy efficiency measures. The paper is based on a questionnaire survey of 3059 homeowners (response rate of 36%) selected by stratified random sampling during the summer of 2008. The results showed that 70-90% of the respondents had no intention of adopting such a measure over the next 10 years. The main reasons for non-adoption were that homeowners were satisfied with the physical condition, thermal performance, and aesthetics of their existing building envelope components. A greater proportion of respondents perceived that improved attic insulation has more advantages than energy efficient windows and improved wall insulation, but windows were more likely to be installed than improved attic insulation. Respondents gave high priority to economic factors in deciding on an energy efficiency measure. Interpersonal sources, construction companies, installers, and energy advisers were important sources of information for homeowners as they planned to adopt building envelope energy efficiency measures. Policy measures to facilitate the rate of adoption of energy efficient building envelope measures are discussed. 12. Integrated envelope and lighting systems for commercial buildings: a retrospective Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Lee, Eleanor S.; Selkowitz, Stephen E. 1998-06-01 Daylighting systems in use world-wide rarely capture the energy-savings predicted by simulation tools and that we believe are achievable in real buildings. One of the primary reasons for this is that window and lighting systems are not designed and operated as an integrated system. Our efforts over the last five years have been targeted toward (1) development and testing of new prototype systems that involve a higher degree of systems integration than has been typical in the past, and (2) addressing current design and technological barriers that are often missed with component-oriented research. We summarize the results from this body of cross-disciplinary research and discuss its effects on the existing and future practice of daylighting in commercial buildings. 13. Infrared Thermography Assessment of Thermal Bridges in Building Envelope: Experimental Validation in a Test Room Setup Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Francesco Bianchi 2014-10-01 Full Text Available Thermal infrared imaging is a valuable tool to perform non-destructive qualitative tests and to investigate buildings envelope thermal-energy behavior. The assessment of envelope thermal insulation, ventilation, air leakages, and HVAC performance can be implemented through the analysis of each thermogram corresponding to an object surface temperature. Thermography also allows the identification of thermal bridges in buildings’ envelope that, together with windows and doors, constitute one of the weakest component increasing thermal losses. A quantitative methodology was proposed in previous researches by the authors in order to evaluate the effect of such weak point on the energy balance of the whole building. In the present work, in-field experimental measurements were carried out with the purpose of evaluating the energy losses through the envelope of a test room experimental field. In-situ thermal transmittance of walls, ceiling and roof were continuously monitored and each element was characterized by its own thermal insulation capability. Infrared thermography and the proposed quantitative methodology were applied to assess the energy losses due to thermal bridges. The main results show that the procedure confirms to be a reliable tool to quantify the incidence of thermal bridges in the envelope thermal losses. 14. Numerical Analysis of Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer in Cork Lightweight Concretes Used in Building Envelopes Science.gov (United States) Sotehi, Nassima; Chaker, Abla A numerical study was carried out in order to investigate the behaviour of building envelopes made of lightweight concretes. In this work, we are particularly interested to the building envelopes which are consist of cement paste with incorporation of cork aggregates in order to obtain small thermal conductivity and low-density materials. The mathematical formulation of coupled heat and mass transfer in wet porous materials has been made using Luikov's model, the system describing temperature and moisture transfer processes within building walls is solved numerically with the finite elements method. The obtained results illustrate the temporal evolutions of the temperature and the moisture content, and the distributions of the temperature and moisture content inside the wall for several periods of time. They allow us to specify the effect of the nature and dosage of fibre on the heat and mass transfer. 15. Windows and Building Envelope Research and Development: A Roadmap for Emerging Technologies Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) none, 2014-02-01 This Building Technologies Office (BTO) Research and Development (R&D) Roadmap identifies priority windows and building envelope R&D areas of interest. Cost and performance targets are identified for each key R&D area. The roadmap describes the technical and market challenges to be overcome, R&D activities and milestones, key stakeholders, and potential energy savings that could result if cost and performance targets are met. Methods for improving technology performance and specific strategies for reducing installed costs and mitigating any other market barriers, which would increase the likelihood of mass-market technology adoption, are identified. This roadmap is a useful resource for public and private decision makers evaluating and pursuing high-impact R&D focused on advancing next-generation energy efficient windows and building envelope technologies. 16. Nearly zero energy buildings and proliferation of microorganisms a current issue for highly insulated and airtight building envelopes CERN Document Server Di Giuseppe, Elisa 2013-01-01 This book provides a concise review of the thermo-physical phenomena which regulate heat and moisture transportation in Nearly Zero Energy Buildings envelopes, and their relationship with the growth of biological organisms. It describes the main microorganisms proliferating on contemporary building elements and within buildings. It also states the consequences of biological growth on durability, aesthetics and human health; and provides the main methods for the analytical and experimental evaluation of proliferation. Finally, through the review of recent developments, remedial actions to count 17. CALCULATION OF THE THERMAL FIELD AND THE THERMAL RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS ENVELOPES USING THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD OpenAIRE U. U. Liashkevich 2015-01-01 The method of calculation the thermal field and the thermal resistance of fragments of building envelope and developed computer calculating program are described in the article «Calculation of the thermal field and the thermal resistance of buildings envelopes using the finite element method». The main logical modules of the program are described. An example of calculation of temperature field and of the thermal resistance of element of monolithic frame building is given. 18. Analysis of Building Envelope Insulation Performance Utilizing Integrated Temperature and Humidity Sensors OpenAIRE Shih-Wei Chen; Cheng-Jui Hsu; Chih-Yuan Chang; San-Shan Hung 2012-01-01 A major cause of high energy consumption for air conditioning in indoor spaces is the thermal storage characteristics of a building’s envelope concrete material; therefore, the physiological signals (temperature and humidity) within concrete structures are an important reference for building energy management. The current approach to measuring temperature and humidity within concrete structures (i.e., thermocouples and fiber optics) is limited by problems of wiring requir... 19. Improving the thermal performance of the building envelopes with the use of foam glass-ceramics OpenAIRE D.G. Portnyagin 2015-01-01 Recommendations on eliminating the defects of thermal insulation on the basis of the previously carried out thermal imaging surveys were given. Constructive solutions of building envelopes were proposed with regard to modeling thermal fields in ELCUT. A typical solution of thermal insulation of the basement joint is the unit exterior insulation of the basement wall to the level of the facing course bottom. This constructive solution is characterized by a significant thermal bridge, in the dir... 20. Moisture condensation on building envelopes in differential ventilated spaces in the tropics: quantitative assessment of influencing factors Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ali Maisarah 2016-01-01 Full Text Available Ventilation systems play a significant role in maintaining the indoor thermal and hygric balance. Nevertheless, the systems had been implicated to result in many problems. In the tropical climate, especially for energy efficiency purposes, building spaces are operated with differential ventilation. Such spaces operate on 24-hrs basis, some on 8-hrs while others are either naturally ventilated or served with mechanical supply-exhaust fan systems with non-conditioned outdoor air. This practice had been found to result in condensation problems. This study involves a quantitative appraisal of the effect of operative conditions and hygrothermal quality of building envelopes on condensation risk. The in-situ experiment is combined with an analytical approach to assessing the hygrothermal quality of building envelopes in a tropical climate building under differential ventilation between adjacent spaces. The case-studied building is with a known history of condensation and associated damages including mould growth. The microclimate measurement and hygrothermal performance of the wall and floor against condensation and mould growth risks had been previously reported elsewhere. As a step further, the present study evaluates the effects of various envelope insulation types and configurations together with the HVAC cooling set-points on envelope hygrothermal performance. The results revealed that overcooling the air-conditioned side increases condensation risk on the non-air-conditioned side of the envelopes. The envelopes failed criteria for surface condensation at existing operative conditions irrespective of envelope hygrothermal quality improvements. However, the envelope performed well at improved cooling operative conditions even at existing envelope hygrothermal quality. It is, therefore, important to ascertain the envelope hygrothermal quality as well the cooling operative conditions while embarking on energy efficiency operations in mechanical 1. Energy Saving Potentials of Phase Change Materials Applied to Lightweight Building Envelopes Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yoon-Bok Seong 2013-10-01 Full Text Available Phase change materials (PCMs have been considered as an innovative technology that can reduce the peak loads and heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC energy consumption in buildings. Basically they are substances capable of storing or releasing thermal energy as latent heat. Because the amount of latent heat absorbed or released is much larger than the sensible heat, the application of PCMs in buildings has significant potential to reduce energy consumption. However, because each PCM has its own phase change temperature, which is the temperature at which latent heat is absorbed or released, it is important to use an appropriate PCM for the purpose of building envelope design. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the energy saving potentials in buildings when various PCMs with different phase change temperatures are applied to a lightweight building envelope by analyzing the thermal load characteristics. As results, the annual heating load increased at every phase change temperature, but the peak heating load decreased by 3.19% with heptadecane (phase change temperature 21 °C, and the lowest indoor temperature increased by 0.86 °C with heptadecane (phase change temperature 21 °C. The annual cooling load decreased by 1.05% with dodecanol (phase change temperature 24 °C, the peak cooling load decreased by 1.30% with octadecane (phase change temperature 29 °C, and the highest indoor temperature dropped by 0.50 °C with octadecane (phase change temperature 29 °C. When the night ventilation was applied to the building HVAC system for better passive cooling performance, the annual cooling load decreased by 9.28% with dodecanol (phase change temperature 24 °C, the peak load decreased by 11.33% with octadecane (phase change temperature 29 °C, and the highest indoor temperature dropped by 0.85 °C with octadecane (phase change temperature 29 °C. 2. Analysis of Building Envelops to Optimize Energy Efficiency as per Code of Practice for Energy Efficient Buildings in Sri Lanka - 2008 OpenAIRE Kumari, Epa 2012-01-01 Residential and commercial buildings consume approximately 20% of the global energy generation. This value is continuously growing and the governments across the globe have realized the importance of regulating the building construction to optimize the energy utilization. Energy efficient building codes have been developed to optimize the energy efficiency in buildings. OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value) is a key parameter for evaluating energy efficiency of building envelops in the presen... 3. Laboratory testing of a building envelope segment based on cellular concrete Science.gov (United States) Fořt, Jan; Pavlík, Zbyšek; Černý, Robert 2016-07-01 Hygrothermal performance of a building envelope based on cellular concrete blocks is studied in the paper. Simultaneously, the strain fields induced by the heat and moisture changes are monitored. The studied wall is exposed to the climatic load corresponding to the winter climatic conditions of the moderate year for Prague. The winter climatic exposure is chosen in order to simulate the critical conditions of the building structure from the point of view of material performance and temperature and humidity loading. The evaluation of hygrothermal performance of a researched wall is done on the basis of relative humidity and temperature profiles measured along the cross section of the cellular concrete blocks. Strain gauges are fixed on the wall surface in expected orientation of the blocks expansion. The obtained results show a good hygrothermal function of the analyzed cellular concrete wall and its insignificant strain. 4. A METHODOLOGY FOR ENERGY OPTIMIZATION OF BUILDINGS CONSIDERING SIMULTANEOUSLY BUILDING ENVELOPE HVAC AND RENEWABLE SYSTEM PARAMETERS OpenAIRE Bayraktar, Meltem 2015-01-01 Energy is the vital source of life and it plays a key role in development of human society. Any living creature relies on a source of energy to exist. Similarly, machines require power to operate. Starting with Industrial Revolution, the modern life clearly depends on energy. We need energy for almost everything we do in our daily life, including transportation, agriculture, telecommunication, powering industry, heating, cooling and lighting our buildings, powering electric equipment etc. Glo... 5. Improving the thermal performance of the building envelopes with the use of foam glass-ceramics Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) D.G. Portnyagin 2015-12-01 Full Text Available Recommendations on eliminating the defects of thermal insulation on the basis of the previously carried out thermal imaging surveys were given. Constructive solutions of building envelopes were proposed with regard to modeling thermal fields in ELCUT. A typical solution of thermal insulation of the basement joint is the unit exterior insulation of the basement wall to the level of the facing course bottom. This constructive solution is characterized by a significant thermal bridge, in the direction through the cross-section of the floor slab under the insulation of the wall. The article presents the results of eliminating the thermal bridge by substituting of ceramic or silica bricks for thermal insulation bricks of foamglass. We discussed the roof and parapet joint. The paper also presents the results of heat loss calculation when replacing of the top line of backfills above the level of the coating by the brick thermal insulation made of foamglass. 6. Alternative methods for evaluation of airtightness of the building envelope; Alternativa metoder foer utvaerdering av byggnadsskalets lufttaethet Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Sikander, Eva; Wahlgren, Paula 2008-07-01 Airtightness plays an important role when constructing energy efficient, sustainable and healthy buildings. In order to obtain airtight buildings, the airtightness needs to be evaluated during the construction phase. This enables improvements of the airtightness in an easy and cost-efficient way. During the construction phase, it is difficult to quantify the airtightness. However, detecting and sealing air leakages are good measures to improve the airtightness of the building. Several methods to detect air leakages are presented. A methodology to search for air leakages in buildings during construction has been developed, together with contractors and experts, and the methodology has been used at two building sites. The quantifiable airtightness of a building is determined by measuring the airflow that enters or exits the building at a certain pressure difference over the building envelope. In some cases it is not possible to measure air tightness according to standard. Therefore, a number of alternative methods have been evaluated. These methods include: extrapolation of measured data to a range used in standard measurements, using a buildings ventilation system fans to create a pressure difference over the building envelope, measuring the airtightness of a smaller part of the building (apartment, fire compartment or component) and tracer gas measurements 7. Evolutionary optimisation of façade design a new approach for the design of building envelopes CERN Document Server Zemella, Giovanni 2014-01-01 This book explores how optimization-and performance-driven design in general-requires a change in the cultural approach to design for both architects and engineers. It shows how optimization techniques can be applied to the design of building envelopes. 8. Design of the Building Envelope: A Novel Multi-Objective Approach for the Optimization of Energy Performance and Thermal Comfort Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Fabrizio Ascione 2015-08-01 Full Text Available According to the increasing worldwide attention to energy and the environmental performance of the building sector, building energy demand should be minimized by considering all energy uses. In this regard, the development of building components characterized by proper values of thermal transmittance, thermal capacity, and radiative properties is a key strategy to reduce the annual energy need for the microclimatic control. However, the design of the thermal characteristics of the building envelope is an arduous task, especially in temperate climates where the energy demands for space heating and cooling are balanced. This study presents a novel methodology for optimizing the thermo-physical properties of the building envelope and its coatings, in terms of thermal resistance, capacity, and radiative characteristics of exposed surfaces. A multi-objective approach is adopted in order to optimize energy performance and thermal comfort. The optimization problem is solved by means of a Genetic Algorithm implemented in MATLAB®, which is coupled with EnergyPlus for performing dynamic energy simulations. For demonstration, the methodology is applied to a residential building for two different Mediterranean climates: Naples and Istanbul. The results show that for Naples, because of the higher incidence of cooling demand, cool external coatings imply significant energy savings, whereas the insulation of walls should be high but not excessive (no more than 13–14 cm. The importance of high-reflective coating is clear also in colder Mediterranean climates, like Istanbul, although the optimal thicknesses of thermal insulation are higher (around 16–18 cm. In both climates, the thermal envelope should have a significant mass, obtainable by adopting dense and/or thick masonry layers. Globally, a careful design of the thermal envelope is always necessary in order to achieve high-efficiency buildings. 9. Low-Cost Bio-Based Phase Change Materials as an Energy Storage Medium in Building Envelopes Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Biswas, Kaushik [ORNL; Abhari, Mr. Ramin [Renewable Energy Group, Inc.; Shukla, Dr. Nitin [Fraunhofer USA, Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (CSE), Boston; Kosny, Dr. Jan [Fraunhofer USA, Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (CSE), Boston 2015-01-01 A promising approach to increasing the energy efficiency of buildings is the implementation of phase change material (PCM) in building envelope systems. Several studies have reported the energy saving potential of PCM in building envelopes. However, wide application of PCMs in building applications has been inhibited, in part, by their high cost. This article describes a novel paraffin product made of naturally occurring fatty acids/glycerides trapped into high density polyethylene (HDPE) pellets and its performance in a building envelope application, with the ultimate goal of commercializing a low-cost PCM platform. The low-cost PCM pellets were mixed with cellulose insulation, installed in external walls and field-tested under natural weatherization conditions for a period of several months. In addition, several PCM samples and PCM-cellulose samples were prepared under controlled conditions for laboratory-scale testing. The laboratory tests were performed to determine the phase change properties of PCM-enhanced cellulose insulation both at microscopic and macroscopic levels. This article presents the data and analysis from the exterior test wall and the laboratory-scale test data. PCM behavior is influenced by the weather and interior conditions, PCM phase change temperature and PCM distribution within the wall cavity, among other factors. Under optimal conditions, the field data showed up to 20% reduction in weekly heat transfer through an external wall due to the PCM compared to cellulose-only insulation. 10. Greenbelt Homes Pilot Program: Summary of Building Envelope Retrofits, Planned HVAC Equipment Upgrades, and Energy Savings Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Wiehagen, J. [Partnership for Home Innovation, Upper Marlboro, MD (United States); Del Bianco, M. [Partnership for Home Innovation, Upper Marlboro, MD (United States); Mallay, D. [Partnership for Home Innovation, Upper Marlboro, MD (United States) 2015-05-01 In the fall of 2010, a multiyear pilot energy efficiency retrofit project was undertaken by Greenbelt Homes, Inc, (GHI) a 1,566 home cooperative of circa 1930 and 1940 homes in Greenbelt, Maryland. GHI established this pilot project to serve as a basis for decision making for the rollout of a decade-long community-wide upgrade program that will incorporate energy efficiency improvements to the building envelope and mechanical equipment. It presents a unique opportunity to evaluate and prioritize the wide-range of benefits of high-performance retrofits based on member experience with and acceptance of the retrofit measures implemented during the pilot project. Addressing the complex interactions between benefits, trade-offs, construction methods, project management implications, realistic upfront costs, financing, and other considerations, serves as a case study for energy retrofit projects to include high-performance technologies based on the long-term value to the homeowner. The pilot project focused on identifying the added costs and energy savings benefits of improvements. 11. Researching Complex Heat, Air and Moisture Interactions for a Wide-Range of Building Envelope Systems and Environmental Loads Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Karagiozis, A.N. 2007-05-15 This document serves as the final report documenting work completed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and the Fraunhofer Institute in Building Physics (Holzkirchen, Germany) under an international CRADA No. 0575 with Fraunhofer Institute of Bauphysics of the Federal Republic of Germany for Researching Complex Heat, Air and Moisture Interactions for a Wide Range of Building Envelope Systems and Environmental Loads. This CRADA required a multi-faceted approach to building envelope research that included a moisture engineering approach by blending extensive material property analysis, laboratory system and sub-system thermal and moisture testing, and advanced moisture analysis prediction performance. The Participant's Institute for Building physics (IBP) and the Contractor's Buildings Technology Center (BTC) identified potential research projects and activities capable of accelerating and advancing the development of innovative, low energy and durable building envelope systems in diverse climates. This allowed a major leverage of the limited resources available to ORNL to execute the required Department of Energy (DOE) directives in the area of moisture engineering. A joint working group (ORNL and Fraunhofer IBP) was assembled and a research plan was executed from May 2000 to May 2005. A number of key deliverables were produced such as adoption of North American loading into the WUFI-software. in addition the ORNL Weather File Analyzer was created and this has been used to address environmental loading for a variety of US climates. At least 4 papers have been co-written with the CRADA partners, and a chapter in the ASTM Manual 40 on Moisture Analysis and Condensation Control. All deliverables and goals were met and exceeded making this collaboration a success to all parties involves. 12. Analyzing the effect of the longwave emissivity and solar reflectance of building envelopes on energy-saving in buildings in various climates Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Shi, Zhiyang; Zhang, Xiong [Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Education Ministry, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092 (China) 2011-01-15 A dynamic computer simulation is carried out in the climates of 35 cities distributed around the world. The variation of the annual air-conditioning energy loads due to changes in the longwave emissivity and the solar reflectance of the building envelopes is studied to find the most appropriate exterior building finishes in various climates (including a tropical climate, a subtropical climate, a mountain plateau climate, a frigid-temperate climate and a temperate climate). Both the longwave emissivity and the solar reflectance are set from 0.1 to 0.9 with an interval of 0.1 in the simulation. The annual air-conditioning energy loads trends of each city are listed in a chart. The results show that both the longwave emissivity and the solar reflectance of building envelopes play significant roles in energy-saving for buildings. In tropical climates, the optical parameters of the building exterior surface affect the building energy-saving most significantly. In the mountain plateau climates and the subarctic climates, the impacts on energy-saving in buildings due to changes in the longwave emissivity and the solar reflectance are still considerable, but in the temperate continental climates and the temperate maritime climates, only limited effects are seen. (author) 13. Biomimetic Envelopes Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ilaria Mazzoleni 2010-06-01 Full Text Available How to translate the lessons learned from the analysis and observation of the animal world is the design learning experience presented in this article. Skin is a complex and incredibly sophisticated organ that performs various functions, including protection, sensation and heat and water regulation. In a similar way building envelopes serve multiple roles, as they are the interface between the building inhabitants and environmental elements. The resulting architectural building envelopes proto-architectural research and design projects here presented, inspired by the study of animal skins, perform and respond; they take into consideration various dynamic local environmental conditions, enhancing and supporting them rather than exploiting them, creating a more sustainable way of building and living. 14. Residential Solar-Based Seasonal Thermal Storage Systems in Cold Climates: Building Envelope and Thermal Storage OpenAIRE Alexandre Hugo; Radu Zmeureanu 2012-01-01 The reduction of electricity use for heating and domestic hot water in cold climates can be achieved by: (1) reducing the heating loads through the improvement of the thermal performance of house envelopes, and (2) using solar energy through a residential solar-based thermal storage system. First, this paper presents the life cycle energy and cost analysis of a typical one-storey detached house, located in Montreal, Canada. Simulation of annual energy use is performed using the TRNSYS softwar... 15. Energy Impacts of Nonlinear Behavior of PCM When Applied into Building Envelope: Preprint Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Tabares-Velasco, P. C. 2012-08-01 Previous research on phase change materials (PCM) for building applications has been done for several decades resulting in plenty of literature on PCM properties, temperature, and peak reduction potential. Thus, PCMs are a potential technology to reduce peak loads and HVAC energy consumption in buildings. There are few building energy simulation programs that have PCM modeling features, and even fewer have been validated. Additionally, there is no previous research that indicates the level of accuracy when simulating PCM from a building energy simulation perspective. This study analyzes the effects a nonlinear enthalpy profile has on thermal performance and expected energy benefits for PCM-enhanced insulation. 16. Energy Saving Potentials of Phase Change Materials Applied to Lightweight Building Envelopes OpenAIRE Yoon-Bok Seong; Jae-Han Lim 2013-01-01 Phase change materials (PCMs) have been considered as an innovative technology that can reduce the peak loads and heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) energy consumption in buildings. Basically they are substances capable of storing or releasing thermal energy as latent heat. Because the amount of latent heat absorbed or released is much larger than the sensible heat, the application of PCMs in buildings has significant potential to reduce energy consumption. However, because each... 17. Evaluation of Various Retrofitting Concepts of Building Envelope for Offices Equipped with Large Radiant Ceiling Panels by Dynamic Simulations Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sabina Jordan 2015-09-01 Full Text Available In order to achieve significant savings in energy and an improved level of thermal comfort in retrofitted existing buildings, specific retrofitting concepts that combine new technologies and design need to be developed and implemented. Large radiant surfaces systems are now among the most promising future technologies to be used both in retrofitted and in new low-energy buildings. These kinds of systems have been the topic of several studies dealing with thermal comfort and energy utilization, but some specific issues concerning their possible use in various concepts for retrofitting are still poorly understood. In the present paper, some results of dynamic simulations, with the transient system simulation tool (TRNSYS model, of the retrofitted offices equipped with radiant ceiling panels are presented and thoroughly analysed. Based on a precise comparison of the results of these simulations with actual measurements in the offices, certain input data for the model were added, so that the model was consequently validated. The model was then applied to the evaluation of various concepts of building envelopes for office retrofitting. By means of dynamic simulations of indoor environment it was possible to determine the benefits and limitations of individual retrofitting concepts. Some specific parameters, which are relevant to these concepts, were also identified. 18. Potential for innovative massive building envelope systems – Scenario development towards integrated active systems Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ulrich Knaack 2015-06-01 Full Text Available In order to generate possible scenarios about future developments of massive constructions, this paper explains the developmental paths on the basis of individual materials of clay/brick as well as concrete/lightweight concrete/aerated concrete and sand-lime brick. These construction types are organised qua development level on a roadmap, structured by a timeline and the division in massive and skeleton construction. By this development, lines of constructions appear, structured by the order of additional functionalities integrated in each development step. Following this path, possible scenarios for future developments of integrated active systems are sketched, following the line of additional functionalities being integrated in the construction. Drawbacks such as the limitation of recycling of integrated constructions and the conflict of insulation versus load bearing capacities are named. As a result two strategies are expressed: the light massive envelope construction with integral layers and the massive oriented solution with possible exchangeable components are developed and illustrated by five general construction principles. 19. Potential for innovative massive building envelope systems – Scenario development towards integrated active systems Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ulrich Knaack 2015-01-01 Full Text Available In order to generate possible scenarios about future developments of massive constructions, this paper explains the developmental paths on the basis of individual materials of clay/brick as well as concrete/lightweight concrete/aerated concrete and sand-lime brick. These construction types are organised qua development level on a roadmap, structured by a timeline and the division in massive and skeleton construction. By this development, lines of constructions appear, structured by the order of additional functionalities integrated in each development step. Following this path, possible scenarios for future developments of integrated active systems are sketched, following the line of additional functionalities being integrated in the construction. Drawbacks such as the limitation of recycling of integrated constructions and the conflict of insulation versus load bearing capacities are named. As a result two strategies are expressed: the light massive envelope construction with integral layers and the massive oriented solution with possible exchangeable components are developed and illustrated by five general construction principles. 20. Residential Solar-Based Seasonal Thermal Storage Systems in Cold Climates: Building Envelope and Thermal Storage Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Alexandre Hugo 2012-10-01 Full Text Available The reduction of electricity use for heating and domestic hot water in cold climates can be achieved by: (1 reducing the heating loads through the improvement of the thermal performance of house envelopes, and (2 using solar energy through a residential solar-based thermal storage system. First, this paper presents the life cycle energy and cost analysis of a typical one-storey detached house, located in Montreal, Canada. Simulation of annual energy use is performed using the TRNSYS software. Second, several design alternatives with improved thermal resistance for walls, ceiling and windows, increased overall air tightness, and increased window-to-wall ratio of South facing windows are evaluated with respect to the life cycle energy use, life cycle emissions and life cycle cost. The solution that minimizes the energy demand is chosen as a reference house for the study of long-term thermal storage. Third, the computer simulation of a solar heating system with solar thermal collectors and long-term thermal storage capacity is presented. Finally, the life cycle cost and life cycle energy use of the solar combisystem are estimated for flat-plate solar collectors and evacuated tube solar collectors, respectively, for the economic and climatic conditions of this study. 1. Format for description of building envelope components for use in an optimization process DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rudbeck, Claus Christian; Svendsen, Sv Aa Højgaard 1999-01-01 building codes specify minimum requirements for the aspects in question, but no trade-offs between the different aspects are allowed, being un-flexible. To allow for the use of optimization procedures in the design process a larger degree of flexibility is needed but first of all there is a need for... 2. Cool products for building envelope - Part I: Development and lab scale testing NARCIS (Netherlands) Revel, G.M.; Martarelli, M.; Emiliani, M.; Gozalbo, A.; Orts, M.J.; Bengochea, M.T.; Guaita Delgado, L.; Gaki, A.; Katsiapi, A.; Taxiarchou, M.; Arabatzis, I.; Fasaki, I.; Hermanns, S. 2014-01-01 The paper describes the methodology followed for the development of new cool products in order to widen the range of existing solutions both including coloured (even dark) materials and extending the application also to building vertical components. Cool coloured ceramic tiles and acrylic paints for 3. Service life assessment of historical building envelopes constructed using different types of sandstone: a computational analysis based on experimental input data. Science.gov (United States) Kočí, Václav; Maděra, Jiří; Fořt, Jan; Žumár, Jaromír; Pavlíková, Milena; Pavlík, Zbyšek; Černý, Robert 2014-01-01 Service life assessment of three historical building envelopes constructed using different types of sandstone is presented. At first, experimental measurements of material parameters of sandstones are performed to provide the necessary input data for a subsequent computational analysis. In the second step, the moisture and temperature fields across the studied envelopes are calculated for a representative period of time. The computations are performed using dynamic climatic data as the boundary conditions on the exterior side of building envelope. The climatic data for three characteristic localities are experimentally determined by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute and contain hourly values of temperature, relative humidity, rainfalls, wind velocity and direction, and sun radiation. Using the measured durability properties of the analyzed sandstones and the calculated numbers of freeze/thaw cycles under different climatic conditions, the service life of the investigated building envelopes is assessed. The obtained results show that the climatic conditions can play a very significant role in the service life assessment of historical buildings, even in the conditions of such a small country as the Czech Republic. In addition, the investigations reveal the importance of the material characteristics of sandstones, in particular the hygric properties, on their service life in a structure. PMID:25114972 4. Service Life Assessment of Historical Building Envelopes Constructed Using Different Types of Sandstone: A Computational Analysis Based on Experimental Input Data Science.gov (United States) Kočí, Václav; Maděra, Jiří; Fořt, Jan; Žumár, Jaromír; Pavlíková, Milena; Pavlík, Zbyšek; Černý, Robert 2014-01-01 Service life assessment of three historical building envelopes constructed using different types of sandstone is presented. At first, experimental measurements of material parameters of sandstones are performed to provide the necessary input data for a subsequent computational analysis. In the second step, the moisture and temperature fields across the studied envelopes are calculated for a representative period of time. The computations are performed using dynamic climatic data as the boundary conditions on the exterior side of building envelope. The climatic data for three characteristic localities are experimentally determined by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute and contain hourly values of temperature, relative humidity, rainfalls, wind velocity and direction, and sun radiation. Using the measured durability properties of the analyzed sandstones and the calculated numbers of freeze/thaw cycles under different climatic conditions, the service life of the investigated building envelopes is assessed. The obtained results show that the climatic conditions can play a very significant role in the service life assessment of historical buildings, even in the conditions of such a small country as the Czech Republic. In addition, the investigations reveal the importance of the material characteristics of sandstones, in particular the hygric properties, on their service life in a structure. PMID:25114972 5. Service life assessment of historical building envelopes constructed using different types of sandstone: a computational analysis based on experimental input data. Science.gov (United States) Kočí, Václav; Maděra, Jiří; Fořt, Jan; Žumár, Jaromír; Pavlíková, Milena; Pavlík, Zbyšek; Černý, Robert 2014-01-01 Service life assessment of three historical building envelopes constructed using different types of sandstone is presented. At first, experimental measurements of material parameters of sandstones are performed to provide the necessary input data for a subsequent computational analysis. In the second step, the moisture and temperature fields across the studied envelopes are calculated for a representative period of time. The computations are performed using dynamic climatic data as the boundary conditions on the exterior side of building envelope. The climatic data for three characteristic localities are experimentally determined by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute and contain hourly values of temperature, relative humidity, rainfalls, wind velocity and direction, and sun radiation. Using the measured durability properties of the analyzed sandstones and the calculated numbers of freeze/thaw cycles under different climatic conditions, the service life of the investigated building envelopes is assessed. The obtained results show that the climatic conditions can play a very significant role in the service life assessment of historical buildings, even in the conditions of such a small country as the Czech Republic. In addition, the investigations reveal the importance of the material characteristics of sandstones, in particular the hygric properties, on their service life in a structure. 6. Performance Evaluation of Modern Building Thermal Envelope Designs in the Semi-Arid Continental Climate of Tehran Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Shaghayegh Mohammad 2013-10-01 Full Text Available In this paper we evaluate the thermal performance of a range of modern wall constructions used in the residential buildings of Tehran in order to find the most appropriate alternative to the traditional un-fired clay and brick materials, which are increasingly being replaced in favor of more slender wall constructions employing hollow clay, autoclaved aerated concrete or light expanded clay aggregate blocks. The importance of improving the building envelope through estimating the potential for energy saving due to the application of the most energy-efficient wall type is presented and the wall constructions currently erected in Tehran are introduced along with their dynamic and steady-state thermal properties. The application of a dynamic simulation tool is explained and the output of the thermal simulation model is compared with the dynamic thermal properties of the wall constructions to assess their performance in summer and in winter. Finally, the best and worst wall type in terms of their cyclic thermal performance and their ability to moderate outdoor conditions is identified through comparison of the predicted indoor temperature and a target comfort temperature. 7. Thermographic NDT of building envelopes utilizing in-door heating systems Science.gov (United States) Komiyama, Tatsuhito; Nakano, Yonezou; Tanigawa, Yasuo 2002-03-01 The deterioration of concrete structures due to drastic changes in environment or due to poor workmanship has become very serious in Japan recently. In particular, since buildings are finished with render or tile on their facades in order to improve durability and appearance in many cases, the number of accidents resulting in injury or death caused by the fall of these finishing materials in increasing continuously. As a method of detecting delaminations of finishing materials, the thermographic survey using thermal imager is widely used because of the advantages of easiness, rate of data sampling and safeness. However, since this method is based on the difference of surface temperature between delaminated areas and sound areas generated by solar radiation, the method cannot be used under cloudy weather. It is a big difference between the construction field and other fields like metals, ceramics and plastics, which can do artificial heating or cooling easily. In order to improve the applicability and limitations of the method, a study was carried out. In ths study, instead of exposing an external wall to the sun, a method of heating the rear side of the wall by using the indoor heating system of the building was discussed and tested. As a result, it was proved that below-surface defects of building facades could be located without solar radiation by controlling the room temperature appropriately. This paper outlines the procedure and results of the study. 8. Greenbelt Homes Pilot Program. Summary of Building Envelope Retrofits, Planned HVAC Equipment Upgrades, and Energy Savings Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Wiehagen, J. [Home Innovation Research Labs, Marlboro, MD (United States); Del Bianco, M. [Home Innovation Research Labs, Marlboro, MD (United States); Mallay, D. [Home Innovation Research Labs, Marlboro, MD (United States) 2015-05-22 The U.S. Department of Energy Building America team Partnership for Home Innovation wrote a report on Phase 1 of the project that summarized a condition assessment of the homes and evaluated retrofit options within the constraints of the cooperative provided by GHI. Phase 2 was completed following monitoring in the 2013–2014 winter season; the results are summarized in this report. Phase 3 upgrades of heating equipment will be implemented in time for the 2014–2015 heating season and are not part of this report. 9. Energy Retrofit Strategies for Residential Building Envelopes: An Italian Case Study of an Early-50s Building Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Luca Evangelisti 2015-08-01 Full Text Available During the last few years, the issues of energy efficiency and energy saving have dominated the buildings research field. New constructions are based on efficient design and, because of this, the real challenge is to retrofit existing buildings. Italian standards impose thermal transmittance limits for opaque and transparent surfaces, according to the climatic area. In order to understand buildings’ energy behavior, an accurate analysis, carried out by employing advanced calculation codes and instrumental diagnosis—provided by the use of heat flow meter, surface temperature probes and thermal imaging camera—is needed. In this paper, a structure built in the 50 s has been analyzed, by means of a measurement campaign, to investigate the building’s characteristics and its vulnerability. Finally, some retrofit hypotheses have been evaluated by means of a well-known dynamic code. All investments have to be analyzed under a financial point of view, considering materials and installation costs. For this reason, the payback time has been calculated in order to understand how quickly the energy upgrading can be repaid. 10. Optimum Application of Thermal Factors to Artificial Neural Network Models for Improvement of Control Performance in Double Skin-Enveloped Buildings Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kyung-Il Chin 2013-08-01 Full Text Available This study proposes an artificial neural network (ANN-based thermal control method for buildings with double skin envelopes that has rational relationships between the ANN model input and output. The relationship between the indoor air temperature and surrounding environmental factors was investigated based on field measurement data from an actual building. The results imply that the indoor temperature was not significantly influenced by vertical solar irradiance, but by the outdoor and cavity temperature. Accordingly, a new ANN model developed in this study excluded solar irradiance as an input variable for predicting the future indoor temperature. The structure and learning method of this new ANN model was optimized, followed by the performance tests of a variety of internal and external envelope opening strategies for the heating and cooling seasons. The performance tests revealed that the optimized ANN-based logic yielded better temperature conditions than the non-ANN based logic. This ANN-based logic increased overall comfortable periods and decreased the frequency of overshoots and undershoots out of the thermal comfort range. The ANN model proved that it has the potential to be successfully applied in the temperature control logic for double skin-enveloped buildings. The ANN model, which was proposed in this study, effectively predicted future indoor temperatures for the diverse opening strategies. The ANN-based logic optimally determined the operation of heating and cooling systems as well as opening conditions for the double skin envelopes. 11. CISBAT 2005 proceedings. Renewables in a changing climate - Innovation in building envelopes and environmental systems; CISBAT 2005 proceedings. Energies renouvelables et climat - Enveloppes et systemes environnementaux innovatifs Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Scartezzini, J. L. (ed.) 2005-07-01 These proceedings include the contributions presented at the 2005 CISBAT conference, held in Lausanne, Switzerland. Hosted by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne and jointly organised by the Solar Energy and Buildings Physics Laboratory at the EPFL, Cambridge University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), this international conference looked at 'Innovation in building envelopes and environmental systems'. Along with three keynote presentations on climate change, the use of renewables in the European Union and Swiss policies on solar energy, these 632-page conference proceedings include the conference's 106 presentations grouped in 10 sections. These cover the following topics: Design and renovation of building envelopes (33 contributions); solar collectors (16 contributions); active and passive cooling (9 contributions); indoor environment quality and health (10 contributions); optimisation of daylighting and electric lighting (5 contributions); advanced building control systems (2 contributions); environmental impacts of construction (4 contributions); networks and decentralised energy production (1 contribution); sustainable urban development (12 contributions) and software and new information technologies (14 contributions). Organised each second year, the two-day CISBAT international conference 2005 attracted more than 200 participants from all over the world. 12. 数据包络分析在建筑能效评价中的应用%Application of Data Envelopment Analysis to Building Energy Efficiency Assessment Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 张超; 董春桥; 陈昱廷 2013-01-01 An assessment of building energy efficiency is one of the measures which are important to improve building energy efficiency. And scientific building energy efficiency assessment can ensure the improvement of the building energy efficiency and the enhancement of building performance as well. It first introduces the basic principle and characteristics of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), then expounds feasibility of the building energy efficiency assessment with DEA, and discusses its application method and model properties, finally demon-strates the result and function of DEA to building energy efficiency assessment with an example. As improvement of building energy efficiency and enhancement of building performance, DEA will play a more and more powerful role.% 建筑能效评价是促进建筑节能的重要措施之一，科学的建筑能效评价方法既是提高建筑能效和节能减排的标尺，又是增强建筑性能的基础。首先介绍数据包络分析的基本原理和特征，然后论证数据包络分析进行建筑能效评价的可行性，并探讨数据包络分析在建筑能效评价中的应用方式和建模特点，最后通过实例验证数据包络分析在建筑能效评价中的效果和意义。随着我国建筑节能工作的深入和节能方式的转变，数据包络分析必将在提高建筑能效和增强建筑性能中发挥更大的作用。 13. A Methodology to Support Decision-Making Towards an Energy-Efficiency Conscious Design of Residential Building Envelope Retrofitting OpenAIRE Thaleia Konstantinou 2015-01-01 Over the next decade investment in building energy savings needs to increase, together with the rate and depth of renovations, to achieve the required reduction in building-related CO2 emissions. Although the need to improve residential buildings has been identified, guidelines come as general suggestions that fail to address the diversity of each project and give specific answers on how these requirements can be implemented in the design. During early design phases, architects are in search ... 14. Application of super-insulating translucent silica aerogel glazing system on commercial building envelope of humid subtropical climates – Impact on space cooling load International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Solar radiation through glazing area is one major source of the space cooling load in subtropical cooling-dominant climates. Application of energy-efficient glazing system can significantly reduce the energy consumption of air-conditioning systems in summer, thus has become a hot research topic. In this paper, a super-insulating glazing system was studied, which was formed by two layers of conventional single clear glass panes and a layer of silica aerogel filled in between. Several glazing samples were prepared. The thermal and optical parameters were measured. An annual HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system energy analysis was also conducted based on the space cooling load simulation. The result indicated that in humid subtropical climates like Hong Kong, the application of silica aerogel glazing system can reduce the annual space cooling load by around 4% in a typical commercial building. With respect to the envelope heat gain, the reduction could be around 60%. It was also found that the silica aerogel glazing system performed better if the internal heat source in a building took a small proportion in the total space cooling load. - Highlights: • We evaluated the application of silica aerogel glazing in cooling-dominant climates. • A silica aerogel-filled window system sample is constructed and measured. • HVAC energy consumption was reduced by 4% with silica aerogel glazing application. • More than 60% cooling load caused by building envelope heat gain can be reduced. • It is the first time silica aerogel window is considered in cooling dominant climates 15. Comparative thermal performance of static sunshade and brick cavity wall for energy efficient building envelope in composite climate Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Charde Meghana 2014-01-01 Full Text Available Energy efficient building technologies can reduce energy consumption in buildings. In present paper effect of designed static sunshade, brick cavity wall with brick projections and their combined effect on indoor air temperature has been analyzed by constructing three test rooms each of habitable dimensions (3.0 m × 4.0 m × 3.0 m and studying hourly temperatures on typical days for one month in summer and winter each. The three rooms have also been simulated using a software and the results have been compared with the experimental results. Designed static sunshade increased indoor air temperature in winter while proposed brick cavity wall with brick projections lowered it in summer. Combined effect of building elements lowered indoor air temperature in summer and increased it in winter as compared to outdoor air temperature. It is thus useful for energy conservation in buildings in composite climate. 16. Validation Methodology to Allow Simulated Peak Reduction and Energy Performance Analysis of Residential Building Envelope with Phase Change Materials: Preprint Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Tabares-Velasco, P. C.; Christensen, C.; Bianchi, M. 2012-08-01 Phase change materials (PCM) represent a potential technology to reduce peak loads and HVAC energy consumption in residential buildings. This paper summarizes NREL efforts to obtain accurate energy simulations when PCMs are modeled in residential buildings: the overall methodology to verify and validate Conduction Finite Difference (CondFD) and PCM algorithms in EnergyPlus is presented in this study. It also shows preliminary results of three residential building enclosure technologies containing PCM: PCM-enhanced insulation, PCM impregnated drywall and thin PCM layers. The results are compared based on predicted peak reduction and energy savings using two algorithms in EnergyPlus: the PCM and Conduction Finite Difference (CondFD) algorithms. 17. STUDY OF MOISTURE TRANSFER IN ENVELOPE OF CITY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN TIBET ALTIPLANO%西藏高原城镇居住建筑围护结构传湿研究 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 桑国臣; 刘加平 2011-01-01 It is greatly different between sol-air temperature and outdoor air temperature in Tibet altiplano where solar radiation is strong. Taking energy efficiency city residential building in Lassa region as an example, moisture transfer in envelope of different configurations was analyzed adopting different direction sol-air temperature in midwinter day as calculating temperature. The results show that there is no dew-formation in south envelope and dew-formation often occurs in north envelope. In this region, building envelope should adopt external thermal insulation and Sandwich insulation except internal thermal insulation. Optimum no-unfformity configuration design of building envelope for preventing dew-formation was suggested in this study. Therefore, these not only enable more accurate calculation of moisture transfer in building envelope in Tibet altiplano, but also provide better information for optimum configuration design of building envelope for prevention of dew-formation in similar region.%以拉萨地区城镇居住建筑为例,以冬至日不同朝向室外综合温度作为室外计算温度,分析了不同节能构造围护结构在稳态条件下的传湿情况.结果表明:拉萨地区围护结构南向不出现冷凝,北向易出现冷凝,并且该地区围护结构适合采用外保温构造和夹芯保温构造,不宜采用内保温构造;围护结构应采取非平衡防冷凝构造设计.因此,该文的结果不仅可使西藏地区居住建筑围护结构传湿分析更加准确,同时也为该地区围护结构的防冷凝构造设计提供了理论依据. 18. INTERNAL ENVELOPES CERN Multimedia Mail Office 2001-01-01 Internal mail envelopes often finish up in large piles in certain offices, thus creating a shortage for other users of the mail service, who would be grateful if everyone with an unused stock could deposit them in their mail box, after attaching them together with an elastic band or piece of string. The messengers will then collect them so that the Mail Office can put them back in circulation. Thank you for your understanding and collaboration. 19. Evaluation of building envelopes from the viewpoint of capability of controlling thermal environment; Onnetsu kankyo chosei noryoku ni yoru kenchiku gaihi no hyoka no kokoromi Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Umeda, K.; Ono, S. [Taisei Corp., Tokyo (Japan); Shukuya, M. [Musashi Institute of Technology, Tokyo (Japan) 1996-10-27 The ability that architectural space improves the thermal environment in comparison with outdoor environment is called the capability of controlling thermal environment. As the value becomes higher, the indoor thermal environment is more improved. In this paper, the controlling capability of six building envelopes with different window systems was compared. The heat transfer in the wall and window system is approximated using a lumped mass model of heat capacity to obtain a heat balance equation and combined with the heat balance equation in indoor air for backward difference. The wall surface temperature and indoor air temperature in a calculation model are then calculated. A radiation absorption coefficient is used for mutual radiation on each wall. In the model, the adjoining room or first- and second-floor rooms were made the same in conditions as the model on the assumption that the one-side lighted office in an RC reference floor is in the non-illumination and non-airconditioning state. In summer, the controlling capability remarkably varies depending on the window system. For the window facing the south, the annual capability is more advanced than in other directions and the indoor thermal environment is improved on the average. 7 refs., 12 figs., 1 tab. 20. Development of Building Envelope Constructions DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Tommerup, Henrik Monefeldt; Munch-Andersen, Jørgen; Esbensen, Peter Kjær 2000-01-01 of the joint between the foundation, the wall, and the floor slap is very important as 2-dimensional heat loss here is quit significant if not taken proper care of (even though it is not accounted for in the present rules). The new wall types were consequently designed jointly with the foundation. Both walls...... from solid materials as masonry and concrete and framed walls have been dealt with. Three types of foundation and five types of wall have been studied in detail, one of which is just the traditional cavity wall with increased insulation. Cost analysis has proved that the suggested wall types... 1. 太阳能富集地区采暖居住建筑节能构造研究%STUDY OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENVELOPE CONFIGURATION OF HEATING RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN SOLAR RADIATION ZONE Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 桑国臣; 刘加平 2011-01-01 Study taking energy efficiency residential building in Lassa region as an exapmle, suggests a concept of no-uniformity insulation envelope configuration. In this envelope configuration, south wall without exterior insulation and exterior insulation systems were employed in other exterior walls. Based on the investigation of representative residential building modality and envelope characteristic in Lassa region, thermal transfer coefficient of no-uniformity insulation envelope was calculated acooding to the analyse method that time lag and thermal transfer of south exterior wall are regarded synchronously and unit area net thermal losing is equated each other in other exterior walls. In this paper the whole net thermal losing and the surface temperature of no-uniformity insulation envelope were analysed. Therefore, not only the analyse method was suggested but also provided better information for design of no-uniformity insulation envelope configuration in same region.%针对太阳能富集地区居住建筑外墙构造特点和室外综合温度条件,以拉萨地区为例进行研究,提出了采暖居住建筑非平衡保温节能墙体构造,其中南墙不做保温、东西墙和北墙采用外保温.在对当地典型居住建筑形式和围护结构现状调研基础上,采用南墙兼顾延迟时间和传热系数,东西墙、北墙单位面积等净失热量的分析方法,确定了非平衡外墙的传热系数,并对以此设计的非平衡保温构造总净热损失和内表面温度进行了分析.给出了非平衡保温构造的计算与分析方法,为同类地区非平衡保温构造设计提供了方法和理论依据. 2. The performance of a novel flat heat pipe based thermal and PV/T (photovoltaic and thermal systems) solar collector that can be used asan energy-active building envelope material OpenAIRE Jouhara, H; Milko, J; Danielewicz, J; Sayegh, MA; Szulgowska-Zgrzywa, M; Ramos, JB; Lester, SP 2015-01-01 A novel flat heat pipe design has been developed and utilised as a building envelope and thermal solar collector with and without (PV) bonded directly to its surface. The design of the new solar collector has been validated through full scale testing in Cardiff, UK where solar/thermal, uncooled PV and PV/T tests were carried out on three identical systems, simultaneously. The tests showed a solar/thermal energy conversion efficiency of around 64% for the collector with no PV and 50% for the s... 3. Review on Thermal Models for Double-Skin Ventilated Building Envelopes%双层皮通风围护结构的热特性模型研究综述 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 徐新华 2013-01-01 玻璃幕墙及大面积玻璃窗在现代建筑中有许多应用。为了减少夏季的太阳辐射得热或冬季的失热，这些结构可以设计为双层的并在双层的空腔中进行通风，这种结构称为双层皮通风围护结构。回顾了该结构的热特性模型，该热特性模型从建模方法上基本可以分为 CFD 模型、集总参数模型、热与气流网络模型、控制体积模型、区域模型等，分析了这些模型的特点及应用。后4种模型可以与常规建筑能耗模拟软件集成，进行房间或整个建筑的能耗分析，并对该结构的优化控制进行分析。%Curtains and windows with large glass are utilized widely in contemporary buildings. These curtains or windows are designed as double-skin with airflow passing through, to reduce solar radiation in summer and heat loss in winter. The structures are called double-skin ventilated building envelope due to it acting as envelope. The development of thermal models for these structures which may be catego-rized as CFD model, lumped model, thermal and airflow network model, control volume model, zonal model etc, based on modeling approach. Their characteristics and applications are expounded in details. The later four models can be integrated with conventional building energy soft -ware for energy performance analysis or control analysis of the room or the whole building which utilized this double-skin ventilated building envelope. 4. Adaptive Architectural Envelope DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Foged, Isak Worre; Kirkegaard, Poul Henning 2010-01-01 Recent years have seen an increasing variety of applications of adaptive architectural structures for improvement of structural performance by recognizing changes in their environments and loads, adapting to meet goals, and using past events to improve future performance or maintain serviceability....... The general scopes of this paper are to develop a new adaptive kinetic architectural structure, particularly a reconfigurable architectural structure which can transform body shape from planar geometries to hyper-surfaces using different control strategies, i.e. a transformation into more than one or two...... different shape alternatives. The adaptive structure is a proposal for a responsive building envelope which is an idea of a first level operational framework for present and future investigations towards performance based responsive architectures through a set of responsive typologies. A mock- up concept... 5. Multifamily Envelope Leakage Model Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Faakye, Omari [Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings, Norwalk, CT (United States); Griffiths, Dianne [Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings, Norwalk, CT (United States) 2015-05-08 “The cost for blower testing is high, because it is labor intensive, and it may disrupt occupants in multiple units. This high cost and disruption deter program participants, and dissuade them from pursuing energy improvements that would trigger air leakage testing, such as improvements to the building envelope.” This statement found in a 2012 report by Heschong Mahone Group for several California interests emphasizes the importance of reducing the cost and complexity of blower testing in multifamily buildings. Energy efficiency opportunities are being bypassed. The cost of single blower testing is on the order of$300. The cost for guarded blower door testing—the more appropriate test for assessing energy savings opportunities—could easily be six times that, and that’s only if you have the equipment and simultaneous access to multiple apartments. Thus, the proper test is simply not performed. This research seeks to provide an algorithm for predicting the guarded blower door test result based upon a single, total blower door test.
6. Towards the LIVING envelope: Biomimetics for building envelope adaptation
NARCIS (Netherlands)
2012-01-01
Several biomimetic design strategies are available for various applications, though the research on biomimetics as a design tool in architecture is still challenging. This is due to a lack of systematic design tools required for identifying relevant organisms, or natural systems, and abstracting the
7. Solar active envelope module with an adjustable transmittance/absorptance
OpenAIRE
C. Villasante Villasante; I. del Hoyo; Pagola, I. (I.); Sanchez, M.; E. Aranzabe
2015-01-01
A solar active envelope module with a high flexibility degree is proposed in this paper. The transparent module controls the day-lighting of the room, improving the indoor environment, while absorbing the superfluous solar energy inside. That energy is used to increase the efficiency of heating, ventilation, and the air-conditioning (HVAC) system of the building. This is carried out through a fine control of the absorptance of the envelope module. The active envelope module consists of three ...
8. Discussion on energy saving technology of building envelop enclosure structure exterior%谈建筑围护结构外墙节能技术
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
刘晋凤
2016-01-01
介绍了建筑外墙结构的保温技术,论述了外墙外保温技术的优势,分析了聚苯板薄抹灰外墙外保温施工中的技术问题,总结出施工中的几点建议与技术措施,从而提高了建筑围护结构的节能水平,减少了资源浪费.%The paper introduced the thermal insulation technology of building exterior structure,discussed the advantages of external wall thermal insulation technology,analyzed the technical problems in polystyrene board external wall thermal insulation construction,summarized several sug-gestions and technical measures in construction,so as to improve the energy saving level of building exterior,reduced the resources waste.
9. Envelopes of Commutative Rings
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Rafael PARRA; Manuel SAOR(I)N
2012-01-01
Given a significative class F of commutative rings,we study the precise conditions under which a commutative ring R has an F-envelope.A full answer is obtained when.F is the class of fields,semisimple commutative rings or integral domains.When F is the class of Noetherian rings,we give a full answer when the Krull dimension of R is zero and when the envelope is required to be epimorphic.The general problem is reduced to identifying the class of non-Noetherian rings having a monomorphic Noetherian envelope,which we conjecture is the empty class.
10. Preserving Envelope Efficiency in Performance Based Code Compliance
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Thornton, Brian A. [Thornton Energy Consulting (United States); Sullivan, Greg P. [Efficiency Solutions (United States); Rosenberg, Michael I. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Baechler, Michael C. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
2015-06-20
The City of Seattle 2012 Energy Code (Seattle 2014), one of the most progressive in the country, is under revision for its 2015 edition. Additionally, city personnel participate in the development of the next generation of the Washington State Energy Code and the International Energy Code. Seattle has pledged carbon neutrality by 2050 including buildings, transportation and other sectors. The United States Department of Energy (DOE), through Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) provided technical assistance to Seattle in order to understand the implications of one potential direction for its code development, limiting trade-offs of long-lived building envelope components less stringent than the prescriptive code envelope requirements by using better-than-code but shorter-lived lighting and heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) components through the total building performance modeled energy compliance path. Weaker building envelopes can permanently limit building energy performance even as lighting and HVAC components are upgraded over time, because retrofitting the envelope is less likely and more expensive. Weaker building envelopes may also increase the required size, cost and complexity of HVAC systems and may adversely affect occupant comfort. This report presents the results of this technical assistance. The use of modeled energy code compliance to trade-off envelope components with shorter-lived building components is not unique to Seattle and the lessons and possible solutions described in this report have implications for other jurisdictions and energy codes.
11. Soiling of building envelope surfaces and its effect on solar reflectance – Part II: Development of an accelerated aging method for roofing materials
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sleiman, Mohamad [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Kirchstetter, Thomas W. [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Berdahl, Paul [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Gilbert, Haley E. [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Quelen, Sarah [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Marlot, Lea [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Preble, Chelsea V. [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Chen, Sharon [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Montalbano, Amandine [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Rosseler, Olivier [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Akbari, Hashem [Concordia Univ., Montreal (Canada); Levinson, Ronnen [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Destaillats, Hugo [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
2014-01-09
Highly reflective roofs can decrease the energy required for building air conditioning, help mitigate the urban heat island effect, and slow global warming. However, these benefits are diminished by soiling and weathering processes that reduce the solar reflectance of most roofing materials. Soiling results from the deposition of atmospheric particulate matter and the growth of microorganisms, each of which absorb sunlight. Weathering of materials occurs with exposure to water, sunlight, and high temperatures. This study developed an accelerated aging method that incorporates features of soiling and weathering. The method sprays a calibrated aqueous soiling mixture of dust minerals, black carbon, humic acid, and salts onto preconditioned coupons of roofing materials, then subjects the soiled coupons to cycles of ultraviolet radiation, heat and water in a commercial weatherometer. Three soiling mixtures were optimized to reproduce the site-specific solar spectral reflectance features of roofing products exposed for 3 years in a hot and humid climate (Miami, Florida); a hot and dry climate (Phoenix, Arizona); and a polluted atmosphere in a temperate climate (Cleveland, Ohio). A fourth mixture was designed to reproduce the three-site average values of solar reflectance and thermal emittance attained after 3 years of natural exposure, which the Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) uses to rate roofing products sold in the US. This accelerated aging method was applied to 25 products₋single ply membranes, factory and field applied coatings, tiles, modified bitumen cap sheets, and asphalt shingles₋and reproduced in 3 days the CRRC's 3-year aged values of solar reflectance. In conclusion, this accelerated aging method can be used to speed the evaluation and rating of new cool roofing materials.
12. An Investigation of Envelope Situation and Simulation of Heating/Cooling Energy Consumption for Rural Residential Buildings in Shanghai%上海农村住宅围护结构现状调查与供暖空调能耗模拟
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
孙雨林; 林忠平; 王晓梅
2011-01-01
In this paper, based on the building envelope investigation results of 108 rural residential houses in Shanghai, the comparison work with the national standard of Hot Summer and Cold Winter Region Residential Building Design Standard was carried out. The envelope thermal performance of current rural residential buildings was obtained. Based on the investigation results and with the building energy simulation software of DesignBuilder, a basic model for Shanghai rural residential buildings was established.Furthermore, the heating and cooling energy consumption was simulated, and the energy consumption level was achieved. In addition, the importance of energy conservation of rural residential buildings was presented.%本文基于对108户上海农村住宅围护结构的实际调查结果,通过与(JGJ 134-2001)进行比较,分析得到了上海农村住宅围护结构的热工现状.而后以调查分析结果为基础,采用逐时能耗分析软件DesignBuilder建立了上海农村住宅的基本模型,通过对基本模型进行全年能耗模拟,获得了上海农村住宅的供暖空调能耗水平,并简要分析了农村住宅节能的重要性.
13. 严寒和寒冷地区农宅围护结构最优化参数及节能率研究%Study on Building Envelope Optimization Parameters and Energy-saving Rate of Rural Residential Buildings in Severe Cold and Cold Zones
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
李骥; 邹瑜; 刘晶
2012-01-01
本文建立了严寒和寒冷地区典型农宅模型,利用TRNSYS软件计算得到了基础耗热量指标,并使用最优化算法(PSO算法)结合全寿命周期成本理论,得到了该地区农宅全寿命周期成本最小情况下的围护结构传热系数限值以及节能率,为严寒和寒冷地区农宅围护结构节能和农村建筑经济效益最优化提供了依据.%In this paper, a model for typical rural residential building in severe cold and cold zones was developed. And then, the basic heat loss index was calculated using the software of TRNSYS. Furthermore, based on the PSO algorithm and life cycle cost theory, the limited value of heat transfer coefficient and energy-saving rate of building envelope with the minimum whole life cycle cost were obtained. Therefore,the references for energy efficiency and economic benefit optimization for rural residential buildings in severe cold and cold zones were provided.
14. 夏热冬冷地区体育馆建筑围护结构节能设计探析——以重庆北碚区缙云体育馆为例%The envelope energy--saving design analysis of gymnasium building in the hot Summer and cold winter region Case study on the Jinyun gymnasium of Beibei District of Chongqing
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
林峰; 熊洪俊
2012-01-01
This paper analyzes the gymnasium space and energy consumption characteristics,and from the perspective of a passive building energy efficiency design proposes building envelope design for energy efficiency measures.The first is to make reasonable planning and layout,and secondly to improve the external structure of the thermal insulation properties.And by in the above of two aspects analysis of energy-saving design of the building envelope of Jinyun Stadium of Beibei District of Chongqing.On the planning and layout,to creat a well the sunshine ventilated environment;On the outer envelope structure,to determine each part of the thermal performance,and to construction optimized design that don’t meet the provisions of the part of the index.ultimately,the building energy saving rate of 52.31% that meets regulatory requirements by a trade-off calculation.In summary,the energy-saving design of the building envelope is subject to many factors,energy efficient design is to minimize energy loss needing co-ordinate consider these factors.In addition to the energy-saving design of the building envelope in the Building energy efficiency design,including heating and air conditioning and lighting energy-saving design,it should be taken into account every aspect in order to be truly building energy efficiency design.%从被动式建筑节能设计的角度出发,根据体育馆的空间及其能耗特点,提出建筑围护结构节能设计的措施,并通过重庆北碚区缙云体育馆围护结构节能计算的数据来加强夏热冬冷地区体育馆围护结构节能设计措施的说服力。
15. The green building envelope: vertical greening
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Ottelé, M.
2011-01-01
Planting on roofs and façades is one of the most innovative and fastest developing fields of green technologies with respect to the built environment and horticulture. This thesis is focused on vertical greening of structures and to the multi-scale benefits of vegetation. Vertical green can improve
16. Thermal Activated Envelope
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Foged, Isak Worre; Pasold, Anke
2015-01-01
search procedure, the combination of materials and their bonding temperature is found in relation to the envelope effect on a thermal environment inside a defined space. This allows the designer to articulate dynamic composites with time-based thermal functionality, related to the material dynamics...
17. Elliptic stable envelope
CERN Document Server
Aganagic, Mina
2016-01-01
We construct stable envelopes in equivariant elliptic cohomology of Nakajima quiver varieties. In particular, this gives an elliptic generalization of the results of arXiv:1211.1287. We apply them to the computation of the monodromy of $q$-difference equations arising the enumerative K-theory of rational curves in Nakajima varieties, including the quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations.
18. (Quasi-)Poisson enveloping algebras
OpenAIRE
Yang, Yan-Hong; Yuan YAO; Ye, Yu
2010-01-01
We introduce the quasi-Poisson enveloping algebra and Poisson enveloping algebra for a non-commutative Poisson algebra. We prove that for a non-commutative Poisson algebra, the category of quasi-Poisson modules is equivalent to the category of left modules over its quasi-Poisson enveloping algebra, and the category of Poisson modules is equivalent to the category of left modules over its Poisson enveloping algebra.
19. 太阳能建筑表皮设计策略*--以2013年中国国际太阳能十项全能竞赛作品为例%Solar Building Envelope Design Strategy:Case Study of Solar Decathlon China 2013
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
赵学义; 王天珍; 丁玎
2014-01-01
建筑表皮除表现建筑外形特征，更是提高建筑性能的重要结构。在阐述太阳能十项全能竞赛的背景的基础上，介绍竞赛规则与往届典型作品。概述2013年竞赛作品在建筑外围护结构保温隔热效果优化、微气候优化及其余太阳能设备结合等方面所做的尝试。重点以山东建筑大学作品“工业魔方”为例，分析较低投资策略下的零能耗太阳能小住宅围护结构构造与相关技术应用，包括高性能外墙及其喷淋系统应用、自动化保温隔热门窗选型、多样化立体绿化方案设计、太阳能集热器与电池板遮阴等。%Building envelope is not only presentation of architectural appearance, but also vital struc-ture to improving building performance. The background of Solar Decathlon is introduced, as well as com-petition rules and typical entries of previous competitions. The paper summarizes attempts of entries of 2013 in the aspects of advanced building envelope and integration of solar devices with building skin. The I-Magic Cube, the entry of Shandong Jianzhu University for example, is analyzed on building envelope construction and relative technologies application of zero energy solar house on condition of low investment. Presentation of I-Magic Cube includes application of high-performance exterior wall and its spray system, model selection of automatic heat insulating exterior door and window, diversified design of vertical green-ing, solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic panels using as sunshade etc. New design deliverables of ad-vanced building envelope are demonstrated by utilizing abundant and lucid instances.
20. 太阳能建筑表皮设计策略*--以2013年中国国际太阳能十项全能竞赛作品为例%Solar Building Envelope Design Strategy:Case Study of Solar Decathlon China 2013
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
赵学义; 王天珍; 丁玎
2014-01-01
Building envelope is not only presentation of architectural appearance, but also vital struc-ture to improving building performance. The background of Solar Decathlon is introduced, as well as com-petition rules and typical entries of previous competitions. The paper summarizes attempts of entries of 2013 in the aspects of advanced building envelope and integration of solar devices with building skin. The I-Magic Cube, the entry of Shandong Jianzhu University for example, is analyzed on building envelope construction and relative technologies application of zero energy solar house on condition of low investment. Presentation of I-Magic Cube includes application of high-performance exterior wall and its spray system, model selection of automatic heat insulating exterior door and window, diversified design of vertical green-ing, solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic panels using as sunshade etc. New design deliverables of ad-vanced building envelope are demonstrated by utilizing abundant and lucid instances.%建筑表皮除表现建筑外形特征，更是提高建筑性能的重要结构。在阐述太阳能十项全能竞赛的背景的基础上，介绍竞赛规则与往届典型作品。概述2013年竞赛作品在建筑外围护结构保温隔热效果优化、微气候优化及其余太阳能设备结合等方面所做的尝试。重点以山东建筑大学作品“工业魔方”为例，分析较低投资策略下的零能耗太阳能小住宅围护结构构造与相关技术应用，包括高性能外墙及其喷淋系统应用、自动化保温隔热门窗选型、多样化立体绿化方案设计、太阳能集热器与电池板遮阴等。
1. Pre-paid envelopes commemorating the 2013 Open Days
CERN Multimedia
2013-01-01
The post office on CERN's Prévessin site is still selling pre-paid envelopes commemorating the 2013 Open Days. Hurry while stocks last! The special envelopes, which are valid in France for non-priority letters weighing up to 20 grams, are ideal for your Christmas and New Year correspondence. A set of ten envelopes, each featuring a different image, costs € 8.70 or 10 CHF. The post office is located in Building 866 on the Prévessin site and is open Mondays to Thursdays from 9.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.
2. URGENT - Internal Mail Envelopes
CERN Multimedia
2007-01-01
Internal mail envelopes often finish up in large piles in certain offices, thus creating a shortage for other users of the mail service, who would be grateful if everyone with an unused stock could deposit them in their mail box, after attaching them together with an elastic band or piece of string. The messengers will then collect them so that the Mail Office can put them back in circulation. Thank you for your understanding and collaboration. Mail Office
3. Internal mail envelopes
CERN Multimedia
2003-01-01
Internal mail envelopes often finish up in large piles in certain offices, thus creating a shortage for other users of the mail service, who would be grateful if everyone with an unusual stock could deposit them in their mail box, after attaching them together with an elastic band or piece of string. The messengers will then collect them so that the Mail Office can put them back in circulation. Thank you for your understanding and collaboration. Mail Office
4. Data envelopment analysis
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
2001-01-01
This review introduces the history and present status of data envelopment analysis (DEA) research, particularly the evaluation process. And extensions of some DEA models are also described. It is pointed out that mathematics, economics and management science are the main forces in the DEA development, optimization provides the fundamental method for the DEA research, and the wide range of applications enforces the rapid development of DEA.
5. INTERNAL MAIL ENVELOPES
CERN Multimedia
Mail Office
2001-01-01
Internal mail envelopes often finish up in large piles in certain offices, thus creating a shortage for other users of the mail service, who would be grateful if everyone with an unused stock could deposit them in their mail box, after attaching them together with an elastic band or piece of string. The messengers will then collect them so that the Mail Office can put them back in circulation. Thank you for your understanding and collaboration.
6. INTERNAL MAIL ENVELOPES
CERN Multimedia
Mail Office
2002-01-01
Internal mail envelopes often finish up in large piles in certain offices, thus creating a shortage for other users of the mail service, who would be grateful if everyone with an unused stock could deposit them in their mail box, after attaching them together with an elastic band or piece of string. The messengers will then collect them so that the Mail Office can put them back in circulation. Thank you for your understanding and collaboration. Mail Office
7. INTERNAL MAIL ENVELOPES
CERN Multimedia
Mail Office
2002-01-01
Internal mail envelopes often finish up in large piles in certain offices, thus creating a shortage for other users of the mail service, who would be grateful if everyone with an unused stock could deposit them in their mail box, after attaching them together with an elastic band or piece of string. The messengers will then collect them so that the Mail Office can put them back in circulation. Thank you for your understanding and collaboration. Mail Office
8. INTERNAL MAIL ENVELOPES
CERN Multimedia
Mail Office
2002-01-01
Internal mail envelopes often finish up in large piles in certain offices, thus creating a shortage for other users of the mail service, who would be grateful if everyone with an unused stock could deposit them in their mail box, after attaching them together with an elastic band or piece of string. The messengers will then collect them so that the Mail Office can put them back in circulation. Thank you for your understanding and collaboration.
9. INTERNAL CIRCULATION ENVELOPES
CERN Multimedia
Mail Office
2001-01-01
Internal mail envelopes often finish up in large piles in certain offices, thus creating a shortage for other users of the mail service, who would be grateful if everyone with an unused stock could deposit them in their mail box, after attaching them together with an elastic band or a piece of string. The messengers will then collect them so that the Mail Office can put them back in circulation. Thank you for your understanding and collaboration.
10. URGENT - Internal Mail Envelopes
CERN Multimedia
Mail Office
2004-01-01
Internal mail envelopes often finish up in large piles in certain offices, thus creating a shortage for other users of the mail service, who would be grateful if everyone with an unused stock could deposit them in their mail box, after attaching them together with an elastic band or piece of string. The messengers will then collect them so that the Mail Office can put them back in circulation. Thank you for your understanding and collaboration. Mail Office
11. Responsive envelope tessellation and stochastic rotation of 4-fold penttiles
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sambit Datta
2014-06-01
Full Text Available This paper reports on the design and control of a responsive envelope based on the rotation of tessellated components. The study investigates responsive and dynamic approaches for building facades and envelopes to regulate solar shading, light control, views and thermal gain within the building. It is well known that near real-time visual output from computational simulation can significantly impact the prediction of dynamic building-environment interactions and lead to the development of smart, adaptable, net zero energy buildings. To address these motivations, this paper reports the development of an experimental simulation of a responsive envelope based on using a 4-fold penttile scheme. The simulation is developed using a novel pentagonal approach involving component (tile design, tessellation and control methods. The paper further elaborates on the geometry and control aspects of the facade subdivision and presents the results of applying this tessellation geometry to a building envelope shading study based on facade components with rotation. Finally, it tests the “responsiveness” to multiple performance metrics by applying a non-deterministic exploration method for the stochastic rotation of individual panels. The sophisticated evaluation of alternative envelope configurations for a set of performance criteria require a tighter computational coupling between modelling and control of dynamic geometry.
12. Energy management systems in buildings
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lush, D.M.
1979-07-01
An investigation is made of the range of possibilities available from three types of systems (automatic control devices, building envelope, and the occupants) in buildings. The following subjects are discussed: general (buildings, design and personnel); new buildings (envelope, designers, energy and load calculations, plant design, general design parameters); existing buildings (conservation measures, general energy management, air conditioned buildings, industrial buildings); man and motivation (general, energy management and documentation, maintenance, motivation); automatic energy management systems (thermostatic controls, optimized plant start up, air conditioned and industrial buildings, building automatic systems). (MCW)
13. Uncertain data envelopment analysis
CERN Document Server
Wen, Meilin
2014-01-01
This book is intended to present the milestones in the progression of uncertain Data envelopment analysis (DEA). Chapter 1 gives some basic introduction to uncertain theories, including probability theory, credibility theory, uncertainty theory and chance theory. Chapter 2 presents a comprehensive review and discussion of basic DEA models. The stochastic DEA is introduced in Chapter 3, in which the inputs and outputs are assumed to be random variables. To obtain the probability distribution of a random variable, a lot of samples are needed to apply the statistics inference approach. Chapter 4
14. Thermal Responsive Envelope
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Foged, Isak Worre; Pasold, Anke
2015-01-01
The paper presents an architectural computational method and model, which, through additive and subtractive processes, create composite elements with bending behaviour based on thermal variations in the surrounding climatic environment. The present effort is focused on the manipulation of assembly...... composite layers and their relative layer lengths thereby embedding the merged material effect to create a responsive behavioural architectural envelope. Copper and polypropylene are used as base materials for the composite structure due to their high differences in thermal expansion, surface emissivity...... alterations, their respective durability and copper’s architectural (visual and transformative) aesthetic qualities. Through the use of an evolutionary solver, the composite structure of the elements are organised to find the bending behaviour specified by and for the thermal environments. The entire model...
15. Categories with envelopes and imprints
CERN Document Server
Akbarov, Sergei
2011-01-01
An envelope in a category is a construction generalizing operations of "exterior completion", like completion of a locally convex space. Dually, an imprint generalizes operations of "interior enrichment", like saturation of a locally convex space. We give abstract definition for envelopes and imprints, prove existence of these objects in the categories of stereotype spaces and of stereotype algebras, and give some examples.
16. Building envelope design for renewal of air by natural ventilation in moderate climates. Proposition of a designing methodology; Conception des enveloppes de batiments pour le renouvellement d'air par ventilation naturelle en climats temperes. Proposition d'une methodologie de conception
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Mansouri, Y.
2003-12-01
The subject of this research is to produce methods and methodological tools for the architects to support the integration of natural ventilation systems in the building envelope design. Our research is situated to the interface between the architectural practice and the physical research on natural ventilation. We are interested in phenomena that can influence or force the strategy of ventilation. A morphological analysis of naturally ventilated buildings concerning the integration modes of natural ventilation systems is done permitting US to propose a typology and a topology of ventilation systems. We define criteria in relation to the thermal comfort, to the quality of air and the economy of energy to assess air renewal techniques. In complement of the sizing tool, we elaborate a methodology of conception for the integration of passives ventilation systems. Design guidelines permit US to conclude on an effective natural ventilation system which is well adapted to collective habitat. (author)
17. Danish building typologies
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Wittchen, Kim Bjarne; Kragh, Jesper
The objective of TABULA is to develop a harmonised building typology for European countries. Each national building typology will consist of a set of residential model buildings with characteristic energy-related properties (element areas of the thermal building envelope, U-values, supply system...... efficiencies). The model buildings will each represent a specific construction period of the country in question and a specific building size. Furthermore the number of buildings, flats and the overall floor areas will be given, which are represented by the different building types of the national typologies....
18. The circumstellar envelope of the C-rich post-AGB star HD 56126
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Hony, S; Tielens, AGGM; Waters, LBFM; de Koter, A
2003-01-01
We present a detailed study of the circumstellar envelope of the post-asymptotic giant branch "21 mum object" HD 56126. We build a detailed dust radiative transfer model of the circumstellar envelope in order to derive the dust composition and mass, and the mass-loss history of the star. To model th
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Strauss, H.
2013-01-01
The continuous development of the building envelope over the past hundred years can be exemplified by a few ground-breaking inventions. Firstly, the separation of primary and secondary structure during the beginning of the 20th century; by implementing a curtain wall façade to physically separate th
20. Reuse and Upcycling of Municipal Waste for ZEB Envelope Design in European Urban Areas
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Elisa Pennacchia
2016-06-01
Full Text Available Building energy efficiency and urban waste management are two focal issues for improving environmental status and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The main aim of this paper is to compare economic costs of new building envelope structures designed by authors reusing and upcycling municipal waste in order to decrease energy demand from the building sector and, at the same time, improve eco-friendly waste management at the local scale. The reuse of waste for building envelope structures is one of the main principles of the Earthship buildings model, based on the use of passive solar principles in autonomous earth-sheltered homes. This Earthship principle has been analyzed in order to optimize buildings’ energy performance and reuse municipal waste for new building envelope structures in urban areas. Indeed, the elaborated structures have been designed for urban contexts, with the aim of reuse waste coming from surrounding landfills. The methods include an analysis of thermal performance of urban waste for designing new building envelope structures realized by assembling waste and isolating materials not foreseen in Earthship buildings. The reused materials are: cardboard tubes, automobile tires, wood pallets, and plastic and glass bottles. Finally, comparing economic costs of these new building envelope structures, the obtained results highlight their economic feasibility compared to a traditional structure with similar thermal transmittance.
1. The LHC in an envelope
CERN Document Server
2007-01-01
The series of envelopes featuring CERN issued this summer was a huge success. The French postal services of the Pays de Gex will shortly be launching the second set of pre-paid envelopes issued in collaboration with the Laboratory this year, this time highlighting the LHC. Five thousand envelopes describing the accelerator’s capabilities will go on sale on 12 November, and some of the packs will even contain a small sample of the cables from the heart of the LHC magnets. The sets of ten pre-paid envelopes will tell you everything about CERN’s flagship accelerator, from its astounding technical capabilities to its spin-offs in the fields of technology and human resources. Each envelope will feature a different attribute or spin-off of the LHC. People will be invited to consult CERN’s public website for more detailed explanations if they want to know more. The new envelopes will be available from five post offices in the Pays de Gex (Ferney-Voltaire, Prévessin...
2. The LHC on an envelope
CERN Multimedia
2007-01-01
The series of envelopes featuring CERN issued this summer was a huge success. The French postal services of the Pays de Gex will shortly be launching the second set of pre-paid envelopes issued in collaboration with the Laboratory this year, this time highlighting the LHC. Five thousand envelopes describing the accelerator’s capabilities will go on sale on 12 November, and some of the packs will even contain a small sample of the cables from the heart of the LHC magnets. The sets of ten pre-paid envelopes will tell you everything about CERN’s flagship accelerator, from its astounding technical capabilities to its spin-offs in the fields of technology and human resources. Each envelope will feature a different attribute or spin-off of the LHC. People will be invited to consult CERN’s public website for more detailed explanations if they want to know more. The new envelopes will be available from five post offices in the Pays ...
3. Multifamily Envelope Leakage Model
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Faakye, O. [Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings, Norwalk, CT (United States); Griffiths, D. [Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings, Norwalk, CT (United States)
2015-05-01
The objective of the 2013 research project was to develop the model for predicting fully guarded test results (FGT), using unguarded test data and specific building features of apartment units. The model developed has a coefficient of determination R2 value of 0.53 with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.13. Both statistical metrics indicate that the model is relatively strong. When tested against data that was not included in the development of the model, prediction accuracy was within 19%, which is reasonable given that seasonal differences in blower door measurements can vary by as much as 25%.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Holger Strauss
2013-02-01
5. Parasitic Events in Envelope Analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
J. Doubek
2001-01-01
Full Text Available Envelope analysis allows fast fault location of individual gearboxes and parts of bearings by repetition frequency determination of the mechanical catch of an amplitude-modulated signal. Systematic faults arise when using envelope analysis on a signal with strong changes. The source of these events is the range of function definition of used in convolution integral definition. This integral is used for Hilbert image calculation of analyzed signal. Overshoots (almost similar to Gibbs events on a synthetic signal using the Fourier series are result from these faults. Overshoots are caused by parasitic spectral lines in the frequency domain, which can produce faulty diagnostic analysis.This paper describes systematic arising during faults rising by signal numerical calculation using envelope analysis with Hilbert transform. It goes on to offer a mathematical analysis of these systematic faults.
6. Outliers In Data Envelopment Analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Shaik Khaleel Ahamed
2015-06-01
Full Text Available Data Envelopment Analysis is a linear programming technique that assigns efficiency scores to firms engaged in producing similar outputs employing similar inputs. Extremely efficient firms are potential Outliers. The method developed detects Outliers, implementing Stochastic Threshold Value, with computational ease. It is useful in data filtering in BIG DATA problems.
7. Expert Meeting Report: Advanced Envelope Research for Factory Built Housing
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Levy, E.; Mullens, M.; Tompos, E.; Kessler, B.; Rath, P.
2012-04-01
This report provides information about the Building America expert meeting on advanced envelope research for factory built housing, hosted by the ARIES Collaborative on October 11, 2011, in Phoenix, Arizona. The goals of this meeting were to provide a comprehensive solution to the use of three previously selected advanced alternatives for factory-built wall construction, assess each option focusing on major issues relating to viability and commercial potential, and determine additional steps are required to reach this potential.
8. Energy-saving material optimization of the envelop enclosure of residential buildings based on value analysis%基于价值分析的住宅建筑维护结构节能材料优选的研究
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
刘丽妍; 石振武
2015-01-01
建筑业节能建筑、绿色建筑正在兴起，但由于成本相对较高，导致节能材料的应用并不普遍。根据价值工程理论，对现有的住宅建筑围护结构的节能材料进行价值分析，在外墙外保温系统材料和外门窗材料的多种方案中，优选出符合哈尔滨市地理气候特点的节能方案。优选出的方案在保证功能性的前提下提升使用价值，降低建造成本。%Nowadays , the construction industry is developing energy‐saving building , however , its relatively high cost has caused the uncommon application of energy‐saving materials . According to the theory of value engineering ,this paper proposes a value analysis of current energy‐saving materials of the envelop enclosure of residential buildings ,in order to select the energy‐saving solution w hich conforms with the geographical and climatic characteristics in Harbin among various schemes of the material of the exterior wall insulation system and external doors and windows .The optimum scheme is to promote the use value and reduce the building cost on the premise of guaranteed functionality .Also ,It will provide reference for the construction and development of Harbin ,in order to realize the sustainable development of construction industry .
9. Integrating Environmentally Responsive Elements in Buildings
OpenAIRE
Heiselberg, Per; Andresen, Inger; Perino, Marco; van der Aa, Ad
2006-01-01
Significant improvement have been achieved on efficiency improvements of specific building elements like the building envelope and building equipment and services and whilst most building elements still offer opportunities for efficiency improvements, the greatest future potential lie with technologies that promote the integration of responsive building elements and building services in integrated building concepts. In order to address some of these issues an international research effort, IE...
10. Chemical Models of Collapsing Envelopes
CERN Document Server
Bergin, E A
1999-01-01
We discuss recent models of chemical evolution in the developing and collapsing protostellar envelopes associated with low-mass star formation. In particular, the effects of depletion of gas-phase molecules onto grain surfaces is considered. We show that during the middle to late evolutionary stages, prior to the formation of a protostar, various species selectively deplete from the gas phase. The principal pattern of selective depletions is the depletion of sulfur-bearing molecules relative to nitrogen-bearing species: NH3 and N2H+. This pattern is shown to be insensitive to the details of the dynamics and marginally sensitive to whether the grain mantle is dominated by polar or non-polar molecules. Based on these results we suggest that molecular ions are good tracers of collapsing envelopes. The effects of coupling chemistry and dynamics on the resulting physical evolution are also examined. Particular attention is paid to comparisons between models and observations.
11. Solar envelope zoning: application to the city planning process. Los Angeles case study
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
1980-06-01
Solar envelope zoning represents a promising approach to solar access protection. A solar envelope defines the volume within which a building will not shade adjacent lots or buildings. Other solar access protection techniques, such as privately negotiated easements, continue to be tested and implemented but none offer the degree of comprehensiveness evident in this approach. Here, the City of Los Angeles, through the Mayor's Energy Office, the City Planning Department, and the City Attorney's Office, examine the feasibility of translating the concept of solar envelopes into zoning techniques. They concluded that envelope zoning is a fair and consistent method of guaranteeing solar access, but problems of complexity and uncertainty may limit its usefulness. Envelope zoning may be inappropriate for the development of high density centers and for more restrictive community plans. Aids or tools to administer envelope zoning need to be developed. Finally, some combination of approaches, including publicly recorded easements, subdivision approval and envelope zoning, need to be adopted to encourage solar use in cities. (MHR)
12. Safeguards Envelope Progress FY08
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Robert Bean; Richard Metcalf; Aaron Bevill
2008-09-01
The Safeguards Envelope Project met its milestones by creating a rudimentary safeguards envelope, proving the value of the approach on a small scale, and determining the most appropriate path forward. The Idaho Chemical Processing Plant’s large cache of reprocessing process monitoring data, dubbed UBER Data, was recovered and used in the analysis. A probabilistic Z test was used on a Markov Monte Carlo simulation of expected diversion data when compared with normal operating data. The data regarding a fully transient event in a tank was used to create a simple requirement, representative of a safeguards envelope, whose impact was a decrease in operating efficiency by 1.3% but an increase in material balance period of 26%. This approach is operator, state, and international safeguards friendly and should be applied to future reprocessing plants. Future requirements include tank-to-tank correlations in reprocessing facilities, detailed operations impact studies, simulation inclusion, automated optimization, advanced statistics analysis, and multi-attribute utility analysis.
13. ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF THE BUILDING
OpenAIRE
Bocharnikov, Dmitry
2011-01-01
The subject of bachelor’s thesis is about energy efficiency of the building. Much attention is being paid to energy saving problems all over the world. In the first part it theoretic base for thermal performance requirements of buildings. It includes main positions of Russian requirements for thermal performance. Also it is about general types of building envelope. The second part is about energy audit of buildings. In this part there is an energy efficiency assessment methodology. Energy eff...
14. Introducing the Adaptive Convex Enveloping
CERN Document Server
Yu, Sheng
2011-01-01
Convexity, though extremely important in mathematical programming, has not drawn enough attention in the field of dynamic programming. This paper gives conditions for verifying convexity of the cost-to-go functions, and introduces an accurate, fast and reliable algorithm for solving convex dynamic programs with multivariate continuous states and actions, called Adaptive Convex Enveloping. This is a short introduction of the core technique created and used in my dissertation, so it is less formal, and misses some parts, such as literature review and reference, compared to a full journal paper.
15. Safeguards Envelope Progress FY10
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Richard Metcalf
2010-10-01
The Safeguards Envelope is a strategy to determine a set of specific operating parameters within which nuclear facilities may operate to maximize safeguards effectiveness without sacrificing safety or plant efficiency. This paper details the additions to the advanced operating techniques that will be applied to real plant process monitoring (PM) data from the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP). Research this year focused on combining disparate pieces of data together to maximize operating time with minimal downtime due to safeguards. A Chi-Square and Croiser's cumulative sum were both included as part of the new analysis. Because of a major issue with the original data, the implementation of the two new tests did not add to the existing set of tests, though limited one-variable optimization made a small increase in detection probability. Additional analysis was performed to determine if prior analysis would have caused a major security or safety operating envelope issue. It was determined that a safety issue would have resulted from the prior research, but that the security may have been increased under certain conditions.
16. Circumplanetary disc or circumplanetary envelope?
Science.gov (United States)
Szulágyi, J.; Masset, F.; Lega, E.; Crida, A.; Morbidelli, A.; Guillot, T.
2016-08-01
We present three-dimensional simulations with nested meshes of the dynamics of the gas around a Jupiter mass planet with the JUPITER and FARGOCA codes. We implemented a radiative transfer module into the JUPITER code to account for realistic heating and cooling of the gas. We focus on the circumplanetary gas flow, determining its characteristics at very high resolution (80 per cent of Jupiter's diameter). In our nominal simulation where the temperature evolves freely by the radiative module and reaches 13000 K at the planet, a circumplanetary envelope was formed filling the entire Roche lobe. Because of our equation of state is simplified and probably overestimates the temperature, we also performed simulations with limited maximal temperatures in the planet region (1000, 1500, and 2000 K). In these fixed temperature cases circumplanetary discs (CPDs) were formed. This suggests that the capability to form a CPD is not simply linked to the mass of the planet and its ability to open a gap. Instead, the gas temperature at the planet's location, which depends on its accretion history, plays also fundamental role. The CPDs in the simulations are hot and cooling very slowly, they have very steep temperature and density profiles, and are strongly sub-Keplerian. Moreover, the CPDs are fed by a strong vertical influx, which shocks on the CPD surfaces creating a hot and luminous shock-front. In contrast, the pressure supported circumplanetary envelope is characterized by internal convection and almost stalled rotation.
17. Evolution of envelope solitons of ionization waves
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The time evolution of a particle-like envelope soliton of ionization waves in plasma was investigated theoretically. The hydrodynamic equations of one spatial dimension were solved and the nonlinear dispersion relation was derived. For the amplitude of the wave the nonlinear Schroedinger equation was derived. Its soliton solution was interpreted as the envelope soliton which was experimentally found. The damping rate of the envelope soliton was estimated. (D.Gy.)
18. Adaptive Flight Envelope Estimation and Protection Project
Data.gov (United States)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration — Impact Technologies, in collaboration with the Georgia Institute of Technology, proposes to develop and demonstrate an innovative flight envelope estimation and...
19. Nano insulating materials and energy retrofit of buildings
Science.gov (United States)
Casini, Marco
2016-06-01
The article offers an analysis of the use of nanotechnological insulation materials (NIMs) for energy upgrading of buildings, illustrating the possibility of their integration into the building envelope and the benefits achievable in terms of architectural quality, comfort and energy saving, within the new framework of European legislation aimed at achieving Zero energy buildings. Particular reference is given to Fibre Reinforced Aerogel Blankets for the building envelope, especially interesting for their wide possible applications even combined with phase change materials.
20. Performance Based Envelopes: A Theory of Spatialized Skins and the Emergence of the Integrated Design Professional
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Franca Trubiano
2013-10-01
Full Text Available Realigning the design of building envelopes within the measures of air, light and heat has rendered possible an inventive form of practice whose benefits are far in excess of the metrics of data and analysis. For many of its most advanced practitioners, the contemporary design of facades engages the true potential of “performance” when it deepens, broadens and complicates the theoretical dimension of this most liminal of surfaces. Of particular interest to this paper is a discussion of new theoretical paradigms associated with the design and operation of high performance envelopes of which four characteristics of this emergent sub-discipline are herein examined. To begin with, the way in which building envelopes are no longer separators, dividers and barriers between a building’s interior and exterior conditions, but rather, “spatially” defined environments that fully engage the totality of a building’s engineering systems, is discussed. Cantilevered Louvers, Double Skin Facades and Hybrid Conditioned Atria are representative of this new paradigm as is the use of Responsive Technologies to optimize their behaviors. Lastly, the paper examines the rise of the new integrated design building envelope professional called upon to deliver ever-better performing skins, whether in the guise of energy modeler, climate engineer or façade construction specialist. Hence, this paper develops a theoretical structure within which to describe, analyze and interpret the values made possible by this new and expanding field of performance based envelopes.
1. Reach Envelope of Human Extremities
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
YANG Jingzhou(杨景周); ZHANG Yunqing(张云清); CHEN Liping(陈立平); ABDEL-MALEK Karim
2004-01-01
Significant attention in recent years has been given to obtain a better understanding of human joint ranges, measurement, and functionality, especially in conjunction with commands issued by the central nervous system. While researchers have studied motor commands needed to drive a limb to follow a path trajectory, various computer algorithms have been reported that provide adequate analysis of limb modeling and motion. This paper uses a rigorous mathematical formulation to model human limbs, understand their reach envelope, delineate barriers therein where a trajectory becomes difficult to control, and help visualize these barriers. Workspaces of a typical forearm with 9 degrees of freedom, a typical finger modeled as a 4- degree-of-freedom system, and a lower extremity with 4 degrees of freedom are discussed. The results show that using the proposed formulation, joint limits play an important role in distinguishing the barriers.
2. 14 CFR 23.333 - Flight envelope.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01
... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flight envelope. 23.333 Section 23.333... STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Structure Flight Loads § 23.333 Flight envelope. (a) General. Compliance with the strength requirements of this subpart must be shown...
3. Solar active envelope module with an adjustable transmittance/absorptance
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
C. Villasante Villasante
2015-06-01
Full Text Available A solar active envelope module with a high flexibility degree is proposed in this paper. The transparent module controls the day-lighting of the room, improving the indoor environment, while absorbing the superfluous solar energy inside. That energy is used to increase the efficiency of heating, ventilation, and the air-conditioning (HVAC system of the building. This is carried out through a fine control of the absorptance of the envelope module. The active envelope module consists of three glazed chambers with advanced coatings and frames to assure a minimum thermal transmittance while allowing transparency. A fluid containing heat-absorbing nanoparticles flows inside the central chamber and is heated up due to the impinging solar energy. Unlike other systems proposed in the past, which included transparency control systems based on complex filters and chemical processes, the absorption of the module is controlled by the variation of the thickness of the central chamber with a mechanical device. That is, varying the thickness of the central chamber, it allows controlling the absorptance of the whole system and, as a result, indoor day-lighting and thermal loads. Therefore, a new system is proposed that enables to:
4. Building Integration of Aerogel Glazings
OpenAIRE
Gao, Tao; Jelle, Bjørn Petter; Gustavsen, Arild
2016-01-01
The recent building practices have shown that aerogel glazings can be used as a multifunctional building envelope component for different purposes. Nevertheless, the distinctive physical properties and energy performance of aerogel glazings suggest that building integration of aerogel glazings may create architectural challenges, aesthetic problems, as well as concerns on their durability and environmental impact, thus highlighting the importance of developing guidelines to regulate the use o...
5. Development and Evaluation of a Responsive Building Envelope
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kirkegaard, Poul Henning; Foged, Isak Worre
2011-01-01
Recently we have seen an increasing variety of applications of adaptive architectural structures for improvement of structural performance by recognizing changes in their environments and loads, adapting to meet goals, and using past events to improve future performance or maintain serviceability....... The general scopes of this paper are to present the development and evaluation of a new adaptive kinetic architectural structure. This reconfigurable structure can transform body shape from planar geometries to hyper-surfaces using different control strategies, i.e. a transformation into more than one or two...
6. Simulating Convection in Stellar Envelopes
Science.gov (United States)
Tanner, Joel
7. Spectral Envelopes - A Preliminary Report
CERN Document Server
Lawton, Wayne
2012-01-01
The spectral envelope S(F) of a subset of integers is the set of probability measures on the circle group that are weak star limits of squared moduli of trigonometric polynomials with frequencies in F. Fourier transforms of these measures are positive and supported in F - F but the converse generally fails. The characteristic function chiF of F is a binary sequence whose orbit closure gives a symbolic dynamical system O(F). Analytic properties of S(F) are related to dynamical properties of chiF. The Riemann-Lebesque lemma implies that if chiF is minimal, then S(F) is convex and hence S(F) is the closure of the convex hull of its extreme points Se(F). In this paper we (i) review the relationship between these concepts and the special case of the still open 1959 Kadison-Singer problem called Feichtinger's conjecture for exponential functions, (ii) partially characterize of elements in Se(F), for minimal chiF, in terms of ergodic properties of (O(F),lambda) where lambda is a shift invariant probability measure w...
8. Circumplanetary disk or circumplanetary envelope?
CERN Document Server
Szulágyi, J; Lega, E; Crida, A; Morbidelli, A; Guillot, T
2016-01-01
We present three-dimensional simulations with nested meshes of the dynamics of the gas around a Jupiter mass planet with the JUPITER and FARGOCA codes. We implemented a radiative transfer module into the JUPITER code to account for realistic heating and cooling of the gas. We focus on the circumplanetary gas flow, determining its characteristics at very high resolution ($80\\%$ of Jupiter's diameter). In our nominal simulation where the temperature evolves freely by the radiative module and reaches 13000 K at the planet, a circumplanetary envelope was formed filling the entire Roche-lobe. Because of our equation of state is simplified and probably overestimates the temperature, we also performed simulations with limited maximal temperatures in the planet region (1000 K, 1500 K, and 2000 K). In these fixed temperature cases circumplanetary disks (CPDs) were formed. This suggests that the capability to form a circumplanetary disk is not simply linked to the mass of the planet and its ability to open a gap. Inste...
9. Active materials for adaptive architectural envelopes based on plant adaptation principles
OpenAIRE
Marlen Lopez; Ramon Rubio; Santiago Martın; Ben Croxford; Richard Jackson
2015-01-01
In this paper, the authors present research into adaptive architectural envelopes that adapt to environmental changes using active materials, as a result of application of biomimetic principles from plants to architecture. Buildings use large amounts of energy in order to maintain their internal comfort, because conventional buildings are designed to provide a static design solution. Most of the current solutions for facades are not designed for optimum adaptation to contextual issues and nee...
10. Building Technologies Program Multi-Year Program Plan Research and Development 2008
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
None, None
2008-01-01
Building Technologies Program Multi-Year Program Plan 2008 for research and development, including residential and commercial integration, lighting, HVAC and water heating, envelope, windows, and analysis tools.
11. Injection envelope matching in storage rings
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The shape and size of the transverse phase space injected into a storage ring can be deduced from turn-by-turn measurements of the transient behavior of the beam envelope in the ring. Envelope oscillations at 2 x the β-tron frequency indicate the presence of a β-mismatch, while envelope oscillations at the β-tron frequency are the signature of a dispersion function mismatch. Experiments in injection optimization using synchrotron radiation imaging of the beam and a fast-gated camera at the SLC damping rings are reported
12. Design and performance of an integrated envelope/lighting system
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lee, E.S.; Selkowitz, S.E.
1997-04-01
Dynamic envelope/lighting systems offer the potential to achieve a near optimum energy-efficient environment meeting occupant needs throughout the year by adapting to dynamic meteorological conditions and changing occupant preferences in real time. With the dramatic increased functionality of the microprocessor, there is an untapped potential to make dynamic envelop/lighting systems easier to use, diagnose, and monitor, and to integrate them as part of a sophisticated building-wide control system. This study addresses the complex relationship between this energy-efficiency technology and many of the non-energy issues related to its potential acceptance by the building industry, architects, owners, and users. The authors demonstrate the concept of integrated dynamic systems with a prototype motorized venetian blind operated in synchronization with electric lighting and daylighting controls via an intelligent control system. Research work conducted with simulation software and reduced-scale and full-scale field tests is summarized. Much of this work is directly relevant to other active shading and daylighting systems on the market today and to state-of-the-art window systems yet to come (i.e., electrochromics).
13. Multiscale Analysis of RMS Envelope Dynamics
CERN Document Server
Fedorova, A N; Fedorova, Antonina N.; Zeitlin, Michael G.
2000-01-01
We present applications of variational -- wavelet approach to different forms of nonlinear (rational) rms envelope equations. We have the representation for beam bunch oscillations as a multiresolution (multiscales) expansion in the base of compactly supported wavelet bases.
14. Local Analysis of Nonlinear RMS Envelope Dynamics
CERN Document Server
Fedorova, A N; Fedorova, Antonina N.; Zeitlin, Michael G.
2000-01-01
We present applications of variational -- wavelet approach to nonlinear (rational) rms envelope dynamics. We have the solution as a multiresolution (multiscales) expansion in the base of compactly supported wavelet basis.
15. Diffusive heat blanketing envelopes of neutron stars
CERN Document Server
Beznogov, M V; Yakovlev, D G
2016-01-01
We construct new models of outer heat blanketing envelopes of neutron stars composed of binary ion mixtures (H - He, He - C, C - Fe) in and out of diffusive equilibrium. To this aim, we generalize our previous work on diffusion of ions in isothermal gaseous or Coulomb liquid plasmas to handle non-isothermal systems. We calculate the relations between the effective surface temperature Ts and the temperature Tb at the bottom of heat blanketing envelopes (at a density rhob= 1e8 -- 1e10 g/cc) for diffusively equilibrated and non-equilibrated distributions of ion species at different masses DeltaM of lighter ions in the envelope. Our principal result is that the Ts - Tb relations are fairly insensitive to detailed distribution of ion fractions over the envelope (diffusively equilibrated or not) and depend almost solely on DeltaM. The obtained relations are approximated by analytic expressions which are convenient for modeling the evolution of neutron stars.
16. Enveloping Relief Surfaces of Landslide Terrain
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
2007-01-01
Two relief surfaces that envelop the rock fall region in a part of Garhwal Himalayas around Chamoli have been identified. Relative relief and absolute relief have been analyzed and the enveloping surfaces recorded at two levels of relief in the landscape. All landslide activity lies within these surfaces. The lower enveloping surface (800 m) dips due south by 7-8 degrees, due to an elevation rise of 100 meters within 12 km from south to north, i.e., a gradient of 8 percent. The nature of the surface is smooth. The upper enveloping surface (＞ 2500 m) is almost parallel to the lower one but its surface is undulatory due to landslides and denudation. The area has been a seismically active region and has undergone seismic activity up until recently, as evidenced by the Chamoli earthquake of 29th March 1999. The effects of earthquakes are seen at higher levels in the form of landslide imprints on the terrain.
17. Survival of an Enveloped Virus on Toys.
Science.gov (United States)
Bearden, Richard L; Casanova, Lisa M
2016-08-01
Children's toys may carry respiratory viruses. Inactivation of a lipid-enveloped bacteriophage, Φ6, was measured on a nonporous toy at indoor temperature and relative humidity (RH). Inactivation was approximately 2log10 after 24 hours at 60% RH and 6.8log10 at 10 hours at 40% RH. Enveloped viruses can potentially survive on toys long enough to result in exposures. PMID:27144972
18. The Envelope of Projectile Trajectories in Midair
CERN Document Server
Chudinov, P
2005-01-01
A classic problem of the motion of a point mass (projectile) thrown at an angle to the horizon is reviewed. The air drag force is taken into account with the drag factor assumed to be constant. Analytic approach is used for investigation. Simple analytical formulas are used for the constructing the envelope of the family of the point mass trajectories. The equation of envelope is applied for determination of maximum range of flight. The motion of a baseball is presented as an example.
19. Cooling of neutron stars with diffusive envelopes
CERN Document Server
Beznogov, M V; Haensel, P; Yakovlev, D G; Zdunik, J L
2016-01-01
We study the effects of heat blanketing envelopes of neutron stars on their cooling. To this aim, we perform cooling simulations using newly constructed models of the envelopes composed of binary ion mixtures (H--He, He--C, C--Fe) varying the mass of lighter ions (H, He or C) in the envelope. The results are compared with those calculated using the standard models of the envelopes which contain the layers of lighter (accreted) elements (H, He and C) on top of the Fe layer, varying the mass of accreted elements. The main effect is that the chemical composition of the envelopes influences their thermal conductivity and, hence, thermal insulation of the star. For illustration, we apply these results to estimate the internal temperature of the Vela pulsar and to study the cooling of neutron stars of ages of 0.1 - 1 Myr at the photon cooling stage. The uncertainties of the cooling models associated with our poor knowledge of chemical composition of the heat insulating envelopes strongly complicate theoretical reco...
20. Genetic Diversity of Koala Retroviral Envelopes
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Wenqin Xu
2015-03-01
Full Text Available Genetic diversity, attributable to the low fidelity of reverse transcription, recombination and mutation, is an important feature of infectious retroviruses. Under selective pressure, such as that imposed by superinfection interference, gammaretroviruses commonly adapt their envelope proteins to use alternative receptors to overcome this entry block. The first characterized koala retroviruses KoRV subgroup A (KoRV-A were remarkable in their absence of envelope genetic variability. Once it was determined that KoRV-A was present in all koalas in US zoos, regardless of their disease status, we sought to isolate a KoRV variant whose presence correlated with neoplastic malignancies. More than a decade after the identification of KoRV-A, we isolated a second subgroup of KoRV, KoRV-B from koalas with lymphomas. The envelope proteins of KoRV-A and KoRV-B are sufficiently divergent to confer the ability to bind and employ distinct receptors for infection. We have now obtained a number of additional KoRV envelope variants. In the present studies we report these variants, and show that they differ from KoRV-A and KoRV-B envelopes in their host range and superinfection interference properties. Thus, there appears to be considerable variation among KoRVs envelope genes suggesting genetic diversity is a factor following the KoRV-A infection process.
1. Genetic diversity of koala retroviral envelopes.
Science.gov (United States)
Xu, Wenqin; Gorman, Kristen; Santiago, Jan Clement; Kluska, Kristen; Eiden, Maribeth V
2015-03-01
Genetic diversity, attributable to the low fidelity of reverse transcription, recombination and mutation, is an important feature of infectious retroviruses. Under selective pressure, such as that imposed by superinfection interference, gammaretroviruses commonly adapt their envelope proteins to use alternative receptors to overcome this entry block. The first characterized koala retroviruses KoRV subgroup A (KoRV-A) were remarkable in their absence of envelope genetic variability. Once it was determined that KoRV-A was present in all koalas in US zoos, regardless of their disease status, we sought to isolate a KoRV variant whose presence correlated with neoplastic malignancies. More than a decade after the identification of KoRV-A, we isolated a second subgroup of KoRV, KoRV-B from koalas with lymphomas. The envelope proteins of KoRV-A and KoRV-B are sufficiently divergent to confer the ability to bind and employ distinct receptors for infection. We have now obtained a number of additional KoRV envelope variants. In the present studies we report these variants, and show that they differ from KoRV-A and KoRV-B envelopes in their host range and superinfection interference properties. Thus, there appears to be considerable variation among KoRVs envelope genes suggesting genetic diversity is a factor following the KoRV-A infection process.
2. All the Universe in an envelope
CERN Multimedia
2007-01-01
Do you know which force is hidden in an envelope or how many billions of years old are the atoms it contains? You will find the answers to these (curious) questions in a post office in the Pays de Gex. The French postal services of the Pays de Gex are again issuing pre-paid envelopes in collaboration with CERN (see Bulletin No. 24/2006). The new series presents some of the concepts of modern physics in an amazing way by showing what you can learn about the Universe with a single envelope. Packets of ten pre-stamped envelopes, each carrying a statement on fundamental physics, will be on sale from 7 July onwards. To learn more about the physics issues presented on the envelopes, people are invited to go to the CERN Web site where they will find the explanations. Five thousand envelopes will be put on sale in July and five thousand more during the French "Fête de la science" in October. They will be available from five post offices in the Pays de Gex (F...
3. Rapid Process to Generate Beam Envelopes for Optical System Analysis
Science.gov (United States)
Howard, Joseph; Seals, Lenward
2012-01-01
The task of evaluating obstructions in the optical throughput of an optical system requires the use of two disciplines, and hence, two models: optical models for the details of optical propagation, and mechanical models for determining the actual structure that exists in the optical system. Previous analysis methods for creating beam envelopes (or cones of light) for use in this obstruction analysis were found to be cumbersome to calculate and take significant time and resources to complete. A new process was developed that takes less time to complete beam envelope analysis, is more accurate and less dependent upon manual node tracking to create the beam envelopes, and eases the burden on the mechanical CAD (computer-aided design) designers to form the beam solids. This algorithm allows rapid generation of beam envelopes for optical system obstruction analysis. Ray trace information is taken from optical design software and used to generate CAD objects that represent the boundary of the beam envelopes for detailed analysis in mechanical CAD software. Matlab is used to call ray trace data from the optical model for all fields and entrance pupil points of interest. These are chosen to be the edge of each space, so that these rays produce the bounding volume for the beam. The x and y global coordinate data is collected on the surface planes of interest, typically an image of the field and entrance pupil internal of the optical system. This x and y coordinate data is then evaluated using a convex hull algorithm, which removes any internal points, which are unnecessary to produce the bounding volume of interest. At this point, tolerances can be applied to expand the size of either the field or aperture, depending on the allocations. Once this minimum set of coordinates on the pupil and field is obtained, a new set of rays is generated between the field plane and aperture plane (or vice-versa). These rays are then evaluated at planes between the aperture and field, at a
4. Advanced Envelope Research for Factory Built Housing, Phase 3 -- Whole-House Prototyping
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Levy, E.; Mullens, M.; Rath, P.
2014-04-01
The Advanced Envelope Research effort will provide factory homebuilders with high performance, cost-effective envelope designs that can be effectively integrated into the plant production process while meeting the thermal requirements of the 2012 IECC standards. Given the affordable nature of manufactured homes, impact on first cost is a major consideration in developing new envelope technologies. This work is part of a multi-phase effort. Phase 1 identified seven envelope technologies and provided a preliminary assessment of three methods for building high performance walls. Phase 2 focused on developing viable product designs, manufacturing strategies, addressing code and structural issues, and cost analysis of the three selected options. An industry advisory committee helped narrow the research focus to perfecting a stud wall design with exterior continuous insulation (CI). Phase 3, completed in two stages, continued the design development effort, exploring and evaluating a range or methods for applying CI to factory built homes. The scope also included material selection, manufacturing and cost analysis, and prototyping and testing. During this phase, a home was built with CI, evaluated, and placed in service. The experience of building a mock up wall section with CI and then constructing on line a prototype home resolved important concerns about how to integrate the material into the production process. First steps were taken toward finding least expensive approaches for incorporating CI in standard factory building practices and a preliminary assessment suggested that even at this early stage the technology is attractive when viewed from a life cycle cost perspective.
5. Architecture Building Sustainability
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
DAVID HENDRICKSON
2006-01-01
@@ Leading architectural design and engineering firm, Skidmore,Owings, & Merrill (SOM), is renowned for pushing the envelope, masterminding some of the world's most cutting edge and enduring structural masterpieces - America's tallest building, the Sears Tower,in the firm's home city of Chicago, the 88-story Jinmao Tower in Shanghai, and the Freedom Tower in New York City, successor to the fallen World Trade Center complex,are among the well known projects in its building portfolio. SOM's next high profile assignment, the Pearl River Tower, in Guangzhou is one no less worthy of this tradition.
6. Morphologically complex protostellar envelopes : structure and kinematics
Science.gov (United States)
Tobin, John J.
I present an in-depth study of protostars and their surrounding envelopes of dense gas and dust, using a multitude of observational methods to reveal new details of the star formation process. I use mid-infrared imaging from the Spitzer Space Telescope, combined with photometry spanning the near-infrared to millimeter wavelengths, to construct a model of the L1527 protostellar system. I modeled both the spectral energy distribution and resolved scattered light images to determine physical properties of the protostellar system. The nature of the apparent central point source in the Spitzer images was uncertain until high-resolution L-band imaging from the Gemini observatory resolved the point source into a disk in scattered light, having a radius of 200 AU. Protostellar envelopes are also often found to cast shadows against the 8 micron Galactic background in Spitzer imaging, enabling direct probes of envelope structure. The shadow images show that the dense envelopes around twenty-two Class 0 protostars are generally morphologically complex from 0.1 pc scales down to ˜1000 AU; they are often filamentary, and frequently non-axisymmetric. The observed envelope structure indicates a likely origin in turbulent cloud structure rather than a quasi-static/equilibrium formation. The complex envelope structure also may indicate an increased likelihood of fragmentation during collapse, forming close binaries. To further characterize these envelopes, I have observed them in the dense molecular gas tracers nthp and nht, both of which closely follow the 8 micron extinction morphology. The magnitude of the velocity gradients and envelope complexity on ˜10000 AU scales indicates that the velocity structure may reflect large-scale infall in addition to the often assumed rotation. Comparisons with three-dimensional filamentary and symmetric rotating collapse models reinforce the interpretation of velocities reflecting large-scale infall, showing that the structure of the envelope
7. Inhibition of enveloped viruses infectivity by curcumin.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tzu-Yen Chen
Full Text Available Curcumin, a natural compound and ingredient in curry, has antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic properties. Previously, we reported that curcumin abrogated influenza virus infectivity by inhibiting hemagglutination (HA activity. This study demonstrates a novel mechanism by which curcumin inhibits the infectivity of enveloped viruses. In all analyzed enveloped viruses, including the influenza virus, curcumin inhibited plaque formation. In contrast, the nonenveloped enterovirus 71 remained unaffected by curcumin treatment. We evaluated the effects of curcumin on the membrane structure using fluorescent dye (sulforhodamine B; SRB-containing liposomes that mimic the viral envelope. Curcumin treatment induced the leakage of SRB from these liposomes and the addition of the influenza virus reduced the leakage, indicating that curcumin disrupts the integrity of the membranes of viral envelopes and of liposomes. When testing liposomes of various diameters, we detected higher levels of SRB leakage from the smaller-sized liposomes than from the larger liposomes. Interestingly, the curcumin concentration required to reduce plaque formation was lower for the influenza virus (approximately 100 nm in diameter than for the pseudorabies virus (approximately 180 nm and the vaccinia virus (roughly 335 × 200 × 200 nm. These data provide insights on the molecular antiviral mechanisms of curcumin and its potential use as an antiviral agent for enveloped viruses.
8. Common Exercises in Whole Building HAM Modelling
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rode, Carsten; Woloszyn, Monika
2008-01-01
Subtask 1 of the IEA Annex 41 project had the purpose to advance the development in modelling the integral heat, air and moisture transfer processes that take place in “whole buildings”. Such modelling comprises all relevant elements of buildings: The indoor air, the building envelope, the inside...
9. Occupant behaviour and robustness of building design
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Buso, Tiziana; Fabi, Valentina; Andersen, Rune Korsholm;
2015-01-01
with alternating occupant behaviour patterns. The aim of this work was to investigate how alternating occupant behaviour patterns impact the performance of different envelope design solutions in terms of building robustness. Probabilistic models of occupants' window opening and use of shading were implemented......Occupant behaviour can cause major discrepancies between the designed and the real total energy use in buildings. A possible solution to reduce the differences between predictions and actual performances is designing robust buildings, i.e. buildings whose performances show little variations...... in a dynamic building energy simulation tool (IDA ICE). The analysis was carried out by simulating 15 building envelope designs in different thermal zones of an Office Reference Building in 3 climates: Stockholm, Frankfurt and Athens.In general, robustness towards changes in occupants' behaviour increased...
10. Advanced Envelope Research for Factory Built Housing, Phase 3 -- Design Development and Prototyping
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Levy, E.; Kessler, B.; Mullens, M.; Rath, P.
2014-01-01
The Advanced Envelope Research effort will provide factory homebuilders with high performance, cost-effective alternative envelope designs. In the near term, these technologies will play a central role in meeting stringent energy code requirements. For manufactured homes, the thermal requirements, last updated by statute in 1994, will move up to the more rigorous IECC 2012 levels in 2013, the requirements of which are consistent with site built and modular housing. This places added urgency on identifying envelope technologies that the industry can implement in the short timeframe. The primary goal of this research is to develop wall designs that meet the thermal requirements based on 2012 IECC standards. Given the affordable nature of manufactured homes, impact on first cost is a major consideration in developing the new envelope technologies. This work is part of a four-phase, multi-year effort. Phase 1 identified seven envelope technologies and provided a preliminary assessment of three selected methods for building high performance wall systems. Phase 2 focused on the development of viable product designs, manufacturing strategies, addressing code and structural issues, and cost analysis of the three selected options. An industry advisory committee helped critique and select the most viable solution to move further in the research -- stud walls with continuous exterior insulation. Phase 3, the subject of the current report, focused on the design development of the selected wall concept and explored variations on the use of exterior foam insulation. The scope also included material selection, manufacturing and cost analysis, and prototyping and testing.
11. Advanced Envelope Research for Factory Built Housing, Phase 3. Design Development and Prototyping
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Levy, E. [ARIES Collaborative, New York, NY (United States); Kessler, B. [ARIES Collaborative, New York, NY (United States); Mullens, M. [ARIES Collaborative, New York, NY (United States); Rath, P. [ARIES Collaborative, New York, NY (United States)
2014-01-01
The Advanced Envelope Research effort will provide factory homebuilders with high performance, cost-effective alternative envelope designs. In the near term, these technologies will play a central role in meeting stringent energy code requirements. For manufactured homes, the thermal requirements, last updated by statute in 1994, will move up to the more rigorous IECC 2012 levels in 2013, the requirements of which are consistent with site built and modular housing. This places added urgency on identifying envelope technologies that the industry can implement in the short timeframe. The primary goal of this research is to develop wall designs that meet the thermal requirements based on 2012 IECC standards. Given the affordable nature of manufactured homes, impact on first cost is a major consideration in developing the new envelope technologies. This work is part of a four-phase, multi-year effort. Phase 1 identified seven envelope technologies and provided a preliminary assessment of three selected methods for building high performance wall systems. Phase 2 focused on the development of viable product designs, manufacturing strategies, addressing code and structural issues, and cost analysis of the three selected options. An industry advisory committee helped critique and select the most viable solution to move further in the research -- stud walls with continuous exterior insulation. Phase 3, the subject of the current report, focused on the design development of the selected wall concept and explored variations on the use of exterior foam insulation. The scope also included material selection, manufacturing and cost analysis, and prototyping and testing.
12. Simulating the Onset of Grazing Envelope Evolution
CERN Document Server
Shiber, Sagiv; Soker, Noam
2016-01-01
We present the first three-dimensional gas-dynamical simulations of the grazing envelope evolution (GEE), with the goal of exploring the basic flow properties and the role of jets at the onset of the GEE. In the simulated runs, a secondary main-sequence star grazes the envelope of the primary asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star. The orbit is circular at the radius of the AGB primary star on its equator. We inject two opposite jets perpendicular to the equatorial plane from the location of the secondary star, and follow the evolution for several orbital periods. We explore the flow pattern by which the jets eject the outskirts of the AGB envelope. After one orbit the jets start to interact with gas ejected in previous orbits and inflate hot low-density bubbles.
13. Convection in stellar envelopes a changing paradigm
CERN Document Server
Spruit, H C
1996-01-01
Progress in the theory of stellar convection over the past decade is reviewed. The similarities and differences between convection in stellar envelopes and laboratory convection at high Rayleigh numbers are discussed. Direct numerical simulation of the solar surface layers, with no other input than atomic physics, the equations of hydrodynamics and radiative transfer is now capable of reproducing the observed heat flux, convection velocities, granulation patterns and line profiles with remarkably accuracy. These results show that convection in stellar envelopes is an essentially non-local process, being driven by cooling at the surface. This differs distinctly from the traditional view of stellar convection in terms of local concepts such as cascades of eddies in a mean superadiabatic gradient. The consequences this has for our physical picture of processes in the convective envelope are illustrated with the problems of sunspot heat flux blocking, the eruption of magnetic flux from the base of the convection ...
14. Envelope Solitons in Acoustically Dispersive Vitreous Silica
Science.gov (United States)
Cantrell, John H.; Yost, William T.
2012-01-01
Acoustic radiation-induced static strains, displacements, and stresses are manifested as rectified or dc waveforms linked to the energy density of an acoustic wave or vibrational mode via the mode nonlinearity parameter of the material. An analytical model is developed for acoustically dispersive media that predicts the evolution of the energy density of an initial waveform into a series of energy solitons that generates a corresponding series of radiation-induced static strains (envelope solitons). The evolutionary characteristics of the envelope solitons are confirmed experimentally in Suprasil W1 vitreous silica. The value (-11.9 plus or minus 1.43) for the nonlinearity parameter, determined from displacement measurements of the envelope solitons via a capacitive transducer, is in good agreement with the value (-11.6 plus or minus 1.16) obtained independently from acoustic harmonic generation measurements. The agreement provides strong, quantitative evidence for the validity of the model.
15. Indonesian residential high rise buildings: A life cycle energy assessment
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Utama, Agya; Gheewala, Shabbir H. [The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut' s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok (Thailand)
2009-11-15
This study evaluates the effect of building envelopes on the life cycle energy consumption of high rise residential buildings in Jakarta, Indonesia. For high rise residential buildings, the enclosures contribute 10-50% of the total building cost, 14-17% of the total material mass and 20-30% of the total heat gain. The direct as well as indirect influence of the envelope materials plays an important role in the life cycle energy consumption of buildings. The initial embodied energy of typical double wall and single wall envelopes for high residential buildings is 79.5 GJ and 76.3 GJ, respectively. Over an assumed life span of 40 years, double walls have better energy performance than single walls, 283 GJ versus 480 GJ, respectively. Material selection, which depends not only on embodied energy but also thermal properties, should, therefore, play a crucial role during the design of buildings. (author)
16. Envelope tracking power amplifiers for wireless communications
CERN Document Server
Wang, Zhancang
2014-01-01
Envelope tracking technology is seen as the most promising efficiency enhancement technology for RF power amplifiers for 4G and beyond wireless communications. More and more organizations are investing and researching on this topic with huge potential in academic and commercial areas.This is the first book on the market to offer complete introduction, theory, and design considerations on envelope tracking for wireless communications. This resource presents you with a full introduction to the subject and covers underlying theory and practical design considerations.
17. Dynamic remodeling of the plastid envelope membranes – a tool for chloroplast envelope in vivo localizations
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Frederique KH Breuers
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Two envelope membranes delimit plastids, the defining organelles of plant cells. The inner and outer envelope membranes are unique in their protein and lipid composition. Several studies have attempted to establish the proteome of these two membranes; however, differentiating between them is difficult due to their close proximity. Here, we describe a novel approach to distinguish the localization of proteins between the two membranes using a straightforward approach based on live cell imaging coupled with transient expression. We base our approach on analyses of the distribution of GFP-fusions, which were aimed to verify outer-envelope-membrane proteomics data. To distinguish between outer envelope and inner envelope protein localization, we used AtTOC64-GFP and AtTIC40-GFP, as respective controls. During our analyses, we observed membrane proliferations and loss of chloroplast shape in conditions of protein overexpression. The morphology of the proliferations varied in correlation with the suborganellar distribution of the overexpressed proteins. In particular, while layers of membranes built up in the inner envelope membrane, the outer envelope formed long extensions into the cytosol. Using electron microscopy, we showed that these extensions were stromules, a dynamic feature of plastids. Since the behavior of the membranes is different and is related to the protein localization, we propose that in vivo studies based on the analysis of morphological differences of the membranes can be used to distinguish between inner and outer envelope localizations of proteins. To demonstrate the applicability of this approach, we demonstrated the localization of AtLACS9 to the outer envelope membrane. We also discuss protein impact on membrane behavior and regulation of protein insertion into membranes, and provide new hypotheses on the formation of stromules.
18. The Story of the Red Envelopes.
Science.gov (United States)
Lew, Gordon
This is one of a series of elementary readers written in Cantonese and English and designed to familiarize children with the traditional major Chinese festivals celebrated by the Chinese in America. This booklet describes in narrative form the meaning of the red envelopes given with money gifts at Chinese New Year and other festivities. A page of…
19. Multi-layered breathing architectural envelope
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lund Larsen, Andreas; Foged, Isak Worre; Jensen, Rasmus Lund
2014-01-01
A multi layered breathing envelope is developed as a method of natural ventilation. The two main layers consist of mineral wool and air permeable concrete. The mineral wool works as a dynamic insulation and the permeable concrete as a heat recovery system with a high thermal mass for heat storage...
20. Tegument Assembly and Secondary Envelopment of Alphaherpesviruses
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Danielle J. Owen
2015-09-01
Full Text Available Alphaherpesviruses like herpes simplex virus are large DNA viruses characterized by their ability to establish lifelong latent infection in neurons. As for all herpesviruses, alphaherpesvirus virions contain a protein-rich layer called “tegument” that links the DNA-containing capsid to the glycoprotein-studded membrane envelope. Tegument proteins mediate a diverse range of functions during the virus lifecycle, including modulation of the host-cell environment immediately after entry, transport of virus capsids to the nucleus during infection, and wrapping of cytoplasmic capsids with membranes (secondary envelopment during virion assembly. Eleven tegument proteins that are conserved across alphaherpesviruses have been implicated in the formation of the tegument layer or in secondary envelopment. Tegument is assembled via a dense network of interactions between tegument proteins, with the redundancy of these interactions making it challenging to determine the precise function of any specific tegument protein. However, recent studies have made great headway in defining the interactions between tegument proteins, conserved across alphaherpesviruses, which facilitate tegument assembly and secondary envelopment. We summarize these recent advances and review what remains to be learned about the molecular interactions required to assemble mature alphaherpesvirus virions following the release of capsids from infected cell nuclei.
1. Playing with the enveloping algebra of supersymmetry
CERN Document Server
Cattaruzza, E
2016-01-01
In this paper we show how to obtain from a scalar superfield its first component via a similarity transformation. We prove that in D=4 the generators of this similarity transformation live in the enveloping algebra of supersymmetry while for D=1 they belong to the basic algebra.
2. SAFEGUARDS ENVELOPE: PREVIOUS WORK AND EXAMPLES
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Richard Metcalf; Aaron Bevill; William Charlton; Robert Bean
2008-07-01
The future expansion of nuclear power will require not just electricity production but fuel cycle facilities such as fuel fabrication and reprocessing plants. As large reprocessing facilities are built in various states, they must be built and operated in a manner to minimize the risk of nuclear proliferation. Process monitoring has returned to the spotlight as an added measure that can increase confidence in the safeguards of special nuclear material (SNM). Process monitoring can be demonstrated to lengthen the allowable inventory period by reducing accountancy requirements, and to reduce the false positive indications. The next logical step is the creation of a Safeguards Envelope, a set of operational parameters and models to maximize anomaly detection and inventory period by process monitoring while minimizing operator impact and false positive rates. A brief example of a rudimentary Safeguards Envelope is presented, and shown to detect synthetic diversions overlaying a measured processing plant data set. This demonstration Safeguards Envelope is shown to increase the confidence that no SNM has been diverted with minimal operator impact, even though it is based on an information sparse environment. While the foundation on which a full Safeguards Envelope can be built has been presented in historical demonstrations of process monitoring, several requirements remain yet unfulfilled. Future work will require reprocessing plant transient models, inclusion of “non-traditional” operating data, and exploration of new methods of identifying subtle events in transient processes.
3. Discriminating Dysarthria Type from Envelope Modulation Spectra
Science.gov (United States)
Liss, Julie M.; LeGendre, Sue; Lotto, Andrew J.
2010-01-01
Purpose: Previous research demonstrated the ability of temporally based rhythm metrics to distinguish among dysarthrias with different prosodic deficit profiles (J. M. Liss et al., 2009). The authors examined whether comparable results could be obtained by an automated analysis of speech envelope modulation spectra (EMS), which quantifies the…
4. The internal envelope. A new way to conceive the internal environment.
OpenAIRE
Christina Conti; Massimo Rossetti
2009-01-01
The article investigates the most recent tendencies in terms of design experimentation and technological innovation concerning the technical elements of the internal envelope, focusing in particular to the mobile and dry-assembled systems as vertical partitions, raised floors and false ceilings, which show the tendency to become a sort of internal “shell”, separated from the structural systems of the building and equipped with all devices finalized to the generation and maintenance of the the...
5. The universal enveloping TRO of a JB*-triple system
CERN Document Server
Bohle, Dennis
2010-01-01
We associate to every JB*-triple system a so-called universal enveloping TRO and show some functorial properties of this correspondence. We compute the universal enveloping TROs of the finite dimensional Cartan factors.
6. Novel Real-Time Flight Envelope Monitoring System Project
Data.gov (United States)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration — The proposed innovation is an aircraft flight envelope monitoring system that will provide real-time in-cockpit estimations of aircraft flight envelope boundaries....
7. Novel Real-Time Flight Envelope Monitoring System Project
Data.gov (United States)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration — The proposed innovation is an aircraft flight envelope monitoring system that will provide real-time in-cockpit estimations of aircraft flight envelope boundaries,...
8. Envelope colour on thermal load in hot humid Hong Kong： Effect of hue, value, and chroma
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
VickyCHENG; EdwardNG
2003-01-01
Cooling energy consumption of a building can be significantly reduced by limiting solar heat gain through envelope, in which depends on the intensity of impinging solar radiation and on the colour of external surface. Albedo, from the thermal point of view, is the prime parameter of interest; however, it does appear to be too conceptual in practice. Architects, when considering choices of envelope colour, the actual decision is between various colours: yellow, blue, or green rather than a single numerical albedo. This study is to investigate the effect and magnitude of colour, in terms of visual qualities hue, value (lightness), and chroma (saturation), on thermal load of buildings. In the experiment, air temperatures inside test cells painted into different colours were measured, the results suggest that colour attribute: chroma has negligible effect on thermal performance of building envelope, while value has significant thermal effect. The effect of hue, as shown in this study, was insignificant, however further study might be needed as to obtain a clearer picture of its effect.
9. Advanced Envelope Research for Factory Built Housing, Phase 3. Whole-House Prototyping
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Levy, E. [Advanced Residential Integrated Energy Solutions (ARIES), New York, NY (United States); Mullens, M. [Advanced Residential Integrated Energy Solutions (ARIES), New York, NY (United States); Rath, P. [Advanced Residential Integrated Energy Solutions (ARIES), New York, NY (United States)
2014-04-01
The Advanced Envelope Research effort will provide factory homebuilders with high performance, cost-effective envelope designs that can be effectively integrated into the plant production process while meeting the thermal requirements of the 2012 IECC standards. This work is part of a multiphase effort. Phase 1 identified seven envelope technologies and provided a preliminary assessment of three methods for building high performance walls. Phase 2 focused on developing viable product designs, manufacturing strategies, addressing code and structural issues, and cost analysis of the three selected options. An industry advisory committee helped narrow the research focus to perfecting a stud wall design with exterior continuous insulation (CI). This report describes Phase 3, which was completed in two stages and continued the design development effort, exploring and evaluating a range or methods for applying CI to factory built homes. The scope also included material selection, manufacturing and cost analysis, and prototyping and testing. During this phase, a home was built with CI, evaluated, and placed in service. The experience of building a mock up wall section with CI and then constructing on line a prototype home resolved important concerns about how to integrate the material into the production process. First steps were taken toward finding least expensive approaches for incorporating CI in standard factory building practices and a preliminary assessment suggested that even at this early stage the technology is attractive when viewed from a life cycle cost perspective.
10. Tank waste remediation system (TWRS) privatization contractor samples waste envelope D material 241-C-106
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Esch, R.A.
1997-04-14
This report represents the Final Analytical Report on Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) Privatization Contractor Samples for Waste Envelope D. All work was conducted in accordance with ''Addendum 1 of the Letter of Instruction (LOI) for TWRS Privatization Contractor Samples Addressing Waste Envelope D Materials - Revision 0, Revision 1, and Revision 2.'' (Jones 1996, Wiemers 1996a, Wiemers 1996b) Tank 241-C-1 06 (C-106) was selected by TWRS Privatization for the Part 1A Envelope D high-level waste demonstration. Twenty bottles of Tank C-106 material were collected by Westinghouse Hanford Company using a grab sampling technique and transferred to the 325 building for processing by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). At the 325 building, the contents of the twenty bottles were combined into a single Initial Composite Material. This composite was subsampled for the laboratory-scale screening test and characterization testing, and the remainder was transferred to the 324 building for bench-scale preparation of the Privatization Contractor samples.
11. Residential building thermal performance energy efficiency in Yangtze River basin
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
王厚华; 庄燕燕; 吴伟伟
2009-01-01
Using energy consumption software VisualDOE4.0,simulation was carried out on the energy consumption of a typical residential building in Yangtze River basin,with a focus on thermal performance of envelope each component and application of total heating recovery equipment. The effects of thermal performance of building envelope each component on energy efficiency ratio were analyzed. Comprehensive measures schemes of energy saving were designed by the orthogonal experiment. The energy efficiency ratios of different envelopes combination schemes were gained. Finally,the optimize combination scheme was confirmed. With the measurement dates,the correctness of the simulation dates was completely verified.
12. Cost Allocation and Convex Data Envelopment
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hougaard, Jens Leth; Tind, Jørgen
This paper considers allocation rules. First, we demonstrate that costs allocated by the Aumann-Shapley and the Friedman-Moulin cost allocation rules are easy to determine in practice using convex envelopment of registered cost data and parametric programming. Second, from the linear programming...... such as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The convexity constraint of the BCC model introduces a non-zero slack in the objective function of the multiplier problem and we show that the cost allocation rules discussed in this paper can be used as candidates to allocate this slack value on to the input (or output...... problems involved it becomes clear that the allocation rules, technically speaking, allocate the non-zero value of the dual variable for a convexity constraint on to the output vector. Hence, the allocation rules can also be used to allocate inefficiencies in non-parametric efficiency measurement models...
13. Development of High Specific Strength Envelope Materials
Science.gov (United States)
Komatsu, Keiji; Sano, Masa-Aki; Kakuta, Yoshiaki
Progress in materials technology has produced a much more durable synthetic fabric envelope for the non-rigid airship. Flexible materials are required to form airship envelopes, ballonets, load curtains, gas bags and covering rigid structures. Polybenzoxazole fiber (Zylon) and polyalirate fiber (Vectran) show high specific tensile strength, so that we developed membrane using these high specific tensile strength fibers as a load carrier. The main material developed is a Zylon or Vectran load carrier sealed internally with a polyurethane bonded inner gas retention film (EVOH). The external surface provides weather protecting with, for instance, a titanium oxide integrated polyurethane or Tedlar film. The mechanical test results show that tensile strength 1,000 N/cm is attained with weight less than 230g/m2. In addition to the mechanical properties, temperature dependence of the joint strength and solar absorptivity and emissivity of the surface are measured.
14. Envelope Soliton in Solar Radio Emission
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
WANG De-Yu; Wangde; G. P. Chernov
2000-01-01
Several envelope soliton fine structures have been observed in solar radio metric-wave emission. We present amodel of 1ongitudinal modulational instability to explain these fine structures. It is found that this instability canonly occur in the condition of sound velocity being larger than Alfven velocity in corona. Therefore, the envelopesoliton fine structures should display in the coronal region with high temperature and low magnetic field, whichcorresponds to the solar radio emission in the region of meter and decameter wavelength.
15. Transparent Helium in Stripped Envelope Supernovae
OpenAIRE
Piro, Anthony L.; Morozova, Viktoriya S.
2014-01-01
Using simple arguments based on photometric light curves and velocity evolution, we propose that some stripped envelope supernovae (SNe) show signs that a significant fraction of their helium is effectively transparent. The main pieces of evidence are the relatively low velocities with little velocity evolution, as are expected deep inside an exploding star, along with temperatures that are too low to ionize helium. This means that the helium should not contribute to the shaping of the main S...
16. Digital image envelope: method and evaluation
Science.gov (United States)
Huang, H. K.; Cao, Fei; Zhou, Michael Z.; Mogel, Greg T.; Liu, Brent J.; Zhou, Xiaoqiang
2003-05-01
Health data security, characterized in terms of data privacy, authenticity, and integrity, is a vital issue when digital images and other patient information are transmitted through public networks in telehealth applications such as teleradiology. Mandates for ensuring health data security have been extensively discussed (for example The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, HIPAA) and health informatics guidelines (such as the DICOM standard) are beginning to focus on issues of data continue to be published by organizing bodies in healthcare; however, there has not been a systematic method developed to ensure data security in medical imaging Because data privacy and authenticity are often managed primarily with firewall and password protection, we have focused our research and development on data integrity. We have developed a systematic method of ensuring medical image data integrity across public networks using the concept of the digital envelope. When a medical image is generated regardless of the modality, three processes are performed: the image signature is obtained, the DICOM image header is encrypted, and a digital envelope is formed by combining the signature and the encrypted header. The envelope is encrypted and embedded in the original image. This assures the security of both the image and the patient ID. The embedded image is encrypted again and transmitted across the network. The reverse process is performed at the receiving site. The result is two digital signatures, one from the original image before transmission, and second from the image after transmission. If the signatures are identical, there has been no alteration of the image. This paper concentrates in the method and evaluation of the digital image envelope.
17. Country Report on Building Energy Codes in Japan
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Evans, Meredydd; Shui, Bin; Takagi, T.
2009-04-15
This report is part of a series of reports on building energy efficiency codes in countries associated with the Asian Pacific Partnership (APP) - Australia, South Korea, Japan, China, India, and the United States of America (U.S.). This reports gives an overview of the development of building energy codes in Japan, including national energy policies related to building energy codes, history of building energy codes, recent national projects and activities to promote building energy codes. The report also provides a review of current building energy codes (such as building envelope, HVAC, and lighting) for commercial and residential buildings in Japan.
18. Country Report on Building Energy Codes in Canada
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Shui, Bin; Evans, Meredydd
2009-04-06
This report is part of a series of reports on building energy efficiency codes in countries associated with the Asian Pacific Partnership (APP) - Australia, South Korea, Japan, China, India, and the United States of America . This reports gives an overview of the development of building energy codes in Canada, including national energy policies related to building energy codes, history of building energy codes, recent national projects and activities to promote building energy codes. The report also provides a review of current building energy codes (such as building envelope, HVAC, lighting, and water heating) for commercial and residential buildings in Canada.
19. Country Report on Building Energy Codes in Australia
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Shui, Bin; Evans, Meredydd; Somasundaram, Sriram
2009-04-02
This report is part of a series of reports on building energy efficiency codes in countries associated with the Asian Pacific Partnership (APP) - Australia, South Korea, Japan, China, India, and the United States of America (U.S.). This reports gives an overview of the development of building energy codes in Australia, including national energy policies related to building energy codes, history of building energy codes, recent national projects and activities to promote building energy codes. The report also provides a review of current building energy codes (such as building envelope, HVAC, and lighting) for commercial and residential buildings in Australia.
20. Country Report on Building Energy Codes in Korea
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Evans, Meredydd; McJeon, Haewon C.; Shui, Bin; Lee, Seung Eon
2009-04-17
This report is part of a series of reports on building energy efficiency codes in countries associated with the Asian Pacific Partnership (APP) - Australia, South Korea, Japan, China, India, and the United States of America (U.S.). This reports gives an overview of the development of building energy codes in Korea, including national energy policies related to building energy codes, history of building energy codes, recent national projects and activities to promote building energy codes. The report also provides a review of current building energy codes (such as building envelope, HVAC, and lighting) for commercial buildings in Korea.
1. Country Report on Building Energy Codes in China
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Shui, Bin; Evans, Meredydd; Lin, H.; Jiang, Wei; Liu, Bing; Song, Bo; Somasundaram, Sriram
2009-04-15
This report is part of a series of reports on building energy efficiency codes in countries associated with the Asian Pacific Partnership (APP) - Australia, South Korea, Japan, China, India, and the United States of America (U.S.). This reports gives an overview of the development of building energy codes in China, including national energy policies related to building energy codes, history of building energy codes, recent national projects and activities to promote building energy codes. The report also provides a review of current building energy codes (such as building envelope and HVAC) for commercial and residential buildings in China.
2. Country Report on Building Energy Codes in the United States
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Halverson, Mark A.; Shui, Bin; Evans, Meredydd
2009-04-30
This report is part of a series of reports on building energy efficiency codes in countries associated with the Asian Pacific Partnership (APP) - Australia, South Korea, Japan, China, India, and the United States of America (U.S.). This reports gives an overview of the development of building energy codes in U.S., including national energy policies related to building energy codes, history of building energy codes, recent national projects and activities to promote building energy codes. The report also provides a review of current building energy codes (such as building envelope, HVAC, lighting, and water heating) for commercial and residential buildings in the U.S.
3. Antiviral Activity of Graphene–Silver Nanocomposites against Non-Enveloped and Enveloped Viruses
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yi-Ning Chen
2016-04-01
Full Text Available The discovery of novel antiviral materials is important because many infectious diseases are caused by viruses. Silver nanoparticles have demonstrated strong antiviral activity, and graphene is a potential antimicrobial material due to its large surface area, high carrier mobility, and biocompatibility. No studies on the antiviral activity of nanomaterials on non-enveloped viruses have been reported. To investigate the antiviral activity of graphene oxide (GO sheets and GO sheets with silver particles (GO-Ag against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, feline coronavirus (FCoV with an envelope and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV without an envelope were chosen. The morphology and sizes of GO and GO-Ag were characterized by transmission, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. A virus inhibition assay was used to identify the antiviral activity of GO and GO-Ag. Go-Ag inhibited 25% of infection by FCoV and 23% by IBDV, whereas GO only inhibited 16% of infection by FCoV but showed no antiviral activity against the infection by IBDV. Further application of GO and GO-Ag can be considered for personal protection equipment to decrease the transmission of viruses.
4. Flood vulnerability assessment of residential buildings by explicit damage process modelling
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Custer, Rocco; Nishijima, Kazuyoshi
2015-01-01
The present paper introduces a vulnerability modelling approach for residential buildings in flood. The modelling approach explicitly considers relevant damage processes, i.e. water infiltration into the building, mechanical failure of components in the building envelope and damage from water...... for engineering decision-making for flood risk management for residential buildings....
5. Russia’s R&D for Low Energy Buildings: Insights for Cooperation with Russia
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Schaaf, Rebecca E.; Evans, Meredydd
2010-05-01
Russian buildings, Russian buildings sector energy consumption. Russian government has made R&D investment a priority again. The government and private sector both invest in a range of building energy technologies. In particular, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, district heating, building envelope, and lighting have active technology research projects and programs in Russia.
6. Active materials for adaptive architectural envelopes based on plant adaptation principles
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Marlen Lopez
2015-06-01
7. Whole-Building Hygrothermal Modeling in IEA Annex 41
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rode, Carsten; Woloszyn, Monika
2007-01-01
Annex 41 of the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems program (ECBCS) is a cooperative project on “Whole-Building Heat, Air, and Moisture Response” (MOIST-ENG). Subtask 1 of that project set out to advance development in modeling the ntegral heat......, air, and moisture transfer processes that take place in whole-buildings. Such modeling comprises all relevant elements of buildings: indoor air, the building envelope, inside constructions, furnishing, systems, and users. The building elements interact with each other and with the outside climate....... The IEA Annex 41 project runs from 2004–2007, coming to conclusion just before the Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings X conference. The Annex 41 project and its Subtask 1 do not aim to produce one state-of-the-art hygrothermal simulation model for whole buildings, but rather...
8. Detection and modeling of rough component envelopes
Science.gov (United States)
Peacock, Matthew; Dluzniak, Richard; Thompson, William
1995-08-01
This paper describes an imaging technique for the determination of rough component envelopes of cast and forged components. The paper includes several image acquisition methods currently used in this area but concentrates in detail on the method known as the light stripe method. Results presented show the advantages of the light stripe method to obtain a fast and accurate 3D description of the cast and forged components. The research is part of a larger project on intelligent manufacturing systems and is being conducted at the CIM Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.
9. Enveloping algebras of some quantum Lie algebras
OpenAIRE
Pourkia, Arash
2014-01-01
We define a family of Hopf algebra objects, $H$, in the braided category of $\\mathbb{Z}_n$-modules (known as anyonic vector spaces), for which the property $\\psi^2_{H\\otimes H}=id_{H\\otimes H}$ holds. We will show that these anyonic Hopf algebras are, in fact, the enveloping (Hopf) algebras of particular quantum Lie algebras, also with the property $\\psi^2=id$. Then we compute the braided periodic Hopf cyclic cohomology of these Hopf algebras. For that, we will show the following fact: analog...
10. Computer Language Effciency via Data Envelopment Analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Andrea Ellero
2011-01-01
Full Text Available The selection of the computer language to adopt is usually driven by intuition and expertise, since it is very diffcult to compare languages taking into account all their characteristics. In this paper, we analyze the effciency of programming languages through Data Envelopment Analysis. We collected the input data from The Computer Language Benchmarks Game: we consider a large set of languages in terms of computational time, memory usage, and source code size. Various benchmark problems are tackled. We analyze the results first of all considering programming languages individually. Then, we evaluate families of them sharing some characteristics, for example, being compiled or interpreted.
11. Technical support document for proposed 1994 revision of the MEC thermal envelope requirements
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Conner, C.C.; Lucas, R.G.
1994-03-01
This report documents the development of the proposed revision of the Council of American Building Officials (CABO) 1994 supplement to the 1993 Model Energy Code (MEC) building thermal envelope requirements for maximum component U{sub 0}-value. The 1994 amendments to the 1993 MEC were established in last years code change cycle and did not change the envelope requirements. The research underlying the proposed MEC revision was conducted by Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) for the US Department of Energy (DOE) Building Energy Standards program. The goal of this research was to develop revised guidelines based on an objective methodology that determines the most cost-effective (least total cost) combination of energy conservation measures (ECMs) (insulation levels and window types) for residential buildings. This least-cost set of ECMs was used as a basis for proposing revised MEC maximum U{sub 0}-values (thermal transmittances). ECMs include window types (for example, double-pane vinyl) and insulation levels (for example, R-19) for ceilings, walls, and floors.
12. Evaluation on energy and thermal performance for residential envelopes in hot summer and cold winter zone of China
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
As a result of rapid economic growth in the last several decades, energy issue is becoming more and more important in today's world because of a possible energy shortage in the future; the usage of residential electricity has increased rapidly in China and building energy efficiency is included as one of the 10 key programs targeting energy efficiency improvement in the 11th Five-Year Plan. In response to the growing concerns about energy conservation in residential buildings and its implications for the environment, systematic evaluation on energy and thermal Performance for residential envelops (EETP) is put forward to assess the energy efficiency of envelop designs and to calculate the energy consumption of cooling and heating systems. Hot summer and cold winter zone of China was selected for EETP analysis because of its rigorous climatic and huge energy consumption. The correlations between EETPs and electricity consumptions in cooling season, heating season, and the whole year were built in Shanghai, Changsha, Shaoguan and Chengdu, which represent A, B, C and D subzone of hot summer and cold winter zone in China, respectively. Illustrations indicate that the algorithm is simple and effective, energy and thermal performance of residential envelopes can be evaluated easily. The maximum allowable values of EETPs were determined when just meeting the compulsory indices of Standard JGJ134-2001, the corresponding allowable EETPs were also gained when achieving different energy-saving degrees on basis of it. EETP method can suggest possible ways to improve the energy efficiency for envelope designs of new building and retrofits of existing buildings and provide governments some useful information for the establishment of new policy on energy efficiency buildings. It has important meanings to carry out sustainable residential building designs with high thermal comfort and low energy consumption.
13. Status and prospects of building energy efficiency in China
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LONGWeiding; ZHOUHui
2003-01-01
The paper briefly describes situation of building energy consumption in China. The authors indicate some relations in building energy efficiency should be dealt with properly: energy saving and energy efficiency, envelopes and building services systems, energy use and indoor environment, electric power saving and energy saving, devices and system, energy efficiency at stable state and at dynamic state. The authors suggest to use Coefficient of Energy Consumption as a Indicator of building energy efficiency.
14. Free-form architectural envelopes: Digital processes opportunities of industrial production at a reasonable price
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
E. Castaneda
2015-06-01
Full Text Available Free-form architecture is one of the major challenges for architects, engineers, and the building industry. This is due to the inherent difficulty of manufacturing double curvature facades at reasonable prices and quality. This paper discusses the possibilities of manufacturing free-form facade panels for architectural envelopes supported by recent advances in CAD/CAM systems and digital processes. These methods allow for no-mould processes, thus reducing the final price. Examples of actual constructions will be presented to prove the viability of computer numerically controlled (CNC fabrication technologies. Scientific literature will be reviewed. Promising fabrication methods (additive, subtractive, forming to accomplish this proposal will be discussed. This research will provide valuable information regarding the feasibility of manufacturing free-form panels for architectural envelopes at lower prices.
15. Effects of lyophilization on the infectivity of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses in bone tissue.
Science.gov (United States)
Uhlenhaut, Christine; Dörner, Thomas; Pauli, Georg; Pruss, Axel
2005-11-01
Recently reported qualitative experiments proved that retroviral infectivity is not destroyed by lyophilization performed on systemically infected bone and tendon. The now accomplished quantitative determination of residual infectivity for enveloped and non-enveloped viruses allows a validation of the production process regarding viral safety in freeze-dried bone transplants. The lyophilization effect on the infectivity of two non-enveloped viruses (Maus Elberfeld virus, MEV; Porcine parvovirus, PPV) and one enveloped virus (Vesicular Stomatitis virus, VSV) was examined for virus-spiked bone material in comparison to lyophilized viruses, original virus stock, and air-dried viruses. All experiments were carried out with both cell-free and cell-associated virus. Significant differences were observed regarding the reduction of virus titers (TCID50). Infectivity of VSV was reduced by about 3-4 log10 using lyophilization in presence of bone matrix and of MEV by 6-7 log10, while no substantial reduction in virus titers was observed for PPV. Lyophilization of cell-free or cell-associated virus is not sufficient to inactivate viruses completely. However, lyophilization could have an additive effect in line with other production steps used in the manufacturing process.
16. Functional organization of the HIV lipid envelope
Science.gov (United States)
Huarte, Nerea; Carravilla, Pablo; Cruz, Antonio; Lorizate, Maier; Nieto-Garai, Jon A.; Kräusslich, Hans-Georg; Pérez-Gil, Jesús; Requejo-Isidro, Jose; Nieva, José L.
2016-01-01
The chemical composition of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) membrane is critical for fusion and entry into target cells, suggesting that preservation of a functional lipid bilayer organization may be required for efficient infection. HIV-1 acquires its envelope from the host cell plasma membrane at sites enriched in raft-type lipids. Furthermore, infectious particles display aminophospholipids on their surface, indicative of dissipation of the inter-leaflet lipid asymmetry metabolically generated at cellular membranes. By combining two-photon excited Laurdan fluorescence imaging and atomic force microscopy, we have obtained unprecedented insights into the phase state of membranes reconstituted from viral lipids (i.e., extracted from infectious HIV-1 particles), established the role played by the different specimens in the mixtures, and characterized the effects of membrane-active virucidal agents on membrane organization. In determining the molecular basis underlying lipid packing and lateral heterogeneity of the HIV-1 membrane, our results may help develop compounds with antiviral activity acting by perturbing the functional organization of the lipid envelope. PMID:27678107
17. TRANSPARENT HELIUM IN STRIPPED ENVELOPE SUPERNOVAE
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Using simple arguments based on photometric light curves and velocity evolution, we propose that some stripped envelope supernovae (SNe) show signs that a significant fraction of their helium is effectively transparent. The main pieces of evidence are the relatively low velocities with little velocity evolution, as are expected deep inside an exploding star, along with temperatures that are too low to ionize helium. This means that the helium should not contribute to the shaping of the main SN light curve, and thus the total helium mass may be difficult to measure from simple light curve modeling. Conversely, such modeling may be more useful for constraining the mass of the carbon/oxygen core of the SN progenitor. Other stripped envelope SNe show higher velocities and larger velocity gradients, which require an additional opacity source (perhaps the mixing of heavier elements or radioactive nickel) to prevent the helium from being transparent. We discuss ways in which similar analysis can provide insights into the differences and similarities between SNe Ib and Ic, which will lead to a better understanding of their respective formation mechanisms
18. Transparent Helium in Stripped Envelope Supernovae
CERN Document Server
Piro, Anthony L
2014-01-01
The light curves and velocity evolution of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) provide important clues to help constrain their progenitors. This may be especially important for stripped envelope SNe (Type Ib, Ic, and IIb), which have been elusive in providing direct connections with the massive stars that give rise to these explosions. Using simple arguments based on photometric light curves, we propose that many of these stripped envelope SNe show evidence that a significant fraction their helium is effectively transparent during the majority of their light curve evolution. This means that the helium should not contribute to the shaping of the main SN light curve and thus the total helium mass may be difficult to constrain from simple light curve modeling. Conversely, such modeling may be more useful for constraining the mass of the carbon/oxygen core of the SN progenitor. We discuss ways in which similar analysis can provide insights into the differences and similarities between SNe Ib and Ic, which will help le...
19. Variability of mammalian liver nuclear-envelope preparations.
Science.gov (United States)
Agutter, P S; Gleed, C D
1980-10-15
The composition, density and enzymic activities of sheep liver nuclear-envelope preparations were found to vary markedly according to the concentrations of nuclei during the lysis stage. The effect of nuclear concentration on the properties of the purified envelopes could not be attributed to bound Mg2+ or to other ions, and appeared to result from some component of the nucleus which was not eluted during lysis. The implications of these findings for studies on the nuclear envelope are discussed.
20. Enveloping actions and Takai duality for partial actions
OpenAIRE
2000-01-01
We show that any continuous partial action on a topological space has a unique enveloping action, i.e. it is the restriction of a global action. In the case of C^*-algebras we prove that any partial action has an enveloping action up to Morita equivalence. The study of enveloping actions up to Morita equivalence reveals the form that Takai duality takes for partial actions.
1. BUILDING SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN: A RENOVATION PROJECT
OpenAIRE
Hakan ÜNALAN,; Tokman, Leyla Y.
2011-01-01
Today, the conservation of energy and respect for the natural environment appears to be the most important phenomena in all areas. In this regard, "sustainability" concept emerged and the architectural platform "Sustainable Architecture" is composed of a research subject to the new and permanent. Architecture underlying the "design" as including also the new concept of "sustainable architectural design" has revealed that field. Sustainable architecture "building in-house", "building envelop...
2. Multislice behavioral modeling based on envelope domain for power amplifiers
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Wang Huadong; Bao Jingfu; Wu Zhengde
2009-01-01
An envelope domain multislice behavioral modeling is introduced. The tradition AM-AM and AM-PM characteristics of power amplifiers are extended to envelope domain and base-band filter is applied to distortion complex envelope signal for description of the envelope memory effect. Using traditional one and two-tone tests, the coefficients of nonlinear model and the FIR filter can be extracted. At last the model has been applied to a 10 W WCDMA power amplifier to predict its output signal. And simulation results show that the model output conforms very well to the traditional transistor level simulation results.
3. Semiparametric Power Envelopes for Tests of the Unit Root Hypothesis
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jansson, Michael
This paper derives asymptotic power envelopes for tests of the unit root hypothesis in a zero-mean AR(1) model. The power envelopes are derived using the limits of experiments approach and are semiparametric in the sense that the underlying error distribution is treated as an unknown infinitedime......This paper derives asymptotic power envelopes for tests of the unit root hypothesis in a zero-mean AR(1) model. The power envelopes are derived using the limits of experiments approach and are semiparametric in the sense that the underlying error distribution is treated as an unknown...
4. Simulation Tests in Whole Building Heat and Moisture Transfer
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rode, Carsten; Peuhkuri, Ruut Hannele; Woloszyn, Monika
2006-01-01
An important part of the International Energy Agency project, ECBCS, Annex 41 is about modelling the integral heat, air and moisture transfer processes that take place in “whole buildings”. Such modelling deals with all most relevant elements of buildings: The indoor air, the building envelope...
5. Technical support document for proposed revision of the model energy code thermal envelope requirements
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Conner, C.C.; Lucas, R.G.
1993-02-01
This report documents the development of the proposed revision of the council of American Building Officials (CABO) 1993 supplement to the 1992 Model Energy Code (MEC) (referred to as the 1993 MEC) building thermal envelope requirements for single-family and low-rise multifamily residences. The goal of this analysis was to develop revised guidelines based on an objective methodology that determined the most cost-effective (least total life-cycle cost [LCC]) combination of energy conservation measures (ECMs) for residences in different locations. The ECMs with the lowest LCC were used as a basis for proposing revised MEC maximum U{sub o}-value (thermal transmittance) curves in the MEC format. The changes proposed here affect the requirements for group R residences. The group R residences are detached one- and two-family dwellings (referred to as single-family) and all other residential buildings three stories or less (referred to as multifamily).
6. Technical support document for proposed revision of the model energy code thermal envelope requirements
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Conner, C.C.; Lucas, R.G.
1993-02-01
This report documents the development of the proposed revision of the council of American Building Officials' (CABO) 1993 supplement to the 1992 Model Energy Code (MEC) (referred to as the 1993 MEC) building thermal envelope requirements for single-family and low-rise multifamily residences. The goal of this analysis was to develop revised guidelines based on an objective methodology that determined the most cost-effective (least total life-cycle cost [LCC]) combination of energy conservation measures (ECMs) for residences in different locations. The ECMs with the lowest LCC were used as a basis for proposing revised MEC maximum U[sub o]-value (thermal transmittance) curves in the MEC format. The changes proposed here affect the requirements for group R'' residences. The group R residences are detached one- and two-family dwellings (referred to as single-family) and all other residential buildings three stories or less (referred to as multifamily).
7. Enveloping branes and brane-world singularities
CERN Document Server
2014-01-01
The existence of envelopes is studied for systems of differential equations in connection with the method of asymptotic splittings which allows to determine the singularity structure of the solutions. The result is applied to braneworlds consisting of a 3-brane in a five-dimensional bulk, in the presence of an analog of a bulk perfect fluid parametrizing a generic class of bulk matter. We find that all flat brane solutions suffer from a finite distance singularity contrary to previous claims. We then study the possibility of avoiding finite distance singularities by cutting the bulk and gluing regular solutions at the position of the brane. Further imposing physical conditions such as finite Planck mass on the brane and positive energy conditions on the bulk fluid, excludes however this possibility, as well.
8. Antireflection Pyrex envelopes for parabolic solar collectors
Science.gov (United States)
McCollister, H. L.; Pettit, R. B.
1983-11-01
Antireflective (AR) coatings, applied to the glass envelopes used in parabolic trough solar collectors around the receiver tube in order to reduce thermal losses, can increase solar transmittance by 7 percent. An AR surface has been formed on Pyrex by first heat treating the glass to cause a compositional phase separation, removing a surface layer after heat treatment through the use of a preetching solution, and finally etching in a solution that contains hydrofluorosilic and ammonium bifluoride acids. AR-coated samples with solar transmittance values of more than 0.97, by comparison to an untreated sample value of 0.91, have been obtained for the 560-630 C range of heat treatment temperatures. Optimum values have also been determined for the other processing parameters.
9. Enveloping branes and brane-world singularities
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Antoniadis, Ignatios; Cotsakis, Spiros [CERN-Theory Division, Department of Physics, Geneva 23 (Switzerland); Klaoudatou, Ifigeneia [University of the Aegean, Research Group of Geometry, Dynamical Systems and Cosmology, Department of Information and Communication Systems Engineering, Samos (Greece)
2014-12-01
The existence of envelopes is studied for systems of differential equations in connection with the method of asymptotic splittings which allows one to determine the singularity structure of the solutions. The result is applied to brane-worlds consisting of a 3-brane in a five-dimensional bulk, in the presence of an analog of a bulk perfect fluid parameterizing a generic class of bulk matter. We find that all flat brane solutions suffer from a finite-distance singularity contrary to previous claims. We then study the possibility of avoiding finite-distance singularities by cutting the bulk and gluing regular solutions at the position of the brane. Further imposing physical conditions such as finite Planck mass on the brane and positive energy conditions on the bulk fluid, excludes, however, this possibility as well. (orig.)
10. The circumstellar envelope of AFGL 4106
CERN Document Server
Van Loon, J T; Van Winckel, H; Waters, L B F M; Loon, Jacco Th. van; Winckel, Hans van
1999-01-01
We present new imaging and spectroscopy of the post-red supergiant binary AFGL 4106. Coronographic imaging in H-alpha reveals the shape and extent of the ionized region in the circumstellar envelope (CSE). Echelle spectroscopy with the slit covering almost the entire extent of the CSE is used to derive the physical conditions in the ionized region and the optical depth of the dust contained within the CSE. The dust shell around AFGL 4106 is clumpy and mixed with ionized gas. H-alpha and [N II] emission is brightest from a thin bow-shaped layer just outside of the detached dust shell. On-going mass loss is traced by [Ca II] emission and blue-shifted absorption in lines of low-ionization species. A simple model is used to interpret the spatial distribution of the circumstellar extinction and the dust emission in a consistent way.
11. Performance measurement with fuzzy data envelopment analysis
CERN Document Server
2014-01-01
The intensity of global competition and ever-increasing economic uncertainties has led organizations to search for more efficient and effective ways to manage their business operations. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been widely used as a conceptually simple yet powerful tool for evaluating organizational productivity and performance. Fuzzy DEA (FDEA) is a promising extension of the conventional DEA proposed for dealing with imprecise and ambiguous data in performance measurement problems. This book is the first volume in the literature to present the state-of-the-art developments and applications of FDEA. It is designed for students, educators, researchers, consultants and practicing managers in business, industry, and government with a basic understanding of the DEA and fuzzy logic concepts.
12. Data envelopment analysis of randomized ranks
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sant'Anna Annibal P.
2002-01-01
Full Text Available Probabilities and odds, derived from vectors of ranks, are here compared as measures of efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs. These measures are computed with the goal of providing preliminary information before starting a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA or the application of any other evaluation or composition of preferences methodology. Preferences, quality and productivity evaluations are usually measured with errors or subject to influence of other random disturbances. Reducing evaluations to ranks and treating the ranks as estimates of location parameters of random variables, we are able to compute the probability of each DMU being classified as the best according to the consumption of each input and the production of each output. Employing the probabilities of being the best as efficiency measures, we stretch distances between the most efficient units. We combine these partial probabilities in a global efficiency score determined in terms of proximity to the efficiency frontier.
13. INNOVATIVE DYNAMIC BUILDING COMPONENT FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN AREA
OpenAIRE
Sala M.; Romano R.
2013-01-01
Appropriate building envelope is the main strategy for sustainable design, but in the mild temperate/mesothermal climates, the rapid changing of outdoor conditions push toward a dynamic response of envelope parameters to allow the maintenance of interior good adaptive comfort. The traditional response of the windows components that characterizes the Mediterranean architecture has recently developed by the ABITA Centre to a new range of innovative facade modules and new materials able to pl...
14. Furin is involved in baculovirus envelope fusion protein activation
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Westenberg, M.; Wang, H.; IJkel, W.F.J.; Goldbach, R.W.; Vlak, J.M.; Zuidema, D.
2002-01-01
The Spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) Se8 gene was recently shown to encode the viral envelope fusion (F) protein. A 60-kDa C-terminal subunit (F1) of the 76-kDa primary translation product of this gene was found to be the major envelope protein of SeMNPV budded virus (BV)
15. RELAXATION OF FUNCTIONALS INVOLVING HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS AND INVARIANCE OF ENVELOPES
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
2002-01-01
The authors compute the quasiconvex envelope of certain functions defined on the space Mmn of real m× n matrices via a homogeneous function on Mmn. They also deduce invariance properties for various convex envelopes from corresponding invariance properties satisfied by a function. Some applications related in particular to nonlinear elasticity are given.
16. Modeling the physical and excitation conditions of the molecular envelope of NGC 7027
CERN Document Server
Santander-García, M; Alcolea, J
2012-01-01
The link between the shaping of bipolar planetary nebulae and the mass ejection activity of their central stars is still poorly understood. Appropriately characterizing the evolution of the shells ejected during the late stages of evolution is vital to gain insight into the mechanism of nebular shaping. Herschel/HIFI provides an invaluable tool by opening a new window from which to probe warm molecular gas (~50-1000 K). We present a radiative-transfer, spatio-kinematic modeling of the molecular envelope of the young planetary nebula NGC 7027 in high- and low-J 12CO and 13CO transitions observed by Herschel/HIFI and IRAM 30-m, and discuss the structure and dynamics of the molecular envelope. We have developed a code which, used along with the existing SHAPE software, implements spatio-kinematic modeling with accurate non-LTE calculations of line excitation and radiative transfer in molecular species. We have used this code to build a relatively simple "russian doll" model of the molecular envelope of NGC 7027....
17. The Problem and Needs of Existing Urban Multifamily Building Estates in Poland
Science.gov (United States)
2012-06-01
The present paper explains in a descriptive way the findings and derivations, concerning the various needs, solutions and priorities which are identified in existing urban building envelopes of Poland, especially in Rzeszow housing estates.
18. Envelope enhancement increases cortical sensitivity to interaural envelope delays with acoustic and electric hearing.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Douglas E H Hartley
Full Text Available Evidence from human psychophysical and animal electrophysiological studies suggests that sensitivity to interaural time delay (ITD in the modulating envelope of a high-frequency carrier can be enhanced using half-wave rectified stimuli. Recent evidence has shown potential benefits of equivalent electrical stimuli to deaf individuals with bilateral cochlear implants (CIs. In the current study we assessed the effects of envelope shape on ITD sensitivity in the primary auditory cortex of normal-hearing ferrets, and profoundly-deaf animals with bilateral CIs. In normal-hearing animals, cortical sensitivity to ITDs (±1 ms in 0.1-ms steps was assessed in response to dichotically-presented i sinusoidal amplitude-modulated (SAM and ii half-wave rectified (HWR tones (100-ms duration; 70 dB SPL presented at the best-frequency of the unit over a range of modulation frequencies. In separate experiments, adult ferrets were deafened with neomycin administration and bilaterally-implanted with intra-cochlear electrode arrays. Electrically-evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABRs were recorded in response to bipolar electrical stimulation of the apical pair of electrodes with singe biphasic current pulses (40 µs per phase over a range of current levels to measure hearing thresholds. Subsequently, we recorded cortical sensitivity to ITDs (±800 µs in 80-µs steps within the envelope of SAM and HWR biphasic-pulse trains (40 µs per phase; 6000 pulses per second, 100-ms duration over a range of modulation frequencies. In normal-hearing animals, nearly a third of cortical neurons were sensitive to envelope-ITDs in response to SAM tones. In deaf animals with bilateral CI, the proportion of ITD-sensitive cortical neurons was approximately a fifth in response to SAM pulse trains. In normal-hearing and deaf animals with bilateral CI the proportion of ITD sensitive units and neural sensitivity to ITDs increased in response to HWR, compared with SAM stimuli
19. Moisture effect on thermal conductivity of some major elements of a typical Libyan house envelope
Science.gov (United States)
Suleiman, Bashir M.
2006-02-01
The thermal conductivity and the assessment of moisture effect on building materials are essential for the calculation of the thermal loads on houses. Building materials such as simple units e.g. bricks, tiles, cement plasters, mortar and ground soils are investigated in this work. In the eastern coastal province of Libya, old buildings have thick walls (more than 50 cm thick made of mixed clay and stones) and consequently have good capacitive insulation. On the other hand, the relatively new houses have thin walls and need the addition of insulating materials. Unfortunately, these new houses were constructed without having enough technical data on the thermal properties of building materials and thermal loads were not considered. This leads to uncomfortable living conditions during hot and humid summers and cold and wet winters. This article reports the thermal conductivity values of three types of locally produced building materials used in the construction of a typical Libyan house envelope and gives suggestions to improve the thermal performance of such envelopes. The transient plane source technique (TPS) is used to measure the thermal conductivity of these materials at an average room temperature of 25 °C. The TPS technique uses a resistive heater pattern (TPS element) that is cut from a thin sheet of metal and covered on both sides with thin layers of an insulating material. The TPS element/sensor is used both as a heat source and as a temperature sensor. This technique has the dual advantage of short measuring time and low temperature rise (around 1 K) across the sample. This will prevent a non-uniform moisture distribution that may arise when the temperature difference across the wet samples is maintained for a long time. In addition, the flat thin shape of the TPS element substantially reduces the contact resistance between the sample and the sensor. More details about the TPS technique are included.
20. Moisture effect on thermal conductivity of some major elements of a typical Libyan house envelope
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The thermal conductivity and the assessment of moisture effect on building materials are essential for the calculation of the thermal loads on houses. Building materials such as simple units e.g. bricks, tiles, cement plasters, mortar and ground soils are investigated in this work. In the eastern coastal province of Libya, old buildings have thick walls (more than 50 cm thick made of mixed clay and stones) and consequently have good capacitive insulation. On the other hand, the relatively new houses have thin walls and need the addition of insulating materials. Unfortunately, these new houses were constructed without having enough technical data on the thermal properties of building materials and thermal loads were not considered. This leads to uncomfortable living conditions during hot and humid summers and cold and wet winters. This article reports the thermal conductivity values of three types of locally produced building materials used in the construction of a typical Libyan house envelope and gives suggestions to improve the thermal performance of such envelopes. The transient plane source technique (TPS) is used to measure the thermal conductivity of these materials at an average room temperature of 25 deg. C. The TPS technique uses a resistive heater pattern (TPS element) that is cut from a thin sheet of metal and covered on both sides with thin layers of an insulating material. The TPS element/sensor is used both as a heat source and as a temperature sensor. This technique has the dual advantage of short measuring time and low temperature rise (around 1 K) across the sample. This will prevent a non-uniform moisture distribution that may arise when the temperature difference across the wet samples is maintained for a long time. In addition, the flat thin shape of the TPS element substantially reduces the contact resistance between the sample and the sensor. More details about the TPS technique are included
1. Office Building, Roskilde, Denmark. Parkvænget 25, 4000 Roskilde
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rose, Jørgen; Thomsen, Kirsten Engelund
Built in 1968 the office building was a typical precast concrete building with a very limited level of insulation. In 1991 the building envelope was renovated and insulation was added to the wall (175 mm) and windows were replaced with traditional double-glazed windows. The main objective...
2. Building thermography as a tool in energy audits and building commissioning procedure
Science.gov (United States)
Kauppinen, Timo
2007-04-01
A Building Commissioning-project (ToVa) was launched in Finland in the year 2003. A comprehensive commissioning procedure, including the building process and operation stage was developed in the project. This procedure will confirm the precise documentation of client's goals, definition of planning goals and the performance of the building. It is rather usual, that within 1-2 years after introduction the users complain about the defects or performance malfunctions of the building. Thermography is one important manual tool in verifying the thermal performance of the building envelope. In this paper the results of one pilot building (a school) will be presented. In surveying the condition and energy efficiency of buildings, various auxiliary means are needed. We can compare the consumption data of the target building with other, same type of buildings by benchmarking. Energy audit helps to localize and determine the energy saving potential. The most general and also most effective auxiliary means in monitoring the thermal performance of building envelopes is an infrared camera. In this presentation some examples of the use of thermography in energy audits are presented.
3. Impact of Air Tightness on the Evaluation of Building Energy Performance in Lithuania
OpenAIRE
Jolanta Šadauskienė; Valdas Paukštys; Lina Šeduikytė; Karolis Banionis
2014-01-01
In order to fulfil the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) requirements for the reduction of energy consumption, European national requirements have been created for building envelope thermal properties and calculation methodology to determine if building energy efficiency is created. This is however not true in all methodologies. The necessity of building air tightness appears only for new A class buildings, and there are no requirements for air tightness for other buil...
4. APPLICATION OF DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS IN THE ANALYSIS OF MEASURES FOR IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS
OpenAIRE
DRAGICEVIC SNEZANA M.
2016-01-01
One of the most commonly used methods for improving energy performances of buildings is reducing heating energy consumption. This paper shows a comparative analysis of building energy demand for space heating based on case studies in which building modifications were made with insulating materials of building envelopes and with different window types. For the analysis, a public building with 6 floors, located in Belgrade, was selected. For a dynamical simulation and evaluation of the applied ...
5. Laboratory tests of short intense envelope solitons
Science.gov (United States)
Slunyaev, A.; Clauss, G. F.; Klein, M.; Onorato, M.
2012-04-01
Stability of short intense nonlinear wave groups propagating over deep water is tested in laboratory runs which are performed in the facility of the Technical University of Berlin. The strongly nonlinear simulation of quasi-steady nonlinear wave groups within the framework of the Euler equations is used to generate the surface elevation time series at a border of the water tank. Besides, the exact analytic solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation is used for this purpose. The time series is then transformed to a wave maker signal with use of a designed transfer algorithm. Wave group propagation along the tank was recorded by 4 distant gauges and by an array of 6 densely situated gauges. This setup allows to consider the wave evolution from 10 to 85 m from the wave maker, and to obtain the wave envelope shape directly from the instrumental data. In the experiments wave groups were characterized by the steepness values up to kAcr A.I. Dyachenko, A.O. Prokofiev, Eur. J. Mech. B / Fluids 25, 677 (2006). [2] A.I. Dyachenko, V.E. Zakharov, JETP Lett. 88, 307 (2008). [3] A.V. Slunyaev, JETP 109, 676 (2009).
6. The progenitors of stripped-envelope supernovae
Science.gov (United States)
Elias-Rosa, N.
2013-05-01
The type Ib/c SNe are those explosions which come from massive star populations, but lack hydrogen and helium. These have been proposed to originate in the explosions of massive Wolf-Rayet stars, and we should easily be able to detect the very luminous, young progenitors if they exist. However, there has not been any detection of progenitors so far. I present the study of two extinguished Type Ic SNe 2003jg and 2004cc. In both cases there is no clear evidence of a direct detection of their progenitors in deep pre-explosion images. Upper limits derived by inserting artificial stars of known brightness at random positions around the progenitor positions (M_v>-8.8 and M_v>-9 magnitudes for the progenitors of SN 2003jg and SN 2004cc, respectively) are brighter than those expected for a massive WC (Wolf-Rayet, carbon-rich) or WO (Wolf-Rayet, oxygen-rich) (e.g., approximately between -3 and -6 in the LMC). Therefore, this is perhaps further evidence that the most massive stars may give rise to black-holes forming SNe, or it is an undetected, compact massive star hidden by a thick dust lane. However the extinction toward these SNe is currently one of the largest known. Even if these results do not directly reveal the nature of the type Ic SN progenitors, they can help to characterize the dusty environment which surrounded the progenitor of the stripped-envelope CC-SNe.
7. Economic Energy Savings Potential in Federal Buildings
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Brown, Daryl R.; Dirks, James A.; Hunt, Diane M.
2000-09-04
The primary objective of this study was to estimate the current life-cycle cost-effective (i.e., economic) energy savings potential in Federal buildings and the corresponding capital investment required to achieve these savings, with Federal financing. Estimates were developed for major categories of energy efficiency measures such as building envelope, heating system, cooling system, and lighting. The analysis was based on conditions (building stock and characteristics, retrofit technologies, interest rates, energy prices, etc.) existing in the late 1990s. The potential impact of changes to any of these factors in the future was not considered.
8. DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS OF BANKING SECTOR IN BANGLADESH
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Md. Rashedul Hoque
2012-05-01
Full Text Available Banking sector of Bangladesh is flourishing and contributing to its economy. In this aspect measuring efficiency is important. Data Envelopment Analysis technique is used for this purpose. The data are collected from the annual reports of twenty four different banks in Bangladesh. Data Envelopment Analysis is mainly of two types - constant returns to scale and variable returns to scale. Since this study attempts to maximize output, so the output oriented Data Envelopment Analysis is used. The most efficient bank is one that obtains the highest efficiency score.
9. Revisiting the envelope approximation: gravitational waves from bubble collisions
CERN Document Server
Weir, David J
2016-01-01
We study the envelope approximation and its applicability to first-order phase transitions in the early universe. We demonstrate that the power laws seen in previous studies exist independent of the nucleation rate. We also compare the envelope approximation prediction to results from large-scale phase transition simulations. For phase transitions where the contribution to gravitational waves from scalar fields dominates over that from the coupled plasma of light particles, the envelope approximation is in agreement, giving a power spectrum of the same form and order of magnitude. In all other cases the form and amplitude of the gravitational wave power spectrum is markedly different and new techniques are required.
10. Revisiting the envelope approximation: Gravitational waves from bubble collisions
Science.gov (United States)
Weir, David J.
2016-06-01
We study the envelope approximation and its applicability to first-order phase transitions in the early Universe. We demonstrate that the power laws seen in previous studies exist independently of the nucleation rate. We also compare the envelope approximation prediction to results from large-scale phase transition simulations. For phase transitions where the contribution to gravitational waves from scalar fields dominates over that from the coupled plasma of light particles, the envelope approximation is in agreement, giving a power spectrum of the same form and order of magnitude. In all other cases the form and amplitude of the gravitational wave power spectrum is markedly different and new techniques are required.
11. Building America Case Study: Field Trial of an Aerosol-Based Enclosure Sealing Technology, Clovis, California
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
2016-05-01
This report presents the results from several demonstrations of a new method for sealing building envelope air leaks using an aerosol sealing process developed by the Western Cooling Efficiency Center at UC Davis. The process involves pressurizing a building while applying an aerosol sealant to the interior. As air escapes through leaks in the building envelope, the aerosol particles are transported to the leaks where they collect and form a seal that blocks the leak. Standard blower door technology is used to facilitate the building pressurization, which allows the installer to track the sealing progress during the installation and automatically verify the final building tightness. Each aerosol envelope sealing installation was performed after drywall was installed and taped, and the process did not appear to interrupt the construction schedule or interfere with other trades working in the homes. The labor needed to physically seal bulk air leaks in typical construction will not be replaced by this technology. However, this technology is capable of bringing the air leakage of a building that was built with standard construction techniques and HERS-verified sealing down to levels that would meet DOE Zero Energy Ready Homes program requirements. When a developer is striving to meet a tighter envelope leakage specification, this technology could greatly reduce the cost to achieve that goal by providing a simple and relatively low cost method for reducing the air leakage of a building envelope with little to no change in their common building practices.
12. A method for optimizing the performance of buildings
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Pedersen, Frank
2007-01-01
This thesis describes a method for optimizing the performance of buildings. Design decisions made in early stages of the building design process have a significant impact on the performance of buildings, for instance, the performance with respect to the energy consumption, economical aspects......, and the indoor environment. The method is intended for supporting design decisions for buildings, by combining methods for calculating the performance of buildings with numerical optimization methods. The method is able to find optimum values of decision variables representing different features of the building......, such as its shape, the amount and type of windows used, and the amount of insulation used in the building envelope. The parties who influence design decisions for buildings, such as building owners, building users, architects, consulting engineers, contractors, etc., often have different and to some extent...
13. Thermal Bridges in Building Construction - Measurements and Calculations
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rose, Jørgen
The thesis investigates detailed calculation methods for evaluating heat loss through building envelope constructions, or more specific, thermal bridges. First a detailed description of the calculation methods, i.e. both calculation programs and guidelines, for calculating typical thermal bridges...... in building envelope constructions is given. After this a validation of both programs and guidelines is presented. The validation is performed by comparing calculated U-values with Guarded Hot Box measurements. The last part of the thesis discusses the possibilities of utilising the results of detailed...
14. Opacities in the massive stellar envelopes
Science.gov (United States)
Le Pennec, Maëlle; TURCK-CHIEZE, Sylvaine; SALMON, Sébastien; CONSORTIUM, OPAC
2015-08-01
Helio and asteroseismology (SoHo, CoRoT, KEPLER...) have produced observed acoustic oscillations of thousands of stars. The characteristics of these oscillations are deeply linked to the transport of radiation inside the stars. However, the comparisons of seismic data of Sun and stars with model predictions have led to significant discrepancies, which could be due to a bad knowledge of production and transport of energy.We will focus here on the case of β-Cephei.β-Cephei are pulsating stars, progenitor of supernovae and thus deeply linked to our understanding of stellar medium enrichment. Their study has shown some difficulty to predict the observed oscillation modes, which are directly linked to a bump of the opacity of the elements of the iron group (Cr, Fe, Ni) at log T=5.25 through their pulsating mechanism called the κ-mechanism. We will show that the different parameters of the stars (mass, age, metallicity) have a great influence on the amplitude of the bump, and then on the structure of the considered star.The mastery of the κ-mechanism that produces the pulsation of these stars supposes a fine determination of the peak opacity of the iron group in their envelope. We will present the final results of an experiment conducted at LULI 2000 in 2011 on Cr, Fe and Ni and compare them to OP and ATOMIC, SCO-RCG codes. We will show how to improve the opacity in the range of temperature around log T= 5.3.
15. Low Permeation Envelope Material Development for Titan Aerobot Project
Data.gov (United States)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration — Aerobot vehicles for missions on Titan require envelope materials that are strong, light and durable. In particular they must be able to withstand flexing at liquid...
16. Early Site Permit Demonstration Program: Plant parameters envelope report
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The Early Site Permit (ESP) Demonstration Program is the nuclear industry's initiative for piloting the early resolution of siting-related issues before the detailed design proceedings of the combined operating license review. The ESP Demonstration Program consists of three phases. The plant parameters envelopes task is part of Phase 1, which addresses the generic review of applicable federal regulations and develops criteria for safety and environmental assessment of potential sites. The plant parameters envelopes identify parameters that characterize the interface between an ALWR design and a potential site, and quantify the interface through values selected from the Utility Requirements Documents, vendor design information, or engineering assessments. When augmented with site-specific information, the plant parameters envelopes provide sufficient information to allow ESPs to be granted based on individual ALWR design information or enveloping design information for the evolutionary, passive, or generic ALWR plants. This document is expected to become a living document when used by future applicants
17. Envelope order tracking for fault detection in rolling element bearings
Science.gov (United States)
Guo, Yu; Liu, Ting-Wei; Na, Jing; Fung, Rong-Fong
2012-12-01
An envelope order tracking analysis scheme is proposed in the paper for the fault detection of rolling element bearing (REB) under varying-speed running condition. The developed method takes the advantages of order tracking, envelope analysis and spectral kurtosis. The fast kurtogram algorithm is utilized to obtain both optimal center frequency and bandwidth of the band-pass filter based on the maximum spectral kurtosis. The envelope containing vibration features of the incipient REB fault can be extracted adaptively. The envelope is re-sampled by the even-angle sampling scheme, and thus the non-stationary signal in the time domain is represented as a quasi-stationary signal in the angular domain. As a result, the frequency-smear problem can be eliminated in order spectrum and the fault diagnosis of REB in the varying-speed running condition of the rotating machinery is achieved. Experiments are conducted to verify the validity of the proposed method.
18. Low Permeation Envelope Material Development for Titan Aerobot Project
Data.gov (United States)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration — Aerobot vehicles for missions on Titan require envelope materials that are strong, light and durable. Unlike terrestrial balloon materials, these must be able to...
19. Polarimetry and the Envelopes of Magellanic B[e] Supergiants
CERN Document Server
Magalhães, A M; Melgarejo, R; Pereyra, A
2006-01-01
We discuss the nature of the circumstellar envelopes around the B[e] supergiants (B[e]SG) in the Magellanic Clouds (MC). Contrary to those in the Galaxy, the MC B[e]SG have a well defined luminosity and can be considered members of a well defined class. We discuss spectroscopy and optical broadband polarimetry and spectropolarimetry data. These data show for the first time detailed changes in the polarization across several spectral features. We show that the envelopes of the B[e]SG are generally variable. Broadband polarimetry data show that the envelopes are definitely non-spherically symmetric and large non-axisymmetric ejections may occur. In addition to that, spectropolarimetry is coming of age as a tool to study the B[e]SG envelope structure.
20. Beam envelope calculations in general linear coupled lattices
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Chung, Moses, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798 (Korea, Republic of); Qin, Hong [Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 (United States); Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 (China); Groening, Lars; Xiao, Chen [GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt (Germany); Davidson, Ronald C. [Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 (United States)
2015-01-15
The envelope equations and Twiss parameters (β and α) provide important bases for uncoupled linear beam dynamics. For sophisticated beam manipulations, however, coupling elements between two transverse planes are intentionally introduced. The recently developed generalized Courant-Snyder theory offers an effective way of describing the linear beam dynamics in such coupled systems with a remarkably similar mathematical structure to the original Courant-Snyder theory. In this work, we present numerical solutions to the symmetrized matrix envelope equation for β which removes the gauge freedom in the matrix envelope equation for w. Furthermore, we construct the transfer and beam matrices in terms of the generalized Twiss parameters, which enables calculation of the beam envelopes in arbitrary linear coupled systems.
1. Transport of Ions Across the Inner Envelope Membrane of Chloroplasts
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
McCarty, R. E.
2004-06-02
The technical report outlines the results of nine years of research on how ions cross the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts. The ions include protons, nitrite, calcium and ferrous iron. Bicarbonate transport was also studied.
2. Photon Bubbles in the Circumstellar Envelopes of Young Massive Stars
CERN Document Server
Turner, N J; Yorke, H W
2007-01-01
We show that the optically-thick dusty envelopes surrounding young high-mass stars are subject to the photon bubble instability. The infrared radiation passing through the envelope amplifies magnetosonic disturbances, with growth rates in our local numerical radiation MHD calculations that are consistent with a linear analysis. Modes with wavelengths comparable to the gas pressure scale height grow by more than two orders of magnitude in a thousand years, reaching non-linear amplitudes within the envelope lifetime. If the magnetic pressure in the envelope exceeds the gas pressure, the instability develops into trains of propagating shocks. Radiation escapes readily through the low-density material between the shocks, enabling accretion to continue despite the Eddington limit imposed by the dust opacity. The supersonic motions arising from the photon bubble instability can help explain the large velocity dispersions of hot molecular cores, while conditions in the shocked gas are suitable for maser emission. We...
3. Torsin Mediates Primary Envelopment of Large Ribonucleoprotein Granules at the Nuclear Envelope
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Vahbiz Jokhi
2013-04-01
Full Text Available A previously unrecognized mechanism through which large ribonucleoprotein (megaRNP granules exit the nucleus is by budding through the nuclear envelope (NE. This mechanism is akin to the nuclear egress of herpes-type viruses and is essential for proper synapse development. However, the molecular machinery required to remodel the NE during this process is unknown. Here, we identify Torsin, an AAA-ATPase that in humans is linked to dystonia, as a major mediator of primary megaRNP envelopment during NE budding. In torsin mutants, megaRNPs accumulate within the perinuclear space, and the messenger RNAs contained within fail to reach synaptic sites, preventing normal synaptic protein synthesis and thus proper synaptic bouton development. These studies begin to establish the cellular machinery underlying the exit of megaRNPs via budding, offer an explanation for the “nuclear blebbing” phenotype found in dystonia models, and provide an important link between Torsin and the synaptic phenotypes observed in dystonia.
4. Investigating the periodicity of transient-evoked otoacoustic emission envelopes
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Verhulst, Sarah
2011-01-01
This study investigates the cochlear origin of the multiple temporal lobes that are often observed in the transient-evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) envelope. This "waxing and waning" of the OAE amplitude can be observed in tone-burst (TB) OAEs and sometimes also in click-evoked (CE) OAEs. TBOAE...... and the middle-ear boundary may contribute to the TBOAE envelope periodicity, but were not the main modulation component in waxing and waning of the investigated TBOAEs....
5. Structure of the Jovian envelope from Pioneer 10 gravity data
Science.gov (United States)
Anderson, J. D.; Hubbard, W. B.; Slattery, W. L.
1974-01-01
Measurement of Jupiter's zonal harmonics J2 and J4 by the celestial mechanics experiment on Pioneer 10 may be used to obtain a constraint on the structure of the outer envelope of Jupiter, using an inversion technique which is insensitive to the structure of the deep interior for a plausible class of planetary models. The derived structure is consistent with an adiabatic, solar-composition envelope with a starting temperature of 250 plus or minus 40 K at 1 bar pressure.
6. Representation Theory of Quantized Enveloping Algebras with Interpolating Real Structure
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Kenny De Commer
2013-12-01
Full Text Available Let g be a compact simple Lie algebra. We modify the quantized enveloping ∗-algebra associated to g by a real-valued character on the positive part of the root lattice. We study the ensuing Verma module theory, and the associated quotients of these modified quantized enveloping ∗-algebras. Restricting to the locally finite part by means of a natural adjoint action, we obtain in particular examples of quantum homogeneous spaces in the operator algebraic setting.
7. The Nonlinear Analytical Envelope Equation in quadratic nonlinear crystals
OpenAIRE
Bache, Morten
2016-01-01
We here derive the so-called Nonlinear Analytical Envelope Equation (NAEE) inspired by the work of Conforti et al. [M. Conforti, A. Marini, T. X. Tran, D. Faccio, and F. Biancalana, "Interaction between optical fields and their conjugates in nonlinear media," Opt. Express 21, 31239-31252 (2013)], whose notation we follow. We present a complete model that includes $\\chi^{(2)}$ terms [M. Conforti, F. Baronio, and C. De Angelis, "Nonlinear envelope equation for broadband optical pulses in quadra...
8. Virulence Properties of the Legionella Pneumophila Cell Envelope
OpenAIRE
Shevchuk, Olga; Jäger, Jens; Steinert, Michael
2011-01-01
The bacterial envelope plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the structure and molecular composition of the Legionella pneumophila cell envelope. We describe lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis and the biological activities of membrane and periplasmic proteins and discuss their decisive functions during the pathogen–host interaction. In addition to adherence, invasion, and intracellular survival of L. pneumophila, s...
9. Virulence properties of the Legionella pneumophila cell envelope
OpenAIRE
Olga eShevchuk; Jens eJäger; Michael eSteinert
2011-01-01
The bacterial envelope plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the structure and molecular composition of the Legionella pneumophila cell envelope. We describe LPS biosynthesis and the biological activities of membrane and periplasmic proteins and discuss their decisive functions during the pathogen-host interaction. In addition to adherence, invasion and intracellular survival of L. pneumophila, special emphasis i...
10. Incorporation of cellular proteins into enveloped virus particles
OpenAIRE
Hammarstedt, Maria
2006-01-01
This thesis work aimed to investigate the assembly and budding of enveloped virus particles with focus on the fate of cellular proteins, present in or near the plasma membrane (PM) where the budding occurs. It was previously shown that compact viruses, like alphaviruses, with a covering outer protein coat, did not contain any cellular proteins in the envelope. However, cellular proteins were found in purified retroviral preparations and these proteins were thought to be spec...
11. Building Performance Simulation tools for planning of energy efficiency retrofits
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Mondrup, Thomas Fænø; Karlshøj, Jan; Vestergaard, Flemming
2014-01-01
Designing energy efficiency retrofits for existing buildings will bring environmental, economic, social, and health benefits. However, selecting specific retrofit strategies is complex and requires careful planning. In this study, we describe a methodology for adopting Building Performance...... to energy efficiency retrofits in social housing. To generate energy savings, we focus on optimizing the building envelope. We evaluate alternative building envelope actions using procedural solar radiation and daylight simulations. In addition, we identify the digital information flow and the information...... Simulation (BPS) tools as energy and environmentally conscious decision-making aids. The methodology has been developed to screen buildings for potential improvements and to support the development of retrofit strategies. We present a case study of a Danish renovation project, implementing BPS approaches...
12. Characterizing the spatiotemporal evolution of building-stock age in Poultney, Vermont: a GIS-based approach to improve thermal efficiency in historical buildings
OpenAIRE
John Van Hoesen; Steven Letendre
2013-01-01
Many industrialized countries are exploring ways to facilitate the prioritization of efforts targeting improved thermal efficiency in an aging building stock. Older buildings, typically, have inefficient building envelopes and higher energy-consumption patterns relative to new construction, which contributes to higher overall energy consumption at the local and regional scale. Reducing energy consumption by increasing the efficiency of older buildings will result in lower anthropogenic greenh...
13. Dynamics of a Supernova Envelope in a Cloudy Interstellar Medium
CERN Document Server
Korolev, V V; Kovalenko, I G; Shchekinov, Yu A
2015-01-01
The evolution of a supernova remnant in a cloudy medium as a function of the volume filling factor of the clouds is studied in a three-dimensional axially symmetrical model. The model includes the mixing of heavy elements (metals) ejected by the supernova and their contribution to radiative losses. The interaction of the supernova envelope with the cloudy phase of the interstellar medium leads to nonsimultaneous, and on average earlier, onsets of the radiative phase in different parts of the supernova envelope. Growth in the volume filling factor $f$ leads to a decrease in the time for the transition of the envelope to the radiative phase and a decrease in the envelope's mean radius, due to the increased energy losses by the envelope in the cloudy medium. When the development of hydrodynamical instabilities in the supernova envelope is efficient, the thermal energy falls as $E_t\\sim t^{-2.3}$, for the propagation of the supernova remnant through either a homogeneous or a cloudy medium. When the volume filling...
14. Planet formation with envelope enrichment: new insights on planetary diversity
CERN Document Server
Venturini, Julia; Benz, Willy
2016-01-01
We compute, for the first time, self-consistent models of planet growth including the effect of envelope enrichment. The change of envelope metallicity is assumed to be the result of planetesimal disruption or icy pebble sublimation. We solve internal structure equations taking into account global energy conservation for the envelope to compute in-situ planetary growth. We consider different opacities and equations of state suited for a wide range of metallicities. We find that envelope enrichment speeds up the formation of gas giants. It also explains naturally the formation of low and intermediate mass objects with large fractions of H-He (~ 20 - 30 % in mass). High opacity models explain well the metallicity of the giant planets of the solar system, whereas low opacity models are suited for forming small mass objects with thick H-He envelopes and gas giants with sub-solar envelope metallicities. We find good agreement between our models and the estimated water abundance for WASP-43b. For HD 189733b, HD 209...
15. Reactor building
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The whole reactor building is accommodated in a shaft and is sealed level with the earth's surface by a building ceiling, which provides protection against penetration due to external effects. The building ceiling is supported on walls of the reactor building, which line the shaft and transfer the vertical components of forces to the foundations. The thickness of the walls is designed to withstand horizontal pressure waves in the floor. The building ceiling has an opening above the reactor, which must be closed by cover plates. Operating equipment for the reactor can be situated above the building ceiling. (orig./HP)
16. Multicriteria approach to data envelopment analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hélcio Vieira Junior
2008-08-01
17. Building America
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
2010-12-31
IBACOS researched the constructability and viability issues of using high performance windows as one component of a larger approach to building houses that achieve the Building America 70% energy savings target.
18. Solar building
OpenAIRE
Zhang, Luxin
2014-01-01
In my thesis I describe the utilization of solar energy and solar energy with building integration. In introduction it is also mentioned how the solar building works, trying to make more people understand and accept the solar building. The thesis introduces different types of solar heat collectors. I compared the difference two operation modes of solar water heating system and created examples of solar water system selection. I also introduced other solar building applications. It is conv...
19. An Assessment of Envelope Measures in Mild Climate Deep Energy Retrofits
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Walker, Iain [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Less, Brennan [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
2014-06-01
Energy end-uses and interior comfort conditions have been monitored in 11 Deep Energy Retrofits (DERs) in a mild marine climate. Two broad categories of DER envelope were identified: first, bringing homes up to current code levels of insulation and airtightness, and second, enhanced retrofits that go beyond these code requirements. The efficacy of envelope measures in DERs was difficult to determine, due to the intermingled effects of enclosure improvements, HVAC system upgrades and changes in interior comfort conditions. While energy reductions in these project homes could not be assigned to specific improvements, the combined effects of changes in enclosure, HVAC system and comfort led to average heating energy reductions of 76percent (12,937 kWh) in the five DERs with pre-retrofit data, or 80percent (5.9 kWh/ft2) when normalized by floor area. Overall, net-site energy reductions averaged 58percent (15,966 kWh; n=5), and DERs with code-style envelopes achieved average net-site energy reductions of 65percent (18,923 kWh; n=4). In some homes, the heating energy reductions were actually larger than the whole house reductions that were achieved, which suggests that substantial additional energy uses were added to the home during the retrofit that offset some heating savings. Heating system operation and energy use was shown to vary inconsistently with outdoor conditions, suggesting that most DERs were not thermostatically controlled and that occupants were engaged in managing the indoor environmental conditions. Indoor temperatures maintained in these DERs were highly variable, and no project home consistently provided conditions within the ASHRAE Standard 55-2010 heating season comfort zone. Thermal comfort and heating system operation had a large impact on performance and were found to depend upon the occupant activities, so DERs should be designed with the occupants needs and patterns of consumption in mind. Beyond-code building envelopes were not found to be
20. Economical optimization of building elements for use in design of nearly zero energy buildings
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Sanne
2012-01-01
for finding the economical optimal solutions based on the use of the cost of conserved energy for each main building envelope part and building service system and cost of produced energy for each energy producing system. By use of information on construction cost and developed models of the yearly energy use......Nearly zero energy buildings are to become a requirement as part of the European energy policy. There are many ways of designing nearly zero energy buildings, but there is a lack of knowledge on how to end up with the most economical optimal solution. Therefore this paper present a method...... for each component, a function is set up that represents the relation of the marginal cost of conserved energy and the energy use for different quantities and qualities of the components. The optimal mix of solutions for the whole building is found by selecting building parts with the same cost...
1. Performance analysis of an energy efficient building prototype by using TRNSYS
OpenAIRE
Lai, Kun; Wang, Wen; Giles, Harry
2014-01-01
Buildings section accouts for a large part of the total primary energy consumption. This paper reports a simulative study on an energy efficient building prototype named MIDMOD by using TRNSYS program. The prototype is a new genre of affordable medium density building concepts that are more adaptable, durable, and energy efficient as whole-life housing typologies than those currently available.The building envelope thermal insulation and air tightness are enhanced to reduce heat loss. Several...
2. The South Carolina bridge-scour envelope curves
Science.gov (United States)
Benedict, Stephen T.; Feaster, Toby D.; Caldwell, Andral
2016-09-30
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Transportation, conducted a series of three field investigations to evaluate historical, riverine bridge scour in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions of South Carolina. These investigations included data collected at 231 riverine bridges, which lead to the development of bridge-scour envelope curves for clear-water and live-bed components of scour. The application and limitations of the South Carolina bridge-scour envelope curves were documented in four reports, each report addressing selected components of bridge scour. The current investigation (2016) synthesizes the findings of these previous reports into a guidance manual providing an integrated procedure for applying the envelope curves. Additionally, the investigation provides limited verification for selected bridge-scour envelope curves by comparing them to field data collected outside of South Carolina from previously published sources. Although the bridge-scour envelope curves have limitations, they are useful supplementary tools for assessing the potential for scour at riverine bridges in South Carolina.
3. AN EFFICIENT SIMULATION OF MULTIPLE CORRELATED RAYLEIGH FADING ENVELOPES
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Zhou Ke; Cao Shike; Song Rongfang
2008-01-01
In order to better assess the performance of wireless communication systems,it is desirable to produce multiple Rayleigh fading envelopes with specified correlations. In this paper,we analyze theoretically a procedure which generates correlated Gaussian random variables from independent Gaussian random variables and give a physical explanation for the limitation of this procedure. Then,based on some uncorrelated Rayleigh fading envelopes,a simple but efficient procedure for generating an arbitrary number of cross-correlated Rayleigh fading envelopes is proposed. Simulation results and computational complexity analysis are presented,which show that the proposed method has some advantages,such as high accuracy,low computational complexity and easy implementation,over the conventional simulation method.
4. Experimental evaluation of envelope tracking techniques for voltage disturbances
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Marei, Mostafa I. [Electrical Power and Machines Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 El-Sarayat St., Abbasia, 11517 Cairo (Egypt); El-Saadany, Ehab F.; Salama, Magdy M.A. [Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON (Canada)
2010-03-15
In this paper a digital signal processor (DSP) based real time voltage envelope tracking system is developed and examined. The ADAptive LINEar neuron (ADALINE) and the Recursive Least Square (RLS) algorithms are adopted for envelope tracking. The proposed ADALINE and RLS algorithms give accurate results even under rapid dynamic changes. The paper investigates the effects of different parameters on the performance of the ADALINE algorithm and that of the RLS algorithm. The experimental system is cantered around a Texas Instrument 16 bit fixed-point arithmetic (TMS320LF2407A) evaluation board. Both the ADALINE and the RLS tracking algorithms are developed using the DSP-assembly language. A simple voltage flicker generator is implemented to produce various voltage disturbances. Extensive tests of the proposed envelope tracking algorithms are conducted to evaluate their dynamic performance. (author)
5. An adaptive envelope spectrum technique for bearing fault detection
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In this work, an adaptive envelope spectrum (AES) technique is proposed for bearing fault detection, especially for analyzing signals with transient events. The proposed AES technique first modulates the signal using the empirical mode decomposition to formulate the representative intrinsic mode functions (IMF), and then a novel IMF reconstruction method is proposed based on a correlation analysis of the envelope spectra. The reconstructed signal is post-processed by using an adaptive filter to enhance impulsive signatures, where the filter length is optimized by the proposed sparsity analysis technique. Bearing health conditions are diagnosed by examining bearing characteristic frequency information on the envelope power spectrum. The effectiveness of the proposed fault detection technique is verified by a series of experimental tests corresponding to different bearing conditions. (paper)
6. The Binding Energy Parameter for Common Envelope Evolution
CERN Document Server
Wang, Cheng; Li, Xiang-Dong
2016-01-01
The binding energy parameter $\\lambda$ plays a vital role in common envelope evolution. Though it is well known that $\\lambda$ takes different values for stars with different masses and varies during stellar evolution, it has been erroneously adopted as a constant in most of the population synthesis calculations. We have systematically calculated the values of $\\lambda$ for stars of masses $1-60\\,M_{\\odot}$ by use of an updated stellar evolution code, taking into account contribution from both gravitational energy and internal energy to the binding energy of the envelope. We adopt the criterion for the core-envelope boundary advocated by \\citet{Ivanova2011}. A new kind of $\\lambda$ with the enthalpy prescription is also investigated. We present fitting formulae for the calculated values of various kinds of $\\lambda$, which can be used in future population synthesis studies.
7. Efficiency of Planetesimal Ablation in Giant Planetary Envelopes
CERN Document Server
Pinhas, Arazi; Clarke, Cathie
2016-01-01
Observations of exoplanetary spectra are leading to unprecedented constraints on their atmospheric elemental abundances, particularly O/H, C/H, and C/O ratios. Recent studies suggest that elemental ratios could provide important constraints on formation and migration mechanisms of giant exoplanets. A fundamental assumption in such studies is that the chemical composition of the planetary envelope represents the sum-total of compositions of the accreted gas and solids during the formation history of the planet. We investigate the efficiency with which accreted planetesimals ablate in a giant planetary envelope thereby contributing to its composition rather than sinking to the core. From considerations of aerodynamic drag causing frictional ablation' and the envelope temperature structure causing thermal ablation', we compute mass ablations for impacting planetesimals of radii 30 m to 1 km for different compositions (ice to iron) and a wide range of velocities and impact angles, assuming spherical symmetry. I...
8. Intermediate luminosity optical transients during the grazing envelope evolution (GEE)
Science.gov (United States)
Soker, Noam
2016-08-01
By comparing photon diffusion time with gas outflow time, I argue that a large fraction of the energy carried by the jets during the grazing envelope evolution (GEE) might end in radiation, hence leading to an intermediate luminosity optical transient (ILOT). In the GEE a companion orbiting near the outskirts of the larger primary star accretes mass through an accretion disk, and launches jets that efficiently remove the envelope gas from the vicinity of the secondary star. In cases of high mass accretion rates onto the stellar companion the energy carried by the jets surpass the recombination energy from the ejected mass, and when the primary star is a giant this energy surpasses also the gravitational binding energy of the binary system. Some future ILOTs of giant stars might be better explained by the GEE than by merger and common envelope evolution without jets.
9. Envelope induced ionization dynamics beyond the dipole approximation
CERN Document Server
Simonsen, Aleksander Skjerlie; Førre, Morten; Lindroth, Eva; Selstø, Sølve
2015-01-01
When atoms and molecules are ionized by laser pulses of finite duration and increasingly high intensities, the validity of the much used dipole approximation, in which the spatial dependence and magnetic component of the external field are neglected, eventually breaks down. We report that when going beyond the dipole approximation for the description of atoms exposed to ultraviolet light, the spatial dependence of the pulse shape, the envelope, provides the dominant correction, while the spatial dependence of the carrier may safely be neglected in the general case. We present a first order beyond-dipole correction to the Hamiltonian which accounts exclusively for effects stemming from the carrier-envelope of the pulse. This much simpler form of the correction is further discussed in connection with various descriptions of the light-matter interaction. We demonstrate by ab initio calculations that this approximation, which we will refer to as the envelope approximation, reproduces the full interaction beyond t...
10. The envelope Hamiltonian for electron interaction with ultrashort pulses
CERN Document Server
Toyota, Koudai; Rost, Jan M
2014-01-01
For ultrashort VUV pulses with a pulse length comparable to the orbital time of the bound electrons they couple to we propose a simplified envelope Hamiltonian. It is based on the Kramers-Henneberger representation in connection with a Floquet expansion of the strong-field dynamics but keeps the time dependence of the pulse envelope explicit. Thereby, the envelope Hamiltonian captures the essence of the physics, -- light-induced shifts of bound states, single-photon absorption, and non-adiabatic electronic transitions. It delivers quantitatively accurate ionization dynamics and allows for physical insight into the processes occurring. Its minimal requirements for construction in terms of laser parameters make it ideally suited for a large class of atomic and molecular problems.
11. The binding energy parameter for common envelope evolution
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, Chen; Jia, Kun; Li, Xiang-Dong
2016-08-01
The binding energy parameter λ plays a vital role in common envelope evolution. Though it is well known that λ takes different values for stars with different masses and varies during stellar evolution, it has been erroneously adopted as a constant in most population synthesis calculations. We have systematically calculated the values of λ for stars of masses 1 – 60 M ⊙ by use of an updated stellar evolution code, taking into account the contribution from both gravitational energy and internal energy to the binding energy of the envelope. We adopt the criterion for the core-envelope boundary advocated by Ivanova. A new kind of λ with an enthalpy prescription is also investigated. We present fitting formulae for the calculated values of various kinds of λ, which can be used in future population synthesis studies.
12. Intermediate luminosity optical transients during the grazing envelope evolution (GEE)
CERN Document Server
Soker, Noam
2016-01-01
By comparing photon diffusion time with gas outflow time, I argue that a large fraction of the energy carried by the jets during the grazing envelope evolution (GEE) might end in radiation, hence leading to an intermediate luminosity optical transient (ILOT). In the GEE a companion orbiting near the outskirts of the larger primary star accretes mass through an accretion disk, and launches jets that efficiently remove the envelope gas in the vicinity of the secondary star. In cases of high mass accretion rates onto the stellar companion the energy carried by the jets surpass the recombination energy from the ejected mass, and when the primary star is a giant this energy surpasses also the gravitational energy of the binary system. Some future ILOTs of giant stars might be better explained by the GEE than by merger and common envelope evolution without jets.
13. Planetary Gearbox Fault Diagnosis Using Envelope Manifold Demodulation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Weigang Wen
2016-01-01
Full Text Available The important issue in planetary gear fault diagnosis is to extract the dependable fault characteristics from the noisy vibration signal of planetary gearbox. To address this critical problem, an envelope manifold demodulation method is proposed for planetary gear fault detection in the paper. This method combines complex wavelet, manifold learning, and frequency spectrogram to implement planetary gear fault characteristic extraction. The vibration signal of planetary gear is demodulated by wavelet enveloping. The envelope energy is adopted as an indicator to select meshing frequency band. Manifold learning is utilized to reduce the effect of noise within meshing frequency band. The fault characteristic frequency of the planetary gear is shown by spectrogram. The planetary gearbox model and test rig are established and experiments with planet gear faults are conducted for verification. All results of experiment analysis demonstrate its effectiveness and reliability.
14. The circumstellar envelope of the C-rich post-AGB star HD 56126
CERN Document Server
Hony, S; Waters, L B F M; De Koter, A
2003-01-01
We present a detailed study of the circumstellar envelope of the post-asymptotic giant branch 21 micron object'' HD 56126. We build a detailed dust radiative transfer model of the circumstellar envelope in order to derive the dust composition and mass, and the mass-loss history of the star. To model the emission of the dust we use amorphous carbon, hydrogenated amorphous carbon, magnesium sulfide and titanium carbide. We present a detailed parametrisation of the optical properties of hydrogenated amorphous carbon as a function of H/C content. The mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy is best reproduced by a single dust shell from 1.2 to 2.6 arcsec radius around the central star. This shell originates from a short period during which the mass-loss rate exceeded 10^(-4) M_sun/yr. We find that the strength of the 21'' micron feature poses a problem for the TiC identification. The low abundance of Ti requires very high absorption cross-sections in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength range to explain the st...
15. Topological ∗-algebras with *-enveloping Algebras II
S J Bhatt
2001-02-01
Universal *-algebras *() exist for certain topological ∗-algebras called algebras with a *-enveloping algebra. A Frechet ∗-algebra has a *-enveloping algebra if and only if every operator representation of maps into bounded operators. This is proved by showing that every unbounded operator representation , continuous in the uniform topology, of a topological ∗-algebra , which is an inverse limit of Banach ∗-algebras, is a direct sum of bounded operator representations, thereby factoring through the enveloping pro-* algebra () of . Given a *-dynamical system (, , ), any topological ∗-algebra containing (, ) as a dense ∗-subalgebra and contained in the crossed product *-algebra *(, , ) satisfies ()=*(, , ). If $G = \\mathbb{R}$, if is an -invariant dense Frechet ∗-subalgebra of such that () = , and if the action on is -tempered, smooth and by continuous ∗-automorphisms: then the smooth Schwartz crossed product $S(\\mathbb{R}, B, )$ satisfies $E(S(\\mathbb{R}, B, )) = C^*(\\mathbb{R}, A, )$. When is a Lie group, the ∞-elements ∞(), the analytic elements () as well as the entire analytic elements () carry natural topologies making them algebras with a *-enveloping algebra. Given a non-unital *-algebra , an inductive system of ideals is constructed satisfying $A = C^*-\\mathrm{ind} \\lim I_$; and the locally convex inductive limit $\\mathrm{ind}\\lim I_$ is an -convex algebra with the *-enveloping algebra and containing the Pedersen ideal of . Given generators with weakly Banach admissible relations , we construct universal topological ∗-algebra (, ) and show that it has a *-enveloping algebra if and only if (, ) is *-admissible.
16. Efficiency of Planetesimal Ablation in Giant Planetary Envelopes
Science.gov (United States)
Pinhas, Arazi; Madhusudhan, Nikku; Clarke, Cathie
2016-09-01
Observations of exoplanetary spectra are leading to unprecedented constraints on their atmospheric elemental abundances, particularly O/H, C/H, and C/O ratios. Recent studies suggest that elemental ratios could provide important constraints on formation and migration mechanisms of giant exoplanets. A fundamental assumption in such studies is that the chemical composition of the planetary envelope represents the sum-total of compositions of the accreted gas and solids during the formation history of the planet. We investigate the efficiency with which accreted planetesimals ablate in a giant planetary envelope thereby contributing to its composition rather than sinking to the core. From considerations of aerodynamic drag causing frictional ablation' and the envelope temperature structure causing thermal ablation', we compute mass ablations for impacting planetesimals of radii 30 m to 1 km for different compositions (ice to iron) and a wide range of velocities and impact angles, assuming spherical symmetry. Icy impactors are fully ablated in the outer envelope for a wide range of parameters. Even for Fe impactors substantial ablation occurs in the envelope for a wide range of sizes and velocities. For example, iron impactors of sizes below ˜0.5 km and velocities above ˜30 km/s are found to ablate by ˜ 60-80% within the outer envelope at pressures below 103 bar due to frictional ablation alone. For deeper pressures (˜107 bar), substantial ablation happens over a wider range of parameters. Therefore, our exploratory study suggests that atmospheric abundances of volatile elements in giant planets reflect their accretion history during formation.
17. The envelopes of amphibian oocytes: physiological modifications in Bufo arenarum
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sánchez Mercedes
2003-02-01
Full Text Available Abstract A characterization of the Amphibian Bufo arenarum oocyte envelope is presented. It was made in different functional conditions of the oocyte: 1 when it has been released into the coelomic cavity during ovulation (surrounded by the coelomic envelope, (CE, 2 after it has passed through the oviduct and is deposed (surrounded by the viteline envelope, (VE, and 3 after oocyte activation (surrounded by the fertilization envelope, (FE. The characterization was made by SDS-PAGE followed by staining for protein and glycoproteins. Labeled lectins were used to identify glycosidic residues both in separated components on nitrocellulose membranes or in intact oocytes and embryos. Proteolytic properties of the content of the cortical granules were also analyzed. After SDS-PAGE of CE and VE, a different protein pattern was observed. This is probably due to the activity of a protease present in the pars recta of the oviduct. Comparison of the SDS-PAGE pattern of VE and FE showed a different mobility for one of the glycoproteins, gp75. VE and FE proved to have different sugar residues in their oligosaccharide chains. Mannose residues are only present in gp120 of the three envelopes. N-acetyl-galactosamine residues are present in all of the components, except for gp69 in the FE. Galactose residues are present mainly in gp120 of FE. Lectin-binding assays indicate the presence of glucosamine, galactose and N-acetyl galactosamine residues and the absence (or non-availability of N-acetyl-glucosamine or fucose residues on the envelopes surface. The cortical granule product (CGP shows proteolytic activity on gp75 of the VE.
18. Chaetomium and Stachybotrys in water-damaged buildings
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Andersen, Birgitte; Lewinska, Anna Malgorzata; Nielsen, Jakob Blæsbjerg;
Fungal growth occurs when parts of the building envelope get very wet due to unfortunate combinations of factors, e.g. thermal bridges/lack of ventilation, shoddy foundations/flooding or leaks in build-in pipes. Chaetomium and Stachybotrys are not as abundant as Penicillium and Aspergillus (Table......), however, they may produce volatiles and microparticles that can cause health problems. They are common in wet walls constructed of wood fibre board (OSB/plywood) and gypsum board....
19. Calculation of CWKB envelope in boson and fermion productions
S Biswas; I Chowdhury
2007-01-01
We present the calculation of envelope of boson and of both low- and high- mass fermion production at the end of inflation when the coherently oscillating inflatons decay into bosons and fermions. We consider three different models of inflation and use CWKB technique to calculate the envelope to understand the structure of resonance band formation. We observe that though low-mass fermion production is not effective in pre-heating because of Pauli blocking, it is quite probable for high-mass fermion to take part in pre-heating.
20. Structural plasticity of the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sheval E. V.
2014-09-01
Full Text Available The nuclear envelope is a double membrane structure, continuous with endoplasmic reticulum, and the morphological organization of both these structures is quite conservative. However, nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum demonstrate distinct structural plasticity, i. e., based on common organization, cells may form various non-canonical membrane structures that are observed only in specialized types of cells or appear in different pathologies. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms of the biogenesis of such non-canonical structures, and the possible role of this plasticity in the development of pathological processes.
1. Method of accurate grinding for single enveloping TI worm
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
SUN Yuehai; ZHENG Huijiang; BI Qingzhen; WANG Shuren
2005-01-01
TI worm drive consists of involute helical gear and its enveloping Hourglass worm. Accurate grinding for TI worm is the key manufacture technology for TI worm gearing being popularized and applied. According to the theory of gear mesh, the equations of tooth surface of worm drive are gained, and the equation of the axial section profile of grinding wheel that can accurately grind TI worm is extracted. Simultaneously,the relation of position and motion between TI worm and grinding wheel are expounded.The method for precisely grinding single enveloping TI worm is obtained.
2. Formation of Jupiter's Core and Early Stages of Envelope Accretion
Science.gov (United States)
D'Angelo, G.; Weidenschilling, S.; Lissauer, J. J.; Bodenheimer, P.; Hubickyj, O.
2012-12-01
We are performing calculations of the formation of Jupiter via core nucleated accretion and gas capture. The core starts as a seed body of a few hundred kilometers in radius and orbits within a swarm of planetesimals whose initial size distribution ranges from ~10 m to ~100 km. The planetesimals are immersed in a gaseous disk, representative of an early solar nebula. The evolution of the swarm of planetesimals accounts for collisions and gravitational stirring due to mutual interactions among bodies, and for migration and velocity damping due to interactions with the nebula gas. Collisions among planetesimals lead to growth and/or fragmentation, altering the size distribution of the swarm over time. Collisions of planetesimals with the seed body lead to its growth, resulting in the formation of a planetary core. Gas capture by the core leads to the accumulation of a tenuous atmosphere, which later becomes a massive envelope, increasing the size-dependent effective cross-section of the planet for planetesimals' accretion. Planetesimals that travel through the core's envelope release energy, affecting the thermal budget of the envelope, and deliver mass, affecting the opacity of the envelope. The calculation of dust opacity, which is especially important for envelope contraction, is performed self-consistently, accounting for coagulation and sedimentation of dust and small particles that are released in the envelope as passing planetesimals are ablated. We find that, in a disk of planetesimals with a surface density of about 10 g/cm2 at 5.2 AU, a one Earth mass core accumulates in less than 1e5 years, and that it takes over 1.5e6 years to accumulate a core of 3 Earth masses, when the core's geometrical cross-section is used for the accretion of planetesimals. Gas drag in the core's envelope increases the ability of the planet to accrete planetesimals. Smaller planetesimals are affected to a greater extent than are larger planetesimals. We find that the effective
3. Field Testing of Energy-Efficient Flood-Damage-Resistant Residential Envelope Systems Summary Report
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Aglan, H.
2005-08-04
The primary purpose of the project was to identify materials and methods that will make the envelope of a house flood damage resistant. Flood damage resistant materials and systems are intended to be used to repair houses subsequent to flooding. This project was also intended to develop methods of restoring the envelopes of houses that have been flooded but are repairable and may be subject to future flooding. Then if the house floods again, damage will not be as extensive as in previous flood events and restoration costs and efforts will be minimized. The purpose of the first pair of field tests was to establish a baseline for typical current residential construction practice. The first test modules used materials and systems that were commonly found in residential envelopes throughout the U.S. The purpose of the second pair of field tests was to begin evaluating potential residential envelope materials and systems that were projected to be more flood-damage resistant and restorable than the conventional materials and systems tested in the first pair of tests. The purpose of testing the third slab-on-grade module was to attempt to dry flood proof the module (no floodwater within the structure). If the module could be sealed well enough to prevent water from entering, then this would be an effective method of making the interior materials and systems flood damage resistant. The third crawl space module was tested in the same manner as the previous modules and provided an opportunity to do flood tests of additional residential materials and systems. Another purpose of the project was to develop the methodology to collect representative, measured, reproducible (i.e. scientific) data on how various residential materials and systems respond to flooding conditions so that future recommendations for repairing flood damaged houses could be based on scientific data. An additional benefit of collecting this data is that it will be used in the development of a standard test
4. 78 FR 9042 - Request for Information (RFI) for Commercial Building Energy Asset Score
Science.gov (United States)
2013-02-07
... description of building assets. The primary modeling output of the energy asset scoring tool is the energy use... provided for building components, including envelope (roof, wall, window), lighting, heating, cooling, and... will not affect the durability of the score. DOE will incorporate new software releases of...
5. Method for use of economical optimization in design of nearly zero energy buildings
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Sanne; Svendsen, Svend
2011-01-01
model of the energy use for each component, a function is set up that represents the relation of the marginal cost of conserved energy and the energy use for different qualities of the component. For building envelopes, the energy use will be the heat loss during heating season, and the main quality......Nearly zero energy buildings are to become a requirement as part of the European energy policy. There are many ways of designing buildings to become nearly zero energy buildings, but there is a lack of knowledge on how to do it in the most economical way. Therefore it is very important to develop...... methods of designing such buildings in an economical optimized way. A method of finding the economical optimal solutions has been set up based on use of the cost of conserved energy for each main building envelope part and building service system. By use of information on construction cost and a simple...
6. Laboratory Building.
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Herrera, Joshua M. [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
2015-03-01
This report is an analysis of the means of egress and life safety requirements for the laboratory building. The building is located at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) in Albuquerque, NM. The report includes a prescriptive-based analysis as well as a performance-based analysis. Following the analysis are appendices which contain maps of the laboratory building used throughout the analysis. The top of all the maps is assumed to be north.
7. Immunobiology of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope and its relationship to vaccine strategies.
Science.gov (United States)
Bolognesi, D P
1990-02-01
The envelope of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an essential building block of the virus and it plays a major role in its life-cycle, particularly during the early stages of infection. It very likely determines, at least in part, the host range and tissue specificity of HIV, participates in pathogenic processes mediated by the virus and can itself be immunosuppressive. Because of its strategic location on the outer surface of the virion and the infected cell, it also represents an optimal (although not the only) target for immune attack and thus a prime candidate for development of vaccine and therapeutic strategies. Efforts to better understand its structural, functional and antigenic properties will thus be well worthwhile. Some of its principal features are reviewed herein and its role in vaccine strategies is discussed. PMID:2182967
8. Field investigation survey of airtightness, air movement and indoor air quality of high rise apartment buildings, prairie region
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Gulay, B.W.; Stewart, C.D.
1991-01-01
A field investigation survey was conducted to determine exfiltration rates through the building envelope, inter-suite air leakage, and indoor air quality in two 13-storey high-rise apartment buildings located in Winnipeg. The survey also established the effect the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system has on the pressure differential across the building envelope. Building residents were surveyed to establish the general environmental conditions, and five specific pollutants were identified and quantified. The applicability of procedures used was documented for use in future investigations and as candidate procedures for a standardized testing protocol.
9. A Model for Air Flow in Ventilated Cavities Implemented in a Tool for Whole-Building Hygrothermal Analysis
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Grau, Karl; Rode, Carsten
2006-01-01
A model for calculating air flows in ventilated cavities has been implemented in the whole-building hygrothermal simulation tool BSim. The tool is able to predict indoor humidity conditions using a transient model for the moisture conditions in the building envelope.......A model for calculating air flows in ventilated cavities has been implemented in the whole-building hygrothermal simulation tool BSim. The tool is able to predict indoor humidity conditions using a transient model for the moisture conditions in the building envelope....
10. Building Behavior Simulation by Means of Artificial Neural Network in Summer Conditions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Cinzia Buratti
2014-08-01
Full Text Available Many studies in Italy showed that buildings are responsible for about 40% of total energy consumption, due to worsening performance of building envelope; in fact, a great number of Italian buildings were built before the 1970s and 80s. In particular, the energy consumptions for cooling are considerably increased with respect to the ones for heating. In order to reduce the cooling energy demand, ensuring indoor thermal comfort, a careful study on building envelope performance is necessary. Different dynamic software could be used in order to evaluate and to improve the building envelope during the cooling period, but much time and an accurate validation of the model are required. However, when a wide experimental data is available, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN can be an alternative, simple and fast tool to use. In the present study, the indoor thermal conditions in many dwellings built in Umbria Region were investigated in order to evaluate the envelope performance. They were recently built and have very low energy consumptions. Based on the experimental data, a feed forward network was trained, in order to evaluate the different envelopes performance. As input parameters the outdoor climatic conditions and the thermal characteristics of building envelopes were set, while, as a target parameter, the indoor air temperature was provided. A good training of network was obtained with a high regression value (0.9625 and a very small error (0.007 °C on air temperature. The network was also used to simulate the envelope behavior with new innovative glazing systems, in order to evaluate and to improve the energy performance.
11. New build: Materials, techniques, skills and innovation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The transition to secure, sustainable, low-energy systems will have a significant effect on the way in which we design and construct new buildings. In turn, the new buildings that are constructed will play a critical role in delivering the better performance that would be expected from such a transition. Buildings account for about half of UK carbon dioxide (CO2) production. So it is urgent to ensure that energy is used efficiently in existing buildings and that new building stock is better able to cope with whatever the future holds. Most energy used in buildings goes towards heating, lighting and cooling, but a growing percentage is consumed by domestic appliances, computers and other electrical equipment. Actual energy consumption is the product of a number of factors, including individual behaviours and expectations, the energy efficiency of appliances and the building envelope. This review focuses on the third of these, the building itself, and its design and construction. It discusses the issues faced by the construction industry today, suggesting that major changes are needed relating to materials, techniques, skills and innovation. It moves on to consider future advances to 2050 and beyond, including developments in ICT, novel materials, skills and automation, servitisation (the trend for manufacturers to offer lifetime services rather than simple products), performance measurement and reporting, and resilience. We present a vision of the new build construction industry in 2050 and recommendations for policy makers, industry organisations and construction companies
12. Envelope-Law and Geometric-Mean STAP Detection
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Anitori, L.; Srinivasan, R.; Rangaswamy, M.
2010-01-01
Two detectors for space-time adaptive processing (STAP) are proposed here. These are variants that use envelope-law and geometric-mean (GM) (or logarithmic) processing, both being well-known concepts from conventional constant false alarm rate (CFAR) square-law radar detection [212]. The variants ar
13. Neural coding of sound envelope in reverberant environments.
Science.gov (United States)
Slama, Michaël C C; Delgutte, Bertrand
2015-03-11
Speech reception depends critically on temporal modulations in the amplitude envelope of the speech signal. Reverberation encountered in everyday environments can substantially attenuate these modulations. To assess the effect of reverberation on the neural coding of amplitude envelope, we recorded from single units in the inferior colliculus (IC) of unanesthetized rabbit using sinusoidally amplitude modulated (AM) broadband noise stimuli presented in simulated anechoic and reverberant environments. Although reverberation degraded both rate and temporal coding of AM in IC neurons, in most neurons, the degradation in temporal coding was smaller than the AM attenuation in the stimulus. This compensation could largely be accounted for by the compressive shape of the modulation input-output function (MIOF), which describes the nonlinear transformation of modulation depth from acoustic stimuli into neural responses. Additionally, in a subset of neurons, the temporal coding of AM was better for reverberant stimuli than for anechoic stimuli having the same modulation depth at the ear. Using hybrid anechoic stimuli that selectively possess certain properties of reverberant sounds, we show that this reverberant advantage is not caused by envelope distortion, static interaural decorrelation, or spectral coloration. Overall, our results suggest that the auditory system may possess dual mechanisms that make the coding of amplitude envelope relatively robust in reverberation: one general mechanism operating for all stimuli with small modulation depths, and another mechanism dependent on very specific properties of reverberant stimuli, possibly the periodic fluctuations in interaural correlation at the modulation frequency.
14. Variational-Wavelet Approach to RMS Envelope Equations
CERN Document Server
Fedorova, A N; Fedorova, Antonina N.; Zeitlin, Michael G.
2000-01-01
We present applications of variational-wavelet approach to nonlinear (rational) rms envelope equations. We have the solution as a multiresolution (multiscales) expansion in the base of compactly supported wavelet basis. We give extension of our results to the cases of periodic beam motion and arbitrary variable coefficients. Also we consider more flexible variational method which is based on biorthogonal wavelet approach.
15. Design, Testing, and Realisation of a Medium Size Aerostat Envelope
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
A. Kumar
2016-03-01
Full Text Available The design, testing and realisation aspects during the development of a medium size aerostat envelope in the present work. The payload capacity of this aerostat is 300 kg at 1 km above mean sea level. The aerostat envelope is the aerodynamically shaped fabric enclosure part of the aerostat which generally uses helium for lifting useful payloads to a specified height. The envelope volume estimation technique is discussed which provides the basis for sizing. The design, material selection, testing and realisation aspects of this aerostat envelope are also discussed. The empirical formulas and finite element analysis are used to estimate the aerodynamic, structural and other design related parameters of the aerostat. Equilibrium studies are then explained for balancing forces and moments in static conditions. The tether profile estimation technique is discussed to estimate blow by distance and tether length. A comparison of estimated and measured performance parameters during trials has also been discussed.Defence Science Journal, Vol. 66, No. 2, March 2016, pp.93-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.9291
16. Instabilities in the Envelopes and Winds of Very Massive Stars
CERN Document Server
Owocki, Stanley P
2014-01-01
The high luminosity of Very Massive Stars (VMS) means that radiative forces play an important, dynamical role both in the structure and stability of their stellar envelope, and in driving strong stellar-wind mass loss. Focusing on the interplay of radiative flux and opacity, with emphasis on key distinctions between continuum vs. line opacity, this chapter reviews instabilities in the envelopes and winds of VMS. Specifically, we discuss how: 1) the iron opacity bump can induce an extensive inflation of the stellar envelope; 2) the density dependence of mean opacity leads to strange mode instabilities in the outer envelope; 3) desaturation of line-opacity by acceleration of near-surface layers initiates and sustains a line-driven stellar wind outflow; 4) an associated line-deshadowing instability leads to extensive small-scale structure in the outer regions of such line-driven winds; 5) a star with super-Eddington luminosity can develop extensive atmospheric structure from photon bubble instabilities, or from ...
17. Republic of Armenia Public Expenditure Review : Expanding the Fiscal Envelope
OpenAIRE
World Bank Group
2014-01-01
Armenia's small revenue and spending envelopes limit the government's ability to influence the economy, even while its influence through laws, rules, and regulations is significant. The government has an important role to play to reduce poverty and boost shared prosperity, and needs fiscal space. This public expenditure review (PER) analyzes and provides recommendations for the different d...
18. Enveloped virus-like particles as vaccines against pathogenic arboviruses
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Pijlman, G.P.
2015-01-01
Arthropod-borne arboviruses form a continuous threat to human and animal health, but few arboviral vaccines are currently available. Advances in expression technology for complex, enveloped virus-like particles (eVLPs) create new opportunities to develop potent vaccines against pathogenic arboviruse
19. Traffic to the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Laba, Justyna K.; Steen, Anton; Veenhoff, Liesbeth M.
2014-01-01
Past research has yielded valuable insight into the mechanisms that regulate the nuclear transport of soluble molecules like transcription factors and mRNA. Much less is known about the mechanisms responsible for the transportation of membrane proteins to the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope.
20. Different evolutionary patterns of classical swine fever virus envelope proteins.
Science.gov (United States)
Li, Yan; Yang, Zexiao; Zhang, Mingwang
2016-03-01
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the causative agent of classical swine fever, which is a highly contagious disease of the domestic pig as well as wild boar. The proteins E(rns), E1, and E2 are components of the viral envelope membrane. They are also implicated in virus attachment and entry, replication, and (or) anti-immune response. Here, we studied the genetic variations of these envelope proteins in the evolution of CSFV. The results reveal that the envelope proteins underwent different evolutionary fates. In E(rns) and E1, but not E2, a number of amino acid sites experienced functional divergence. Furthermore, the diversification in E(rns) and E1 was generally episodic because the divergence-related changes of E1 only occurred with the separation of 2 major groups of CSFV and that of E(rns) took place with the division of 1 major group. The major divergence-related sites of E(rns) are located on one of the substrate-binding regions of the RNase domain and C-terminal extension. These functional domains have been reported to block activation of the innate immune system and attachment and entry into host cells, respectively. Our results may shed some light on the divergent roles of the envelope proteins. PMID:26911308
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Verhey, Jesko l.; Klein-Hennig, Hendrike; Epp, Bastian
2013-01-01
To separate sounds from different sound sources, common properties of natural sounds are used by the auditory system, such as coherent temporal envelope fluctuations and correlated changes of frequency in different frequency regions. The present study investigates how the auditory systemprocesses...
2. Efflux of RNA from resealed nuclear envelope ghosts.
Science.gov (United States)
Prochnow, D; Thomson, M; Schröder, H C; Müller, W E; Agutter, P S
1994-08-01
mRNA translocation across the nuclear envelope and the appropriate signal-receptor interactions have been studied using resealed rat liver nuclear envelope ghosts (RNEG). We compared export kinetics of nonadenylated (tRNAs, histone-2 poly(A)- mRNA), and adenylated RNAs (poly(A)+ tRNAs, synthetic histone-2 poly(A) +mRNA, albumin mRNA, beta-globin poly(A) +mRNA and a total poly(A) + mRNA extract from rat liver cells). ATP-dependent export of mRNAs and of total poly(A)+ RNA was prevented by inhibitors of a nuclear envelope NTPase. All adenylated RNA species competed with each other for export, but nonadenylated RNAs did not. This indicates the existence of different translocation mechanisms for different RNA species with their appropriate nuclear envelope associated RNA receptors involved in export. The attachment of a poly(A)250 sequence at the 3'-end of tRNA or histone messenger masks the intrinsic RNA export signal of nonadenylated RNAs and results in efflux comparable to that of beta-globin poly(A)+ mRNA. The attachment on oligo(A)5 does not have any comparable effect of nonadenylated RNA translocation. Export of all polyadenylated RNAs from RNEGs is blocked by a monoclonal antibody, which is directed against an intranuclear envelope poly(A) binding protein. The results suggest that the pore complexes do not select RNAs for export to the cytoplasm and are therefore not responsible for nuclear restriction of mRNA precursors.
3. The psychic envelopes in psychoanalytic theories of infancy.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Denis eMellier
2014-07-01
Full Text Available This paper aims to review the topic of psychic envelopes and to sketch the main outlines of this concept in infancy. We first explore the origins of the concept in Freud's 'protective shield' and then its development in adult psychoanalysis before going on to see how this fits in infancy with post-Bionian psychoanalysis and development. Four central notions guide this review:1 Freud's protective shield describes a barrier to protect the psychic apparatus against potentially overflowing trauma. It is a core notion which highlights a serious clinical challenge for patients for whom the shield is damaged or faulty: the risk of confusion of borders between the internal/external world, conscious/unconscious, mind/body, or self-conservation/sexuality.2 Anzieu's Skin-Ego is defined by the different senses of the body. The different layers of experienced sensation, of this body-ego, go on to form the psychic envelope. This theory contributes to our understanding of how early trauma, due to the failures of maternal care, can continue to have an impact in adult life. 3 Bick's psychic skin establishes the concept in relation to infancy. The mother’s containing functions allow a first psychic skin to develop, which then defines an infant’s psychic space and affords the infant a degree of self-containment. Houzel then conceptualized this process as a stabilization of drive forces.4 Stern's narrative envelope derives from the intersection between psychoanalysis and neuroscience. It gives us another way to conceptualise the development of pre-verbal communication. It may also pave the way for a finer distinction of different types of envelopes.Ultimately, in this review we find that psychic envelopes in infancy can be viewed from four different perspectives (economic, topographical, dynamic and genetic and recommend further investigation.
4. Moisture buffering and its consequence in whole building hygrothermal modeling
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rode, Carsten; Grau, Karl
2008-01-01
air of the indoor climate and materials in the building envelope is taken into account in a model for whole building heat and moisture simulation. By means of an example, it will be investigated if: 1. it is possible to use the benefits of moisture buffering to save energy by reducing the requirement...... of building products to improve indoor air quality and to save energy. Of interest therefore is to establish a unit to appraise this quality of building products and to investigate the importance of moisture buffering when it is considered in whole building hygrothermal simulation. This paper will illustrate...... hygrothermal simulations show that it is possible to rather significantly reduce the amplitudes of indoor relative variation when the moisture buffering effect of building materials is taken into account, compared to a situation with moisture tight interior building surfaces. The modeling also shows some...
5. Green buildings: Implications for acousticians
Science.gov (United States)
Noble, Michael R.
2005-04-01
This presentation will deal with the practical implications of green design protocols of the US Green Building Council on interior acoustics of buildings. Three areas of particular consequence to acousticians will be discussed. Ventilation Systems: reduced energy consumption goals dictate reliance on natural cooling and ventilation using ambient air when possible. The consequent large openings in the building envelope to bring fresh air into rooms, and similar sized openings to transfer the mixed air out, can severely compromise the noise isolation of the rooms concerned. Radiant Cooling: the heavy concrete floors of buildings can be used as a thermal flywheel to lessen the cooling load, which forces the concrete ceilings to be exposed to the occupied rooms for heat transfer, and strictly limits the application of acoustical absorption on the ceilings. This challenges the room acoustics design. Green Materials: the LEED protocols require the elimination of potentially harmful finishes, including fibrous materials which may impact air quality or contribute to health problems. Since the backbone of sound absorption is glass and mineral fibres, this further challenges provision of superior room acoustics. Examples and commentary will be provided based on current and recent projects.
6. 40 CFR 426.120 - Applicability; description of the incandescent lamp envelope manufacturing subcategory.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-01
... incandescent lamp envelope manufacturing subcategory. 426.120 Section 426.120 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GLASS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Incandescent Lamp Envelope Manufacturing Subcategory § 426.120 Applicability; description of...
7. The development of reference values for energy certification of buildings in Lithuania
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Stankevicius, V.; Karbauskaite, J.; Monstvilas, E. [Institute of Architecture and Construction, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas (Lithuania)
2007-07-01
The paper deals with the experience in the field of arrangement of the building certification system in Lithuania. The arranged document provides the energy consumption in a building to estimate according to the calculation results, including heat losses through the building envelope elements, due to the ventilation, air infiltration and domestic hot water. The reference U-values for the building elements representing the best 50% of the building stock are derived. The changes in the energy consumption and reference values in regard with building renovation development are discussed. (author)
8. Impact of UK Building Regulations on design and thermal performance of dwellings
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LIM; D; 姚润明
2009-01-01
This paper looks at the progressive impact of UK Building Regulations (Part L) on the energy consumption of dwellings with respect to thermal performance of the building envelope. It provides an overview of building legislation,highlighting progressive improvement in building elemental U-values and compliance methods. The focus centres on Building Regulations from 1965 to 2006,at a time when energy conservation has become an integral component of building control due to environmental concerns. Simulation software is used to compare energy consumption for 5 typical UK dwelling types through a series of case studies which illustrate the rate of impact over recent years.
9. ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS PROGRAM. CHAPTER FROM THE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT DIVISION ANNUAL REPORT 1979
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Authors, Various
1979-12-01
The research reported in this volume was undertaken during FY 1979 within the Energy & Environment Division of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This volume will comprise a section of the Energy & Environment Division 1979 Annual Report, to be published in the summer of 1980. Work reported relate to: thermal performance of building envelopes; building ventilation and indoor air quality; a computer program for predicting energy use in buildings; study focused specifically on inherently energy intensive hospital buildings; energy efficient windows and lighting; potential for energy conservation and savings in the buildings sector; and evaluation of energy performance standards for residential buildings.
10. Biomimicry of Palm Tree Leaves Form and Pattern on Building Form
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Agus Salim N.A.
2014-01-01
Full Text Available This article is a study on biomimicry of palm tree towards a building form. It is to find a suitable form and pattern that can be applied to building shell to ease building maintenance operation beside to enhance the aesthetic value of a building architecture. The research has been carried out by observation and modeling on some various species of palm tree’s patterns and forms. The result expectation can be found at the end of this research by producing the best pattern of palm tree that can be adapted to building envelop as the whole form of a building.
11. Energy Impacts of Nonlinear Behavior of PCM When Applied into Building Envelope
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Tabares-Velasco, P. C. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
2012-08-01
Presented at the ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability & 10th Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology Conference on July 23-26, 2012, this study analyzes the effects a nonlinear enthalpy profile has on thermal performance and expected energy benefits for PCM-enhanced insulation.
12. Cool products for building envelope - Part II: Experimental and numerical evaluation of thermal performances
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Revel, G.M.; Martarelli, M.; Emiliani, M.; Celotti, L.; Nadalini, R.; Ferrari, A.D.; Hermanns, S.; Beckers, E.
2014-01-01
Cool materials have a large potential as cost-effective solution for reducing cooling energy consumption in hot summer and mild winter regions like Mediterranean countries. A previous paper has described in detail the development of cool coloured ceramic tiles, acrylic paints and bituminous membrane
13. Methods for designing building envelope components prepared for repair and maintenance
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rudbeck, Claus Christian
2000-01-01
of the method specified in the Japanese guide and a later ISO standard have been described and examined. Instead of using modifying factors, the two variations introduce statistical functions to describe the influence of the indoor/outdoor climate, quality of materials/work etc., and as such combine...... by experiments in the laboratory and by using a proposed method. Both roofing insulation systems showed good performance in the experiments and in the performance assessment.The final section of the dissertation consists of the the conclusions of the dissertation and the recommendations for further work...
14. Habitat classification modeling with incomplete data: pushing the habitat envelope.
Science.gov (United States)
Zarnetske, Phoebe L; Edwards, Thomas C; Moisen, Gretchen G
2007-09-01
Habitat classification models (HCMs) are invaluable tools for species conservation, land-use planning, reserve design, and metapopulation assessments, particularly at broad spatial scales. However, species occurrence data are often lacking and typically limited to presence points at broad scales. This lack of absence data precludes the use of many statistical techniques for HCMs. One option is to generate pseudo-absence points so that the many available statistical modeling tools can bb used. Traditional techniques generate pseudo-absence points at random across broadly defined species ranges, often failing to include biological knowledge concerning the species-habitat relationship. We incorporated biological knowledge of the species-habitat relationship into pseudo-absence points by creating habitat envelopes that constrain the region from which points were randomly selected. We define a habitat envelope as an ecological representation of a species, or species feature's (e.g., nest) observed distribution (i.e., realized niche) based on a single attribute, or the spatial intersection of multiple attributes. We created HCMs for Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus) nest habitat during the breeding season across Utah forests with extant nest presence points and ecologically based pseudo-absence points using logistic regression. Predictor variables were derived from 30-m USDA Landfire and 250-m Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) map products. These habitat-envelope-based models were then compared to null envelope models which use traditional practices for generating pseudo-absences. Models were assessed for fit and predictive capability using metrics such as kappa, threshold-independent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plots, adjusted deviance (D(adj)2), and cross-validation, and were also assessed for ecological relevance. For all cases, habitat envelope-based models outperformed null envelope models and were more ecologically relevant
15. Function, oligomerization and N-linked glycosylation of the Helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus envelope fusion protein
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Long, G.; Westenberg, M.; Wang, H.; Vlak, J.M.; Hu, Z.
2006-01-01
In the family Baculoviridae, two distinct envelope fusion proteins are identified in budded virions (BVs). GP64 is the major envelope fusion protein of group I nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) BVs. An unrelated type of envelope fusion protein, named F, is encoded by group II NPVs. The genome of Helicoverp
16. Building Inclusion
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Jeanet Kullberg; Isik Kulu-Glasgow
2009-01-01
The social inclusion of immigrants and ethnic minorities is a central issue in many European countries. Governments face challenges in ensuring housing for immigrants, delivering public services, promoting neighbourhood coexistence and addressing residential segregation. The Building Inclusion proje
17. Building Languages
Science.gov (United States)
... family's native language) is taught as the child's second language through reading, writing, speech, and use of residual ... that parents can use to help their child learn language. There are many types of building blocks, and ...
18. Effect of Thermal Bridges in Insulated Walls on Air-Conditioning Loads Using Whole Building Energy Analysis
OpenAIRE
Mohamed F. Zedan; Sami Al-Sanea; Abdulaziz Al-Mujahid; Zeyad Al-Suhaibani
2016-01-01
Thermal bridges in building walls are usually caused by mortar joints between insulated building blocks and by the presence of concrete columns and beams within the building envelope. These bridges create an easy path for heat transmission and therefore increase air-conditioning loads. In this study, the effects of mortar joints only on cooling and heating loads in a typical two-story villa in Riyadh are investigated using whole building energy analysis. All loads found in the villa, which br...
19. Climate control in cultural heritage buildings in Denmark
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Larsen, Poul Klenz [The National Museum, Copenhagen (Denmark). Dept. of Conservation; Brostroem, Tor [Gotland Univ., Visby (Sweden)
2011-07-01
Conservation heating has been used for decades to control the RH in cultural heritage buildings. But if the building is not used for living or working, heating is not needed for human comfort. The chemical decay of organic materials depends mainly on temperature, so it is better for preservation to reduce heating. The air exchange rate is related to the design of the building envelope. With rising energy prices humidity control by dehumidification may be an attractive alternative. The potential for energy efficient RH control was examined for a generic building exposed to the monthly average outside temperature and RH in Denmark. The indoor temperature was allowed to follow the outside average, whereas the indoor RH was controlled to 40 % 50 % 60 % or 70 %. Dehumidification was implemented in three different buildings: A recent museum store, a medieval church, and an 18th century country mansion. The energy consumption depends on the RH set point, the air exchange rate and the source of liquid moisture to the building. The air exchange rate related to the design of the building envelope. Single glazed windows and doors are the most important sources of leakage to buildings. Lack of maintenance may lead to poor performance of the dehumidifier and waste energy. (orig.)
20. Final Technical Report. Training in Building Audit Technologies
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Brosemer, Kathleen [Sault Sainte Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, Marie, MI (United States)
2015-03-27
In 2011, the Tribe proposed and was awarded the Training in Building Audit Technologies grant from the DOE in the amount of $55,748 to contract for training programs for infrared cameras, blower door technology applications and building systems. The coursework consisted of; Infrared Camera Training: Level I - Thermal Imaging for Energy Audits; Blower Door Analysis and Building-As-A-System Training, Building Performance Institute (BPI) Building Analyst; Building Envelope Training, Building Performance Institute (BPI) Envelope Professional; and Audit/JobFLEX Tablet Software. Competitive procurement of the training contractor resulted in lower costs, allowing the Tribe to request and receive DOE approval to additionally purchase energy audit equipment and contract for residential energy audits of 25 low-income Tribal Housing units. Sault Tribe personnel received field training to supplement the classroom instruction on proper use of the energy audit equipment. Field experience was provided through the second DOE energy audits grant, allowing Sault Tribe personnel to join the contractor, Building Science Academy, in conducting 25 residential energy audits of low-income Tribal Housing units. 1. Influence of location on improvemet of energy efficiency of a building OpenAIRE Marinčič, Andraž 2015-01-01 Energy consumption (heat and coolness) of buildings depends on numerous factors. In the diploma thesis, I have focused on the influence of construction elements. I have analysed the measures for improvement of energy efficiency of a building, on the level of development of transparent and nontransparent building envelope. Relative efficiency of an individual measure was tested in relation to the climate parameters of the selected locations in Slovenia. Using a computer programm... 2. Selecting Glass Window with Film for Buildings in a Hot Climate OpenAIRE Nopparat Khamporn; Somsak Chaiyapinunt 2009-01-01 This article is about the developing parameters and relationships for selecting a proper glass window applied with film as building envelopes for buildings located in a hot climate based on its thermal performances. Thermal comfort of the occupants sitting near the glass window is the thermal performance that needed to be considered besides the heat transmission in selecting a proper type of glass to use as a glass window for the building. The predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) is cho... 3. Design sunshade for western facade of residential buildings in Shiraz, Iran OpenAIRE Ekhtiari Ardekani, Parviz 2014-01-01 The increasing reliance of Residential buildings in Shiraz (Iran) on air conditioning systems indicates the failing role of the building envelope to perform its function as a moderator, particularly in western facades, considering traditional type of building design in Iran. Minimum numbers of windows were used in west facade in classical house design in Shiraz due to unfavorable psychological effect of sunlight before sunset (evening). Nowadays is inevitable to construct windows in western f... 4. Metallicity dependence of turbulent pressure and macroturbulence in stellar envelopes CERN Document Server Grassitelli, Luca; Langer, Norbert; Simon-Diaz, Sergio; Castro, Norberto; Sanyal, Debashis 2016-01-01 Macroturbulence, introduced as a fudge to reproduce the width and shape of stellar absorption lines, reflects gas motions in stellar atmospheres. While in cool stars, it is thought to be caused by convection zones immediately beneath the stellar surface, the origin of macroturbulence in hot stars is still under discussion. Recent works established a correlation between the turbulent-to-total pressure ratio inside the envelope of stellar models and the macroturbulent velocities observed in corresponding Galactic stars. To probe this connection further, we evaluated the turbulent pressure that arises in the envelope convective zones of stellar models in the mass range 1-125 Msun based on the mixing-length theory and computed for metallicities of the Large and Small Magellanic Cloud. We find that the turbulent pressure contributions in models with these metallicities located in the hot high-luminosity part of the Hertzsprung-Russel (HR) diagram is lower than in similar models with solar metallicity, whereas the ... 5. Structural basis for membrane anchoring of HIV-1 envelope spike. Science.gov (United States) Dev, Jyoti; Park, Donghyun; Fu, Qingshan; Chen, Jia; Ha, Heather Jiwon; Ghantous, Fadi; Herrmann, Tobias; Chang, Weiting; Liu, Zhijun; Frey, Gary; Seaman, Michael S; Chen, Bing; Chou, James J 2016-07-01 HIV-1 envelope spike (Env) is a type I membrane protein that mediates viral entry. We used nuclear magnetic resonance to determine an atomic structure of the transmembrane (TM) domain of HIV-1 Env reconstituted in bicelles that mimic a lipid bilayer. The TM forms a well-ordered trimer that protects a conserved membrane-embedded arginine. An amino-terminal coiled-coil and a carboxyl-terminal hydrophilic core stabilize the trimer. Individual mutations of conserved residues did not disrupt the TM trimer and minimally affected membrane fusion and infectivity. Major changes in the hydrophilic core, however, altered the antibody sensitivity of Env. These results show how a TM domain anchors, stabilizes, and modulates a viral envelope spike and suggest that its influence on Env conformation is an important consideration for HIV-1 immunogen design. PMID:27338706 6. Carrier-envelope Phase Drift Detection of Picosecond Pulses Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Cormier E. 2013-03-01 Full Text Available A bandwidth-independent, linear and scalable method for carrier-envelope phase drift measurement demonstrated. Our experiments reveal that carrier-envelope phase drift of a picosecond pulse train can be directly obtained from the spectrally resolved interference pattern of a length-stabilized multiple-beam interferometer. The retrieved phase from the pattern correlates well with the strongly CEP-sensitive coupling signal between the frequency combs of the picosecond oscillator and an ultra-high finesse Fabry-Perot interferometer. Our results can lead to the generation of a robust CEP-stabilized seed pulse train for high resolution comb spectroscopy as well as to compact Compton X-ray and gamma-ray sources 7. Identification of the Long-Sought Common-Envelope Events CERN Document Server Ivanova, N; Nandez, J L Avendano; Lombardi, J C; 10.1126/science.1225540 2013-01-01 Common-envelope events (CEEs), during which two stars temporarily orbit within a shared envelope, are believed to be vital for the formation of a wide range of close binaries. For decades, the only evidence that CEEs actually occur has been indirect, based on the existence of systems that could not be otherwise explained. Here we propose a direct observational signature of CEE arising from a physical model where emission from matter ejected in a CEE is controlled by a recombination front as the matter cools. The natural range of timescales and energies from this model, as well the expected colors, light-curve shapes, ejection velocities and event rate, match those of a recently-recognized class of red transient outbursts. 8. Determining the approach speed envelope of carrier aircraft Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Geng Jianzhong; Yao Hailin; Duan Zhuoyi 2013-01-01 Many factors,such as deck motion and air wave,influence the determination of the approach speed which has an important effect on landing safety. Until recently,there are no design criteria about approach speed of carrier aircraft in the current standards and available publications. Therefore,the requirements of stall margin, longitudinal acceleration ability,altitude correction and field-of-view on approach speed were researched. Based on the flight dynamics model,the flight simulations were conducted to study the effect of the response time of en-gine,wave off requirements,elevator efficiency and deflection rate on the approach speed. The results presented that the approach longitudinal acceleration and altitude correction ability had crucial influence on the approach speed envelope of the aircraft. The limitations of the control requirements,field-of-view requirements and gear were also given through the simulation and analysis. Based on the above results,the approach speed envelope were determined. 9. Serial femtosecond X-ray diffraction of enveloped virus microcrystals Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Robert M. Lawrence 2015-07-01 Full Text Available Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX using X-ray free-electron lasers has produced high-resolution, room temperature, time-resolved protein structures. We report preliminary SFX of Sindbis virus, an enveloped icosahedral RNA virus with ∼700 Å diameter. Microcrystals delivered in viscous agarose medium diffracted to ∼40 Å resolution. Small-angle diffuse X-ray scattering overlaid Bragg peaks and analysis suggests this results from molecular transforms of individual particles. Viral proteins undergo structural changes during entry and infection, which could, in principle, be studied with SFX. This is an important step toward determining room temperature structures from virus microcrystals that may enable time-resolved studies of enveloped viruses. 10. Virulence properties of the Legionella pneumophila cell envelope Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Olga eShevchuk 2011-04-01 Full Text Available The bacterial envelope plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the structure and molecular composition of the Legionella pneumophila cell envelope. We describe LPS biosynthesis and the biological activities of membrane and periplasmic proteins and discuss their decisive functions during the pathogen-host interaction. In addition to adherence, invasion and intracellular survival of L. pneumophila, special emphasis is laid on iron acquisition, detoxification, key elicitors of the immune response and the diverse functions of outer membrane vesicles. The critical analysis of the literature reveals that the dynamics and phenotypic plasticity of the Legionella cell surface during the different metabolic stages requires more attention in the future. 11. Substrate Integrated Slot Array Antenna with Required Radiation Pattern Envelope Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) M. M. Zhou 2016-01-01 Full Text Available A substrate integrated slot array antenna with a prescribed radiation pattern is investigated in this paper. To meet the requirement of a certain standard radiation pattern envelope, the array configuration and the element excitation coefficient should be considered together. An efficient and systematic method is proposed to determine the element number and element weights in a planar array. After that, the geometrical dimension of the substrate integrated slot array can be synthesized. As an example, a K-band 16 × 22 slot array antenna based on the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW technology is designed, fabricated, and measured. Its radiation pattern can meet the class 3 antenna radiation pattern envelope of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI standard pattern. Experimental results are in good agreement with simulated ones. 12. Maximum Torque and Momentum Envelopes for Reaction Wheel Arrays Science.gov (United States) Markley, F. Landis; Reynolds, Reid G.; Liu, Frank X.; Lebsock, Kenneth L. 2009-01-01 Spacecraft reaction wheel maneuvers are limited by the maximum torque and/or angular momentum that the wheels can provide. For an n-wheel configuration, the torque or momentum envelope can be obtained by projecting the n-dimensional hypercube, representing the domain boundary of individual wheel torques or momenta, into three dimensional space via the 3xn matrix of wheel axes. In this paper, the properties of the projected hypercube are discussed, and algorithms are proposed for determining this maximal torque or momentum envelope for general wheel configurations. Practical strategies for distributing a prescribed torque or momentum among the n wheels are presented, with special emphasis on configurations of four, five, and six wheels. 13. Case Study of Envelope Sealing in Existing Multiunit Structures Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Dentz, Jordan [ARIES Collaborative, New York, NY (United States); Conlin, Francis [ARIES Collaborative, New York, NY (United States); Podorson, David [ARIES Collaborative, New York, NY (United States) 2012-10-01 This report describes envelope air sealing that was included in the retrofit of a 244 unit low-rise multifamily housing complex in Durham, N.C. On average, total leakage was reduced by nearly half, from 19.7 ACH50 to 9.4 ACH50. Important air leakage locations identified included plumbing and electrical penetrations, dropped ceilings/soffits, windows, ducts and wall-to-floor intersections. Specifications and a pictorial guide were developed for contractors performing the work. 14. Stripped-envelope supernova rates and host-galaxy properties CERN Document Server Graur, Or; Modjaz, Maryam; Maoz, Dan; Shivvers, Isaac; Filippenko, Alexei V; Li, Weidong 2015-01-01 The progenitors of stripped-envelope supernovae (SNe Ibc) remain to be conclsuively identified, but correlations between SN rates and host-galaxy properties can constrain progenitor models. Here, we present one result from a re-analysis of the rates from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search. Galaxies with stellar masses less than$\\sim 10^{10}~{\\rm M_\\odot}$are less efficient at producing SNe Ibc than more massive galaxies. Any progenitor scenario must seek to explain this new observation. 15. Estimating returns to scale in imprecise data envelopment analysis DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hatami-Marbini, Adel; Beigi, Zahra Ghelej; Hougaard, Jens Leth; The economic concept of Returns-to-Scale (RTS) has been intensively studied in the context of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The conventional DEA models that are used for RTS classification require well-defined and accurate data whereas in reality data are often imprecise, vague, uncertain or i...... and increasing RTS using sensitivity analysis. Finally, we present the stability region of an observation while preserving its current RTS classification using the optimal values of a set of proposed DEA-based models.... 16. Chinese Companies Distress Prediction: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis OpenAIRE Li, Zhiyong; Crook, Jonathan; Andreeva, Galina 2013-01-01 Bankruptcy prediction is a key part in corporate credit risk management. Traditional bankruptcy prediction models employ financial ratios or market prices to predict bankruptcy or financial distress prior to its occurrence. We investigate the predictive accuracy of corporate efficiency measures along with standard financial ratios in predicting corporate distress in Chinese companies. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is used to measure corporate efficiency. In contrast to previous applications... 17. Measuring economic journals’ citation efficiency: A data envelopment analysis approach OpenAIRE Halkos, George; Tzeremes, Nickolaos 2011-01-01 This paper by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and statistical inference evaluates the citation performance of 229 economic journals. The paper categorizes the journals into four main categories (A to D) based on their efficiency levels. The results are then compared to the 27 “core economic journals” as introduced by Dimond (1989). The results reveal that after more than twenty years Diamonds’ list of “core economic journals” is still valid. Finally, for the first time the paper uses da... 18. Modeling water emission from low-mass protostellar envelopes OpenAIRE van Kempen, T. A.; Doty, S. D.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Hogerheijde, M.R.; Joergensen, J. K. 2008-01-01 Within low-mass star formation, water vapor plays a key role in the chemistry and energy balance of the circumstellar material. The Herschel Space Observatory will open up the possibility to observe water lines originating from a wide range of excitation energies.Our aim is to simulate the emission of rotational water lines from envelopes characteristic of embedded low-mass protostars. A large number of parameters that influence the water line emission are explored: luminosity, density,densit... 19. An Envelope-Based Paradigm for Seismic Early Warning Science.gov (United States) Cua, G. B.; Heaton, T. H. 2003-12-01 We present a waveform envelope-based paradigm for seismic early warning. As suggested by theoretical scaling relations and as observed from data, acceleration saturates with increasing magnitude at a faster rate than does velocity or displacement. Thus, ratios of velocity or displacement to acceleration should be indicative of the magnitude of an earthquake. We introduce an evenlope-based parameterization of ground motion, where the observed ground motion envelope is decomposed into independent P-wave, S-wave, and ambient noise envelopes. The body wave envelopes, in turn, are parameterized by a rise time, an amplitude, a duration, and two decay parameters. We apply this parameterization to a database of over 30,000 records of horizontal and vertical acceleration, velocity, and displacement recorded on digital Southern California Seismic Network stations within 200 km of 80 regional events ranging in magnitude from M2.0 to M7.3. We derive attenuation relationships that account for magnitude-dependent saturation for vertical and horizontal acceleration, velocity, and displacement for P- and S-wave amplitudes, obtain station corrections relative to the mean hard rock response, and use these relationships to examine trends with magnitude and distance of ratios of different components of ground motion. An important consequence of our parameterization is the insight it provides into P-wave characteristics. We find that various ratios of P-wave velocity and displacement to acceleration are indicative of magnitude, and may have potential as another quick method to estimate magnitude for seismic early warning. 20. Ion acoustic envelope solitons in explosive ionospheric experiments Science.gov (United States) Kovaleva, I. Kh. 2008-01-01 The conditions are studied under which stable ion acoustic envelope solitons propagating perpendicular to the magnetic field lines can exist in the ionospheric plasma. The amplitudes, frequencies, and lengths of the waves are determined. The results obtained are compared with the experimental data. It is suggested that such solitons play an important role in both the formation of an ionization front and its motion across the magnetic field and also give rise to a fluctuation precursor in explosive ionospheric experiments. 1. Metallicity dependence of turbulent pressure and macroturbulence in stellar envelopes Science.gov (United States) Grassitelli, L.; Fossati, L.; Langer, N.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Castro, N.; Sanyal, D. 2016-08-01 Macroturbulence, introduced as a fudge to reproduce the width and shape of stellar absorption lines, reflects gas motions in stellar atmospheres. While in cool stars, it is thought to be caused by convection zones immediately beneath the stellar surface, the origin of macroturbulence in hot stars is still under discussion. Recent works established a correlation between the turbulent-to-total pressure ratio inside the envelope of stellar models and the macroturbulent velocities observed in corresponding Galactic stars. To probe this connection further, we evaluated the turbulent pressure that arises in the envelope convective zones of stellar models in the mass range 1-125 M⊙ based on the mixing-length theory and computed for metallicities of the Large and Small Magellanic Cloud. We find that the turbulent pressure contributions in models with these metallicities located in the hot high-luminosity part of the Hertzsprung-Russel (HR) diagram is lower than in similar models with solar metallicity, whereas the turbulent pressure in low-metallicity models populating the cool part of the HR-diagram is not reduced. Based on our models, we find that the currently available observations of hot massive stars in the Magellanic Clouds appear to support a connection between macroturbulence and the turbulent pressure in stellar envelopes. Multidimensional simulations of sub-surface convection zones and a larger number of high-quality observations are necessary to test this idea more rigorously. 2. Inactivation of enveloped virus by laser-driven protein aggregation Science.gov (United States) Tsen, Shaw-Wei D.; Chapa, Travis; Beatty, Wandy; Tsen, Kong-Thon; Yu, Dong; Achilefu, Samuel 2012-12-01 Ultrafast lasers in the visible and near-infrared range have emerged as a potential new method for pathogen reduction of blood products and pharmaceuticals. However, the mechanism of enveloped virus inactivation by this method is unknown. We report the inactivation as well as the molecular and structural effects caused by visible (425 nm) femtosecond laser irradiation on murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. Our results show that laser irradiation (1) caused a 5-log reduction in MCMV titer, (2) did not cause significant changes to the global structure of MCMV virions including membrane and capsid, as assessed by electron microscopy, (3) produced no evidence of double-strand breaks or crosslinking in MCMV genomic DNA, and (4) caused selective aggregation of viral capsid and tegument proteins. We propose a model in which ultrafast laser irradiation induces partial unfolding of viral proteins by disrupting hydrogen bonds and/or hydrophobic interactions, leading to aggregation of closely associated viral proteins and inactivation of the virus. These results provide new insight into the inactivation of enveloped viruses by visible femtosecond lasers at the molecular level, and help pave the way for the development of a new ultrafast laser technology for pathogen reduction. 3. The epigenetics of nuclear envelope organization and disease Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Schirmer, Eric C. [Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Michael Swann Building, Room 5.22, Edinburgh EH9 3JR (United Kingdom)], E-mail: [email protected] 2008-12-01 Mammalian chromosomes and some specific genes have non-random positions within the nucleus that are tissue-specific and heritable. Work in many organisms has shown that genes at the nuclear periphery tend to be inactive and altering their partitioning to the interior results in their activation. Proteins of the nuclear envelope can recruit chromatin with specific epigenetic marks and can also recruit silencing factors that add new epigenetic modifications to chromatin sequestered at the periphery. Together these findings indicate that the nuclear envelope is a significant epigenetic regulator. The importance of this function is emphasized by observations of aberrant distribution of peripheral heterochromatin in several human diseases linked to mutations in NE proteins. These debilitating inherited diseases range from muscular dystrophies to the premature aging progeroid syndromes and the heterochromatin changes are just one early clue for understanding the molecular details of how they work. The architecture of the nuclear envelope provides a unique environment for epigenetic regulation and as such a great deal of research will be required before we can ascertain the full range of its contributions to epigenetics. 4. Magnetic Field Amplification During the Common Envelope Phase CERN Document Server Ohlmann, Sebastian T; Pakmor, Ruediger; Springel, Volker; Mueller, Ewald 2016-01-01 During the common envelope (CE) phase, a giant star in a binary system overflows its Roche lobe and unstable mass transfer leads to a spiral-in of the companion, resulting in a close binary system or in a merger of the stellar cores. Dynamo processes during the CE phase have been proposed as a mechanism to generate magnetic fields that are important for forming magnetic white dwarfs (MWDs) and for shaping planetary nebulae. Here, we present the first magnetohydrodynamics simulations of the dynamical spiral-in during a CE phase. We find that magnetic fields are strongly amplified in the accretion stream around the$1M_\\odot$companion as it spirals into the envelope of a$2M_\\odot$RG. This leads to field strengths of 10 to 100 kG throughout the envelope after 120 d. The magnetic field amplification is consistent with being driven by the magnetorotational instability. The field strengths reached in our simulation make the magnetic field interesting for diagnostic purposes, but they are dynamically irrelevant. ... 5. The Nonlinear Analytical Envelope Equation in quadratic nonlinear crystals CERN Document Server Bache, Morten 2016-01-01 We here derive the so-called Nonlinear Analytical Envelope Equation (NAEE) inspired by the work of Conforti et al. [M. Conforti, A. Marini, T. X. Tran, D. Faccio, and F. Biancalana, "Interaction between optical fields and their conjugates in nonlinear media," Opt. Express 21, 31239-31252 (2013)], whose notation we follow. We present a complete model that includes$\\chi^{(2)}$terms [M. Conforti, F. Baronio, and C. De Angelis, "Nonlinear envelope equation for broadband optical pulses in quadratic media," Phys. Rev. A 81, 053841 (2010)],$\\chi^{(3)}$terms, and then extend the model to delayed Raman effects in the$\\chi^{(3)}$term. We therefore get a complete model for ultrafast pulse propagation in quadratic nonlinear crystals similar to the Nonlinear Wave Equation in Frequency domain [H. Guo, X. Zeng, B. Zhou, and M. Bache, "Nonlinear wave equation in frequency domain: accurate modeling of ultrafast interaction in anisotropic nonlinear media," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 30, 494-504 (2013)], but where the envelope is... 6. Planet formation from the ejecta of common envelopes CERN Document Server Schleicher, Dominik R G 2013-01-01 The close binary system NN Serpentis must have gone through a common envelope phase before the formation of its white dwarf. During this phase, a substantial amount of mass was lost from the envelope. The recently detected orbits of circumbinary planets were suggested to be inconsistent with planet formation before the mass loss. We explore whether new planets may have formed from the ejecta of the common envelope, and derive the expected planetary mass as a function of radius. We employ the model of \\citet{Kashi11} to estimate the amount of mass that is retained during the ejection event, and infer the properties of the resulting disk from the conservation of mass and angular momentum. The resulting planetary masses are estimated from models with and without radiative feedback. We show that the observed planetary masses can be reproduced for appropriate model parameters. Photoheating can stabilize the disks in the interior, potentially explaining the observed planetary orbits on scales of a few AU. We compar... 7. Diagnostic of the unstable envelopes of Wolf-Rayet stars CERN Document Server Grassitelli, Luca; Sanyal, Debashis; Langer, Norbert; Louis, Nicole St; Bestenlehner, Joachim; Fossati, Luca 2016-01-01 The envelopes of stars near the Eddington limit are prone to various instabilities. A high Eddington factor in connection with the Fe opacity peak leads to convective instability, and a corresponding envelope inflation may induce pulsational instability. Here, we investigate the occurrence and consequences of both instabilities in models of Wolf-Rayet stars. We determine the convective velocities in the sub-surface convective zones to estimate the amplitude of the turbulent velocity at the base of the wind that potentially leads to the formation of small-scale wind structures, as observed in several WR stars. We also investigate the effect of mass loss on the pulsations of our models. We approximated solar metallicity WR stars by models of mass-losing helium stars, and we characterized the properties of convection in the envelope adopting the standard MLT. Our results show the occurrence of sub-surface convective regions in all studied models. Small surface velocity amplitudes are predicted for models with ma... 8. Subdwarf B stars from the common envelope ejection channel CERN Document Server Xiong, H; Podsiadlowski, P; Han, Z 2016-01-01 From the canonical binary scenario, the majority of sdBs are produced from low-mass stars with degenerate cores where helium is ignited in a way of flashes. Due to numerical difficulties, the models of produced sdBs are generally constructed from more massive stars with non-degenerate cores, leaving several uncertainties on the exact characteristics of sdB stars. Employing MESA, we systematically studied the characteristics of sdBs produced from the common envelope (CE) ejection channel, and found that the sdB stars produced from the CE ejection channel appear to form two distinct groups on the effective temperature-gravity diagram. One group (the flash-mixing model) almost has no H-rich envelope and crows at the hottest temperature end of the extremely horizontal branch (EHB), while the other group has significant H-rich envelope and spreads over the whole canonical EHB region. The key factor for the dichotomy of the sdB properties is the development of convection during the first helium flash, which is dete... 9. Magnetic field amplification during the common envelope phase Science.gov (United States) Ohlmann, Sebastian T.; Röpke, Friedrich K.; Pakmor, Rüdiger; Springel, Volker; Müller, Ewald 2016-10-01 During the common envelope (CE) phase, a giant star in a binary system overflows its Roche lobe and unstable mass transfer leads to a spiral-in of the companion, resulting in a close binary system or in a merger of the stellar cores. Dynamo processes during the CE phase have been proposed as a mechanism to generate magnetic fields that are important for forming magnetic white dwarfs (MWDs) and for shaping planetary nebulae. Here, we present the first magnetohydrodynamics simulations of the dynamical spiral-in during a CE phase. We find that magnetic fields are strongly amplified in the accretion stream around the 1 M⊙ companion as it spirals into the envelope of a 2 M⊙ RG. This leads to field strengths of 10-100 kG throughout the envelope after 120 d. The magnetic field amplification is consistent with being driven by the magnetorotational instability. The field strengths reached in our simulation make the magnetic field interesting for diagnostic purposes, but they are dynamically irrelevant. They are also too small to explain the formation of the highest fields found in MWDs, but may be relevant for luminous red novae, and detecting magnetic fields in these events would support the scenario as proposed here. 10. Flight envelope protection of aircraft using adaptive neural network and online linearisation Science.gov (United States) Shin, Hohyun; Kim, Youdan 2016-03-01 Flight envelope protection algorithm is proposed to improve the safety of an aircraft. Flight envelope protection systems find the control inputs to prevent an aircraft from exceeding structure/aerodynamic limits and maximum control surface deflections. The future values of state variables are predicted using the current states and control inputs based on linearised aircraft model. To apply the envelope protection algorithm for the wide envelope of the aircraft, online linearisation is adopted. Finally, the flight envelope protection system is designed using adaptive neural network and least-squares method. Numerical simulations are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed scheme. 11. Plausibility in Early Stages of Architectural Design: A New Tool for High-Rise Residential Buildings Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Dirk Donath; Danny Lobos 2009-01-01 This paper analyzes the problem of the design of envelopes for high-rise isolated residential build-ings. The phenomenon of envelope creation appears in the early stages of the architectural design. Vari-ables that influence the final shape and size of such envelopes are then identified. This paper presents the state-of-the-art tools for the current solutions at the commercial and academic/scientific level. The variables identified in this research are the client's needs, the urban code and architectural practice, and their specific components for the final creation of a new decision support system tool based on the building information modeling (BIM) software platform, to facilitate the work in the project development and drawing production stages. This tool generates several options for building envelopes according to the parameters required by the city Zoning Planning Commission. These options then lead to deliver reliable data and a geometry that can be analyzed in a timely fashion by the engineers, builders, architects, government, and clients in the early stages of the building's design. The results show that use of specific information and communication technologies (ICT) tools in the early stages of a building design helps reduce the working time, increases confidence in the generated solution, and contributes to the exploration of altematives in a short period of time. 12. A Retrofit Tool for Improving Energy Efficiency of Commercial Buildings Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Levine, Mark; Feng, Wei; Ke, Jing; Hong, Tianzhen; Zhou, Nan 2013-06-06 Existing buildings will dominate energy use in commercial buildings in the United States for three decades or longer and even in China for the about two decades. Retrofitting these buildings to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy use is thus critical to achieving the target of reducing energy use in the buildings sector. However there are few evaluation tools that can quickly identify and evaluate energy savings and cost effectiveness of energy conservation measures (ECMs) for retrofits, especially for buildings in China. This paper discusses methods used to develop such a tool and demonstrates an application of the tool for a retrofit analysis. The tool builds on a building performance database with pre-calculated energy consumption of ECMs for selected commercial prototype buildings using the EnergyPlus program. The tool allows users to evaluate individual ECMs or a package of ECMs. It covers building envelope, lighting and daylighting, HVAC, plug loads, service hot water, and renewable energy. The prototype building can be customized to represent an actual building with some limitations. Energy consumption from utility bills can be entered into the tool to compare and calibrate the energy use of the prototype building. The tool currently can evaluate energy savings and payback of ECMs for shopping malls in China. We have used the tool to assess energy and cost savings for retrofit of the prototype shopping mall in Shanghai. Future work on the tool will simplify its use and expand it to cover other commercial building types and other countries. 13. Climate-Specific Passive Building Standards Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Wright, Graham S. [Building Science Corp., Westford, MA (United States); Klingenberg, Katrin [Building Science Corp., Westford, MA (United States) 2015-07-29 In 2012, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) recognized the value of performance-based passive building standards when it joined with Passive House Institute US (PHIUS) to promote DOE’s Challenge Home program in tandem with the PHIUS+ Certification program. Since then, the number of passive building projects that have been certified under the partnership has grown exponentially because of some synergy. Passive building represents a well-developed approach to arrive at the envelope basis for zero energy and energy-positive projects by employing performance-based criteria and maximizing cost-effective savings from conservation before implementing renewable energy technologies. The Challenge Home program evolved into the Zero Energy Ready Home (ZERH) program in a move toward 1) attaining zero energy and 2) including active renewable energy generation such as photovoltaics (PV)—toward the zero energy goal. 14. Economical evaluation of damaged vacuum insulation panels in buildings Science.gov (United States) Kim, Y. M.; Lee, H. Y.; Choi, G. S.; Kang, J. S. 2015-12-01 In Korea, thermal insulation standard of buildings have been tightened annually to satisfy the passive house standard from the year 2009. The current domestic policies about disseminating green buildings are progressively conducted. All buildings should be the zero energy building in the year 2025, obligatorily. The method is applied to one of the key technologies for high-performance insulation for zero energy building. The vacuum insulation panel is an excellent high performance insulation. But thermal performance of damaged vacuum insulation panels is reduced significantly. In this paper, the thermal performance of damaged vacuum insulation panels was compared and analyzed. The measurement result of thermal performance depends on the core material type. The insulation of building envelope is usually selected by economic feasibility. To evaluate the economic feasibility of VIPs, the operation cost was analyzed by simulation according to the types and damaged ratio of VIPs 15. Energy Analysis for New Hotel Buildings in Egypt Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Dr. George B. Hanna 2014-12-01 Full Text Available This paper summarizes the results of energy simulation analysis to determine the effectiveness of building characteristics in reducing electrical energy consumption for hotel buildings in Egypt. Specifically, the impact on building envelope performance is investigated for different strategies such as window size, glazing type and building construction for two geographical locations in Egypt (Cairo and Alexandria. This paper also studies the energy savings in hotel buildings with 200 rooms for different Lighting Power Densities (LPD, Energy Input Ratios (EIR, Set point Temperatures (SPT and HVAC systems. The study shows certain findings of practical significance, e.g. that a Window-to-Wall Ratio of 0.20 and reasonably shaded windows lower the total annual electricity use for hotel buildings by more than 20% in the two Egyptian locations. 16. An energy efficient building for the Arctic climate DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Vladyková, Petra of a super energy efficient house in which the normal hydronic heating system can be omitted. The savings in investment for a traditional hydronic heating system are spent on energy conserving components such as increased insulation in a super airtight building shell, super efficient windows to produce...... usage of an extreme energy efficient building in the Arctic. The purpose of this Ph.D. study is to determine the optimal use of an energy efficient house in the Arctic derived from the fundamental definition of a passive house, investigations of building parameters including the building envelope...... in the Arctic needs to take into account also different socioeconomic conditions, building traditions and use of buildings, survival issue, sustainability and power supply, among others. In the Arctic, the energy efficient house based on a passive house concept offers a sustainable solution to the operation... 17. Competence Building DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Borrás, Susana; Edquist, Charles The main question that guides this paper is how governments are focusing (and must focus) on competence building (education and training) when designing and implementing innovation policies. With this approach, the paper aims at filling the gap between the existing literature on competences...... on the one hand, and the real world of innovation policy-making on the other, typically not speaking to each other. With this purpose in mind, this paper discusses the role of competences and competence-building in the innovation process from a perspective of innovation systems; it examines how governments...... and public agencies in different countries and different times have actually approached the issue of building, maintaining and using competences in their innovation systems; it examines what are the critical and most important issues at stake from the point of view of innovation policy, looking particularly... 18. Building Procurement DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Andersson, Niclas 2007-01-01 ‘The procurement of construction work is complex, and a successful outcome frequently elusive’. With this opening phrase of the book, the authors take on the challenging job of explaining the complexity of building procurement. Even though building procurement systems are, and will remain, complex...... despite this excellent book, the knowledge, expertise, well-articulated argument and collection of recent research efforts that are provided by the three authors will help to make project success less elusive. The book constitutes a thorough and comprehensive investigation of building procurement, which...... evolves from a simple establishment of a contractual relationship to a central and strategic part of construction. The authors relate to cultural, ethical and social and behavioural sciences as the fundamental basis for analysis and understanding of the complexity and dynamics of the procurement system... 19. Ribonucleic acid stimulation of mammalian liver nuclear-envelope nucleoside triphosphatase. A possible enzymic marker for the nuclear envelope. Science.gov (United States) Agutter, P S; Harris, J R; Stevenson, I 1977-03-15 1. The specific activity of rat and pig liver nuclear-envelope nucleoside triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3) decreases when the system is depleted of RNA. The activity can be restored by adding high concentrations of yeast RNA to the assay medium. 2. Exogenous RNA also increases the activity of the enzyme in control envelopes (not RNA-depleted). The effect appears to be largely specific for poly(A) and poly(G); it is not stimulated by rRNA or tRNA preparations, ribonuclease-hydrolysed RNA, AMP, or double- or single-stranded DNA. 3. Inhibitors of the enzyme, in concentrations at which half-maximal inhibition of the enzyme is achieved, do not affect the percentage stimulation of the enzyme by yeast RNA. 4. The simulation is abolished by the inclusion of 150 mM-KCl or -NaCl in the assay medium, but not by increasing the assay pH to 8.5. 5. The results are discussed in the light of the possible role of the nucleoside triphosphatase in vivo in nucleo-cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein translocation. 6. It is proposed that poly(G)-stimulated Mg2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity should be adopted as an enzymic marker for the nuclear envelope. 20. Building Bridges DEFF Research Database (Denmark) The report Building Bridges adresses the questions why, how and for whom academic audience research has public value, from the different points of view of the four working groups in the COST Action IS0906 Transforming Audiences, Transforming Societies – “New Media Genres, Media Literacy and Trust...... in the Media”, “Audience Interactivity and Participation”, “The Role of Media and ICT Use for Evolving Social Relationships” and “Audience Transformations and Social Integration”. Building Bridges is the result of an ongoing dialogue between the Action and non-academic stakeholders in the field of audience... 1. Thermal Performance of Typical Residential Building in Karachi with Different Materials for Construction Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nafeesa Shaheen 2016-04-01 Full Text Available This research work deals with a study of a residential building located in climatic context of Karachi with the objective of being the study of thermal performance based upon passive design techniques. The study helps in reducing the electricity consumption by improving indoor temperatures. The existing residential buildings in Karachi were studied with reference to their planning and design, analyzed and evaluated. Different construction?s compositions of buildings were identified, surveyed and analyzed in making of the effective building envelops. Autodesk® Ecotect, 2011 was used to determine indoor comfort conditions and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, Air-Conditioning and Cooling loads. The result of the research depicted significant energy savings of 38.5% in HVAC loads with proposed building envelop of locally available materials and glazing. 2. Economic assessment of energy storage for load shifting in Positive Energy Building DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Dumont, Olivier; Carmo, Carolina; Georges, Emeline; 2016-01-01 Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) and Positive Energy Buildings (PEB) are gaining more and more interest. In this paper, the impact of the integration of a battery in a positive energy building is assessed in order to increase its self-consumption of electricity. Parametric studies are carried out...... by varying the building envelope characteristics, the power supply system, the climate, the lightning and appliances profiles, the roof tilt, the battery size and the electricity tariffs, leading to 3200 cases. The analysis is performed on an annual basis in terms of self-consumption rate, shifted energy...... and payback period. It is shown that the battery size leading to the minimum payback period within the input range, is comprised between 2.6 kWh and 6.2 kWh. The lowest payback periods, (~5.6 years), are reached with a well-insulated building envelope, a high lightning and appliance consumption, a low feed... 3. Building Bridges DEFF Research Database (Denmark) The report Building Bridges adresses the questions why, how and for whom academic audience research has public value, from the different points of view of the four working groups in the COST Action IS0906 Transforming Audiences, Transforming Societies – “New Media Genres, Media Literacy and Trust... 4. Sustainable Buildings DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Tommerup, Henrik M.; Elle, Morten The scientific community agrees that: all countries must drastically and rapidly reduce their CO2 emissions and that energy efficient houses play a decisive role in this. The general attitude at the workshop on Sustainable Buildings was that we face large and serious climate change problems... 5. Dynamic network data envelopment analysis for university hospitals evaluation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Maria Stella de Castro Lobo 2016-01-01 Full Text Available ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To develop an assessment tool to evaluate the efficiency of federal university general hospitals. METHODS Data envelopment analysis, a linear programming technique, creates a best practice frontier by comparing observed production given the amount of resources used. The model is output-oriented and considers variable returns to scale. Network data envelopment analysis considers link variables belonging to more than one dimension (in the model, medical residents, adjusted admissions, and research projects. Dynamic network data envelopment analysis uses carry-over variables (in the model, financing budget to analyze frontier shift in subsequent years. Data were gathered from the information system of the Brazilian Ministry of Education (MEC, 2010-2013. RESULTS The mean scores for health care, teaching and research over the period were 58.0%, 86.0%, and 61.0%, respectively. In 2012, the best performance year, for all units to reach the frontier it would be necessary to have a mean increase of 65.0% in outpatient visits; 34.0% in admissions; 12.0% in undergraduate students; 13.0% in multi-professional residents; 48.0% in graduate students; 7.0% in research projects; besides a decrease of 9.0% in medical residents. In the same year, an increase of 0.9% in financing budget would be necessary to improve the care output frontier. In the dynamic evaluation, there was progress in teaching efficiency, oscillation in medical care and no variation in research. CONCLUSIONS The proposed model generates public health planning and programming parameters by estimating efficiency scores and making projections to reach the best practice frontier. 6. Cepheids at high angular resolution: circumstellar envelope and pulsation Science.gov (United States) Gallenne, Alexandre 2011-12-01 In 2005, interferometric observations with VLTI/VINCI and CHARA/FLUOR revealed the existence of a circumstellar envelope (CSE) around some Cepheids. This surrounding material is particularly interesting for two reasons: it could have an impact on the distance estimates and could be linked to a past or on-going mass loss. The use of Baade-Wesselink methods for independent distance determinations could be significantly biased by the presence of these envelopes. Although their observations are difficult because of the high contrast between the photosphere of the star and the CSE, several observation techniques have the potential to improve our knowledge about their physical properties. In this thesis, I discuss in particular high angular resolution techniques that I applied to the study of several bright Galactic Cepheids. First, I used adaptive optic observations with NACO of the Cepheid RS Puppis, in order to deduce the flux ratio between the CSE and the photosphere of the star. In addition, I could carry out a statistical study of the speckle noise and inspect a possible asymmetry. Secondly, I analysed VISIR data to study the spectral energy distribution of a sample of Cepheids. These diffraction-limited images enabled me to carry out an accurate photometry in the N band and to detect an IR excess linked to the presence of a circumstellar component. On the other hand, applying a Fourier analysis I showed that some components are resolved. I then explored the K' band with the recombination instrument FLUOR for some bright Cepheids. Thanks to new set of data of Y Oph, I improved the study of its circumstellar envelope, using a ring-like model for the CSE. For two other Cepheids, U Vul and S Sge, I applied the interferometric Baade-Wesselink method in order to estimate their distance. 7. Dynamic network data envelopment analysis for university hospitals evaluation Science.gov (United States) Lobo, Maria Stella de Castro; Rodrigues, Henrique de Castro; André, Edgard Caires Gazzola; de Azeredo, Jônatas Almeida; Lins, Marcos Pereira Estellita 2016-01-01 ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To develop an assessment tool to evaluate the efficiency of federal university general hospitals. METHODS Data envelopment analysis, a linear programming technique, creates a best practice frontier by comparing observed production given the amount of resources used. The model is output-oriented and considers variable returns to scale. Network data envelopment analysis considers link variables belonging to more than one dimension (in the model, medical residents, adjusted admissions, and research projects). Dynamic network data envelopment analysis uses carry-over variables (in the model, financing budget) to analyze frontier shift in subsequent years. Data were gathered from the information system of the Brazilian Ministry of Education (MEC), 2010-2013. RESULTS The mean scores for health care, teaching and research over the period were 58.0%, 86.0%, and 61.0%, respectively. In 2012, the best performance year, for all units to reach the frontier it would be necessary to have a mean increase of 65.0% in outpatient visits; 34.0% in admissions; 12.0% in undergraduate students; 13.0% in multi-professional residents; 48.0% in graduate students; 7.0% in research projects; besides a decrease of 9.0% in medical residents. In the same year, an increase of 0.9% in financing budget would be necessary to improve the care output frontier. In the dynamic evaluation, there was progress in teaching efficiency, oscillation in medical care and no variation in research. CONCLUSIONS The proposed model generates public health planning and programming parameters by estimating efficiency scores and making projections to reach the best practice frontier. PMID:27191158 8. Assessing Canadian Bank Branch Operating Efficiency Using Data Envelopment Analysis Science.gov (United States) Yang, Zijiang 2009-10-01 In today's economy and society, performance analyses in the services industries attract more and more attention. This paper presents an evaluation of 240 branches of one big Canadian bank in Greater Toronto Area using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Special emphasis was placed on how to present the DEA results to management so as to provide more guidance to them on what to manage and how to accomplish the changes. Finally the potential management uses of the DEA results were presented. All the findings are discussed in the context of the Canadian banking market. 9. Orbital Period Variations in Eclipsing Post Common Envelope Binaries OpenAIRE Parsons, S. G.; Marsh, T. R.; Copperwheat, C. M.; Dhillon, V S; Littlefair, S. P.; Hickman, R. D. G.; Maxted, P. F. L.; Gänsicke, B. T.; Unda-Sanzana, E.; Colque, J. P.; Barraza, N.; Sánchez, N.; Monard, L. A. G. 2010-01-01 We present high speed ULTRACAM photometry of the eclipsing post common envelope binaries DE CVn, GK Vir, NN Ser, QS Vir, RR Cae, RX J2130.6+4710, SDSS 0110+1326 and SDSS 0303+0054 and use these data to measure precise mid-eclipse times in order to detect any period variations. We detect a large (~ 250 sec) departure from linearity in the eclipse times of QS Vir which Applegate's mechanism fails to reproduce by an order of magnitude. The only mechanism able to drive this period change is a thi... 10. Inversion of Auditory Spectrograms, Traditional Spectrograms, and Other Envelope Representations DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Decorsière, Remi Julien Blaise; Søndergaard, Peter Lempel; MacDonald, Ewen; 2015-01-01 implementations of this framework are presented for auditory spectrograms, where the filterbank is based on the behavior of the basilar membrane and envelope extraction is modeled on the response of inner hair cells. One implementation is direct while the other is a two-stage approach that is computationally...... simpler. While both can accurately invert an auditory spectrogram, the two-stage approach performs better on time-domain metrics. The same framework is applied to traditional spectrograms based on the magnitude of the short-time Fourier transform. Inspired by human perception of loudness, a modification... 11. A competitive-inhibiton radioimmunoassay for influenza virus envelope antigens International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A double-antibody competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay for influenza virus envelope antigens is described. A viral antigen preparation from influenza A virus recombinant MRC11 [antigenically identical to A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2)] consisting of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase was labelled with radioiodine. Rabbit antisera were allowed to react with the labelled antigen and the resultant antigen-antibody complexes were precipitated with the appropriate antiglobulin. The competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay very sensitively elucidated differences even among closely related influenza virus strains. Attempts have been made to eliminate neuraminidase from radioimmunoprecipitation to obtain a competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay system for haemagglutinin alone. (author) 12. Building Letters Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 2005-01-01 Cabinet是种十分吸引人却很简单的衬线字体，是由一名匿名字体设计师专门为Building Letters最新的资金筹集活动所设计的。这个Building Letters包中包含一个CDROM，有32种字体，以及一本专门设计的杂志和两张由Eboy和Emigre所设计的海报。字体光盘样例是由世界顶级的字体设计师们设计的． 13. Model Building OpenAIRE Frampton, Paul H. 1997-01-01 In this talk I begin with some general discussion of model building in particle theory, emphasizing the need for motivation and testability. Three illustrative examples are then described. The first is the Left-Right model which provides an explanation for the chirality of quarks and leptons. The second is the 331-model which offers a first step to understanding the three generations of quarks and leptons. Third and last is the SU(15) model which can accommodate the light leptoquarks possibly... 14. Building economics DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Pedersen, D.O.(red.) Publikationen er på engelsk. Den omfatter alle indlæg på det fjerde internationale symposium om byggeøkonomi, der blev arrangeret af SBI for det internationale byggeforskningsråd CIB. De fem bind omhandler: Methods of Economic Evaluation, Design Optimization, Ressource Utilization, The Building...... Market og Economics and Technological Forecasting in Construction. Et indledende bind bringer statusrapporter for de fem forskningsområder, og det sidste bind sammenfatter debatten på symposiet.... 15. The impact of roofing material on building energy performance Science.gov (United States) Badiee, Ali The last decade has seen an increase in the efficient use of energy sources such as water, electricity, and natural gas as well as a variety of roofing materials, in the heating and cooling of both residential and commercial infrastructure. Oil costs, coal and natural gas prices remain high and unstable. All of these instabilities and increased costs have resulted in higher heating and cooling costs, and engineers are making an effort to keep them under control by using energy efficient building materials. The building envelope (that which separates the indoor and outdoor environments of a building) plays a significant role in the rate of building energy consumption. An appropriate architectural design of a building envelope can considerably lower the energy consumption during hot summers and cold winters, resulting in reduced HVAC loads. Several building components (walls, roofs, fenestration, foundations, thermal insulation, external shading devices, thermal mass, etc.) make up this essential part of a building. However, thermal insulation of a building's rooftop is the most essential part of a building envelope in that it reduces the incoming "heat flux" (defined as the amount of heat transferred per unit area per unit time from or to a surface) (Sadineni et al., 2011). Moreover, more than 60% of heat transfer occurs through the roof regardless of weather, since a roof is often the building surface that receives the largest amount of solar radiation per square annually (Suman, and Srivastava, 2009). Hence, an argument can be made that the emphasis on building energy efficiency has influenced roofing manufacturing more than any other building envelope component. This research project will address roofing energy performance as the source of nearly 60% of the building heat transfer (Suman, and Srivastava, 2009). We will also rank different roofing materials in terms of their energy performance. Other parts of the building envelope such as walls, foundation 16. UNSUSTAINABLE BUILDING FAÇADES AND FASHIONS IN SURABAYA Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Danny Santoso Mintorogo 2006-01-01 Full Text Available In the past ten years, there have been intense developments in the application of energy savings in buildings and high technology glass invented in all over the regions of the world. The complexity of curtain-glass used in buildings is always crucial related to energy savings and climatic nature in every region of the world. More specifically this paper will observe the direct and global solar radiation behaviours that have impacts on building envelopes in every orientation, horizontal and slope surfaces. Because of the limited data of the solar radiation behaviours in every region in Indonesia, public (building or residence owners and solar hot water supplier actually do not know the accurate orientations and tilt angles for gaining maximum solar heat radiation. Moreover, the local or foreign building consultants often act in different ways for designing building façades-mostly by applying curtain-glasses instead of curtain-walls on the building without concerning the tropical hot humid climate of Surabaya. This paper will try to give an outline of the failures of the curtain-glass building facades built and some post-modern buildings outlook in fashions which cause energy wasting. Obviously, the sustainability of the curtain-glass building is wasting energy in term of applying air condition buildings in Surabaya. 17. Immunogenicity of Escherichia coli expressed envelope 2 protein of Chikungunya virus. Science.gov (United States) Tripathi, Nagesh K; Priya, Raj; Shrivastava, Ambuj 2014-01-01 Chikungunya fever, a re-emerging infection, is an arthropod-borne viral disease prevalent in different parts of the world, particularly Africa and South East Asia. Chikungunya virus envelope 2 protein is involved in binding to host receptors and it contains specific epitopes that elicit virus neutralizing antibodies. A highly immunogenic, recombinant Chikungunya virus envelope 2 protein was produced by bioreactor in Escherichia coli for development of a suitable diagnostic and vaccine candidate. This protein was refolded and further purified to achieve biologically active protein. The biological function of refolded and purified recombinant envelope 2 protein of Chikungunya virus was confirmed by its ability to generate envelope 2 specific antibodies with high titers in animal models. These findings suggest that recombinant envelope 2 protein of Chikungunya virus in combination with compatible adjuvant is highly immunogenic. Thus, recombinant envelope 2 protein can be a potential diagnostic reagent and vaccine candidate against Chikungunya virus infection. 18. Critical core mass for enriched envelopes: the role of H2O condensation CERN Document Server Venturini, J; Benz, W; Ikoma, M 2015-01-01 Context. Within the core accretion scenario of planetary formation, most simulations performed so far always assume the accreting envelope to have a solar composition. From the study of meteorite showers on Earth and numerical simulations, we know that planetesimals must undergo thermal ablation and disruption when crossing a protoplanetary envelope. Once the protoplanet has acquired an atmosphere, the primordial envelope gets enriched in volatiles and silicates from the planetesimals. This change of envelope composition during the formation can have a significant effect in the final atmospheric composition and on the formation timescale of giant planets. Aims. To investigate the physical implications of considering the envelope enrichment of protoplanets due to the disruption of icy planetesimals during their way to the core. Particular focus is placed on the effect on the critical core mass for envelopes where condensation of water can occur. Methods. Internal structure models are numerically solved with th... 19. Case Study of Envelope Sealing in Existing Multiunit Structures Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Dentz, J.; Conlin, F.; Podorson, D. 2012-10-01 Envelope air sealing was included in the retrofit of a 244 unit low-rise multifamily housing complex in Durham, N.C. Pre- and post-retrofit enclosure leakage tests were conducted on 51 units and detailed diagnostics were performed on 16. On average, total leakage was reduced by nearly half, from 19.7 ACH50 to 9.4 ACH50. Costs for air sealing were$0.31 per square foot of conditioned floor area, lower than estimates found in the National Residential Efficiency Measures Database (NREMD) and other sources, perhaps due in part to the large-scale production nature of the project. Modeling with BEopt software -- using an estimate of 85% of the envelope air leakage going to the outside (based on guarded tests performed at the site) -- calculated a space conditioning energy cost savings of 15% to 21% due to the air sealing retrofit. Important air leakage locations identified included plumbing and electrical penetrations, dropped ceilings/soffits, windows, ducts and wall-to-floor intersections. Previous repair activity had created significant leakage locations as well. Specifications and a pictorial guide were developed for contractors performing the work.
20. Properties of mammalian nuclear-envelope nucleoside triphosphatase.
Science.gov (United States)
Agutter, P S; Cockrill, J B; Lavine, J E; McCaldin, B; Sim, R B
1979-09-01
The nucleoside triphosphatase activities of the nuclear envelopes from rat liver, pig liver and simian-virus-40-transformed mouse-embryo 3T3 cells were shown to exhibit similar parperties. All three preparations hydrolyse ATP, 2'-dATP, 3'-dATP, GTP, CTP and UTP in the presence of Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+ and Co2+ with a pH optimum of 8.0, are sensitive to inhibition by mercurials, arsenicals, quercetin, proflavin and adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate and are partially inactivated by exposure to high ionic strength. The kinetic behaviour is similar for all substrates irrespective of the source of material. The typical Eadie-Hofstee plot, which is concave upwards at pH 8.0 when the ionic strength is 20mM, becomes linear when the pH is increased to 8.5 or the ionic strength to 160mM. The overall evidence, particularly the labelling of only one polypeptide by [gamma-32P]ATP, suggests that under the conditions of preparation and assay used only one class of nucleoside triphosphatase active sites is detectable in nuclear envelopes. The importance of these results for an understanding of the role of the enzyme in vivo is discussed.
1. Hospitals Productivity Measurement Using Data Envelopment Analysis Technique.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Amin Torabipour
2014-11-01
Full Text Available This study aimed to measure the hospital productivity using data envelopment analysis (DEA technique and Malmquist indices.This is a cross sectional study in which the panel data were used in a 4 year period from 2007 to 2010. The research was implemented in 12 teaching and non-teaching hospitals of Ahvaz County. Data envelopment analysis technique and the Malmquist indices with an input-orientation approach, was used to analyze the data and estimation of productivity. Data were analyzed using the SPSS.18 and DEAP.2 software.Six hospitals (50% had a value lower than 1, which represents an increase in total productivity and other hospitals were non-productive. the average of total productivity factor (TPF was 1.024 for all hospitals, which represents a decrease in efficiency by 2.4% from 2007 to 2010. The average technical, technologic, scale and managerial efficiency change was 0.989, 1.008, 1.028, and 0.996 respectively. There was not a significant difference in mean productivity changes among teaching and non-teaching hospitals (P>0.05 (except in 2009 years.Productivity rate of hospitals had an increasing trend generally. However, the total average of productivity was decreased in hospitals. Besides, between the several components of total productivity, variation of technological efficiency had the highest impact on reduce of total average of productivity.
2. Cepheids at high angular resolution: circumstellar envelope and pulsation
CERN Document Server
Gallenne, Alexandre
2011-01-01
In 2005, interferometric observations with VLTI/VINCI and CHARA/FLUOR revealed the existence of a circumstellar envelope (CSE) around some Cepheids. This surrounding material is particularly interesting for two reasons: it could have an impact on the distance estimates and could be linked to a past or on-going mass loss. The use of Baade-Wesselink methods for independent distance determinations could be significantly biased by the presence of these envelopes. Although their observations are difficult because of the high contrast between the photosphere of the star and the CSE, several observation techniques have the potential to improve our knowledge about their physical properties. In this thesis, I discuss in particular high angular resolution techniques that I applied to the study of several bright Galactic Cepheids. First, I used adaptive optic observations with NACO of the Cepheid RS Puppis, in order to deduce the flux ratio between the CSE and the photosphere of the star. In addition, I could carry out ...
3. Cytoskeletal Interactions at the Nuclear Envelope Mediated by Nesprins
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Surayya Taranum
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Nesprin-1 is a giant tail-anchored nuclear envelope protein composed of an N-terminal F-actin binding domain, a long linker region formed by multiple spectrin repeats and a C-terminal transmembrane domain. Based on this structure, it connects the nucleus to the actin cytoskeleton. Earlier reports had shown that Nesprin-1 binds to nuclear envelope proteins emerin and lamin through C-terminal spectrin repeats. These repeats can also self-associate. We focus on the N-terminal Nesprin-1 sequences and show that they interact with Nesprin-3, a further member of the Nesprin family, which connects the nucleus to the intermediate filament network. We show that upon ectopic expression of Nesprin-3 in COS7 cells, which are nearly devoid of Nesprin-3 in vitro, vimentin filaments are recruited to the nucleus and provide evidence for an F-actin interaction of Nesprin-3 in vitro. We propose that Nesprins through interactions amongst themselves and amongst the various Nesprins form a network around the nucleus and connect the nucleus to several cytoskeletal networks of the cell.
4. Crystal Structure of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus Envelope Protein
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Luca, Vincent C.; AbiMansour, Jad; Nelson, Christopher A.; Fremont, Daved H. (WU-MED)
2012-03-13
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading global cause of viral encephalitis. The JEV envelope protein (E) facilitates cellular attachment and membrane fusion and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. We have determined the 2.1-{angstrom} resolution crystal structure of the JEV E ectodomain refolded from bacterial inclusion bodies. The E protein possesses the three domains characteristic of flavivirus envelopes and epitope mapping of neutralizing antibodies onto the structure reveals determinants that correspond to the domain I lateral ridge, fusion loop, domain III lateral ridge, and domain I-II hinge. While monomeric in solution, JEV E assembles as an antiparallel dimer in the crystal lattice organized in a highly similar fashion as seen in cryo-electron microscopy models of mature flavivirus virions. The dimer interface, however, is remarkably small and lacks many of the domain II contacts observed in other flavivirus E homodimers. In addition, uniquely conserved histidines within the JEV serocomplex suggest that pH-mediated structural transitions may be aided by lateral interactions outside the dimer interface in the icosahedral virion. Our results suggest that variation in dimer structure and stability may significantly influence the assembly, receptor interaction, and uncoating of virions.
5. Planet formation in post-common-envelope binaries
CERN Document Server
Schleicher, Dominik; Völschow, Marcel; Banerjee, Robi; Hessman, Frederic V
2015-01-01
To understand the evolution of planetary systems, it is important to investigate planets in highly evolved stellar systems, and to explore the implications of their observed properties with respect to potential formation scenarios. Observations suggest the presence of giant planets in post-common-envelope binaries (PCEBs). A particularly well-studied system with planetary masses of 1.7 M_J and 7.0 M_J is NN Ser. We show here that a pure first-generation scenario where the planets form before the common envelope (CE) phase and the orbits evolve due to the changes in the gravitational potential is inconsistent with the current data. We propose a second-generation scenario where the planets are formed from the material that is ejected during the CE, which may naturally explain the observed planetary masses. In addition, hybrid scenarios where the planets form before the CE and evolve due to the accretion of the ejected gas appear as a realistic possibility.
6. The properties of heavy elements in giant planet envelopes
CERN Document Server
Soubiran, Francois
2016-01-01
The core accretion model for giant planet formation suggests a two layer picture for the initial structure of Jovian planets, with heavy elements in a dense core and a thick H-He envelope. Late planetesimal accretion and core erosion could potentially enrich the H-He envelope in heavy elements, which is supported by the three-fold solar metallicity that was measured in Jupiter's atmosphere by the Galileo entry probe. In order to reproduce the observed gravitational moments of Jupiter and Saturn, models for their interiors include heavy elements, $Z$, in various proportions. However, their effect on the equation of state of the hydrogen-helium mixtures has not been investigated beyond the ideal mixing approximation. In this article, we report results from \\textit{ab initio} simulations of fully interacting H-He-$Z$ mixtures in order to characterize their equation of state and to analyze possible consequences for the interior structure and evolution of giant planets. Considering C, N, O, Si, Fe, MgO and SiO$_2$...
7. Massive circumstellar envelope around type IIn supernova SN 1995G
CERN Document Server
Chugai, N N
2003-01-01
We model the interaction of the supernova SN 1995G with a dense circumstellar (CS) gas in a thin shell approximation. A model fit of the observed bolometric light curve combined with data on the supernova expansion velocity provides an estimate of the density of the CS shell, its mass ($approx 1 M_{odot}$), and age ($approx 8$ years). It is shown that the derived CS gas density does not depend on the assumed mass of the supernova ejecta. This results from the high CS density, which ensures that the forward shock wave is essentially radiative. The derived CS density is consistent with the H$alpha$ luminosity and with the presence of the apparent effect of Thomson scattering in the red wing of this line. The mass of the CS envelope together with its expansion velocity indicates that the CS envelope was ejected as a result of violent energy release ($sim 6times10^{48}$ erg) eight years before the supernova outburst.
8. The growth and hydrodynamic collapse of a protoplanet envelope
CERN Document Server
Ayliffe, Ben A
2012-01-01
We have conducted three-dimensional self-gravitating radiation hydrodynamical models of gas accretion onto high mass cores (15-33 Earth masses) over hundreds of orbits. Of these models, one case accretes more than a third of a Jupiter mass of gas, before eventually undergoing a hydrodynamic collapse. This collapse causes the density near the core to increase by more than an order of magnitude, and the outer envelope to evolve into a circumplanetary disc. A small reduction in the mass within the Hill radius (R_H) accompanies this collapse as a shock propagates outwards. This collapse leads to a new hydrostatic equilibrium for the protoplanetary envelope, at which point 97 per cent of the mass contained within the Hill radius is within the inner 0.03 R_H which had previously contained less than 40 per cent. Following this collapse the protoplanet resumes accretion at its prior rate. The net flow of mass towards this dense protoplanet is predominantly from high latitudes, whilst at the outer edge of the circumpl...
9. The Properties of Heavy Elements in Giant Planet Envelopes
Science.gov (United States)
Soubiran, François; Militzer, Burkhard
2016-09-01
The core-accretion model for giant planet formation suggests a two-layer picture for the initial structure of Jovian planets, with heavy elements in a dense core and a thick H-He envelope. Late planetesimal accretion and core erosion could potentially enrich the H-He envelope in heavy elements, which is supported by the threefold solar metallicity that was measured in Jupiter’s atmosphere by the Galileo entry probe. In order to reproduce the observed gravitational moments of Jupiter and Saturn, models for their interiors include heavy elements, Z, in various proportions. However, their effect on the equation of state of the hydrogen-helium mixtures has not been investigated beyond the ideal mixing approximation. In this article, we report results from ab initio simulations of fully interacting H-He-Z mixtures in order to characterize their equation of state and to analyze possible consequences for the interior structure and evolution of giant planets. Considering C, N, O, Si, Fe, MgO, and SiO2, we show that the behavior of heavy elements in H-He mixtures may still be represented by an ideal mixture if the effective volumes and internal energies are chosen appropriately. In the case of oxygen, we also compute the effect on the entropy. We find the resulting changes in the temperature-pressure profile to be small. A homogeneous distribution of 2% oxygen by mass changes the temperature in Jupiter’s interior by only 80 K.
10. Rational design of vaccines against enveloped RNA viruses.
Science.gov (United States)
Stephenson, J R
1985-03-01
The enveloped RNA viruses are responsible for many important infectious diseases both in the UK and worldwide. The most familiar of these would probably be influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, rabies, dengue and yellow fever. Conventional vaccines against all of the most widespread diseases have been available for several years, although with widely varying degrees of safety and efficacy. Although vaccines against diseases such as measles, rubella, and yellow fever have been fairly successful, all vaccines against diseases caused by this group of viruses still have several drawbacks and are in need of improvement for a variety of reasons. During the past decade our knowledge in several diverse areas of the biological sciences has expanded to the extent that it can now be combined and serious attempts made to design and engineer biological molecules with immunogenic potential. First, significant advances have been made in elucidating the mechanisms operating in the immune defence network and in determining the structure of both immunogenic molecules and the components of the immune system with which they interact. Second, the development of recombinant DNA technology has enabled biological molecules to be synthesized under conditions not restricted by the characteristics of their parent organism. Such molecules can then be altered in such a way as to improve their efficiency and their level of production. It is the purpose of this paper to outline the problems associated with the production of vaccines against enveloped RNA viruses and to discuss how recent advances in knowledge and techniques can help to overcome these problems. PMID:2408398
11. Focal Targeting of the Bacterial Envelope by Antimicrobial Peptides
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rafi eRashid
2016-06-01
Full Text Available Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs are utilized by both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. AMPs such as the human beta defensins, human neutrophil peptides, human cathelicidin, and many bacterial bacteriocins are cationic and capable of binding to anionic regions of the bacterial surface. Cationic AMPs (CAMPs target anionic lipids (e.g. phosphatidylglycerol (PG and cardiolipins (CL in the cell membrane and anionic components (e.g. lipopolysaccharide (LPS and lipoteichoic acid (LTA of the cell envelope. Bacteria have evolved mechanisms to modify these same targets in order to resist CAMP killing, e.g. lysinylation of PG to yield cationic lysyl-PG and alanylation of LTA. Since CAMPs offer a promising therapeutic alternative to conventional antibiotics, which are becoming less effective due to rapidly emerging antibiotic resistance, there is a strong need to improve our understanding about the AMP mechanism of action. Recent literature suggests that AMPs often interact with the bacterial cell envelope at discrete foci. Here we review recent AMP literature, with an emphasis on focal interactions with bacteria, including (1 CAMP disruption mechanisms, (2 delocalization of membrane proteins and lipids by CAMPs, and (3 CAMP sensing systems and resistance mechanisms. We conclude with new approaches for studying the bacterial membrane, e.g., lipidomics, high resolution imaging and non-detergent-based membrane domain extraction.
12. Focal Targeting of the Bacterial Envelope by Antimicrobial Peptides.
Science.gov (United States)
Rashid, Rafi; Veleba, Mark; Kline, Kimberly A
2016-01-01
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are utilized by both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. AMPs such as the human beta defensins, human neutrophil peptides, human cathelicidin, and many bacterial bacteriocins are cationic and capable of binding to anionic regions of the bacterial surface. Cationic AMPs (CAMPs) target anionic lipids [e.g., phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipins (CL)] in the cell membrane and anionic components [e.g., lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA)] of the cell envelope. Bacteria have evolved mechanisms to modify these same targets in order to resist CAMP killing, e.g., lysinylation of PG to yield cationic lysyl-PG and alanylation of LTA. Since CAMPs offer a promising therapeutic alternative to conventional antibiotics, which are becoming less effective due to rapidly emerging antibiotic resistance, there is a strong need to improve our understanding about the AMP mechanism of action. Recent literature suggests that AMPs often interact with the bacterial cell envelope at discrete foci. Here we review recent AMP literature, with an emphasis on focal interactions with bacteria, including (1) CAMP disruption mechanisms, (2) delocalization of membrane proteins and lipids by CAMPs, and (3) CAMP sensing systems and resistance mechanisms. We conclude with new approaches for studying the bacterial membrane, e.g., lipidomics, high resolution imaging, and non-detergent-based membrane domain extraction. PMID:27376064
13. Structures of Equatorial Envelope Rossby Wave Under a Generalized External Forcing
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
FU Zun-Tao; LIU Shi-Da; LIU Shi-Kuo
2004-01-01
The cubic nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS for short) equation with a generalized external heating source is derived for large amplitude equatorial envelope Rossby wave in a shear flow. And then various periodic structures for these equatorial envelope Rossby waves are obtained with the help of a new transformation, Jacobi elliptic functions,and elliptic equation. It is shown that different types of resonant phase-locked diabatic heating play different roles in structures of equatorial envelope Rossby wave.
14. Functional contribution of cysteine residues to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope.
OpenAIRE
Tschachler, E; Buchow, H; Gallo, R C; Reitz, M S
1990-01-01
Although the envelope gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 shows considerable strain variability, cysteine residues of the envelope protein are strongly conserved, suggesting that they are important to the envelope structure. We constructed and analyzed mutants of a biologically active molecular clone of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in which different cysteines were replaced by other amino acids in order to determine their functional importance. Substitution of cysteines 296 and...
15. The influence of amplitude envelope information on resolving lexically ambiguous spoken words.
Science.gov (United States)
Szostak, Christine M; Pitt, Mark A
2014-10-01
Prior studies exploring the contribution of amplitude envelope information to spoken word recognition are mixed with regard to the question of whether amplitude envelope alone, without spectral detail, can aid isolated word recognition. Three experiments show that the amplitude envelope will aid word identification only if two conditions are met: (1) It is not the only information available to the listener and (2) lexical ambiguity is not present. Implications for lexical processing are discussed. PMID:25324106
16. A Doherty Amplifier with Envelope Tracking Technique and DSP for High Efficiency
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ambar Saxena
2012-01-01
Full Text Available A Doherty amplifier employing input signal envelope tracking technique. In the amplifier, gate bias of peaking amplifier is controlled according to the magnitude of the envelope. The performance of the microwave Doherty amplifier has been compared with class AB amplifier. DSP is used to dynamically adjust the gate bias of the auxiliary (peaking amplifier at the rate of the signal envelope to obtain gain flatness. DSP is used as a digital predistortor to improve the overall linearity and efficiency.
17. Formation of the postmitotic nuclear envelope from extended ER cisternae precedes nuclear pore assembly
OpenAIRE
Ladinsky, Mark S.; Lu, Lei; Kirchhausen, Tomas Leopold
2011-01-01
During mitosis, the nuclear envelope merges with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and nuclear pore complexes are disassembled. In a current model for reassembly after mitosis, the nuclear envelope forms by a reshaping of ER tubules. For the assembly of pores, two major models have been proposed. In the insertion model, nuclear pore complexes are embedded in the nuclear envelope after their formation. In the prepore model, nucleoporins assemble on the chromatin as an intermediate nuclear pore c...
18. Thermal mass impact on energy performance of a low, medium and heavy mass building in Belgrade
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Anđelković Bojan V.
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Heavy mass materials used in building structures and architecture can significantly affect building energy performance and occupant comfort. The purpose of this study was to investigate if thermal mass can improve the internal environment of a building, resulting in lower energy requirements from the mechanical systems. The study was focused on passive building energy performance and compared annual space heating and cooling energy requirements for an office building in Belgrade with several different applications of thermal mass. A three-dimensional building model was generated to represent a typical office building. Building shape, orientation, glazing to wall ratio, envelope insulation thickness, and indoor design conditions were held constant while location and thickness of building mass (concrete was varied between cases in a series of energy simulations. The results were compared and discussed in terms of the building space heating and cooling energy and demand affected by thermal mass. The simulation results indicated that with addition of thermal mass to the building envelope and structure: 100% of all simulated cases experienced reduced annual space heating energy requirements, 67% of all simulated cases experienced reduced annual space cooling energy requirements, 83% of all simulated cases experienced reduced peak space heating demand and 50% of all simulated cases experienced reduced peak space cooling demand. The study demonstrated that there exists a potential for reducing space heating and cooling energy requirements with heavy mass construction in the analyzed climate region (Belgrade, Serbia.
19. Passive climate control in Spanish office buildings for long periods of time
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Orosa, J.A.; Baalina, A. [Departamento de Energia y P, Escuela Tecnica Superior de N. y M., Universidade da Coruna, Paseo de Ronda 51, P.C.: 1501 A Coruna (Spain)
2008-12-15
Recent studies have shown that the effect of the internal wall coating on an indoor thermal environment can be seen for short periods of time [Hameury S. Moisture buffering capacity of heavy timber structures directly exposed to an indoor climate: a numerical study. Building and Environment 2005;40(10):1400-12]. However, for long periods of time this effect is hidden by the air renovation and vapour release. These passive methods are gaining popularity because they are energy conscious and environmentally friendly. However, there is little published data on mass transfer between building envelopes and indoor air [Simonson CJ, Salonvaara MH. Mass transfer between indoor air and a porous building envelope: part I - field measurements. In: Proceedings of healthy buildings, vol. 3, 2000; Simonson CJ, Tuomo O. Moisture performance of buildings envelopes with no plastic vapour retarders in cold climates. In: Proceedings of healthy buildings, vol. 3, 2000]. The main objective of this study is to show the internal wall coating effect on indoor air conditions by means of the indoor air parameters. These measurements were taken in 25 office buildings during different seasons. Our results will allow us to understand the internal coating effect for long and short periods of time and, therefore, the thermal comfort and indoor air quality conditions. (author)
20. Several novel nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins identified in skeletal muscle have cytoskeletal associations.
Science.gov (United States)
Wilkie, Gavin S; Korfali, Nadia; Swanson, Selene K; Malik, Poonam; Srsen, Vlastimil; Batrakou, Dzmitry G; de las Heras, Jose; Zuleger, Nikolaj; Kerr, Alastair R W; Florens, Laurence; Schirmer, Eric C
2011-01-01
Nuclear envelopes from liver and a neuroblastoma cell line have previously been analyzed by proteomics; however, most diseases associated with the nuclear envelope affect muscle. To determine whether muscle has unique nuclear envelope proteins, rat skeletal muscle nuclear envelopes were prepared and analyzed by multidimensional protein identification technology. Many novel muscle-specific proteins were identified that did not appear in previous nuclear envelope data sets. Nuclear envelope residence was confirmed for 11 of these by expression of fusion proteins and by antibody staining of muscle tissue cryosections. Moreover, transcript levels for several of the newly identified nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins increased during muscle differentiation using mouse and human in vitro model systems. Some of these proteins tracked with microtubules at the nuclear surface in interphase cells and accumulated at the base of the microtubule spindle in mitotic cells, suggesting they may associate with complexes that connect the nucleus to the cytoskeleton. The finding of tissue-specific proteins in the skeletal muscle nuclear envelope proteome argues the importance of analyzing nuclear envelopes from all tissues linked to disease and suggests that general investigation of tissue differences in organellar proteomes might yield critical insights. PMID:20876400
1. Characteristics of S-wave Envelope Broadening in the Changbaishan Tianchi Volcano
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Fan Xiaoping; Li Qinghe; He Haibing; Yang Congjie; Jin Shumei
2010-01-01
High-frequency S-wave seismogram envelopes of microearthquakes broaden with increasing travel distance,a phenomenon known as S-wave envelope broadening.Multiple forward scattering and diffraction for the random inhomogeneities along the seismic ray path are the main causes of S-wave envelope broadening,so the phenomenon of S-wave envelope broadening is used to study the inhomogeneity of the medium.The peak delay time of an S-wave,which is defined as the time lag from the direct S-wave onset to the maximum amplitude arrival of its envelope.is accepted to quantify S-wave envelope broadening.204 small earthquake records in Changbaishan Tianchi volcano were analyzed by the S-wave envelope broadening algorithm.The results show that S-wave envelope broadening in the Changbaishan Tianchi volcano is obvious,and that the peak delay time of S-wave has a positive correlation with the hypocenter distance and frequency of the Swave.The relationships between the S-wave peak delay time and the hypocenter distance for different frequency bands were obtained using the statistics method.The results are beneficial to the understanding of the S-wave envelope broadening phenomena and the quantitative research on the inhomogeneities of the crust medium in the Changbaishan Tianchi volcano region.
2. Data envelopment analysis for technological, environmental and economic analysis of motorway overpasses
Science.gov (United States)
Myšková, Kateřina; Žák, Jaroslav
2016-06-01
Overpasses are understood as an important element in ensuring the permeability of motorways. Minimum and maximum width and length are the main technical parameters that affect the migration potential. To evaluate the total price of the overpass not only the building and preparation budget but also the maintenance budget must be taken into account. In practically all cases, overpass functionality grows with increasing width and decreasing length. Of course, this also results in greater construction costs. The length of the overpass is determined by the class of the communication and its width, which means that only the width of the overpass can be practically modified. The objective should therefore be to find a balanced compromise enabling "sufficient" functionality while maintaining "reasonable" costs. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) provides a way to identify "good" solutions in the sense of "sufficient" overpass functionality with "reasonable" total costs. The results indicate that DEA can be used to find "good" solutions and can be of assistance in particular when planning measures to ensure motorways are permeable to wildlife.
3. Managing Urban Trees and Their Soil Envelopes in a Contiguously Developed City Environment
Science.gov (United States)
Jim, C. Y.
2001-12-01
Urban Hong Kong is covered by high building, road, and population densities. Its urban morphology is inherently not conducive to extensive or high-grade greening. Recent renewal of old areas has squeezed out some limited interstitial plantable space, although in new development areas modest spaces have been earmarked for greenery. The study aims at evaluating the major constraints to urban trees and their companion urban soil envelopes and at providing specific recommendations to improve tree management in the city. The analysis covers the above-ground confinements that dampen tree performance, the less tangible but rather difficult institutional restrictions that impose a somewhat unnecessary lid on tree planting, the multiplicity of players and stakeholders involved in urban-tree management that militates against coordination and cooperation, the widespread occupation of underground space by utility lines often to the exclusion of trees, and the extremely poor quality of urban soils that are often used without amelioration to support tree growth. The management recommendations furnish practical suggestions and hints to improve the short- and long-term welfare of trees in terms of quality, quantity, and spatial distribution. The conclusion enumerates some concrete measures for consideration by decision-makers to upgrade the city's greenery to close the gap between science and policy.
4. African Swine Fever Virus Undergoes Outer Envelope Disruption, Capsid Disassembly and Inner Envelope Fusion before Core Release from Multivesicular Endosomes.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Bruno Hernáez
2016-04-01
Full Text Available African swine fever virus (ASFV is a nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV that causes a highly lethal disease in domestic pigs. As other NCLDVs, the extracellular form of ASFV possesses a multilayered structure consisting of a genome-containing nucleoid successively wrapped by a thick protein core shell, an inner lipid membrane, an icosahedral protein capsid and an outer lipid envelope. This structural complexity suggests an intricate mechanism of internalization in order to deliver the virus genome into the cytoplasm. By using flow cytometry in combination with pharmacological entry inhibitors, as well as fluorescence and electron microscopy approaches, we have dissected the entry and uncoating pathway used by ASFV to infect the macrophage, its natural host cell. We found that purified extracellular ASFV is internalized by both constitutive macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Once inside the cell, ASFV particles move from early endosomes or macropinosomes to late, multivesicular endosomes where they become uncoated. Virus uncoating requires acidic pH and involves the disruption of the outer membrane as well as of the protein capsid. As a consequence, the inner viral membrane becomes exposed and fuses with the limiting endosomal membrane to release the viral core into the cytosol. Interestingly, virus fusion is dependent on virus protein pE248R, a transmembrane polypeptide of the inner envelope that shares sequence similarity with some members of the poxviral entry/fusion complex. Collective evidence supports an entry model for ASFV that might also explain the uncoating of other multienveloped icosahedral NCLDVs.
5. African Swine Fever Virus Undergoes Outer Envelope Disruption, Capsid Disassembly and Inner Envelope Fusion before Core Release from Multivesicular Endosomes.
Science.gov (United States)
Hernáez, Bruno; Guerra, Milagros; Salas, María L; Andrés, Germán
2016-04-01
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) that causes a highly lethal disease in domestic pigs. As other NCLDVs, the extracellular form of ASFV possesses a multilayered structure consisting of a genome-containing nucleoid successively wrapped by a thick protein core shell, an inner lipid membrane, an icosahedral protein capsid and an outer lipid envelope. This structural complexity suggests an intricate mechanism of internalization in order to deliver the virus genome into the cytoplasm. By using flow cytometry in combination with pharmacological entry inhibitors, as well as fluorescence and electron microscopy approaches, we have dissected the entry and uncoating pathway used by ASFV to infect the macrophage, its natural host cell. We found that purified extracellular ASFV is internalized by both constitutive macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Once inside the cell, ASFV particles move from early endosomes or macropinosomes to late, multivesicular endosomes where they become uncoated. Virus uncoating requires acidic pH and involves the disruption of the outer membrane as well as of the protein capsid. As a consequence, the inner viral membrane becomes exposed and fuses with the limiting endosomal membrane to release the viral core into the cytosol. Interestingly, virus fusion is dependent on virus protein pE248R, a transmembrane polypeptide of the inner envelope that shares sequence similarity with some members of the poxviral entry/fusion complex. Collective evidence supports an entry model for ASFV that might also explain the uncoating of other multienveloped icosahedral NCLDVs. PMID:27110717
6. Renewable Energy Requirements for Future Building Codes: Energy Generation and Economic Analysis
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Russo, Bryan J.; Weimar, Mark R.; Dillon, Heather E.
2011-09-30
As the model energy codes are improved to reach efficiency levels 50 percent greater than current codes, installation of on-site renewable energy generation is likely to become a code requirement. This requirement will be needed because traditional mechanisms for code improvement, including the building envelope, mechanical systems, and lighting, have been maximized at the most cost-effective limit.
7. Stimulation of good building and ductwork airtightness through EPBD
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Guyot, Gaelle; Carrié, Remi; Schild, Peter;
Building and ductwork leakage are detrimental to energy conservation, comfort, and hygiene. They can cause building damage and it can prevent proper control of the ventilation airflow rates. Through the ASIEPI project, we have identified that while some key elements for a market transformation...... on envelope airtightness are under development in many countries, status quo seems to prevail for the duct market. With the objective of all new constructions being “nearly zero energy buildings” in 2020, policy makers need to know how better airtightness can be stimulated....
8. Simplified multizone blower door techniques for multifamily buildings. Final report
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
NONE
1995-09-01
This research focused on the applicability of (a) two-blower-door and (b) single-blower-door multi-zone pressurization techniques for estimating the air leakage characteristics of New York State multi-family apartment buildings. The research also investigated the magnitude of external leakage area in multi-family buildings and used computer simulations to estimate the effect of decreasing external and internal leakage areas on air infiltration rates. This research investigates whether two blower doors can be used to determine the ELA of the exterior envelope and the ELA of partitions. Two multi-zone versions of the single-blower-door pressurization method are also examined.
9. Extension of a quantized enveloping algebra by a Hopf algebra
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
2010-01-01
Suppose that H is a Hopf algebra,and g is a generalized Kac-Moody algebra with Cartan matrix A =(aij)I×I,where I is an index set and is equal to either {1,2,...,n} or the natural number set N.Let f,g be two mappings from I to G(H),the set of group-like elements of H,such that the multiplication of elements in the set {f(i),g(i)|i ∈I} is commutative.Then we define a Hopf algebra Hgf Uq(g),where Uq(g) is the quantized enveloping algebra of g.
10. Glycosylation in HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein and its biological implications
KAUST Repository
Ho, Yung Shwen
2013-08-01
Glycosylation of HIV-1 envelope proteins (Env gp120/gp41) plays a vital role in viral evasion from the host immune response, which occurs through the masking of key neutralization epitopes and the presentation of the Env glycosylation as \\'self\\' to the host immune system. Env glycosylation is generally conserved, yet its continual evolution plays an important role in modulating viral infectivity and Env immunogenicity. Thus, it is believed that Env glycosylation, which is a vital part of the HIV-1 architecture, also controls intra- and inter-clade genetic variations. Discerning intra- and inter-clade glycosylation variations could therefore yield important information for understanding the molecular and biological differences between HIV clades and may assist in effectively designing Env-based immunogens and in clearly understanding HIV vaccines. This review provides an in-depth perspective of various aspects of Env glycosylation in the context of HIV-1 pathogenesis. © 2013 Future Medicine Ltd.
11. Solubilization of glycoproteins of envelope viruses by detergents
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Berezin, V.E.; Zaides, V.M.; Artamsnov, A.F.; Isaeva, E.S.; Zhdanov, V.M.
1986-11-20
The action of a number of known ionic and nonionic detergents, as well as the new nonionic detergent MESK, on envelope viruses was investigated. It was shown that the nonionic detergents MESK, Triton X-100, and octyl-..beta..-D-glucopyranoside selectively solubilize the outer glycoproteins of the virus particles. The nonionic detergent MESK has the mildest action. Using MESK, purified glycoproteins of influenza, parainfluenza, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, vesicular stomatitis, rabies, and herpes viruses were obtained. The procedure for obtaining glycoproteins includes incubation of the virus suspension with the detergent MESK, removal of subvirus structures by centrifuging, and purification of glycoproteins from detergents by dialysis. Isolated glycoproteins retain a native structure and biological activity and possess high immunogenicity. The detergent MESK is promising for laboratory tests and with respect to the production of subunit vaccines.
12. Bank branch operating efficiency: evaluation with data envelopment analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Roozbeh Talebi Zarinkamar
2014-10-01
Full Text Available Measuring the relative efficiency of similar units has been a popular research especially when the units were mostly non-financial. Even, similar financial units may not be necessarily evaluated based on traditional financial figures such as return of equities, return of assets, etc. In this paper, we present an empirical investigation to measure the relative efficiency of 30 branches of an Iranian bank named Bank Mellat. The study considers four inputs including operating expenses, interest paid, capital expenditures and fixed assets. In addition, we use customers’ bank deposit, commissions and loans paid as output parameters. Using three different data envelopment analyses, the study measures the relative efficiencies of all units. The preliminary results indicate that most banks were working under desirable level of efficiency.
13. Efficiency Measure by Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis Model
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Shivi Agarwal
2014-03-01
Full Text Available Data envelopment analysis (DEA is a non-parametric technique to measure the relative efficiencies of a set of decision making units (DMUs with common crisp inputs and outputs. Input and output data of DMUs often fluctuate. These fluctuating data can be represented as linguistic variable characterized by fuzzy numbers. This paper attempts to extend the traditional DEA model to a fuzzy framework, thus proposing a fuzzy DEA model based on α-cut approach to deal with the efficiency measuring and ranking problem with the given fuzzy input and output data. Finally, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the fuzzy DEA model. Since the efficiency measures are expressed by membership functions rather than by crisp values, more information is provided for management. By extending to fuzzy environment, the DEA approach is made more powerful for application.
14. Complex envelope control of pulsed accelerating fields in superconducting cavities
CERN Document Server
Czarski, T
2010-01-01
A digital control system for superconducting cavities of a linear accelerator is presented in this work. FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) based controller, managed by MATLAB, was developed to investigate a novel firmware implementation. The LLRF - Low Level Radio Frequency system for FLASH project in DESY is introduced. Essential modeling of a cavity resonator with signal and power analysis is considered as a key approach to the control methods. An electrical model is represented by the non-stationary state space equation for the complex envelope of the cavity voltage driven by the current generator and the beam loading. The electromechanical model of the superconducting cavity resonator including the Lorentz force detuning has been developed for a simulation purpose. The digital signal processing is proposed for the field vector detection. The field vector sum control is considered for multiple cavities driven by one klystron. An algebraic, complex domain model is proposed for the system analysis. The c...
15. Flight envelope protection system for unmanned aerial vehicles
KAUST Repository
Claudel, Christian G.
2016-04-28
Systems and methods to protect the flight envelope in both manual flight and flight by a commercial autopilot are provided. A system can comprise: an inertial measurement unit (IMU); a computing device in data communication with the IMU; an application executable by the computing device comprising: logic that estimates an angle of attack; a slip angle; and a speed of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based at least in part on data received from the UAV. A method can comprise estimating, via a computing device, flight data of a UAV based at least in part on data received from an IMU; comparing the estimated flight data with measured flight data; and triggering an error indication in response to a determination that the measured flight data exceeds a predefined deviation of the estimated flight data. The estimated speed can comprise an estimated airspeed, vertical speed and/or ground velocity.
16. Efficiency of Polish metallurgical industry based on data envelopment analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
J. Baran
2016-04-01
Full Text Available The main purpose of this paper is to compare the technical efficiency of 12 sectors manufacturing basic metals and metal products in Poland. This article presents the use of Data Envelopment Analysis models, to determine overall technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of metallurgical branches in Poland. The average technical efficiency of metallurgical industry in Poland was quite high. The analysis gives a possibility to create a ranking of sectors. Three branches were found to be fully efficient: manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferroalloys, manufacture of basic precious and other non - ferrous metals and manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel. The results point out the reasons of the inefficiency and provide improving directions for the inefficient sectors.
17. Modulated envelope localized wavepackets associated with electrostatic plasma waves
CERN Document Server
Kourakis, I; Kourakis, Ioannis; Shukla, Padma Kant
2004-01-01
The nonlinear amplitude modulation of known electrostatic plasma modes is examined in a generic manner, by applying a collisionless fluid model. Both cold (zero-temperature) and warm fluid descriptions are discussed and the results are compared. The moderately nonlinear oscillation regime is investigated by applying a multiple scale technique. The calculation leads to a Nonlinear Schrodinger-type Equation (NLSE), which describes the evolution of the slowly varying wave amplitude in time and space. The NLSE admits localized envelope (solitary wave) solutions of bright- (pulses) or dark- (holes, voids) type, whose characteristics (maximum amplitude, width) depend on intrinsic plasma parameters. Effects like amplitude perturbation obliqueness, finite temperature and defect (dust) concetration are explicitly considered. The relevance with similar highly localized modulated wave structures observed during recent satellite missions is discussed.
18. Acoustic frequency combs for carrier-envelope phase stabilization.
Science.gov (United States)
Borchers, Bastian; Lücking, Fabian; Steinmeyer, Günter
2014-02-01
A method for improved performance of feed-forward carrier-envelope phase stabilization in amplified laser sources is presented and experimentally demonstrated. The phase stabilization scheme is applicable for a broad range of repetition rates spanning from subhertz to 100 kHz. The method relies on driving an acousto-optic frequency shifter by few-cycle transients. The phase of these transients suitably controls the grating phase of the generated index grating inside the shifter material. This approach removes beam pointing as well as amplitude noise issues observed in continuously driven feed-forward schemes. The synthesis of these gratings can be understood as the acoustic equivalent of mode-locking or acoustic frequency combs. PMID:24487861
19. External Shaping of Circumstellar Envelopes of Evolved Stars
Science.gov (United States)
Cox, N. L. J.
2015-08-01
The circumstellar envelopes of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars and red supergiants (RSGs) are complex chemical and physical environments, and the specifics of their mass-loss history are important for both stellar and galactic evolution. One key aspect in this is to understand how the circumstellar medium of these stars can be shaped and affected by both internal and external mechanisms. These influences can skew our view on the (dust) chemistry and mass-loss history of these stars, and hence their role in the chemical enrichment of galaxies. This contribution focuses on the external mechanism related to the interaction between the slow dusty stellar wind and the local ambient medium. I will discuss what recent observations and hydrodynamical simulations have revealed and how these can help us learn more about AGB stars and RSGs, as well as the interstellar medium (ISM).
20. ASSESSMENT OF REGIONAL EFFICIENCY IN CROATIA USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Danijela Rabar
2013-02-01
Full Text Available In this paper, regional efficiency of Croatian counties is measured in three-year period (2005-2007 using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA. The set of inputs and outputs consists of seven socioeconomic indicators. Analysis is carried out using models with assumption of variable returns-to-scale. DEA identifies efficient counties as benchmark members and inefficient counties that are analyzed in detail to determine the sources and the amounts of their inefficiency in each source. To enable proper monitoring of development dynamics, window analysis is applied. Based on the results, guidelines for implementing necessary improvements to achieve efficiency are given. Analysis reveals great disparities among counties. In order to alleviate naturally, historically and politically conditioned unequal county positions over which economic policy makers do not have total control, categorical approach is introduced as an extension to the basic DEA models. This approach, combined with window analysis, changes relations among efficiency scores in favor of continental counties.
1. Heating and cooling of magnetars with accreted envelopes
CERN Document Server
Kaminker, A D; Yakovlev, D G; Chabrier, G
2009-01-01
We study the thermal structure and evolution of magnetars as cooling neutron stars with a phenomenological heat source in an internal layer. We focus on the effect of magnetized (B > 10^{14} G) non-accreted and accreted outermost envelopes composed of different elements, from iron to hydrogen or helium. We discuss a combined effect of thermal conduction and neutrino emission in the outer neutron star crust and calculate the cooling of magnetars with a dipole magnetic field for various locations of the heat layer, heat rates and magnetic field strengths. Combined effects of strong magnetic fields and light-element composition simplify the interpretation of magnetars in our model: these effects allow one to interpret observations assuming less extreme (therefore, more realistic) heating. Massive magnetars, with fast neutrino cooling in their cores, can have higher thermal surface luminosity.
2. Construction Project Success ranking through the Data Envelopment Analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mazyar Zahedi-Seresht
2014-09-01
Full Text Available The purpose of this paper is to rank construction projects' success in a post delivery phase. To attain this objective, a data envelopment analysis (DEA approach is used. The model's output is a project success index which is calculated based on five project success criteria. These criteria which are determined by a two-round Delphi questionnaire survey are time performance, cost performance, quality, HSE, and customer satisfaction. The input factors which have effects on the output measures are Organizational Sponsorship, Project Manager Competency, Customer Organization, Project Operational Environment and Organizational Experience. The tool adopted to determine these factors is questionnaire. This model is applied for 9 projects with different importance of output and input factors and the reasonable result is achieved for ranking these projects.
3. Envelope based nonlinear blind deconvolution approach for ultrasound imaging
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
L.T. Chira
2012-06-01
Full Text Available The resolution of ultrasound medical images is yet an important problem despite of the researchers efforts. In this paper we presents a nonlinear blind deconvolution to eliminate the blurring effect based on the measured radio-frequency signal envelope. This algorithm is executed in two steps. Firslty we make an estimation for Point Spread Function (PSF and, secondly we use the estimated PSF to remove, iteratively their effect. The proposed algorithm is a greedy algorithm, called also matching pursuit or CLEAN. The use of this algorithm is motivated beacause theorically it avoid the so called inverse problem, which usually needs regularization to obtain an optimal solution. The results are presented using 1D simulated signals in term of visual evaluation and nMSE in comparison with the two most kwown regularisation solution methods for least square problem, Thikonov regularization or l2-norm and Total Variation or l1 norm.
4. Hepatitis C Virus E2 Envelope Glycoprotein Core Structure
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kong, Leopold; Giang, Erick; Nieusma, Travis; Kadam, Rameshwar U.; Cogburn, Kristin E.; Hua, Yuanzi; Dai, Xiaoping; Stanfield, Robyn L.; Burton, Dennis R.; Ward, Andrew B.; Wilson, Ian A.; Law, Mansun
2014-08-26
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a Hepacivirus, is a major cause of viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 mediate fusion and entry into host cells and are the primary targets of the humoral immune response. The crystal structure of the E2 core bound to broadly neutralizing antibody AR3C at 2.65 angstroms reveals a compact architecture composed of a central immunoglobulin-fold β sandwich flanked by two additional protein layers. The CD81 receptor binding site was identified by electron microscopy and site-directed mutagenesis and overlaps with the AR3C epitope. The x-ray and electron microscopy E2 structures differ markedly from predictions of an extended, three-domain, class II fusion protein fold and therefore provide valuable information for HCV drug and vaccine design.
5. A New Measure of Distributive Justice by Data Envelopment Analysis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yutaka Ueda
2013-04-01
Full Text Available Traditionally, distributive justice has been measured with multiple question items to which respondents indicate the degree to which their working situation corresponds with those described in the question items. This article proposes an alternative method to measure distributive justice, using the data envelopment analysis (DEA approach. We apply an efficiency measure calculated in DEA for the inputs/outcomes ratio to judge distributive justice in the organization. Using the data collected from accounting workers who live in the Tokyo metropolitan area, the results of correlation analysis show that this new measure of distributive justice has significant positive correlations with all three satisfaction variables in a male sample, and with one satisfaction variable in a female sample, providing some justification for using this new variable as a measure of distributive justice.
6. Nuclear envelope rupture and repair during cancer cell migration
Science.gov (United States)
Denais, Celine M.; Gilbert, Rachel M.; Isermann, Philipp; McGregor, Alexandra L.; te Lindert, Mariska; Weigelin, Bettina; Davidson, Patricia M.; Friedl, Peter; Wolf, Katarina; Lammerding, Jan
2016-01-01
During cancer metastasis, tumor cells penetrate tissues through tight interstitial spaces, requiring extensive deformation of the cell and its nucleus. Here, we investigated tumor cell migration in confining microenvironments in vitro and in vivo. Nuclear deformation caused localized loss of nuclear envelope (NE) integrity, which led to the uncontrolled exchange of nucleo-cytoplasmic content, herniation of chromatin across the NE, and DNA damage. The incidence of NE rupture increased with cell confinement and with depletion of nuclear lamins, NE proteins that structurally support the nucleus. Cells restored NE integrity using components of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) machinery. Our findings indicate that cell migration incurs substantial physical stress on the NE and its content, requiring efficient NE and DNA damage repair for survival. PMID:27013428
7. Predoction Model of Data Envelopment Analysis with Undesirable Outputs
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
边馥萍; 范宇
2004-01-01
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has become a standard non-parametric approach to productivity analysis, especially to relative efficiency analysis of decision making units (DMUs). Extended to the prediction field, it can solve the prediction problem with multiple inputs and outputs which can not be solved easily by the regression analysis method.But the traditional DEA models can not solve the problem with undesirable outputs,so in this paper the inherent relationship between goal programming and the DEA method based on the relationship between multiple goal programming and goal programming is explored,and a mixed DEA model which can make all factors of inputs and undesirable outputs decrease in different proportions is built.And at the same time,all the factors of desirable outputs increase in different proportions.
8. First Evidence of a Precessing Jet Excavating a Protostellar Envelope
CERN Document Server
Ybarra, J E; Haisch, K E; Jarrett, T H; Sahai, R; Weinberger, A J; Ybarra, Jason E.; Barsony, Mary; Haisch, Karl E.; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Sahai, Raghvendra; Weinberger, Alycia J.
2006-01-01
We present new, sensitive, near-infrared images of the Class I protostar, Elias 29, in the Ophiuchus cloud core. To explore the relationship between the infall envelope and the outflow, narrowband H2 1-0 S(1), Br-gamma, and narrowband K-continuum filters were used to image the source with the Wide-Field Infrared Camera on the Hale 5m telescope and with Persson's Auxiliary Nasmyth Infrared Camera on the Baade 6.5 m telescope. The source appears as a bipolar, scattered light nebula, with a wide opening angle in all filters, as is typical for late-stage protostars. However, the pure H2 emission-line images point to the presence of a heretofore undetected precessing jet. It is argued that high-velocity, narrow, precessing jets provide the mechanism for creating the observed wide-angled outflow cavity in this source.
9. Nonlinear Landau damping of wave envelopes in a quantum plasma
CERN Document Server
Chatterjee, D
2016-01-01
The nonlinear theory of Landau damping of electrostatic wave envelopes (WEs) is revisited in a quantum electron-positron (EP) pair plasma. Starting from a Wigner-Moyal equation coupled to the Poisson equation and applying the multiple scale technique, we derive a nonlinear Schr{\\"o}dinger (NLS) equation which governs the evolution of electrostatic WEs. It is shown that the coefficients of the NLS equation, including the nonlocal nonlinear term, which appears due to the resonant particles having group velocity of the WEs, are significantly modified by the particle dispersion. The effects of the quantum parameter $H$ (the ratio of the plasmon energy to the thermal energy densities), associated with the particle dispersion, are examined on the Landau damping rate of carrier waves, as well as on the modulational instability of WEs. It is found that the Landau damping rate and the decay of the solitary wave amplitude become faster the larger are the values of $H$.
10. Comfort filters in a total energy demand optimization method for the passive design of a building
OpenAIRE
Filippi, Marco; Ferrara, Maria; Fabrizio, Enrico; Sirombo, Elisa
2015-01-01
The effective design of sustainable buildings results from an accurate optimization process of all the interrelated variables. The authors developed a replicable methodology for the optimization of the building envelope design. Following a previous work, where in the pre-processing and the optimization phases the minimization of the total energy demand is performed by coupling TRNSYS® with GenOpt®, this paper is focused on the post-processing phase of the methodology, in which the results are...
11. Transparent facades in low energy office buildings Numerical simulations and experimental studies
OpenAIRE
Grynning, Steinar
2015-01-01
Windows are a key component in the building envelope. They are often, thought of as energy drains and something associated with excessive energy demands in a building. However, in order to assess the energy performance of a window, several factors must be addressed. The most important issues to consider are energy losses due to heat transmission through windows, energy gains from solar radiation as well as transmitted visible light and the influence on artificial lighting deman...
12. Simplified method for the assessment of the blast effects on buildings
OpenAIRE
Pajntar, Tomaž
2011-01-01
Abstract: Improvised explosive devices are the most common terroristic weapons used nowadays in terroristic attacks. Human casualties are the main goals of terrorist attacks, and buildings where the people are gathering represent their primary goal. Blast in the vicinity of any structure may represent catastrophic event for any building by destroying its outer envelope and load bearing structural elements. Due to secondary effects such are debris, fire and smoke, risk due to blast effects ...
13. Implementation of envelope tracking for RF solid state amplifiers
Science.gov (United States)
Larter, Thomas Leigh
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is currently in its development stages at Michigan State University. The facility uses a large linear accelerator system to accelerate ionized particles which are then collided with other particles in the hopes of finding rare isotopes of elements. This accelerating action depends on several systems to function, with one of the major systems being superconducting cavity structures. These cavities are driven by high-power RF amplifiers which account for a large portion of the accelerator's power consumption. It is important to maximize the efficiency of these amplifiers in order to keep energy costs for the facility low. One of the ways to increase efficiency is to choose an amplifier topology that is highly efficient. A study was done for FRIB testing the prospect of using amplifiers with the envelope tracking (ET) topology. An amplifier's efficiency relies on its output power and the power supplied to it, which are in turn directly related to the output signal voltage and supply rail voltage. In an ET RF amplifier, the supply voltage is made to closely follow the envelope of the output signal voltage. This tracking action allows the RF amplifier to operate with much improved efficiency at low power levels and nearly constant efficiency at high power levels. The ET tests performed for FRIB attempted to verify the validity of ET efficiency gains for RF amplifiers. These tests included the characterization of an RF amplifier, development and verification of an ET control algorithm, and implementation of an ET test bench using FRIB equipment. These tests should attest to the purported increase in efficiency possible with ET and prove that the power consumption budget for the FRIB will benefit from the use of such amplifiers.
14. Polymers in cell encapsulation from an enveloped cell perspective.
Science.gov (United States)
de Vos, Paul; Lazarjani, Hamideh Aghajani; Poncelet, Denis; Faas, Marijke M
2014-04-01
In the past two decades, many polymers have been proposed for producing immunoprotective capsules. Examples include the natural polymers alginate, agarose, chitosan, cellulose, collagen, and xanthan and synthetic polymers poly(ethylene glycol), polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, poly(ether-sulfone), polypropylene, sodium polystyrene sulfate, and polyacrylate poly(acrylonitrile-sodium methallylsulfonate). The biocompatibility of these polymers is discussed in terms of tissue responses in both the host and matrix to accommodate the functional survival of the cells. Cells should grow and function in the polymer network as adequately as in their natural environment. This is critical when therapeutic cells from scarce cadaveric donors are considered, such as pancreatic islets. Additionally, the cell mass in capsules is discussed from the perspective of emerging new insights into the release of so-called danger-associated molecular pattern molecules by clumps of necrotic therapeutic cells. We conclude that despite two decades of intensive research, drawing conclusions about which polymer is most adequate for clinical application is still difficult. This is because of the lack of documentation on critical information, such as the composition of the polymer, the presence or absence of confounding factors that induce immune responses, toxicity to enveloped cells, and the permeability of the polymer network. Only alginate has been studied extensively and currently qualifies for application. This review also discusses critical issues that are not directly related to polymers and are not discussed in the other reviews in this issue, such as the functional performance of encapsulated cells in vivo. Physiological endocrine responses may indeed not be expected because of the many barriers that the metabolites encounter when traveling from the blood stream to the enveloped cells and back to circulation. However, despite these diffusion barriers, many studies have shown optimal
15. Maps from the enveloping algebra of the positive Witt algebra to regular algebras
OpenAIRE
Sierra, Susan J.; Walton, Chelsea
2015-01-01
We construct homomorphisms from the universal enveloping algebra of the positive (part of the) Witt algebra to several different Artin-Schelter regular algebras, and determine their kernels and images. As a result, we produce elementary proofs that the universal enveloping algebras of the Virasoro algebra, the Witt algebra, and the positive Witt algebra are neither left nor right noetherian.
16. A multi-resolution envelope-power based model for speech intelligibility
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jørgensen, Søren; Ewert, Stephan D.; Dau, Torsten
2013-01-01
The speech-based envelope power spectrum model (sEPSM) presented by Jørgensen and Dau [(2011). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130, 1475-1487] estimates the envelope power signal-to-noise ratio (SNRenv) after modulation-frequency selective processing. Changes in this metric were shown to account well for cha...
17. Protamine-induced permeabilization of cell envelopes of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Johansen, Charlotte; Verheul, A.; Gram, Lone;
1997-01-01
carboxyfluorescein and ATP after 2 to 5 min. Maximum antibacterial activity was reached at alkaline pH and in the absence of divalent cations. The efficient permeabilization of cell envelopes of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria suggests that protamine causes a general disruption of the cell envelope...
18. 40 CFR 426.110 - Applicability; description of the television picture tube envelope manufacturing subcategory.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-01
... television picture tube envelope manufacturing subcategory. 426.110 Section 426.110 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GLASS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Television Picture Tube Envelope Manufacturing Subcategory § 426.110 Applicability; description...
19. The dynamics of short envelope solitons in media with controlled dispersion
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Aseeva, N. V.; Gromov, E. M.; Tyutin, V. V.
2007-01-01
The dynamics of short envelope solitons in media with controlled dispersion is investigated in the framework of the third-order nonlinear Schrodinger equation. Evolution of the solitons amplitude is analyzed in the adiabatic approximation. The existence of short envelope solitons independent from li
20. A relativistic core–envelope model on pseudospheroidal space-time
Ramesh Tikekar; V O Thomas
2005-01-01
A core–envelope model for superdense matter distribution with the feature – core consisting of anisotropic fluid distribution and envelope with isotropic fluid distribution is reported on the background of pseudospheroidal space-time. The physical plausibility of the model is examined analytically and numerically.
1. Modeling of electromigration salt removal methods in building materials
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Johannesson, Björn; Ottosen, Lisbeth M.
2008-01-01
can be obtained. One important issue is to be able to optimizing the salt removing electromagration method in the field by first studying it theoretically. Another benefit is that models can give some answers concerning the effect of the inner surfaces of the material on the diffusion mechanisms......A model is established for the prediction of the effect of salt removal of building materials using electromigration. Salt-induced decay of building materials, such as masonry and sandstone, is a serious threat to our cultural heritage. Electromigration of salts from building materials, sensitive...... for salt attack of various kinds, is one potential method to preserve old building envelopes. By establishing a model for ionic multi-species diffusion, which also accounts for external applied electrical fields, it is proposed that an important complement to the experimental tests and that verification...
2. Solar Energy Windows and Smart IR Switchable Building Technologies
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
McCarny, James; Kornish, Brian
2011-09-30
The three building envelope functions with the largest impact on the energy usage are illumination, energy flux and energy production. In general, these three functions are addressed separately in the building design. A step change toward a zero-energy building can be achieved with a glazing system that combines these three functions and their control into a single unit. In particular, significant value could be realized if illumination into the building is dynamically controlled such that it occurs during periods of low load on the grid (e.g., morning) to augment illumination supplied by interior lights and then to have that same light diverted to PV energy production and the thermal energy rejected during periods of high load on the grid. The objective of this project is to investigate the feasibility of a glazing unit design that integrates these three key functions (illumination and energy flux control, and power production) into a single module.
3. Results. Building integrated energy supply; Resultater. Bygningsintegreret energiforsyning
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Jensen, Rasmus L.; Noergaard, J.; Daniels, O.; Justesen, R.O.
2011-08-15
In the future, buildings will not only act as consumers of energy but as producers as well. For these ''prosumers'', energy production by use of solar panels, photovoltaics and heat pumps etc will be essential. The objective of this project was to find the most optimal combinations of building insulation and use of renewable energy sources in existing buildings in terms of economics and climate impacts. Five houses were analyzed based on different personal load, consumption profiles, solar orientation and proposed building envelope improvements and use of combinations of renewable energy systems. The analysis was conducted by making a large number of simulations of which the best combinations were selected. The final result takes form of a single top-50 list with the best combinations of energy systems according to CO{sub 2} emission, energy consumption and economics. The present report contains the conclusions of and comments on the project's results. (ln)
4. Maintenance of Heritage Building: A Case Study from Ipoh, Malaysia
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tan Seong Yeow
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Heritage buildings represent the tangible cultural heritage of a community. However, many of the heritage buildings have being left neglected. Ipoh as a city rich in heritage, has many dilapidated heritage buildings which are experiencing a resurging interest. However, the problems faced by many owners are the lack of technical information of such buildings, leading to premature abandonment and demolition. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine the types and extent of defects present in the building studied. To achieve these objectives, a case study of a century old heritage property in Ipoh, Perak was conducted. The study aims to provide reference to owners and those responsible for the conservation of heritage buildings with similar conditions to identify and prioritize critical defects in relation to the building life span to determine its condition. The findings determined the probable causes of defects such as settlement and façade cracks, which are over 30 years old, were attributed to leaking plumbing pipes, rainwater ingress and the construction of an adjacent 20 story apartment building. The major issues to address were stabilizing the foundation through cement grouting, reinforcing the existing structural systems and roof systems as well as arresting the decay of timber floor structure. In conclusion, major maintenance guidelines are need to address structural issues and weather tightness of the building envelope, especially its roof and drainage systems.
5. Indoor-Outdoor Air Leakage of Apartments and Commercial Buildings
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Price, P.N.; Shehabi, A.; Chan, R.W.; Gadgil, A.J.
2006-06-01
We compiled and analyzed available data concerning indoor-outdoor air leakage rates and building leakiness parameters for commercial buildings and apartments. We analyzed the data, and reviewed the related literature, to determine the current state of knowledge of the statistical distribution of air exchange rates and related parameters for California buildings, and to identify significant gaps in the current knowledge and data. Very few data were found from California buildings, so we compiled data from other states and some other countries. Even when data from other developed countries were included, data were sparse and few conclusive statements were possible. Little systematic variation in building leakage with construction type, building activity type, height, size, or location within the u.s. was observed. Commercial buildings and apartments seem to be about twice as leaky as single-family houses, per unit of building envelope area. Although further work collecting and analyzing leakage data might be useful, we suggest that a more important issue may be the transport of pollutants between units in apartments and mixed-use buildings, an under-studied phenomenon that may expose occupants to high levels of pollutants such as tobacco smoke or dry cleaning fumes.
6. Building energy analysis tool
Science.gov (United States)
Brackney, Larry; Parker, Andrew; Long, Nicholas; Metzger, Ian; Dean, Jesse; Lisell, Lars
2016-04-12
A building energy analysis system includes a building component library configured to store a plurality of building components, a modeling tool configured to access the building component library and create a building model of a building under analysis using building spatial data and using selected building components of the plurality of building components stored in the building component library, a building analysis engine configured to operate the building model and generate a baseline energy model of the building under analysis and further configured to apply one or more energy conservation measures to the baseline energy model in order to generate one or more corresponding optimized energy models, and a recommendation tool configured to assess the one or more optimized energy models against the baseline energy model and generate recommendations for substitute building components or modifications.
7. Vision-based building energy diagnostics and retrofit analysis using 3D thermography and building information modeling
Science.gov (United States)
Ham, Youngjib
The emerging energy crisis in the building sector and the legislative measures on improving energy efficiency are steering the construction industry towards adopting new energy efficient design concepts and construction methods that decrease the overall energy loads. However, the problems of energy efficiency are not only limited to the design and construction of new buildings. Today, a significant amount of input energy in existing buildings is still being wasted during the operational phase. One primary source of the energy waste is attributed to unnecessary heat flows through building envelopes during hot and cold seasons. This inefficiency increases the operational frequency of heating and cooling systems to keep the desired thermal comfort of building occupants, and ultimately results in excessive energy use. Improving thermal performance of building envelopes can reduce the energy consumption required for space conditioning and in turn provide building occupants with an optimal thermal comfort at a lower energy cost. In this sense, energy diagnostics and retrofit analysis for existing building envelopes are key enablers for improving energy efficiency. Since proper retrofit decisions of existing buildings directly translate into energy cost saving in the future, building practitioners are increasingly interested in methods for reliable identification of potential performance problems so that they can take timely corrective actions. However, sensing what and where energy problems are emerging or are likely to emerge and then analyzing how the problems influence the energy consumption are not trivial tasks. The overarching goal of this dissertation focuses on understanding the gaps in knowledge in methods for building energy diagnostics and retrofit analysis, and filling these gaps by devising a new method for multi-modal visual sensing and analytics using thermography and Building Information Modeling (BIM). First, to address the challenges in scaling and
8. Building America
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
2010-12-31
Builders generally use a 'spec and purchase' business management system (BMS) when implementing energy efficiency. A BMS is the overall operational and organizational systems and strategies that a builder uses to set up and run its company. This type of BMS treats building performance as a simple technology swap (e.g. a tank water heater to a tankless water heater) and typically compartmentalizes energy efficiency within one or two groups in the organization (e.g. purchasing and construction). While certain tools, such as details, checklists, and scopes of work, can assist builders in managing the quality of the construction of higher performance homes, they do nothing to address the underlying operational strategies and issues related to change management that builders face when they make high performance homes a core part of their mission. To achieve the systems integration necessary for attaining 40% + levels of energy efficiency, while capturing the cost tradeoffs, builders must use a 'systems approach' BMS, rather than a 'spec and purchase' BMS. The following attributes are inherent in a systems approach BMS; they are also generally seen in quality management systems (QMS), such as the National Housing Quality Certification program: Cultural and corporate alignment, Clear intent for quality and performance, Increased collaboration across internal and external teams, Better communication practices and systems, Disciplined approach to quality control, Measurement and verification of performance, Continuous feedback and improvement, and Whole house integrated design and specification.
9. Mapping the source distribution of microseisms using noise covariogram envelopes
Science.gov (United States)
Sadeghisorkhani, Hamzeh; Gudmundsson, Ólafur; Roberts, Roland; Tryggvason, Ari
2016-06-01
We introduce a method for mapping the noise-source distribution of microseisms which uses information from the full length of covariograms (cross-correlations). We derive a forward calculation based on the plane-wave assumption in 2-D, to formulate an iterative, linearized inversion of covariogram envelopes in the time domain. The forward calculation involves bandpass filtering of the covariograms. The inversion exploits the well-known feature of noise cross-correlation, that is, an anomaly in the noise field that is oblique to the interstation direction appears as cross-correlation amplitude at a smaller time lag than the in-line, surface wave arrival. Therefore, the inversion extracts more information from the covariograms than that contained at the expected surface wave arrival, and this allows us to work with few stations to find the propagation directions of incoming energy. The inversion is naturally applied to data that retain physical units that are not amplitude normalized in any way. By dividing a network into groups of stations, we can constrain the source location by triangulation. We demonstrate results of the method with synthetic data and one year (2012) of data from the Swedish National Seismic Network and also look at the seasonal variation of source distribution around Scandinavia. After preprocessing and cross-correlation, the stations are divided into five groups of 9-12 stations. We invert the envelopes of each group in eight period ranges between 2 and 25 s. Results show that the noise sources at short periods (less than 12 s) lie predominantly in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, and at longer periods the energy appears to have a broader distribution. The strongly anisotropic source distribution in this area is estimated to cause significant biases of velocity measurements compared to the level of heterogeneity in the region. The amplitude of the primary microseisms varies little over the year, but secondary microseisms are much
10. Wave envelopes method for description of nonlinear acoustic wave propagation.
Science.gov (United States)
Wójcik, J; Nowicki, A; Lewin, P A; Bloomfield, P E; Kujawska, T; Filipczyński, L
2006-07-01
A novel, free from paraxial approximation and computationally efficient numerical algorithm capable of predicting 4D acoustic fields in lossy and nonlinear media from arbitrary shaped sources (relevant to probes used in medical ultrasonic imaging and therapeutic systems) is described. The new WE (wave envelopes) approach to nonlinear propagation modeling is based on the solution of the second order nonlinear differential wave equation reported in [J. Wójcik, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104 (1998) 2654-2663; V.P. Kuznetsov, Akust. Zh. 16 (1970) 548-553]. An incremental stepping scheme allows for forward wave propagation. The operator-splitting method accounts independently for the effects of full diffraction, absorption and nonlinear interactions of harmonics. The WE method represents the propagating pulsed acoustic wave as a superposition of wavelet-like sinusoidal pulses with carrier frequencies being the harmonics of the boundary tone burst disturbance. The model is valid for lossy media, arbitrarily shaped plane and focused sources, accounts for the effects of diffraction and can be applied to continuous as well as to pulsed waves. Depending on the source geometry, level of nonlinearity and frequency bandwidth, in comparison with the conventional approach the Time-Averaged Wave Envelopes (TAWE) method shortens computational time of the full 4D nonlinear field calculation by at least an order of magnitude; thus, predictions of nonlinear beam propagation from complex sources (such as phased arrays) can be available within 30-60 min using only a standard PC. The approximate ratio between the computational time costs obtained by using the TAWE method and the conventional approach in calculations of the nonlinear interactions is proportional to 1/N2, and in memory consumption to 1/N where N is the average bandwidth of the individual wavelets. Numerical computations comparing the spatial field distributions obtained by using both the TAWE method and the conventional approach
11. The study of burst pulses envelope in Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier modulating by pulsed pump source
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, Lei; Yu, Haijuan; Zhang, Jingyuan; Qi, Yaoyao; Qiao, Zhongliang; Lin, Xuechun
2016-02-01
The characteristics of fiber amplifiers of burst pulses envelope during the propagation are comprehensively studied under the conditions of pulsed pump with low repetition rate. The variation of signal envelopes, pump power and upper-level population distribution are discussed in this paper. The impacts of linear varied and exponential varied pump to the raising edge and tailing edge of the output pulses' envelope, are mainly emphasized. Finally, the genetic algorithm is employed to reshape the pulses' envelopes.
12. Predicted and actual indoor environmental quality: Verification of occupants' behaviour models in residential buildings
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Andersen, Rune Korsholm; Fabi, Valentina; Corgnati, Stefano P.
2016-01-01
Occupants' interactions with the building envelope and building systems can have a large impact on the indoor environment and energy consumption in a building. As a consequence, any realistic forecast of building performance must include realistic models of the occupants' interactions...... performance using building energy performance simulations (BEPS). However, the validity of these models has only been sparsely tested. In this paper, stochastic models of occupants' behaviour from literature were tested against measurements in five apartments. In a monitoring campaign, measurements of indoor...... with the building controls (windows, thermostats, solar shading etc.). During the last decade, studies about stochastic models of occupants' behaviour in relation to control of the indoor environment have been published. Often the overall aim of these models is to enable more reliable predictions of building...
13. Building trust
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
'Activate' is the energy magazine for secondary schools and is part of the Education Programme which is managed on behalf of the British Nuclear Industry Forum by AEA Technology. activate is the flagship communication device between the British Nuclear Industry Forum's Education Programme and secondary schools in the UK. It was developed from a previous publication, Nuclear Bulletin. There is a need for the nuclear industry to build trust with teachers and students in the UK, where for a long time, everything that the industry has said, written or printed has been disregarded by school teachers as propaganda. Over the last few years the industry has put in a great deal of effort to position itself as a provider of educationally sound and socially acceptable information. 'Activate' was an evolution of this idea and there was a hole in the market for a lively, activity and article based magazine that could be used in the classroom. The target audience is principally teachers of science, mathematics and geography, but also includes teachers of art,, English and history with students of between 11 and 18. The results were very positive in that teachers appreciated the colourful and lively nature of activate and they felt that it provided information and opinions in an un biased and non-propagandist way. Their comments about layout, number of activities style of presentation were taken into account and during the summer of 1994 activate was remodelled ready for re launch in September. The feedback so far is good with more teachers signing up every week to receive their own free copy
14. Envelope loss of RGB/AGB stars and the formation of hot subdwarfs
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Chen X.
2013-03-01
Full Text Available Low mass stars may lose their envelopes in the first giant branch (RGB or the asymptotic giant branch (AGB via envelope ejection (i.e. superwind. The envelope loss of AGB stars leads to the formation of carbon-oxygen (CO white dwarfs (WDs, while the envelope loss of AGB stars may lead to the formation of helium WDs. We mainly focus here on where a RGB/AGB star loses its envelope during its evolution and we show the inital - final mass relation. We also propose a possible channel for the formation of single hot subdwarf stars, in which an old metal-rich RGB star with positive envelope binding energy may lose its envelope and the naked helium core gets ignited to become a hot subdwarf. We also review the well-established Han et al. scenario for the formation of hot subdwarf stars, in which binary interactions lead to the formation of both single and binary hot subdwarfs. By detailed binary evolution calculations, we show that PG 1018-047, a hot subdwarf binary with a main sequence companion and a very long orbital period of 756 d, is explained naturally from the stable RLOF channel in the Han et al. scenario.
15. The isolation of nuclear envelopes. Effects of thiol-group oxidation and of calcium ions.
Science.gov (United States)
Comerford, S A; McLuckie, I F; Gorman, M; Scott, K A; Agutter, P S
1985-02-15
The effects of (a) oxidative cross-linking of protein thiol groups and (b) the presence or absence of Ca2+ ions on rat liver nuclear-envelope isolation were studied. Two envelope-isolation procedures were compared: a well characterized low-ionic-strength method and a recently developed high-ionic-strength method. The latter method seems preferable to the former in respect of lower intranuclear contamination of the envelopes, suppression of endogenous serine proteinase, and maintenance of high specific activities of envelope-associated enzymes. In both procedures, however, the presence of Ca2+ gave rise to a rapid, apparently irreversible, contamination of the envelopes by intranuclear material. This effect was half-maximal at 20 microM-Ca2+. In addition, the envelopes became contaminated with intranuclear material by a Ca2+-independent mechanism, apparently resulting from N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive intermolecular disulphide-bond formation. This oxidative process seemed to have two major kinetic components (half-life, t1/2, approx. 2 min and 10 min). In view of these findings, it is recommended that (i) for most purposes, nuclear envelopes be isolated by the newly developed high-ionic-strength procedure, (ii) irrespective of the method used, Ca2+-chelators be included in all the buffers, (iii) thiol-group oxidation be prevented or reversed during the procedure.
16. Survivability, Partitioning, and Recovery of Enveloped Viruses in Untreated Municipal Wastewater.
Science.gov (United States)
Ye, Yinyin; Ellenberg, Robert M; Graham, Katherine E; Wigginton, Krista R
2016-05-17
Many of the devastating pandemics and outbreaks of the 20th and 21st centuries have involved enveloped viruses, including influenza, HIV, SARS, MERS, and Ebola. However, little is known about the presence and fate of enveloped viruses in municipal wastewater. Here, we compared the survival and partitioning behavior of two model enveloped viruses (MHV and ϕ6) and two nonenveloped bacteriophages (MS2 and T3) in raw wastewater samples. We showed that MHV and ϕ6 remained infective on the time scale of days. Up to 26% of the two enveloped viruses adsorbed to the solid fraction of wastewater compared to 6% of the two nonenveloped viruses. Based on this partitioning behavior, we assessed and optimized methods for recovering enveloped viruses from wastewater. Our optimized ultrafiltration method resulted in mean recoveries (±SD) of 25.1% (±3.6%) and 18.2% (±9.5%) for the enveloped MHV and ϕ6, respectively, and mean recoveries of 55.6% (±16.7%) and 85.5% (±24.5%) for the nonenveloped MS2 and T3, respectively. A maximum of 3.7% of MHV and 2% of MS2 could be recovered from the solids. These results shed light on the environmental fate of an important group of viruses and the presented methods will enable future research on enveloped viruses in water environments. PMID:27111122
17. Millimeter-sized grains in the protostellar envelopes: Where do they come from?
Science.gov (United States)
Wong, Yi Hang Valerie; Hirashita, Hiroyuki; Li, Zhi-Yun
2016-08-01
Grain growth during star formation affects the physical and chemical processes in the evolution of star-forming clouds. We investigate the origin of the millimeter (mm)-sized grains recently observed in Class I protostellar envelopes. We use the coagulation model developed in our previous paper and find that a hydrogen number density of as high as 1010 cm-3, instead of the typical density 105 cm-3, is necessary for the formation of mm-sized grains. Thus, we test a hypothesis that such large grains are transported to the envelope from the inner, denser parts, finding that gas drag by outflow efficiently "launches" the large grains as long as the central object has not grown to ≳0.1 M⊙. By investigating the shattering effect on the mm-sized grains, we ensure that the large grains are not significantly fragmented after being injected in the envelope. We conclude that the mm-sized grains observed in the protostellar envelopes are not formed in the envelopes but formed in the inner parts of the star-forming regions and transported to the envelopes before a significant mass growth of the central object, and that they survive in the envelopes.
18. Low-mass gas envelopes around accreting cores embedded in radiative 3D discs
Science.gov (United States)
Lega, Elena; Lambrechts, Michiel
2016-10-01
Planets with a core mass larger than few Earth masses and a gaseous envelope not exceeding about 10% of the total mass budget are common. Such planets are present in the Solar System (Uranus, Neptune) and are frequently observed around other stars.Our knowledge about the evolution of gas envelopes is mainly based on 1D models. However, such models cannot investigate the complex interaction between the forming envelope and the surrounding gas disc.In this work we perform 3D hydrodynamics simulations accounting for energy transfer and radiative cooling using the FARGOCA code (Lega et al., MNRAS 440, 2014). In addition to the usually considered heatingsources, namely viscous and compressional heating, we have modeled the energy deposited by the accretion of solids.We show that the thermal evolution of the envelope of a 5 Earth mass core is mainly dominated by compressional heating for accretion rates lower than 5 Earth masses per 105 years.Additionally, we demonstrate efficient gas circulation through the envelope. Under certain conditions, the competition between gas circulation and cooling of the envelope can efficiently delay the onset of runaway accretion. This could help in explaining the population of planets with low-mass gas envelope.
19. Assessing farming eco-efficiency: a Data Envelopment Analysis approach.
Science.gov (United States)
Picazo-Tadeo, Andrés J; Gómez-Limón, José A; Reig-Martínez, Ernest
2011-04-01
This paper assesses farming eco-efficiency using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) techniques. Eco-efficiency scores at both farm and environmental pressure-specific levels are computed for a sample of Spanish farmers operating in the rain-fed agricultural system of Campos County. The determinants of eco-efficiency are then studied using truncated regression and bootstrapping techniques. We contribute to previous literature in this field of research by including information on slacks in the assessment of the potential environmental pressure reductions in a DEA framework. Our results reveal that farmers are quite eco-inefficient, with very few differences emerging among specific environmental pressures. Moreover, eco-inefficiency is closely related to technical inefficiencies in the management of inputs. Regarding the determinants of eco-efficiency, farmers benefiting from agri-environmental programs as well as those with university education are found to be more eco-efficient. Concerning the policy implications of these results, public expenditure in agricultural extension and farmer training could be of some help to promote integration between farming and the environment. Furthermore, Common Agricultural Policy agri-environmental programs are an effective policy to improve eco-efficiency, although some doubts arise regarding their cost-benefit balance.
20. Comparison of envelope detection techniques in coherence scanning interferometry.
Science.gov (United States)
Gianto, G; Salzenstein, F; Montgomery, P
2016-08-20
The aim of this work is to make a comparison of the most current signal processing techniques used to analyze the fringe signal in coherence scanning interferometry (CSI), a major technique for optical surface roughness measurements. We focus here on classical AM-FM signal-processing algorithms such as the Hilbert transform (HT), the five-sample adaptive (FSA), and the continuous wavelet transform (CWT). We have recently also introduced a new family of compact and robust algorithms using the Teager-Kaiser energy operator (TKEO). We propose an improved version of TKEO using a combination of different techniques of pre-filtering and demodulation processing to remove the noise and offset component and to retrieve the fringe envelope to either determine the surface height information or to separate adjacent transparent layers. In particular, as a pre-filtering approach, we have focused on empirical mode decomposition in combination with the Savitzky-Golay filter. An added Gaussian post-filtering is helpful for a precise peak extraction. The experimental results show that TKEO performs better than CWT in terms of computation time and provides a better surface extraction than HT and FSA. Results have been obtained on synthetic and real data taken from a layer of resin on a silicon substrate. PMID:27557001 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6066442728042603, "perplexity": 3821.4963816355194}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612013.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529034049-20170529054049-00047.warc.gz"} |
https://byjus.com/physics/electric-field-lines/ | # Electric Field Lines
## What is Electric Field Line?
Electric field lines are an excellent way of visualizing electric fields. They were first introduced by Michael Faraday himself.
A field line is drawn tangential to the net at a point. Thus at any point, the tangent to the electric field line matches the direction of the electric field at that point. Secondly, the relative density of field lines around a point corresponds to the relative strength (magnitude) of the electric field at that point. In other words, if you see more electric field lines in the vicinity of point A as compared to point B, then the electric field is stronger at point A.
## Properties of Electric Field Lines
• The field lines never intersect each other.
• The field lines are perpendicular to the surface of the charge.
• The magnitude of charge and the number of field lines, both are proportional to each other.
• The start point of the field lines is at the positive charge and end at the negative charge.
• For the field lines to either start or end at infinity, a single charge must be used.
### Electric Field Lines Attraction and Repulsion
Electric field lines always point away from a positive charge and towards a negative point. In fact, electric fields originate at a positive charge and terminate at a negative charge.
Electric field of point charges
Also, field lines never cross each other. If they do, it implies that there are two directions for the electric field at that point. But this is impossible since electric fields add up vectorially at any point and remember that “A field line is drawn tangential to the net electric field at a point”. Thus, electric field lines can never intersect one another.
As said before field lines are a great way to visualize electric fields. You can almost feel the attraction between unlike charges and the repulsion between like charges as though they are trying to push each other away.
Electric field on the left image explains how like charges repel and right image explains how unlike charges attract
Coming to our initial example of static charge on hair, the direction in which charged hair stands up traces the local electric field lines. The charges on the hair exert forces on the hair strand as they attempt to leak into the surrounding uncharged space. The hair aligns accordingly so that there is no net force acting on it and inadvertently traces the electric field lines.
### Rules for Drawing Electric Field Lines
Following are the rules for drawing electric field lines:
1. The field line begins at the charge and ends either at the charge or at infinity.
2. When the field is stronger, the field lines are closer to each other.
3. The number of field lines depends on the charge.
4. The field lines should never crossover.
5. Electric field and electric field line are tangent at the point where they pass through. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.891805112361908, "perplexity": 287.9204495903758}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585305.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020090145-20211020120145-00368.warc.gz"} |
http://careyoukeep.com/bio-nootropics-vitamins-for-brain-health-and-memory.html | During the 1920s, Amphetamine was being researched as an asthma medication when its cognitive benefits were accidentally discovered. In many years that followed, this enhancer was exploited in a number of medical and nonmedical applications, for instance, to enhance alertness in military personnel, treat depression, improve athletic performance, etc.
The amphetamine mix branded Adderall is terribly expensive to obtain even compared to modafinil, due to its tight regulation (a lower schedule than modafinil), popularity in college as a study drug, and reportedly moves by its manufacture to exploit its privileged position as a licensed amphetamine maker to extract more consumer surplus. I paid roughly $4 a pill but could have paid up to$10. Good stimulant hygiene involves recovery periods to avoid one’s body adapting to eliminate the stimulating effects, so even if Adderall was the answer to all my woes, I would not be using it more than 2 or 3 times a week. Assuming 50 uses a year (for specific projects, let’s say, and not ordinary aimless usage), that’s a cool $200 a year. My general belief was that Adderall would be too much of a stimulant for me, as I am amphetamine-naive and Adderall has a bad reputation for letting one waste time on unimportant things. We could say my prediction was 50% that Adderall would be useful and worth investigating further. The experiment was pretty simple: blind randomized pills, 10 placebo & 10 active. I took notes on how productive I was and the next day guessed whether it was placebo or Adderall before breaking the seal and finding out. I didn’t do any formal statistics for it, much less a power calculation, so let’s try to be conservative by penalizing the information quality heavily and assume it had 25%. So \frac{200 - 0}{\ln 1.05} \times 0.50 \times 0.25 = 512! The experiment probably used up no more than an hour or two total. Similarly, Mehta et al 2000 noted that the positive effects of methylphenidate (40 mg) on spatial working memory performance were greatest in those volunteers with lower baseline working memory capacity. In a study of the effects of ginkgo biloba in healthy young adults, Stough et al 2001 found improved performance in the Trail-Making Test A only in the half with the lower verbal IQ. Aniracetam is known as one of the smart pills with the widest array of uses. From benefits for dementia patients and memory boost in adults with healthy brains, to the promotion of brain damage recovery. It also improves the quality of sleep, what affects the overall increase in focus during the day. Because it supports the production of dopamine and serotonin, it elevates our mood and helps fight depression and anxiety. Regardless of your goal, there is a supplement that can help you along the way. Below, we’ve put together the definitive smart drugs list for peak mental performance. There are three major groups of smart pills and cognitive enhancers. We will cover each one in detail in our list of smart drugs. They are natural and herbal nootropics, prescription ADHD medications, and racetams and synthetic nootropics. The Trail Making Test is a paper-and-pencil neuropsychological test with two parts, one of which requires shifting between stimulus categories. Part A simply requires the subject to connect circled numbers in ascending order. Part B requires the subject to connect circled numbers and letters in an interleaved ascending order (1, A, 2, B, 3, C….), a task that places heavier demands on cognitive control. Silber et al. (2006) analyzed the effect of d-AMP on Trails A and B and failed to find an effect. With regards to your mental well-being, nootropics are not antidepressants and mental care is important. They are not a replacement for other ways of treating mental difficulties. That being said, they can help boost your happiness. For instance by helping you sleep better. Melatonin is a synthetic version of a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and could help you sleep better. If I stop tonight and do nothing Monday (and I sleep the normal eight hours and do not pay any penalty), then that’ll be 4 out of 5 days on modafinil, each saving 3 or 4 hours. Each day took one pill which cost me$1.20, but each pill saved let’s call it 3.5 hours; if I value my time at minimum wage, or 7.25/hr (federal minimum wage), then that 3.5 hours is worth $25.37, which is much more than$1.20, ~21x more.
P.S. Even though Thrive Natural’s Super Brain Renew is the best brain and memory supplement we have found, we would still love to hear about other Brain and Memory Supplements that you have tried! If you have had a great experience with a memory supplement that we did not cover in this article, let us know! E-mail me at : [email protected] We’ll check it out for you and if it looks good, we’ll post it on our site!
On the other metric, suppose we removed the creatine? Dropping 4 grams of material means we only need to consume 5.75 grams a day, covered by 8 pills (compared to 13 pills). We save 5,000 pills, which would have cost $45 and also don’t spend the$68 for the creatine; assuming a modafinil formulation, that drops our $1761 down to$1648 or $1.65 a day. Or we could remove both the creatine and modafinil, for a grand total of$848 or $0.85 a day, which is pretty reasonable. Instead, I urge the military to examine the use of smart drugs and the potential benefits they bring to the military. If they are safe, and pride cognitive enhancement to servicemembers, then we should discuss their use in the military. Imagine the potential benefits on the battlefield. They could potentially lead to an increase in the speed and tempo of our individual and collective OODA loop. They could improve our ability to become aware and make observations. Improve the speed of orientation and decision-making. Lastly, smart drugs could improve our ability to act and adapt to rapidly changing situations. My answer is that this is not a lot of research or very good research (not nearly as good as the research on nicotine, eg.), and assuming it’s true, I don’t value long-term memory that much because LTM is something that is easily assisted or replaced (personal archives, and spaced repetition). For me, my problems tend to be more about akrasia and energy and not getting things done, so even if a stimulant comes with a little cost to long-term memory, it’s still useful for me. I’m going continue to use the caffeine. It’s not so bad in conjunction with tea, is very cheap, and I’m already addicted, so why not? Caffeine is extremely cheap, addictive, has minimal effects on health (and may be beneficial, from the various epidemiological associations with tea/coffee/chocolate & longevity), and costs extra to remove from drinks popular regardless of their caffeine content (coffee and tea again). What would be the point of carefully investigating it? Suppose there was conclusive evidence on the topic, the value of this evidence to me would be roughly$0 or since ignorance is bliss, negative money - because unless the negative effects were drastic (which current studies rule out, although tea has other issues like fluoride or metal contents), I would not change anything about my life. Why? I enjoy my tea too much. My usual tea seller doesn’t even have decaffeinated oolong in general, much less various varieties I might want to drink, apparently because de-caffeinating is so expensive it’s not worthwhile. What am I supposed to do, give up my tea and caffeine just to save on the cost of caffeine? Buy de-caffeinating machines (which I couldn’t even find any prices for, googling)? This also holds true for people who drink coffee or caffeinated soda. (As opposed to a drug like modafinil which is expensive, and so the value of a definitive answer is substantial and would justify some more extensive calculating of cost-benefit.)
After trying out 2 6lb packs between 12 September & 25 November 2012, and 20 March & 20 August 2013, I have given up on flaxseed meal. They did not seem to go bad in the refrigerator or freezer, and tasted OK, but I had difficulty working them into my usual recipes: it doesn’t combine well with hot or cold oatmeal, and when I tried using flaxseed meal in soups I learned flaxseed is a thickener which can give soup the consistency of snot. It’s easier to use fish oil on a daily basis.
The information on this website has not been evaluated by the Food & Drug Administration or any other medical body. We do not aim to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any illness or disease. Information is shared for educational purposes only. You must consult your doctor before acting on any content on this website, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a medical condition.
That study is also interesting for finding benefits to chronic piracetam+choline supplementation in the mice, which seems connected to a Russian study which reportedly found that piracetam (among other more obscure nootropics) increased secretion of BDNF in mice. See also Drug heuristics on a study involving choline supplementation in pregnant rats.↩
A synthetic derivative of Piracetam, aniracetam is believed to be the second most widely used nootropic in the Racetam family, popular for its stimulatory effects because it enters the bloodstream quickly. Initially developed for memory and learning, many anecdotal reports also claim that it increases creativity. However, clinical studies show no effect on the cognitive functioning of healthy adult mice.
The peculiar tired-sharp feeling was there as usual, and the DNB scores continue to suggest this is not an illusion, as they remain in the same 30-50% band as my normal performance. I did not notice the previous aboulia feeling; instead, around noon, I was filled with a nervous energy and a disturbingly rapid pulse which meditation & deep breathing did little to help with, and which didn’t go away for an hour or so. Fortunately, this was primarily at church, so while I felt irritable, I didn’t actually interact with anyone or snap at them, and was able to keep a lid on it. I have no idea what that was about. I wondered if it might’ve been a serotonin storm since amphetamines are some of the drugs that can trigger storms but the Adderall had been at 10:50 AM the previous day, or >25 hours (the half-lives of the ingredients being around 13 hours). An hour or two previously I had taken my usual caffeine-piracetam pill with my morning tea - could that have interacted with the armodafinil and the residual Adderall? Or was it caffeine+modafinil? Speculation, perhaps. A house-mate was ill for a few hours the previous day, so maybe the truth is as prosaic as me catching whatever he had.
Many people find that they experience increased “brain fog” as they age, some of which could be attributed to early degeneration of synapses and neural pathways. Some drugs have been found to be useful for providing cognitive improvements in these individuals. It’s possible that these supplements could provide value by improving brain plasticity and supporting the regeneration of cells.10
See Melatonin for information on effects & cost; I regularly use melatonin to sleep (more to induce sleep than prolong or deepen it), and investigating with my Zeo, it does seem to improve & shorten my sleep. Some research suggests that higher doses are not necessarily better and may be overkill, so each time I’ve run out, I’ve been steadily decreasing the dose from 3mg to 1.5mg to 1mg, without apparently compromising the usefulness.
### “My husband and I (Ryan Cedermark) are so impressed with the research Cavin did when writing this book. If you, a family member or friend has suffered a TBI, concussion or are just looking to be nicer to your brain, then we highly recommend this book! Your brain is only as good as the body’s internal environment and Cavin has done an amazing job on providing the information needed to obtain such!”
Armodafinil is sort of a purified modafinil which Cephalon sells under the brand-name Nuvigil (and Sun under Waklert20). Armodafinil acts much the same way (see the ADS Drug Profile) but the modafinil variant filtered out are the faster-acting molecules21. Hence, it is supposed to last longer. as studies like Pharmacodynamic effects on alertness of single doses of armodafinil in healthy subjects during a nocturnal period of acute sleep loss seem to bear out; anecdotally, it’s also more powerful, with Cephalon offering pills with doses as low as 50mg. (To be technical, modafinil is racemic: it comes in two forms which are rotations, mirror-images of each other. The rotation usually doesn’t matter, but sometimes it matters tremendously - for example, one form of thalidomide stops morning sickness, and the other rotation causes hideous birth defects.)
Now, what is the expected value (EV) of simply taking iodine, without the additional work of the experiment? 4 cans of 0.15mg x 200 is $20 for 2.1 years’ worth or ~$10 a year or a NPV cost of $205 (\frac{10}{\ln 1.05}) versus a 20% chance of$2000 or $400. So the expected value is greater than the NPV cost of taking it, so I should start taking iodine. Despite some positive findings, a lot of studies find no effects of enhancers in healthy subjects. For instance, although some studies suggest moderate enhancing effects in well-rested subjects, modafinil mostly shows enhancing effects in cases of sleep deprivation. A recent study by Martha Farah and colleagues found that Adderall (mixed amphetamine salts) had only small effects on cognition but users believed that their performance was enhanced when compared to placebo. Googling, you sometimes see correlational studies like Intake of Flavonoid-Rich Wine, Tea, and Chocolate by Elderly Men and Women Is Associated with Better Cognitive Test Performance; in this one, the correlated performance increase from eating chocolate was generally fairly modest (say, <10%), and the maximum effects were at 10g/day of what was probably milk chocolate, which generally has 10-40% chocolate liquor in it, suggesting any experiment use 1-4g. More interesting is the blind RCT experiment Consumption of cocoa flavanols results in acute improvements in mood and cognitive performance during sustained mental effort11, which found improvements at ~1g; the most dramatic improvement of the 4 tasks (on the Threes correct) saw a difference of 2 to 6 at the end of the hour of testing, while several of the other tests converged by the end or saw the controls winning (Sevens correct). Crews et al 2008 found no cognitive benefit, and an fMRI experiment found the change in brain oxygen levels it wanted but no improvement to reaction times. Low-tech methods of cognitive enhancement include many components of what has traditionally been viewed as a healthy lifestyle, such as exercise, good nutrition, adequate sleep, and stress management. These low-tech methods nevertheless belong in a discussion of brain enhancement because, in addition to benefiting cognitive performance, their effects on brain function have been demonstrated (Almeida et al., 2002; Boonstra, Stins, Daffertshofer, & Beek, 2007; Hillman, Erickson, & Kramer, 2008; Lutz, Slagter, Dunne, & Davidson, 2008; Van Dongen, Maislin, Mullington, & Dinges, 2003). Remembering what Wedrifid told me, I decided to start with a quarter of a piece (~1mg). The gum was pretty tasteless, which ought to make blinding easier. The effects were noticeable around 10 minutes - greater energy verging on jitteriness, much faster typing, and apparent general quickening of thought. Like a more pleasant caffeine. While testing my typing speed in Amphetype, my speed seemed to go up >=5 WPM, even after the time penalties for correcting the increased mistakes; I also did twice the usual number without feeling especially tired. A second dose was similar, and the third dose was at 10 PM before playing Ninja Gaiden II seemed to stop the usual exhaustion I feel after playing through a level or so. (It’s a tough game, which I have yet to master like Ninja Gaiden Black.) Returning to the previous concern about sleep problems, though I went to bed at 11:45 PM, it still took 28 minutes to fall sleep (compared to my more usual 10-20 minute range); the next day I use 2mg from 7-8PM while driving, going to bed at midnight, where my sleep latency is a more reasonable 14 minutes. I then skipped for 3 days to see whether any cravings would pop up (they didn’t). I subsequently used 1mg every few days for driving or Ninja Gaiden II, and while there were no cravings or other side-effects, the stimulation definitely seemed to get weaker - benefits seemed to still exist, but I could no longer describe any considerable energy or jitteriness. Want to try a nootropic stack for yourself? Your best bet is to buy Smart Drugs online. You can get good prices and have the supplements delivered to your home. This means no hassle for you. And after you get them in the mail, you can start to see the benefits for yourself. If you’re going to order smart drugs on the internet, it’s important to go with one of the top manufacturers so that you get the best product possible. At this point, I began thinking about what I was doing. Black-market Adderall is fairly expensive;$4-10 a pill vs prescription prices which run more like \$60 for 120 20mg pills. It would be a bad idea to become a fan without being quite sure that it is delivering bang for the buck. Now, why the piracetam mix as the placebo as opposed to my other available powder, creatine powder, which has much smaller mental effects? Because the question for me is not whether the Adderall works (I am quite sure that the amphetamines have effects!) but whether it works better for me than my cheap legal standbys (piracetam & caffeine)? (Does Adderall have marginal advantage for me?) Hence, I want to know whether Adderall is better than my piracetam mix. People frequently underestimate the power of placebo effects, so it’s worth testing. (Unfortunately, it seems that there is experimental evidence that people on Adderall know they are on Adderall and also believe they have improved performance, when they do not5. So the blind testing does not buy me as much as it could.)
A 2015 review of various nutrients and dietary supplements found no convincing evidence of improvements in cognitive performance. While there are “plausible mechanisms” linking these and other food-sourced nutrients to better brain function, “supplements cannot replicate the complexity of natural food and provide all its potential benefits,” says Dr. David Hogan, author of that review and a professor of medicine at the University of Calgary in Canada.
Most research on these nootropics suggest they have some benefits, sure, but as Barbara Sahakian and Sharon Morein-Zamir explain in the journal Nature, nobody knows their long-term effects. And we don’t know how extended use might change your brain chemistry in the long run. Researchers are getting closer to what makes these substances do what they do, but very little is certain right now. If you’re looking to live out your own Limitless fantasy, do your research first, and proceed with caution.
American employers are already squeezing more productivity out of fewer workers, so one wonders whether we might feel pressure to enhance our brainpower pharmaceutically, should the state of the art develop so far. Already, workers may be tempted to seek prescriptions for Provigil, a drug that treats daytime sleepiness. Provigil was originally approved as a treatment for narcolepsy and was subsequently approved for use by people who work swing shifts and suffer from excessive daytime sleepiness.
The smart pill that FDA approved is called Abilify MyCite. This tiny pill has a drug and an ingestible sensor. The sensor gets activated when it comes into contact with stomach fluid to detect when the pill has been taken. The data is then transmitted to a wearable patch that eventually conveys the information to a paired smartphone app. Doctors and caregivers, with the patient’s consent, can then access the data via a web portal.
Iluminal is an example of an over-the-counter serotonergic drug used by people looking for performance enhancement, memory improvements, and mood-brightening. Also noteworthy, a wide class of prescription anti-depression drugs are based on serotonin reuptake inhibitors that slow the absorption of serotonin by the presynaptic cell, increasing the effect of the neurotransmitter on the receptor neuron – essentially facilitating the free flow of serotonin throughout the brain.
We started hearing the buzz when Daytime TV Doctors, started touting these new pills that improve concentration, memory recall, focus, mental clarity and energy. And though we love the good Doctor and his purple gloves, we don’t love the droves of hucksters who prey on his loyal viewers trying to make a quick buck, often selling low-grade versions of his medical discoveries.
“Such an informative and inspiring read! Insight into how optimal nutrients improved Cavin’s own brain recovery make this knowledge-filled read compelling and relatable. The recommendations are easy to understand as well as scientifically-founded – it’s not another fad diet manual. The additional tools and resources provided throughout make it possible for anyone to integrate these enhancements into their nutritional repertoire. Looking forward to more from Cavin and Feed a Brain!!!!!!”
The power calculation indicates a 20% chance of getting useful information. My quasi-experiment has <70% chance of being right, and I preserve a general skepticism about any experiment, even one as well done as the medical student one seems to be, and give that one a <80% chance of being right; so let’s call it 70% the effect exists, or 30% it doesn’t exist (which is the case in which I save money by dropping fish oil for 10 years).
There’s been a lot of talk about the ketogenic diet recently—proponents say that minimizing the carbohydrates you eat and ingesting lots of fat can train your body to burn fat more effectively. It’s meant to help you both lose weight and keep your energy levels constant. The diet was first studied and used in patients with epilepsy, who suffered fewer seizures when their bodies were in a state of ketosis. Because seizures originate in the brain, this discovery showed researchers that a ketogenic diet can definitely affect the way the brain works. Brain hackers naturally started experimenting with diets to enhance their cognitive abilities, and now a company called HVMN even sells ketone esters in a bottle; to achieve these compounds naturally, you’d have to avoid bread and cake. Here are 6 ways exercise makes your brain better.
(We already saw that too much iodine could poison both adults and children, and of course too little does not help much - iodine would seem to follow a U-curve like most supplements.) The listed doses at iherb.com often are ridiculously large: 10-50mg! These are doses that seems to actually be dangerous for long-term consumption, and I believe these are doses that are designed to completely suffocate the thyroid gland and prevent it from absorbing any more iodine - which is useful as a short-term radioactive fallout prophylactic, but quite useless from a supplementation standpoint. Fortunately, there are available doses at Fitzgerald 2012’s exact dose, which is roughly the daily RDA: 0.15mg. Even the contrarian materials seem to focus on a modest doubling or tripling of the existing RDA, so the range seems relatively narrow. I’m fairly confident I won’t overshoot if I go with 0.15-1mg, so let’s call this 90%.
These days, nootropics are beginning to take their rightful place as a particularly powerful tool in the Neurohacker’s toolbox. After all, biochemistry is deeply foundational to neural function. Whether you are trying to fix the damage that is done to your nervous system by a stressful and toxic environment or support and enhance your neural functioning, getting the chemistry right is table-stakes. And we are starting to get good at getting it right. What’s changed? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.29740315675735474, "perplexity": 3374.798793086703}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578732961.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425173951-20190425195951-00502.warc.gz"} |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subordinator_(mathematics) | # Subordinator (mathematics)
In the mathematics of probability, a subordinator is a concept related to stochastic processes. A subordinator is itself a stochastic process of the evolution of time within another stochastic process, the subordinated stochastic process. In other words, a subordinator will determine the random number of "time steps" that occur within the subordinated process for a given unit of chronological time.
In order to be a subordinator a process must be a Lévy process.[1] It also must be increasing, almost surely.[1]
## Definition
A subordinator is an increasing (a.s.) Lévy process.[2]
## Examples
The variance gamma process can be described as a Brownian motion subject to a gamma subordinator.[1] If a Brownian motion, ${\displaystyle W(t)}$, with drift ${\displaystyle \theta t}$ is subjected to a random time change which follows a gamma process, ${\displaystyle \Gamma (t;1,\nu )}$, the variance gamma process will follow:
${\displaystyle X^{VG}(t;\sigma ,\nu ,\theta )\;:=\;\theta \,\Gamma (t;1,\nu )+\sigma \,W(\Gamma (t;1,\nu )).}$
The Cauchy process can be described as a Brownian motion subject to a Lévy subordinator.[1]
## References
1. ^ a b c d Applebaum, D. "Lectures on Lévy processes and Stochastic calculus, Braunschweig; Lecture 2: Lévy processes" (PDF). University of Sheffield. pp. 37–53.
2. ^ Lévy Processes and Stochastic Calculus (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2009-05-11. ISBN 9780521738651. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 4, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9254822134971619, "perplexity": 856.8891583383719}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189495.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00608-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/140885/two-bodies-of-finite-size-treated-as-two-point-masses-in-newtonian-gravity | # Two bodies of finite size treated as two point masses in Newtonian gravity
When discussing gravitation between two bodies of finite size, for instance Earth around the Sun, we suppose the mass of Earth and the Sun to be perfectly localized at the center of each body. Is this a "useful" "good" "approximation" or the "absolute truth"?
• This is the shell theorem: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_theorem – Ben Crowell Oct 11 '14 at 20:04
• @BenCrowell Ah, so it has a name! I'll edit my question to reflect the correct terminology :) Also, wikipedia's first derivation is really unnecessarily tedious. – Danu Oct 11 '14 at 20:10
• – Qmechanic Oct 11 '14 at 20:30
This is certainly not the absolute truth, since every human on this planet is a living witness to the fact that Earth is not pointlike: It has finite volume.
However, there's a very good mathematical reason why we can consider the sun and Earth as pointlike when doing calculations in celestial mechanics: It's because the gravitational field due to a spherical body like the sun, when seen from outside of the sun, is identical to that of a pointlike gravitational charge with the same mass as the sun. This is called the shell theorem, and it is a consequence of Gauss' law for gravity, and a very similar result holds in the context of electromagnetism (where the name Gauss' law is most famous). This is an elementary exercise that many undergraduates are asked to derive in their first E&M course.
The relevant equations are:
$$\vec \nabla \cdot {\rm \vec g}= -4\pi G\rho(\vec r)\ ({\rm gravity})\hspace{1cm}\vec\nabla\cdot \vec E =\frac{\rho(\vec r)}{\epsilon_0}\ ({\rm electrostatics})$$
One can immediately see that they are essentially telling you the same thing, up to some proportionality constants, so a similar result is expected to hold for both.
There is one big caveat: Planets and stars are of course not perfectly spherically symmetric, so we're really dealing with an approximation after all. In fact, as pointed out in the comments, it is practically impossible to achieve perfect spherical symmetry, so our result should not be expected to hold exactly in reality - even though it's often extraordinarity close. However, this is not due to the fact that the bodies are not pointlike, but rather due to their lack of symmetry.
• @CuriousOne Hah! I must admit that I first forgot that one has to assume spherical symmetry altogether! Only when I saw your answer - and was slightly confused initially - I recognized why I should amend mine:) – Danu Oct 11 '14 at 20:13
• One of the first things my theoretical mechanics professor said in his first lecture was the cow joke. He had a great way of reminding everybody that almost everything in physics had to be an approximation for more or less good reasons. I guess that stuck with me (if little else). – CuriousOne Oct 11 '14 at 20:18
• And there we also have the reason why theorists like to describe cows as spherical shells that are homogeneously covered in milk. :-) On a more technical note, the mentioned symmetry can only be achieved, if we assume that these bodies are made from perfectly stiff matter that can not be deformed, at all, otherwise the symmetry will be broken by the gravitational interaction. – CuriousOne Oct 11 '14 at 20:19
• @CuriousOne I edited my answer to reflect your last comment; it's an important point that deserves mention. – Danu Oct 11 '14 at 20:22
• You would get a second up vote from me, if that was technically possible. It's a very good answer. – CuriousOne Oct 11 '14 at 20:46
All finite-sized objects act like point masses at sufficiently large distances. A finite-sized three dimensional object of mass $M$ has a unique minimal bounding sphere with some radius $r$ and center $c$. For any distance $R>r$ from the center, the magnitude of the gravitational force on a small test body of mass $m$ is bounded by $\frac {GMm}{(R+r)^2} \le F \le \frac {GMm}{(R-r)^2}$, and the force is directed toward the center object, plus or minus $\arcsin\left(\frac r R\right)$. As $R$ grows ever larger, this converges to the gravitational force exerted by a point mass of mass $M$ located at $c$.
An object with a spherical mass distribution (density is a function only of distance from the center of the object) looks like a point mass everywhere outside the object. Other objects don't look quite like point masses at close distances. For example, a rotating large object will have shape that is more or less that of oblate spheroid (i.e., it will have an equatorial bulge). At close distances, that equatorial bulge will result in departures from a point mass model. These departures can be significant and important. For example, the Earth's equatorial bulge is what enables us to have satellites in sun-synchronous orbits.
This equatorial bulge is but the first of an infinite number of terms in the spherical harmonic expansion of an object's gravitational field. Using spherical harmonics is a commonly used approach to modeling a non-spherical object. That there are, in theory, an infinite number of terms presents a challenge with regard to modeling. Typically, a spherical harmonics approximation is truncated to some degree and order. For objects of extreme interest (e.g., the Earth), that degree and order can be rather high. The GRACE gravity model of the Earth is complete to degree and order 360. A formerly highly classified US agency, the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency, takes this even further. They have developed a 2190x2159 spherical harmonics gravity model of the Earth.
Even that 2190x2159 is a bit coarse compared to items of interest to a geophysicist. Academia churns out a lot more geophysicists than are needed by academia, and much of that surplus finds work in the petrochemical or mining industries. Local deviations from the gravitational acceleration suggested by an oblate spheroid are key indicators that there's oil, gold, or some other precious resource hiding underground. These deviations can also be of academic interest. For example, gravitational anomalies form one of the key pieces of evidence that the North American continent almost split in two 1.1 billion years ago at the Midcontinent Rift System.
Further afield, the Moon too does not look anything like a point mass at close distances. For example, the Apollo 16 mission released a small object, PFS-2, in orbit about the Moon, the intent of which was to orbit the Moon and measure charged particles and the Moon's magnetic field. PFS-2 was intended to be in a more or less circular low lunar orbit about the Moon. That's not what happened. Instead, something bizarre happened. After 35 days of weird changes to its orbit, PFS-2 crashed into the Moon.
A truncated spherical harmonics approximation works quite nicely for large bodies because the higher order terms quickly tend to zero for large bodies. Only a handful of terms are needed to describe a gas giant or a star. Significantly more terms are needed to accurately describe an Earth-sized body, and even more terms to describe a Moon-sized body. Ever smaller objects exhibit ever more deviations from sphericality. At some point, the spherical harmonics approach just doesn't work that well. An alternate approach used for small solar system bodies is to use a 3D picture of the object. Computer graphics models tend to use polyhedra to describe the 3D shape of an object. Starting with Barnett, "Theoretical modeling of the magnetic and gravitational fields of an arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional body," Geophysics 41.6 (1976): 1353-1364, these polyhedral gravity models turn out to be rather useful for describe the gravity of a small (asteroid-sized) body.
• Very nice, extensive discussion of relevant (slightly tangential) topics – Danu Oct 25 '14 at 19:03
Point masses are merely an approximation of the motion of an extended body by the motion of its center of mass. It's a good approximation for small, mostly homogeneous (at least spherically layered) bodies, e.g. planets moving around the sun. But even for the orbital motion of the Moon around the Earth it's not a good approximation anymore. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7977396249771118, "perplexity": 482.72065159116613}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540491491.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206222837-20191207010837-00055.warc.gz"} |
https://leanprover-community.github.io/archive/stream/113489-new-members/topic/Finishing.20off.20induction.20for.20pigeonhole.html | ## Stream: new members
### Topic: Finishing off induction for pigeonhole
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 01:15):
Hello everyone! I am working on implementing the pigeonhole principle in lean for a school project. I have the following formulation for a finite subset of n elements:
def finite_subset (n : ℕ) := Σ' k, k < n
From this, I have a definition that lifts finite subsets of m elements to any finite subset of more elements:
def lift_finite (m n : ℕ) (p : m < n) : finite_subset m → finite_subset n
:= λ k, ⟨k.1, lt.trans k.2 p⟩
and finally a small lemma:
lemma succ_greater_than_nat (n : ℕ) : nat.succ n > n
My formulation for pigeonhole is the following:
theorem pigeonhole_principle
(n m : ℕ)
(f : finite_subset n → finite_subset m)
: (n > m) → ¬(injective f)
I proceeded by induction and was able to prove the base case but am stuck on the next step. I have this:
intros n_gt_m f_injective,
induction n with d hd,
... --base case, done
let g := f ∘ (lift_finite d (d+1) (succ_greater_than_nat d)),
let hd' := hd g,
It is enough to show that d > m to get that g cannot be injective, but I have that d + 1 > m, which means that d ≥ m, which is where I'm stuck. Does anybody have any idea how to proceed? Thank you!
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 01:24):
Oh shoot, I forgot to send the corresponding lean goal at the last line:
m d : ℕ ,
hd : ∀ (f : finite_subset d → finite_subset m), d > m → injective f → false,
f : finite_subset (nat.succ d) → finite_subset m,
n_gt_m : nat.succ d > m
f_injective: injective f
g: finite_subset d → finite_subset m
hd' : d > m → injective g → false := hd g
#### Bryan Gin-ge Chen (Apr 21 2020 at 01:32):
It'll be easier for us to help you if you include something we can directly copy+paste into our editors (a "minimum working example" or MWE).
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 01:37):
Sure!
import tactic
def injective {X Y} (f : X → Y)
:= ∀ x₁ x₂, f x₁ = f x₂ → x₁ = x₂
def range {X Y} (f : X → Y)
:= { y | ∃ x, f x = y }
/--
Type of pairs (k,p) where k
is a natural number and p is a witness to the proof that k < n.
-/
def finite_subset (n : ℕ) := Σ' k, k < n
def lift_finite (m n : ℕ) (p : m < n) : finite_subset m → finite_subset n
:= λ k, ⟨k.1, lt.trans k.2 p⟩
lemma pred_exists (n : ℕ) (p: n > 0) : exists k, nat.succ k = n
:=
begin
induction n with d hd,
{linarith,},
{
existsi d,
refl}
end
lemma succ_greater_than_nat (n : ℕ) : nat.succ n > n
:=
begin
rw nat.succ_eq_add_one,
linarith,
end
/--
Pigeonhole principle, induction on n
-/
theorem pigeonhole_principle
(n m : ℕ)
(f : finite_subset n → finite_subset m)
: (n > m) → ¬(injective f)
:= begin
intros n_gt_m f_injective,
induction n with d hd,
linarith, -- case d=0
let g := f ∘ (lift_finite d (d+1) (succ_greater_than_nat d)),
let hd' := hd g,
/-
induction m with d hd,
{
cases pred_exists n n_gt_m with k hk,
let n_gt_k := succ_greater_than_nat k,
rw hk at n_gt_k,
let fk := f ⟨k, n_gt_k⟩,
let fk2 := fk.2,
linarith,
},
{
let n_gt_d : n>d :=
begin
exact lt.trans (succ_greater_than_nat d) n_gt_m,
end,
sorry
},
-/
end
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 01:55):
By the way, finite_subset already exists in lean, by the name fin
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 01:56):
similarly with function.injective and set.range
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 01:58):
succ_greater_than_nat is nat.lt_succ_self
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 01:59):
@Mario Carneiro thanks, got it!
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 01:59):
lift_finite is fin.cast_le (with a different precondition)
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:01):
pred_exists is nat.exists_eq_succ_of_ne_zero although the precondition is slightly different
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:05):
thanks again haha!
I guess I have a long ways to go to being acquainted with the libraries.
Is there any library function that would help me resolve my issue with d in the induction step? I can't tell if the problem thus far has to do with a lack of vocabulary of a deeper error into the formulation of the proof
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:05):
Unfortunately I'm not a lint but a decent approximation is by library_search, which will find theorems from the library by type
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:06):
oh nice, that's really useful
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:07):
wait, could you give me an example of using library_search?
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:08):
What is the role of your commented out block? If I uncomment it I get an error about n not found
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:09):
import tactic
lemma pred_exists (n : ℕ) (p: n ≠ 0) : exists k, n = nat.succ k := by library_search
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:14):
It was my original attempt at induction on m, but I got stuck with that, so I switch to induction on n
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:14):
In your setup you tried to prove d > m from d + 1 > m, which isn't going to work. You can't always rely on the inductive hypothesis because then there would be nothing to the proof. Without thinking too hard about the theorem itself, here you should probably split into cases: either d > m or d = m. In the first case, you can use the inductive hypothesis. In the second case there is something to prove
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:17):
I'm not sure how to split into cases from what I have
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:17):
I mean, I see why, but I'm at a loss at how to do it given my existing work
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:19):
theorem pigeonhole_principle (n m : ℕ) (f : finite_subset n → finite_subset m) :
n > m → ¬ injective f :=
begin
intros n_gt_m f_injective,
induction n with d hd,
{ linarith, /- case d=0 -/ },
let g := f ∘ (lift_finite d (d+1) (succ_greater_than_nat d)),
let hd' := hd g,
rcases lt_or_eq_of_le (nat.lt_succ_iff.1 n_gt_m) with h | rfl,
{ apply hd' h,
sorry /- injective g -/ },
{ sorry /- prove f : finite_subset (nat.succ m) → finite_subset m is not injective -/ }
end
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:21):
here lt_or_eq_of_le (nat.lt_succ_iff.1 n_gt_m) is a proof that d > m \/ d = m, and rcases does the case split and replaces d with m in the second branch
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:22):
Also, so d > m means that d + 1 > m by transitivity, so I'm done
for d = m, I'm not sure how to proceed, but my idea is this: there is a clear identity injection from finite_subset d to finite_subset m when d = m. Suppose towards contradiction there is an injection from finite_subset (d + 1) to finite_subset m. We replace d with m, meaning there is an injection from finite_subset (m + 1) to finite_subset m...and I'm stuck from there
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:23):
you don't want to prove d + 1 > m from d > m, the proof is going the other way around
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:23):
you need d > m and you have d + 1 > m
ah I see
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:25):
As for proving that there is no injection from m+1 to m, this is indeed the core of the proof, and here you have to step back from the code and ask what the maths proof is
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:27):
what do you mean with rcases replaces d with m in the second branch?
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:27):
you will notice in the second branch that d does not exist anymore
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:27):
and everywhere there used to be d there is now an m
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:28):
which is why f is an injection from m+1 to m instead of d+1 to m
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:29):
I see, but I'm still having a hard time understanding this all. What is the
with h | rfl
#### Bryan Gin-ge Chen (Apr 21 2020 at 02:30):
You can read more about rcases (and most other tactics) in the mathlib docs here.
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:30):
that's a pattern, that describes what kind of case split to do. the | means to do a split on the or, producing an assumption on the left that is being named h, and on the right the rfl means "case split on the equality", doing the replacement of d for m that I mentioned
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:32):
I see. I'll have to take some time to get comfortable with that, but that makes enough sense
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:33):
what does
apply hd' h
do here?
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:34):
hd' h is a proof of injection g -> false, so since the goal is false, apply hd' h changes the goal to injection g
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:35):
ah, so my goal here is to show that g is injective?
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:35):
yes, and that should be easy enough
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:36):
In fact, if you use function.injective and fin.cast_le you will find the theorem already exists :)
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:38):
what if I want to put it in terms of what I've already written though? (just as an exercise in being comfortable with using my own definitions haha)
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:38):
It's still an easy proof. Go ahead and try it
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:40):
I'm just sort of confused having all of the hypotheses in front of me. I have that f is injective, and that already takes finite_subset (d + 1) to finite_subset m
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:41):
I'm not sure what tactics I'd use to introduce two variables x1 and x2 and show that if g x1 = g x2, then x1 = x2
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:42):
None of that matters
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:42):
You can prove that g is injective without anything about f
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:42):
theorem lift_finite_injective (m n : ℕ) (p : m < n) : injective (lift_finite m n p) := sorry
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 02:43):
when proving a forall statement, the tactic to introduce variables is intro or intros
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:46):
okay, so here into this new theorem, I'd introduce x1 and x2 right? the arguments are two naturals m, n, and a proof that m < n.
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:47):
so I let f := lift_finite m n p
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:48):
and I have to introduce the proposition that f x1 = f x2?
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 02:51):
okay, this is what I have so far:
theorem lift_finite_injective (m n : ℕ) (p : m < n) : injective (lift_finite m n p)
:= begin
introv x1 f,
sorry
end
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 04:24):
Does anyone know why the first argument in the introv application here is x1 rather than the equality argument? That seems to go against the documentation of introv
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 04:25):
If you unfold injective first it works correctly
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 04:28):
my current plan is this:
/- pf sketch
-- suppose f x1 = f x2 = < k, pf: k < n >
-- we know x1 = < l , pf: k < m > and x2 = < j , pf: j < m >
-- note that (f x1).1 = (f x2).1 = k
-- furthermore, k < m < n
-- then x1 = < k, pf: k < m > = x2
-- done
-/
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 04:28):
I'm just not sure how to translate that into tactics
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 04:34):
you can do this with just cases and refl
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 04:34):
to do this step -- we know x1 = < l , pf: k < m > and x2 = < j , pf: j < m > use cases x1
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 04:36):
okay, so I do cases x1 and cases x2?
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 04:37):
how do I note that x1_fst = (f x1).1?
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 04:38):
that's true by definition (it won't be x1 after the cases, it will be <x1_fst, x1_snd>)
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 04:38):
so you don't have to say anything
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 04:45):
oh so then how can I conclude that x1_fst = x2_fst? I see that clearly x1_fst = (f x1).1 = (f x2).2 = x2_fst but I'm not sure how to type it out
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 04:47):
the easiest way is actually cases on the equality you have
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 04:47):
which is in fact <x1_fst, ...> = <x2_fst, ...>
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 04:57):
what do you mean with cases here?
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 04:58):
cases f
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 04:59):
the fact that you can do "case analysis" on an equality is one of the more mind bending things you can do in type theory but it's super useful
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 04:59):
ahhhh I see I see
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:02):
so now I have < x1_fst, x1_snd> = <x1_fst, x2_snd>, and I want to make it so that I have a match
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:02):
would I apply a rw or apply tactic here?
#### Johan Commelin (Apr 21 2020 at 05:05):
@Adeeb K I haven't been following along... Is that your goal or a hypothesis?
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:06):
I think I got it - I just applied a simple refl and it finished off the proof. Seems I need practice applying the basics. That...and reading more through the HoTT book.
#### Johan Commelin (Apr 21 2020 at 05:06):
Have you played the natural number game?
#### Johan Commelin (Apr 21 2020 at 05:07):
It's a great way of practicing the simple tactics
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:07):
only up to the third world
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:16):
now I'm showing composition of injective functions is injective. Not sure how to unpack that, but I'll try it with cases
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:21):
wait, so I still have stuff to finish for pigeonhole
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:22):
what tactic / proof is there to show that (g ∘ f) x = g (f x)?
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 05:22):
refl
no but like
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:23):
Right now I have:
(g ∘ f) x1 = (g ∘ f) x2
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 05:23):
change g (f x1) = g (f x2)
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:23):
How do I rewrite this as:
g (f x1) = g (f x2)?
lemme try that
#### Johan Commelin (Apr 21 2020 at 05:24):
Kenny answers before you write your question.... C'est la vie.
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:24):
I'm getting an error
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:24):
tactic.change failed, given type
g (f x) = g (f x₂)
is not definitionally equal to
x = x₂
#### Johan Commelin (Apr 21 2020 at 05:24):
change allows you to change your goal to anything that is equal to the old goal by definition.
#### Johan Commelin (Apr 21 2020 at 05:25):
Aah but those two are certainly not the same goals
#### Johan Commelin (Apr 21 2020 at 05:25):
You need something like g \circ f is injective to do that
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 05:25):
change g (f x1) = g (f x2) at H
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:26):
ah nice that worked!
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:27):
okay so now I want to use the injectivity of g to say f x1 = f x2
#### Johan Commelin (Apr 21 2020 at 05:28):
apply hg
#### Johan Commelin (Apr 21 2020 at 05:28):
Where hg : injective g
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:28):
error:
invalid apply tactic, failed to unify
x = x₂
with
?m_1 = ?m_2
#### Johan Commelin (Apr 21 2020 at 05:29):
Aah, right, same problem again...
wait
one sec
#### Johan Commelin (Apr 21 2020 at 05:29):
have foo : f x1 = f x2 := hg H
I got it
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:30):
I applied injectivity in reverse order and got it
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:30):
p3 : g (f x) = g (f x₂)
⊢ x = x₂
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:31):
I did apply p1 which is injective f
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:31):
Then I got
p3 : g (f x) = g (f x₂)
⊢ f x = f x₂
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:31):
then apply p2 which is injective g
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:31):
p3 : g (f x) = g (f x₂)
⊢ g (f x) = g (f x₂)
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:32):
to which I finally just applied p3 and got my desired result for the lemma
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:32):
with this, the first part of the induction step for pigeonhole is done
so uh
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:40):
suppose I have
g := f ∘ lift,
inj : injective (f ∘ lift)
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:41):
how do I conclude
inj : injective (g)
?
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 05:42):
I think you want inj : injective (f ∘ lift)?
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 05:42):
If so, then inj : injective g and you don't have to say anything
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:42):
really? right now I'm not sure if I have that
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 05:43):
those two are the same to lean
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:43):
how do I conclude injective g then? refl?
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 05:43):
just pretend it says injective g already
#### Mario Carneiro (Apr 21 2020 at 05:43):
if your goal is injective g, then exact inj will work
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:44):
ah, yeah it worked
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:44):
now the nontrivial case lol
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 05:45):
where d = m
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 06:18):
I'm not exactly sure how to start this part of the proof
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 06:37):
basically, all classical proofs to show that there's no injection from a set of m + 1 elements to one of m elements I recall end up using the contrapositive
well, not all
#### Johan Commelin (Apr 21 2020 at 06:40):
So... formalise a classical proof...
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 06:52):
I'm not sure how that'd help me here
#### Johan Commelin (Apr 21 2020 at 06:52):
Why not? What are you trying to do?
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 06:55):
suppose towards contradiction that there exists such an injective functionL: call it f
let M be the set of m + 1 elements and N be the set of m elements. We see that |f(M)| = m +1 but |N| = m
it is not possible for f to be injective, since each f(x) \in N for x \in M, but there are fewer possible values for f(x) than there are x
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 06:55):
So I feel like I'm going in circles restating what I'm out to prove in the first place
#### Johan Commelin (Apr 21 2020 at 06:58):
Can you post a copy-pasteble chunk of code (include import and variables statements)? AKA an MWE
yeah sure
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 07:05):
import tactic
def injective {X Y} (f : X → Y)
:= ∀ x₁ x₂, f x₁ = f x₂ → x₁ = x₂
def range {X Y} (f : X → Y)
:= { y | ∃ x, f x = y }
/--
Type of pairs (k,p) where k
is a natural number and p is a witness to the proof that k < n.
-/
def finite_subset (n : ℕ) := Σ' k, k < n
def lift_finite (m n : ℕ) (p : m < n) : finite_subset m → finite_subset n
:= λ k, ⟨k.1, lt.trans k.2 p⟩
lemma pred_exists (n : ℕ) (p: n > 0) : exists k, nat.succ k = n
:=
begin
induction n with d hd,
{linarith,},
{
existsi d,
refl
}
end
lemma succ_greater_than_nat (n : ℕ) : nat.succ n > n
:=
begin
rw nat.succ_eq_add_one,
linarith
end
/--
The lifting function is injective
-/
theorem lift_finite_injective (m n : ℕ) (p : m < n) : injective (lift_finite m n p)
:= begin
/- pf sketch
-- suppose f x1 = f x2 = < k, pf: k < n >
-- we know x1 = < l , pf: k < m > and x2 = < j , pf: j < m >
-- note that (f x1).1 = (f x2).1 = k
-- furthermore, k < m < n
-- then x1 = < k, pf: k < m > = x2
-- done
-/
introv x p2,
cases x,
cases x₂,
cases p2,
refl
end
theorem comp_inj_is_inj
{X Y Z} (f : X → Y) (g : Y → Z)
(p1 : injective f)
(p2 : injective g)
: injective (g ∘ f)
:= begin
introv x p3,
change g (f x) = g (f x₂) at p3,
apply p1,
apply p2,
apply p3,
end
/--
Pigeonhole principle, induction on n
-/
theorem pigeonhole_principle
(n m : ℕ)
(f : finite_subset n → finite_subset m)
: (n > m) → ¬(injective f)
:= begin
intros n_gt_m f_injective,
induction n with d hd,
{ linarith, /- case d = 0 -/ },
let succ_for_lift := (succ_greater_than_nat d),
let lift := (lift_finite d (d+1) succ_for_lift),
let g := f ∘ lift,
let hd' := hd g,
rcases lt_or_eq_of_le (nat.lt_succ_iff.1 n_gt_m) with h | rfl,
{ /- case where d > m -/
/- prove injective g -/
apply hd' h,
let lift_injective := (lift_finite_injective d (d+1) succ_for_lift),
let g_injective := comp_inj_is_inj lift f lift_injective f_injective,
exact g_injective,
},
{ /- case where d = m -/
/- prove f : finite_subset (nat.succ m) → finite_subset m is not injective -/
sorry
}
end
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 07:06):
first come up with a math proof
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 07:06):
then formalize it
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 07:09):
alright
It's pretty late where I am, so I'll be heading to bed for now. Thank you everyone for your help!
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 07:09):
I'll be back in a few hours probably
#### Patrick Stevens (Apr 21 2020 at 07:44):
Adeeb K said:
basically, all classical proofs to show that there's no injection from a set of m + 1 elements to one of m elements I recall end up using the contrapositive
I wrote a constructive one in Agda a while back. Hint for the maths proof: if you have an injection f: [m+1] -> [m], consider that f sends 1 somewhere, and note that you must use induction because it's a constructively-true thing about the natural numbers. State the inductive hypothesis, and try to use it.
I see
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 17:55):
I am already using induction here, and this is the second case that I'm handling
I'll send what I currently have
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 17:56):
import tactic
def injective {X Y} (f : X → Y)
:= ∀ x₁ x₂, f x₁ = f x₂ → x₁ = x₂
def range {X Y} (f : X → Y)
:= { y | ∃ x, f x = y }
/--
Type of pairs (k,p) where k
is a natural number and p is a witness to the proof that k < n.
-/
def finite_subset (n : ℕ) := Σ' k, k < n
def lift_finite (m n : ℕ) (p : m < n) : finite_subset m → finite_subset n
:= λ k, ⟨k.1, lt.trans k.2 p⟩
lemma pred_exists (n : ℕ) (p: n > 0) : exists k, nat.succ k = n
:=
begin
induction n with d hd,
{linarith,},
{
existsi d,
refl
}
end
lemma succ_greater_than_nat (n : ℕ) : nat.succ n > n
:=
begin
rw nat.succ_eq_add_one,
linarith
end
/--
The lifting function is injective
-/
theorem lift_finite_injective (m n : ℕ) (p : m < n) : injective (lift_finite m n p)
:= begin
/- pf sketch
-- suppose f x1 = f x2 = < k, pf: k < n >
-- we know x1 = < l , pf: k < m > and x2 = < j , pf: j < m >
-- note that (f x1).1 = (f x2).1 = k
-- furthermore, k < m < n
-- then x1 = < k, pf: k < m > = x2
-- done
-/
introv x p2,
cases x,
cases x₂,
cases p2,
refl
end
theorem comp_inj_is_inj
{X Y Z} (f : X → Y) (g : Y → Z)
(p1 : injective f)
(p2 : injective g)
: injective (g ∘ f)
:= begin
introv x p3,
change g (f x) = g (f x₂) at p3,
apply p1,
apply p2,
apply p3,
end
/--
Pigeonhole principle, induction on n
-/
theorem pigeonhole_principle
(n m : ℕ)
(f : finite_subset n → finite_subset m)
: (n > m) → ¬(injective f)
:= begin
intros n_gt_m f_injective,
induction n with d hd,
{ linarith, /- case d = 0 -/ },
let succ_for_lift := (succ_greater_than_nat d),
let lift := (lift_finite d (d+1) succ_for_lift),
let g := f ∘ lift,
let hd' := hd g,
rcases lt_or_eq_of_le (nat.lt_succ_iff.1 n_gt_m) with h | rfl,
{ /- case where d > m -/
/- prove injective g -/
apply hd' h,
let lift_injective := (lift_finite_injective d (d+1) succ_for_lift),
let g_injective := comp_inj_is_inj lift f lift_injective f_injective,
exact g_injective,
},
{ /- case where d = m -/
/- prove f : finite_subset (nat.succ m) → finite_subset m is not injective -/
sorry
}
end
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 18:08):
So going off @Patrick Stevens 's advice, I have injective f : [m + 1] → [m]. I have set up finite sets finite_subset m to be all pairs <k, pf: k < m>. We consider f([m + 1]). Since f is injective, we know that for distinct x1, x2 : finite_subset (m + 1), if f x1 = f x2 then x1 = x2.
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 18:11):
We consider the image of f. By my current inductive hypothesis, I have
hd : ∀ (f : finite_subset m → finite_subset m), m > m → injective f → false,
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 18:14):
I'm not sure if I should consider the image or the pre-image here.
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 18:14):
m > m is false
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 18:15):
I realize that much, so what does that give me?
Nothing
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 18:16):
you should write down a maths proof first
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 18:17):
I'm just figuring out how to word a constructive proof for pigeonhole
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 18:19):
it doesn't need to be constructive
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 18:19):
you just need to make sure that it isn't circular
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 18:20):
Alright, makes sense
quick question
quick answer
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 18:27):
just something I forgot to ask last night: is there a function in the library that lets me say a natural number is either 0 or not?
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 18:27):
cases n
gotcha thanks
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 18:29):
how about you write down a maths proof first before touching Lean
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 18:29):
yeah I'm on that right now - this was just something I forgot
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 18:35):
see i answered before you asked
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 18:35):
from your point of view you'd probably say that i answered after you asked
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 18:36):
this has been a demonstration of the relativity of simultaneity in Einstein's theory of relativity
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 18:36):
whaddup I'm Kenny I'm (age removed) and I'm a physicist
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 18:37):
(nobody will get this reference)
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:03):
Okay I believe I have something
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:04):
We want to show that there exists no injection f : [m + 1] → [m], where [m] here denotes the set {0, 1, ..., m - 1}.
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:06):
we proceed by induction. The base case m = 0 is clear since if we suppose not, we end up with f(0) = f(1) = 0, which is a contradiction.
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 19:07):
[0] is empty, not {0}
#### Kevin Buzzard (Apr 21 2020 at 19:07):
The case m=0 is clear because there are no functions [1]->[0], injective or not
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:11):
Now, we know that there is no injective f : [m] → [m - 1] and want to show this for f : [m + 1] → [m], where [m]. Suppose not, to which we assume there exists such f. We know that f(m) = k for some k < m. Then we consider the restriction of f to [m]. By injectivity we know that if for any j in {0, ..., m}, f j = f k → j = k. So when we restrict f, the image of the function lives in [m - 1]. However, by our inductive hypothesis, there is no injective function that maps [m] to [m - 1]. Contradiction.
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:14):
I see a small problem.
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:16):
I know that f(m) = k, but I don't know if k = m - 1, which means I know that the restriction of f to [m] must necessarily map to a set of only m - 1 elements, but they may not all 'live' in [m - 1] unless I relabel them.
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:23):
So, does this suggest I can't use the idea of restrictions?
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 19:23):
this suggests you relabel them
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:23):
That's the first thing that came to mind to use an inductive hypothesis
oh
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:25):
I'm not exactly sure how to do that. How do I know a priori that I have a collection of size m - 1 if I only have that they are type finite_subset (m + 1)?
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:26):
I have some vague idea that relabelling itself is an injective function
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:27):
if we have some number k that sits in {0, 1, ..., m}, then my relabelling function would basically this:
for all j < k, j maps to j + 1. Otherwise, if j > k, then j maps to j.
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:28):
wait shoot that's backwards
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:28):
it should be:
for all j > k, j maps to j - 1. Otherwise, if j < k, then it is mapped to itself.
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:29):
call this function relabel. We can show it is injective.
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:31):
and so when we restrict f to [m], and relabel, we should have an injective function relabel ∘ f : [m] → [m - 1]
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:32):
which is a contradiction. Is there anything I missed?
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 19:34):
relabel itself isn't injective (let's say you send k to k)
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 19:34):
but relabel \o f is injective
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 19:34):
other than that, LGTM
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 19:34):
oh and you implicitly restricted f to [m] I guess
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:35):
yeah I'm not exactly sure how to carry out restriction
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 19:35):
compose it with [m] -> [m+1]
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 19:35):
relabel o f o lift
I see I see
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:36):
wait, so then what does relabel's function signature become?
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 19:36):
relabel : [m] -> [m-1]
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 19:36):
f: [m+1] -> [m]
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 19:36):
lift: [m] -> [m+1]
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:37):
ah so this is exactly why I can't say relabel is injective, but relabel composed with an injective function is in fact injective?
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 19:38):
no, it's because f o lift misses k that relabel k o f o lift is injective
ah gotcha
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:40):
...stupid question, but how would I define this in lean?
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:41):
relabel, that is. I'm not sure how to give cases for j < k and j > k.
don't forget k
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 19:41):
if j \le k then j else j-1
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:42):
ah gotcha gotcha.
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:47):
I'm getting some errors
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:47):
here's what I have for relabel so far
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:47):
def relabel_finite_set
(m k : ℕ)
(p: k < m)
: finite_subset m → finite_subset (m - 1)
:= λ j, if j.1 ≤ k then ⟨j.1, lt.trans j.1 p⟩ else ⟨j.1 - 1, lt.trans j.1 p⟩
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:47):
but I have this error in both tuples:
type mismatch at application
lt.trans j.fst
term
j.fst
has type
ℕ : Type
but is expected to have type
j.fst < ?m_1 : Prop
read the error
#### Kevin Buzzard (Apr 21 2020 at 19:48):
Looks like lean wanted j.2
#### Kevin Buzzard (Apr 21 2020 at 19:49):
Or maybe it's called j.is_lt or something
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:49):
I have this then:
type mismatch at application
lt.trans j.snd p
term
p
has type
k < m
but is expected to have type
m < m - 1
#### Kevin Buzzard (Apr 21 2020 at 19:49):
It's going to be hard to come up with something of that type
#### Kenny Lau (Apr 21 2020 at 19:49):
if H : j.1 \le k
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:50):
how would I compose that with p to get j < m - 1?
#### Adeeb K (Apr 21 2020 at 19:54):
I'm not sure how to use H here
#### Adeeb K (Apr 26 2020 at 22:42):
Hello guys, and thanks for all the help from last time!
#### Adeeb K (Apr 26 2020 at 22:43):
I'm not sure if I should make a new topic or just get this post up to speed with my progress
#### Adeeb K (Apr 26 2020 at 22:44):
Basically, I've got pigeonhole done after assuming a few sorry's in my helper functions, but I am having trouble showing that (relabel m k p) ∘ f ∘ lift` is an injective function
#### Adeeb K (Apr 26 2020 at 22:49):
ah I'll just make a new thread entirely since this is a separate issue.
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http://www.lugod.org/mailinglists/archives/vox-tech/2002-01/msg00323.html | Next Meeting: July 7: Social gathering Next Installfest: TBD Latest News: Jun. 14: June LUGOD meeting cancelled Page last updated: 2002 Jan 17 17:56
Re: [vox-tech] DocBook
# Re: [vox-tech] DocBook
begin Micah Cowan <[email protected]>
> MOn Thu, Jan 17, 2002 at 01:31:04PM -0800, [email protected] wrote:
> > On Thu, 17 January 2002, Micah Cowan wrote:
>
> In conclusion: If you are already a TeX- or LaTeX-guru, you probably
> have little reason to switch to DocBook (except that you need to write
> in DocBook format to write LDP HOWTOs, as Pete discovered). I picked
> it because it suits my particular needs, and YMMV, as always.
heh. i consider myself a docbook "layperson". i know enough to use it
effectively, but not enough to really understand all the terminology and
"bit's and pieces" of docbook.
as a layperson, i definitely defer to micah who seems to have attained
guru status in this area. from my own POV, here are some comments for
other laypeople:
1. docbook hurts the fingers. whereas latex users can talk about
\url{http://slashdot.org}, {\bf vmlinuz} and {\it important stuff\/},
<systemitem role="url">http://slashdot.org</systemitem>,
<filename>vmlinuz</filename> and <emphasis>important stuff</emphasis>
god forbid you write a paper about something like
<application>dosemu</application>, and you have two choices:
<enumeratedlist>
<listitem><para>Carpal tunnel syndrome.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make good use of <application>vi</application>
macros.</para></listitem>
</enumeratedlist>
compare with:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Carpal tunnel syndrome.
\item Make good use of {\bf vi} macros.
\end{enumerate}
it may look like a small difference now, but write a 10 page
document, and you're talking about a significantly higher typing to
content ratio.
docbook is painful. with a good knowledge of emacs or vi, it's less
painful. but it still hurts. :)
2. for the average latex user, docbook is a loss of control of format.
for me, the HYPER use of content based markup is a double edged
sword. i know you can modify stylesheets. but danged if i know how!
it doesn't look easy. with latex, i can control the location of
every single dot of my document. and sometimes latex isn't happy
about the choices i make, like under/overfull hboxes and vboxes,
pictures that don't "float" well, i can ALWAYS force the issue.
ok, that being said, my recommendation is: if you have a choice of latex
or docbook, definitely pick docbook, hand's down. micah's reasons for
using it are much more persuasive than my reasons for not using it.
and the fact of the matter is, i do use docbook, grudgingly.
pete
--
The mathematics [of physics] has become ever more abstract, rather than more
complicated. The mind of God appears to be abstract but not complicated.
He also appears to like group theory. -- Tony Zee's Fearful Symmetry'
PGP Fingerprint: B9F1 6CF3 47C4 7CD8 D33E 70A9 A3B9 1945 67EA 951D
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https://gitlab.science.ru.nl/mklinik/c2-planning-scheduling-paper/-/commit/0cc76c02c352afd9499e551a9173cfff9eb98be8?view=parallel | Commit 0cc76c02 by Markus Klinik
### rename some tasks and skills
Medical treatment -> Give medical treatment
Pilot -> Operator
parent f1cd6c88
... @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is the problem of picking a preferred solu ... @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is the problem of picking a preferred solu In our domain, the decision consists of a number of sub-decisions: one has to decide which resource to assign to each skill. In our domain, the decision consists of a number of sub-decisions: one has to decide which resource to assign to each skill. The decisions can be represented by a decision vector $\vec{x} = \tuple{x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n}$. The decisions can be represented by a decision vector $\vec{x} = \tuple{x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n}$. Each decision variable $x_i$ can have its own domain. Each decision variable $x_i$ can have its own domain. For example, the decision variable \emph{transport} has domain $\set{\text{Heli 1}, \text{Heli 2}, \text{Boat}}$, while the decision variable \emph{pilot} has domain $\set{\text{Bob}, \text{Alice}}$. For example, the decision variable \emph{transport} has domain $\set{\text{Heli 1}, \text{Heli 2}, \text{Boat}}$, while the decision variable \emph{operator} has domain $\set{\text{Bob}, \text{Alice}}$. Every decision vector gives rise to an objective vector $\vec{q} = \tuple{q_1, q_2, \ldots, q_m}$. Every decision vector gives rise to an objective vector $\vec{q} = \tuple{q_1, q_2, \ldots, q_m}$. The lengths of $\vec{x}$ and $\vec{q}$ can be different. The lengths of $\vec{x}$ and $\vec{q}$ can be different. ... ...
... @@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ ... @@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ \put(0.00092615,0.04771696){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Alice}}}% \put(0.00092615,0.04771696){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Alice}}}% \put(0.00092615,0.01043809){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Jan}}}% \put(0.00092615,0.01043809){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Jan}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.04771696){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare vehicle (Mechanic)}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.04771696){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare vehicle (Mechanic)}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.08499584){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare vehicle (Pilot)}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.08499584){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare vehicle (Operator)}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.15955359){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare vehicle (Transport)}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.15955359){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare vehicle (Transport)}}}% \put(0.36625912,0.08499584){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare ER (Medic)}}}% \put(0.36625912,0.08499584){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare ER (Medic)}}}% \put(0.36625912,0.12227471){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare ER (ER)}}}% \put(0.36625912,0.12227471){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare ER (ER)}}}% \put(0.36625912,0.04771696){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Perform rescue (Pilot)}}}% \put(0.36625912,0.04771696){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Perform rescue (Operator)}}}% \put(0.36625912,0.15955359){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Perform rescue (Transport)}}}% \put(0.36625912,0.15955359){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Perform rescue (Transport)}}}% \put(0.72413632,0.01043809){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Give medical treatment (Medic)}}}% \put(0.72413632,0.01043809){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Give medical treatment (Medic)}}}% \put(0.72413632,0.12227471){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Give medical treatment (ER)}}}% \put(0.72413632,0.12227471){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Give medical treatment (ER)}}}% ... ...
... @@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ ... @@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ \put(0.00092615,0.04771696){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Eva}}}% \put(0.00092615,0.04771696){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Eva}}}% \put(0.00092615,0.01043809){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Jan}}}% \put(0.00092615,0.01043809){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Jan}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.04771696){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare vehicle (Mechanic)}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.04771696){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare vehicle (Mechanic)}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.08499584){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare vehicle (Pilot)}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.08499584){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare vehicle (Operator)}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.15955359){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare vehicle (Transport)}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.15955359){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare vehicle (Transport)}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.01043809){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare ER (Medic)}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.01043809){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare ER (Medic)}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.12227471){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare ER (ER)}}}% \put(0.12767432,0.12227471){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Prepare ER (ER)}}}% \put(0.36625912,0.08499584){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Perform rescue (Pilot)}}}% \put(0.36625912,0.08499584){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Perform rescue (Operator)}}}% \put(0.36625912,0.15955359){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Perform rescue (Transport)}}}% \put(0.36625912,0.15955359){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Perform rescue (Transport)}}}% \put(0.72413632,0.01043809){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Give medical treatment (Medic)}}}% \put(0.72413632,0.01043809){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Give medical treatment (Medic)}}}% \put(0.72413632,0.12227471){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Give medical treatment (ER)}}}% \put(0.72413632,0.12227471){\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{Give medical treatment (ER)}}}% ... ... | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.707008421421051, "perplexity": 23640.362979434394}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335504.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930181143-20220930211143-00462.warc.gz"} |
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/cpaa.2009.8.2037 | # American Institute of Mathematical Sciences
November 2009, 8(6): 2037-2053. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2009.8.2037
## A logistic equation with refuge and nonlocal diffusion
1 Dpto. de Análisis Matemático, Universidad de La Laguna, C/. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38271 - La Laguna 2 Dpto. de Matemáticas, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 – Buenos Aires, Argentina
Received November 2008 Revised April 2009 Published August 2009
In this work we consider the nonlocal stationary nonlinear problem $(J* u)(x) - u(x)= -\lambda u(x)+ a(x) u^p(x)$ in a domain $\Omega$, with the Dirichlet boundary condition $u(x)=0$ in $\mathbb{R}^N\setminus \Omega$ and $p>1$. The kernel $J$ involved in the convolution $(J*u) (x) = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} J(x-y) u(y) dy$ is a smooth, compactly supported nonnegative function with unit integral, while the weight $a(x)$ is assumed to be nonnegative and is allowed to vanish in a smooth subdomain $\Omega_0$ of $\Omega$. Both when $a(x)$ is positive and when it vanishes in a subdomain, we completely discuss the issues of existence and uniqueness of positive solutions, as well as their behavior with respect to the parameter $\lambda$.
Citation: J. García-Melián, Julio D. Rossi. A logistic equation with refuge and nonlocal diffusion. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2009, 8 (6) : 2037-2053. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2009.8.2037
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http://devmaster.net/forums/topic/10545-real-time-sound-processing/ | # Real-time sound processing
10 replies to this topic
### #1enigma
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Posted 08 November 2008 - 12:00 AM
Hi!
For a school project I must apply a filter to a sound.
I use OpenGL for draw the sound emitter, and for example I can use OpenAL for the sound processing. Is possibile with OpenAL modify the sound data on real-time (with a my function)? Or I must use another api?
Thanks!
### #2TheNut
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Posted 08 November 2008 - 05:11 AM
Yes. All you need to do is resubmit your wave data into the buffer. You could also use a streaming approach where you will be notified to make an update, and rather than supply the raw wave data, you can apply your filter before uploading it into the buffer. So long as your algorithms aren't CPU intensive, you should be fine.
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### #3enigma
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Posted 08 November 2008 - 10:13 AM
Ok thanks.
I'm new to OpenAL so I've another question.
I've seen OpenAL documentation and I've found this series of functions: alGetBuffer().
For example I've got frequency of sound or size of sound (the .wav file is on a buffer). Now, how I can acces to the data buffer? I must modify this data on a cicle (for).
Thanks.
### #4TheNut
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Posted 08 November 2008 - 02:25 PM
Well, you have the wave data in system memory and apply your filter there. You then upload that into OpenAL. Or if you stream (for better performance), then you load in "X" seconds of wave data into system memory, apply your filter, and then upload that to your next stream buffer. I never had to extract the wave data from OpenAL, although it does use DirectSound on Windows and it is possible with DirectSound to get the wave data from the sound buffer, so I'm sure it's supported in OpenAL somewhere. Not sure why you would want to go through all that difficulty though. You may also create "hiccups" in the sound playback when you do that because accessing the sound buffer requires a lock on the memory. It's best to avoid that altogether.
FYI, the GetBuffer methods are for retrieving information about the sound buffer, such as its frequency and size. It's not used to actually get the wave data. I did a quick check and I didn't see any API calls to get it, but maybe someone else may know. Again, I suggest you work with system memory instead. It's easier and more efficient.
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### #5enigma
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Posted 11 November 2008 - 08:37 PM
Hi.
So data must filtered independently?
For example, I've tried this library http://www.mega-nerd.../api.html#write, with this I load wav file and I can get the sound data (in double format), I modify this data and then I send it on OpenAL?
### #6TheNut
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Posted 11 November 2008 - 11:39 PM
Quote
So data must filtered independently?
Most things, yes. OpenAL does come with some post-processing effects like setting up 3D positional audio, velocity, doppler, min and max ranges, cone of influence, etc... But when it comes to more sophisticated filters like equalizing, envelopping, and high quality reverberation you have to rely on modifying the content before uploading it into OpenAL.
It's worth mentioning that EAX also allows a few levels of hardware accelerated reverberation, so if you have a Sound Blaster sound card you may want to investigate that library. I believe OpenAL is starting to support it? I'm still on the older version, but their new website was talking about it.
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### #7enigma
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Posted 15 November 2008 - 02:51 PM
Hi.
I'v tried another library: SDL_mixer.
This library have an interesting function: Mix_RegisterEffect() this is the documentation: http://jcatki.no-ip....ixer_frame.html.
With this function, I can work with the audio stream. So, I've tried this code:
void hrtf(int chan, void* stream, int len, void* udata)
{
delay[0] = 28;
delay[1] = 1;
for(int i = 0; i < (audioLength / 2); i++)
{
audioTemp[i*2] = audioData[i*2];
audioTemp[i*2+1] = audioData[i*2+1];
}
for(int i = 0; i < (audioLength / 2); i++)
{
if(i < delay[0])
{
audioData[i*2] = 0;
}
else
{
audioData[i*2] = audioTemp[(i*2) - (int)delay[0]];
}
if(i < delay[1])
{
audioData[i*2+1] = 0;
}
else
{
audioData[i*2+1] = audioTemp[(i*2+1) - (int)delay[1]];
}
}
}
I would delay the left channel of 28 samples and the right channel of 1 sample.
The result obtained is not the same of "static version", and the channel major delayed (left channel) present some rumors.
Some suggestions?
Thanks.
### #8TheNut
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Posted 15 November 2008 - 03:31 PM
Shifting by 28 samples isn't a whole lot. It's likely inaudible with a 44,100KHz wave. Secondly, you're clearing the stream bytes to 0 at the beginning and reassigning that 0 later in the loop. This mixer would effectively silence out your sound. Thirdly, you're shifting the stereo channels incorrectly. Wave data is treated as follows:
Assume an 8bit stereo audio stream at 44,100 samples per second.
data size: 1 byte * 44,100 1 byte * 44,100
<left_channel> <right_channel> <left_channel> .......
Some other debugging tips:
1) Try something simpler. Divide each value in stream by 2 (effectively reducing the volume). See if that works. If it doesn't, perhaps SDL_mixer is not correctly handling your wave or something somewhere else is wrong.
2) Here's a much more efficient way to shift channels.
// Get the total number of sound chunks
unsigned int blockSize = bytesPerSample * samplesPerSecond;
unsigned int numBlocks = (sizeOfWaveInBytes / blockSize) / 2;
unsigned int blockShift = 100; // Must be an even number for left channels
// Shift the left channel first
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < (numBlocks - blockShift); i += 2)
{
memcpy(&stream[i * blockSize], &stream[(i + blockShift) * blockSize], blockSize);
}
As an exercise, you will need to create another loop to clean out the last part of the stream's left channel data and repeat the step for the right channel data.
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### #9enigma
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Posted 15 November 2008 - 04:37 PM
TheNut said:
Shifting by 28 samples isn't a whole lot. It's likely inaudible with a 44,100KHz wave.
This delay is given from a function that I must utilize, this is the function: http://interface.cip...els/Mod_ITD.htm
TheNut said:
1) Try something simpler. Divide each value in stream by 2 (effectively reducing the volume). See if that works. If it doesn't, perhaps SDL_mixer is not correctly handling your wave or something somewhere else is wrong.
It runs correctly. For example, I've divided each value in stream (corresponding to the left channel) by 2, the volume of the left channel was reduced.
TheNut said:
2) Here's a much more efficient way to shift channels.
// Get the total number of sound chunks
unsigned int blockSize = bytesPerSample * samplesPerSecond;
unsigned int numBlocks = (sizeOfWaveInBytes / blockSize) / 2;
unsigned int blockShift = 100; // Must be an even number for left channels
// Shift the left channel first
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < (numBlocks - blockShift); i += 2)
{
memcpy(&stream[i * blockSize], &stream[(i + blockShift) * blockSize], blockSize);
}
This is the data:
I read the data in this format: "AUDIO_S16SYS", so, I've 16-bit (2 bytes) per sample. Samples per second are 44100.
- blockSize is 2*44100
Stream is a pointer of size "len" bytes.
- numBlocks = (len/2)/2
If I runs your code, application crashes. The problem is memcpy.
### #10Reedbeta
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Posted 15 November 2008 - 10:00 PM
TheNut said:
Assume an 8bit stereo audio stream at 44,100 samples per second.
data size: 1 byte * 44,100 1 byte * 44,100
<left_channel> <right_channel> <left_channel> .......
If you're saying that it's 44,100 bytes of left channel and then 44,100 bytes of right channel, that's wrong...it interleaves channels with each sample, not in blocks.
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### #11TheNut
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Posted 16 November 2008 - 12:48 AM
My bad. I must have thought about something else. Though enigma should have picked that up! :angry: Shame shame...
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https://hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/3058/who-first-drew-the-weierstrass-function | # Who first drew the Weierstrass function?
As we know, it was Weierstrass who gave the first (published) example, in 1872, of a function which is continuous but everywhere non-differentiable. However, in his paper "Über continuirliche Functionen eines reellen Arguments, die für keinen Werth des letzeren einen bestimmten Differentialquotienten besitzen" there is no figure of this function or an attempt to draw it. Hence, is it known who was first to draw it? Was its depiction possible only to computer graphics or were there attempts before?
• From the title of this question I thought it was going to be asking who first wrote down the $\wp$ for the Weierstrass $\wp$-function. – KCd Jan 22 '16 at 5:19
I looked through some of my stuff this morning and found the following publications that seem to be relevant to your question.
Moore [1] (1900) and Koch [2] (1904), [3] (1906) are the earliest publications I could find that have diagrams of somewhat accurate approximating curves to nowhere differentiable continuous functions. Until fairly recently (1960s and later), almost all publications on this topic have no figures, and the few that do have figures tend to have only very superficial figures such as absolute value graphs or step functions that are used in various ways to generate such functions. Lang [4] (1961) is the earliest publication I could find that attempts to show the "final state" of the construction of a nowhere differentiable continuous function. Hailpern [5] (1976) is the earliest publication I could find on this topic that gives computer generated graphs, the graphs being for high level approximating curves for such a function. Tall [6] (1982), Dubuc [7] (1989), Hata [8] (1991), Duistermaat [9] (1992) also give various computer generated graphs, but none yet show the Weierstrass function. Baouche/Dubuc [10] (1992) is the earliest paper I could find with the Weierstrass function shown.
[1] Eliakim Hastings Moore, On certain crinkly curves, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 (January 1900), 72-90.
See the various approximations to the coordinate functions of Peano/Hilbert's square-filling curves on pp. 81, 83.
[2] Helge von Koch, Sur une courbe continue sans tangente obtenue par une construction géométrique élémentaire, Arkiv för Matematik, Astronomi och Fysik 1 (1904), 681-702.
See Figure 4 on p. 698. Incidentally, Section III (pp. 697-702) of the paper involves a modification of the now-called Koch curve to obtain the graph of a (nowhere differentiable continuous) function. Incidentally, in the title of Section III translates to: "Transformation of $P$ to a curve $P'$ where the ordinate (i.e. $y$-coordinate) is a uniform function (i.e. single-valued function) of the abscissa (i.e. $x$-coordinate)".
[3] Helge von Koch, Une méthode géométrique élémentaire pour l'étude de certaines questions de la théorie des courbes planes, Acta Mathematica 30 (1906), 145-174.
I believe this is a republication of Koch's 1904 paper. Figure 4 and Section III mentioned above are on p. 167 and pp. 166-174.
[4] Lester Henry Lange, Successive differentiability, Mathematics Magazine 34 #5 (May-June 1961), 275-279.
Figure II on p. 279 is "An attempt to picture the function $f$ so defined", where $f$ is a nowhere differentiable continuous function given in Olmsted's 1956 book Intermediate Analysis.
[5] Brent Hailpern, Continuous non-differentiable functions, Pi Mu Epsilon Journal 6 #5 (1976), 249-260.
This paper has some computer generated graphs of approximations to Perkins' function (Amer. Math. Monthly 34, 1927, pp. 476-478) and Van der Waerden's function.
[6] David Tall, The blancmange function. Continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere, Mathematical Gazette 66 #435 (March 1982), 11-22.
See Figure 1 on p. 11, Figure 5 on p. 14, Figure 6 on p. 15, Figure 7 on p. 16.
[7] Benoit Dubuc, On Takagi fractal surfaces, Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 32 #3 (September 1989), 377-384.
Figure 2.1 on p. 379 gives graphs of two Takagi-type functions.
[8] Masayoshi Hata, Topological aspects of self-similar sets and singular functions, pp. 255-276 in Jacques Bélair and Serge Dubuc (editors), Fractal Geometry and Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers [later published by Springer], 1991.
Proceedings of a 3-21 1989 conference in Montreal (Canada). Figure 3 on p. 271 shows the Besicovitch function (has at no point a one-sided finite or a one-sided infinite derivative). [Various piece-wise continuous approximations of this function can be found much earlier, but this appears to be a computer generated graph.] Figure 4 on p. 271 shows the Takagi function.
[9] J. J. Duistermaat, Selfsimilarity of 'Riemann's nondifferentiable function', Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde (4) 9 (1991), 303-337.
Figure 1.1 on p. 304 gives a graph of Riemann's function. Figure 4.2 on p. 321 shows the behavior at the right side of a point where the derivative exists and is negative -- it looks like a choppier version of what $-x + x^2 \sin (x^{-2})$ looks like at the right side of $x=0.$ See also Figures 4.3, 4.4-4.5, 6.1, 6.2 on pp. 322, 323, 335, 336.
The following is from pp. 303-304: "Already for many years, a picture of the graph of $f(x)$ [the Riemann function], made by A.J. de Meijer, adorns the cover of the notes of the first semester analysis course in Utrecht. In it, the aforementioned differentiability properties at the rational points with not too large denominators can be distinguished quite clearly."
The following is from p. 308: "As for the role of the computer, of course in the old days computer pictures were not available to put one on the track. On the other hand, the mathematical analysis definitely is the more essential part of the story. Without it, one may look at the pictures with equal fascination, but with less understanding."
[10] Amar Baouche and Serge Dubuc, La non-dérivabilité de la fonction de Weierstrass, L'Enseignement Mathématique (2) 38 #1-2 (January-June 1992), 89-94.
Figure 1 on p. 90 gives a graph of the Weierstrass function.
I recently came across another paper that is old enough and relevant enough to belong to the above list (between [5] and [6]):
Michael Victor Berry and Zinaida V. Lewis, On the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot fractal function, Proceedings of the Royal Society A 370 #1743 (April 1980), 459-484.
This paper gives many computer generated graphs of a variation on the Weierstrass function that the authors call the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot function. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7908615469932556, "perplexity": 1352.155497890572}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00250.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/help-with-kinematics.185304/ | # Help with kinematics
1. Sep 17, 2007
### devilsangels287
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
A sailboard is sailing at 6.5 when a gust of wind hits, causing it to accelerate at 0.48 at a 35 angle to its original direction of motion.
If the acceleration lasts 6.3 , what is the board's net displacement during the wind gust?
2. Relevant equations
Ok so far, I have drawn all of the motion graphs.
So I got
X Y
X_0= 0m Y_0= 0m
X_F=? Y_F=?
V_0x= 6.5m/s v_oy=0m/s
V_fy= 6.5m/s v_fy=?
a= 0 m/s^2 a= .48m/s^2
t= 6.3secs t=6.3secs
3. The attempt at a solution
And assuming those are correct. I got v_fy= 4.55 m/s by using 6.5tan35 = v_fy
then I used this equation: x=x_0+v_ot+(1/2)at^2 and got
X_f= 40.95m
Y_f= 9.5m
And then I added them together and then its 50.45m??? Is this correct, because online it said it was wrong?
Thanks for helping!
2. Sep 17, 2007
### learningphysics
suppose it's initially moving eastbound at 6.5m/s. ie: northbound velocity = 0.
so acceleration 0.48m/s^2 east 30 degrees north.
What is the component of acceleration in the east/west direction?
What is the component of acceleration in the north/south direction?
So you can divide the problem into the east/west part (to get the displacement east/west), and the north/south part (to get the displacement north/south)... and work them separetly... each part is a uniform acceleration problem.
3. Mar 7, 2010
Need help with kinematics
I figured out this problem:
You step off a cliff 30 meters high.
A. How long will it take to hit the water below?
0=30-4.9t^2
4.9t^2=30
t^2= 6.122
t= 2.47
B. What is your velocity (mph) when you hit the water?
Vty= Voy-9.8t
Vty-Voy-9.8(2.47)
Vty=-24.25 m/s = 54.223 mph
Can anyone help me solve this one, based on the above problem?:
2. How high would the cliff have to be in 1. above if your velocity hitting the water was 100 mph?
Thanks!
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http://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/50812/simplifying-an-expression-containing-radicals | # Simplifying an expression containing radicals
Now I'm trying to use Mathematica to simplify an expression like this:
$P \sqrt{-P + \sqrt{M^2 + P^2}} + \sqrt{(M^2 + P^2) (-P + \sqrt{M^2 + P^2})} - M \sqrt{P + \sqrt{M^2 + P^2}}$
where $P,M>0$
It should be zero, obviously. But Mathematica cannot do this simplification. Is there any technique that will help Mathematica to deal with this kind of expression?
-
There are three left brackets in your formulate but just two right brackets.Also "It should be zero" is not correct,for example P=1, M=-2. – Apple Jun 15 '14 at 0:35
I always find that I need to give Mathematica some help when manipulating this sort of expression, but the reason is (invariably?) that I have to make some assumptions in order to make progress through the simplification. For instance, you have to be careful with "simplifying" expressions such as Sqrt[M^2] to M (i.e. using PowerExpand), because this introduces the assumption M > 0.
Here is a sequence of steps that you could use to simplify your expression (evaluate it to see the intermediate outputs):
P Sqrt[\[Minus]P + Sqrt[M^2 + P^2]] + Sqrt[(M^2 + P^2) (\[Minus]P + Sqrt[M^2 + P^2])] \[Minus] M Sqrt[P + Sqrt[M^2 + P^2]]
% // PowerExpand
% // FullSimplify
% /. Sqrt[a_] b_ + a_ c_ :> Sqrt[a] (b + Sqrt[a] c)
% /. Sqrt[a_ + b_] Sqrt[a_ - b_] :> Sqrt[a^2 - b^2]
% // PowerExpand
(* 0 *)
M >= 0 is implicit in the final step of the derivation.
-
I like such questions, and like very much the answer of Stephen Luttrell. Such questions are fun by themselves, and for this reason I am giving my version of the answer too. I propose to first multiply the result by Sqrt[p + Sqrt[m^2 + p^2]] and then to transform. This is the expression:
expr1 = p*Sqrt[-p + Sqrt[m^2 + p^2]] +
Sqrt[(m^2 + p^2)*(Sqrt[m^2 + p^2] - p)] -
m*Sqrt[p + Sqrt[m^2 + p^2]];
now let us multiply and Expand:
expr2 = expr1*Sqrt[p + Sqrt[m^2 + p^2]] // Expand
It gives this:
(* -m p - m Sqrt[m^2 + p^2] +
p Sqrt[-p + Sqrt[m^2 + p^2]] Sqrt[p + Sqrt[m^2 + p^2]] +
Sqrt[(m^2 + p^2) (-p + Sqrt[m^2 + p^2])] Sqrt[p + Sqrt[m^2 + p^2]] *)
Let us now teach Mma to fuse the square roots:
expr3 = Map[ReplaceAll[#, Sqrt[a_]*Sqrt[b_] -> Sqrt[a*b]] &, expr2]
yielding the following:
(* -m p - m Sqrt[m^2 + p^2] +
p Sqrt[(-p + Sqrt[m^2 + p^2]) (p + Sqrt[m^2 + p^2])] + Sqrt[(m^2 +
p^2) (-p + Sqrt[m^2 + p^2]) (p + Sqrt[m^2 + p^2])] *)
And as the final stroke let us open parentheses under the radicals:
Map[Expand, expr3, 4] // Simplify[#, {m > 0, p > 0}] &
giving
(* 0 *)
as you expected.
- | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.46657127141952515, "perplexity": 7290.700632192785}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00020-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.jobilize.com/course/section/simple-random-samples-and-statistics-by-openstax?qcr=www.quizover.com | # 13.2 Simple random samples and statistics
Page 1 / 3
The (simple) random sample, is basic to much of classical statistics. Once formulated, we may apply probability theory to exhibit several basic ideas of statistical analysis. A population may be most any collection of individuals or entities. Associated with each member is a quantity or a feature that can be assigned a number. The population distribution is the distribution of that quantity among the members of the population.To obtain information about the population distribution, we select “at random” a subset of the population and observe how the quantity varies over the sample. Hopefully, the distribution in the sample will give a useful approximation to the population distribution. We obtain values of such quantities as the mean and variance in the sample (which are random quantities) and use these as estimators for corresponding population parameters (which are fixed). Probability analysis provides estimates of the variation of the sample parameters about the corresponding population parameters.
## Simple random samples and statistics
We formulate the notion of a (simple) random sample , which is basic to much of classical statistics. Once formulated, we may apply probability theory to exhibitseveral basic ideas of statistical analysis.
We begin with the notion of a population distribution . A population may be most any collection of individuals or entities. Associated with each member is aquantity or a feature that can be assigned a number. The quantity varies throughout the population. The population distribution is the distribution of that quantityamong the members of the population.
If each member could be observed, the population distribution could be determined completely. However, that is not always feasible. In order to obtain informationabout the population distribution, we select “at random” a subset of the population and observe how the quantity varies over the sample. Hopefully, thesample distribution will give a useful approximation to the population distribution.
The sampling process
We take a sample of size n , which means we select n members of the population and observe the quantity associated with each. The selection is done in such a manner thaton any trial each member is equally likely to be selected. Also, the sampling is done in such a way that the result of any one selection does not affect, and is not affected by,the others. It appears that we are describing a composite trial. We model the sampling process as follows:
• Let X i , $1\le i\le n$ be the random variable for the i th component trial. Then the class $\left\{{X}_{i}:1\le i\le n\right\}$ is iid, with each member having the population distribution.
This provides a model for sampling either from a very large population (often referred to as an infinite population) or sampling with replacement from a small population.
The goal is to determine as much as possible about the character of the population. Two important parameters are the mean and the variance. We want the population mean and thepopulation variance. If the sample is representative of the population, then the sample mean and the sample variance should approximate the population quantities.
where we get a research paper on Nano chemistry....?
nanopartical of organic/inorganic / physical chemistry , pdf / thesis / review
Ali
what are the products of Nano chemistry?
There are lots of products of nano chemistry... Like nano coatings.....carbon fiber.. And lots of others..
learn
Even nanotechnology is pretty much all about chemistry... Its the chemistry on quantum or atomic level
learn
da
no nanotechnology is also a part of physics and maths it requires angle formulas and some pressure regarding concepts
Bhagvanji
hey
Giriraj
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
revolt
da
Application of nanotechnology in medicine
what is variations in raman spectra for nanomaterials
ya I also want to know the raman spectra
Bhagvanji
I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
Nasa has use it in the 60's, copper as water purification in the moon travel.
Alexandre
nanocopper obvius
Alexandre
what is the stm
is there industrial application of fullrenes. What is the method to prepare fullrene on large scale.?
Rafiq
industrial application...? mmm I think on the medical side as drug carrier, but you should go deeper on your research, I may be wrong
Damian
How we are making nano material?
what is a peer
What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
how nano science is used for hydrophobicity
Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
what is differents between GO and RGO?
Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
if virus is killing to make ARTIFICIAL DNA OF GRAPHENE FOR KILLED THE VIRUS .THIS IS OUR ASSUMPTION
Anam
analytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .
Anam
Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
Hafiz
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
A fair die is tossed 180 times. Find the probability P that the face 6 will appear between 29 and 32 times inclusive | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 2, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.852319598197937, "perplexity": 1164.994669642684}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141737946.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204131750-20201204161750-00011.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/rc-circuit-maximum-voltage.230160/ | # RC circuit maximum voltage
• Start date
• #1
82
0
i cant figure this out. In an RC circuit, why is the maximum voltage of a capactior greater then the maximum voltage of a resistor? can anyone guide me in the right direction
Related Classical Physics News on Phys.org
• #2
454
0
It depends on the circuit. Circuits are possible where it is greater, smaller or the same.
for an simple RC circuit with one ideal DC voltage source, one resistor and one capacitor, either series or parallel, the maximum voltage would be the same.
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452 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8030725121498108, "perplexity": 4040.8868118441505}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141686635.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202021743-20201202051743-00182.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/trigonometry/38135-solving-x-given-interval-need-help.html | # Thread: Solving for x in the given interval NEED HELP !!!
1. ## Solving for x in the given interval NEED HELP !!!
im stuck on three questions and i really need to solve them
a) sec2x + 1/cosx = 0 x is between and equal to 0 and pie
b)cos^2x+2sinxcosx-sin^2x=0 x is between and equal to 0 and two pie
c)2tanx = secx x is between and equal to negative pie and two pie
2. Hello, math71321!
$\displaystyle b)\;\;\cos^2\!x + 2\sin x\cos x-\sin^2\!x\:=\:0 \qquad0 \leq x \leq 2\pi$
We have: . $\displaystyle \underbrace{\cos^2\!x - \sin^2\!x} + \underbrace{2\sin x\cos x} \;=\;0$
. . . . . . . . . . $\displaystyle \cos2x \quad\;\;+ \quad\;\;\sin 2x \quad=\;0$
Then: .$\displaystyle \sin2x \:=\:-\cos2x \quad\Rightarrow\quad\frac{\sin2x}{\cos2x} \:=\:-1 \quad\Rightarrow\quad \tan2x \:=\:-1$
Hence: .$\displaystyle 2x \;=\;\frac{3\pi}{4},\:\frac{7\pi}{4},\:\frac{11\pi }{4},\:\frac{15\pi}{4}$
Therefore: .$\displaystyle \boxed{x \;=\;\frac{3\pi}{8},\:\frac{7\pi}{8},\:\frac{11\pi }{8},\:\frac{15\pi}{8}}$
$\displaystyle c)\;\;2\tan x \:= \:\sec x\qquad -\pi \leq x \leq 2\pi$
Square both sides: .$\displaystyle 4\tan^2\!x \:=\:\sec^2\!x$
. . . . . . . . . . . . $\displaystyle 4\overbrace{(\sec^2\!x - 1)} \:=\:\sec^2\!x$
which simplifies to: .$\displaystyle 3\sec^2\!x \:=\:4\quad\Rightarrow\quad\sec^2\!x \:=\:\frac{4}{3}\quad\Rightarrow\quad \sec x \:=\:\pm\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}$
. . Therefore: .$\displaystyle \boxed{x \;=\;\pm\frac{\pi}{6},\:\pm\frac{5\pi}{6},\:\frac{ 7\pi}{6},\:\frac{11\pi}{6}}$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9902688264846802, "perplexity": 1016.3348053277642}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948047.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426012045-20180426032045-00137.warc.gz"} |
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## ineedhelponmyhw Group Title If arc AB measures 155°, what is the length of the radius of the circle, to the nearest hundredth? drawing pic now. 2 years ago 2 years ago Edit Question Delete Cancel Submit
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1. ineedhelponmyhw Group Title
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|dw:1342078364411:dw|
• 2 years ago
2. Malaria Group Title
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Arc Length = Radius * Plane Angle Angle must be in radians
• 2 years ago
3. ineedhelponmyhw Group Title
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can you help me out . i dont understand
• 2 years ago
4. ineedhelponmyhw Group Title
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-.-
• 2 years ago
5. Malaria Group Title
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Convert your angle to radians first. Do you know the formula for that?
• 2 years ago
6. Malaria Group Title
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I'm here for you, it's not as bad as it looks.
• 2 years ago
7. ineedhelponmyhw Group Title
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no thats the problem
• 2 years ago
8. Malaria Group Title
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Ok, the conversion for degrees to radians is: $Angle*\pi/180$
• 2 years ago
9. ineedhelponmyhw Group Title
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155*pi/180 ?
• 2 years ago
10. Malaria Group Title
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Correct.
• 2 years ago
11. ineedhelponmyhw Group Title
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2.705260341
• 2 years ago
12. Malaria Group Title
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Okay, now solve the Arc Length formula for radius
• 2 years ago
13. ineedhelponmyhw Group Title
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?
• 2 years ago
14. Malaria Group Title
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Solve the initial formula for radius: Arc Length = radius * angle
• 2 years ago
15. ineedhelponmyhw Group Title
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486.9468613 = 2.705260341* 180 ?
• 2 years ago
16. Malaria Group Title
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Hold on, I think you're a little confused still. We know the Arc Length: That was given in your drawing as 14cm We know the angle (that you converted to radians) as 2.705260341 What we're looking for is the radius of the circle that fits those conditions. We can use the formula that I have you to find any single piece of the info that we're missing if we're given the other two.
• 2 years ago
17. ineedhelponmyhw Group Title
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i dont understand this at alll
• 2 years ago
18. Malaria Group Title
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Let's call the Arc Length S and the Radius R and the Angle A. So: S=RA Divide through by A to get: S/A = R So the radius of the circle (R) is equal to the arc length (S) divided by the Angle in radians (A)
• 2 years ago
19. ineedhelponmyhw Group Title
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can yu do for me?
• 2 years ago
20. Malaria Group Title
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R = (14)/(2.705260341)
• 2 years ago
21. Malaria Group Title
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So R = ?
• 2 years ago
22. ineedhelponmyhw Group Title
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37.87364477 ?
• 2 years ago
23. Malaria Group Title
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When I divide 14 by 2.705260341, I'm getting 5.175. Rounded to the nearest tenth, that should be 5.2
• 2 years ago
24. ineedhelponmyhw Group Title
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oh whoops i accidentally mult instead of divide
• 2 years ago
25. ineedhelponmyhw Group Title
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so the answer is 5.175102665 ?
• 2 years ago
26. Malaria Group Title
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Yes, don't forget to round to the nearest tenth though.
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Thanks for being so helpful in mathematics. If you are getting quality help, make sure you spread the word about OpenStudy. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9990941286087036, "perplexity": 11681.234069539492}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997872002.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025752-00008-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://brilliant.org/problems/why-it-cant-have-4-real-roots/ | # Why it can't have 4 real roots ?!!
Algebra Level 2
$(a-1)(x^{2}+x+1)^{2}-(a+1)(x^{4}+x^{2}+1)=0$
Provided that two roots of the above equation are real and distinct for $a \in \mathbb{R}-A,$ find the set $A.$
× | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 7, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6069120168685913, "perplexity": 650.1892423880366}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347424174.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602100039-20200602130039-00356.warc.gz"} |
https://support.bioconductor.org/p/42842/ | Search
Question: how to set R memory limit
0
6.7 years ago by
wang peter2.0k
wang peter2.0k wrote:
i have 64 G memory server only run one R program but it reported cannot relocate 5.2G memory thx who can tell me how to set R memory limit? -- shan gao Room 231(Dr.Fei lab) Boyce Thompson Institute Cornell University Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 Office phone: 1-607-254-1267(day) Official email:sg839 at cornell.edu Facebook:http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001986532253
modified 6.7 years ago by Sunny Yu Liu80 • written 6.7 years ago by wang peter2.0k
0
6.7 years ago by
Sean Davis21k
United States
Sean Davis21k wrote:
On Mon, Jan 9, 2012 at 10:49 PM, wang peter <wng.peter at="" gmail.com=""> wrote: > i have 64 G memory server > only run one R program > but it reported > ?cannot relocate 5.2G memory > > thx > who can tell me how to set R memory limit? sessionInfo()? Sean
0
6.7 years ago by
Denali
Steve Lianoglou12k wrote:
Hi, On Mon, Jan 9, 2012 at 10:49 PM, wang peter <wng.peter at="" gmail.com=""> wrote: > i have 64 G memory server > only run one R program > but it reported > ?cannot relocate 5.2G memory Someone sometime ago on R-help (can't remember who) put it best, which I'll paraphrase here: The "cannot relocate XXX memory" error is fired when the "last straw is drawn which breaks the camel's back" So although you have a 64GB server and assuming you are running in 64bit mode, this error doesn't tell you that your server doesn't have 5.4GB memory in it, it means that R (or something else) has been chewing up your memory and R tried to get a 5.4G contiguous block of it, and apparently there isn't any free block of that size left. Use your favorite process monitoring tool for your OS to keep on eye on your CPU's memory usage to confirm. Also, as Sean suggests, sessionInfo output is always helpful. HTH, -steve -- Steve Lianoglou Graduate Student: Computational Systems Biology ?| Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center ?| Weill Medical College of Cornell University Contact Info: http://cbio.mskcc.org/~lianos/contact
Hello, I had such a problem several times ago. Look at the option() parameter there you can set the RAM limit. e.g. options(java.parameters = "-Xmx8192m") to allocate 8GB RAM. the default is 1024MB I think. Best regards Basti 2012/1/10 Steve Lianoglou <mailinglist.honeypot at="" gmail.com="">: > Hi, > > On Mon, Jan 9, 2012 at 10:49 PM, wang peter <wng.peter at="" gmail.com=""> wrote: >> i have 64 G memory server >> only run one R program >> but it reported >> ?cannot relocate 5.2G memory > > Someone sometime ago on R-help (can't remember who) put it best, which > I'll paraphrase here: The "cannot relocate XXX memory" error is fired > when the "last straw is drawn which breaks the camel's back" > > So although you have a 64GB server and assuming you are running in > 64bit mode, this error doesn't tell you that your server doesn't have > 5.4GB memory in it, it means that R (or something else) has been > chewing up your memory and R tried to get a 5.4G contiguous block of > it, and apparently there isn't any free block of that size left. > > Use your favorite process monitoring tool for your OS to keep on eye > on your CPU's memory usage to confirm. > > Also, as Sean suggests, sessionInfo output is always helpful. > > HTH, > > -steve > > -- > Steve Lianoglou > Graduate Student: Computational Systems Biology > ?| Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center > ?| Weill Medical College of Cornell University > Contact Info: http://cbio.mskcc.org/~lianos/contact > > _______________________________________________ > Bioconductor mailing list > Bioconductor at r-project.org > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/bioconductor > Search the archives: http://news.gmane.org/gmane.science.biology.informatics.conductor
On Tue, Jan 10, 2012 at 3:30 AM, Sebastian Thieme <thieme at="" mi.fu-berlin.de=""> wrote: > Hello, > > I had such a problem several times ago. Look at the option() parameter > there you can set the RAM limit. e.g. options(java.parameters = > "-Xmx8192m") to allocate 8GB RAM. the default is 1024MB I think. Hi, Sebastian. This option sets the java heap space and does not affect R memory size. I would not expect setting this option to fix the original poster's problem (but the report was not very detailed), but if one is using a package that uses the JVM, this is a useful parameter to set. Sean > Best regards > > Basti > > 2012/1/10 Steve Lianoglou <mailinglist.honeypot at="" gmail.com="">: >> Hi, >> >> On Mon, Jan 9, 2012 at 10:49 PM, wang peter <wng.peter at="" gmail.com=""> wrote: >>> i have 64 G memory server >>> only run one R program >>> but it reported >>> ?cannot relocate 5.2G memory >> >> Someone sometime ago on R-help (can't remember who) put it best, which >> I'll paraphrase here: The "cannot relocate XXX memory" error is fired >> when the "last straw is drawn which breaks the camel's back" >> >> So although you have a 64GB server and assuming you are running in >> 64bit mode, this error doesn't tell you that your server doesn't have >> 5.4GB memory in it, it means that R (or something else) has been >> chewing up your memory and R tried to get a 5.4G contiguous block of >> it, and apparently there isn't any free block of that size left. >> >> Use your favorite process monitoring tool for your OS to keep on eye >> on your CPU's memory usage to confirm. >> >> Also, as Sean suggests, sessionInfo output is always helpful. >> >> HTH, >> >> -steve >> >> -- >> Steve Lianoglou >> Graduate Student: Computational Systems Biology >> ?| Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center >> ?| Weill Medical College of Cornell University >> Contact Info: http://cbio.mskcc.org/~lianos/contact >> >> _______________________________________________ >> Bioconductor mailing list >> Bioconductor at r-project.org >> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/bioconductor >> Search the archives: http://news.gmane.org/gmane.science.biology.informatics.conductor > > _______________________________________________ > Bioconductor mailing list > Bioconductor at r-project.org > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/bioconductor > Search the archives: http://news.gmane.org/gmane.science.biology.informatics.conductor
0
6.7 years ago by
Sean Davis21k
United States
Sean Davis21k wrote:
On Tue, Jan 10, 2012 at 9:15 AM, wang peter <wng.peter at="" gmail.com=""> wrote: > thank u to all of your replies > sorry to miss the sessionInfo() > R version 2.13.2 (2011-09-30) > Platform: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu (64-bit) > > > but i think how to set R memory is nothing related with R version. Memory use is related to R version, architecture, and operating system. These three details are returned by sessionInfo(). > i got many news to set it but donot know which one is correct > > i tried > R --max-vsize=20G > options(java.parameters = "-Xmx8192m") --max-vsize of 20G will limit memory to approximately 20G; I thought you said that you had 64G of memory. Does this make sense? Java parameters do not affect R directly, only JVMs started by the rare R package that runs java, so this will not solve your original problem. > and also restarted the computer to clean the memory > > but i still have no ideas with R memory management > See help('Memory-limits'). However, on 64-bit linux, the original error message you reported is related to not having enough memory to complete the operation; there is generally no need to manually increase memory. As Steve suggested, run 'top' in another window to watch R memory use. Use gc() regularly and be sure to clean up your R workspace. If you still cannot do what you need, let us know what you are trying to do by including code, errors, and the output of sessionInfo(). Perhaps there is a way to do things with less memory use. In the end, you may need more memory, though. Sean -- > shan gao > Room 231(Dr.Fei lab) > Boyce Thompson Institute > Cornell University > Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 > Office phone: 1-607-254-1267(day) > Official email:sg839 at cornell.edu > Facebook:http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001986532253
Hi, Just adding to what Sean said and using some intuition: On Tue, Jan 10, 2012 at 10:20 AM, Sean Davis <sdavis2 at="" mail.nih.gov=""> wrote: [snip] >?If you still cannot do what you need, let us know what you > are trying to do by including code, errors, and the output of > sessionInfo(). ?Perhaps there is a way to do things with less memory > use. ?In the end, you may need more memory, though. I'm guessing you are (1) doing something w/ sequencing data; and (2) trying to load all of your data at once. Assuming that's true (and we all know how prudent making assumptions is), I'd suggest just doing whatever is that you are doing by loading the data for one chromosome at a time. As an aside -- this usage pattern is quite frequent, ie. "get all reads from chromsome X and do Y", I took a stab sometime implementing "iterators" for the foreach package to abstract this idea (get batch of reads and do Y), like: xxx <- foreach(reads=getReadsByChromosome(bam.file), ...) %dopar% { ## compute over reads, and profit } Maybe it's worth nailing down into a seqiterators package, or something? -steve -- Steve Lianoglou Graduate Student: Computational Systems Biology ?| Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center ?| Weill Medical College of Cornell University Contact Info: http://cbio.mskcc.org/~lianos/contact
0
6.7 years ago by
Sunny Yu Liu80
Sunny Yu Liu80 wrote:
For Windows, try memory.limit( size=XXX) check memory limit: memory.size(max=TRUE) For Mac or Linux, may try mem.limits(nsize=NA, vsize=NA) to check or set memory size maybe this is helpful for the question here -----Original Message----- From: [email protected] on behalf of Sean Davis Sent: Tue 1/10/2012 10:20 AM To: wang peter Cc: [email protected] Subject: Re: [BioC] how to set R memory limit On Tue, Jan 10, 2012 at 9:15 AM, wang peter <[email protected]> wrote: > thank u to all of your replies > sorry to miss the sessionInfo() > R version 2.13.2 (2011-09-30) > Platform: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu (64-bit) > > > but i think how to set R memory is nothing related with R version. Memory use is related to R version, architecture, and operating system. These three details are returned by sessionInfo(). > i got many news to set it but donot know which one is correct > > i tried > R --max-vsize=20G > options(java.parameters = "-Xmx8192m") --max-vsize of 20G will limit memory to approximately 20G; I thought you said that you had 64G of memory. Does this make sense? Java parameters do not affect R directly, only JVMs started by the rare R package that runs java, so this will not solve your original problem. > and also restarted the computer to clean the memory > > but i still have no ideas with R memory management > See help('Memory-limits'). However, on 64-bit linux, the original error message you reported is related to not having enough memory to complete the operation; there is generally no need to manually increase memory. As Steve suggested, run 'top' in another window to watch R memory use. Use gc() regularly and be sure to clean up your R workspace. If you still cannot do what you need, let us know what you are trying to do by including code, errors, and the output of sessionInfo(). Perhaps there is a way to do things with less memory use. In the end, you may need more memory, though. Sean -- > shan gao > Room 231(Dr.Fei lab) > Boyce Thompson Institute > Cornell University > Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 > Office phone: 1-607-254-1267(day) > Official email:[email protected] > Facebook:http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001986532253 _______________________________________________ Bioconductor mailing list [email protected] https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/bioconductor Search the archives: http://news.gmane.org/gmane.science.biology.informatics.conductor [[alternative HTML version deleted]] | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3838725686073303, "perplexity": 6463.362540654898}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161350.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925083639-20180925104039-00049.warc.gz"} |
https://byorgey.wordpress.com/2010/01/26/the-random-graph/ | ## The random graph
Today in my finite model theory class we learned about the Rado graph, which is a graph (unique up to isomorphism among countable graphs) with the extension property: given any two disjoint finite sets of vertices $U$ and $V$, there exists some other vertex $w$ which is adjacent to every vertex in $U$ and none of the vertices in $V$.
This graph has some rather astonishing properties. Here’s one: consider starting with $n$ vertices and picking each edge with probability $1/2$. Clearly, there are $2^{\binom n 2}$ different graphs you can get, each with equal probability; this defines a uniform random distribution over simple graphs with $n$ vertices. What if you start with a countably infinite number of vertices instead? The surprising answer is that with probability 1 you get the Rado graph. Yes indeed, the Rado graph is extremely random. It is so random that it is also called “THE random graph”.
```SimpleGraph getRandomGraph()
{
return radoGraph; // chosen by fair coin flips.
// guaranteed to be random.
}
```
(See http://xkcd.com/221/.)
This entry was posted in grad school, humor and tagged , , . Bookmark the permalink.
### 3 Responses to The random graph
1. Mark Dominus says:
Excellent. Thanks for this post!
This reminds me of a paper of Janós Pach about “universal” graphs. It is quite easy to produce a countable graph G that has the property that for every finite or countable graph H, H is an induced subgraph of G. The graph that Pach constructed was not the Rado graph, although it seems to me that the Rado graph also has this property.
But Pach showed that there is no graph G that contains every graph H other than Kω, the complete graph on infinitely many vertices. (The proof is pretty easy.) But if I am right about the Rado graph being universal in the sense of the previous paragraph, then by this theorem it must contain a Kω.
Hm, yes, it does. It follows immediately from the extension property, and in the Wikipedia notation of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rado_graph, the vertices at http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/index.html?q=0,1,3,11,205 form a Kω.
Sorry, just thinking aloud. Thanks again!
2. Mark Dominus says:
P.S. misspelled “János”. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 9, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.962845504283905, "perplexity": 349.60073754343074}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988310.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00342-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/396341/how-to-derive-voltage-applied-to-an-antenna-where-transmitter-power-is-known/396342 | # How to derive voltage applied to an antenna, where transmitter power is known & identical tx/rx antennas are used with known gain/impedance?
Question:
Imagine a transmitter + transmitter antenna with the following characteristics:
• 433Mhz transmitter transmitting 10dBm
• Into an impedance matched (50 ohms) antenna, omni-directional, 3dBi gain
• 50 ohm impedance antenna, receiver circuitry presents 50 ohms
• Receiving antenna is an identical 3dBi omni-directional antenna.
How would I go about calculating the voltage the receiver circuitry would see? I'm trying to learn RF electronics by building a detector for a constant 433.92Mhz carrier, and I can't predict how my diode will behave without knowing the voltage applied across it.
My attempt from first principles:
10 dBm is 10mW of power, 3dBi of gain means 10mW X 2 = 20mW radiated from the antenna under ideal conditions.
Based on the inverse square law, we get:
$$P = { 0.02 \over 4 \Pi r ^2 }$$
$$P = { 0.02 \over 4 \Pi 40 ^2 }$$
$$P = { 0.02 \over 4 \Pi 40 ^2 }$$
$$P = 9.94718394^{-7}$$
Yipes that seems small.
This is the bit where I get stuck. Can I just multiply it by the receiving gain (3dBi, basically 2x) and sub it into ohms law (with the impedance of the antenna, 50 ohms) combined with the power formula (P = IV)?
$$P = ({V \over R}) V$$
$$2 \times 9.94718394^{-7} = ({V \over 50}) V$$
After doubling the power (because the receiving antenna gives me 3dBi gain) and plugging this formula into Wolfram Alpha to solve, I get ~10mV.
This seems low and I'm not confident with the logic of my derivation. Is this correct?
• 10 dBm is 10 mW of power and not 10 mV. – Andy aka Sep 16 '18 at 9:54
• 10mW is what I meant, edited question to have correct units. Thanks. – 64bit_twitchyliquid Sep 16 '18 at 10:02
You should consider the Friis transmission loss (or link loss) equation for free space: -
Loss (dB) = 32.45 + 20$log_{10}$(f) + 20$log_{10}$(d)
Where f is in MHz and d is in kilometres. This equation tells you how many dB of power loss you can expect at a given distance with a given carrier frequency.
It is based on free-space and accounts for the reduction in received signal as frequency rises due to the received antenna becoming smaller. This equation is also for antennas that transmit equally in all directions (so called isotropic antennas). With real antennas there is always a gain because real antennas don't transmit equally in all directions hence there is always one direction where there is a higher power density of transmission.
The equation also assumes that your antennas are not so close that a proper EM wave hasn't formed. Translated, this means that your antennas must be at least one wavelength apart and, as you appear to be using 40 metres in your question and, your frequency is 433 MHz, there is no problem.
Putting numbers in gets you a link loss of 32.45 dB + 52.73 dB - 27.96 dB or 57.22 dB. Given your antennas have a gain of 3 dB each the link loss reduces to about 51.2 dB. Sanity check using on-line calculator: -
Given your transmit power is +10 dBm, the received signal power will be 52.2 dB down on +10 dBm or -41.2 dBm or about 0.076 uW.
Another related Q and A
• Awesome that theres an equation for loss-over-distance, thanks! In terms of working from the received power (3.09uW) to voltage however, can I just substitute it into ohms law & P=IR (as I did above) to calculate the voltage? – 64bit_twitchyliquid Sep 16 '18 at 10:37
• Yes you can be do be aware that a dipole antenna will have an effective source resistance (aka radiation resistance) of about 73 ohms and the power delivered in the equations above assume that the correct resistance is matched to the antenna resistance. Be also aware that an antennas impedance varies dramatically when the antenna length doesn't precisely match the wavelength of the carrrier. – Andy aka Sep 16 '18 at 10:41
Using the formula Power = VoltsRMS ^2 / Resistance, and then changing Resistance to Impedance, we have
Power = VoltsRMS^2 / Impedance
and we solve for VoltsRMS
VoltsRMS = squareroot (Power * Impedance)
Now at one milliWatt power (0.001 watt) and 50 ohms, the math produces
VoltsRMS = squareroot (0.001 * 50) = squareroot (1 / 20) = 1 / squareroot(20)
VoltsRMS = 1 / 4.47 = 0.223 volts rms
VoltsPP = 0.223 * 2 * 1.414 = 0.632 voltsPP
Are your numbers consistent? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8721857666969299, "perplexity": 1787.3035499169894}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574084.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920221241-20190921003241-00233.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/math-challenge-problems/6470-question-2-a.html | # Math Help - Question 2
1. ## Question 2
A triangular number is the sequence:
1,3,6,10,15,21,...
A square number is the sequence:
1,4,9,16,25,...
Show that there are these two sequences contain infinitely many same numbers, i.e. 1 and 1.
2. Originally Posted by ThePerfectHacker
A triangular number is the sequence:
1,3,6,10,15,21,...
A square number is the sequence:
1,4,9,16,25,...
Show that there are these two sequences contain infinitely many same numbers, i.e. 1 and 1.
To clarify: You mean that the set of numbers that belong to both the triangular sequence and the square sequence has an infinite number of members?
-Dan
3. Originally Posted by topsquark
To clarify: You mean that the set of numbers that belong to both the triangular sequence and the square sequence has an infinite number of members?
-Dan
Yes
4. I do not understand the last line of the solution?
5. Hello, TPHacker!
Generally, with this type of problem we can generate solutions
with a recurrence formula of the form:
. . nth term .= .k·(preceding term) ± (term before) ... for some constant k.
In short, I "eyeballed" it . . .
6. Beautiful job Soroban +rep+
Never seen it done like that.
I have modified (not really the right word) your recurrence relation into a different form:
---
I always tried to show that the cubic sequence and triangular sequence only have a trivial solution i.e. 1. And it seems to be true for higher orders also but I was unable to prove that, you know how?
Attached Thumbnails
7. Hello again, TPHacker!
I got a different closed form for the recurrence.
It's not my own solution; I learned the method from a few of my books.
You may have seen something similar while exploring.
Now that LaTeX is back, I'll revise this post.
We have the recurrence: . $f(n) \:=\:6\cdot f(n-1) - f(n-2)$
Assume that $f(n)$ is exponential: . $f(n) \:=\:X^n$
The equation becomes: . $X^n \:=\:6X^{n-1} - X^{n-2}$
Divide by $X^{n-2}$ and we have: . $X^2 - 6X + 1 \:= \:0$
. . which has roots: . $X \:=\:3 \pm 2\sqrt{2}$
We form a linear combination of the two roots:
. . $f(n) \:=\:A(3 + 2\sqrt{2})^n + B(3 - 2\sqrt{2})^n$
To solve for $A$ and $B$, we use the first two values of the sequence:
. . $\begin{array}{cc}f(1) \:= \\ f(2) \:=\end{array} \begin{array}{cc} A(3 + 2\sqrt{2}) + (3 - 2\sqrt{2})\\ A(3 + 2\sqrt{2})^2 + (3 - 2\sqrt{2})^2\end{array}\begin{array}{cc}= \:1 \\ = \:6\end{array}$
Solve the system and get: . $A \,= \,\frac{1}{4\sqrt{2}},\;\;B \,= \,-\frac{1}{4\sqrt{2}}$
Therefore: . $f(n) \;= \;\frac{(3 + 2\sqrt{2})^n - (3 - 2\sqrt{2})^n}{4\sqrt{2}}$
By the way: . $3 \pm 2\sqrt{2} \:=\:(1 \pm \sqrt{2})^2$
. . so you can rewrite the formula if you like . . .
8. Besides for Soroban's solution.... I have 3 more (1 of which I am too lazy to post).
Let $t_n$ be the $n-th$triangular number.
Solution 1)
If t_n is a square then t_{4n(n+1)} is a square. How you are suppopsed to see that, I have no idea.
Solution 2)
Following the start of Soroban;s solution we arrive at the square root of 8k² +1, which is the "Pellian equation". Thus it has infinitely many solutions. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 16, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9745483994483948, "perplexity": 927.5240086809335}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637903439.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025823-00125-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://rdrr.io/cran/knockoff/src/R/stats_random_forest.R | R/stats_random_forest.R In knockoff: The Knockoff Filter for Controlled Variable Selection
Documented in stat.random_forest
#' Importance statistics based on random forests
#'
#' Computes the difference statistic
#' \deqn{W_j = |Z_j| - |\tilde{Z}_j|}
#' where \eqn{Z_j} and \eqn{\tilde{Z}_j} are the random forest feature importances
#' of the jth variable and its knockoff, respectively.
#'
#' @param X n-by-p matrix of original variables.
#' @param X_k n-by-p matrix of knockoff variables.
#' @param y vector of length n, containing the response variables. If a factor, classification is assumed,
#' otherwise regression is assumed.
#' @param ... additional arguments specific to \code{ranger} (see Details).
#' @return A vector of statistics \eqn{W} of length p.
#'
#' @details This function uses the \code{ranger} package to compute variable
#' importance measures. The importance of a variable is measured as the total decrease
#' in node impurities from splitting on that variable, averaged over all trees.
#' For regression, the node impurity is measured by residual sum of squares.
#' For classification, it is measured by the Gini index.
#'
#' For a complete list of the available additional arguments, see \code{\link[ranger]{ranger}}.
#'
#' @family statistics
#'
#' @examples
#' p=200; n=100; k=15
#' mu = rep(0,p); Sigma = diag(p)
#' X = matrix(rnorm(n*p),n)
#' nonzero = sample(p, k)
#' beta = 3.5 * (1:p %in% nonzero)
#' y = X %*% beta + rnorm(n)
#' knockoffs = function(X) create.gaussian(X, mu, Sigma)
#'
#' # Basic usage with default arguments
#' result = knockoff.filter(X, y, knockoffs=knockoffs,
#' statistic=stat.random_forest)
#' print(result$selected) #' #' # Advanced usage with custom arguments #' foo = stat.random_forest #' k_stat = function(X, X_k, y) foo(X, X_k, y, nodesize=5) #' result = knockoff.filter(X, y, knockoffs=knockoffs, statistic=k_stat) #' print(result$selected)
#'
#' @rdname stat.random_forest
#' @export
stat.random_forest <- function(X, X_k, y, ...) {
if (!requireNamespace('ranger', quietly=T))
stop('ranger is not installed', call.=F)
# Randomly swap columns of X and Xk
swap = rbinom(ncol(X),1,0.5)
swap.M = matrix(swap,nrow=nrow(X),ncol=length(swap),byrow=TRUE)
X.swap = X * (1-swap.M) + X_k * swap.M
Xk.swap = X * swap.M + X_k * (1-swap.M)
# Compute statistics
Z = random_forest_importance(cbind(X.swap, Xk.swap), y)
p = ncol(X)
orig = 1:p
W = abs(Z[orig]) - abs(Z[orig+p])
# Correct for swapping of columns of X and Xk
W = W * (1-2*swap)
}
#' @keywords internal
random_forest_importance <- function(X, y, ...) {
df = data.frame(y=y, X=X)
rfFit = ranger::ranger(y~., data=df, importance="impurity", write.forest=F, ...)
as.vector(rfFit\$variable.importance)
}
Try the knockoff package in your browser
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knockoff documentation built on July 2, 2020, 12:02 a.m. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6144495010375977, "perplexity": 21480.924468102465}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055601.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917055515-20210917085515-00183.warc.gz"} |
http://gams.cam.nist.gov/13.9 | # §13.9 Zeros
## §13.9(i) Zeros of $M\left(a,b,z\right)$
If $a$ and $b-a\neq 0,-1,-2,\dots$, then $M\left(a,b,z\right)$ has infinitely many $z$-zeros in $\mathbb{C}$. When $a,b\in\mathbb{R}$ the number of real zeros is finite. Let $p(a,b)$ be the number of positive zeros. Then
13.9.1 $\displaystyle p(a,b)$ $\displaystyle=\left\lceil-a\right\rceil,$ $a<0$, $b\geq 0$, ⓘ Symbols: $\left\lceil\NVar{x}\right\rceil$: ceiling of $x$ and $p(a,b)$: number of positive zeros Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E1 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 13.9(i), 13.9 and 13 13.9.2 $\displaystyle p(a,b)$ $\displaystyle=0,$ $a\geq 0$, $b\geq 0$, ⓘ Symbols: $p(a,b)$: number of positive zeros Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E2 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 13.9(i), 13.9 and 13 13.9.3 $\displaystyle p(a,b)$ $\displaystyle=1,$ $a\geq 0$, $-1, ⓘ Symbols: $p(a,b)$: number of positive zeros Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E3 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 13.9(i), 13.9 and 13
13.9.4 $p(a,b)=\left\lfloor-\tfrac{1}{2}b\right\rfloor-\left\lfloor-\tfrac{1}{2}(b+1)% \right\rfloor,$ $a\geq 0$, $b\leq-1$. ⓘ Symbols: $\left\lfloor\NVar{x}\right\rfloor$: floor of $x$ and $p(a,b)$: number of positive zeros Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E4 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 13.9(i), 13.9 and 13
13.9.5 $p(a,b)=\left\lceil-a\right\rceil-\left\lceil-b\right\rceil,$ $\left\lceil-a\right\rceil\geq\left\lceil-b\right\rceil$, $a<0$, $b<0$, ⓘ Symbols: $\left\lceil\NVar{x}\right\rceil$: ceiling of $x$ and $p(a,b)$: number of positive zeros Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E5 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 13.9(i), 13.9 and 13
13.9.6 $p(a,b)=\left\lfloor\tfrac{1}{2}\left(\left\lceil-b\right\rceil-\left\lceil-a% \right\rceil+1\right)\right\rfloor-\left\lfloor\tfrac{1}{2}\left(\left\lceil-b% \right\rceil-\left\lceil-a\right\rceil\right)\right\rfloor,$ $\left\lceil-b\right\rceil>\left\lceil-a\right\rceil>0$.
The number of negative real zeros $n(a,b)$ is given by
13.9.7 $n(a,b)=p(b-a,b).$ ⓘ Defines: $n(a,b)$: number of negative real zeros (locally) Symbols: $p(a,b)$: number of positive zeros Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E7 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 13.9(i), 13.9 and 13
When $a<0$ and $b>0$ let $\phi_{r}$, $r=1,2,3,\dots$, be the positive zeros of $M\left(a,b,x\right)$ arranged in increasing order of magnitude, and let $j_{b-1,r}$ be the $r$th positive zero of the Bessel function $J_{b-1}\left(x\right)$10.21(i)). Then
13.9.8 $\phi_{r}=\frac{j_{b-1,r}^{2}}{2b-4a}\left(1+\frac{2b(b-2)+j_{b-1,r}^{2}}{3(2b-% 4a)^{2}}\right)+O\left(\frac{1}{a^{5}}\right),$ ⓘ Symbols: $O\left(\NVar{x}\right)$: order not exceeding, $r=1,2,3,\dots$, $\phi_{r}$: positive zeros and $j_{b,r}$: positive zero of Bessel Referenced by: §13.22, §13.9(i) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E8 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 13.9(i), 13.9 and 13
as $a\to-\infty$ with $r$ fixed.
Inequalities for $\phi_{r}$ are given in Gatteschi (1990), and identities involving infinite series of all of the complex zeros of $M\left(a,b,x\right)$ are given in Ahmed and Muldoon (1980).
For fixed $a,b\in\mathbb{C}$ the large $z$-zeros of $M\left(a,b,z\right)$ satisfy
13.9.9 $z=\pm(2n+a)\pi\mathrm{i}+\ln\left(-\frac{\Gamma\left(a\right)}{\Gamma\left(b-a% \right)}\left(\pm 2n\pi\mathrm{i}\right)^{b-2a}\right)+O\left(n^{-1}\ln n% \right),$
where $n$ is a large positive integer, and the logarithm takes its principal value (§4.2(i)).
Let $P_{\alpha}$ denote the closure of the domain that is bounded by the parabola $y^{2}=4\alpha(x+\alpha)$ and contains the origin. Then $M\left(a,b,z\right)$ has no zeros in the regions $P_{\ifrac{b}{a}}$, if $0; $P_{1}$, if $1\leq a\leq b$; $P_{\alpha}$, where $\alpha=\ifrac{(2a-b+ab)}{(a(a+1))}$, if $0 and $a\leq b<\ifrac{2a}{(1-a)}$. The same results apply for the $n$th partial sums of the Maclaurin series (13.2.2) of $M\left(a,b,z\right)$.
More information on the location of real zeros can be found in Zarzo et al. (1995) and Segura (2008).
For fixed $b$ and $z$ in $\mathbb{C}$ the large $a$-zeros of $M\left(a,b,z\right)$ are given by
13.9.10 $a=-\frac{\pi^{2}}{4z}\left(n^{2}+(b-\tfrac{3}{2})n\right)-\frac{1}{16z}\left((% b-\tfrac{3}{2})^{2}\pi^{2}+\tfrac{4}{3}z^{2}-8b(z-1)-4b^{2}-3\right)+O\left(n^% {-1}\right),$ ⓘ Symbols: $O\left(\NVar{x}\right)$: order not exceeding, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $n$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable Referenced by: §13.9(i) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E10 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 13.9(i), 13.9 and 13
where $n$ is a large positive integer.
For fixed $a$ and $z$ in $\mathbb{C}$ the function $M\left(a,b,z\right)$ has only a finite number of $b$-zeros.
## §13.9(ii) Zeros of $U\left(a,b,z\right)$
For fixed $a$ and $b$ in $\mathbb{C}$, $U\left(a,b,z\right)$ has a finite number of $z$-zeros in the sector $|\operatorname{ph}z|\leq\tfrac{3}{2}\pi-\delta(<\tfrac{3}{2}\pi)$. Let $T(a,b)$ be the total number of zeros in the sector $|\operatorname{ph}z|<\pi$, $P(a,b)$ be the corresponding number of positive zeros, and $a$, $b$, and $a-b+1$ be nonintegers. For the case $b\leq 1$
13.9.11 $T(a,b)=\left\lfloor-a\right\rfloor+1,$ $a<0$, $\Gamma\left(a\right)\Gamma\left(a-b+1\right)>0$, ⓘ Symbols: $\Gamma\left(\NVar{z}\right)$: gamma function, $\left\lfloor\NVar{x}\right\rfloor$: floor of $x$ and $T(a,b)$: number of zeros Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E11 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 13.9(ii), 13.9 and 13
13.9.12 $T(a,b)=\left\lfloor-a\right\rfloor,$ $a<0$, $\Gamma\left(a\right)\Gamma\left(a-b+1\right)<0$, ⓘ Symbols: $\Gamma\left(\NVar{z}\right)$: gamma function, $\left\lfloor\NVar{x}\right\rfloor$: floor of $x$ and $T(a,b)$: number of zeros Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E12 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 13.9(ii), 13.9 and 13
13.9.13 $T(a,b)=0,$ $a>0$, ⓘ Symbols: $T(a,b)$: number of zeros Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E13 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 13.9(ii), 13.9 and 13
and
13.9.14 $P(a,b)=\left\lceil b-a-1\right\rceil,$ $a+1, ⓘ Symbols: $\left\lceil\NVar{x}\right\rceil$: ceiling of $x$ and $P(a,b)$: number of positive zeros Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E14 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 13.9(ii), 13.9 and 13
13.9.15 $P(a,b)=0,$ $a+1\geq b$. ⓘ Symbols: $P(a,b)$: number of positive zeros Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E15 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 13.9(ii), 13.9 and 13
For the case $b\geq 1$ we can use $T(a,b)=T(a-b+1,2-b)$ and $P(a,b)=P(a-b+1,2-b)$.
In Wimp (1965) it is shown that if $a,b\in\mathbb{R}$ and $2a-b>-1$, then $U\left(a,b,z\right)$ has no zeros in the sector $|\operatorname{ph}{z}|\leq\frac{1}{2}\pi$.
Inequalities for the zeros of $U\left(a,b,x\right)$ are given in Gatteschi (1990). See also Segura (2008).
For fixed $b$ and $z$ in $\mathbb{C}$ the large $a$-zeros of $U\left(a,b,z\right)$ are given by
13.9.16 $a=-n-\frac{2}{\pi}\sqrt{zn}-\frac{2z}{\pi^{2}}+\tfrac{1}{2}b+\tfrac{1}{4}+% \frac{z^{2}\left(\frac{1}{3}-4\pi^{-2}\right)+z-(b-1)^{2}+\frac{1}{4}}{4\pi% \sqrt{zn}}+O\left(\frac{1}{n}\right),$ ⓘ Symbols: $O\left(\NVar{x}\right)$: order not exceeding, $\sim$: Poincaré asymptotic expansion, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $n$: nonnegative integer and $z$: complex variable Referenced by: §13.9(ii), § Recent News, Other Changes, Other Changes Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/13.9.E16 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png Errata (effective with 1.0.13): In applying changes in Version 1.0.12 to this equation, an editing error was made; it has been corrected. Reported 2016-09-12 by Adri Olde Daalhuis Errata (effective with 1.0.12): Originally this equation was expressed in terms of the asymptotic symbol $\sim$. As a consequence of the use of the $O$ order symbol on the right hand side, $\sim$ was replaced by $=$. Reported 2016-07-11 by Rudi Weikard See also: Annotations for 13.9(ii), 13.9 and 13
where $n$ is a large positive integer.
For fixed $a$ and $z$ in $\mathbb{C}$, $U\left(a,b,z\right)$ has two infinite strings of $b$-zeros that are asymptotic to the imaginary axis as $|b|\to\infty$. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 177, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9719674587249756, "perplexity": 3102.2376360214535}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889542.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120083038-20180120103038-00068.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/monte-hall-problem-confusion.890159/ | # I Monte Hall Problem confusion?
1. Oct 21, 2016
### FallenApple
Ok so here is the problem.
Suppose you're on a game show, and you're given the choice of three doors: Behind one door is a car; behind the others, goats. You pick a door, say No. 1, and the host, who knows what's behind the doors, opens another door, say No. 3, which has a goat. He then says to you, "Do you want to pick door No. 2?
If I know that the car is not in the third door, then with the knowledge, the probability space collapses to being only one of two possibilities, current door or other door. It might as well be completely random between the two. So it's 1/2, 1/2
I am unconvinced by mathematical solutions.
This is a question of philosophy here. If I know its not in the third door, then how is it any different than there being no third option in the first place?
So I flip a coin. I know its going to be H or T.
This is the same as me knowing that there isn't a third option begin with. So it's 1/2, 1/2.
So what if I flip a coin and cover it with a cup? Well, I know it is going to be H or T once I lift the cup since I have the knowledge that there isn't a third option.
2. Oct 21, 2016
### Staff: Mentor
So what would you be convinced by? MythBusters did an experimental confirmation also.
Last edited: Oct 21, 2016
3. Oct 21, 2016
### Staff: Mentor
Wikipedia has a good writeup and references for this problem that worth reading:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem
In the end, though youll have to convince yourself of its counter intuitive answer.
4. Oct 22, 2016
### NTL2009
Of course it is the counter-intuitive aspect that makes it interesting, But if you go to the "Simple Solutions" section of that wiki entry:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem#Simple_solutions
how can the OP argue the validity? It is a very simple logic chart of each possibility. Very simple to do, it is the basic method used for a problem like this, and the result is inarguable. Though I will admit, even after seeing that, I have a little problem 'getting my head around it'. A good example of how we cannot trust our instincts. A good book on the subject (IMO) is "Thinking, Fast and Slow" by Daniel Kahneman.
5. Oct 22, 2016
### Deedlit
6. Oct 23, 2016
### FactChecker
You are missing the critical point here. Initially there was 1/3 chance that you had the car and 2/3 that the car was behind the other two doors. When the host opens a door, he will not open a door with the car so he has filtered those two doors down to one. So the door he didn't pick now has all 2/3 probability from those two doors. You should switch.
An extreme example makes it more obvious. Suppose there is a bucket of sand with a small diamond. You take a pinch of sand from the bucket. The odds that your pinch has the diamond is tiny and the diamond is almost certainly still in the bucket. Suppose the host takes a filter that is too small for the diamond to pass and empties all but a pinch from the bucket through the filter. The diamond is almost certainly still in the bucket where a remaining pinch of sand is. So you should switch your original pinch of sand for the one in the bucket. Notice how critical the filtering process is. If the host had just dumped all the sand but one pinch, there would be no reason to think it is still in the bucket. So it would not help to switch. (It wouldn't hurt either.)
In the original problem, if the host just randomly opens a door then he has not filtered anything. If the car is not behind the opened door, that was just luck and it just increases the odds of both your door and the third door to 1/2 each. Then there is no advantage or disadvantage to switching.
Last edited: Oct 23, 2016
7. Oct 25, 2016
### NTL2009
I like FactChecker's bucket of sand analogy. But to keep it a little closer to the Monty Hall example, consider if Monty showed you 1000 doors. Just like in the game, one randomly has a car, 999 are empty.
So you choose door #1, and then Monty opens all the other doors, except for say, #42, and asks if you want to switch doors. Now you must consider - why did he choose to leave door #42 closed, out of 999 choices?
There are only two possibilities- he is either 'goofing' with you (knows you have the car in #1), or #42 contains the car. But... there was only a 1/1000 chance that #1 has the car, so there is only a 1/1000 chance that he is goofing with you. And a 999/1000 chance that the car is in door #42.
So once again, #42 is the (most) correct answer. Switch doors!
There, now I think I finally got my head around it!
8. Oct 25, 2016
### Staff: Mentor
I wonder if 999 typical goats are worth more than 1 typical car. I do like the example either way.
9. Oct 25, 2016
### PeroK
That's my favourite explanation as well.
10. Oct 25, 2016
### PeroK
The critical point being that in this case, on average, 1 in 3 games is spoiled by the host revealing the car. This never happens in the real game.
11. Oct 25, 2016
### FactChecker
Yes. This brings up another unstated assumption in the Monte Hall puzzle -- that he must always offer a switch. Otherwise he can change the odds. If he is allowed to, he might only offer a switch when he knows that your door has the prize. That makes it always bad to switch. People would catch on to that and never switch. Or he can offer a switch a certain percentage of the time that your door has the prize. The right percentage would bring the odds that a switch helps back to even. Other percentages can bring the odds to anything between 2/3 and 0. That opens the door to game theory.
12. Oct 25, 2016
### FactChecker
This is a great example where Bayes' Theorem helps you to avoid deceptive intuition. It leads to the correct answer in small steps like supplying the correct value for prob( prize behind door 2 | Monte opened door 2) = 0.
Last edited: Oct 25, 2016
13. Oct 25, 2016
### Zafa Pi
I loved this problem and after M. vos Savant (the smartest person in the world) agreed with the OP I used to make a fortune in bars offering $6 if I guessed wrong against$5 if I was right. The guessing 3 consecutive coin tosses game was even a better winner.
14. Oct 25, 2016
### zinq
1) Marilyn Vos Savant is not the smartest person in the world, even if at some point she scored a record on some IQ test she once took.
2) She described the solution to the Monte Hall problem correctly. Which is contradicted by the original poster. So in what sense is it true that she "agreed with the original poster"?
15. Oct 26, 2016
### Zafa Pi
1) I was being facetious. 2) You're right I erred, thank you. I was thinking of a different error she made, my bad.
16. Nov 12, 2016
### Martin Rattigan
Take the goat. Cheaper to run.
17. Nov 12, 2016
### Prem1998
I don't know the mathematical proof I think I can help you understand it here.
Think about a million doors. The car is behind only one door. And Monty Hall gives you a chance to try your luck. You pick door no. 27. The chance of your winning is 0.0000001. But that's only in theory that you have a chance of winning. But do you feel that you have any chance of winning? Well, practically you'll no for sure that you're gonna lose and there is almost practically 100% chance that the car is hidden behind one of these doors: 1,2,3......26,28,29............1000000. Let's say Monty Hall gives you the chance to choose one option: (a) choose your own door, (b) choose all the other doors except your chosen one, and if the car is behind any one of them, then you will win. Obviously, you'll choose (b). But in the actual problem, Monty Hall doesn't allow you to choose the other group, instead he opens all the wrong doors in the other group and makes you choose between you own door and the door which came out to be the 'correct one' among the other group doors. Well, there's almost 100% chance that the car is behind that door.
Now, if we talk about three doors. When you pick one of them, you know, in you heart, that there's a 2/3 chance that the cars is behind one of the two other doors. Now, Monty Hall removes one incorrect door from the other two doors and you have the option to choose between the remaining doors. Now you decide whether you pick your original door (which had a 1/3 chance of winning) or the 'chosen one' from the other group.
18. Nov 30, 2016
### haruspex
I also use the explanation @FactChecker laid out at the start of post #6, but I express it a little differently.
MH always opens a door, and always can do so without risking revealing the prize. Therefore it provides no information as to whether your original choice was correct, thus it must still have odds of 1/3.
19. Dec 12, 2016
### dkotschessaa
Just know you're in good company. Even Paul Erdős, after reading through the mathematical reasoning, was not convinced until, if I recall correctly, he watched a computer simulation of numerous trials.
20. Dec 14, 2016
### zinq
"This is the same as me knowing that there isn't a third option begin with. So it's 1/2, 1/2."
The fundamental error here is assuming that, just because there are two options, their probabilities must be equal. That does not follow, and is not the case here.
Draft saved Draft deleted
Similar Discussions: Monte Hall Problem confusion? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7478315830230713, "perplexity": 906.6133543280528}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886639.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116184540-20180116204540-00223.warc.gz"} |
http://is.mpg.de/publications?departments%5B%5D=am&departments%5B%5D=pf&departments%5B%5D=al&departments%5B%5D=ics&year%5B%5D=&year%5B%5D=1999&year%5B%5D=2004&year%5B%5D=2000&year%5B%5D=054061 | #### 2004
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Abstract
This paper develops a general policy for learning relevant features of an imitation task. We restrict our study to imitation of manipulative tasks or of gestures. The imitation process is modeled as a hierarchical optimization system, which minimizes the discrepancy between two multi-dimensional datasets. To classify across manipulation strategies, we apply a probabilistic analysis to data in Cartesian and joint spaces. We determine a general metric that optimizes the policy of task reproduction, following strategy determination. The model successfully discovers strategies in six different imitative tasks and controls task reproduction by a full body humanoid robot.
am
#### 2004
##### Learning Composite Adaptive Control for a Class of Nonlinear Systems
Nakanishi, J., Farrell, J. A., Schaal, S.
In IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pages: 2647-2652, New Orleans, LA, USA, April 2004, 2004, clmc (inproceedings)
am
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Schaal, S., Sternad, D., Osu, R., Kawato, M.
Nature Neuroscience, 7(10):1137-1144, 2004, clmc (article)
Abstract
Rhythmic movements, like walking, chewing, or scratching, are phylogenetically old mo-tor behaviors found in many organisms, ranging from insects to primates. In contrast, discrete movements, like reaching, grasping, or kicking, are behaviors that have reached sophistication primarily in younger species, particularly in primates. Neurophysiological and computational research on arm motor control has focused almost exclusively on dis-crete movements, essentially assuming similar neural circuitry for rhythmic tasks. In con-trast, many behavioral studies focused on rhythmic models, subsuming discrete move-ment as a special case. Here, using a human functional neuroimaging experiment, we show that in addition to areas activated in rhythmic movement, discrete movement in-volves several higher cortical planning areas, despite both movement conditions were confined to the same single wrist joint. These results provide the first neuroscientific evi-dence that rhythmic arm movement cannot be part of a more general discrete movement system, and may require separate neurophysiological and theoretical treatment.
am
##### Learning from demonstration and adaptation of biped locomotion
Nakanishi, J., Morimoto, J., Endo, G., Cheng, G., Schaal, S., Kawato, M.
Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 47(2-3):79-91, 2004, clmc (article)
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a framework for learning biped locomotion using dynamical movement primitives based on non-linear oscillators. Our ultimate goal is to establish a design principle of a controller in order to achieve natural human-like locomotion. We suggest dynamical movement primitives as a central pattern generator (CPG) of a biped robot, an approach we have previously proposed for learning and encoding complex human movements. Demonstrated trajectories are learned through movement primitives by locally weighted regression, and the frequency of the learned trajectories is adjusted automatically by a novel frequency adaptation algorithmbased on phase resetting and entrainment of coupled oscillators. Numerical simulations and experimental implementation on a physical robot demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed locomotioncontroller.
am
##### Towards Tractable Parameter-Free Statistical Learning (Phd Thesis)
D’Souza, A
Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 2004, clmc (phdthesis)
am
##### A framework for learning biped locomotion with dynamic movement primitives
Nakanishi, J., Morimoto, J., Endo, G., Cheng, G., Schaal, S., Kawato, M.
In IEEE-RAS/RSJ International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids 2004), IEEE, Los Angeles, CA: Nov.10-12, Santa Monica, CA, 2004, clmc (inproceedings)
Abstract
This article summarizes our framework for learning biped locomotion using dynamical movement primitives based on nonlinear oscillators. Our ultimate goal is to establish a design principle of a controller in order to achieve natural human-like locomotion. We suggest dynamical movement primitives as a central pattern generator (CPG) of a biped robot, an approach we have previously proposed for learning and encoding complex human movements. Demonstrated trajectories are learned through movement primitives by locally weighted regression, and the frequency of the learned trajectories is adjusted automatically by a frequency adaptation algorithm based on phase resetting and entrainment of coupled oscillators. Numerical simulations and experimental implementation on a physical robot demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed locomotion controller. Furthermore, we demonstrate that phase resetting contributes to robustness against external perturbations and environmental changes by numerical simulations and experiments.
am
##### Learning Motor Primitives with Reinforcement Learning
In Proceedings of the 11th Joint Symposium on Neural Computation, http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechJSNC:2004.poster020, 2004, clmc (inproceedings)
Abstract
One of the major challenges in action generation for robotics and in the understanding of human motor control is to learn the "building blocks of move- ment generation," or more precisely, motor primitives. Recently, Ijspeert et al. [1, 2] suggested a novel framework how to use nonlinear dynamical systems as motor primitives. While a lot of progress has been made in teaching these mo- tor primitives using supervised or imitation learning, the self-improvement by interaction of the system with the environment remains a challenging problem. In this poster, we evaluate different reinforcement learning approaches can be used in order to improve the performance of motor primitives. For pursuing this goal, we highlight the difficulties with current reinforcement learning methods, and line out how these lead to a novel algorithm which is based on natural policy gradients [3]. We compare this algorithm to previous reinforcement learning algorithms in the context of dynamic motor primitive learning, and show that it outperforms these by at least an order of magnitude. We demonstrate the efficiency of the resulting reinforcement learning method for creating complex behaviors for automous robotics. The studied behaviors will include both discrete, finite tasks such as baseball swings, as well as complex rhythmic patterns as they occur in biped locomotion
am
##### Feedback error learning and nonlinear adaptive control
Nakanishi, J., Schaal, S.
Neural Networks, 17(10):1453-1465, 2004, clmc (article)
Abstract
In this paper, we present our theoretical investigations of the technique of feedback error learning (FEL) from the viewpoint of adaptive control. We first discuss the relationship between FEL and nonlinear adaptive control with adaptive feedback linearization, and show that FEL can be interpreted as a form of nonlinear adaptive control. Second, we present a Lyapunov analysis suggesting that the condition of strictly positive realness (SPR) associated with the tracking error dynamics is a sufficient condition for asymptotic stability of the closed-loop dynamics. Specifically, for a class of second order SISO systems, we show that this condition reduces to KD^2 > KP; where KP and KD are positive position and velocity feedback gains, respectively. Moreover, we provide a ÔpassivityÕ-based stability analysis which suggests that SPR of the tracking error dynamics is a necessary and sufficient condition for asymptotic hyperstability. Thus, the condition KD^2>KP mentioned above is not only a sufficient but also necessary condition to guarantee asymptotic hyperstability of FEL, i.e. the tracking error is bounded and asymptotically converges to zero. As a further point, we explore the adaptive control and FEL framework for feedforward control formulations, and derive an additional sufficient condition for asymptotic stability in the sense of Lyapunov. Finally, we present numerical simulations to illustrate the stability properties of FEL obtained from our mathematical analysis.
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##### Computational approaches to motor learning by imitation
Schaal, S., Ijspeert, A., Billard, A.
In The Neuroscience of Social Interaction, (1431):199-218, (Editors: Frith, C. D.;Wolpert, D.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004, clmc (inbook)
Abstract
Movement imitation requires a complex set of mechanisms that map an observed movement of a teacher onto one's own movement apparatus. Relevant problems include movement recognition, pose estimation, pose tracking, body correspondence, coordinate transformation from external to egocentric space, matching of observed against previously learned movement, resolution of redundant degrees-of-freedom that are unconstrained by the observation, suitable movement representations for imitation, modularization of motor control, etc. All of these topics by themselves are active research problems in computational and neurobiological sciences, such that their combination into a complete imitation system remains a daunting undertaking - indeed, one could argue that we need to understand the complete perception-action loop. As a strategy to untangle the complexity of imitation, this paper will examine imitation purely from a computational point of view, i.e. we will review statistical and mathematical approaches that have been suggested for tackling parts of the imitation problem, and discuss their merits, disadvantages and underlying principles. Given the focus on action recognition of other contributions in this special issue, this paper will primarily emphasize the motor side of imitation, assuming that a perceptual system has already identified important features of a demonstrated movement and created their corresponding spatial information. Based on the formalization of motor control in terms of control policies and their associated performance criteria, useful taxonomies of imitation learning can be generated that clarify different approaches and future research directions.
am
#### 2000
##### Reciprocal excitation between biological and robotic research
Schaal, S., Sternad, D., Dean, W., Kotoska, S., Osu, R., Kawato, M.
In Sensor Fusion and Decentralized Control in Robotic Systems III, Proceedings of SPIE, 4196, pages: 30-40, Boston, MA, Nov.5-8, 2000, November 2000, clmc (inproceedings)
Abstract
While biological principles have inspired researchers in computational and engineering research for a long time, there is still rather limited knowledge flow back from computational to biological domains. This paper presents examples of our work where research on anthropomorphic robots lead us to new insights into explaining biological movement phenomena, starting from behavioral studies up to brain imaging studies. Our research over the past years has focused on principles of trajectory formation with nonlinear dynamical systems, on learning internal models for nonlinear control, and on advanced topics like imitation learning. The formal and empirical analyses of the kinematics and dynamics of movements systems and the tasks that they need to perform lead us to suggest principles of motor control that later on we found surprisingly related to human behavior and even brain activity.
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#### 2000
##### Nonlinear dynamical systems as movement primitives
Schaal, S., Kotosaka, S., Sternad, D.
In Humanoids2000, First IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, CD-Proceedings, Cambridge, MA, September 2000, clmc (inproceedings)
Abstract
This paper explores the idea to create complex human-like movements from movement primitives based on nonlinear attractor dynamics. Each degree-of-freedom of a limb is assumed to have two independent abilities to create movement, one through a discrete dynamic system, and one through a rhythmic system. The discrete system creates point-to-point movements based on internal or external target specifications. The rhythmic system can add an additional oscillatory movement relative to the current position of the discrete system. In the present study, we develop appropriate dynamic systems that can realize the above model, motivate the particular choice of the systems from a biological and engineering point of view, and present simulation results of the performance of such movement primitives. The model was implemented for a drumming task on a humanoid robot
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##### Real Time Learning in Humanoids: A challenge for scalability of Online Algorithms
Vijayakumar, S., Schaal, S.
In Humanoids2000, First IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, CD-Proceedings, Cambridge, MA, September 2000, clmc (inproceedings)
Abstract
While recent research in neural networks and statistical learning has focused mostly on learning from finite data sets without stringent constraints on computational efficiency, there is an increasing number of learning problems that require real-time performance from an essentially infinite stream of incrementally arriving data. This paper demonstrates how even high-dimensional learning problems of this kind can successfully be dealt with by techniques from nonparametric regression and locally weighted learning. As an example, we describe the application of one of the most advanced of such algorithms, Locally Weighted Projection Regression (LWPR), to the on-line learning of the inverse dynamics model of an actual seven degree-of-freedom anthropomorphic robot arm. LWPR's linear computational complexity in the number of input dimensions, its inherent mechanisms of local dimensionality reduction, and its sound learning rule based on incremental stochastic leave-one-out cross validation allows -- to our knowledge for the first time -- implementing inverse dynamics learning for such a complex robot with real-time performance. In our sample task, the robot acquires the local inverse dynamics model needed to trace a figure-8 in only 60 seconds of training.
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##### Synchronized robot drumming by neural oscillator
Kotosaka, S., Schaal, S.
In The International Symposium on Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines, Montreal, Canada, August 2000, clmc (inproceedings)
Abstract
Sensory-motor integration is one of the key issues in robotics. In this paper, we propose an approach to rhythmic arm movement control that is synchronized with an external signal based on exploiting a simple neural oscillator network. Trajectory generation by the neural oscillator is a biologically inspired method that can allow us to generate a smooth and continuous trajectory. The parameter tuning of the oscillators is used to generate a synchronized movement with wide intervals. We adopted the method for the drumming task as an example task. By using this method, the robot can realize synchronized drumming with wide drumming intervals in real time. The paper also shows the experimental results of drumming by a humanoid robot.
am
##### Phenomenological damping in optical response tensors
Buckingham, A., Fischer, P.
PHYSICAL REVIEW A, 61(3), 2000 (article)
Abstract
Although perturbation theory applied to the optical response of a molecule or material system is only strictly valid far from resonances, it is often applied to near-resonance{''} conditions by means of complex energies incorporating damping. Inconsistent signs of the damping in optical response tensors have appeared in the recent literature, as have errors in the treatment of the perturbation by a static held. The equal-sign{''} convention used in a recent publication yields an unphysical material response, and Koroteev's intimation that linear electro-optical circular dichroism may exist in an optically active liquid under resonance conditions is also flawed. We show that the isotropic part of the Pockels tensor vanishes.
pf
##### Ab initio investigation of the sum-frequency hyperpolarizability of small chiral molecules
Champagne, B., Fischer, P., Buckingham, A.
CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS, 331(1):83-88, 2000 (article)
Abstract
Using a sum-over-states procedure based on configuration interaction singles /6-311++G{*}{*}, we have computed the sum-frequency hyperpolarizability beta (ijk)(-3 omega; 2 omega, omega) Of two small chiral molecules, R-monofluoro-oxirane and R-(+)-propylene oxide. Excitation energies were scaled to fit experimental UV-absorption data and checked with ab initio values from time-dependent density functional theory. The isotropic part of the computed hyperpolarizabilities, beta(-3 omega; 2 omega, omega), is much smaller than that reported previously from sum-frequency generation experiments on aqueous solutions of arabinose. Comparison is made with a single-centre chiral model. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
pf
##### Three-wave mixing in chiral liquids
Fischer, P., Wiersma, D., Righini, R., Champagne, B., Buckingham, A.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 85(20):4253-4256, 2000 (article)
Abstract
Second-order nonlinear optical frequency conversion in isotropic systems is only dipole allowed for sum- and difference-frequency generation in chiral media. We develop a single-center chiral model of the three-wave mixing (sum:frequency generation) nonlinearity and estimate its magnitude. We also report results from ab initio calculations and from three- and four-wave mixing experiments in support of the theoretical estimates. We show that the second-order susceptibility in chiral liquids is much smaller than previously thought.
pf
##### A brachiating robot controller
Nakanishi, J., Fukuda, T., Koditschek, D. E.
IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 16(2):109-123, 2000, clmc (article)
Abstract
We report on our empirical studies of a new controller for a two-link brachiating robot. Motivated by the pendulum-like motion of an apeâ??s brachiation, we encode this task as the output of a â??target dynamical system.â? Numerical simulations indicate that the resulting controller solves a number of brachiation problems that we term the â??ladder,â? â??swing-up,â? and â??ropeâ? problems. Preliminary analysis provides some explanation for this success. The proposed controller is implemented on a physical system in our laboratory. The robot achieves behaviors including â??swing locomotionâ? and â??swing upâ? and is capable of continuous locomotion over several rungs of a ladder. We discuss a number of formal questions whose answers will be required to gain a full understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of this approach.
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##### Real-time robot learning with locally weighted statistical learning
Schaal, S., Atkeson, C. G., Vijayakumar, S.
In International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA2000), San Francisco, April 2000, 2000, clmc (inproceedings)
Abstract
Locally weighted learning (LWL) is a class of statistical learning techniques that provides useful representations and training algorithms for learning about complex phenomena during autonomous adaptive control of robotic systems. This paper introduces several LWL algorithms that have been tested successfully in real-time learning of complex robot tasks. We discuss two major classes of LWL, memory-based LWL and purely incremental LWL that does not need to remember any data explicitly. In contrast to the traditional beliefs that LWL methods cannot work well in high-dimensional spaces, we provide new algorithms that have been tested in up to 50 dimensional learning problems. The applicability of our LWL algorithms is demonstrated in various robot learning examples, including the learning of devil-sticking, pole-balancing of a humanoid robot arm, and inverse-dynamics learning for a seven degree-of-freedom robot.
am
##### Biomimetic gaze stabilization
Shibata, T., Schaal, S.
In Robot learning: an Interdisciplinary approach, pages: 31-52, (Editors: Demiris, J.;Birk, A.), World Scientific, 2000, clmc (inbook)
Abstract
Accurate oculomotor control is one of the essential pre-requisites for successful visuomotor coordination. In this paper, we suggest a biologically inspired control system for learning gaze stabilization with a biomimetic robotic oculomotor system. In a stepwise fashion, we develop a control circuit for the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and the opto-kinetic response (OKR), and add a nonlinear learning network to allow adaptivity. We discuss the parallels and differences of our system with biological oculomotor control and suggest solutions how to deal with nonlinearities and time delays in the control system. In simulation and actual robot studies, we demonstrate that our system can learn gaze stabilization in real time in only a few seconds with high final accuracy.
am
##### Fast learning of biomimetic oculomotor control with nonparametric regression networks
Shibata, T., Schaal, S.
In International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA2000), pages: 3847-3854, San Francisco, April 2000, 2000, clmc (inproceedings)
Abstract
Accurate oculomotor control is one of the essential pre-requisites of successful visuomotor coordination. Given the variable nonlinearities of the geometry of binocular vision as well as the possible nonlinearities of the oculomotor plant, it is desirable to accomplish accurate oculomotor control through learning approaches. In this paper, we investigate learning control for a biomimetic active vision system mounted on a humanoid robot. By combining a biologically inspired cerebellar learning scheme with a state-of-the-art statistical learning network, our robot system is able to acquire high performance visual stabilization reflexes after about 40 seconds of learning despite significant nonlinearities and processing delays in the system.
am
##### Interaction of rhythmic and discrete pattern generators in single joint movements
Sternad, D., Dean, W. J., Schaal, S.
Human Movement Science, 19(4):627-665, 2000, clmc (article)
Abstract
The study investigates a single-joint movement task that combines a translatory and cyclic component with the objective to investigate the interaction of discrete and rhythmic movement elements. Participants performed an elbow movement in the horizontal plane, oscillating at a prescribed frequency around one target and shifting to a second target upon a trigger signal, without stopping the oscillation. Analyses focused on extracting the mutual influences of the rhythmic and the discrete component of the task. Major findings are: (1) The onset of the discrete movement was confined to a limited phase window in the rhythmic cycle. (2) Its duration was influenced by the period of oscillation. (3) The rhythmic oscillation was "perturbed" by the discrete movement as indicated by phase resetting. On the basis of these results we propose a model for the coordination of discrete and rhythmic actions (K. Matsuoka, Sustained oscillations generated by mutually inhibiting neurons with adaptations, Biological Cybernetics 52 (1985) 367-376; Mechanisms of frequency and pattern control in the neural rhythm generators, Biological Cybernetics 56 (1987) 345-353). For rhythmic movements an oscillatory pattern generator is developed following models of half-center oscillations (D. Bullock, S. Grossberg, The VITE model: a neural command circuit for generating arm and articulated trajectories, in: J.A.S. Kelso, A.J. Mandel, M. F. Shlesinger (Eds.), Dynamic Patterns in Complex Systems. World Scientific. Singapore. 1988. pp. 305-326). For discrete movements a point attractor dynamics is developed close to the VITE model For each joint degree of freedom both pattern generators co-exist but exert mutual inhibition onto each other. The suggested modeling framework provides a unified account for both discrete and rhythmic movements on the basis of neuronal circuitry. Simulation results demonstrated that the effects observed in human performance can be replicated using the two pattern generators with a mutually inhibiting coupling.
am
##### Locally weighted projection regression: An O(n) algorithm for incremental real time learning in high dimensional spaces
Vijayakumar, S., Schaal, S.
In Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2000), 1, pages: 288-293, Stanford, CA, 2000, clmc (inproceedings)
Abstract
Locally weighted projection regression is a new algorithm that achieves nonlinear function approximation in high dimensional spaces with redundant and irrelevant input dimensions. At its core, it uses locally linear models, spanned by a small number of univariate regressions in selected directions in input space. This paper evaluates different methods of projection regression and derives a nonlinear function approximator based on them. This nonparametric local learning system i) learns rapidly with second order learning methods based on incremental training, ii) uses statistically sound stochastic cross validation to learn iii) adjusts its weighting kernels based on local information only, iv) has a computational complexity that is linear in the number of inputs, and v) can deal with a large number of - possibly redundant - inputs, as shown in evaluations with up to 50 dimensional data sets. To our knowledge, this is the first truly incremental spatially localized learning method to combine all these properties.
am
##### Dynamics of a bouncing ball in human performance
Sternad, D., Duarte, M., Katsumata, H., Schaal, S.
Physical Review E, 63(011902):1-8, 2000, clmc (article)
Abstract
On the basis of a modified bouncing-ball model, we investigated whether human movements utilize principles of dynamic stability in their performance of a similar movement task. Stability analyses of the model provided predictions about conditions indicative of a dynamically stable period-one regime. In a series of experiments, human subjects bounced a ball rhythmically on a racket and displayed these conditions supporting that they attuned to and exploited the dynamic stability properties of the task.
am
##### Inverse kinematics for humanoid robots
Tevatia, G., Schaal, S.
In International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA2000), pages: 294-299, San Fransisco, April 24-28, 2000, 2000, clmc (inproceedings)
Abstract
Real-time control of the endeffector of a humanoid robot in external coordinates requires computationally efficient solutions of the inverse kinematics problem. In this context, this paper investigates methods of resolved motion rate control (RMRC) that employ optimization criteria to resolve kinematic redundancies. In particular we focus on two established techniques, the pseudo inverse with explicit optimization and the extended Jacobian method. We prove that the extended Jacobian method includes pseudo-inverse methods as a special solution. In terms of computational complexity, however, pseudo-inverse and extended Jacobian differ significantly in favor of pseudo-inverse methods. Employing numerical estimation techniques, we introduce a computationally efficient version of the extended Jacobian with performance comparable to the original version . Our results are illustrated in simulation studies with a multiple degree-of-freedom robot, and were tested on a 30 degree-of-freedom robot.Â
am
##### Fast and efficient incremental learning for high-dimensional movement systems
Vijayakumar, S., Schaal, S.
In International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA2000), San Francisco, April 2000, 2000, clmc (inproceedings)
Abstract
We introduce a new algorithm, Locally Weighted Projection Regression (LWPR), for incremental real-time learning of nonlinear functions, as particularly useful for problems of autonomous real-time robot control that re-quires internal models of dynamics, kinematics, or other functions. At its core, LWPR uses locally linear models, spanned by a small number of univariate regressions in selected directions in input space, to achieve piecewise linear function approximation. The most outstanding properties of LWPR are that it i) learns rapidly with second order learning methods based on incremental training, ii) uses statistically sound stochastic cross validation to learn iii) adjusts its local weighting kernels based on only local information to avoid interference problems, iv) has a computational complexity that is linear in the number of inputs, and v) can deal with a large number ofâ??possibly redundant and/or irrelevantâ??inputs, as shown in evaluations with up to 50 dimensional data sets for learning the inverse dynamics of an anthropomorphic robot arm. To our knowledge, this is the first incremental neural network learning method to combine all these properties and that is well suited for complex on-line learning problems in robotics.
am
##### On-line learning for humanoid robot systems
Conradt, J., Tevatia, G., Vijayakumar, S., Schaal, S.
In Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2000), 1, pages: 191-198, Stanford, CA, 2000, clmc (inproceedings)
Abstract
Humanoid robots are high-dimensional movement systems for which analytical system identification and control methods are insufficient due to unknown nonlinearities in the system structure. As a way out, supervised learning methods can be employed to create model-based nonlinear controllers which use functions in the control loop that are estimated by learning algorithms. However, internal models for humanoid systems are rather high-dimensional such that conventional learning algorithms would suffer from slow learning speed, catastrophic interference, and the curse of dimensionality. In this paper we explore a new statistical learning algorithm, locally weighted projection regression (LWPR), for learning internal models in real-time. LWPR is a nonparametric spatially localized learning system that employs the less familiar technique of partial least squares regression to represent functional relationships in a piecewise linear fashion. The algorithm can work successfully in very high dimensional spaces and detect irrelevant and redundant inputs while only requiring a computational complexity that is linear in the number of input dimensions. We demonstrate the application of the algorithm in learning two classical internal models of robot control, the inverse kinematics and the inverse dynamics of an actual seven degree-of-freedom anthropomorphic robot arm. For both examples, LWPR can achieve excellent real-time learning results from less than one hour of actual training data.
am
##### Humanoid Robot DB
Kotosaka, S., Shibata, T., Schaal, S.
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Automation (ICMA2000), pages: 21-26, 2000, clmc (inproceedings)
am
#### 1999
##### Is imitation learning the route to humanoid robots?
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(6):233-242, 1999, clmc (article)
Abstract
This review will focus on two recent developments in artificial intelligence and neural computation: learning from imitation and the development of humanoid robots. It will be postulated that the study of imitation learning offers a promising route to gain new insights into mechanisms of perceptual motor control that could ultimately lead to the creation of autonomous humanoid robots. This hope is justified because imitation learning channels research efforts towards three important issues: efficient motor learning, the connection between action and perception, and modular motor control in form of movement primitives. In order to make these points, first, a brief review of imitation learning will be given from the view of psychology and neuroscience. In these fields, representations and functional connections between action and perception have been explored that contribute to the understanding of motor acts of other beings. The recent discovery that some areas in the primate brain are active during both movement perception and execution provided a first idea of the possible neural basis of imitation. Secondly, computational approaches to imitation learning will be described, initially from the perspective of traditional AI and robotics, and then with a focus on neural network models and statistical learning research. Parallels and differences between biological and computational approaches to imitation will be highlighted. The review will end with an overview of current projects that actually employ imitation learning for humanoid robots.
am
#### 1999
##### Nonparametric regression for learning nonlinear transformations
In Prerational Intelligence in Strategies, High-Level Processes and Collective Behavior, 2, pages: 595-621, (Editors: Ritter, H.;Cruse, H.;Dean, J.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999, clmc (inbook)
Abstract
Information processing in animals and artificial movement systems consists of a series of transformations that map sensory signals to intermediate representations, and finally to motor commands. Given the physical and neuroanatomical differences between individuals and the need for plasticity during development, it is highly likely that such transformations are learned rather than pre-programmed by evolution. Such self-organizing processes, capable of discovering nonlinear dependencies between different groups of signals, are one essential part of prerational intelligence. While neural network algorithms seem to be the natural choice when searching for solutions for learning transformations, this paper will take a more careful look at which types of neural networks are actually suited for the requirements of an autonomous learning system. The approach that we will pursue is guided by recent developments in learning theory that have linked neural network learning to well established statistical theories. In particular, this new statistical understanding has given rise to the development of neural network systems that are directly based on statistical methods. One family of such methods stems from nonparametric regression. This paper will compare nonparametric learning with the more widely used parametric counterparts in a non technical fashion, and investigate how these two families differ in their properties and their applicabilities. We will argue that nonparametric neural networks offer a set of characteristics that make them a very promising candidate for on-line learning in autonomous system.
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http://www.sciencebits.com/taxonomy/term/11?page=2 | ## On Climate Sensitivity and why it is probably small
### What is climate sensitivity?
The equilibrium climate sensitivity refers to the equilibrium change in average global surface air temperature following a unit change in the radiative forcing. This sensitivity (often denoted as λ) therefore has units of °C/(W/m2).
Often, instead &\lambda;, the sensitivity is expressed through the temperature change &Delta Tx2, in response to a doubled atmospheric CO2 content, which is equivalent to a radiative forcing of 3.8 W/m2. Thus, &Delta Tx2 = 3.8 W/m2 λ
## Standing on ice - When is it possible?
Ever wondered whether it was sufficiently cold for sufficiently long to allow you to stand on ice, without falling in? I once did. Here is an estimate for the duration required to reach a given thickness. Actually, it is a lower limit, since we assume a few simplifying assumptions.
## Exhale Condensation Calculator
If the temperature is low enough or the humidity high, you can observe condensation (i.e., "fog") forming in your exhaled breath. This calculator estimates whether your exhaled breath will condense, and if so, the range of mixing ratios for which the "fog" will form and the maximum condensed water content (the higher it is, the "thicker" the condensation).
If you're interested, there is a much more detailed explanations of the condensation process.
Exhaled Condensation Calculator
Using the above equations, we can calculate whether the exhaled air will condense. Enter the conditions of the outside air (and modify the exhaled air parameters if you wish), to see whether your breath will condense, or not.
## Blogroll
Sensible Climate
Physics and more Other | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9003207087516785, "perplexity": 2115.988547397927}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317359.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822194105-20190822220105-00452.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/statistics/179044-expressing-events.html | 1. ## Expressing events
I am given three events; E, F and G.
I need to express the following, in terms of their events and complements;
- At least one of E, F and G
How do i go about doing this? I seem to get a really long expression, but there must be a short way of going about it.
2. Originally Posted by Mcoolta
I am given three events; E, F and G.
I need to express the following, in terms of their events and complements;
- At least one of E, F and G
The short way is $\mathcal{P}(E\cup F\cup G)$
or $1-\mathcal{P}(E^c\cap F^c\cap G^c)$. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 2, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.743453860282898, "perplexity": 723.1903210264908}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119838.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00486-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://collaborate.princeton.edu/en/publications/topology-bounded-superfluid-weight-in-twisted-bilayer-graphene | # Topology-Bounded Superfluid Weight in Twisted Bilayer Graphene
Fang Xie, Zhida Song, Biao Lian, B. Andrei Bernevig
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
23 Scopus citations
## Abstract
While regular flat bands are good for enhancing the density of states and hence the gap, they are detrimental to the superfluid weight. We show that the predicted nontrivial topology of the two lowest flat bands of twisted bilayer graphene (TBLG) plays an important role in the enhancement of the superfluid weight and hence of superconductivity. We derive the superfluid weight (phase stiffness) of the TBLG superconducting flat bands with a uniform pairing, and show that it can be expressed as an integral of the Fubini-Study metric of the flat bands. This mirrors results already obtained for nonzero Chern number bands even though the TBLG flat bands have zero Chern number. We further show that the metric integral is lower bounded by the topological C2zT Wilson loop winding number of TBLG flat bands, which renders that the superfluid weight is also bounded by this topological index. In contrast, trivial flat bands have a zero superfluid weight. The superfluid weight is crucial in determining the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition temperature of the superconductor. Based on the transition temperature measured in TBLG experiments, we estimate the topological contribution of the superfluid weight in TBLG.
Original language English (US) 167002 Physical review letters 124 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.167002 Published - Apr 24 2020
## All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
• Physics and Astronomy(all)
## Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Topology-Bounded Superfluid Weight in Twisted Bilayer Graphene'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9550732374191284, "perplexity": 2169.0543825892114}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153971.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730154005-20210730184005-00342.warc.gz"} |
https://www.hepdata.net/search/?q=cmenergies%3A%7B1.3+TO+1.4%7D&author=Aubert%2C+Bernard | Showing 5 of 5 results
#### rivet Analysis The e+ e- ---> 2(pi+ pi-) pi0, 2(pi+ pi-) eta, K+ K- pi+ pi- pi0 and K+ K- pi+ pi- eta Cross Sections Measured with Initial-State Radiation
The collaboration Aubert, Bernard ; Bona, M. ; Boutigny, D. ; et al.
Phys.Rev. D76 (2007) 092005, 2007.
Inspire Record 758568
0 data tables match query
#### rivet Analysis Measurements of $e^{+} e^{-} \to K^{+} K^{-} \eta$, $K^{+} K^{-} \pi^0$ and $K^0_{s} K^\pm \pi^\mp$ cross- sections using initial state radiation events
The collaboration Aubert, Bernard ; Bona, M. ; Boutigny, D. ; et al.
Phys.Rev. D77 (2008) 092002, 2008.
Inspire Record 765258
This paper reports measurements of processes: e+e- -> gamma KsK+pi-, e+e- -> gamma K+K-pi0, e+e- -> gamma phi eta, and e+e- -> gamma phi pi0. The initial state radiated photon allows to cover the hadronic final state in the energy range from thresholds up to ~4.6 GeV. The overall size of the data sample analyzed is 232 fb-1, collected by the BaBar detector running at the PEP-II e+e- storage ring. From the Dalitz plot analysis of the KsK+pi- final state, moduli and relative phase of the isoscalar and the isovector components of the e+e- -> K K*(892) cross section are determined. Parameters of phi and rho recurrences are also measured, using a global fitting procedure which exploits the interconnection among amplitudes, moduli and phases of the e+e- -> KsK+pi-, K+K-pi0, phi eta final states. The cross section for the OZI-forbidden process e+e- -> phi pi0, and the J/psi branching fractions to KK*(892) and K+K-eta are also measured.
0 data tables match query
#### rivet Analysis The $e^+e^- \to \pi^+ \pi^- \pi^+ \pi^-$, $K^+ K^- \pi^+ \pi^-$, and $K^+ K^- K^+ K^-$ cross sections at center-of-mass energies 0.5-GeV - 4.5-GeV measured with initial-state radiation
The collaboration Aubert, Bernard ; Barate, R. ; Boutigny, D. ; et al.
Phys.Rev. D71 (2005) 052001, 2005.
Inspire Record 676691
We study the process $e^+e^-\to\pi^+\pi^-\pi^+\pi^-\gamma$, with a hard photon radiated from the initial state. About 60,000 fully reconstructed events have been selected from 89 $fb^{-1}$ of BaBar data. The invariant mass of the hadronic final state defines the effective \epem center-of-mass energy, so that these data can be compared with the corresponding direct $e^+e^-$ measurements. From the $4\pi$-mass spectrum, the cross section for the process $e^+e^-\to\pi^+\pi^-\pi^+\pi^-$ is measured for center-of-mass energies from 0.6 to 4.5 $GeV/c^2$. The uncertainty in the cross section measurement is typically 5%. We also measure the cross sections for the final states $K^+ K^- \pi^+\pi^-$ and $K^+ K^- K^+ K^-$. We observe the $J/\psi$ in all three final states and measure the corresponding branching fractions. We search for X(3872) in $J/\psi (\to\mu^+\mu^-) \pi^+\pi^-$ and obtain an upper limit on the product of the $e^+e^-$ width of the X(3872) and the branching fraction for $X(3872) \to J/\psi\pi^+\pi^-$.
0 data tables match query
#### rivet Analysis Cross sections for the reactions $e^+ e^-\to K_S^0 K_L^0$, $K_S^0 K_L^0 \pi^+\pi^-$, $K_S^0 K_S^0 \pi^+\pi^-$, and $K_S^0 K_S^0 K^+K^-$ from events with initial-state radiation
The collaboration Lees, J.P. ; Poireau, V. ; Tisserand, V. ; et al.
Phys.Rev. D89 (2014) 092002, 2014.
Inspire Record 1287920
We study the processes $e^+ e^-\to K_S^0 K_L^0 \gamma$, $K_S^0 K_L^0 \pi^+\pi^-\gamma$, $K_S^0 K_S^0 \pi^+\pi^-\gamma$, and $K_S^0 K_S^0 K^+K^-\gamma$, where the photon is radiated from the initial state, providing cross section measurements for the hadronic states over a continuum of center-of-mass energies. The results are based on 469 fb$^{-1}$ of data collected with the BaBar detector at SLAC. We observe the $\phi(1020)$ resonance in the $K_S^0 K_L^0$ final state and measure the product of its electronic width and branching fraction with about 3% uncertainty. We present a measurement of the $e^+ e^-\to K_S^0 K_L^0$ cross section in the energy range from 1.06 to 2.2 GeV and observe the production of a resonance at 1.67 GeV. We present the first measurements of the $e^+ e^-\to K_S^0 K_L^0 \pi^+\pi^-$, $K_S^0 K_S^0 \pi^+\pi^-$, and $K_S^0 K_S^0 K^+K^-$ cross sections, and study the intermediate resonance structures. We obtain the first observations of \jpsi decay to the $K_S^0 K_L^0 \pi^+\pi^-$, $K_S^0 K_S^0 \pi^+\pi^-$, and $K_S^0 K_S^0 K^+K^-$ final states.
0 data tables match query
#### rivet Analysis Cross Sections for the Reactions e+e- --> K+ K- pi+pi-, K+ K- pi0pi0, and K+ K- K+ K- Measured Using Initial-State Radiation Events
The collaboration Lees, J.P. ; Poireau, V. ; Prencipe, E. ; et al.
Phys.Rev. D86 (2012) 012008, 2012.
Inspire Record 892684
0 data tables match query | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9887240529060364, "perplexity": 4387.528768282569}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391923.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526222359-20200527012359-00503.warc.gz"} |
https://fortiguard.com/encyclopedia/virus/6883379 | # Virus
## Riskware/CoinMiner
### Analysis
Riskware/CoinMiner is a generic detection for a Riskware. Since this is a generic detection, malware that are detected as Riskware/CoinMiner may have varying behaviour.
Below are examples of its behaviours:
• This detection is based on a characteristics mostly involved in Bitcoin mining tools. These tools have been found to be used by attackers implanted on unsuspecting users, utilizing the host machine as possible bitcoin miners.
• This Riskware may come in various form like Win32, Javascript, or MSI installers, but either of which the main functionality is to implant bitcoin mining.
• Below are some dropped files observed for some samples of this Riskware:
• %AllUsers%\Windows\csrs.exe
• %AllUsers%\Windows\svchost.vbs
• %AppData%\Local\Windows\1.bat
• %AppData%\Local\Windows\1514594927_log.txt
• %AppData%\Local\Windows\csrs.exe
• %AppData%\Local\Windows\svchost.vbs
• %AppData%\Roaming\Coresource\gdlhost.exe
• %AppData%\Roaming\Coresource\gdlhost.vbs
• %AppData%\Roaming\Coresource\pools.txt
• %AppData%\Roaming\Coresource\start_64bit.bat
• %ProgramData%\Windows\csrs.exe
• %ProgramData%\Windows\svchost.vbs
• %Windows%\Installer\{3CCAB43F-381B-4CC1-890A-B41909843709}\gdlhost.exe
• %Windows%\Installer\{3CCAB43F-381B-4CC1-890A-B41909843709}\icon.exe
• %Windows%\Installer\{3CCAB43F-381B-4CC1-890A-B41909843709}\IDM6.2B.2.exe
• %Windows%\Installer\{3CCAB43F-381B-4CC1-890A-B41909843709}\IDM6.2B.2.exe
• %Windows%\Installer\1e4eed.msi
Some of the above mentioned files are detected as Riskware/CoinMiner.
• Below are some of the observable effects of this Riskware:
Figure 1: CoinMiner notes.
Figure 2: CoinMiner embedded within sites via Javascript.
Figure 3: Coinminer embedded within installers.
• There were some instances that are command line utilities directly used as coin miners:
Figure 4: XMrig Command line utility.
### Recommended Action
• Make sure that your FortiGate/FortiClient system is using the latest AV database.
• Quarantine/delete files that are detected and replace infected files with clean backup copies. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8205766677856445, "perplexity": 13054.954270570734}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202589.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322014319-20190322040319-00428.warc.gz"} |
https://astarmathsandphysics.com/university-maths-notes/elementary-calculus/1788-maxima-minima-and-saddle-points-the-second-partials-test.html | ## Maxima, Minima and Saddle Points – The Second Partials Test
Suppose thathas continuous second partial derivatives in a neighbourhood of and thatat
DefineatForm the discriminantIfthenis a saddle point.
Ifthenhas a local minimum at
Ifand a local maximum atif | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8183179497718811, "perplexity": 2736.511149999521}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866358.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624044127-20180624064127-00585.warc.gz"} |
https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/417377/ | The University of Southampton
University of Southampton Institutional Repository
# On the joint and marginal densities of instrumental variable estimators in a general structural equation
Hillier, Grant H. (1985) On the joint and marginal densities of instrumental variable estimators in a general structural equation. Econometric Theory, 1 (1), 53-72.
Record type: Article
## Abstract
Starting from the conditional density of the instrumental variable (IV) estimator given the right-hand-side endogenous variables, we provide an alternative derivation of Phillips' result on the joint density of the IV estimator for the endogenous coefficients, and derive an expression for the marginal density of a linear combination of these coefficients. In addition, we extend Phillips' approximation to the joint density to 0(T−2,) and show how this result can be used to improve the approximation to the marginal density. Explicit formulae are given for the special case of no simultaneity, and the case of an equation with just three endogenous variables. The classical assumptions of independent normal reduced-form errors are employed throughout.
Published date: April 1985
## Identifiers
Local EPrints ID: 417377
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/417377
ISSN: 0266-4666
PURE UUID: 8c15d018-7615-4aca-a83e-dc62522ee011
ORCID for Grant H. Hillier: orcid.org/0000-0003-3261-5766
## Catalogue record
Date deposited: 30 Jan 2018 17:30 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9189020991325378, "perplexity": 1529.7401769757137}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662530066.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519204127-20220519234127-00031.warc.gz"} |
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/256538/the-convective-term-in-reynolds-transport-theorem | # The convective term in Reynolds Transport theorem
Reynolds Transport theorem states that $$\frac{D B_{sys}}{Dt}=\frac{\partial B_{CV}}{\partial t}-\dot{B_{in}}+\dot{B_{out}}$$ where $B_{in,t+\Delta t}=b_1m_{1,t+\Delta t}=b_1\rho_{1}\forall_{in,t+\Delta t}=b_1\rho_1V_1\Delta tA_1$, then
$$\dot{B_{in}}=\lim_{\Delta t\to0}\frac{B_{in,t+\Delta}}{\Delta t}=\lim_{\Delta t\to0}\frac{b_1\rho_1V_1\Delta tA_1}{\Delta t}=b_1\rho_1V_1A_1$$
Now my question is, how come volume $\forall_{in}$ at $t+\Delta t$ is equal to $V_1 \Delta tA_1$?, where $V_1$ is the velocity and $A_1$ is the area. Dimension-ally, this relation works but still do not understand the physics.
$V_1 A_1$ is basically the volumetric flowrate. So in a time $\Delta t$, a particle moving with flowrate $V_1 A_1$, sweeps out a volume $V_1 A_1 \Delta t$. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9901400208473206, "perplexity": 186.6103396479117}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369721.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305030131-20210305060131-00515.warc.gz"} |
https://optimization-online.org/author/jfp/ | ## An easily computable upper bound on the Hoffman constant for homogeneous inequality systems
Let $A\in \mathbb{R}^{m\times n}\setminus \{0\}$ and $P:=\{x:Ax\le 0\}$. This paper provides a procedure to compute an upper bound on the following {\em homogeneous Hoffman constant} $H_0(A) := \sup_{u\in \mathbb{R}^n \setminus P} \frac{\text{dist}(u,P)}{\text{dist}(Au, \mathbb{R}^m_-)}.$ In sharp contrast to the intractability of computing more general Hoffman constants, the procedure described in this paper is entirely … Read more
## Affine invariant convergence rates of the conditional gradient method
We show that the conditional gradient method for the convex composite problem $\min_x\{f(x) + \Psi(x)\}$ generates primal and dual iterates with a duality gap converging to zero provided a suitable growth property holds and the algorithm makes a judicious choice of stepsizes. The rate of convergence of the duality gap to zero ranges from sublinear … Read more
## Projection and rescaling algorithm for finding most interior solutions to polyhedral conic systems
We propose a simple projection and rescaling algorithm that finds {\em most interior} solutions to the pair of feasibility problems $\text{find} x\in L\cap \R^n_{+} \text{ and } \text{find} \; \hat x\in L^\perp\cap\R^n_{+},$ where $L$ is a linear subspace of $\R^n$ and $L^\perp$ is its orthogonal complement. The algorithm complements a basic procedure that … Read more
## Equivalences among the chi measure, Hoffman constant, and Renegar’s distance to ill-posedness
We show the equivalence among the following three condition measures of a full column rank matrix $A$: the chi measure, the signed Hoffman constant, and the signed distance to ill-posedness. The latter two measures are constructed via suitable collections of matrices obtained by flipping the signs of some rows of $A$. Our results provide a … Read more
## New characterizations of Hoffman constants for systems of linear constraints
We give a characterization of the Hoffman constant of a system of linear constraints in $\R^n$ relative to a reference polyhedron $R\subseteq\R^n$. The reference polyhedron $R$ represents constraints that are easy to satisfy such as box constraints. In the special case $R = \R^n$, we obtain a novel characterization of the classical Hoffman constant. More … Read more
## Generalized conditional subgradient and generalized mirror descent: duality, convergence, and symmetry
We provide new insight into a generalized conditional subgradient algorithm and a generalized mirror descent algorithm for the convex minimization problem $\min_x \; \{f(Ax) + h(x)\}.$ As Bach showed in [SIAM J. Optim., 25 (2015), pp. 115–129], applying either of these two algorithms to this problem is equivalent to applying the other one to its … Read more
## The condition number of a function relative to a set
The condition number of a differentiable convex function, namely the ratio of its smoothness to strong convexity constants, is closely tied to fundamental properties of the function. In particular, the condition number of a quadratic convex function is the square of the aspect ratio of a canonical ellipsoid associated to the function. Furthermore, the condition … Read more | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9476986527442932, "perplexity": 426.7158505787808}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500904.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208191211-20230208221211-00217.warc.gz"} |
https://www.acmicpc.net/problem/16333 | 시간 제한 메모리 제한 제출 정답 맞은 사람 정답 비율
1 초 512 MB 14 13 11 91.667%
## 문제
You are certainly no leader, but a president. Lucky for you, you own a modern djinn, a spiritual creature that makes your wishes come true. One such wish is to pretend to have democracy in your society.
Society is simple. It consists of N people numbered from 1 to N, some of which are “happy”, and some are regular (“unhappy”). Human nature is very tricky. People are happy only when others aren’t. You have M wishes, numbered from 1 to M, X → Y denoting that person X wants person Y to be unhappy. A person X is happy if and only if at least one of his wishes is satisfied. Democracy is also not that complex. Some may say that you need to have at least half of the people happy (or half of the wishes solved) in order to have democracy, but that it is not true at all. As I said earlier, you are a good president, not a good leader. You have access to media so you define democracy. Therefore, out of all M wishes, you decided to make at least ⌊M/4⌋ + 1 wishes come true.
All that is left is to decide which wishes you want to grant, the djinn will handle the rest.
## 입력
The input will contain multiple test cases. The first number T, will represent the number of test cases. The next lines will describe the test cases in order.
The first line of a test case contains 2 positive integers N and M, the number of people and the number of wishes. Next M lines of a test case contain pairs of 2 integers X Y separated by a space denoting a wish of the form: X wants Y to be unhappy.
## 출력
For each test case on the first line output a number K, representing the number of wishes that were granted. On the second line output K distinct integers separated by spaces representing the indices of the wishes that were granted. These can be printed in any order.
## 제한
• 1 ≤ T ≤ 10.000
• 2 ≤ N ≤ 100.000
• 1 ≤ M ≤ 200.000
• There is no wish of the form X wants X to be unhappy.
• There can be multiple wishes of the form X wants Y to be happy.
• For each test case it is guaranteed that a solution exists.
• Any correct solution is accepted
## 예제 입력 1
2
3 3
1 2
2 3
3 1
4 4
1 2
2 3
3 4
1 4
## 예제 출력 1
1
2
2
1 4
## 힌트
For the first test case we can grant at most one wish, outputting any of them is correct.
For the second test case another solution is to grant wishes 1 3 and 4. The minimum required number of wishes that needed to be granted was 2 though
## 출처
• 문제의 오타를 찾은 사람: doju | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18647736310958862, "perplexity": 1341.0476502828055}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497171.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330150913-20200330180913-00495.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/265451/the-cardinality-of-mathbbr-mathbb-q/265509 | # The cardinality of $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb Q$
How to prove the cardinality of $\mathbb{R}/ \mathbb Q$ is equal to the cardinality of $\mathbb{R}$
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Sorry, I wrote it wrong, I meant to be the cardinality of $\mathbb{R}$ mod $\mathbb{Q}$ – Alex Dec 26 '12 at 17:52
You mean the quotient group $\mathbb R / \mathbb Q$ ?? – GEdgar Dec 26 '12 at 17:54
Alex, please edit to clarify what you are asking. If you are asking about the cardinality of the set of irrational numbers (as it is currently written), see math.stackexchange.com/questions/105990/… and math.stackexchange.com/questions/72130/…. – Jonas Meyer Dec 26 '12 at 18:03
This is a consequence of the axiom of choice. How to prove it, depends a bit on your background, that is, what results you can assume, how familiar you are with choice, etc. Could you specify some of it? – Andrés Caicedo Dec 26 '12 at 19:27
If it is the quotient, in fact, without the axiom of choice, it turns out that $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Q}$ can have strictly larger cardinality than $\mathbb{R}$... math.stackexchange.com/a/243549/32178 – KSackel Dec 26 '12 at 20:02
To prove equality we need to either find a bijection between the sets, or two injections between them.
As noted in the comments, this cannot be proved without the axiom of choice. So I am going to use it freely.
Assuming the axiom of choice, if so, we have a function $f\colon\mathbb{R/Q\to R}$ which chooses $f(A)\in A$ for every $A\in\mathbb{R/Q}$. This is an injection because if $A\neq A'$ then $f(A)\in A$ and $f(A)\notin A'$, and vice versa, therefore $f(A)\neq f(A')$.
On the other hand, let $V=\operatorname{rng}(f)$, then $\mathbb R$ is a countable union of copies of $V$, namely $\bigcup_{q\in\mathbb Q}q+V$. Therefore $|V|\cdot\aleph_0=2^{\aleph_0}$. Again, using the axiom of choice, we have that $2^{\aleph_0}=|V|\cdot\aleph_0=\max\{|V|,\aleph_0\}=|V|$.
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Remark: This answers the original version of the question.
The following bijection uses Hilbert's infinite hotel.
The rationals can be enumerated as $q_0,q_1,q_2,\dots$ in various explicit ways.
Define $f: \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}\setminus \mathbb{Q}$ as follows.
If $x$ does not have shape $q$, or $\sqrt{3}+q\sqrt{2}$, where $q$ is rational, let $f(x)=x$.
If $x$ is the rational $q_i$, let $f(x)=\sqrt{3}+q_{2i}\sqrt{2}$.
If $x=\sqrt{3}+q_i\sqrt{2}$, let $f(x)=\sqrt{3}+q_{2i+1}\sqrt{2}$.
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Awesome.[filler] – akkkk Dec 26 '12 at 19:28
$\mathbb{R}= (\mathbb{R} \backslash \mathbb{Q}) \sqcup \mathbb{Q}$, where $\mathbb{Q}$ is countable and $\mathbb{R} \backslash \mathbb{Q}$ infinite, so $$|\mathbb{R}|= |\mathbb{R} \backslash \mathbb{Q} | + | \mathbb{Q}|= \max ( |\mathbb{R} \backslash \mathbb{Q} |, |\mathbb{Q}|) = |\mathbb{R} \backslash \mathbb{Q} |$$
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Indeed, $\mathbb R \setminus \mathbb Q$ is infinite. And so is $\mathbb Q$. You want to write "uncountable", I think. – Rudy the Reindeer Dec 26 '12 at 18:57
@MattN. - being infinite suffices since $\aleph_0$ + any infinite cardinal $k$ is $k$ – Belgi Dec 26 '12 at 19:36
@Belgi Right, I misread the question as having to show that $\mathbb R \setminus \mathbb Q$ is uncountable. – Rudy the Reindeer Dec 26 '12 at 20:52
I don't see what I would have expected to be the "standard answer" to this question, so let me leave it in the hopes it will be helpful to someone.
Proposition: Let $G$ be an infinite group, and let $H$ be a subgroup with $\# H < \# G$. Then $\# G/H = \# G$.
Proof: Let $\{g_i\}_{i \in G/H}$ be a system of coset representatives for $H$ in $G$: then every element $x$ in $G$ can be written as $x = g_{i_x} h_x$ for unique $h_x \in H$ and $i_x \in G/H$. (Note that there is no canonical system of coset representatives: getting one is an archetypical use of the Axiom of Choice.) Thus we have defined a bijection from $G$ to $G/H \times H$, so $\# G = \# G/H \cdot \# H$. Since $\# G$ is infinite, so must be at least one of $\# G/H$, $\# H$, and then standard cardinal arithmetic (again AC gets used...) gives that
$\# G = \# G/H \cdot \# H = \max(\#G/H, \# H)$.
Since we've assumed $\# H < \# G$, we conclude $\# G = \#G/H$.
This applies in particular with $G = \mathbb{R}$, $H = \mathbb{Q}$ to give $\# \mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Q} = \# \mathbb{R} = 2^{\aleph_0}$.
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To see that the uses of choice here are unavoidable: math.stackexchange.com/questions/243544/… – Andrés Caicedo Apr 23 '13 at 5:58
One can even write a general form theorem from cardinal arithmetics. If $f\colon A\to B$ is surjective, and every fiber have the same cardinality, which is less than that of $A$ then $|A|=|B|$. – Asaf Karagila Apr 23 '13 at 6:17
$\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Q}$ and $\mathbb{R}$ are both size continuum. So by assuming as vector spaces over the $\mathbb{Q}$ they must have continuum size bases. We know that if two vector spaces have bases of the same size then they are isomorphic.
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So why exactly are they both size continuum? – akkkk Dec 26 '12 at 18:45
@akkkk: Because if B be a basis of R over Q (as a vector space, that is). The cardinality of B is c and that R/Q is like removing one basis element, or one copy of Q. Is that wrong? – S. Snape Dec 26 '12 at 18:48
Babak the OP wants to prove that $\mathbb{R}-\mathbb{Q}$ is of size continuum which you assumed in the first line. – Belgi Dec 26 '12 at 19:35
@Belgi: I wonder what should I do here. Firstly, the OP wrote $R-Q$ and some different good answer came to him, and suddenly he changed his mind to quotient group. See what he replied in the comment. – S. Snape Dec 26 '12 at 19:43
@Belgi: Actually, in the comments the OP says that he is looking for the cardinality of the quotient. – Asaf Karagila Dec 29 '12 at 15:02
Well, heuristically it can go as follows.
We can easily construct a bijection between $\mathbb{N}$ and $\mathbb{N}-\{1\}$. Just send $n \rightarrow n+1$.
If we subtract one element $x_1$ from $\mathbb{R}$, we can decompose $\mathbb{R}$ as $(\mathbb{R}-\mathbb{N})\cup\mathbb{N}$, and $\mathbb{R}-\{x_0\}=(\mathbb{R}-\mathbb{N})\cup(\mathbb{N}-{x_0})$. And we apply the above trick to the latter part.
If we subtract countable elements, say, $x_i$ for all $i\in\mathbb{N}$, we can choose a countable familiy of subsets with cardinal equal to that of $\mathbb{N}$, each containing one of $x_i$. Now decompose $\mathbb{R}$ as a countable union and do as above and you will solve the problem.
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But we don't subtract the rationals. We take the quotient. – Asaf Karagila Jan 4 '13 at 14:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9851799607276917, "perplexity": 211.22196395614571}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701169261.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193929-00087-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/101636/jacobis-criterion-for-projective-schemes | # Jacobi's criterion for projective schemes?
When can we apply the Jacobi's criterion for the projective variety $V(f_{1}, \ldots, f_{r}) \subset \mathbb{P}^{n}$ in order to find the singularities of the scheme $\mathrm{Proj} \left( k[x_{1}, \ldots, x_{n+1}] / (f_{1}, \ldots, f_{r}) \right)$?
In Hartshorne's book Algebraic Geometry, Proposition II.2.6, we have a fully faithful functor from the category of varieties over $k$ to the category of schemes over $k$, but it seems to provide information only for the closed points of the scheme.
Thank you.
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Check out the general Jacobi's criterion in EGA or in Liu's book. – Martin Brandenburg Jan 23 '12 at 15:33
The Jacobian Criterion can be applied to any kind of point on a projective (or affine) variety, closed or not. In the non-closed case one has to adapt the requirement for the rank of the Jacobian appropriately. The field $k$ should be perfect. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9013843536376953, "perplexity": 246.89261532324932}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645264370.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031424-00133-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/864/surface-detection | # Surface detection
How would one segment large area's of gray (ranging from white to black) from an image ? (If you know this in opencv, you may answer by saying what you would do in opencv). For example given this picture:
You see that this is a large area of gray and it is clearly distinguishable from the rest. How can you segment this if this area can have any shade of gray and it has to work in real-time.
• I see several gray areas clearly distinguishable. Could you show your desired result? – Dr. belisarius Dec 8 '11 at 13:26
• my desired result is the coordinates of the top right & left corners and the coordinate of the left bottom corner of the middle gray rectangle – Olivier_s_j Dec 8 '11 at 14:11
• Can you tell us anything else about the environment and the potential variance in the images you will need to process? Will the target always be near the middle of the image? Will there be other gray rectangles present, possibly of the same size? What if they show up as the same shade of gray? Are there any other things we could use to identify it? Will it always have the small "T" shape at the top? – justis Dec 13 '11 at 7:45
• Hi, The target wont always be near the middle of the image. The target will always be some kind of rectangle. (It can also be just a wall). If there are multiple rectangles they should also be detected, but they should be large. Small areas can be discarded. If they all show up as the same kind of gray, they should all be detected, but the chance that this happens is very small. The only real property that can be detected is that a surface will have the same gray (more or less) over the entire surface, and that it is a rectangle. There wont be a small T shape top every time – Olivier_s_j Dec 13 '11 at 7:53
You will get a reasonable segmentation of the grey area using the Watershed Algorithm or graph cuts. Watershed is available in opencv but graph cuts are not yet. (BTW Is this a depth map from Kinect ?)
• The watershed function in opencv required a 8-bit 3channel image as input. My depth map is a 8-bit 1 image. Any idea how to solve this? – Olivier_s_j Dec 6 '11 at 18:07
• /* get image properties / width = src->width; height = src->height; / create new image for the grayscale version */ IplImage *dst = cvCreateImage( cvSize( width, height ), IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1 ); cvCvtColor( src, dst, CV_RGB2GRAY ); – nav Dec 7 '11 at 13:25
• Another question, i just got the watershed function working in another image (just an example from opencv). But they start of with a color image and a binary image. I only have 1 image ... the grascale image. Any idea of what the mask should be (the second input variable) ? – Olivier_s_j Dec 7 '11 at 17:06
In Mathematica you could do something like:
Colorize[MorphologicalComponents[
ColorNegate@
Erosion[Dilation[
DeleteSmallComponents[
Erosion[Binarize[ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.41731971502304077, "perplexity": 978.105528449418}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528208.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722180254-20190722202254-00380.warc.gz"} |
https://zbmath.org/?q=an:0818.35136 | ×
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
Another step toward the solution of the Pompeiu problem in the plane. (English) Zbl 0818.35136
Let $$\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^ 2$$ be a bounded open set for which $$f \equiv 0$$ is the only continuous function on $$\mathbb{R}^ 2$$ such that (1) $$\int_{\sigma (\Omega)} f(x) dx = 0$$ for every rigid motion $$\sigma$$ of the plane. A bounded open set $$\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^ 2$$ is said to have the Pompeiu property if there exist no nontrivial continuous function on $$\mathbb{R}^ 2$$ for which (1) holds. Several authors have determined bounded domains $$\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^ 2$$ having the Pompeiu property.
The main result of this paper is the following: Let $$\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^ 2$$ be a bounded simply-connected open set whose boundary is a closed simple curve parametrized by $$x(s) = (x_ 1(s), x_ 2(s))$$, $$s \in [- \pi, \pi]$$. Suppose that there exist $$M,N \in \mathbb{Z}$$ and $$a_ k \in \mathbb{C}$$, $$k = - M, \dots, N$$, with $$a_ M$$, $$a_ N \neq 0$$, such that $x_ 1 (s) + x_ 2 (s) = \sum^ N_{k= -M} a_ k e^{iks}.$ Let $$x_ 1 (z)$$, $$x_ 2 (z)$$ be the analytic extension of $$x_ 1 (s)$$ and $$x_ 2 (s)$$ satisfying $$(x_ 1'(z), x_ 2'(z))\neq (0,0) \in \mathbb{C}^ 2$$ for every $$z \in \mathbb{C}$$. Then $$\Omega$$ has the Pompeiu property.
Reviewer: G.Anger (Berlin)
##### MSC:
35R30 Inverse problems for PDEs 31A25 Boundary value and inverse problems for harmonic functions in two dimensions 35P05 General topics in linear spectral theory for PDEs 42B10 Fourier and Fourier-Stieltjes transforms and other transforms of Fourier type
##### Keywords:
Pompeiu problem; Pompeiu property
Full Text:
##### References:
[1] Berenstein C., An inverse spectral theorem and its relation to the Pompeiu problem 37 pp 124– (1980) · Zbl 0449.35024 [2] Berenstein C. A., An inverse Neumann problem 382 pp 1– (1987) · Zbl 0623.35078 [3] Brown L., A note on the Pompeiu problem for convex domains 259 pp 107– (1982) · Zbl 0464.30035 [4] Brown L., Spectral synthesis and the Pompeiu problem 23 pp 125– (1973) · Zbl 0265.46044 [5] Caffarelli L. A., The regularity of free boundaries in higher dimensions 139 pp 155– (1977) [6] Chakalov L., Sur un probl‘me de D. Pompeiu 40 pp 1– (1944) · Zbl 0063.07316 [7] Garofalo N., Asymptotic expansions for a class of Fourier integrals and applications to the Pompeiu problem 56 pp 1– (1991) · Zbl 0737.35146 [8] Garofalo N., New results on the Pompeiu problem 325 pp 243– (1991) · Zbl 0737.35147 [9] Pompeiu D., Sur certains systèmes d’équations linéries et sur une propriété intégrate des functions de plusieurs variables 188 pp 1138– (1929) [10] Pompeiu D., Sur une propriété intégrate des fonctions de deux variables réelles. 15 pp 265– (1929) [11] Riemann, R. B. 1953. ”Sullo svolgimento del quoziente di due serie ipergeometriche in funzione continua infinita.ldquo;”. complete works, Dover [12] Williams S. A., A partial solution of the Pompeiu problem 223 pp 183– (1976) · Zbl 0329.35045 [13] Williams S. A., Analyticity of the boundary for Lipschitz domains without the Pompeiu property. 30 pp 357– (1981) · Zbl 0439.35046 [14] Yau S. T., Seminar on Differential Geometry 102 (1982) · Zbl 0471.00020 [15] Zalcman L., Analyticity and the Pompeiu problem 47 pp 237– (1972) · Zbl 0251.30047
This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. It attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming the completeness or perfect precision of the matching. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9391898512840271, "perplexity": 1859.7258552145368}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703513194.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117205246-20210117235246-00174.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/two-rotational-motion-questions.191775/ | # Two Rotational Motion Questions
1. Oct 16, 2007
### ccsmarty
The first one:
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
1) A compact disc (CD) stores music in a coded pattern of tiny pits 10^-7 m deep. The pits are arranged in a track that spirals outward toward the rim of the disc; the inner and outer radii of this spiral are 25.0 mm and 58.0 mm , respectively. As the disc spins inside a CD player, the track is scanned at a constant linear speed of 1.25 m/s. What is the average angular acceleration of a maximum-duration CD during its 74.0-min playing time? Take the direction of rotation of the disc to be positive.
2. Relevant equations
alpha_avg = (omega_2 - omega_1) / (t2 - t1)
3. The attempt at a solution
I tried to take the average of the inner and outer angular velocities, and put that in for omega_2, and find the average that way, but I don't think I can do that.
The second one:
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
2) At t = 0 a grinding wheel has an angular velocity of 27.0 rad/s. It has a constant angular acceleration of 26.0 rad/s^2 until a circuit breaker trips at time t = 2.00 s. From then on, it turns through an angle 433 rad as it coasts to a stop at constant angular acceleration. At what time did it stop?
2. Relevant equations
omega_2 = omega_1 + alpha * t
delta_2 - delta_1 = omega_1 * t + 0.5 * alpha * t^2
3. The attempt at a solution
I tried using a system of equations using the two equations above to solve for t, but I can't seem to get the right t value.
Any guidance is greatly appreciated on either problem. Thanks in advance.
2. Oct 17, 2007
### learningphysics
For the first problem, your omega_inner and omega_outer look good to me. Why not just take (omega_outer - omega_inner)/(74*60)... that should be the answer.
For the second problem, think of the angular velocity and acceleration, just like kinematics formulas...
What is the angular velocity at t = 2?
Then you can use the equation,
angle traversed = [(omega_1 + omega_2)/2]*t, so solve for how long it takes to go through the 433 rad...
3. Oct 17, 2007
### ccsmarty
Ok, thanks so much for your help. It makes more sense this way, than the way I initially tried to tackle the problems.
Thanks again :) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9438005089759827, "perplexity": 697.908544009634}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982982027.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200942-00238-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/160031/why-the-name-variety-and-the-notation-v-for-zeroes-of-polynomials | Why the name “variety” and the notation “V” for zeroes of polynomials?
The following questions came to my mind while preparing the notes for the first class of (my first) course on algebraic geometry.
Question 1: Is there any motivation for choosing the term "variety" for zeroes of polynomials? For example, I can sort of guess/understand the logic behind the term "manifold": 2-fold, 3-fold, ... $\rightarrow$ many-fold. For the term "variety" I don't see any such clear explanation.
Question 2: Why write $V(f_1, \ldots, f_k)$ for zero sets of polynomials $f_1, \ldots, f_k$? Is it because of the term "variety"? Some (newer) texts use $Z(f_1, \ldots, f_k)$ - I thought $Z$ was meant to convey "zeroes". Does $V$ stand for "zeroes" in some other languages (a cursory look at the German and French Wikipedia pages for algebraic variety did not help)?
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In French and Dutch the word for manifold and variety is the same: “variété” and “variëteit”. This might or might not have anything to do with an answer to your question. – jmc Mar 11 '14 at 13:18
I have always assumed V stands for "vanishing", as in, the vanishing set of the polynomials. – Ruadhaí Dervan Mar 11 '14 at 13:25
Your guess is backwards: the terms 2-fold, 3-fold, and $n$-fold came after manifold, not before. The usual older term for 2-fold is... surface. – KConrad Mar 11 '14 at 13:37
I always assumed that the word "manifold" came from engineering, wherein a manifold is pipe which has several tubes connecting to it in order to collect several different gases or fluids into one place. – Paul Siegel Mar 11 '14 at 15:37
@KConrad: in German there is the term "Dreifaltigkeit", which roughly translates literally to three-foldedness and actually means trinity. There is also the term "mannigfaltig", which approximately means of great variety. Both terms seem to be much older than the "Mannifaltigkeit", which apparently has been introduced by Riemann; so in English the term 'manifold' as a noun seems to be newer than 'manifold' as a property. I am however no linguist. – Manfred Weis Mar 12 '14 at 8:03
Also in Italian "varietà" is the term for both.
Starting from this, I looked at the Italian Wikipedia webpage for varieties which, at the end, has this remark about the origin of the term:
In italiano si traduce con varietà il termine tedesco Mannigfaltigkeit, che compare per la prima volta nella tesi di dottorato del 1851 di Bernhard Riemann, Grundlagen für eine allgemeine Theorie der Functionen einer veränderlichen complexen Grösse. Riemann si pone il problema di introdurre delle "grandezze molteplicemente estese", aventi cioè "più dimensioni", e le definisce usando quel termine.
Analizzando il termine come parola composta, Mannig-faltig-keit, si riconosce in essa un parallelo con il termine latino multi-plic-itas, sicché lo si potrebbe tradurre letteralmente come 'molteplicità'.
That can be approximatively translated as
In Italian we translate with "varietà" the German word "Mannigfaltigkeit", which appears for the first time in the 1851 doctoral thesis of Bernhard Riemann, Grundlagen für eine allgemeine Theorie der Functionen einer veränderlichen complexen Grösse. Riemann introduced some "dimensions with multiple extensions", having "more dimensions", and he defines them using that term.
Analiyzing the term as a compound word, "Mannig-faltig-keit", we can identify a parallelism with the Latin word "multi-plic-itas", so that it can be literally translated as "multiplicity".
So, at least in Italian, the term comes from "variety" and "multiplicity" in the sense of "diversity".
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According to this link, the term was first used by E. Beltrami in 1869. – abx Mar 11 '14 at 13:57
Thanks :) To me this makes sense, Beltrami knew the works of Riemann and so maybe he was the one who first translated to the Italian "varietà" the German "Mannigfaltigkeit". – dadexix86 Mar 11 '14 at 14:04
Following your advice and after a bit of research, I can also point out that few years later (in the 1880's and 1890's) the word "varietà" was already widely used in the works (and titles) of Fano, Enriques, del Pezzo. – dadexix86 Mar 11 '14 at 15:08 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6552293300628662, "perplexity": 609.0794682814593}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298660.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00021-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.clutchprep.com/chemistry/practice-problems/64602/h2co3-is-a-diprotic-acid-the-pka-for-h2co3-is-6-35-and-the-pka-for-hco3-160-10-3 | Chemistry Practice Problems Diprotic Acid Practice Problems Solution: H2CO3 is a diprotic acid. The pKa for H2CO3 is 6.3...
🤓 Based on our data, we think this question is relevant for Professor Smith's class at UH.
Solution: H2CO3 is a diprotic acid. The pKa for H2CO3 is 6.35 and the pKa for HCO3- = 10.33. At pH = 9.0, what is the approximate relative quantities of H2CO3, HCO3-, and CO32-? a. 1 H2CO3, 10 HCO3-, and 1 CO32- b. Negligible H2CO3, 95 HCO3-, and 5 CO32- c. 1 H2CO3, 90 HCO3-, and 10 CO32- d. Negligible H2CO3, 75 HCO3-, and 25 CO32-
Problem
H2CO3 is a diprotic acid. The pKa for H2CO3 is 6.35 and the pKa for HCO3= 10.33. At pH = 9.0, what is the approximate relative quantities of H2CO3, HCO3-, and CO32-?
a. 1 H2CO3, 10 HCO3-, and 1 CO32-
b. Negligible H2CO3, 95 HCO3-, and 5 CO32-
c. 1 H2CO3, 90 HCO3-, and 10 CO32-
d. Negligible H2CO3, 75 HCO3-, and 25 CO32-
Diprotic Acid
Diprotic Acid
Q. Write the chemical equation for the reaction of carbonic acid (H 2CO3) with water.
Solved • Tue Mar 13 2018 12:18:32 GMT-0400 (EDT)
Diprotic Acid
Q. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of C2O42− in a 0.20 M solution of oxalic acid.Express your answer to two significant figures and include the a...
Solved • Thu Mar 01 2018 10:43:50 GMT-0500 (EST)
Diprotic Acid
Q. The pKa's for carbonic acid and bicarbonate at 37°C are 3.83 and 10.25, respectively. Write the equation for each of these equilibria.
Solved • Thu Feb 15 2018 11:14:54 GMT-0500 (EST)
Diprotic Acid
Q. Calculate the concentration of H+ ions in a 0.010 M aqueous solution of sulfuric acid. Express your answer to three decimal places and include the app...
Solved • Sat Sep 23 2017 03:08:04 GMT-0400 (EDT) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.828192412853241, "perplexity": 18375.80180513126}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500482.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331115844-20200331145844-00508.warc.gz"} |
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/71763/why-doesnt-mass-of-bob-affect-time-period | # Why doesn't mass of bob affect time period?
The gravitation formula says $$F = \frac{G m_1 m_2}{r^2} \, ,$$ so if the mass of a bob increases then the torque on it should also increase because the force increased. So, it should go faster and thus the oscillation period should be decrease.
My physics book says that period is only affected by effective length and $g$. Why doesn't mass of bob affect the period?
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The question is not clear to me. Can you explain the situation a bit more? – Ali Jul 21 '13 at 13:59
ok,let me make the question clearer – svineet Jul 21 '13 at 14:05
Hint: Why doesn't the mass of an object affect how long it takes to fall from a given height to the ground? Mass doesn't only appear in the gravitation formula: It also appears in $\vec F=m\vec A$ – james large Sep 14 at 21:28
You're hitting on the Equivalence principle and the Eötvös experiment. – WetSavannaAnimal aka Rod Vance Sep 14 at 22:54
A very loose answer would be that the time period actually depends upon the angular acceleration and not the torque.
Just like the time taken for a object to fall through a height of $h$, depends on the gravitational acceleration and not the mass, i.e. if you drop a sponge ball or you jump yourself, you both will cover height $h$ in the same time(of course neglecting air resistance).
Similarly, the time period of a pendulum doesn't depend upon the mass, or rather the inertia of the pendulum, but only on the angular acceleration due to gravity.
Now you might ask that in this case, it should also not depend upon the length, but the term of length comes when you calculate the angular acceleration due to the acceleration of gravity.
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For the same reason objects of different masses fall at the same acceleration (neglecting drag): because while the force is proportional to the mass and the acceleration is inversely proportional to mass.
Doing the falling case o avoid having to deal with the vectors in the pendulum we get
$$a = \frac{F}{m} = \frac{G\frac{Mm}{r^2}}{m} = G\frac{M}{r^2}$$
where $M$ is the mass of the planet, $m$ is the mass of the object you are dropping and $r$ is the radius of the planet.
The mass of the minor object falls out of the kinematics.
The same thing happens in the case of the pendulum: the force includes a factor of $m$, but the acceleration does not.
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A pendulum in a gravitational field experiences an instantaneous torque about its pivot point of $$\vec{\Gamma} = \vec{r}\times m\vec{g}$$ where $\vec{g}$ is the instantaneous gravitational field, and $r$ is the distance from the pivot point to the CoM.
For purposes of this answer $$\vec{g}=-G\frac{ M_E}{(R_E + h)^2}\hat{k}$$ where
• $m$ is the pendulum mass,
• $M_E$ is the Earth's mass,
• $R_E$ is the distance from the gravitational center of the Earth to the center of mass of the pendulum at rest, and
• $h=r(1-\cos\theta)$ is the height of the CoM when the pendulum is oscillating.
Let's assume the pendulum is oscillating in a plane, so we can write $$\Gamma = mgr\sin\theta = \mathcal{I}\frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2}.$$
$\mathcal{I}$ is the moment of inertia of the pendulum about the pivot point, and will have the form of $mb^2$, where $b$ is a geometric size and mass distribution factor. Any rigid object you want to consider can have its moment of inertia put in that form. From this we see quickly that the actual mass of the object disappears: $$\frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2} = \frac{gr}{b^2}\sin\theta.$$
All that remains is to find $b$ which depends only on how the mass is distributed, not how much mass is present.
We also see that this is not simple harmonic motion. While the factor $g$ is not constant, it only introduces an anharmonic factor of $$1-\frac{r\theta^2}{R_E}-\frac{r^2\theta^4}{4R_E^2}$$. The $\sin\theta$ term introduces a larger anharmonicity because $$\sin\theta\simeq \theta-\frac{\theta^3}{6} = \theta\left(1-\frac{\theta^2}{6}\right).$$
So we see that 1) the mass doesn't matter, but the distribution of mass does, 2) the variation in height producing a variation in gravitational field only has a $(r/R_E)\theta^2$ affect, 3) the amplitude of the angle due to the $\sin\theta$ term becomes important when $\theta > 0.1$ radian.
Considering point 2), most pendula have $r<10 m$ and $R_E = 6.38\times 10^6$ m.
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Well the easy way is that the mass has a opposite affect when the bob goes up again on the other side. The deacceleration and the acceleration will equal out so the period will always be the same what ever mass you have.
O
/I\
/ I \
/ I \
0 0 0
A C B
Here you have a diagram to represent it. You drop the pendulum at B and it accelerates until it hits C then it will slow down. The mass will increase the deacceleration. So the acceleration and the deacceleration will equal out.
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NOOOOO!!! This is wrong. Granted the pendulum formula (T = 2 * pi * sqrt(L / g)) does not take into account mass of the bob, much less the pendulum, mass can and does affect the pendulum period. The Pendulum Formula is accurate and i give it credit, but its variables are broadly defined. T represents time or period, and g represents gravitational acceleration. I have no problem with those, but it's L that bothers me. To assume L is the distance from the point of axis to the bottom tip of the pendulum is to assume that the pendulum has an equal density throughout and its center of gravity lies directly in the center of the pendulum. However, with most pendulums this isn't the case. The bob, or weight on the pendulum, affects the location of the center of gravity. When a bob is added below the center of balance, the gravitational center of the entire pendulum is shifted downwards to some degree. Instead of saying L = the length of the pendulum, it's better to say that L = 2 * (distance between center of balance and pivot point).
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NOOOOO!!! This is wrong. – Jimmy360 Jun 14 at 21:56
This post is misleading. The formula for the period of the pendulum is correct, and is obtained assuming constant gravitational field. This is generally correct, but would be a problem for the case of very large pendulum, which clears the original question. Usually L is the distance to pendulum's center of mass and when a blob is involved, is usually assumed to contain the whole mass of the pendulum. But these are not considerations leading to the mass invariant formula for T. – rmhleo Jun 14 at 22:09
Certainly for real pendulums the ratio of the mass of the bob and the mass of the support affects the position of the center of mass of the device. But if you read closely any non-introductory account you'll see that L is defined the distance from the pivot to the CoM. An important detail, but not one that is appropriate to spend much time on in the first introduction (which usually assumes a massless rod). – dmckee Jun 14 at 23:52 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9428714513778687, "perplexity": 230.94449102606677}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445033.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00180-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://blog.theleapjournal.org/2018/03/experimentation-that-fosters-fintech.html | ## Sunday, March 18, 2018
### Experimentation that fosters fintech innovation in India
by Renuka Sane and Ajay Shah.
### The problem
Fintech innovation in India has been hampered by financial regulation. Three examples are instructive: the Uber cashless transaction, regulation for pre-paid instruments (PPIs), and the more recent P2P regulations. In each of these situations, regulators (who have the power to write regulations) looked at an incipient industry and chose to write regulations that placed important restrictions upon innovators. The notion that fintech companies are a few new categories of NBFCs', which has been accepted by regulators in India, contains many difficulties.
### Experimentation in public policy
Controlled experimentation can be a valuable tool to support the objectives of public policy or a tool for rational thinking to help formulate public policy. Here are a few examples:
• In many countries, there are geographical regions that are demarcated for drone experimentation. Anyone (even a foreigner) is allowed to go into certain regions in the US, and fly an unregulated drone. These are empty lands where the damage that a drone can do is near zero. There is no connection with the government, or the public policy process, in the activities that take place in this sandbox. All that is done is to give a place for people to fly drones that are otherwise prohibited. This fosters experimentation and (ultimately) the knowledge that will shape regulations in the future.
• Exchanges have a framework where algorithms can be put into fake market settings, in order to help developers test new algorithmic trading software. As with the drones example, there is no connection at all with the rule-making functions of the regulator or the exchange. All that is done is to provide a safe space where software can be tested, and mistakes made, without repercussions either for the experimenter or the overall market. Exchanges in India have been pioneers in this regard on a global scale, and it was a successful innovation.
• There is a sense in which China has used SEZs as a sandbox, to experiment with new concepts in policy. The influence of this sandbox is, however, only intellectual. The policy community sees what worked and what did not work. There is no systematic channel through which policy innovations migrate from the sandbox to the mainland, other than intellectual influence.
• Financial regulators worldwide have been doing experiments with policy initiatives that are put into motion in small pilots. As an example, the US SEC has begun an experiment on tick size for small stocks. The policy initiative is being rolled out for a few firms, and then evidence will be obtained on the impact of the policy change. This is much better than rolling out a policy change for the entire country.
In this article, we think about how mechanisms for experimentation can be developed in India to support fintech innovation.
### A Technology Demonstrator Environment
Can we transplant the drone experimentation or algorithm experimentation into the fintech context? In the drone case, there is some empty land where a misbehaving drone can do little damage. Could we this in finance?
A Technology Demonstrator Environment could be a community (e.g. a university campus) which is designated as a place where innovative firms can experiment with products and processes that are in violation of existing financial law and regulation. The founding premise would be that when a red alert sign is shown to the users at a university campus, they know that they are on their own, and after that are smart enough to fend for themselves.
While this seems to be a plausible idea, it is more complicated than meets the eye.
In this territory, firms would be able to launch products and services that violate financial law but not other laws. There are numerous requirements in the Indian Penal Code, and in local law such as the Maharashtra Money-lending (Regulation) Act and the Maharashtra Protection of Interests of Depositors (in Financial Establishments) Act, that impinge upon fintech firms. Once India has a data protection law, that would constrain firms on questions of privacy. These firms would still need to carefully navigate this legal landscape.
A mechanism would be needed to ensure that persons outside the community do not come in as customers. Participants would need to be given clear disclosure about the risks that they are accepting. Firms would need to impose no risks upon these persons other than the risks that have been willingly accepted.
This will require an institutional structure that will work with technology companies and the end-customers. It is not as simple as drone experimentation where some blank space is opened up for experimentation with unregulated drones. This institutional structure would, however, have no direct link to the regulation-making process at financial regulators, that would pave the way for rollout of products in the mainland.
Such experimentation can help firms refine products and processes. The construction of living working product samples would foster knowledge in the Indian policy community.
### The proposed Fintech Regulatory Sandbox
Many feel that the path to a more supportive regulatory environment lies through building a Fintech Regulatory Sandbox' [example]. The RBI Household Finance Committee Report, 2017 proposed the creation of a sandbox:
Such an institution can provide a structured avenue for regulators to engage with the financial supply side, develop innovation enabling regulations, and holds promise to facilitate the delivery of relevant, customised, and low-cost financial products to Indian households.
How can this be done?
### The concept of the Fintech Regulatory Sandbox
The concept of a regulatory sandbox - a testing ground for new business models - has caught the attention of regulators around the world. Regulators in almost 20 countries are working towards setting up such sandboxes in their jurisdictions. The English word `sandbox' is familiar to all, so it helps to make precise what we mean by a regulatory sandbox for fintech innovators.
The Fintech Regulatory Sandbox is similar to the long-established processes that are used in clinical trials and the drug approval process in the pharmaceutical industry. The kind of risks that are intended to be addressed are identified (safety in first stage, efficacy next, and so on). While the onus of clearing these hurdles lies on the innovator, regulators sit with the innovators to provide inputs into the trial design (size of trial, control set requirements, etc). These inputs serve as a baseline for decisioning. In this environment, the entrepreneur has a relatively clearer sight of what risks need to be mitigated to get to her desired outcome.
Turning to finance, according to a report by the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), regulatory uncertainty is a hurdle to innovation. When investors in projects with new ideas are not able to assess risks, valuations become lower, and sometimes innovations get abandoned at an early stage. A regulatory sandbox allows the regulator to work with innovators to ensure that appropriate consumer protection safeguards are built in to their new products and services. The sandbox would enable FCA and innovators to work together to reduce some of this uncertainty.
The traditional regulation-making process works as follows:
Two kinds of impulses come into the traditional regulation-making process: the broad development of knowledge, or a specific request from an innovative firm. The Fintech Regulatory Sandbox is a formal institutional arrangement that is added, upstream of the regulation-making process:
This gives a third pathway into the regulation-making process, the regulatory sandbox. It is important to see that the sandbox sits upstream of the regulation-making process. The outcomes obtained from the sandbox are handled by the regulation-making process, and are thus dependent upon the sound functioning of the regulation-making process. In countries like the UK, the foundations of the regulation-making process have been in place for decades. Hence, when the sandbox was discussed and built in the UK, there was no discussion about the regulation-making process which was a solved problem.
Firms apply to enter the sandbox, and if selected, may be provided with tools that include (i) restricted authorisation (ii) rule waivers (iii) individual guidance (iv) no enforcement action letters to conduct the tests. When doing the tests, the UK FCA works with firms to mitigate potential harm during and after testing - this could be in the form of extra capital requirements, and reviews of the product/advice by other qualified advisors.
What kinds of projects go into a sandbox? Simple fintech ideas, like Uber's cashless payment, or basic P2P systems, obtain regulatory approval directly, through the normal regulatory process, as there is not much complexity there. Most firms approved for the sandbox by the FCA were applying new technological tools to rethink traditional products or services. These included Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), use of online platforms, APIs and biometrics, and robo-advice for distribution of products.
Projects that entered the UK sandbox had a high chance of obtaining the desired full product launch. According to the FCA status report, about 90% of firms that completed testing in the first cohort are continuing toward a wider market launch following their test. For the majority of firms, the restricted authorisation was turned into a full authorisation following completion of their tests. This has also helped innovators raise finance.
This high probability of successful exit is important in shaping the incentives of firms. The entrepreneur is expected to put down capital to build a product and run it in the sandbox for (say) six months. After this, she expects that the evidence that has been created will be rationally utilised by a regulator, i.e. in a well structured regulation-making process, to evaluate the modifications to regulations that will be required. If such an expectation is not, in fact, present at the outset, firms have little incentive to put resources into experimentation in the sandbox.
The appeal of the sandbox lies in the belief that it allows for testing of subtle implications of new technologies on consumer protection or systemic risk issues. This requires the ability to extrapolate the results of the sandbox experiment to the larger question of risk to consumers in a full scale deployment. It also requires an openness to acknowledge that existing regulations may be unreasonably restrictive given the change in technology, and a responsiveness to changing the regulations when experiments suggest the same.
### Envisioning the Fintech Regulatory Sandbox in India
The first port of call is reforms of the regulation-making process. No matter how well the sandbox works, its results go into the regulation-making process. At present, financial regulators in India, when presented with questions about how regulations should be written, tend to come up with a conservative answer: one that involves creating entry barriers, hampering innovation, micro managing operations, or banning processes or entities from operation, often without an explanation. Regulators rarely do a cost-benefit analysis, or engage in a serious public comments process. There are poor checks and balances surrounding the regulation-making process. This yields low quality regulations. These deficiencies would hamper the extent to which the sandbox would yield useful outcomes.
Hence, process reform in regulation-making at financial regulators in India is required. The regulation-making process needs to be put on a sound institutional foundation with clear identification of areas of regulatory concern, cost-benefit analysis, request for comments from the public, responses to ideas from the public, all under the oversight of the board. This would address a large number of elementary fintech problems, such as the Uber cashless payment, a large number of P2P startups, etc.
After this, we can build the Fintech Regulatory Sandbox. This requires an institutional arrangement with the following elements:
1. Screening applications.
2. Articulating the regulatory concerns associated with a given project.
3. Designing the minimal guard rails that are required for a test rollout.
4. Designing a fair set of tests that will answer the concerns. Ideally determining, up front, the thresholds in the test data that will guarantee approval.
5. Rolling out the innovation in a controlled way (e.g. capped at 50,000 users), and auditing the captured data.
6. Extrapolating from the sandbox to real world deployment.
7. Producing sound documentation packets associated with each experiment.
8. Doing all this in a way that conforms with the rule of law.
9. Feeding the result of each sandbox experiment into the regulation-making process.
### Conclusion
The fintech revolution offers important gains for India. At present, fintech innovation faces regulatory constraints. There is value in obtaining an environment where more experiments take place, which permit firms to innovate and that bring knowledge into the policy process. This can be done using a lightweight Technology Demonstrator Environment, reforms of the regulation-making process and then the establishment of a Fintech Regulatory Sandbox.
Renuka Sane and Ajay Shah are researchers at the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy. We thank Smriti Parsheera, Suyash Rai, Susan Thomas, Ashish Aggarwal, Anjali Sharma, Bhargavi Zaveri, Vimal Balasubramaniam, Sharad Sharma, Lalitesh Katragadda, and Alok Mittal for useful discussions.
LaTeX mathematics works. This means that if you want to say $10 you have to say \$10. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2879181504249573, "perplexity": 3134.243734252067}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585186.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018000838-20211018030838-00153.warc.gz"} |
http://tug.org/pipermail/texhax/2005-June/004150.html | # [texhax] dvips inverting text
Darren Dale dd55 at cornell.edu
Thu Jun 2 04:54:40 CEST 2005
Hi,
I am generating eps files from LaTeX with by running dvips and then ps2epsi.
When I try to embed these eps files in a new latex document, the resulting dvi
looks ok, but for the dvips and ps2pdf output, the text in my figures is
inverted. Also, \documentclass{article} seems to work, but
\documentclass{revtex4} and \documentclass{prosper} result in inverted and
sometimes offset text, or worse, a corrupt pdf.
The original eps file can be found at
http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~dd55/temp/AF13-7.eps
and a sample pdf output is here
http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~dd55/temp/test.pdf
Here is the latex source:
\documentclass{revtex4}
\usepackage[dvips]{graphicx}
\usepackage{times}
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics{AF13-7.eps}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
I should note, if I comment /usepackage{times} (which is the same font used to
create the eps file), the pdf resulting is corrupted.
If anyone could offer a suggestion, I would really appreciate it.
Thanks,
Darren
--
Darren S. Dale
Bard Hall
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY. 14850
dd55 at cornell.edu
http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~dd55/ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9877703785896301, "perplexity": 13404.099918199554}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824471.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020230225-20171021010225-00759.warc.gz"} |
https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/51926/is-this-equation-of-state-original | # Is this equation of state original?
I created this equation of state as a personal undergraduate summer project (here is the link) seven years ago:
$$\frac{PV}{nRT}-1 \propto \left(\frac{nRT}{PV}\right)^2 \left[\left(\frac{nRT}{PV}\right)^2 - 1\right]$$
I tried to show it to my professors but none of them replied to my emails. I had since forgotten about it until I recently came across it in the cloud. Here is a table comparing its theoretical predictions for the critical temperatures of various gases to the actual experimental values
• How do you use it in order to make predictions of $T_c$? – user1420303 May 29 '16 at 12:08
• @user1420303 I'm guessing $$\left(\frac{\partial p}{\partial V}\right)_T = \left(\frac{\partial^2 p}{\partial V^2}\right)_T = 0$$ although the link says $T_c = \varepsilon/(k \ln 2)$ (not sure how the derivation works) – orthocresol May 29 '16 at 12:23
• @orthocresol Sorry, I was not able to open the link before, it took me to the table image with the SE App . I am going to read it from my PC in minutes. – user1420303 May 29 '16 at 13:59
• @user1420303 It was broken just now, I fixed it. ;) – orthocresol May 29 '16 at 14:27
• I think it is original, although I'm not sure about some points in the derivation. – user1420303 May 29 '16 at 17:27
Extending beyond the question of originality, I read your demonstration and what bothers me to some extent is the link you establish between $Z$ (the compression factor) and $U(r)$, the intermolecular potential energy. First, let's state that linking $Z$ to $U$ is indeed a common way to derive equations of state. However, the way you are doing it is lacking a sound basis. The sentence “From these explanations it can be said that $Z-1=U(r)$” (page 1) is the problem:
1. Yes, if $U(r)>0$ then $Z>1$, and the other way around… but that does not mean that the two quantities are proportional.
2. In fact, $Z$ is a scalar (function of $P$ and $T$), while $U(r)$ is a function of distance (and not thermodynamic variables). So they cannot be linked directly.
You intuited between $Z$ and $U$, which exists, but it needs to be formalized a bit more carefully. Standard approaches to do so rely on perturbation theory or mean-field method. You can check for examples the classical derivations of the van der Waals equation of state to see how this can be done. But it requires some fundamentals of statistical physics… | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7255606651306152, "perplexity": 365.8331854059963}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574265.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921043014-20190921065014-00025.warc.gz"} |
https://blog.jverkamp.com/programming/topics/apache/ | # Adding HSTS to Redirects in Apache
TLDR:
# Use 'always' so headers are also set for non-2XX and unset to avoid duplicates
One of the downsides of using HTTPS though is that without certain things in place, many users will still type domain.com in their address bar from time to time, completely missing out on the https://. While you can immediately redirect them, that very first request is a risk, since if a man-in-the-middle attack happens to catch that request, they can downgrade the entire connection.
Enter HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS). It’s a HTTP header that you can send on the first HTTPS connection you establish with a compatible client. Once you’ve done that, any further requests (until the header’s TTL expires without being renewed) will be sent to https:// no matter what the user types. Which solves the first request problem for all sessions… but it still doesn’t fix the very first time you have to get the header. So how do you fix that? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.15750594437122345, "perplexity": 3180.9195385897337}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337803.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006092601-20221006122601-00666.warc.gz"} |
http://www.maplesoft.com/support/help/MapleSim/view.aspx?path=componentLibrary/signalBlocks/signalConverters/UnitConversionBlock | Conversion Block
Converts a signal from one unit to another
Description The Conversion Block component converts a signal from one unit to another. This component is a fixed causality component that you can use to perform unit conversions for dimensions such as time, temperature, speed, pressure, mass, and volume.
Connections
Name Description $u$ Connection of the real input signal to be converted $y$ Connection of the real output signal containing the input signal, $u$, in another unit
Parameters
Symbol Default Units Description dimension Acceleration - The dimension for which to convert units. from unit $\frac{m}{{s}^{2}}$ - Original units of the signal. to unit $\frac{m}{{s}^{2}}$ - Units to which you want to convert the signal. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 5, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8338956832885742, "perplexity": 1014.0092823700323}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320226.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624050312-20170624070312-00023.warc.gz"} |
https://brilliant.org/problems/a-number-theory-problem-by-swadesh-rath/ | # A number theory problem by Swadesh Rath
Number Theory Level pending
xy - 6(x+y) = 0 find number of ordered solutions for all integral values of x,y such that x<y or x = y
× | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8665782809257507, "perplexity": 1693.004218937085}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720356.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00251-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.universetoday.com/34024/mass-of-the-planets/ | # What are the Different Masses of the Planets?
It is a well known fact that the planets of the Solar System vary considerably in terms of size. For instance, the planets of the inner Solar System are smaller and denser than the gas/ice giants of the outer Solar System. And in some cases, planets can actually be smaller than the largest moons. But a planet’s size is not necessarily proportional to its mass. In the end, how massive a planet is has more to do with its composition and density.
So while a planet like Mercury may be smaller in size than Jupiter’s moon Ganymede or Saturn’s moon Titan, it is more than twice as massive than they are. And while Jupiter is 318 times as massive as Earth, its composition and density mean that it is only 11.21 times Earth’s size. Let’s go over the planet’s one by one and see just how massive they are, shall we?
## Mercury:
Mercury is the Solar System’s smallest planet, with an average diameter of 4879 km (3031.67 mi). It is also one of its densest at 5.427 g/cm3, which is second only to Earth. As a terrestrial planet, it is composed of silicate rock and minerals and is differentiated between an iron core and a silicate mantle and crust. But unlike its peers (Venus, Earth and Mars), it has an abnormally large metallic core relative to its crust and mantle.
All told, Mercury’s mass is approximately 0.330 x 1024 kg, which works out to 330,000,000 trillion metric tons (or the equivalent of 0.055 Earths). Combined with its density and size, Mercury has a surface gravity of 3.7 m/s² (or 0.38 g).
## Venus:
Venus, otherwise known as “Earth’s Sister Planet”, is so-named because of its similarities in composition, size, and mass to our own. Like Earth, Mercury and Mars, it is a terrestrial planet, and hence quite dense. In fact, with a density of 5.243 g/cm³, it is the third densest planet in the Solar System (behind Earth and Mercury). Its average radius is roughly 6,050 km (3759.3 mi), which is the equivalent of 0.95 Earths.
And when it comes to mass, the planet weighs in at a hefty 4.87 x 1024 kg, or 4,870,000,000 trillion metric tons. Not surprisingly, this is the equivalent of 0.815 Earths, making it the second most massive terrestrial planet in the Solar System. Combined with its density and size, this means that Venus also has comparable gravity to Earth – roughly 8.87 m/s², or 0.9 g.
## Earth:
Like the other planets of the inner Solar System, Earth is also a terrestrial planet, composed of metals and silicate rocks differentiated between an iron core and a silicate mantle and crust. Of the terrestrial planets, it is the largest and densest, with an average radius of 6,371.0 km (3,958.8 mi) and a mean of density of 5.514 g/cm3.
And at 5.97 x 1024 kg (which works out to 5,970,000,000,000 trillion metric tons) Earth is the most massive of all the terrestrial planets. Combined with its size and density, Earth experiences the surface gravity that we are all familiar with – 9.8 m/s², or 1 g.
## Mars:
Mars is the third largest terrestrial planet, and the second smallest planet in our Solar System. Like the others, it is composed of metals and silicate rocks that are differentiated between a iron core and a silicate mantle and crust. But while it is roughly half the size of Earth (with a mean diameter of 6792 km, or 4220.35 mi), it is only one-tenth as massive.
In short, Mars has a mass of 0.642 x1024 kg, which works out to 642,000,000 trillion metric tons, or roughly 0.11 the mass of Earth. Combined with its size and density – 3.9335 g/cm³ (which is roughly 0.71 times that of Earth’s) – Mars has a surface gravity of 3.711 m/s² (or 0.376 g).
## Jupiter:
Jupiter is the largest planet in the Solar System. With a mean diameter of 142,984 km, it is big enough to fit all the other planets (except Saturn) inside itself, and big enough to fit Earth 11.8 times over. But with a mass of 1898 x 1024 kg (or 1,898,000,000,000 trillion metric tons), Jupiter is more massive than all the other planets in the Solar System combined – 2.5 times more massive, to be exact.
However, as a gas giant, it has a lower overall density than the terrestrial planets. It’s mean density is 1.326 g/cm, but this increases considerably the further one ventures towards the core. And though Jupiter does not have a true surface, if one were to position themselves within its atmosphere where the pressure is the same as Earth’s at sea level (1 bar), they would experience a gravitational pull of 24.79 m/s2 (2.528 g).
## Saturn:
Saturn is the second largest of the gas giants; with a mean diameter of 120,536 km, it is just slightly smaller than Jupiter. However, it is significantly less massive than its Jovian cousin, with a mass of 569 x 1024 kg (or 569,000,000,000 trillion metric tons). Still, this makes Saturn the second most-massive planet in the Solar System, with 95 times the mass of Earth.
Much like Jupiter, Saturn has a low mean density due to its composition. In fact, with an average density of 0.687 g/cm³, Saturn is the only planet in the Solar System that is less dense than water (1 g/cm³). But of course, like all gas giants, its density increases considerably the further one ventures towards the core. Combined with its size and mass, Saturn has a “surface” gravity that is just slightly higher than Earth’s – 10.44 m/s², or 1.065 g.
## Uranus:
With a mean diameter of 51,118 km, Uranus is the third largest planet in the Solar System. But with a mass of 86.8 x 1024 kg (86,800,000,000 trillion metric tons) it is the fourth most massive – which is 14.5 times the mass of Earth. This is due to its mean density of 1.271 g/cm3, which is about three quarters of what Neptune’s is. Between its size, mass, and density, Uranus’ gravity works out to 8.69 m/s2, which is 0.886 g.
## Neptune:
Neptune is significantly larger than Earth; at 49,528 km, it is about four times Earth’s size. And with a mass of 102 x 1024 kg (or 102,000,000,000 trillion metric tons) it is also more massive – about 17 times more to be exact. This makes Neptune the third most massive planet in the Solar System; while its density is the greatest of any gas giant (1.638 g/cm3). Combined, this works out to a “surface” gravity of 11.15 m/s2 (1.14 g).
As you can see, the planets of the Solar System range considerably in terms of mass. But when you factor in their variations in density, you can see how a planets mass is not always proportionate to its size. In short, while some planets may be a few times larger than others, they are can have many, many times more mass.
We have written many interesting articles about the planets here at Universe. For instance, here’s Interesting Facts About the Solar System, What are the Colors of the Planets?, What are the Signs of the Planets?, How Dense are the Planets?, and What are the Diameters of the Planets?.
For more information, check out Nine Planets overview of the Solar System, NASA’s Solar System Exploration, and use this site to find out what you would weigh on other planets.
Astronomy Cast has episodes on all of the planets. Here’s Episode 49: Mercury to start!
## 9 Replies to “What are the Different Masses of the Planets?”
1. Dan says:
Neptune is interesting. I did not know that it was dense for a gas/ice giant and that it had a gravity only slightly higher than the Earth. Even if it is smaller than Uranus in terms of size, it is more massive. Thanks for the info!
1. Well observed. And yes, its only a matter of time 🙂
2. regold says:
The diameters of the planets are wrong. They are probably are the radius, but I did not check.
1. Jeffrey Boerst says:
I just took literally 20 seconds on Google and all the sites that came up on the 1st page agree… Perhaps you’re thinking of Miles rather than Kilometers?
3. regold says:
The Earth has a diameter of about 8000 miles. The information above says 3958.8 miles.
1. You’re right. That should say radius. I was switching back and forth and made an error because of it.
4. Thomas77 says:
The diameter of Uranus is only 51,118 km. So it is only slightly (1590 km) bigger than Neptune.
5. Thomas77 says:
Hello Matt,
I just noticed a very confusing thing. The figures is this article are the ones I know.
A few day ago you wrote the article “What Are The Diameters of the Planets?” All the diameters are a bit smaller there.
139,822 km instead of 142,984km for Jupiter
116,464 km instead of 120,536km for Saturn
And so on. Where did those numbers come from?
1. Unfortunately, two different sources were used for the two articles, one from the IAU and the other NASA. The IAU one also used mean diameter, averaging between equatorial and polar while the NASA uses just equatorial. I’ve amended that now so that both use NASA’s. Thanks for the heads up. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8581401109695435, "perplexity": 1098.650847800848}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738674.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810102345-20200810132345-00474.warc.gz"} |
https://documen.tv/question/you-have-26-7-ml-of-0-061-mol-l-aqueous-potassium-hydroide-koh-aq-in-a-conical-flask-in-a-burett-23126019-47/ | ## You have 26.7 mL of 0.061 mol/L aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH(aq)) in a conical flask. In a burette you have 0.086 mol/L H2SO4(aq).
Question
You have 26.7 mL of 0.061 mol/L aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH(aq)) in a conical flask. In a burette
you have 0.086 mol/L H2SO4(aq). If you titrate the two solutions, what volume (mL) of the H2SO4 solution
is required to reach the equivalence point (endpoint)?
in progress 0
5 months 2021-08-30T10:24:41+00:00 1 Answers 2 views 0
9.47 mL
Explanation:
The reaction that takes place is:
• 2KOH + H₂SO₄ → K₂SO₄ + 2H₂O
First we calculate how many KOH moles reacted, using the given concentration and volume of KOH solution:
• 0.061 mol/L = 0.061 mmol/mL
• 0.061 mmol/mL * 26.7 mL = 1.6287 mmol KOH
Then we convert KOH moles into H₂SO₄ moles, using the stoichiometric coefficients:
• 1.6287 mmol KOH * = 0.8144 mmol H₂SO₄
Finally we calculate the required volume of the H₂SO₄ solution, using the number of moles and given concentration:
• 0.8144 mmol ÷ 0.086 mmol/mL = 9.47 mL | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8197753429412842, "perplexity": 22771.55479029119}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337322.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002115028-20221002145028-00573.warc.gz"} |
https://www.zbmath.org/?q=an%3A0934.76057 | ×
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
Full threaded tree algorithms for adaptive refinement fluid dynamics simulations. (English) Zbl 0934.76057
Summary: We describe a fully threaded tree (FTT) algorithm for adaptive mesh refinement of regular meshes. By using a tree threaded at all levels, we avoid traversals for finding nearest neighbors. All operations on a tree including tree modifications are $${\mathcal O}(N)$$, where $$N$$ is a number of cells, and can be performed in parallel. An implementation of the tree requires $$2N$$ words of memory. In this paper, FTT algorithm is applied to the integration of the Euler equations of fluid dynamics. The integration on a tree can utilize flux evaluation algorithms used for grids, but requires a different time-stepping strategy to be computationally efficient. We present an adaptive-mesh time-stepping algorithm in which different time steps are used at different levels of the tree. Time stepping and mesh refinement are interleaved to avoid extensive buffer layers of fine mesh, which were otherwise required ahead of moving shocks. Finally, we describe a filtering algorithm for removing high-frequency noise during mesh refinement, and discuss some test examples. $$\copyright$$ Academic Press.
##### MSC:
76M20 Finite difference methods applied to problems in fluid mechanics 76N15 Gas dynamics, general 65M50 Mesh generation, refinement, and adaptive methods for the numerical solution of initial value and initial-boundary value problems involving PDEs
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http://www.researchgate.net/researcher/20049887_Kazuaki_Takeda | # Kazuaki Takeda
Tohoku University, Sendai-shi, Miyagi-ken, Japan
Are you Kazuaki Takeda?
## Publications (52)13.26 Total impact
• ##### Article: Uplink Capacity of A Cellular System Using Multi-user Single-carrier MIMO Multiplexing Combined with Frequency-domain Equalization and Transmit Power Control
Takahiro Chiba · Kazuaki Takeda · Kazuki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Multi-user single-carrier multiple-input multiple-output (MU SC-MIMO) multiplexing can increase the uplink capacity of a cellular system without expanding the signal bandwidth. It is practically important to make clear an extent to which the MU SC-MIMO multiplexing combined with frequency-domain equalization (FDE) and transmit power control (TPC) can increase the uplink capacity in the presence of the co-channel interference (CCI). Since the theoretical analysis is quite difficult, we resort to the computer simulation to investigate the uplink capacity. In this paper, frequency-domain zero-forcing detection (ZFD) and frequency-domain minimum mean square error detection (MMSED) are considered for MU signal detection. It is shown that ZFD and MMSED provide almost the same uplink capacity and that an advantage of fast TPC over slow TPC diminishes. As a result, MU SC-MIMO using computationally efficient ZFD can be used together with slow TPC instead of using MMSED. With 8 receive antennas and slow TPC, MU SC-MIMO multiplexing using ZFD can achieve about 1.5times higher uplink capacity than SU SC-SIMO diversity. KeywordsMulti-user MIMO–Single-carrier–Frequency-domain equalization–Cellular system–Uplink-capacity
Wireless Personal Communications 06/2011; 58(3):455-468. DOI:10.1007/s11277-010-0130-5 · 0.65 Impact Factor
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##### Article: Performance comparison between CDTD and STTD for DS-CDMA/MMSE-FDE with frequency-domain ICI cancellation
Kazuaki Takeda · Yohei Kojima · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion can provide a better bit error rate (BER) performance than rake combining. However, the residual inter-chip interference (ICI) is produced after MMSE-FDE and this degrades the BER performance. Recently, we showed that frequency-domain ICI cancellation can bring the BER performance close to the theoretical lower bound. To further improve the BER performance, transmit antenna diversity technique is effective. Cyclic delay transmit diversity (CDTD) can increase the number of equivalent paths and hence achieve a large frequency diversity gain. Space-time transmit diversity (STTD) can obtain antenna diversity gain due to the space-time coding and achieve a better BER performance than CDTD. Objective of this paper is to show that the BER performance degradation of CDTD is mainly due to the residual ICI and that the introduction of ICI cancellation gives almost the same BER performance as STTD. This study provides a very important result that CDTD has a great advantage of providing a higher throughput than STTD. This is confirmed by computer simulation. The computer simulation results show that CDTD can achieve higher throughput than STTD when ICI cancellation is introduced.
IEICE Transactions on Communications 09/2009; 92-B(9):2882-2890. DOI:10.1587/transcom.E92.B.2882 · 0.23 Impact Factor
• Source
##### Article: 2-Step Maximum Likelihood Channel Estimation for Multicode DS-CDMA with Frequency-Domain Equalization
Yohei Kojima · Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion can provide better downlink bit error rate (BER) performance of direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) than the conventional rake combining in a frequency-selective fading channel. FDE requires accurate channel estimation. In this paper, we propose a new 2-step maximum likelihood channel estimation (MLCE) for DS-CDMA with FDE in a very slow frequency-selective fading environment. The 1st step uses the conventional pilot-assisted MMSE-CE and the 2nd step carries out the MLCE using decision feedback from the 1st step. The BER performance improvement achieved by 2-step MLCE over pilot assisted MMSE-CE is confirmed by computer simulation.
IEICE Transactions on Communications 06/2009; 92-B(6):2065-2071. DOI:10.1587/transcom.E92.B.2065 · 0.23 Impact Factor
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##### Article: RLS Channel Estimation with Adaptive Forgetting Factor for DS-CDMA Frequency-Domain Equalization
Yohei Kojima · Hiromichi Tomeba · Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion can increase the downlink bit error rate (BER) performance of DS-CDMA beyond that possible with conventional rake combining in a frequency-selective fading channel. FDE requires accurate channel estimation. Recently, we proposed a pilot-assisted channel estimation (CE) based on the MMSE criterion. Using MMSE-CE, the channel estimation accuracy is almost insensitive to the pilot chip sequence, and a good BER performance is achieved. In this paper, we propose a channel estimation scheme using one-tap recursive least square (RLS) algorithm, where the forgetting factor is adapted to the changing channel condition by the least mean square (LMS)algorithm, for DS-CDMA with FDE. We evaluate the BER performance using RLS-CE with adaptive forgetting factor in a frequency-selective fast Rayleigh fading channel by computer simulation.
IEICE Transactions on Communications 05/2009; 92-B(5):1457-1465. DOI:10.1587/transcom.E92.B.1457 · 0.23 Impact Factor
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##### Conference Paper: Pilot assisted channel estimation for MC-CDMA signal transmission using overlap FDE
Hiromichi Tomeba · Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Recently, multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) has been attracting much attention as a broadband wireless access technique for the next generation mobile communications systems. Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion can take advantage of the channel frequency-selectivity and improve the average bit error rate (BER) performance due to frequency-diversity gain. However, conventional MC-CDMA requires the insertion of guard interval (GI) and this reduces the transmission efficiency. Overlap FDE technique has been proposed that requires no GI insertion. Recently, we showed that MC-CDMA using overlap FDE can provide almost the same BER performance as the conventional MC-CDMA downlink using the GI insertion. However, our previous work assumed the ideal channel estimation. In this paper, we propose a pilot assisted channel estimation technique suitable for MC-CDMA downlink using overlap FDE and evaluate the BER performance by computer simulation.
Communication Systems, 2008. ICCS 2008. 11th IEEE Singapore International Conference on; 12/2008
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##### Conference Paper: DS-CDMA MMSE turbo equalization using 2-step maximum likelihood channel estimation
Yohei Kojima · Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion and frequency-domain inter-chip interference (ICI) cancellation can be incorporated into turbo decoding (this is called the MMSE turbo equalization in this paper) to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA). DS-CDMA MMSE turbo equalization requires accurate channel estimation. The performance of MMSE turbo equalization is sensitive to channel estimation accuracy. Recently, we proposed a 2-step maximum likelihood channel estimation (MLCE) for DS-CDMA with FDE. In this paper, we apply 2-step MLCE to DS-CDMA MMSE turbo equalization and evaluate by computer simulation the achievable BER performance in a frequency-selective block Rayleigh fading channel.
Vehicular Technology Conference, 2008. VTC 2008-Fall. IEEE 68th; 10/2008
• Source
##### Conference Paper: Space-Time Block Coded-Joint Transmit/Receive Antenna Diversity using more than 4 Receive Antennas
Hiromichi Tomeba · Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Antenna diversity is an effective technique for improving the transmission performance in a multi-path fading channel. Recently, we proposed the space-time block coded-joint transmit/receive antenna diversity (STBC-JTRD), which allows the use of an arbitrary number of transmit antennas without sacrificing the coding rate. However, in STBC-JTRD, the number of receive antennas is limited to 4. In this paper, we show the STBC-JTRD encoding allowing the use of more than 5 receive antennas. The bit error rate (BER) analysis in a frequency-nonselective Rayleigh fading channel is presented. The BER performance analysis is confirmed by computer simulation.
Vehicular Technology Conference, 2008. VTC 2008-Fall. IEEE 68th; 10/2008
• ##### Article: Frequency-domain equalisation for block CDMA transmission
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In next generation wireless network, significantly higher rate data services of close to 1 Gpbs are expected. The wireless channels for such a broadband data transmission become severe frequency-selective. Frequency-domain equalisation (FDE) technique may play an important role for broadband data transmission using multi-carrier (MC)- and direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA). The performance can be further improved by the use of multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) antenna diversity technique. The downlink performance is significantly improved with FDE. However, the uplink performance is limited by the multiple access interference (MAI). To remove the MAI while gaining the frequency diversity effect through the use of FDE, two-dimensional (2D) block spread CDMA can be used. Recently, particular attention has been paid to MIMO space division multiplexing (SDM) to significantly increase the throughput without expanding the signal bandwidth. In this paper, we present a comprehensive performance comparison of MC- and DS-CDMA using FDE. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
European Transactions on Telecommunications 08/2008; 19(5):553-560. DOI:10.1002/ett.1305 · 1.35 Impact Factor
• Source
##### Conference Paper: Transmit diversity for DS-CDMA/MMSE-FDE with frequency-domain ICI cancellation
Kazuaki Takeda · Yohei Kojima · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion can provide a better bit error rate (BER) performance than rake combining. However, the residual inter-chip interference (ICI) is produced after MMSE-FDE and degrades the BER performance. Recently, we showed that frequency-domain ICI cancellation can bring the BER performance close to the theoretical lower bound. To further improve the BER performance, transmit antenna diversity technique is effective. Cyclic delay transmit diversity (CDTD) can increase the number of equivalent paths and hence achieve a large frequency diversity gain. Space-time transmit diversity (STTD) can obtain antenna diversity gain due to the space-time coding and achieve a better BER performance than CDTD. In this paper, we point out that the performance difference between CDTD and STTD is mainly due to the residual ICI. We theoretically show that the introduction of ICI cancellation into DS-CDMA/MMSE-FDE gives almost the same BER performance for CDTD and STTD. This is confirmed by computer simulation.
Vehicular Technology Conference, 2008. VTC Spring 2008. IEEE; 06/2008
• Source
##### Article: Iterative overlap FDE for multicode DS-CDMA
Kazuaki Takeda · Hiromichi Tomeba · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Recently, a new frequency-domain equalization (FDE) technique, called overlap FDE, that requires no GI insertion was proposed. However, the residual inter/intra-block interference (IBI) cannot completely be removed. In addition to this, for multicode direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA), the presence of residual interchip interference (ICI) after FDE distorts orthogonality among the spreading codes. In this paper, we propose an iterative overlap FDE for multicode DS-CDMA to suppress both the residual IBI and the residual ICI. In the iterative overlap FDE, joint minimum mean square error (MMSE)-FDE and ICI cancellation is repeated a sufficient number of times. The bit error rate (BER) performance with the iterative overlap FDE is evaluated by computer simulation.
IEICE Transactions on Communications 06/2008; 91-B(6):1942-1951. DOI:10.1093/ietcom/e91-b.6.1942 · 0.23 Impact Factor
• Source
##### Article: BER performance analysis of MC-CDMA with overlap-ME
Hiromichi Tomeba · Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Recently, multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) has been attracting much attention as a broadband wireless access technique for the next generation mobile communications systems. Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion can take advantage of the channel frequency-selectivity and improve the average bit error rate (BER) performance due to frequency-diversity gain. The conventional FDE requires the insertion of the guard interval (GI) to avoid the inter-block interference (IBI), resulting in the transmission efficiency loss. In this paper, an overlap FDE technique, which requires no GI insertion, is presented for MC-CDMA transmission. An expression for the conditional bit error rate (BER) is derived for the given set of channel gains. The average BER performance in a frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channel is evaluated by Monte-Carlo numerical computation method using the derived conditional BER and is confirmed by computer simulation of the MC-CDMA signal transmission. Keyword− Frequency-selective fading channel, Overlap FDE, MC-CDMA.
IEICE Transactions on Communications 03/2008; 91-B(3):795-804. DOI:10.1093/ietcom/e91-b.3.795 · 0.23 Impact Factor
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##### Article: DS-CDMA Downlink Site Diversity with Frequency-Domain Equalization and Antenna Diversity Reception
Hirotaka Sato · Hiromichi Tomeba · Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The use of frequency-domain equalization based on minimum mean square error criterion (called MMSE-FDE) can significantly improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of DS-CDMA signal transmission compared to the well-known coherent rake combining. However, in a DS-CDMA cellular system, as a mobile user moves away from a base station and approaches the cell edge, the received signal power gets weaker and the interference from other cells becomes stronger, thereby degrading the transmission performance. To improve the transmission performance of a user close to the cell edge, the well-known site diversity can be used in conjunction with FDE. In this paper, we consider DS-CDMA downlink site diversity with FDE. The MMSE site diversity combining weight is theoretically derived for joint FDE and antenna diversity reception and the downlink capacity is evaluated by computer simulation. It is shown that the larger downlink capacity can be achieved with FDE than with coherent rake combining. It is also shown that the DS-CDMA downlink capacity is almost the same as MC-CDMA downlink capacity.
IEICE Transactions on Communications 12/2007; E90B(12). DOI:10.1093/ietcom/e90-b.12.3591 · 0.23 Impact Factor
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##### Conference Paper: Uplink Capacity of Single-Carrier Frequency-Interleaved Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A single-carrier frequency-interleaved spread spectrum multiple access (SC-FI-SSMA), which we recently proposed, uses frequency-domain interleaving and MMSE-FDE to remove the uplink multi-user interference (MUI) while achieving the frequency diversity gain by assigning the orthogonal interleaving matrices to different users. However, in a multi-cell environment, the uplink capacity of SC-FI-SSMA may degrade due to the inter-cell interference. To improve the uplink bit error rate (BER) performance, transmit power control and site selection diversity techniques can be applied. In this paper, we evaluate the uplink capacity of SC-FI-SSMA to show that SC-FI-SSMA provides better uplink performance than DS-CDMA even in a multi-cell environment.
Vehicular Technology Conference, 2007. VTC-2007 Fall. 2007 IEEE 66th; 11/2007
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##### Article: DS-CDMA HARQ with overlap FDE
Kazuki TAKEDA · Hiromichi Tomeba · Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Turbo coded hybrid ARQ (HARQ) is known as one of the promising error control techniques for high speed wireless packet access. However, in a severe frequency-selective fading channel, the HARQ throughput performance significantly degrades for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system using rake combining. This problem can be overcome by replacing the rake combining by the frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion. In a system with the conventional FDE, the guard interval (GI) is inserted to avoid the inter-block interference (IBI). The insertion of GI reduces the throughput. Recently, overlap FDE that requires no GI insertion was proposed. In this paper, we apply overlap FDE to HARQ and derive the MMSE-FDE weight for packet combining. Then, we evaluate the throughput performance of DS-CDMA HARQ with overlap FDE. We show that overlap FDE provides better throughput performance than both the rake combining and conventional FDE regardless of the degree of the channel frequency-selectivity.
IEICE Transactions on Communications 11/2007; E90B(11). DOI:10.1093/ietcom/e90-b.11.3189 · 0.23 Impact Factor
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##### Article: Frequency-Domain MMSE Channel Estimation for Frequency-Domain Equalization of DS-CDMA Signals
Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion can replace the conventional rake combining to significantly improve the bit error rate (BER) performance in a frequency-selective fading channel. MMSE-FDE requires an accurate estimate of the channel transfer function and the signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR). Direct application of pilot-assisted channel estimation (CE) degrades the BER performance, since the frequency spectrum of the pilot chip sequence is not constant over the spreading bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a pilot-assisted decision feedback frequency-domain MMSE-CE. The BER performance with the proposed pilot-assisted MMSE-CE in a frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channel is evaluated by computer simulation. It is shown that MMSE-CE always gives a good BER performance irrespective of the choice of the pilot chip sequence and shows a high tracking ability against fading. For a spreading factor SF of 16, the E b / N 0 degradation for BER=10−4 with MMSE-CE from the ideal CE case is as small as 0.9 dB (including an E b / N 0 loss of 0.28 dB due to the pilot insertion).
IEICE Transactions on Communications 07/2007; E90B(7). DOI:10.1093/ietcom/e90-b.7.1746 · 0.23 Impact Factor
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##### Article: Frequency-Domain Interchip Interference Cancelation for DS-CDMA Downlink Transmission
Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The use of frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on minimum-mean-square-error criterion can significantly improve the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of orthogonal multicode direct-sequence code-division multiple access downlink signal transmission in a frequency-selective fading channel. However, the presence of residual interchip interference (ICI) after FDE produces the orthogonality distortion among the spreading codes, and the BER performance degrades as the number of multiplex order increases. In this paper, we propose a frequency-domain ICI cancellation scheme, in which the residual ICI replica in the frequency domain is generated and subtracted from each frequency component of the received signal after FDE. Three types of ICI cancelation scheme are presented, and the effectiveness of the proposed ICI cancelation scheme is confirmed by computer simulation
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 06/2007; 56(3-56):1286 - 1294. DOI:10.1109/TVT.2007.895474 · 1.98 Impact Factor
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##### Conference Paper: HARQ throughput performance of multicode DS-CDMA with MMSE turbo equalization
Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) is an indispensable technique for packet access. This is employed in high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) using the orthogonal multicode direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA). As the data rate increases, the frequency-selectivity of the channel becomes severer and some equalization technique other than rake combining is necessary. The use of MMSE frequency-domain equalization (MMSE-FDE) can significantly improve the throughput performance. However, the residual inter-chip-inference (ICI) after MMSE-FDE produces the orthogonality distortion among the spreading codes and the throughput performance is far from the theoretical lower bound. In this paper, we study an MMSE turbo equalization for HARQ using multicode DS-CDMA. It is shown by computer simulation that MMSE turbo equalization can significantly improve the throughput performance. An E<sub>S</sub>/N<sub>0</sub> reduction of as much as 2.5-3 dB from the no turbo equalization case is obtained for a throughput range of 2-2.5 bit/s/Hz.
Vehicular Technology Conference, 2007. VTC2007-Spring. IEEE 65th; 05/2007
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##### Conference Paper: Joint use of overlap FDE and STTD for MC-CDMA downlink transmission
Hirornichi Tomeba · Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Recently, multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) has been attracting much attention for the next generation mobile communications systems. Using frequency-domain equalization based on minimum mean square error criterion (MMSE-FDE), the frequency diversity effect can be obtained and improved bit error rate (BER) performance can be obtained. Antenna diversity is an effective technique to further improve the BER performance. Space-time transmit diversity (STTD) is suitable for the downlink transmission. Recently, overlap FDE that requires no guard interval (GI) insertion are presented. Combining STTD decoding and overlap FDE is not straightforward. In this paper, we propose STTD decoding for the MC-CDMA transmission using overlap FDE and then, its BER performance is evaluated by computer simulation.
Vehicular Technology Conference, 2007. VTC2007-Spring. IEEE 65th; 05/2007
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##### Article: Frequency-Domain Multi-Stage Soft Interference Cancellation for DS-CDMA Uplink Signal Transmission
Koichi Ishihara · Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: It is well-known that, in DS-CDMA downlink signal transmission, frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion can replace rake combining to achieve much improved bit error rate (BER) performance in severe frequency-selective fading channel. However, in uplink signal transmission, as each user's signal goes through a different channel, a severe multi-user interference (MUI) is produced and the uplink BER performance severely degrades compared to the downlink. When a small spreading factor is used, the uplink BER performance further degrades due to inter-chip interference (ICI). In this paper, we propose a frequency-domain multi-stage soft interference cancellation scheme for the DS-CDMA uplink and the achievable BER performance is evaluated by computer simulation. The BER performance comparison of the proposed cancellation technique and the multiuser detection (MUD) is also presented.
IEICE Transactions on Communications 05/2007; 90-B(5):1152-1161. DOI:10.1093/ietcom/e90-b.5.1152 · 0.23 Impact Factor
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##### Article: Iterative Channel Estimation for Frequency-Domain Equalization of DSSS Signals
Koichi Ishihara · Kazuaki Takeda · Fumiyuki Adachi ·
[Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: As the channel frequency selectivity becomes severer, the bit error rate (BER) performance of direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signal transmission with rake combining degrades due to an increasing inter-path interference (IPI). Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) can replace rake combining with much improved BER performance in a severe frequency-selective fading channel. For FDE, accurate estimation of the channel transfer function is required. In this paper, we propose an iterative channel estimation that uses pilot chips which are time-multiplexed within each chip block for fast Fourier transform (FFT). The pilot acts as a cyclic-prefix of FFT block as well. The achievable BER performance is evaluated by computer simulation. It is shown that the proposed channel estimation has a very good tracking ability against fast fading.
IEICE Transactions on Communications 05/2007; 90-B(5):1171-1180. DOI:10.1093/ietcom/e90-b.5.1171 · 0.23 Impact Factor
#### Publication Stats
470 Citations 13.26 Total Impact Points
#### Institutions
• ###### Tohoku University
• Graduate School of Engineering
Sendai-shi, Miyagi-ken, Japan | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.846497654914856, "perplexity": 3457.5819322478646}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398459214.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205419-00313-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://conwaylife.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=27642 | For discussion of specific patterns or specific families of patterns, both newly-discovered and well-known.
Sokwe
Moderator
Posts: 1664
Joined: July 9th, 2009, 2:44 pm
velcrorex wrote:A medium sized c/5 orthogonal I hadn't seen before... I know people were keeping track of small c/4 ships, any similar work on c/5?
There currently aren't many known small c/5 ships, so I didn't see much of a reason for collecting the smallest ones. I think this new ship happens to be the 14th smallest:
Code: Select all
x = 614, y = 95, rule = B3/S23
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54bo3bo35b2o2b2o3b3o7bo$b2o9bobo9b2o135b2o9bobo9b2o32b2o9bobo9b2o15bo 21bo2bo25bo30b3o42bo2bo25bo157b2o4b2o6bobo$b2ob2o15b2ob2o36bo3b3o48bo
3b3o37b2ob2o15b2ob2o32b2ob2o15b2ob2o10bo3bo22b2o2bo3bo15bo3bo34b2o40b
2o2bo3bo15bo3bo51bo3b3o52bo3b3o44b3obo6bo2b2o$5bo15bo39bobo52bobo46bo 15bo6bo33bo15bo14bo2bo19b2o4bo2bo2bo15bo2bo27b3o4bo38b2o4bo2bo2bo15bo 2bo51bobo56bobo49b2o3bob3o4bo$60bo2bo51bo2bo69b2o85b3obobo55bo42b3obob
o76bo2bo55bo2bo50b3o4b2o4bo2b3o2b2o$62b2o53b2o68bobo85bo61bo2bobo37bo 84b2o57b2o53b5o6bo4bo2b2o$59bo2bo4bo46bo2bo4bo65b3o86b2o58b2o3bo39b2o
78bo2bo4bo50bo2bo4bo50b2o11bo$60b3o2bobo47b3o2bobo66b3o85b2o59bo3bo39b 2o79b3o2bobo51b3o2bobo63bobobo6bobo$65b3o52b3o66bo2bo141b2o6bo125b3o
56b3o67b2o3bo3b2o$60bob4o49bob4o68bobo82b3o56bo2b2ob2o38b3o81bob4o53bo b4o66bo3bo3bo2bo$59bo54bo74bo86bo57bo3b3o40bo80bo58bo71b2o2bo3b2o6b3o$60bo54bo73b2o82bo3bo61bobo36bo3bo80bo58bo76bobo4b2ob4o$57bo2bobo49bo2b
obo72bo82bo4bo57b2o2b2o36bo4bo76bo2bobo53bo2bobo73b2o2bo2bob2o4bo$57b 2o53b2o73bobo83bo63b6o35bo81b2o57b2o80bo3bo7bo$53b2o4bo48b2o4bo72bo85b
5o64b2o34b5o73b2o4bo52b2o4bo87bo$52b3obobo48b3obobo72b2o151bobo2bo110b 3obobo52b3obobo89bo$52bo54bo78b2o148bo4bobo111bo58bo$54b2o53b2o230bo 112bo2b2o54bo2b2o$54b2o53b2o225b2o42b2o72b3obo54b3obo$336bo42bobo69bo 2bo3b2o50bo2bo3b2o$51b3o52b3o230bo111b2o2b2o53b2o2b2o$53bo54bo229bob2o 38bo66b2o4bo4b2o46b2o4bo4b2o$50bo3bo50bo3bo226bo4bo38b3o63b3obobo52b3o
bobo$50bo4bo49bo4bo224bob6o103bo58bo$50bo54bo228bo113b2o57b2o$50b5o50b 5o227bo110b2o57b2o$335b3o$445b3o56b3o$447bo58bo$107b2o226bo108bo3bo54b o3bo$106bobo226b2obo105bo4bo53bo4bo$337bob2o103bo58bo$107bo230bobo103b
5o54b5o$107b3o227b2ob2o3$390b2o5b2o5b2o5b2o92b2o$388bo3bo3bo2bo3bo2bo 3bo3bo89bobo$388bo3bobob3o5b3obobo3bo$388bo5b2o2b3ob3o2b2o5bo90bo$388b
2ob3o15b3ob2o90b3o$385bo2bo25bo$385b2o2bo3bo15bo3bo$381b2o4bo2bo2bo15b o2bo$380b3obobo$380bo$127bo254b2o150bo$125b2ob2o252b2o148b2ob2o$124b3o
404b3o$121b2o3bo252b3o146b2o3bo$121bo3bo255bo146bo3bo$378bo3bo$117bo3b
3o254bo4bo140bo3b3o$116bobo259bo144bobo$115bo2bo259b5o139bo2bo$117b2o 405b2o$114bo2bo4bo398bo2bo4bo$115b3o2bobo399b3o2bobo$120b3o256b2o146b
3o$115bob4o257bobo141bob4o$114bo406bo$115bo263bo142bo$112bo2bobo261b3o
137bo2bobo$112b2o405b2o$108b2o4bo400b2o4bo$107b3obobo400b3obobo$107bo
406bo$109b2o402bo2b2o$109b2o402b3obo$510bo2bo3b2o$106b3o401b2o2b2o$108bo397b2o4bo4b2o$105bo3bo395b3obobo$105bo4bo394bo$105bo401b2o$105b5o 397b2o2$504b3o$506bo$106b2o395bo3bo$105bobo395bo4bo$503bo$106bo396b5o$
106b3o3$504b2o$503bobo2$504bo$504b3o!
Almost all of the known small c/5 orthogonal spaceships can be built from components found in this collection:
Code: Select all
x = 1247, y = 225, rule = B3/S23
9bo7bo72bo11bo11bo11bo11bo11bo12bo11bo12bo11bo11bo11bo11bo11bo27bo11bo
60bo26bo25bo24bo25bo25bo25bo24bo47b2o2bo4bo2b2o12b2o2bo4bo2b2o16bo10bo
16bo10bo46b2o45bo7bo13b2o5b2o130bo7bo161bo7bo74bo7bo25bo7bo$3b2obobob 2o3b2obobob2o64b2obobo5bobob2o7b2obobo5bobob2o7b2obobo5bobob2o8b2obobo 5bobob2o8b2obobo5bobob2o7b2obobo5bobob2o7b2obobo5bobob2o23b2obobo5bobo b2o58bo26bo25bo24bo25bo25bo25bo24bo25b2o18b2ob5o2b5ob2o8b2ob5o2b5ob2o 13bobo8bobo14bobo8bobo44b3o39b2obobob2o3b2obobob2o6bo2bo3bo3bo122b2obo bob2o3b2obobob2o149b2obobob2o3b2obobob2o62b2obobob2o3b2obobob2o13b2obo bob2o3b2obobob2o$3obob3o9b3obob3o64bob2o3b2obo13bob2o3b2obo13bob2o3b2o
bo14bob2o3b2obo14bob2o3b2obo13bob2o3b2obo13bob2o3b2obo29bob2o3b2obo61b
o26bo25bo24bo25bo25bo25bo24bo25b2o22bo2bo2bo2bo16bo2bo2bo2bo17bobo8bob
o14bobo8bobo45b2o36b3obob3o9b3obob3o4b3obobo3bo119b3obob3o9b3obob3o
143b3obob3o9b3obob3o56b3obob3o9b3obob3o7b3obob3o9b3obob3o$o3bobo5bobo 5bobo3bo61b2obo3bobo3bob2o7b2obo3bobo3bob2o7b2obo3bobo3bob2o8b2obo3bob o3bob2o8b2obo3bobo3bob2o7b2obo3bobo3bob2o7b2obo3bobo3bob2o23b2obo3bobo 3bob2o54bo3bo3bo18bo3bo3bo17bo3bo3bo16bo3bo3bo17bo3bo3bo17bo3bo3bo17bo 3bo3bo16bo3bo3bo19bob2obo22b2o2b2o20b2o2b2o16b2o2bo10bo2b2o8b2o2bo10bo 2b2o39b2o39bo3bobo5bobo5bobo3bo2b3o2b2o5bo119bo3bobo5bobo5bobo3bo143bo 3bobo5bobo5bobo3bo56bo3bobo5bobo5bobo3bo7bo3bobo5bobo5bobo3bo$4b2o6bob
o6b2o65b3o2bobobobo2b3o7b3o2bobobobo2b3o7b3o2bobobobo2b3o8b3o2bobobobo
2b3o8b3o2bobobobo2b3o7b3o2bobobobo2b3o7b3o2bobobobo2b3o23b3o2bobobobo
2b3o51bobob2obob2obobo12bobob2obob2obobo11bobob2obob2obobo10bobob2obob
2obobo11bobob2obob2obobo11bobob2obob2obobo11bobob2obob2obobo10bobob2ob
ob2obobo14b3o4b3o15b2o2b2o4b2o2b2o10b2o2b2o4b2o2b2o11b2o3bo8bo3b2o8b2o
3bo8bo3b2o36b4o44b2o6bobo6b2o13b3ob2o123b2o6bobo6b2o151b2o6bobo6b2o64b
2o6bobo6b2o15b2o6bobo6b2o$b2o9bobo9b2o67bobobobo17bobobobo17bobobobo 18bobobobo18bobobobo17bobobobo17bobobobo33bobobobo55b2obobob3obobob2o 10b2obobob3obobob2o9b2obobob3obobob2o8b2obobob3obobob2o9b2obobob3obobo b2o9b2obobob3obobob2o9b2obobob3obobob2o8b2obobob3obobob2o10b2o12b2o15b 3o4b3o16b3o4b3o15b2o3bo6bo3b2o10b2o3bo6bo3b2o36bo45b2o9bobo9b2o15bo82b o3b3o5b3o3bo10bo8b2o9bobo9b2o145b2o9bobo9b2o58b2o9bobo9b2o9b2o9bobo9b 2o$b2ob2o15b2ob2o64bo2bobobobo2bo11bo2bobobobo2bo11bo2bobobobo2bo12bo
2bobobobo2bo12bo2bobobobo2bo11bo2bobobobo2bo11bo2bobobobo2bo25b2o3bobo
bobo3b2o49bo3bo9bo3bo8bo3bo9bo3bo7bo3bo9bo3bo6bo3bo9bo3bo7bo3bo9bo3bo
7bo3bo9bo3bo7bo3bo9bo3bo6bo3bo9bo3bo9b2o2bob4obo2b2o13bo3bo4bo3bo12bo
3bo4bo3bo13b4o2bo4bo2b4o10b4o2bo4bo2b4o36b2o44b2ob2o15b2ob2o10bo3bo80b
2ob5ob2o3b2ob5ob2o5bo2bo7b2ob2o15b2ob2o145b2ob2o15b2ob2o58b2ob2o15b2ob
2o9b2ob2o15b2ob2o$5bo15bo69bobobobobobo13bobobobobobo13bobobobobobo14b obobobobobo14bobobobobobo13bobobobobobo13bobobobobobo29bobobobobobo52b obobob2o3b2obobobo8bobobob2o3b2obobobo7bobobob2o3b2obobobo6bobobob2o3b 2obobobo7bobobob2o3b2obobobo7bobobob2o3b2obobobo7bobobob2o3b2obobobo6b obobob2o3b2obobobo13bobo2bobo14bo18bo6bo18bo14bob2o2b2obo18bob2o2b2obo 37b2ob3o47bo15bo14bo2bo79bob2obo5bobobobo5bob2obo3bo2bo3b2o6bo15bo145b 2o6bo15bo66bo15bo6bo3bo6bo15bo$91b3obobob3o13b3obobob3o13b3obobob3o14b
3obobob3o14b3obobob3o13b3obobob3o13b3obobob3o29b4o3b4o56b2obo3bob2o16b
2obo3bob2o15b2obo3bob2o14b2obo3bob2o15b2obo3bob2o15b2obo3bob2o15b2obo
3bob2o14b2obo3bob2o39bob2o5b2o5b2obo6bob2o5b2o5b2obo14b4o2b4o18b4o2b4o
35b2ob3o162bo3bobo3b5ob5o3bobo3bobo4bo2b2o167b2o113b2ob2o$89bo2b3o3b3o 2bo9bo2b3o3b3o2bo9bo2b3o3b3o2bo10bo2b3o3b3o2bo10bo2b3o3b3o2bo9bo2b3o3b 3o2bo9bo2b3o3b3o2bo26bobo7bobo52b2obo9bob2o10b2obo9bob2o9b2obo9bob2o8b 2obo9bob2o9b2obo9bob2o9b2obo9bob2o9b2obo9bob2o8b2obo9bob2o13b2o6b2o14b 3o2bo2b2o2bo2b3o8b3o2bo2b2o2bo2b3o17b2o2b2o22b2o2b2o42bo166b3o5b2o3b2o 5b3o5bo4bo4bo149bo10bo3bo$94b2ob2o19b2ob2o19b2ob2o20b2ob2o20b2ob2o19b
2ob2o19b2ob2o31b2o9b2o55b2o2bobo2b2o16b2o2bobo2b2o15b2o2bobo2b2o14b2o
2bobo2b2o15b2o2bobo2b2o15b2o2bobo2b2o15b2o2bobo2b2o14b2o2bobo2b2o13b6o
4b6o13bo4bo2bo4bo12bo4bo2bo4bo19bo4bo22bo4bo36bo3b3o163bo2bob3o13b3obo
2bo2bo158bobob2o6b2o4bo$89b2o11b2o9b2o11b2o9b2o11b2o10b2o11b2o10b2o11b 2o9b2o11b2o9b2o11b2o25b2o11b2o54bobobobobobo16bobobobobobo15bobobobobo bo14bobobobobobo15bobobobobobo15bobobobobobo15bobobobobobo14bobobobobo bo13bobo10bobo13bo2b2o4b2o2bo12bo2b2o4b2o2bo20bo2bo24bo2bo40b3ob3o162b o23bo5bobob2o152bobo3bo2b2o7bo115bobo$89b2o11b2o9b2o11b2o9b2o11b2o10b
2o11b2o10b2o11b2o9b2o11b2o9b2o11b2o25b2o11b2o56bobobobo20bobobobo19bob
obobo18bobobobo19bobobobo19bobobobo19bobobobo17b2obobob2o14bob2o8b2obo
13bo5b2o5bo12bo5b2o5bo20bo2bo24bo2bo37b2ob3o201bo153b2obob5o2bo2bo116b
o3bo$90b3o7b3o11b3o7b3o11b3o7b3o12b3o7b3o12b3o7b3o11b3o7b3o11b3o7b3o 24bo4bo7bo4bo54bobobobo20bobobobo19bobobobo18bobobobo19bobobobo19bobob obo19bobobobo18bobobobo15bob2o8b2obo12b2o12b2o10b2o12b2o20b2o26b2o42bo 3b2o350bo5bo2bo122bo2bo2bo$88b2o2bo7bo2b2o7b2o2bo7bo2b2o7b2o2bo7bo2b2o
8b2o2bo7bo2b2o8b2o2bo7bo2b2o7b2o2bo7bo2b2o7b2o2bo7bo2b2o95bobobobo20bo
bobobo15bo2b2obobob2o2bo14bobobobo15bo2b2obobob2o2bo15bobobobo15bo2b2o
bobob2o2bo13bo2bobo2bo13b2ob2o8b2ob2o11bo2bo2bo2bo2bo2bo10bo2bo2bo2bo
2bo2bo18b6o22b6o36bo5bo353bo2bo130b3o$88bobobo7bobobo7bobobo7bobobo7bo bobo7bobobo8bobobo7bobobo8bobobo7bobobo7bobobo7bobobo7bobobo7bobobo22b o4bo7bo4bo51b2obobobobob2o14b2obobobobob2o12bo2bob2ob2obo2bo11b2obobob obob2o12bo2bob2ob2obo2bo12b2obobobobob2o12bo2bob2ob2obo2bo11b2obobobob ob2o11b2obo10bob2o10b2o3b2o4b2o3b2o8b2o3b2o4b2o3b2o89bobo82bobo404bobo$274b4o9b4o51bobobobobobobobo12bobobobobobobobo11bo3bobobobo3bo10bobob
obobobobobo11bo3bobobobo3bo11bobobobobobobobo11bo3bobobobo3bo13bo2bobo
2bo14bobo10bobo11bo2bob2o4b2obo2bo8bo2bob2o4b2obo2bo13b3o8b3o14b3o8b3o
33bobo82b4o4b2o5b2o5b2o252bo130bo3bo$90bo11bo11bo11bo11bo11bo12bo11bo 12bo11bo11bo11bo11bo11bo94bo2bobobobo2bo14bo2bobobobo2bo15bo2bobo2bo 14bo2bobobobo2bo15bo2bobo2bo15bo2bobobobo2bo15bo2bobo2bo15bobobobobobo 15bo10bo14b2o3b2o2b2o3b2o10b2o3b2o2b2o3b2o16bo8bo18bo8bo31b2o61bo7bo 13b2obo5bobo2bo3bo2bo3bo3bo249b3o126b2o7b2o$40bo48bobob2o3b2obobo9bobo
b2o3b2obobo9bobob2o3b2obobo10bobob2o3b2obobo10bobob2o3b2obobo9bobob2o
3b2obobo9bobob2o3b2obobo7b2o15b2o11b2o56bo2bobo2bo18bo2bobo2bo16bo3bob
o3bo15bo2bobo2bo16bo3bobo3bo16bo2bobo2bo16bo3bobo3bo15bo2bobo2bo16b2o
8b2o13bobo12bobo8bobo12bobo12bobo10bobo12bobo10bobo29b2o54b2obobob2o3b
2obobob2o6bobobo7b3o5b3obobo3bo249bo128b2o7b2o$4b2o15b2o17bo52b2o3b2o 17b2o3b2o17b2o3b2o18b2o3b2o18b2o3b2o17b2o3b2o17b2o3b2o11b3o13b3o11b2o 112bobo48bobo49bobo18b3obobob3o13b2obo8bob2o11bo16bo8bo16bo12bobo10bob o12bobo10bobo25b2o2bo52b3obob3o9b3obob3o2b2obo3bo3b2o2b3ob3o2b2o5bo 247bobo127b2o2b2ob2o2b2o$4b3o13b3o17bo54bobo21bobo21bobo22bobo22bobo
21bobo21bobo13b2o15b2o9bob2obo107b2obobob2o42b2obobob2o43b2obobob2o14b
2o9b2o38bo2bo12bo2bo6bo2bo12bo2bo11b2o2b2o4b2o2b2o12b2o2b2o4b2o2b2o23b
2obobo53bo3bobo5bobo5bobo3bo2b3obo2b4o15b3ob2o246bo2bo129b2o5b2o$4b2o 15b2o13bo3bo3bo45bobob2ob2obobo11bobob2ob2obobo11bobob2ob2obobo12bobob 2ob2obobo12bobob2ob2obobo11bobob2ob2obobo11bobob2ob2obobo11b2o9b2o10b 3o4b3o52b3o3b3o18b3o3b3o19b2ob2o18b3o3b3o19b2ob2o19b3o3b3o41bo9bo12b4o 10b4o13b2o8b2o14b2o8b2o15bobo10bobo12bobo10bobo23b2o2bo58b2o6bobo6b2o 7b2ob2o25bo246bo129bo2b2obobob2o2bo$7b2o9b2o13bobob2obob2obobo44b2obob
ob2o15b2obobob2o15b2obobob2o16b2obobob2o16b2obobob2o15b2obobob2o15b2ob
obob2o14b4o3b4o8b2o12b2o46bo3b2o3b2o3bo12bo3b2o3b2o3bo14bo2bobo2bo13bo
3b2o3b2o3bo14bo2bobo2bo14bo3b2o3b2o3bo12b4obobob4o12bo11bo11b2obo10bob
2o14bo8bo16bo8bo21bo4bo22bo4bo29b2o57b2o9bobo9b2o29bo3bo246bo2bob2o
125b2o2bo3bo2b2o$8b4o3b4o13b2obobob3obobob2o44bobobobo17bobobobo17bobo bobo18bobobobo18bobobobo17bobobobo17bobobobo19bobo12b2o2bob4obo2b2o45b 3o4bobo4b3o10b3o4bobo4b3o13bo7bo12b3o4bobo4b3o13bo7bo13b3o4bobo4b3o11b o3bo3bo3bo13bo9bo12bobobobo4bobobobo11bo14bo10bo14bo18bo4bo22bo4bo29b 3o56b2ob2o15b2ob2o29bo2bo250bo$12bobo16bo3bo9bo3bo39b3obobobobob3o9b3o
bobobobob3o9b3obobobobob3o10b3obobobobob3o10b3obobobobob3o9b3obobobobo
b3o9b3obobobobob3o14b2ob2o15bobo2bobo53bo2bobo2bo18bo2bobo2bo17b2o5b2o
16bo2bobo2bo17b2o5b2o17bo2bobo2bo18bobobobo41bo4bo2bo4bo14bobo8bobo12b
obo8bobo15b6o2b6o14b6o2b6o24b2o62bo15bo158bobo124b3ob2o$11b2ob2o15bobo bob2o3b2obobobo38bo6bobo6bo7bo6bobo6bo7bo6bobo6bo8bo6bobo6bo8bo6bobo6b o7bo6bobo6bo7bo6bobo6bo12b3ob3o74bobobobobobo16bobobobobobo19bobo18bob obobobobo19bobo19bobobobobobo37b2o13b2o11bobo2bo2bo2bobo14bo2bo6bo2bo 12bo2bo6bo2bo320bo2bo123b2ob3o$10b3ob3o18b2obo3bob2o45bo3bobo3bo13bo3b
obo3bo13bo3bobo3bo14bo3bobo3bo14bo3bobo3bo13bo3bobo3bo13bo3bobo3bo16b
2ob2o14b2o6b2o49bo5bobo5bo12bo5bobo5bo13bo9bo12bo5bobo5bo13bo9bo13bo5b
obo5bo13bo2bo3bo2bo10bobob3o5b3obobo9b2ob2o6b2ob2o15b3o4b3o16b3o4b3o
16bobo10bobo12bobo10bobo23bo2bo177b2o5b2o5b2o5b2o34bo2bo$11b2ob2o16b2o bo9bob2o45b2ob2o19b2ob2o19b2ob2o20b2ob2o20b2ob2o19b2ob2o19b2ob2o19bo3b o11b6o4b6o46bo5bobo5bo12bo5bobo5bo13bo2bobobo2bo12bo5bobo5bo12bo3bobob o3bo12bo5bobo5bo12b3obo3bob3o10b2ob3o5b3ob2o10bobobob4obobobo13bo2bo6b o2bo12bo2bo6bo2bo14b3o10b3o12b3o10b3o22b2o2b2o174bo3bo3bo2bo3bo2bo3bo 3bo3bo8bo16bob2o129b5o$11bo3bo19b2o2bobo2b2o42bo2b2o2bobo2b2o2bo7bo2b
2o2bobo2b2o2bo7bo2b2o2bobo2b2o2bo8bo2b2o2bobo2b2o2bo8bo2b2o2bobo2b2o2b
o7bo2b2o2bobo2b2o2bo7bo2b2o2bobo2b2o2bo12bo5bo10bobo10bobo47b5o3b5o14b
5o3b5o14b2o7b2o13b5o3b5o13b2obo5bob2o13b5o3b5o18bobo19b2o5b2o16bobo6bo
bo16b4ob2ob4o14b4ob2ob4o17b2o8b2o16b2o8b2o24b2o2b2o174bo3bobob3o5b3obo
bo3bo3bo7bobo14b5o129b5o$10bo5bo18bobobobobobo42bo2bob2o3b2obo2bo7bo2b ob2o3b2obo2bo7bo2bob2o3b2obo2bo8bo2bob2o3b2obo2bo8bo2bob2o3b2obo2bo7bo 2bob2o3b2obo2bo7bo2bob2o3b2obo2bo13bo3bo11bob2o8b2obo102b9o96b2ob2o18b o7bo15b2obo2b2o2bob2o17bobo2bobo18bobo2bobo19bo2b2o2b2o2bo16bo2b2o2b2o 2bo24bo2bo176bo5b2o2b3ob3o2b2o5bo3bo7bobo13bo2bo130bobo$11bo3bo21bobob
obo45b2o11b2o9b2o11b2o9b2o11b2o10b2o11b2o10b2o11b2o9b2o11b2o9b2o11b2o
13b3ob3o10bob2o8b2obo102b2obobob2o39b4o7b4o40b3o3b3o15b4o3b4o16bobob2o
bobo17bo3bo2bo3bo14bo3bo2bo3bo16b2o3bo2bo3b2o14b2o3bo2bo3b2o203b2ob3o
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15bo67b2o6bobo6b2o8bo152bo5bo$13bo29b2o22b2o20bo2bo7bo2bo9b2o2bo5bo2b 2o8b2o2b3o3b3o2b2o35b2o9b2o148bo7bo18bo3bo44b2o5b2o18bo12bo15b2o3bob2o bo3b2o15bobo2bo2bo2bobo56bo2bo17b2ob2o6b2ob2o11b2ob2o6b2ob2o18bo2bo12b o5b2o2b3ob3o3bobobobo3b3ob3o2b2o5bo32bo2bob3o13b3obo2bo6bo6bo6bo2bob3o 13b3obo2bo189b2o9bobo9b2o3b2o4bo148bo5bo$8b2o31bo23bo25bobo5bobo11b2o
2bo5bo2b2o60bo11bo174bo5bo43b2o5b2o17b2ob2o6b2ob2o16b4ob2ob4o16bobo2bo
b2obo2bobo26bo2bo21b12o12bo3bobo4bobo3bo9bo3bobo4bobo3bo13b12o8b2ob3o
13b2obobob2o13b3ob2o34bo23bo3bo3bo3b2o3bo3bo3bo23bo191b2ob2o15b2ob2o6b
obo148bobo3bobo$8bo26bobob3o2bo14bobob3o2bo23bo7bo39b2obobob2o40bobo5b obo14b3o3b3o151bobobobobo68b2o12b2o12bob2o2b2ob2ob2o2b2obo12bo5b4o5bo 22b12o21b4o17b5o6b5o11b5o6b5o18b4o12bo19bobobobo19bo62b2o3bobo2bobo3b 2o223bo15bo162bo5bo$11bo22bo2b2o5bo13bo2b2o5bo45bob2o5b2obo12bob3ob3ob
o41bo5bo13bo3b2o3b2o3bo147bo2bobobo2bo69b2o8b2o15b3o12b3o11b2o4bo6bo4b
2o24b4o20b2obo6bob2o68b2obo6bob2o8bo3bo14bobobobo14bo3bo63bobobobo4bob
obobo402bo5bo$10bob2o21bo5bo17bo5bo22b3o11b3o8bo2b2o5b2o2bo11b3obobob 3o41b2o3b2o12b3o4bobo4b3o151bo45b3o2bo2b3o74b2obo3bo4bo3bob2o19b2obo6b ob2o16bo2bo4bo2bo13b3obo6bob3o11b3obo6bob3o14bo2bo4bo2bo10bo2bo11b2obo bobobob2o11bo2bo462bo7bo33bo7bo$8bo4bo24b3o21b3o25b3o7b3o10bo3b2o3b2o
3bo11b2o7b2o41b2o3b2o16bo2bobo2bo151b2o5b2o40bob4ob4obo74b2o14b2o21bo
2bo4bo2bo18b2o6b2o17b2o6b2o17b2o6b2o18b2o6b2o26b2obobobobob2o471b2obob
ob2o3b2obobob2o7bo13b2obobob2o3b2obobob2o$7bob6o75bo2bo5bo2bo13bo7bo 17b2ob2o66bobobobobobo22bo130bobo42b2o4bobo4b2o80bo2bo29b2o6b2o18b3o6b 3o17bo6bo19bo6bo18b3o6b3o24bo3bobobobo3bo467b3obob3o9b3obob3o4bo10b3ob ob3o9b3obob3o$6bo26b3o5b2o14b3o5b2o46bo2bo2bobo2bo2bo11bobobobobobo61b
o5bobo5bo19b2o128bobobobo45b2ob2o117b3o6b3o16b3o8b3o17b2o2b2o21b2o2b2o
18b3o8b3o24b4obobob4o468bo3bobo5bobo5bobo3bo2b2obo9bo3bobo5bobo5bobo3b
o$9bo25bo4bobo16bo4bobo23bo11bo10bo3bobobobo3bo11bobobobobobo61bo5bobo 5bo19bo2bo36b2obo87bo3bo167b3o8b3o15bobo8bobo17b2o2b2o21b2o2b2o18bobo 8bobo25b3obobob3o473b2o6bobo6b2o8bo14b2o6bobo6b2o$7b3o25b2o22b2o29bobo
7bobo9b2obob2o3b2obob2o14bobo66b5o3b5o24bo26b3o2bo3b2ob2o258bobo8bobo
47b4o23b4o25b2o22bo7b2o3bobo3b2o7bo461b2o9bobo9b2o5bo11b2o9bobo9b2o$37bo2b2o19bo2b2o25b3o5b3o15bo5bo19bobo102bo2b2o22bo5bob2o5bo287b3o6b3o 15b2ob6ob2o15b2ob6ob2o20bo2bo15b2obobob2o3b2ob2o2bobo2b2ob2o3b2obobob 2o455b2ob2o15b2ob2o17b2ob2o15b2ob2o$35b3o2b2o17b3o2b2o26b2o5b2o39b2obo
bob2o101bo2bo17b3ob4o2bo3bo3bo259b3o6b3o18b2o6b2o16bo2b2o2b2o2bo15bo2b
2o2b2o2bo16b3obo2bob3o8b3obob3o11bobobobo11b3obob3o456bo15bo25bo15bo$7bo32bo23bo27bobo3bobo13b3o7b3o14bobobobo104bo12b3o4bo4b3o5bo3bo2bo 257b2o6b2o20b2o4b2o15b2o3bo4bo3b2o11b2o3bo4bo3b2o15bo3b2o3bo9bo3bobo5b obo3bobobobobobo3bobo5bobo3bo141b2o5b2o5b2o5b2o54b2o5b2o5b2o5b2o$7b2ob
o30b2o22b2o26bo5bo14bo11bo11b2obobobobob2o100b2o8b2o2b3o2b3o7b2o4b3o2b
2o258b2o4b2o20bo2bo2bo2bo13bo5bo4bo5bo9bo5bo4bo5bo18b2o17b2o6bobo3bobo
bobobobo3bobo6b2o143bo3bo3bo2bo3bo2bo3bo3bo3bo8bo9b2o2b2o9bo8bo3bo3bo
3bo2bo3bo2bo3bo3bo$9bob2o25bo23bo51b2o9b2o11b5o3b5o103b3o4bob2ob2o3b2o 4bo3bo8bo4b2o253bo2bo2bo2bo20bobo2bobo14bo16bo9bo16bo16b2o2b2o12b2o9bo bo5bobobobo5bobo9b2o140bo3bobob3o5b3obobo3bo3bo7bobo7bo2b2o2bo7bobo7bo 3bo3bobob3o5b3obobo3bo$10bobo24b2o22b2o50b2ob2o5b2ob2o10b3o7b3o103b2ob
2o3b3o2bo3b2o3bobobo10bobob3o253bobo2bobo44bo14bo11bo14bo14b2o8b2o9b2o
b2o13b2obobob2o13b2ob2o140bo5b2o2b3ob3o2b2o5bo3bo7bobo5bo4b2o4bo5bobo
7bo3bo5b2o2b3ob3o2b2o5bo$9b2ob2o22b3o21b3o50b2o3bo3bo3b2o126bo8b2o2bo 11bobo15bo280b4o4b4o14bo2bo6bo2bo13bo2bo6bo2bo15bob3o2b3obo13bo14bobob obo14bo144b2ob3o15b3ob2o5b2o2bo8bobob2o2b2obobo8bo2b2o5b2ob3o15b3ob2o 78b2o5b2o$37bo23bo52bo2bo5bo2bo11b2o9b2o105bobo3bo9bo21b2o253b4o4b4o
16bobo2bo2bo2bobo14b2o3b2o3b2o15b2o3b2o3b2o16bo10bo25b2obobobobob2o
156bo25bo5bo2b3o2b2o4bo10bo4b2o2b3o2bo5bo25bo70b4obobobo5bobobob4o4bo$38bo23bo75b2o9b2o105bobob2o9bo22b2o252bobo2bo2bo2bobo15bo12bo14b2o3b2o 3b2o15b2o3b2o3b2o16b3o6b3o24bobobobobobobobo156bo3bo15bo3bo15bo4bo10bo 4bo15bo3bo15bo3bo70b3obobob2obo3bob2obobob3o2bobo6b3o$37bobo21bobo54bo
3bo14bobo9bobo396bo12bo18bo2b2o2bo17bo4b2o4bo15bo4b2o4bo17b2o6b2o26b2o
bobobobob2o115b2o5b2o5b2o5b2o20bo2bo15bo2bo8bobo9bo12bo9bobo8bo2bo15bo
2bo71bo3bobo13bobo3bo11b3o37bo7bo$38bobo21bobo50b3obobob3o12b2o9b2o 145b3o252bo2b2o2bo16bo3b10o3bo13bobob2obobo17bobob2obobo58bo3bo117bo3b o3bo2bo3bo2bo3bo3bo61bo12bo115bob3o5b2ob2o5b3obo3bo2bo14bo24b2obobob2o 3b2obobob2o$39bo23bo50b4obobob4o10bobo9bobo144bo249bo3b10o3bo15bo8bo
16b2o2b4o2b2o15b2o2b4o2b2o14bo3b2o4b2o3bo86b2o5b2o5b2o5b2o10b2o16bob2o
8bo3bobob3o5b3obobo3bo190b2o21b2o6b2ob8ob6o6b2o3b2o6b3obob3o9b3obob3o$113bo5bobo5bo167bo3bo250bo8bo16bo3bo6bo3bo13bo10bo15bo10bo14b2o4bo2bo 4b2o26bo5bo51bo3bo3bo2bo3bo2bo3bo3bo7bobobo2b3o4b2o3bobo2bo6bo5b2o2b3o b3o2b2o5bo190b5o15b5o7b3o2b2o9b3o5bobob2o6bo3bobo5bobo5bobo3bo$35b3o
21b3o51bo13bo8bo5bo3bo5bo141bo4bo250b2o6b2o18b4o4b4o16bo2bo2bo2bo17bo
2bo2bo2bo56bobo3bobo50bo3bobob3o5b3obobo3bo3b3obobo2b3obo4bob2obobobo
2bo4b2ob3o15b3ob2o193b2o15b2o10b2o11bob2obob2o2b2obo3b3o6b2o6bobo6b2o$37b3o21b3o54bo3bo13bo5bo3bo5bo146bo248bo2b2o4b2o2bo44bobo4bobo17bobo4b obo16bo12bo22b3obo2bobo2bob3o46bo5b2o2b3ob3o2b2o5bo3b3o2b2o8bo4bo5bo3b 2o3bo25bo233b3o4bobo2bo13b2o9bobo9b2o$37bo2bo20bo2bo71bo5bo3bo5bo142b
5o249b2o2bo2bo2b2o14b3o12b3o14bobo2bobo19bobo2bobo17bob3o4b3obo22b3o2b
obobobo2b3o46b2ob3o15b3ob2o2b3o3b2o9b5o5bobo2bo4bo3bo15bo3bo240b3o2b2o
7b2o4b2ob2o15b2ob2o$112bob2ob2o3b2ob2obo9bobo7bobo396bobo2b2o2b2o2bobo 15bob2ob2ob2obo18bo4bo21bo4bo23bo2bo28b4o2bobo2b4o47bo25bo2bo5b2o3bo3b o2bob3o4bo5bo4bo2bo15bo2bo238b4o23bo15bo$37bo23bo50bo2bob2o3b2obo2bo9b
obo7bobo401bo4bo17bo2b2o8b2o2bo14bobo2bobo19bobo2bobo15b2o4bo4bo4b2o
24bo2bobo2bo51bo3bo15bo3bo4bo10bo14bo3bobo267bo$37bobo21bobo49bo13bo 10bobo7bobo395bo2bo10bo2bo15bo8bo18bob4obo19bob4obo14b3o14b3o21bo4bobo 4bo50bo2bo15bo2bo$38b3o21b3o72bo3bo5bo3bo395bo14bo17b2o4b2o19bo2b2o2bo
19bo2b2o2bo54bob3obobob3obo$39b2o22b2o481b2ob2o8b2ob2o18b4o21bob4obo 19bob4obo17b3o8b3o24b5o3b5o$39bobo21bobo510b3o4b2o4b3o14bo8bo17bo8bo
16bobo8bobo25b3o5b3o$40bo23bo514b3o4b3o69b3o10b3o$607bo6bo42b3o12b3o
228bo3bo20bo3b2o$580b2o4b2o20bo4bo19bo3b2o3bo13bo2bo12bo2bo226bobobob 2o17bobobobo$610b2o20bo3bo2bo3bo13bobo12bobo199bo7bo18bo2bobo19bo2bob
2o$631bo12bo14bo12bo195b2obobob2o3b2obobob2o13b2obo20b5o29bo$632bob2o
4b2obo14b2o12b2o191b3obob3o9b3obob3o8bo7bo3b2ob2o7bo8bobob5o9b2o2bo3b
5o$635bo4bo17bo14bo191bo3bobo5bobo5bobo3bo6b2o8b5o2b2o7bo8bo14b2obo2bo bobo3bobo$635b2o2b2o18bobo8bobo196b2o6bobo6b2o8bo13b2o2b2o4b2o2bo12bob
3o2b3o3b2o6bobo2bo$635b2o2b2o20bo8bo195b2o9bobo9b2o3b2o4bo18b2o22b4o5b o3bo4b2o$661b2o6b2o195b2ob2o15b2ob2o6bo19b2o23b3o8b2o4bob2o2b3o$661b2o 6b2o199bo15bo29bo25bo8bob2o3bo6bo$950bobobo10b7o$950bobo2b2o10bobo2bo$
968b2o$814bo5b2o5b2o5bo213b2o5b2o83b2o5b2o$802b4o6bo2b2ob2o2bo3bo2b2ob
2o2bo132bo70b4obobobo5bobobob4o4bo57bo4b4obobobo5bobobob4o$760b2o5b2o 5b2o5b2o12bo3b4o7b3o4bobo3bobo3bobo4b3o132b2o66b3obobob2obo3bob2obobob 3o2bobo6b3o37b3o6bobo2b3obobob2obo3bob2obobob3o$758bo3bo3bo2bo3bo2bo3b
o3bo9bo8b4o3b2o2bo2b3ob2o3b2ob3o2bo2b2o132b2o66bo3bobo13bobo3bo11b3o
37b3o11bo3bobo13bobo3bo$758bo3bobob3o5b3obobo3bo10bobo3bo3bob2ob3o2b3o 4bo3bo4b3o2b3o129b2o2b2o66bob3o5b2ob2o5b3obo3bo2bo14bo23bo14bo2bo3bob 3o5b2ob2o5b3obo$758bo5b2o2b3ob3o2b2o5bo3bo7b2o3bo4bo2b3obo2bo15bo2bobo
132b2o68b2o21b2o6b2ob8ob6o6b2o3b2o6b6ob8ob2o6b2o21b2o$758b2ob3o15b3ob 2o3bo7b2o12bobo23bo131bob2o2bo65b5o15b5o7b3o2b2o9b3o5bobobo5b3o9b2o2b 3o7b5o15b5o$758bo25bo3bo3bo3bo2bo8b2o159bo2b2o69b2o15b2o10b2o11bob2obo
b2o2b2ob2o2b2obob2obo11b2o10b2o15b2o$759bo3bo15bo3bo6bo2b2o3bo284b3o4b obo2bo5bo2bobo4b3o$760bo2bo15bo2bo7bo298b3o2b2o5b2o2b3o$1086b4o17b4o$
1088bo19bo!
-Matthias Merzenich
gameoflifeboy
Posts: 474
Joined: January 15th, 2015, 2:08 am
I just found a 3c/10 partial pattern with Zdr's awesome new search program:
Code: Select all
x = 16, y = 26, rule = B3/S23
7b2o$5bo4bo$4b2o4b2o$4b2o4b2o$2bo10bo$2b3o6b3o$2bo10bo$3b10o$3b3o4b3o$6bo2bo2$6bo2bo$2b3obo2bob3o$bo2b3o2b3o2bo$4bob4obo2$bobo2bo2bo2bobo$2b ob2o4b2obo$3b2obo2bob2o$2bo3b4o3bo$5bo4bo$bo5b2o5bo$o2b3o4b3o2bo$bo4b 4o4bo$2o4b4o4b2o$bo3b2o2b2o3bo! Also, a partial 3c/8 from a WLS search I did a few days ago: Code: Select all x = 12, y = 26, rule = B3/S23 11bo$9b3o$9bobo$8bo2bo$4b3obo$3bo2bo4bo$2bobo2b3obo$b2ob2ob2o$2obo3b2o$b3o3b4o$2bo4bo2bo$9b2o$9bo$9bo$9b2o$2bo4bo2bo$b3o3b4o$2obo3b2o$b2ob2o b2o$2bobo2b3obo$3bo2bo4bo$4b3obo$8bo2bo$9bobo$9b3o$11bo!
EDIT: Another 3c/10 partial that doesn't lead anywhere at width 16. This one holds up slightly better:
Code: Select all
x = 16, y = 26, rule = B3/S23
7b2o$5bo4bo$4b2o4b2o$4b2o4b2o$2bo10bo$2b3o6b3o$2bo10bo$3b10o$3b3o4b3o$6bo2bo2$7b2o$7b2o$4bo6bo$3b2o2b2o2b2o$2bo4b2o4bo$bobo8bobo$2obo8bob2o$2o2bo6bo2b2o$bob2o6b2obo2$b2o4b2o4b2o2$o2b2ob4ob2o2bo$o3bo2b2o2bo3bo$b
o2bo6bo2bo!
EDIT: Some partial 2c/9's:
Code: Select all
x = 163, y = 29, rule = B3/S23
6bo29bo29bo29bo28b2o25bo6bo$6bo27bo3bo25bo3bo54bo4bo22b2o6b2o$5b3o26bo
3bo24bo5bo23bo5bo23bo4bo$32bo7bo20bo9bo20bo3bo3bo21bo2b2o2bo19bo2bo6bo 2bo$6bo25bob5obo20bo3b3o3bo20bo2bobo2bo21b2ob2ob2o19bo2bo6bo2bo$3b7o 22bobo3bobo20bo9bo20b2o5b2o22bob2obo22b2o6b2o$63b3ob3o21b2obo3bob2o20b
o6bo23bo4bo$b3ob3ob3o22bo3bo25bo3bo25b2ob2o23b3o2b3o21b3o4b3o$b2o2b3o
2b2o21bo2bo2bo19b2obobobobobob2o16bo4b3o4bo19b2ob2ob2o22bo6bo$b2o7b2o 17b4o3bo3b4o15b2o4b3o4b2o17bo3b3o3bo16b3o3bo2bo3b3o$bo4bo4bo17b2o2bo5b
o2b2o16bo11bo17b2obobobobob2o15b3o10b3o$ob2o2bo2b2obo17b3o7b3o18bo9bo 18b2o9b2o22b2o26b6o$4b5o22bo2bo3bo2bo20b2o5b2o18bo6bo6bo16bo10bo20bo2b
2o2bo$2bo7bo22b2o3b2o20b3o2b3o2b3o46b2o10b2o18bo3b2o3bo$31b4o3b4o20bob
o3bobo80bo2bo2bo2bo$2b3o3b3o19b2o4bo4b2o20bo5bo51b2o6b2o20b3o4b3o$o5bo
5bo17bo11bo20b2o3b2o53bo4bo22bob6obo$2o4bo4b2o18b3obobob3o18b2o2b5o2b 2o47bo10bo23b2o$31b2o7b2o78b2obo4bob2o18b2o8b2o$obo7bobo105b4obo4bob4o 16b2obo4bob2o$118b2o12b2o17bob2o2b2obo$120bo10bo18bo2b2o2b2o2bo$120bob
2o4b2obo19bob2o2b2obo$120bob2o4b2obo18b2obo4bob2o$120b5o2b5o19b2ob4ob
2o$120b2o8b2o19bo8bo$120bo4b2o4bo$118b2ob2obo2bob2ob2o$121bobo4bobo!
And some partial c/9's:
Code: Select all
x = 109, y = 45, rule = B3/S23
3$10b2o28b2o28b2o28b2o$8b6o24bo4bo$7b8o22bo6bo22bo6bo22bo6bo$6bo8bo20b
o8bo20b2o6b2o20bo8bo$6b2o6b2o20b2ob4ob2o21bob4obo21bo2b4o2bo$6b2ob4ob
2o21bo6bo23bo4bo21b2o2bo2bo2b2o$7bob4obo23b2o2b2o24b6o21bo2b2o2b2o2bo$
6bo2bo2bo2bo21bobo2bobo23b2o2b2o20b4o6b4o$9bo2bo23b2ob4ob2o22b2o2b2o 24bo4bo$6bo2bo2bo2bo21bobo2bobo22b2o4b2o21bo8bo$7bo6bo19b3obob2obob3o 18bo8bo20b2o6b2o$38bob2obo24bo4bo21bobobo2bobobo$6bo8bo19b3obo2bob3o 18b2ob6ob2o18b2o3b2o3b2o$6bob6obo20b2ob4ob2o23bo2bo22bo4b2o4bo$6bob2o 2b2obo19bo3bo2bo3bo21b2o2b2o$8bo4bo22bob2o2b2obo21b2o4b2o21b3o4b3o$9bo 2bo25bo4bo22b2o6b2o19b3o2b2o2b3o$6b2o6b2o19b2o2bo2bo2b2o18b2o2b4o2b2o$5bob2o4b2obo17bo3b6o3bo17bo2b2o2b2o2bo$7bo6bo21b2o2b2o2b2o20bob2o2b2ob
o$4bo12bo19b2o4b2o$5b3o6b3o$7bo6bo$9bo2bo$8b2o2b2o$5bob3o2b3obo$5b2obo 4bob2o$6b2o6b2o!
And partial c/8's:
Code: Select all
x = 152, y = 126, rule = B3/S23
28$43bo6bo25b2o28b2o28b2o$42b2o6b2o24b2o26bo4bo23bo6bo$44bo4bo24bob2ob o24bo4bo22bo8bo$41b2o8b2o19b2o6b2o22bo4bo22bo8bo$44bo4bo22b2o6b2o22bo 4bo22b2ob4ob2o$41b2o2bo2bo2b2o18b2o8b2o19bo2bo2bo2bo20b3o4b3o$41b2ob2o 2b2ob2o18bobo6bobo19b3ob2ob3o19bo3bo2bo3bo$44bo4bo23bo6bo21bo8bo19bob
3o2b3obo$70bo12bo47bo3bo2bo3bo$43b3o2b3o22b2o4b2o22b2o4b2o22bo6bo$44bo 4bo20b2o10b2o18bo8bo20bob2o2b2obo$44bo4bo81bo3bo2bo3bo$44b2o2b2o23b2o 4b2o21bo8bo19bo2b2o2b2o2bo$44bob2obo25b4o22b2obo4bob2o21b2o2b2o$43b2o 4b2o23b6o21b2o3b2o3b2o17bo12bo$44bob2obo24bo4bo21b12o17bo2bo6bo2bo$105b4o22b2o8b2o$42bo3b2o3bo20b2obo2bob2o48b2o4b2o4b2o$72b4o2b4o22bo4bo 20b2obobo2bobob2o$43b3o2b3o24bo2bo54bo2b2o2bo$44b2o2b2o24b2o2b2o23bobo 2bobo22bobo2bobo$72b2o6b2o20b3o4b3o18b2o10b2o$43bobo2bobo51bo8bo20bo8b o$42bob2o2b2obo18b2obo6bob2o19b2ob2ob2o19b3o8b3o$41b3o6b3o20bo6bo21b2o b4ob2o18b2ob8ob2o$40b3o8b3o16b2obo6bob2o17bo4b2o4bo18bo3bo2bo3bo$40b2o 10b2o16b2o3bo2bo3b2o17b2o8b2o18bobo6bobo$44b6o21bo10bo18b2o8b2o18bobob
o2bobobo$44b2o2b2o20bo4b4o4bo$41b2obo4bob2o20bob4obo$44bob2obo$41b2obo
b2obob2o$41bo3bo2bo3bo$43b3o2b3o$40bo3bo4bo3bo$40bob2o6b2obo$44b2o2b2o ! Last edited by gameoflifeboy on March 12th, 2016, 1:39 am, edited 2 times in total. thunk Posts: 170 Joined: October 3rd, 2015, 8:50 pm Location: Central USA ### Re: Spaceship Discussion Thread (1,0)c/9 even width 14 returned negative results with zfind. The longest partials were these: Code: Select all x = 49, y = 38, rule = B3/S23 2$5bo6bo19bo4bo$4bobo4bobo17bobo2bobo$4bo2bo2bo2bo17bobo2bobo$5b2o4b2o 18bo6bo$32b2o2b2o$4bobo4bobo18b2o2b2o$4bo2bo2bo2bo20b2o$4bobo4bobo19bo 2bo$4b3o4b3o18bo4bo$3bobo6bobo13b2obo6bob2o$2b2ob2o4b2ob2o13bobobo2bob
obo$5bo6bo17b2obo2bob2o$32bob2obo$31b2o4b2o$8b2o22bo4bo$6bo4bo21b4o$3b
ob3o2b3obo13b3o8b3o$2bo12bo13b2obo4bob2o$3bob3o2b3obo13bo12bo$4b2o6b2o 16b3o4b3o$29bo2bo4bo2bo$5b2o4b2o18b2o4b2o$6bob2obo17bob8obo$4b10o15b 12o$4b2obo2bob2o15bo3bo2bo3bo$5bobo2bobo$7bo2bo17b2o10b2o$2b2obo6bob2o 17b4o$4b2obo2bob2o14bo2b3o2b3o2bo$7bo2bo18b3o6b3o$4bo8bo20b2o!
"What's purple and commutes?
The Evanston Express."
Sokwe
Moderator
Posts: 1664
Joined: July 9th, 2009, 2:44 pm
I made a discussion topic for zfind.
I also made modifications to add a gutter-symmetry mode and allow for p < 3k. I'm not entirely sure how this affects the search.
I ran 4c/11 at width-7 and 5c/11 at width-8 using this modification. Here are the longest partial results:
Code: Select all
x = 136, y = 20, rule = B3/S23
5bo16bo6bo13bo7bo31bo5bo12bo8bo11bo9bo$5bo15bobo4bobo11bobo5bobo29bobo 3bobo10bobo6bobo9bobo7bobo$4bobo14bo2bo2bo2bo14bo3bo31bo3bobo3bo8b2ob
2o4b2ob2o7b2ob2o5b2ob2o$4bobo14bobo4bobo14bo3bo31bo9bo12bo4bo12bo2bo5b o2bo$2bo5bo13b2o4b2o10bo5bobo5bo26bobobobobobo31b3o5b3o$bo7bo11bobo4bo bo9bobo2bo3bo2bobo30bobo16b6o13b2o7b2o$2bobobobo13bo6bo11bob3o3b3obo
29b3ob3o13b2ob2ob2o$3b2ob2o13bo8bo14bo3bo53b2ob2ob2o10b2o11b2o$2bo5bo
12b2o6b2o12bo7bo28bob2o5b2obo8bo10bo13b2ob2o$3b2ob2o12b12o9bo4bobo4bo 29bo5bo12bo8bo15bobo$2bo5bo10b2o2bo4bo2b2o11b2o3b2o29bo4bobo4bo7bob2o
6b2obo10b2obobob2o$obo5bobo8b3o8b3o8b2ob2o3b2ob2o27b3obobob3o9b2ob6ob 2o11bo2bobo2bo$obo5bobo10bobo4bobo11bo2bo3bo2bo29b9o13b6o11b2obo2bobo
2bob2o$4bobo14b4o2b4o11bobo5bobo33bo14b3o6b3o8bo4b2ob2o4bo$b2o5b2o12bo
6bo15bo3bo30b2o2bo3bo2b2o28bo13bo$bo7bo13bo4bo15bo5bo72b2obo3bob2o$11o
9b2ob6ob2o91bo9bo$121bo3bo5bo3bo$20bo4b2o4bo89bo3b2o3b2o3bo$123b2obo3b ob2o! I'm currently not comfortable with putting negative zfind results in the table. Edit: 5c/12 width-7 longest partials: Code: Select all x = 56, y = 20, rule = B3/S23 2bo7bo12bo6bo13bo7bo$bobo5bobo10bobo4bobo11bobo5bobo$o3bo3bo3bo9bo2bo 2bo2bo10bo3bo3bo3bo$ob2o5b2obo9bobo4bobo10bo3bo3bo3bo$22bo8bo9b2o2b3ob 3o2b2o$4b5o12bo10bo9bo4bobo4bo$3b2obob2o32bo3b2ob2o3bo$6bo17bo4bo17bob
o$22bob6obo14bo3bo$3b2o3b2o15bo2bo14b2o7b2o$21bo10bo10bo2b2ob2o2bo$b2o
2b3o2b2o8b2o3b4o3b2o9bobo5bobo$o2bobobobo2bo7b2o2b2o2b2o2b2o11b2o3b2o$
6bo15b3o4b3o10bobo7bobo$b3o2bo2b3o9bo3b4o3bo2$b2obo3bob2o$2bob2ob2obo$
bobo5bobo$b2obo3bob2o! -Matthias Merzenich thunk Posts: 170 Joined: October 3rd, 2015, 8:50 pm Location: Central USA ### Re: Spaceship Discussion Thread Here's the 3c/11 gutter width 13 longest partial (zfind-mm) for completeness' sake: Code: Select all x = 13, y = 30, rule = B3/S23 3bo5bo$3bo5bo$2bobo3bobo4$2b3o3b3o3$2b3o3b3o$2b3o3b3o$b2ob2ob2ob2o3$b
2o7b2o$3b3ob3o3$2b3o3b3o2$2b3o3b3o$bo2bo3bo2bo$o2bo5bo2bo$b2ob2ob2ob2o
$4b2ob2o$2bo7bo$o4bobo4bo$4b2ob2o$b2o7b2o$bobo5bobo!
"What's purple and commutes?
The Evanston Express."
muzik
Posts: 3904
Joined: January 28th, 2016, 2:47 pm
Location: Scotland
I might be producing infinite cow manure through my mouth here, but these partials look so promising it isn't even funny.
I feel like the rest of the 202nd decade will be a great year for spaceship speeds.
Also, can I repost these zfind discovered ships into their appropriate thread?
Bored of using the Moore neighbourhood for everything? Introducing the Range-2 von Neumann isotropic non-totalistic rulespace!
thunk
Posts: 170
Joined: October 3rd, 2015, 8:50 pm
Location: Central USA
muzik wrote:I might be producing infinite cow manure through my mouth here, but these partials look so promising it isn't even funny.
I'm inclined to be a bit more skeptical--as Tim Coe said in the knight2 thread, the partials start getting really long (5-10 times longer than their width) just before the actual ships are discovered. These partials are not quite there yet (but some of the c/7 ones are close).
"What's purple and commutes?
The Evanston Express."
A for awesome
Posts: 2076
Joined: September 13th, 2014, 5:36 pm
Location: Pembina University, Home of the Gliders
Contact:
Nothing with (zdr's search program/zfind, whichever is correct) for even width 10 3c/14.
praosylen#5847 (Discord)
x₁=ηx
V*_η=c²√(Λη)
K=(Λu²)/2
Pₐ=1−1/(∫^∞_t₀(p(t)ˡ⁽ᵗ⁾)dt)
$$x_1=\eta x$$
$$V^*_\eta=c^2\sqrt{\Lambda\eta}$$
$$K=\frac{\Lambda u^2}2$$
$$P_a=1-\frac1{\int^\infty_{t_0}p(t)^{l(t)}dt}$$
fluffykitty
Posts: 653
Joined: June 14th, 2014, 5:03 pm
Contact:
Conzenzuz zeemz to be zfind.
I like making rules
gameoflifeboy
Posts: 474
Joined: January 15th, 2015, 2:08 am
I just found a very long 3c/11 partial:
Code: Select all
x = 22, y = 48, rule = B3/S23
10bo$10bo$9bobo4$9b3o3$9b3o$9b3o$8b2ob2o2$8b2ob2o$6bo2b3o2bo$5b3o5b3o$
4bo2bo5bo2bo$6bo7bo$6bo7bo$6b2o2bo2b2o2$7b3ob3o$7b3ob3o$7bobobobo$8b2o b2o$8b2ob2o2$8b2ob2o$7b3ob3o$6b3o3b3o$7b2o3b2o$4b2o2bobobo2b2o$9b3o$6b o3bo3bo$5b2obo3bob2o$5b2obo3bob2o$6bo2bobo2bo!
Hdjensofjfnen
Posts: 1571
Joined: March 15th, 2016, 6:41 pm
Location: r cis θ
gameoflifeboy wrote:I just found a very long 3c/11 partial:
Code: Select all
x = 22, y = 48, rule = B3/S23
10bo$10bo$9bobo4$9b3o3$9b3o$9b3o$8b2ob2o2$8b2ob2o$6bo2b3o2bo$5b3o5b3o$
4bo2bo5bo2bo$6bo7bo$6bo7bo$6b2o2bo2b2o2$7b3ob3o$7b3ob3o$7bobobobo$8b2o b2o$8b2ob2o2$8b2ob2o$7b3ob3o$6b3o3b3o$7b2o3b2o$4b2o2bobobo2b2o$9b3o$6b o3bo3bo$5b2obo3bob2o$5b2obo3bob2o$6bo2bobo2bo!
Pulsar in the ash there. Nice!
Code: Select all
x = 5, y = 9, rule = B3-jqr/S01c2-in3
3bo$4bo$o2bo$2o2$2o$o2bo$4bo$3bo! Code: Select all x = 7, y = 5, rule = B3/S2-i3-y4i 4b3o$6bo$o3b3o$2o$bo! muzik Posts: 3904 Joined: January 28th, 2016, 2:47 pm Location: Scotland ### Re: Spaceship Discussion Thread Hdjensofjfnen wrote: Pulsar in the ash there. Nice! Not a very uncommon sight in terms of symmetric partials like these. However, it does get hassled a bit which could allow for a ship using a pre pulsar as an engine! Bored of using the Moore neighbourhood for everything? Introducing the Range-2 von Neumann isotropic non-totalistic rulespace! BlinkerSpawn Posts: 1969 Joined: November 8th, 2014, 8:48 pm Location: Getting a snacker from R-Bee's ### Re: Spaceship Discussion Thread muzik wrote: Hdjensofjfnen wrote: Pulsar in the ash there. Nice! Not a very uncommon sight in terms of symmetric partials like these. However, it does get hassled a bit which could allow for a ship using a pre pulsar as an engine! A "real" pre-pulsar engine would be c/5, like this pair of c/5 spiders hassling a pre-pulsar from orthogonal.rle: Code: Select all x = 69, y = 13, rule = B3/S23 31bo5bo$30b3o3b3o4$2b2o5b2o5b2o5b2o19b2o5b2o5b2o5b2o$o3bo3bo2bo3bo2bo
3bo3bo15bo3bo3bo2bo3bo2bo3bo3bo$o3bobob3o5b3obobo3bo15bo3bobob3o5b3obo bo3bo$o5b2o2b3ob3o2b2o5bo15bo5b2o2b3ob3o2b2o5bo$2ob3o15b3ob2o15b2ob3o 15b3ob2o$o25bo15bo25bo$bo3bo15bo3bo17bo3bo15bo3bo$2bo2bo15bo2bo19bo2bo
15bo2bo!
LifeWiki: Like Wikipedia but with more spaceships. [citation needed]
muzik
Posts: 3904
Joined: January 28th, 2016, 2:47 pm
Location: Scotland
muzik wrote:
Hdjensofjfnen wrote: Pulsar in the ash there. Nice!
Not a very uncommon sight in terms of symmetric partials like these.
However, it does get hassled a bit which could allow for a ship using a pre pulsar as an engine!
A "real" pre-pulsar engine would be c/5, like this pair of c/5 spiders hassling a pre-pulsar from orthogonal.rle:
That I am aware of. What I was thinking of would actually be when a pre-pulsar pulls an object behind it like the bomber does with a blinker:
Code: Select all
x = 100, y = 24, rule = Rainbow12
31.A5.A$30.3A3.3A4$2.2A5.2A5.2A5.2A19.2A5.2A5.2A5.2A$A3.A3.A2.A3.A2.A 3.A3.A15.A3.A3.A2.A3.A2.A3.A3.A$A3.A.A.3A5.3A.A.A3.A15.A3.A.A.3A5.3A.
A.A3.A$A5.2A2.3A.3A2.2A5.A15.A5.2A2.3A.3A2.2A5.A$2A.3A15.3A.2A15.2A.
3A15.3A.2A$A25.A15.A25.A27.B$.A3.A15.A3.A17.A3.A15.A3.A28.2B$2.A2.A 15.A2.A19.A2.A15.A2.A29.B.B$97.3B2$91.3B$92.B.B$93.2B$94.B3$92.B$92.B
$92.B! Bored of using the Moore neighbourhood for everything? Introducing the Range-2 von Neumann isotropic non-totalistic rulespace! Sphenocorona Posts: 489 Joined: April 9th, 2013, 11:03 pm ### Re: Spaceship Discussion Thread muzik wrote:That I am aware of. What I was thinking of would actually be when a pre-pulsar pulls an object behind it like the bomber does with a blinker: This actually almost exists already, with a different speed - A pulsar can interact with two blinkers (one on each side) and travel 3 cells over 14 generations - and two traffic lights happen to produce blinkers in exactly the right spot for the reaction to repeat again. The issue is the rest of the traffic lights collides with the reaction and destroys it. Code: Select all x = 15, y = 7, rule = B3/S23 3b3o3b3o$2bo3bobo3bo$2bo3bobo3bo$2bo3bobo3bo$o2b3o3b3o2bo$o13bo$o13bo! muzik Posts: 3904 Joined: January 28th, 2016, 2:47 pm Location: Scotland ### Re: Spaceship Discussion Thread Sphenocorona wrote: muzik wrote:That I am aware of. What I was thinking of would actually be when a pre-pulsar pulls an object behind it like the bomber does with a blinker: This actually almost exists already, with a different speed - A pulsar can interact with two blinkers (one on each side) and travel 3 cells over 14 generations - and two traffic lights happen to produce blinkers in exactly the right spot for the reaction to repeat again. The issue is the rest of the traffic lights collides with the reaction and destroys it. Code: Select all x = 15, y = 7, rule = B3/S23 3b3o3b3o$2bo3bobo3bo$2bo3bobo3bo$2bo3bobo3bo$o2b3o3b3o2bo$o13bo$o13bo! This might be worth researching. Is there any non-c5-spaceship object that can eat the rest of the blinkers and still be carried along to the right spot? Bored of using the Moore neighbourhood for everything? Introducing the Range-2 von Neumann isotropic non-totalistic rulespace! BlinkerSpawn Posts: 1969 Joined: November 8th, 2014, 8:48 pm Location: Getting a snacker from R-Bee's ### Re: Spaceship Discussion Thread muzik wrote: Sphenocorona wrote: muzik wrote:That I am aware of. What I was thinking of would actually be when a pre-pulsar pulls an object behind it like the bomber does with a blinker: This actually almost exists already, with a different speed - A pulsar can interact with two blinkers (one on each side) and travel 3 cells over 14 generations - and two traffic lights happen to produce blinkers in exactly the right spot for the reaction to repeat again. The issue is the rest of the traffic lights collides with the reaction and destroys it. Code: Select all x = 15, y = 7, rule = B3/S23 3b3o3b3o$2bo3bobo3bo$2bo3bobo3bo$2bo3bobo3bo$o2b3o3b3o2bo$o13bo$o13bo! This might be worth researching. Is there any non-c5-spaceship object that can eat the rest of the blinkers and still be carried along to the right spot? So, 3c/14 reaction using this as a front end? LifeWiki: Like Wikipedia but with more spaceships. [citation needed] muzik Posts: 3904 Joined: January 28th, 2016, 2:47 pm Location: Scotland ### Re: Spaceship Discussion Thread BlinkerSpawn wrote: muzik wrote: Sphenocorona wrote: This actually almost exists already, with a different speed - A pulsar can interact with two blinkers (one on each side) and travel 3 cells over 14 generations - and two traffic lights happen to produce blinkers in exactly the right spot for the reaction to repeat again. The issue is the rest of the traffic lights collides with the reaction and destroys it. Code: Select all x = 15, y = 7, rule = B3/S23 3b3o3b3o$2bo3bobo3bo$2bo3bobo3bo$2bo3bobo3bo$o2b3o3b3o2bo$o13bo$o13bo! This might be worth researching. Is there any non-c5-spaceship object that can eat the rest of the blinkers and still be carried along to the right spot? So, 3c/14 reaction using this as a front end? Hell yeah! Bored of using the Moore neighbourhood for everything? Introducing the Range-2 von Neumann isotropic non-totalistic rulespace! drc Posts: 1664 Joined: December 3rd, 2015, 4:11 pm Location: creating useless things in OCA ### Re: Spaceship Discussion Thread muzik wrote:Hell yeah! would gfind but: Code: Select all /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x4d9): undefined reference to qIsEmpty' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x4d9): relocation truncated to fit: R_X86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol qIsEmpty' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x936): undefined reference to enqueue' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x936): relocation truncated to fit: R_X86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol enqueue' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x981): undefined reference to setVisited' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x981): relocation truncated to fit: R_X86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol setVisited' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x3af5): undefined reference to isVisited' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x3af5): relocation truncated to fit: R_X86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol isVisited' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x3b0a): undefined reference to enqueue' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x3b0a): relocation truncated to fit: R_X86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol enqueue' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x3b5a): undefined reference to pop' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x3b5a): relocation truncated to fit: R_X86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol pop' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x3b73): undefined reference to setVisited' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x3b73): relocation truncated to fit: R_X86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol setVisited' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x3b8c): undefined reference to setVisited' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x3b8c): relocation truncated to fit: R_X86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol setVisited' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x5c08): undefined reference to pop' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x5c08): relocation truncated to fit: R_X86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol pop' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x6029): undefined reference to dequeue' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x6029): relocation truncated to fit: R_X86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol dequeue' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x6042): undefined reference to qIsEmpty' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x6042): additional relocation overflows omitted from the output /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x62f7): undefined reference to enqueue' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x635a): undefined reference to dequeue' /tmp/ccqyDVH2.o:gfind.c:(.text+0x6363): undefined reference to enqueue' collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status \100\97\110\105 moebius Posts: 27 Joined: December 10th, 2015, 9:07 am ### Re: Spaceship Discussion Thread Recently I have been headed in new directions in spaceship search program writing. First though, here are some spaceships I have found interesting: Code: Select all x = 57, y = 56, rule = B3/S23$8bo5bo19b2o3bo5bo3b2o$6b4o3b4o15bo3bobobo3bobobo3bo$5b2o3bobo3b2o14bo
3bo4bobo4bo3bo$4bo13bo13b4o2b2obobob2o2b4o$5b2o4bo4b2o23bobo$4b4ob2ob 2ob4o18bo9bo$3bo15bo16bo2bo5bo2bo$2bo3b3obobob3o3bo13bob2o9b2obo$7bo2b
obo2bo18b2o13b2o$2bob3o3bobo3b3obo13b2o13b2o$2bo3b3obobob3o3bo15bo11bo
$5bo2bobobobo2bo16bobo11bobo$3bo6bobo6bo17bo9bo$5bo4bobo4bo16bo2b2o7b 2o2bo$4b2o3b2ob2o3b2o16b2ob2o5b2ob2o$3b2o13b2o16bo3bo3bo3bo$2b3o13b3o
15b3obo3bob3o$3bo15bo15bo2bob2ob2obo2bo$2bo17bo13bo3b2o5b2o3bo$3bo15bo 15bob5ob5obo$3bo15bo16bo2b3ob3o2bo$4b4o7b4o17bo11bo$4b4o7b4o16bobo9bob
o$6bobo5bobo20bo9bo$9bo3bo24b2o5b2o$9bo3bo20b2o3b2o3b2o3b2o$6b3obobob
3o16bo6bo3bo6bo$6b4o3b4o16bo4b2o5b2o4bo$32bo19bo$8b2o3b2o18bo4bob2ob2o bo4bo$7bo2bobo2bo18b5ob2ob2ob5o$10bobo$10bobo$7b2obobob2o18b3o11b3o$7b
obo3bobo17bo2bo11bo2bo$32bo19bo$31bo21bo$31bo2bo15bo2bo$32bo2bo13bo2bo
$31b2ob3ob3o3b3ob3ob2o$31b2o3bob3o3b3obo3b2o$31b3ob2o3bo3bo3b2ob3o$30b
o5b2o9b2o5bo$34bo15bo$30bo3b8ob8o3bo$31bo6bo2bobo2bo6bo$35bo4b2ob2o4bo
$35b2o11b2o$35bo13bo$37bobo5bobo$37b3o5b3o$36bo3bo3bo3bo$37bobobobobob
o$37b2o2bobo2b2o! The first of these 2/6 c searches I found interesting because it has two small period 6 parts that are completely unrelated to one another. The second one has just a massive spark. Here are a couple of fairly small c/5 ships that I have not seen before: Code: Select all x = 34, y = 73, rule = B3/S23$5bo20bo$4bo2bo18bo$4bo2bo18bo3bo$3bo4b2o12bobo4b3o$2bo3b4o11b2ob3o$2b o4bo15b4ob2o$6b2o19b2o$4bo4bo17bo2bo$7b2ob2o17bo$3bo2bo2bo19b3o$3bo5bo
$4b2o20bobo$7bo17b2obo2bo$5bo20bob2obo$24bo$6b2o15bo3bo$7b2o13b2o3bo$8b2o$7bo13b2o$7b3o$6bo16b2o$4b2o19b2o$5bo$8b2o14bobo$3bo4b2o15b2o$2b2o 6bo16bo$5b3obo17bo$28bo$4bo26bo$5bo23b2obo$2ob2obobo20b2obo$bo6b2o16b 3o$2bo20b2o$2bo4b3o12bobo$2b2o6bo11bo2b2obo$b2o6bo11b2o$3bo17b2o4b2o$3bo19bo5bo$b2o20b2o2b2o$b2o20bobo$3bo18bo3bo$3bobo21bo$3b5o15bo3bo$3b 2o3bo15b2o$9bo$5bo3bo18b3o$5bo20b2ob2o$4b3o22bo$3bo3b2o17b2o2bo$4bo3b 3o20bo$8b3o12b3o2b2obo$23b3o4bo$23bo2$23b3o$22bo2b2o$22bo4bo$26bobo$23bo2bobo$22bo4bo2bo$23bob2o$25b2ob3o$28b2o2$24b2o$23b2o2bo$23bo3bo$27bo$29bo$28bo! I would like to thank Matthias for his posts on known small spaceships. They are quite helpful in validating my various search programs by showing what the programs should be finding. Also, the tiny period 10 tag on the c/5 ships was really neat. I have run various searches with negative results: 2c/10 glide symmetric width 13 - no ships found - knight2 2c/10 glide symmetric width 14 - no ships found - knight2 longest partials: Code: Select all x = 32, y = 44, rule = B3/S23 5bo16bo$5b2o14bob2ob3o$4b2ob2o11bo3bob3o$4bo3bo12b2ob4obo$3bob2obo14bo 3b2o$3bo3bo13b3ob4o$3bob2obo14bobo2bo$3b2ob3o14bo2b3o$5b4o12bo$5bobo
13bo2bo4bo$3bo2b3o15bo3b2o$2bob2o15bo2bo$bo4b3ob2o8bo3bo$bo5b2ob2o12bo
2b2o$7bo16b2ob2o$19bo4b3o$6bobo10bo2b2obo2bo$3b2o3b3o9b3o3bo$2bo2bo4bo$2bo5b2o12bo3b3o$2bo2bo16b5ob2o$2bo2bo3b3o9bo2b2obo$2bobo2bob2obo8b2ob 2o2b2o$6b3obobo7b2o3b2o$2b2obo3b2o10b2o2bo$2bo2bo3b2obo9b3obo$2b2o5b2o bo10bo2bo$3bo2b6o14bo$4b3obo13bo5bo$4bo2bo13b2obobo2bo$4b3o2b3o8bobobo bo3bo$bob6ob2o7b4ob2o2bo$2bo8bo7bob6obo$bobobo2b2ob2o9b2o2bob2o$3bob2o b2o18bo$2o5bo13bo2b2o2bo$20b2ob3o$20bo2b2o4bo$19b3o5b2o$19bobo2b3o$19b 3o2b3o2bobo$19bo2bo5b2obo$20bo2bo2b3o! 4c/9 odd width 19 - no ships found - knightt - (width 21 is running, nearly done) 4c/9 even width 22 - no ships found - knightt 4c/9 gutter width 21 - no ships found - knightt - (width 23 is next) longest partial (22 even): Code: Select all x = 22, y = 40, rule = B3/S23$6bo8bo$5bobo6bobo$4bo3bo4bo3bo$3bo4bo4bo4bo$3bobobobo2bobobobo$7b3o2b 3o$2b5obob2obob5o$4b3obob2obob3o$7b3o2b3o$8bo4bo2$5b3o6b3o$4bo2b2o4b2o 2bo$3bo2b2obo2bob2o2bo$4bo2b2o4b2o2bo$4bo12bo$8bob2obo$5bo2bob2obo2bo$5b3o2b2o2b3o$3b2o12b2o$3bo3bo6bo3bo$3b3ob2o4b2ob3o$4bobobob2obobobo$4b
3o8b3o$4bob2o6b2obo$3b2o12b2o$3b2o2bo6bo2b2o$3b2o3b6o3b2o$2b3o12b3o2$
2bob5o4b5obo$b2obob2o6b2obob2o$b2obob2o6b2obob2o$bo5bo6bo5bo$5b2o8b2o$bo2bo3bo4bo3bo2bo$b2o2bobo6bobo2b2o$2b2ob3ob4ob3ob2o! c/6 asymmetric width 10 - no ships found - knightt Someone ran this search before. I would like to check if we got the same longest partial: Code: Select all x = 12, y = 53, rule = B3/S23$5bo$4b2o$2b2o$2b2obobo$2b2o4bo$5bo3bo$5bo4bo$5bo3bo2$5b3o$6b2o$7bobo$6b2o2bo$10bo$5b2o$4bo2bo$3b2o$3b2o$4b3o$4b2obo$5bob2o$3bo3b2o$3bo$4bo
2$2b2o2bo$4bobob2o$5bo2b2o$8b2o2$3bo$b2ob2o2$6bo$4bo$2bobo$2bob2o$2bo 3bo$3bo3bo$6b3o$4bob2o$4bo3bo$5bo2b2o$4b2o3bo$2bob2obobo$bo4bo2bo$6b3o
$bo3bob2o2$2b3o3b3o$2b2o! I was working on writing the parallel code for "knightcuda" and I realized that I wanted to redevelop the global structure of my search programs. Also, some of the negative results that I got on my 3c/7, 3c/6, and (2,1)c/6 searches led me to believe that an investigation of where the best place to search for new spaceships actually was. As zdr has shown, searching in the right place beats massive computational power and program speed hands down. I concluded that I wanted to investigate the structure of the trees that define all the ships of a given type. In order to do this I concluded that my search program needed to track every phase of the prospective spaceships. All of my previous search programs have tracked less than every phase. As a search progresses my various "knight" programs builds a tree of viable prospects. The tree branches and then many branches eventually terminate. "Gfind" works in a nearly identical way. The branches also sometimes reconverge. My previous programs did nothing do handle this. As a result, if excessive branching and reconvergence was occurring, the search tree would blow up. This prevented my programs from handling tagalongs and I suspect seriously impeded searches where the search direction was orthogonal to movement direction. "Knightt" tracks every phase and checks to see for each prospective addition to the search tree whether it has ever occurred before in the tree. If an addition has occurred previously, a pointer is placed to the previous occurrence and no further work along that branch need occur. One good consequence of performing this search tree tracking is that I can now find the entire tree (actually a graph) for the class of spaceships that I am searching. "Knightt" prints out the smallest spaceship containing each unique segment in the final search tree. This can be characterized as documenting all possible spaceships of a given type. Any additional spaceships of a given type can be formed by carving up along horizontal cuts (and possibly rephasing and flipping on asymmetric ships) the printed ships. For example the complete base collection of c/4 width 13 odd symmetric ships is: Code: Select all x = 319, y = 140, rule = B3/S23 2$6bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3b
o15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo$6bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3b o15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3b o15bo3bo15bo3bo$5bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bob
obobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bob
obobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo2$5bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bo bobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bo bobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo$7bobo17bobo
17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bo
bo17bobo17bobo$4bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo 11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bo bo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo$4bobo3bobo11bobo3b
obo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo
11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bo
bo3bobo11bobo3bobo$4bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o 2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo 11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo2$3b2o7b2o9b2o
7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b
2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o$3bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9b o9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo 9bo$4bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo
7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo$3b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2o b5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2o b5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o$4bo
2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo
11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo
2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo$5bobobobo13bobobob o13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobob o13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobob o2$6b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b
2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o$6bo3bo 15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo 15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo$5b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b
2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o
3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o$5b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b 2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o 13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o2$25b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o
3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b
2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o$24bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11b o2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo13bo3bo13bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2b obo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo 2bobo2bo$27bobo13bo2bo3bo2bo11bobobobo13bobobobo35bobo17bobo15bobobobo
15bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo15bobobobo15bobo$24bo2bobo2bo13bo3bo16bo bo17bobo12b3o7b3o9bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo14bobo14bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo 11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo14bobo14bo2bobo2bo$23b2ob2ob2ob2o
8bo3bo3bo3bo11b2ob2o15b2ob2o14bo5bo11b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o12b2ob2o
12b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o12b
2ob2o12b2ob2ob2ob2o$23b4obob4o8bo2bo5bo2bo12bobo17bobo16bo3bo12b4obob 4o9b4obob4o13bobo13b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o10bo2bo bo2bo10b4obob4o$27b3o15bo5bo12b2obobob2o11b2o5b2o12bo5bo15b3o17b3o14b
2obobob2o14b3o17b3o17b3o17b3o17b3o14bo2bobo2bo14b3o$28bo13b2o9b2o8bo3b obo3bo10b3o3b3o10bobo5bobo14bo19bo14bo3bobo3bo14bo19bo19bo19bo19bo15b 2obobob2o15bo$67bobo13b2o7b2o14bo13b2o9b2o32bobo114b2obobob2o$42b2o9b 2o12bobo13b3o5b3o12bobobo11b3o7b3o32bobo14bo7bo11bo7bo31bo7bo12b2o3b2o 11b3obobob3o11b2o3b2o$43bo9bo10b2obobob2o10bo9bo11bo2bo2bo12b2o5b2o12b
o5bo12b2obobob2o11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo14bobo14bo2bobo2bo12b3ob3o15bo
bo16b2ob2o$64b2obobob2o9b2obo5bob2o8b2obo3bob2o10bobo3bobo11b2o5b2o11b 2obobob2o10bob2o3b2obo9bob2o3b2obo14bo14bob2o3b2obo29b2obo3bob2o11bobo bobo$43b2o7b2o12b2ob2o12bo9bo8bo11bo11bo3bo12b2obo3bob2o12b2ob2o12bobo
bobobobo9bobobobobobo13bobo13bobobobobobo9b3obobob3o8bobobo3bobobo9b2o
bobob2o$66bo3bo11b2o9b2o7b4o5b4o10b2o3b2o11b3o5b3o12bo3bo16bobo16b2ob 2o16bobo17bobo13b2o2bobo2b2o8bobo7bobo9b2obobob2o$67bobo34b3o3b3o13bo
3bo12b3o5b3o13bobo16b2ob2o16bobo17bobo16b2ob2o12bo9bo9b3obobob3o12bo3b
o$66bo3bo13bo7bo13b2ob2o13b2obobob2o10bo9bo12bo3bo14bobobobo15bobo15bo bobobo15bobo35b3ob3o$83bo9bo29bo9bo8b2obo5bob2o29bo2bobo2bo12bobobobo
13b2o3b2o12b2o5b2o10bob2o3b2obo12bo3bo11b3o7b3o$83bo9bo12b2ob2o11bo4bo bo4bo8bo9bo12b2ob2o13bo2bobo2bo11b2obobob2o12bo5bo12b3o3b3o14bobo17bob o15bo5bo$126bo3bo11b2o9b2o11b2ob2o15b2ob2o14bobobobo13b2o3b2o11b2o7b2o
13bobo17bobo16bo3bo$108bo13b3o7b3o32b3o17bobo16b2ob2o14b2o3b2o11b3o5b 3o10b2obobob2o12bobobobo13bo5bo$108bo35bo7bo31b2obobob2o12bobobobo10b
3o7b3o8bo9bo9b2o7b2o11b2o3b2o11bobo5bobo$143bo9bo13b3o14bo2bobo2bo11b 2obobob2o29b2obo5bob2o8b5ob5o11bo5bo16bo$143bo9bo33bobo14b2obobob2o30b
o9bo10bob2ob2obo12b2o3b2o14bobobo$186bo3bo15b2ob2o11b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o12b obo15b2o3b2o13bo2bo2bo$186b2ob2o15bo3bo11b2o9b2o29bo2bobo2bo9b3o7b3o8b
2obo3bob2o$206b2ob2o12b2o7b2o10bo7bo10b2o2bobo2b2o28bo11bo$243bo9bo12b
2ob2o31b4o5b4o$243bo9bo12b2ob2o11b2o9b2o9b3o3b3o$282b2o9b2o11b2ob2o$283b2o7b2o$306b2ob2o2$308bo$308bo10$6bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo$6bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo$5bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bob obobo13bobobobo2$5bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo$7bo bo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo$4bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo
11bobo3bobo$4bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo$4bo
2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo2$3b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o 9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o$3bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo$4bo7bo11bo7bo 11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo$3b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob
2o$4bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo$5bobobo
bo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo2$6b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b 2ob2o15b2ob2o$6bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo$5b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b 2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o$5b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o
2$5b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o$4bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo
11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo$7bobo17bobo15bobobobo15bobo17bobo$4bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo14bobo14bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo$3b2ob2ob2ob2o9b 2ob2ob2ob2o11b3ob3o11b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o$3b4obob4o9b4obob4o11b2o
3b2o11b4obob4o9b4obob4o$7b3o17b3o15b2o3b2o15b3o17b3o$8bo19bo17bo3bo17b
o19bo$2b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o11b2ob2o11b2o9b2o10bo5bo$2b3o7b3o7b3o7b3o10bo5bo
10b3o7b3o10bo5bo$4b2o5b2o11b2o5b2o14bobo14b2o5b2o13b5o$4bobo3bobo11bob
o3bobo13bobobo13bobo3bobo$6bo3bo15bo3bo15bobobo15bo3bo15b2ob2o$5b2o3b
2o13b2o3b2o13bo5bo13b2o3b2o13bo5bo$8bo17bo3bo37bo$4bob5obo11b2obobob2o
31bob5obo11b2obobob2o$6b5o12bo9bo12b5o15b5o12bob2o3b2obo$3b2o7b2o8bo4b
obo4bo10bobobobo11b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o$3bo9bo12bo3bo14b2o3b2o11bo9bo9b2o7b 2o$8bo13b3o7b3o9b2o5b2o15bo15bobo3bobo$2b2o4bo4b2o31bo3bo11b2o4bo4b2o 9b4ob4o$8bo14b2o7b2o9bo9bo14bo15bo2bobo2bo$26bo3bo13bobo3bobo$4b9o11bo
bo3bobo13b2ob2o13b9o9b3o7b3o$3bo9bo13bobo15bobobobo11bo9bo$6b2ob2o14bo
bobobo12b2obobob2o13b2ob2o14b2o3b2o$3bobo2bo2bobo11b2o3b2o12b2obobob2o 10bobo2bo2bobo12b2ob2o$4b2o5b2o10bo9bo12bo3bo13b2o5b2o9b2obobobobob2o$5b3ob3o11b2o7b2o31b3ob3o13bobobobo$5bobobobo11b3o5b3o8b3o7b3o8b2o2bobo
2b2o8b2obobobobob2o$4b2obobob2o12b2o3b2o13bo5bo11b3obobob3o8b2obobobob ob2o$7bobo14b3o3b3o13bo3bo12bobobobobobo10b2obobob2o$4bo2bobo2bo11bo7b o12bo5bo12b2obobob2o11bo2bobo2bo$7bobo17bobo13bobo5bobo13bobo15bobobob
o$5bo5bo16bo19bo18bobo14bo2bobo2bo$6b2ob2o13b3o3b3o13bobobo15b2ob2o16b
obo$23b3o5b3o11bo2bo2bo13bobobobo14b2ob2o$22bo11bo8b2obo3bob2o10bo7bo
14bobo$22bo3bo3bo3bo7bo11bo11bo3bo14bobobobo$27bobo12b4o5b4o11bo3bo13b
2o5b2o$26b2ob2o13b3o3b3o9bo2bo5bo2bo9bo7bo$46b2ob2o14bo5bo12bo7bo$62b 2o9b2o8bo2bo3bo2bo$27b3o16b2ob2o32b3o5b3o$62b2o9b2o8bo9bo$48bo14bo9bo$48bo33b2o9b2o$63b2o7b2o$82b3o7b3o! I had previously using a variety of tricks (and the deletion of huge numbers of flotillas) found the following collection of all c/4 width 13 odd symmetric ships: Code: Select all x = 317, y = 159, rule = B3/S23 5$4bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3b
o15bo3bo$4bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3b o15bo3bo15bo3bo$3bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bob
obobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo2$3bobobobo13bo bobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bo bobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo$5bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo
17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo$2bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo 11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bo bo3bobo$2bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3b
obo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo$2bo2b3o2bo 11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo 2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo2$b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o
7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o$bo9bo9bo 9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo$2bo7bo11bo7b
o11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo$b2ob 5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob 5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o$2bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2b
o11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo
2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo$3bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13b obobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo2$
4b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob
2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o$4bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15b o3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo$3b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o
13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o$3b2o3b2o13b2o3b 2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o 3b2o13b2o3b2o2$3b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o
13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o$2bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo 11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo 2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo$5bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo
15bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo11bo2bo3bo2bo$2bo2bo bo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo14bobo17bobo17bob o17bobo17bobo16bo3bo$b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob
2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o11b3ob3o14b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o11bo3bo3bo3bo$b 4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o11b2o3b2o15bobo17bobo17bobo 14bo2bobo2bo9bo2bo5bo2bo$5b3o17b3o17b3o17b3o17b3o15b2o3b2o12b2o5b2o11b
2obobob2o11b2obobob2o11bo2bobo2bo12bo5bo$6bo19bo19bo19bo19bo17bo3bo13b 3o3b3o10bo3bobo3bo9bo3bobo3bo10b2obobob2o9b2o9b2o$2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b
2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o11b2ob2o12b2o7b2o13bobo17bobo14b2obobob2o$3o7b3o7b3o 7b3o7b3o7b3o7b3o7b3o7b3o7b3o10bo5bo11b3o5b3o13bobo17bobo13b3obobob3o8b 2o9b2o$2b2o5b2o11b2o5b2o11b2o5b2o11b2o5b2o11b2o5b2o14bobo13bo9bo10b2ob
obob2o11b2obobob2o14bobo13bo9bo$2bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo 3bobo11bobo3bobo13bobobo11b2obo5bob2o9b2obobob2o11b2obobob2o10b2obo3bo b2o$4bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bobobo12bo9bo12b2ob2o15b2ob2o
11bobobo3bobobo8b2o7b2o$3b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o 13bo5bo10b2o9b2o11bo3bo15bo3bo11bobo7bobo$6bo19bo19bo17bo3bo15bo3bo56b
obo17bobo13b3obobob3o$2bob5obo11bob5obo11bob5obo11b2obobob2o11b2obobob 2o31bo7bo13bo3bo15bo3bo14b3ob3o$4b5o15b5o15b5o12bo9bo9bo9bo12b5o12bo9b
o52bo3bo$b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o8bo4bobo4bo7bo4bobo4bo10bobobobo11bo9b o32b2ob2o16bobo$bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo12bo3bo15bo3bo14b2o3b2o54b2ob2o16bobo
$6bo19bo19bo13b3o7b3o7b3o7b3o9b2o5b2o54b3o15bobobobo$2o4bo4b2o7b2o4bo
4b2o7b2o4bo4b2o51bo3bo74b2o3b2o$6bo19bo19bo34b2o7b2o9bo9bo53b3o15bo5bo$84bo3bo13bobo3bobo72b2o3b2o$2b9o11b9o11b9o31bobo3bobo13b2ob2o74b2o3b 2o$bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo33bobo15bobobobo70b3o7b3o$4b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o 34bobobobo12b2obobob2o$bobo2bo2bobo9bobo2bo2bobo9bobo2bo2bobo31b2o3b2o
12b2obobob2o$2b2o5b2o11b2o5b2o11b2o5b2o30bo9bo12bo3bo71b2o9b2o$3b3ob3o
13b3ob3o13b3ob3o31b2o7b2o88b2o9b2o$3bobobobo13bobobobo11b2o2bobo2b2o 29b3o5b3o8b3o7b3o68b2o7b2o$2b2obobob2o11b2obobob2o10b3obobob3o31b2o3b
2o13bo5bo$5bobo17bobo13bobobobobobo30b3o3b3o13bo3bo$2bo2bobo2bo11bo2bo
bo2bo11b2obobob2o31bo7bo12bo5bo$5bobo17bobo17bobo37bobo13bobo5bobo$3bo
5bo13bo5bo15bobo38bo19bo$4b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o33b3o3b3o13bobobo$43bo
bobobo31b3o5b3o11bo2bo2bo$24b2ob2o13bo7bo29bo11bo8b2obo3bob2o$24b2ob2o
15bo3bo31bo3bo3bo3bo7bo11bo$44bo3bo36bobo12b4o5b4o$26bo13bo2bo5bo2bo
31b2ob2o13b3o3b3o$26bo16bo5bo54b2ob2o$26bo13b2o9b2o$85b3o16b2ob2o$40b
2o9b2o$41bo9bo54bo$106bo$41b2o7b2o11$4bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3b
o15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3b
o15bo3bo$4bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3b o15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo$3bobobobo13bobobobo
13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo
13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo
2$3bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobob o13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobob o13bobobobo13bobobobo$5bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo
17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo$2bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo 11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bo bo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3b obo11bobo3bobo$2bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo
11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bo
bo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo11bobo3bobo$2bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o 2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo 11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo11bo 2b3o2bo11bo2b3o2bo2$b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b
2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o7b2o
9b2o7b2o$bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9b o9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo9bo$2bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo
11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo
11bo7bo$b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b 2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b 2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o9b2ob5ob2o$2bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2b
obo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo
2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo
11bo2bobo2bo$3bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobo bo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobo bo13bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo2$4b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2o
b2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b
2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o$4bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo 15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo15bo3bo$3b2o3b
2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o
3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o$3b 2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o 13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b 2o2$23b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b
2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o13b2o3b2o$24bo3bo13bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11b o2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo 11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo$45bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17b
obo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo$20b3o7b3o9bo2bobo 2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bo bo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo 2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo$23bo5bo11b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b
2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2o
b2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o9b2ob2ob2ob
2o$24bo3bo12b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4ob ob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o9b4obob4o$
23bo5bo15b3o17b3o17b3o17b3o17b3o17b3o17b3o17b3o17b3o17b3o17b3o17b3o17b
3o17b3o$21bobo5bobo14bo19bo19bo19bo19bo19bo19bo19bo19bo19bo19bo19bo19b o19bo$26bo276bo5bo$24bobobo14b2o3b2o72bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7b o11bo7bo11bo7bo11bo7bo12b2o3b2o13bo5bo$23bo2bo2bo14b2ob2o36bobo15bo5bo
12bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo
2bo11bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo12b3ob3o14b5o$21b2obo3bob2o11bobobobo36bo 15b2o5b2o10bob2o3b2obo9bob2o3b2obo9bob2o3b2obo9bob2o3b2obo9bob2o3b2obo 9bob2o3b2obo9bob2o3b2obo9bob2o3b2obo$20bo11bo9b2obobob2o34bobo13b2obo
3bob2o9bobobobobobo9bobobobobobo9bobobobobobo9bobobobobobo9bobobobobob
o9bobobobobobo9bobobobobobo9bobobobobobo9b3obobob3o12b2ob2o$20b4o5b4o 9b2obobob2o34bobo13b3o5b3o13bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo16b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b 2ob2o15b2ob2o12b2o2bobo2b2o11bo5bo$22b3o3b3o13bo3bo36bobo13b3o5b3o12b
2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o16bobo17bobo17bobo17bobo13bo9bo$24b2ob2o 54bobobobo11bo9bo13bobo15bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo15bobo17bobo17bob o17bobo34b2obobob2o$40b3o7b3o30b2o3b2o10b2obo5bob2o9b2o5b2o11bo7bo11bo
2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo12bobobobo13bobobobo13bobobobo12b2obobob2o10bob2o
3b2obo9bob2o3b2obo$24b2ob2o14bo5bo33bo5bo11bo9bo10b3o3b3o13bo3bo13bo2b obo2bo11bo2bobo2bo12b2o3b2o12b2obobob2o11b2obobob2o10b2o2bobo2b2o13bob o13b2o7b2o$44bo3bo34b2o3b2o10b2o9b2o8b2o7b2o12bo3bo15b2ob2o15b2ob2o14b
o5bo13bobobobo13bobobobo11b2ob2ob2ob2o13bobo13b2o7b2o$26bo16bo5bo33b2o 3b2o31b3o5b3o8bo2bo5bo2bo12bobo17bobo15b2o3b2o14b2ob2o15b2ob2o13bo2bob o2bo11b2obobob2o11bobo3bobo$26bo14bobo5bobo28b3o7b3o9bo7bo10bo9bo11bo
5bo12b2obobob2o11b2obobob2o12b2o3b2o13bobobobo13bobobobo15bobo13b2o7b
2o10b4ob4o$46bo54bo9bo8b2obo5bob2o7b2o9b2o9bo2bobo2bo11bo2bobo2bo9b3o 7b3o9b2obobob2o11b2obobob2o10bobobobobobo9b5ob5o10bo2bobo2bo$44bobobo
52bo9bo9bo9bo33bobo17bobo34b2obobob2o11b2obobob2o10b5ob5o10bob2ob2obo$43bo2bo2bo30b2o9b2o27b2o9b2o7b2o9b2o11bo3bo15bo3bo35b2ob2o15b2ob2o11bo bob2ob2obobo12bobo12b3o7b3o$41b2obo3bob2o28b2o9b2o48bo9bo12b2ob2o15b2o
b2o11b2o9b2o11bo3bo15bo3bo11bo11bo9bo2bobo2bo$40bo11bo28b2o7b2o30bo7bo 69b2o9b2o11b2ob2o15b2ob2o15b2ob2o12b2o2bobo2b2o11b2o3b2o$40b4o5b4o68bo
9bo9b2o7b2o32b2ob2o12b2o7b2o52bo3bo15b2ob2o15b2ob2o$42b3o3b3o70bo9bo 52b2ob2o55b2ob2o16bobo16b2ob2o11b2obobobobob2o$44b2ob2o195b2ob2o15b2ob
2o34bobobobo$184b2ob2o76bobo32b2obobobobob2o$44b2ob2o213b2o5b2o29b2obo
bobobob2o$186bo58b3o14b3o3b3o31b2obobob2o$46bo139bo74b2o7b2o30bo2bobo
2bo$46bo214b3o5b3o31bobobobo$261bo9bo30bo2bobo2bo$260b2obo5bob2o32bobo$261bo9bo32b2ob2o$260b2o9b2o32bobo$303bobobobo$262bo7bo31b2o5b2o$261bo
9bo30bo7bo$261bo9bo30bo7bo$301bo2bo3bo2bo$301b3o5b3o$301bo9bo2$300b2o 9b2o2$300b3o7b3o!
The additional ships in the second collection can be reassembled from pieces of ships in the first collection.
Here is the complete base collection of c/5 width 18 even symmetric ships. Notice that there are several opportunities for carving and reassembling into repeating parts:
Code: Select all
x = 286, y = 196, rule = B3/S23
2$9b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o$9b2o22b
2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o22b2o$7bob2obo18bob2obo 18bob2obo18bob2obo18bob2obo18bob2obo18bob2obo18bob2obo18bob2obo18bob2o bo18bob2obo18bob2obo$5b3o4b3o14b3o4b3o14b3o4b3o14b3o4b3o14b3o4b3o14b3o
4b3o14b3o4b3o14b3o4b3o14b3o4b3o14b3o4b3o14b3o4b3o14b3o4b3o$2b2o12b2o8b 2o12b2o8b2o12b2o8b2o12b2o8b2o12b2o8b2o12b2o8b2o12b2o8b2o12b2o8b2o12b2o 8b2o12b2o8b2o12b2o8b2o12b2o$2b2o2bob4obo2b2o8b2o2bob4obo2b2o8b2o2bob4o
bo2b2o8b2o2bob4obo2b2o8b2o2bob4obo2b2o8b2o2bob4obo2b2o8b2o2bob4obo2b2o
8b2o2bob4obo2b2o8b2o2bob4obo2b2o8b2o2bob4obo2b2o8b2o2bob4obo2b2o8b2o2b
ob4obo2b2o$6bobo2bobo16bobo2bobo16bobo2bobo16bobo2bobo16bobo2bobo16bob o2bobo16bobo2bobo16bobo2bobo16bobo2bobo16bobo2bobo16bobo2bobo16bobo2bo bo2$5b2o6b2o14b2o6b2o14b2o6b2o14b2o6b2o14b2o6b2o14b2o6b2o14b2o6b2o14b
2o6b2o14b2o6b2o14b2o6b2o14b2o6b2o14b2o6b2o$2b6o4b6o8b6o4b6o8b6o4b6o8b 6o4b6o8b6o4b6o8b6o4b6o8b6o4b6o8b6o4b6o8b6o4b6o8b6o4b6o8b6o4b6o8b6o4b6o$2bobo10bobo8bobo10bobo8bobo10bobo8bobo10bobo8bobo10bobo8bobo10bobo8bo
bo10bobo8bobo10bobo8bobo10bobo8bobo10bobo8bobo10bobo8bobo10bobo$2bob2o 8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob 2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo$
2bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2o
bo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b2obo8bob2o8b
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2b2o18b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o18b
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2o10b2o10b2o10b2o10b2o10b2o10b2o10b2o10b2o10b2o10b2o10b2o10b2o10b2o10b
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4b2o16b2o4b2o16b2o4b2o17b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o17b2o4b2o16b2o4b2o16b2o4b2o16b
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2o14b2o8b3o3b2o3b3o10b3o3b2o3b3o10b3o3b2o3b3o10b3o3b2o3b3o8b2o14b2o6b
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4b2o16b2o4b2o16b2o4b2o16b2o4b2o12bo14bo8bo14bo12b2o4b2o16b2o4b2o16b2o
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79b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o16bobo4bobo14bobo4bobo16b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o18b
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12b2o2b3o4b3o2b2o6b2o2b3o4b3o2b2o6b2o2b3o4b3o2b2o$77b2o6b2o14b2o6b2o 14b2o6b2o16b6o18b6o16b2o6b2o14b2o6b2o14b2o6b2o16bo4bo$77b2o6b2o14b2o6b
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2b2o2b3o12b3o2b2o2b3o13b2o6b2o$80bo2bo20bo2bo20bo2bo19bob2obo18bob2obo 19bo2bo20bo2bo20bo2bo17bo8bo$78bo6bo16bo6bo16bo6bo16b3o2b3o15b3o4b3o
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4b6o13b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o14b2o3bo2bo3b2o$145b2o14b2o7bobo10bobo 81bo4b4o4bo$145b2o14b2o7bob2o8b2obo80bo2bo2b4o2bo2bo$79b2o2b2o18b2o2b 2o18b2o2b2o13bo3bo6bo3bo8bob2o8b2obo13b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o15bobob o2bobobo$78bo2b2o2bo16bo2b2o2bo16bo2b2o2bo35b2ob2o8b2ob2o11bo2b2o2bo
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o2bo17b3o4b3o$100bo4b2o4bo12bo4b2o4bo12bo10bo13b10o13bo4b2o4bo12bo4b2o 4bo12bo4b2o4bo13bob2o2b2obo$99b2o2bo4bo2b2o10b2o2bo4bo2b2o12bo8bo14bob
2o2b2obo12b2o2bo4bo2b2o10b2o2bo4bo2b2o10b2o2bo4bo2b2o12bobo4bobo$98bo 4bo4bo4bo8bo4bo4bo4bo12b2o4b2o17bo4bo13bo4bo4bo4bo8bo4bo4bo4bo8bo4bo4b o4bo10bob2o4b2obo$103bo4bo18bo4bo19bo2bo20bo2bo19bo4bo18bo4bo18bo4bo$104b4o20b4o17b2obo2bob2o15bobo2bobo18b4o20b4o20b4o$100bobo6bobo12bobo
6bobo37b2ob4ob2o13bobo6bobo12bobo6bobo12bobo6bobo13b3o4b3o$99bobob2o2b 2obobo10bobob2o2b2obobo15bo2bo17b2ob4ob2o12bobob2o2b2obobo10bobob2o2b 2obobo10bobob2o2b2obobo11b4o4b4o$99bobob6obobo10bobob6obobo15b4o18bo6b
o13bobob6obobo10bobob6obobo10bobob6obobo10bo12bo$98b6ob2ob6o8b6ob2ob6o 10b2obo4bob2o13b3o4b3o11b6ob2ob6o8b6ob2ob6o8b6ob2ob6o9bob2o6b2obo$102b
2o4b2o16b2o4b2o14b2o8b2o11bobo8bobo13b2o4b2o16b2o4b2o16b2o4b2o12b2o2bo
6bo2b2o$98b2ob2o6b2ob2o8b2ob2o6b2ob2o8bo2b2o6b2o2bo8bo14bo8b2ob2o6b2ob 2o8b2ob2o6b2ob2o8b2ob2o6b2ob2o8b2o12b2o$98b2o12b2o8b2o12b2o8b5o6b5o8b
2ob2o6b2ob2o8b2o12b2o8b2o12b2o8b2o12b2o$98b2o12b2o8b2o5b2o5b2o9bo4b4o 4bo12b2o6b2o11b2o5b2o5b2o8b2o5b2o5b2o8b2o5b2o5b2o12b3o2b3o$128bo2bo15b
o3b6o3bo11b2ob6ob2o16bo2bo20bo2bo20bo2bo20bo2bo$128bo2bo15bobob6obobo 9b2obo8bob2o14bo2bo20bo2bo20bo2bo16bo10bo$174bo6bo87b2obo2bob2o$198b2o 4b2o16b2o4b2o18b4o20b4o$151b6o40bo2bo2bo2bo14bo2bo2bo2bo15bo6bo13b3ob
2o2b2ob3o$150bob4obo16b8o17b6o18b6o17bo6bo12bo14bo$150bo2b2o2bo16b2o4b
2o14b3o2b2o2b3o12b3o2b2o2b3o11bo2bo2b2o2bo2bo8b2o14b2o$197bo8bo14bo8bo 11b2o12b2o7b2o3bo6bo3b2o$199b2o2b2o18b2o2b2o17b3o2b3o$198bo6bo16bo6bo 16bob4obo14b2ob2o2b2ob2o$198bo6bo16bo6bo15b2ob4ob2o15b3o2b3o$200bo2bo 20bo2bo14b2o3bob2obo3b2o12bo2b2o2bo$194bo4bo4bo4bo8bo4bo4bo4bo8bobo10b
obo13b2o2b2o$193bobo2b2o4b2o2bobo6bobo2b2o4b2o2bobo9bo10bo15b2o2b2o$
242b3o10b3o$193b2obo2b2o2b2o2bob2o6b2obo2b2o2b2o2bob2o7bobo10bobo$200b
4o20b4o14bobo10bobo$196bobobo2bobobo12bobobo2bobobo10b2o12b2o13b6o$
196b4o4b4o12b4o4b4o12bo2bo4bo2bo12bob8obo$198bo6bo16bo6bo14b5o2b5o11bo 12bo$225b2o17b2o2bo2bo2b2o10bo4bo4bo4bo$225b2o18b4o2b4o12bo3bo4bo3bo$
245bobo4bobo15bobo2bobo$244b3obo2bob3o14bo2b2o2bo$241b2o14b2o7bo3bobo
2bobo3bo$241b2o3bo2b2o2bo3b2o7b2o12b2o$242bo3bo2b2o2bo3bo9b2o10b2o$243b3o2bo2bo2b3o10bo12bo$244bo10bo10bo14bo$245bo2bo2bo2bo11b3o10b3o$
243bob2o2b2o2b2obo10bobo8bobo$243bo3bo4bo3bo14bo4bo$245bobo4bobo12bo2b
2o4b2o2bo$247b2o2b2o15b2o2bo2bo2b2o$246bobo2bobo16b2o4b2o$246bo2b2o2bo 17bo4bo$246bobo2bobo14b2obob2obob2o$246b2o4b2o12b3o10b3o$244bobo6bobo
9b2ob3o6b3ob2o$243bo12bo11b2o2b4o2b2o$242bo3bo6bo3bo9b2o10b2o$242b2o 12b2o14bo2bo$245b2o6b2o14bo2bo2bo2bo$242b2obo8bob2o9b3o3b2o3b3o$247b6o
14bo2bo6bo2bo$243bob10obo12b3o4b3o$249b2o20bo4bo$247bob2obo19bo2bo$
246bo2b2o2bo16b3o2b3o$246bo6bo17b2o2b2o$247bo4bo$269b2o6b2o$268b3o6b3o
$267b3o3b2o3b3o$266b2o12b2o$269b3o4b3o$266b2obo8bob2o$267b2o10b2o$267b
ob10obo2$271bo4bo$271b6o$270bobo2bobo$271bo4bo!
I had previously tried to find this collection using "knight2", but I missed the next to last one.
I will post the code for "knightt" on the knight2 thread on the scripts page in the next couple of days after I clean up the code a little bit.
Have a happy day,
-Tim Coe
Sokwe
Moderator
Posts: 1664
Joined: July 9th, 2009, 2:44 pm
moebius wrote:Someone ran this search before. I would like to check if we got the same longest partial
Unfortunately, I ran that search with an unmodified gfind 4.9, which doesn't save the state of the search or display partial results.
moebius wrote:"Knightt" tracks every phase
So does this mean that Knightt is not restricted by speed. I was under the impression that the speed restrictions for Knight2 were based on the fact that it only looked at the ship in certain phases. Also, does this mean that Knightt performs slower than Knight2 on speeds for which they both work?
On a somewhat unrelated note, you mentioned here that you had found some small c/4 orthogonal ships. Were any of those new?
-Matthias Merzenich
Bullet51
Posts: 563
Joined: July 21st, 2014, 4:35 am
A probably known c/4 orthogonal wave:
Code: Select all
x = 120, y = 45, rule = B3/S23
4bo$3bobo$2bo4bo6bo$3o4bo5bobo$2o2b2obo4bo4bo6bo$2o4bo3b3o4bo5bobo$5bo
4b2o2b2obo4bo4bo6bo$6bo3b2o4bo3b3o4bo5bobo$15bo4b2o2b2obo4bo4bo6bo69bo
$16bo3b2o4bo3b3o4bo5bobo67b3o$25bo4b2o2b2obo4bo4bo6bo58b3o$26bo3b2o4bo 3b3o4bo5bobo59bo$35bo4b2o2b2obo4bo4bo6bo47b4o$36bo3b2o4bo3b3o4bo5bobo 45bobob2o$45bo4b2o2b2obo4bo4bo6bo36bo$46bo3b2o4bo3b3o4bo5bobo36bo$55bo
4b2o2b2obo4bo4bo6bo31b3o$56bo3b2o4bo3b3o4bo5bobo30b3o$65bo4b2o2b2obo4b
o4bo6bo20bobo$66bo3b2o4bo3b3o4bo5bobo16bobo$75bo4b2o2b2obo4bo4bo6bo7bo
$76bo3b2o4bo3b3o4bo5bobo5bo2bo$85bo4b2o2b2obo4bo4bo5b2o$86bo3b2o4bo3b 3o4bo4b3o$95bo4b2o2b2obo$96bo3b2o4bo3bobo$105bo4bo$106bo3b2o3bo$111bo
3b2o$112bo3bo$112bobo$115bo$113bo2b2o$113bo4bo$118bo$115b2o$116bo$116b o2bo$115bo2bo2$114bo3bo$114b2ob2o3$115b3o! Still drifting. codeholic Moderator Posts: 1142 Joined: September 13th, 2011, 8:23 am Location: Hamburg, Germany ### Re: Spaceship Discussion Thread Are there any other c/6 orthogonal spaceships known except 114P6H1V0, 274P6H1V0, 56P6H1V0, Dragon and their variants, mentioned in the wiki? Ivan Fomichev A for awesome Posts: 2076 Joined: September 13th, 2014, 5:36 pm Location: Pembina University, Home of the Gliders Contact: ### Re: Spaceship Discussion Thread Just searched c/9 odd-symmetric width-13 with zfind, negative results. Here are some partials: Code: Select all x = 99, y = 32, rule = B3/S23 6bo21bo20bo20bo17bo7bo$5bobo19bobo18bobo18bobo15bo2bo3bo2bo$27bobo18bo bo18bobo15bo3bobo3bo$b3ob3ob3o58bo17bo2bobo2bo$b3o5b3o16bo20bo17bo5bo$
b3o5b3o16bo19bobo15bobo3bobo13bo2bobo2bo$3b3ob3o16b5o16b2ob2o14bo7bo 13bobo3bobo$bob2o3b2obo12b2o5b2o14b2ob2o16b2ob2o15bobo3bobo$4bo3bo14bo 9bo14b3o16bo5bo15bo5bo$4bobobo14bo4bo4bo54bobo3bobo$2bo3bo3bo13bo7bo 36bobo15b2o2bobo2b2o$2bo3bo3bo13bo3bo3bo11b3o5b3o12b2o3b2o13bo9bo$ob2o 2bo2b2obo10b2obobobob2o12b2o3b2o12bo2bo3bo2bo11bo9bo$bo3bobo3bo10bo2b
2o3b2o2bo10bobo3bobo14bobobo15bobo3bobo$2bo3bo3bo13bo7bo11b3obobob3o9b o11bo12b2o3b2o$b3o5b3o14b5o13bobo5bobo9bo3bo3bo3bo$3b3ob3o16b2ob2o16bo 3bo13bo9bo14bo3bo$2bob2ob2obo15b2ob2o16bo3bo15bo2bo2bo15b2o3b2o$2bo7bo 17bo19bobo16b2obob2o15b7o$bo9bo15b3o16bo5bo15bobobo16bo5bo$b2o7b2o13b 2o3b2o12b4o3b4o13b2ob2o16bo5bo$2obobobobob2o10b4o3b4o10bobo5bobo11bo2b
obo2bo16bobo$4b2ob2o14bo9bo9b2o9b2o9b2ob2ob2ob2o$4b2ob2o15bo2b3o2bo13b
o5bo13bobo3bobo15b5o$bo2b2ob2o2bo12bobo3bobo15bobo14bobo5bobo12b2ob3ob 2o$bob2o3b2obo14bo3bo14bobo3bobo10b2o2bo3bo2b2o11bo3bo3bo$45bobobobobo 10b5o3b5o13bo3bo$66bo2bobo2bo$68bo3bo15b3obob3o$67bo5bo13b2ob2ob2ob2o$67b2o3b2o12bo11bo$86bo4bobo4bo!
If I had to guess, I'd say there's probably something at around width-19 or 21, judging from those partials.
praosylen#5847 (Discord)
x₁=ηx
V*_η=c²√(Λη)
K=(Λu²)/2
Pₐ=1−1/(∫^∞_t₀(p(t)ˡ⁽ᵗ⁾)dt)
$$x_1=\eta x$$
$$V^*_\eta=c^2\sqrt{\Lambda\eta}$$
$$K=\frac{\Lambda u^2}2$$
$$P_a=1-\frac1{\int^\infty_{t_0}p(t)^{l(t)}dt}$$
moebius
Posts: 27
Joined: December 10th, 2015, 9:07 am
Matthias,
On a somewhat unrelated note, you mentioned here that you had found some small c/4 orthogonal ships. Were any of those new?
Here is the last posting I saw that you made of small c/4 ships with 9 added ships (60, 64x3, 65, 66, 67x2, 69). I noticed that the sombrero ones were part of some of Hartmut's grey ships:
Code: Select all
x = 910, y = 524, rule = B3/S23
6$170bobo$170bo3bo19bo$170bo2b2o17bo2b2o$38bo133bobo15b3o$36bo2b2o133b o14bobo$34b3o136b2obo12bob2o$33bobo138bobo11bo4bo$33bob2o135bo14b2o$8b obobo3bobobo11bo4bo110bobobo3bobobo10b2o$31b2o153bo4b2o$12bo7bo127bo7b o13b2o2b2o14bo$30bo4b2o133b3ob2o11b3o$8bobobo7bo13bo113bobobo3bobobo 12bob2o12bo$31b3o138b2o16bo$12bo7bo12bo118bo3bo3bo11bo16b2ob2o$34bo
137bob2o12b2o2bo$8bobobo7bo12b2o113bobobo3bobobo11bo3bo11b2o3bo$34bo
137bo14bobo3b2o$34b2o137bo13b2o4b2o$31bo2b2o141bobo8b3obo$29b2o3bo139b 2o3bo9b2ob3o$31bo141bobo3bo7bo$173b2obo10bo$169bobo15bobo$169bo$169bob
o7$43bo$34b3o4bobo$8bo3bo4bo11bo2b2o4b2obobo$29b2o7bo$8bo3bo4bo11bo3bo 6b3o152bo$34b2o4bo2bo144bobob2obo25bobobo18bo24bo24bo24bo24bo$8bobobo 4bo21b2o2bo142bo3bobo26bo3bob2obo13bo2b2o20bo2b2o20bo2b2o20bo2b2o20bo 2b2o$36b3o4bo141bo32bo9bo11b3o22b3o22b3o22b3o22b3o$12bo4bo25bo140bo3b 2o27bo3b2o16bobo22bobo22bobo22bobo22bobo$42b2o140bob2o29bob2o18bob2o
21bob2o21bob2o21bob2o21bob2o$12bo4bo22bo2b2o103bobobo3bobobo24bo32bo 19bo4bo19bo4bo19bo4bo19bo4bo19bo4bo$38b2o143bo32bo20b2o23b2o23b2o23b2o
23b2o$40bo107bo11bo21bobo30bobo$179bo2bobo27bo2bobo18bo4b2o18bo4b2o18b
o4b2o18bo4b2o18bo4b2o$148bobobo7bo17bobo30bobo26bo24bo24bo24bo24bo$
177bo2bo29bo2bo23b3o22b3o22b3o22b3o22b3o$152bo7bo17bo32bo27bo24bo24bo 24bo24bo$169bo2b2o5b2o21bo2b2o5b2o26bo12bo11bo24bo24bo24bo$148bobobo7b o8b2o2bo5bo22b2o2bo5bo26b2o7bo2b3o10b2o7bo2b2o11b2o23b2o23b2o$169bo3b
3o2b2o22bo3b3o2b2o27bo7bo2b2o12bo7bo2b3o11bo24bo24bo$173b2obo3bo25b2ob o3bo26b2ob2o3bo16b2ob2o3bo4bo11b2o23b2o23b2o$174bo4bo27bo4bo24bo2b2obo
b3o14bo2b2obob3o14bo2b2o3bo16bo2b2o3bo16bo2b2o$175b2o31b2o25b2o3bo3b4o 12b2o3bo3b4o12b2o3bo3b4o12b2o3bo3b4o12b2o3bo3bobo$38bo137bo3bo28bo3bo
23bo7bo16bo7bo16bo5bob3o14bo5bob3o14bo8bo3bo$36bo2b2o136bo2bo29bo2bo 79b2o3bo4bo14b2o3bo19b2ob3obo$34b3o141bobo30bobo84bo2b3o19bo2b2o15bo6b
o$33bobo262bo2b2o20bo2b3o12bo6b3o$33bob2o291bo12b2o6bo$8bo3bo3bobobo 11bo4bo303bo$31b2o$8bo3bo7bo$30bo4b2o$8bobobo3bobobo13bo$31b3o$12bo7bo 12bo$34bo4bo$12bo3bobobo12b2ob2obo$32bo3bo145bo$32b4o144bo2b2o$29bo3b
2o143b3o$29b2o$29bo149b2o$174b4o2bo24bo35bo35bo35bo35bo34bo13bo$171bob
3o3b3o14b3o4bobo26b3o4bobo26b3o4bobo26b3o4bobo26b3o4bobo5b2obobo14b3o
4bobo5b2obob2obo$148bobobo3bobobo9b2o7b4o8bo2b2o4b2obobo21bo2b2o4b2obo bo21bo2b2o4b2obobo21bo2b2o4b2obobo14bo6bo2b2o4b2obobo3bo4bob2obo6bo2b 2o4b2obobo3bo4bobo$182bo8b2o7bo26b2o7bo26b2o7bo11b2obobo9b2o7bo11b2obo
b2obo6b2o7bo7bo10bo6b2o7bo7bo$148bo7bo3bo9bob2obo15bo3bo6b3o22bo3bo6b 3o22bo3bo6b3o5bo4bob2obo6bo3bo6b3o5bo4bobo9bo3bo6b3o3bo3b2o12bo3bo6b3o 3bo3b2o$170b2o3bo20b2o4bo2bo26b2o4bo2bo26b2o4bo2bo3bo10bo11b2o4bo2bo3b
o22b2o4bo2bo3b3o19b2o4bo2bo3b3o$148bobobo3bobobo14bo25b2o2bo31b2o2bo 31b2o2bo3bo3b2o22b2o2bo3bo3b2o22b2o2bo30b2o2bo$170b2o26b3o4bo4b3o21b3o
4bo4b3o21b3o4bo4b3o21b3o4bo4b3o21b3o4bo27b3o4bo$152bo3bo3bo9bo34bo3bo 3b2o26bo3bo3b2o26bo35bo35bo34bo$170b3o31b2o3bo10bo19b2o3bo30b2o34b2o
34b2o33b2o$148bobobo3bobobo10b2o3bo25bo2b2o3bo4bob2obo17bo2b2o3bo4bobo 20bo2b2o31bo2b2o31bo2b2o30bo2b2o$82bo94bo22b2o10b2obobo18b2o10b2obob2o
bo15b2o34b2o34b2o33b2o$45bobobo25bobob2obo91b2o26bo35bo17bo17bo35bo35b o34bo$43bo3bob2obo20bo3bobo93bob2o$8bo3bo3bobobo21bo9bo19bo100b2o$41bo
3b2o24bo3b2o92bobo$8bo3bo3bo24bob2o26bob2o94bo$30b2ob2o7bo17b2ob2o7bo
96bobo$8bobobo3bobobo8b3o8bo18b3o8bo$30b2obo2bo2bobo18b2obo2bo2bobo$12bo7bo18bobo27bobo$34b2obo26b2obo$12bo3bobobo15b2o28b2o$36b3o27b3o$38bo2b2o25bo2b2o$40bo29bo3$189bo$188bobo$188bobo$188bo2$188bobo2$186b
3o$148bobobo3bobobo24bo$184b2obo$148bo7bo3bo27bo$35b3o23bo126bo$33b2o 3bo21bobo85bobobo3bobobo22bobo$31bo27b2o119bob2o$29b2o3bo3bo22bo90bo7b o17b2ob2o$31bo2bo3bo22bo116b2ob2o$8bo3bo3bobobo12b2o113bobobo3bobobo 20bo$34bo3bo21b2o107bob2o6bobo$8bo3bo3bo17bo3bo19b2o109bo3b2o$34b3o19b
2o2bo108bob2o6bobo$8bobobo3bobobo35b3o115b3ob2obo$34b3o8bo2b2o9b2o114b
ob2o138b2o$12bo3bo3bo13bo3bo6b2o2bo267b4o$34bo3bo6bo3b3o2b3o119bobo95b
obobo3bobobo23bo5bo3bo$12bo3bobobo12b2o14b2obo2b2o121b2obo128b2ob2o2bo$31bo2bo3bo11bo130bo92bo7bo3bo19bobo2bo2bo3bobo$29b2o3bo3bo12b2o250bo 2bo7b3o3bo$31bo20bo3bo217bobobo3bo3bo14b2o3b2o14bo$33b2o3bo14bo2bo246b o2b2o10bo2bo4b3o$35b3o16bobo217bo3bo3bo3bo18bo2bo7b2o3bo2bob3o$306b2o 6bo8b2o$274bobobo3bobobo27bo11bo$314bobo10bobo$328bo3$172bobo29bobo$
170b2o3b2o27bo3bo$170bobo31bo4b2o$172bo33bo3bo2b2o$169bo37b2o3bo$169b
2o3bo$148bobobo4bo19b2o24b4o$172b2o3bo23b2obo2bo$148bo8bo15bobo4b2o19b 4o2bo$30b2o29b2o110b7obo23bo$8bo3bo3bobobo8b3o20bo7b3o85bobobo4bo14bo$
30bo20bo9bo15b2o94b7obo17b3o$8bo3bo7bo10b2ob2o15b2o9b2ob2o10b3ob2obo 63bo3bo4bo15bobo4b2o17b3o$36bo5bo6bo17bo5bob3o6bo87b2o3bo10bo2b2o$8bob obo7bo10b2o7bobob3o6bo8b2o7bobo6bo67bobobo4bo19b2o9b2o2bo$32bo6bobo4b
3ob2obo9bo6bobo9b2o85b2o3bo13bo3b3o2b3o$12bo7bo12bo2bo9b2o16bo2bo14bo 86bo22b2obo2b2o$34bobobob2o23bobobob2o10bo88bo20bo$12bo7bo12b2o3bo25b 2o3bo100bobo21b2o$35bo30bo103b2o3b2o18bo3bo$172bobo21bo2bo$197bobo11$34bo146bo$34b2o143b2o96b2o31b2o$34bo146bo94bo32bo5bo$36bo146bobo15bo3b
2o27bo3b2o35b2ob3o27b2ob3o2b2o$36bo145bo2bo13bo2b2obobo24bo2b2obobo31b 7obo2b2o20b7obo105b2o34b2o$35b2o18bo126bo2bo11b3o6bo3bo19b3o6bo3bo5bo
22bo3bo5bo22bo3bo108bobo4bo28bobo$53b2o127bobo11bobo7b7obo14bobo7b7obo 2b2o15bo3bobo26bo3bobo35bo35bo36bo2bob2obobo25bo2bob2obobo$37bo17bo
128bo11bob2o9b2ob3o2b2o10bob2o9b2ob3o17bo2b2ob2o25bo2b2ob2o32bo3bo31bo
3bo39b2o3bobo28b2o3bobo$8bo3bo3bobobo15bobo9bo8bobo88bobobo3bobobo34bo 4bo9bo5bo11bo4bo9bo19b3o30b3o30b3o4bobo2bo23b3o4bobo2bo36b2obo32b2obo 7bo$35b4o9b2o6bo2bo121bobo10b2o15b2o14b2o15b2o16bobo30bobo26bo2b2o4b2o
bobo3b2obo14bo2b2o4b2obobo3b2obo7bo20bo2bo32bo2bo$8bo3bo3bo3bo10b2o2bo 12bo7bo2bo88bo11bo16b3ob2obo77bob2o29bob2o25b2o7bo12b2o3bobo6b2o7bo12b 2o3bobo11b3o4bobo3bo22b3o4bobo3bo$31b2obobo13bo5bobo119bob2obo9bo4b2o
26bo4b2o28bo4bo27bo4bo24bo3bo6b3o5bo2bob2obobo6bo3bo6b3o5bo2bob2obobo
6bo2b2o4b2obobo3bo17bo2b2o4b2obobo3bo$8bobobo3bobobo10b2o2bo14bo7bo89b obobo3bobobo14bo2bobo16bo32bo29b2o31b2o34b2o4bo2bo7bobo4bo11b2o4bo2bo 7bobo11b2o7bo26b2o7bo$30b2o17b2o122bo2bo2b2o13b3o30b3o104b2o2bo8b2o21b
2o2bo8b2o11bo3bo6b3o22bo3bo6b3o$12bo3bo3bo8bo17bo2bo2bobo92bo3bo3bo15b o2bo2bo17bo32bo29bo4b2o26bo4b2o32b3o4bo28b3o4bo26b2o4bo2bo26b2o4bo2bo$
29bo5bo9b2o6bob2o115bo3bob3o16bo32bo32bo32bo41bo35bo31b2o2bo31b2o2bo$12bo3bobobo9bob3o12bo5b4o91bobobo3bobobo12b3obo2bo15b2o31b2o29b3o30b3o 41b2o34b2o28b3o4bo28b3o4bo$35bo13b4o120bobo21bo32bo31bo32bo39bo2b2o31b
o2b2o34bo35bo$32b4o18bo3bo113b2o23b2o31b2o31bo32bo36b2o34b2o38b2o34b2o$32bo2bo18b5o135bo2b2o28bo2b2o30b2o31b2o38bo35bo35bo2b2o31bo2b2o$35bo 19b2o112b2o3bo17b2o3bo27b2o3bo32bo32bo108b2o34b2o$34bo134bo24bo32bo35b
2o31b2o109bo35bo$34bobo135bo87bo2b2o28bo2b2o$34bobo133bobo85b2o3bo27b
2o3bo$35bo134b2o3b2o83bo32bo$172bobo7$191bo$190bobo$190bobo$67bo122bo$40b2o24bobo$39bo26bobo121bobo23bo36bo$39b2o25bo148bobo34bobo$39b2o147b
3o24bobo34bobo$34b4obo26bobo118bo27bo36bo$31bob3o150b2obo$8bobobo3bobo bo9b2o7b2o23b3o81bobobo3bobobo29bo24bobo34bobo$63bo126bo$8bo7bo3bo9bob 2obo26b2obo82bo11bo24bo27b3o3b3o28b3o3b3o$30b2o3bo30bo117b2obo24bo5bo
3b2o25bo5bo3b2o$8bobobo3bo3bo14bo30bo81bobobo3bobobo50b2obo3bo29b2obo 3bo10bo$30b2o29bo139bob2o10bo3bo4bobo11bob2o10bo3bo4bob2obo$12bo3bo3bo 9bo29b2obo84bo3bo7bo22bobo13b2o3bo10bo5b2obob2obo6b2o3bo10bo5b2obobo$
30b3o17bob2o126bob2o17bobo6bobo16bo8bobo6bobo$8bobobo3bobobo10b2o3bo 11b2o3bo94bobobo3bobobo17b2ob2o22b3ob2o31b3ob2o$37bo12bobo6bobo116b2ob
2o22b2ob2o32b2ob2o$34b2o18b3ob2o121bo25bobo34bobo$33bob2o17b2ob2o110bo
b2o6bobo26b3o34b3o$33b2o21bobo110bo3b2o33b4o33b4o$29bobo25b3o109bob2o
6bobo29bo36bo$29bo27b4o113b3ob2obo$29bobo28bo114bob2o2$176bobo$178b2ob
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326bobo$30b2o140bobo60b3o4bobo329bo17bob2o7bo28bobo$34bob2o134bob2o44b
o9bo2b2o4b2obobo33bo36bo36bo36bo36bo36bo36bo36bo31b2obob5o11b2o3bo4b2o
3bo25bo2bo$33b2o9bobo25bobo96bo4bo41b2o10b2o7bo29b3o4bobo27b3o4bobo27b 3o4bobo27b3o4bobo27b3o4bobo27b3o4bobo27b3o4bobo9bo17b3o4bobo9bo20b2o4b 3o15bobo3b3o2bobo6bo19bo12b2o$8bobobo4bo26bo27bo75bobobo3bo3bo9b2o38bo
9bo9bo3bo6b3o20bo2b2o4b2obobo22bo2b2o4b2obobo22bo2b2o4b2obobo22bo2b2o
4b2obobo22bo2b2o4b2obobo9bo12bo2b2o4b2obobo9bo12bo2b2o4b2obobo9b2o4bo
6bo2b2o4b2obobo9b2o12bo34b3o2bo3bo6b2o19b2o10b2o$33b2obo7bobo2bo2bo19b obo2bo2bo120b3o4bobo11bo12b2o4bo2bo19b2o7bo27b2o7bo27b2o7bo27b2o7bo27b 2o7bo14b2o4bo6b2o7bo14b2o11b2o7bo10b2obobo2b3o6b2o7bo10b2obobo2b2o6b2o 3b3o2bo9bo16b3o13bo7bob2o9bobo9bo$8bo8bo15b2obo10bo27bo72bo7bo3bo8bo4b
2o20bo2b2o4b2obobo10bo18b2o2bo19bo3bo6b3o23bo3bo6b3o23bo3bo6b3o23bo3bo
6b3o23bo3bo6b3o6b2obobo2b3o6bo3bo6b3o6b2obobo2b2o7bo3bo6b3o6b3o2bo2b2o
7bo3bo6b3o6b3o2bo2b3o7bo2bo4bo7b2o2bo32bo5bo3b2o5bobo8bo2bo$35bo12bob 2obo22bob2obo91bo22b2o7bo8b3o4bobo13b3o4bo4bo3bo15b2o4bo2bo27b2o4bo2bo 27b2o4bo2bo4bo22b2o4bo2bo4bo22b2o4bo2bo5b3o2bo2b2o12b2o4bo2bo5b3o2bo2b 3o11b2o4bo2bo3b2o2bo19b2o4bo2bo3b2o2bo7bo9b3o10b3o3bo16bo9bo4bo5bob2o 6bo2b4o2bo4bo$8bobobo4bo14bo2b2o12b3obo23b3obo66bobobo3bobobo9b3o23bo
3bo6b3o11b2o21bo3bobobobo19b2o2bo4bo27b2o2bo4bo27b2o2bo3bobo26b2o2bo3b
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3b4ob2o10b3obo5b2o2b2ob3obo$33b3o12bo4bo2bob2o16bo4bo2bob2o84bo28b2o4b o2bo2bo2bobo3bo20b2o2bo2bobo3bo14b3o4bo3bobo23b3o4bo3bobo23b3o4bo29b3o 4bo29b3o4bo29b3o4bo29b3o4bo3bobo23b3o4bo3bobo22b2obo3bobo3bo3bo11bobob o2bo4bo6bo11bob2o5b3o6b2o$12bo4bo27bo3b2o3bob4o13bo3b2o3bob4o60bo3bo7b
o13bo31b2o2bo3bobobobo20bo2b2o9b2o21bo36bo36bo3b2o2bo28bo3b2o2bo7bo20b
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2o4bo2b2o8bo8b2o4bo2b3o54bobobo7bo12bo8b2o26bo30bo13bo19bo2b2o4b3o2bo
2b2o18bo2b2o4b3o2bo2b3o17bo2b2o4b2obobo2b3o17bo2b2o4b2obobo2b2o18bo2b
2o32bo2b2o32bo2b2o32bo2b2o36b2o19bo9bo22b2obob3o$31bo2b2o14b2o3b2o3bo 2b3o12b2o3b2o3bo2b2o80bobo6b4ob3o19b2o45bo16b2o9b2obobo2b3o15b2o9b2obo bo2b2o16b2o13b2o4bo15b2o13b2o20b2o35b2o35b2o35b2o63bo34bo$33bobo29bo
107bo2b3o6bobo19bo2b2o42bo20bo12b2o4bo17bo12b2o22bo12bo23bo12bo23bo36b
o36bo36bo$29b2o3bo143bo3bo4bo17b2o45b2o34bo36bo$30b3o144bob3obobob3o
17bo46bo$31b2o145b2o2b4o$34bo147bo2bo$32bobo$33bo9$30bo$30b2o2b2o266bo
27bo$30bo2bo268b2o24b2o$33bo268bo27bo$178bo31bo31bo31bo29bo27b4o$33b3o
140bo2b2o27bo2b2o27bo2b2o27bo2b2o27bo28bo2bo$34bo139b3o29b3o29b3o29b3o 30b2o29b2o$31bobo139bobo29bobo29bobo29bobo63b2o$30bo14bo127bob2o28bob 2o28bob2o28bob2o32bo24bobo$8bobobo3bobobo9bo3bo8b2o17bobo83bobobo3bobo
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obobo13bo31bo31bo9bo4bob2obo11bo9bo4bobo11b2o2bo26b3o2b2o$34b2o12bo4bo 6b2o109b3o29b3o29b3o9b3o3bobo11b3o9b3o3bob2obo7b2o30bob5o$12bo7bo9bo3b
2o11b2obo3b3o3b3o85bo3bo7bo12bo31bo31bo8bo4bo17bo8bo4bo6bo6bo32bobo$34bo14bo4b3o117bo4bob3o22bo4bob3o22bo4bob2obo21bo4bob2obo16bo5bo26bo2b o$8bobobo3bobobo10b3o17b2o2b2o91bobobo3bobobo12b2ob2obob2obo20b2ob2obo
b2obo20b2ob2obob3o21b2ob2obob3o18bob3o6b2obobo15bo$33bo18b2o118bo3bo5b o4bo16bo3bo5bo4bo6bo9bo3bo27bo3bo30bo3bo4bob2obo14b2o$34bo137b4o7b3o3b
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15b2o13b2o30b2o36bo3b3o20bobo$34b2o133bo18bo12bo18bo12bo31bo36bo26b2o 3bo3bo$31bo2b2o266bobo20bo3b2obo3bo2b2o$29b2o3bo267bobo20b2o2bo4b3o$
31bo271bo21bo2b2o8$31bo$29b2o$31bo$33bobo$32bo2bo$32bo2bo$32bobo25bobo$34bo25bo3bo204bo$32b2o26bo4b2o12b2o129bo32bo25b2ob2o$32b2o28bo3bo2b2o
7b3o5bobo4b2o84b2obo18b3o4bobo23b3o4bobo21bobo2bo$8bobobo3bobobo15bob 2o23b2o3bo10bo6bo7bo2bo50bobobo3bobobo14b3obob3o12bo2b2o4b2obobo8b2obo 6bo2b2o4b2obobo18bo2bo6bo3bo$35b2o43bo5bo2b3o5bo73bobo10bo3b2o6b2o7bo
12bob3o6b2o7bo21b2o3b2o9b2o$8bo7bo42b4o18b2o5bo5bo2bo50bo7bo12b2o4b2o 5bo3b4o6bo3bo6b3o8b2o9bo3bo6b3o19bo2b2o4b2obo$35b2obo18b2obo2bo16b3o
10b2o76bob2o2bo4b3obo14b2o4bo2bo6bobo14b2o4bo2bo6b2o12bo2bo2bo3bo5bo2b
2o$8bobobo3bobobo14b2obo18b4o2bo13bo2b2o4b2o60bobobo3bobobo16bo4bo23b 2o2bo3b3ob3o18b2o2bo4b3obo12b2o7bo5bo2b3o$37bo8bo2b2o10bo15b2o4b2o86bo
b2o2bo4b3obo16b3o4bo3bo4bo16b3o4bo3bo4bo17bo4b2o3bo4bo$12bo7bo13bo2b2o 7b2o2bo26bo3b2obo2bo60bo3bo3bo3bo8b2o4b2o5bo3b4o20bo4b3obo23bo3b3ob3o 15b2o4bob3o$35b3o8bo3b3o2b3o23b3o87bobo10bo3b2o19b2o6b2o23b2o6bobo11bo
b2o3bo4b4o$8bobobo3bobobo29b2obo2b2o23b2ob2obobo58bobobo3bobobo14b3obo b3o23bo2b2o28bo2b2o6b2o11bo3b2o2b2o3bo$34bo16bo33bo3bo89b2obo22b2o31b
2o11bob3o8bob2o$34b2o16b2o31bo121bo32bo11b2obo$33bo2b2o15bo3bo$35bobo 16bo2bo$31b2o3bo18bobo$32b3o$33b2o$36bo$34bobo$35bo34$861bo$860bobo$
859b2o$861bo$827bobo31bo$572bo31bo94bo32bo35bo38bo19bo$47b2o523b2o4bo
25b2o92bobo30bobo33bobo36bobo18bo2bo28b2obo$47b2o382bo44bo26bo31bo32b 2obobo2b3o21b2obobo2b2o23bo32bo30b2o31b2o35bobo36bobo20bo3bo24b3o$47bo
203bo44bo132b2o6bo36b2o23bo2bobo26bo2bobo31b3o2bo2b2o22b3o2bo2b3o21bob
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2obo32bobob2obob2obo43b3o3bobo36b3o3bob2obo13b3o3b2o2bo21b3o3b2o2bo7bo
16bo31bo37bo32bo100bobo36bobo20b3o$37b2o2b2ob3obo94bo3bob2obob3o31bo3b ob2obob3o44b3o3bobo36b3o3bob2obo20bo3bobo5bo4bo27bo3bobo5bo4bo6bo32bo 4bo39bo4bo6bo10b2o2bo6b3o2bo2b2o11b2o2bo6b3o2bo2b3o13b4o2bobo23b4o2bob o32bo32bo31b2o31b2o125bo2bo$8bobobo3bobobo15bo2bo6b2o21b2o35b2o34bo9bo
b2obo29bo9bob2obo32bobobo5bo4bo29bobobo5bo4bo6bo19bo13b3o3bobo22bo13b
3o3bob2obo29bob2obo39bob2obo19bo3b2o6b2obobo2b3o9bo3b2o6b2obobo2b2o14b
3o4bo24b3o4bo96b2o31b2o34b3o3b3o30b3o3b3o16b2o26b2o13bo$29b4obo25bo3b 3o2b3o25bo3b3o2b3o32bo3b2o8bo4bo25bo3b2o8bo4bo6bo20bo3bob2obob2obo30bo 3bob2obob2obo28bo3b2o10bo4bob2obo18bo3b2o10bo4bobo25bobob2obob3o33bobo b2obob3o23b3o10b2o4bo12b3o10b2o15b2o2bo27b2o2bo38b2o31b2o27b2o2bo28b2o 2bo32bo5bo3b2o27bo5bo3b2o14b2o3bo18bo3b2o11b2o22bo$8bo11bo8bo2b4obo20b
2obo4bo2b2obobo4bo15b2obo4bo2b2obobo4bo24bob2o11b3o3bobo21bob2o11b3o3b
ob2obo19bo9bob3o30bo9bob3o29bob2o14b2o6bo18bob2o14b2o27bo3bobo38bo3bob
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31b2obo3bo10bo16b2o14bo18bo19b2obo$55bobob2o3b2o5b3o6bo11bobob2o3b2o5b 3o6bo12b2ob2o7bo14bo4bob2obo7b2ob2o7bo14bo4bobo21bo3b2o39bo3b2o28b2ob 2o7bo18bo13b2ob2o7bo18bo25bo44bo34b2o30b2o33b3o29b3o34b2o2bo28b2o2bo 17bo2b2o9b2o17bo2b2o9b2o35bo3bo4bobo27bo3bo4bob2obo11b2o3bo14b2o2bo17b o5b3o7b2o3bo$8bobobo7bo8b3o23bo7bo3b3obo3b4obo11bo7bo3b3obo3b4obo4bo6b
3o8bo18b2o6bo6b3o8bo18b2o25bob2o41bob2o29b3o8bo33b3o8bo45bo3b2o39bo3b
2o30bobobo27bobobo26bo2bo28bo2bo37b3o30b3o19b2o2bo28b2o2bo46bo5b2obob
2obo24bo5b2obobo15bobo4b2o11bob2o16bo5bo10b2obo$55bo4b2ob2o4bo4b2o3b3o bobo6bo4b2ob2o4bo4b2o3b3obobo7b2obo2bo2bobo19bo13b2obo2bo2bobo19bo13b 2ob2o7bo32b2ob2o7bo32b2obo2bo2bobo33b2obo2bo2bobo44bob2o41bob2o32bo3bo 27bo3bo27b2o30b2o27bo2b2o9b2o17bo2b2o9b2o17bo3b3o2b3o21bo3b3o2b3o34bo 18bo19bo31b7obo11bob2o16bobo3bo3b2o2b2o4b2o$8bo3bo7bo8bo2b4obo19b2obob
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2ob2o7bo32b2ob2o7bo34bo31bo31bobobo27bobobo24b2o2bo28b2o2bo32b2obo2b2o
25b2obo2b2o33b2obo35b2obo28bo20bob2o16bobobo3bo4b2ob2o3b3obo$29b4obo 26b2o22bo12b2o34b2obo41b2obo37b2obo2bo2bobo33b2obo2bo2bobo37b2obo41b2o bo36b3o8bo33b3o8bo37bo31bo30bo3bo27bo3bo24bo3b3o2b3o8b2o11bo3b3o2b3o8b 2o16bo32bo29bob2o35bob2o39b7obo10b2o2bo20b5obo2bob3o4bobo$8bobobo7bo
15bo2bo6b2o14b4o33b4o33b2o43b2o46bobo42bobo39b2o43b2o37b2obo2bo2bobo
33b2obo2bo2bobo40bobo29bobo24bo31bo32b2obo2b2o7bobo4bo10b2obo2b2o7bobo
17b2o31b2o25b2o3bo33b2o3bo39bobo4b2o11bo19bo10bo$37b2o2b2ob3obo15bo36b o34b3o42b3o40b2obo41b2obo43b3o42b3o45bobo42bobo37b2o3bo26b2o3bo25bo31b o32bo10bo2bob2obobo11bo10bo2bob2obobo13bo3bo3bo24bo3bo3bo19bobo6bobo 27bobo6bobo30b2o3bo15bo3b2o13bo4b2o$41bo4bo91bo2b2o40bo2b2o38b2o43b2o
45bo2b2o40bo2b2o36b2obo41b2obo40bobo3bo25bobo3bo29bobo29bobo27b2o11b2o
3bobo12b2o11b2o3bobo14bo2bo3bo25bo2bo3bo23b3ob2o33b3ob2o37b2o18b2o14bo
2bo2bo$44bo2bo92bo44bo40b3o42b3o46bo44bo40b2o43b2o40b2obo28b2obo29b2o 3bo26b2o3bo28bo3bo3b2obo21bo3bo3b2obo7bo15bobo2bo27bobo2bo24b2ob2o34b 2ob2o30b2o3bo23bo2bo11b3obobo$47bo180bo2b2o40bo2b2o128b3o42b3o35bobo
29bobo33bobo3bo25bobo3bo29bo2bo2bo26bo2bo2bo33b2obo29b2obo7bo14bobo36b
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33bobo29bobo29bobo29bobo44bo32bo33bo2bob2obobo22bo2bob2obobo15b4o35b4o
29bobo25bo3bo$553bo31bo116bobo4bo25bobo23bo38bo29b2o3b2o21b3o$553bobo
29bobo115b2o31b2o94bobo24b2obo2$861bo$861bo$859b2o$860bobo$861bo6$63bo
$61b2o$38bo24bo$36b2o27bobo$38bo25bo2bo18bobo4b2o$40bobo21bo2bo18bo7bo 2bo11b2o26b2o$39bo2bo21bobo19bo2b3o5bo10b3o25b3o43bo64bo$39bo2bo23bo 21bo5bo2bo11bo27bo42b2o37bo18b3o4bobo$39bobo51b2o15b2ob2o23b2ob2o39bo
34b2o14bo2b2o4b2obobo$35bo5bo21bobo17bob2obo26bo27bo40b5o21bo8bo13b2o 7bo$8bobobo3bobobo8bo3bo2bo22b3ob2obo15b3o4bo20b2o26b2o34bo10bo3bo11b
3o4bobo10b5o7bo3bo6b3o$29b2o2bo4bobo19bob2obo22bo22bo2bo24bo2bo22b3o4b obo4b2o3bo4bo6bo2b2o4b2obobo11bo3bo11b2o4bo2bo$8bo7bo3bo8bo3bo2b4obo
15bo2bobo19b2o29bo27bo18bo2b2o4b2obobo2b2o6bobo8b2o7bo10b2o3bo4bo16b2o
2bo$37b2obo14bo2bo2b2o16b5obo18bobo4bo20bobo4bo20b2o7bo13b2o11bo3bo6b 3o4b2o6bobo15b3o4bo4bo3bo$8bobobo3bobobo13b2o18bo2bo2bo16b2ob2obo20bo
27bo27bo3bo6b3o3bobob2o18b2o4bo2bo9b2o25bo3bobob2o$34b2o18bo3bob3o14bo 3bobobo18bobo2bo2bo19bobo2bo2bo24b2o4bo2bo3bo3bo23b2o2bo3bobob2o26b2o 9b2o$8bo3bo3bo3bo16b2obo14b3obo2bo14b2obob2obo21bo27bo34b2o2bo28b3o4bo
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Knightt has different speed restrictions than knight2 for different reasons. PERIOD and XMOVE must be relatively prime. This is due to the ordering of the phases in the monitoring of the search tree. When there is a common factor the ordering is ambiguous and I haven't written the code to handle this ambiguity. Currently the only speeds supported are 1/n and n/(2n+1). This is due to subtleties in the constraint propagation ordering that I haven't worked out for other speeds. This isn't a priority to fix as the first cases this applies to are 2/7 and 3/8 and the search trees are mostly dead in those cases and knight2 handles the raw searching fine. Also YMOVE being non-zero is incompatible with my search tree monitering.
Interestingly enough the speed of knightt is roughly equal to the speed of knight2. The benefit of having more constraints due to having more phases around roughly balances out the extra work that must be performed.
I have never run gfind, but based on several comments around the board it appears knightt is somewhat slower than gfind at the slower speeds (roughly a factor of 2) and somewhat faster at the faster spaceship speeds.
I am currently planning to research the structure of the spaceship trees (actually directed graphs) along the following lines:
knighty - search for ships extending the search orthogonal to the movement direction (fixed height and arbitrary width)
knightb - search for ships from the bottom
knightd - search for ships travelling diagonally from the top (fixed width)
knightdy - search for ships travelling diagonally extending orthogonally to direction of travel (fixed height)
After doing these I will write "knightcuda" and throw massive computational power at whatever path seems most promising.
Have a happy day,
-Tim Coe | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5013642907142639, "perplexity": 4163.880278277437}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735885.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804220455-20200805010455-00461.warc.gz"} |
http://mfat.imath.kiev.ua/article/?id=580 | Open Access
Positive operators on the Bergman space and Berezin transform
Abstract
Let $\mathbb{D}=\{{z\in\mathbb{C}:|z|<1}\}$ and $L^2_a(\mathbb{D})$ be the Bergman space of the disk. In thispaper we characterize the class $\mathcal{A}\subset L^\infty(\mathbb{D})$ such that if $\phi,\psi\in\mathcal{A},\alpha\geq 0$ and $0\leq\phi\leq\alpha\psi$ then there exist positive operators $S,T\in\mathcal{L}(L^2_a(\mathbb{D}))$ such that $\phi(z)=\widetilde{S}(z)\leq\alpha\widetilde{T}(z)=\alpha\psi(z)$ for all $z\in\mathbb{D}$. Further, we have shown that if $S$ and $T$ are two positive operators in $\mathcal{L}(L^2_a(\mathbb{D}))$ and $T$ is invertible then there exists a constant $\alpha\geq0$ such that $\widetilde{S}(z)\leq\alpha\widetilde{T}(z)$ for all $z\in\mathbb{D}$ and $\widetilde{S},\widetilde{T}\in\mathcal{A}$. Here $\mathcal{L}(L^2_a(\mathbb{D}))$ is the space of all boundedlinear operators from $L^2_a(\mathbb{D})$ into $L^2_a(\mathbb{D})$ and $\widetilde{A}(z)=\langle Ak_z,k_z\rangle$ is the Berezintrans form of $A\in\mathcal{L}(L^2_a(\mathbb{D}))$ and $k_z$ is thenormalized reproducing kernel of $L^2_a(\mathbb{D})$. Applications of these results are also obtained.
Article Information
Title Positive operators on the Bergman space and Berezin transform Source Methods Funct. Anal. Topology, Vol. 17 (2011), no. 3, 204-210 MathSciNet MR2857723 Copyright The Author(s) 2011 (CC BY-SA)
Authors Information
Namita Das
Department of Mathematics, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar-751004, Orissa, India
School of Applied Sciences (Mathematics), KIIT University, Campus-3 (Kathajori Campus) Bhubaneswar-751024, Orissa, India
Citation Example
Namita Das and Madhusmita Sahoo, Positive operators on the Bergman space and Berezin transform, Methods Funct. Anal. Topology 17 (2011), no. 3, 204-210.
BibTex
@article {MFAT580,
AUTHOR = {Das, Namita and Sahoo, Madhusmita},
TITLE = {Positive operators on the Bergman space and Berezin transform},
JOURNAL = {Methods Funct. Anal. Topology},
FJOURNAL = {Methods of Functional Analysis and Topology},
VOLUME = {17},
YEAR = {2011},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {204-210},
ISSN = {1029-3531},
URL = {http://mfat.imath.kiev.ua/article/?id=580},
} | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7711290717124939, "perplexity": 1035.837946474958}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530161.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421020506-20190421041436-00015.warc.gz"} |
http://www.nag.com/numeric/fl/nagdoc_fl24/html/G02/g02gkf.html | G02 Chapter Contents
G02 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual
# NAG Library Routine DocumentG02GKF
Note: before using this routine, please read the Users' Note for your implementation to check the interpretation of bold italicised terms and other implementation-dependent details.
## 1 Purpose
G02GKF calculates the estimates of the parameters of a generalized linear model for given constraints from the singular value decomposition results.
## 2 Specification
SUBROUTINE G02GKF ( IP, ICONST, V, LDV, C, LDC, B, S, SE, COV, WK, IFAIL)
INTEGER IP, ICONST, LDV, LDC, IFAIL REAL (KIND=nag_wp) V(LDV,IP+7), C(LDC,ICONST), B(IP), S, SE(IP), COV(IP*(IP+1)/2), WK(2*IP*IP+IP*ICONST+2*ICONST*ICONST+4*ICONST)
## 3 Description
G02GKF computes the estimates given a set of linear constraints for a generalized linear model which is not of full rank. It is intended for use after a call to G02GAF, G02GBF, G02GCF or G02GDF.
In the case of a model not of full rank the routines use a singular value decomposition to find the parameter estimates, ${\stackrel{^}{\beta }}_{\text{svd}}$, and their variance-covariance matrix. Details of the SVD are made available in the form of the matrix ${P}^{*}$:
$P*= D-1 P1T P0T$
as described by G02GAF, G02GBF, G02GCF and G02GDF. Alternative solutions can be formed by imposing constraints on the parameters. If there are $p$ parameters and the rank of the model is $k$ then ${n}_{\mathrm{c}}=p-k$ constraints will have to be imposed to obtain a unique solution.
Let $C$ be a $p$ by ${n}_{\mathrm{c}}$ matrix of constraints, such that
$CTβ=0,$
then the new parameter estimates ${\stackrel{^}{\beta }}_{\mathrm{c}}$ are given by:
$β^c =Aβ^svd =I-P0CTP0-1β^svd, where I is the identity matrix,$
and the variance-covariance matrix is given by
$AP1D-2 P1T AT$
provided ${\left({C}^{\mathrm{T}}{P}_{0}\right)}^{-1}$ exists.
## 4 References
Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
McCullagh P and Nelder J A (1983) Generalized Linear Models Chapman and Hall
Searle S R (1971) Linear Models Wiley
## 5 Parameters
1: IP – INTEGERInput
On entry: $p$, the number of terms in the linear model.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{IP}}\ge 1$.
2: ICONST – INTEGERInput
On entry: the number of constraints to be imposed on the parameters, ${n}_{\mathrm{c}}$.
Constraint: $0<{\mathbf{ICONST}}<{\mathbf{IP}}$.
3: V(LDV,${\mathbf{IP}}+7$) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: the array V as returned by G02GAF, G02GBF, G02GCF or G02GDF.
4: LDV – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array V as declared in the (sub)program from which G02GKF is called.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{LDV}}\ge {\mathbf{IP}}$.
LDV should be as supplied to G02GAF, G02GBF, G02GCF or G02GDF
5: C(LDC,ICONST) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: contains the ICONST constraints stored by column, i.e., the $i$th constraint is stored in the $i$th column of C.
6: LDC – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array C as declared in the (sub)program from which G02GKF is called.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{LDC}}\ge {\mathbf{IP}}$.
7: B(IP) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
On entry: the parameter estimates computed by using the singular value decomposition, ${\stackrel{^}{\beta }}_{\text{svd}}$.
On exit: the parameter estimates of the parameters with the constraints imposed, ${\stackrel{^}{\beta }}_{\mathrm{c}}$.
8: S – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: the estimate of the scale parameter.
For results from G02GAF and G02GDF then S is the scale parameter for the model.
For results from G02GBF and G02GCF then S should be set to $1.0$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{S}}>0.0$.
9: SE(IP) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the standard error of the parameter estimates in B.
10: COV(${\mathbf{IP}}×\left({\mathbf{IP}}+1\right)/2$) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the upper triangular part of the variance-covariance matrix of the IP parameter estimates given in B. They are stored packed by column, i.e., the covariance between the parameter estimate given in ${\mathbf{B}}\left(i\right)$ and the parameter estimate given in ${\mathbf{B}}\left(j\right)$, $j\ge i$, is stored in ${\mathbf{COV}}\left(\left(j×\left(j-1\right)/2+i\right)\right)$.
11: WK($2×{\mathbf{IP}}×{\mathbf{IP}}+{\mathbf{IP}}×{\mathbf{ICONST}}+2×{\mathbf{ICONST}}×{\mathbf{ICONST}}+4×{\mathbf{ICONST}}$) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayWorkspace
Note: a simple upper bound for the size of the workspace is $5×{\mathbf{IP}}×{\mathbf{IP}}+4×{\mathbf{IP}}$.
12: IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
On entry: IFAIL must be set to $0$, $-1\text{ or }1$. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value $-1\text{ or }1$ is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this parameter, the recommended value is $0$. When the value $-\mathbf{1}\text{ or }\mathbf{1}$ is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit: ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}={\mathbf{0}}$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).
## 6 Error Indicators and Warnings
If on entry ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}={\mathbf{0}}$ or $-{\mathbf{1}}$, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by X04AAF).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=1$
On entry, ${\mathbf{IP}}<1$. or ${\mathbf{ICONST}}\ge {\mathbf{IP}}$, or ${\mathbf{ICONST}}\le 0$, or ${\mathbf{LDV}}<{\mathbf{IP}}$, or ${\mathbf{LDC}}<{\mathbf{IP}}$, or ${\mathbf{S}}\le 0.0$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=2$
C does not give a model of full rank.
## 7 Accuracy
It should be noted that due to rounding errors a parameter that should be zero when the constraints have been imposed may be returned as a value of order machine precision.
## 8 Further Comments
G02GKF is intended for use in situations in which dummy ($0–1$) variables have been used such as in the analysis of designed experiments when you do not wish to change the parameters of the model to give a full rank model. The routine is not intended for situations in which the relationships between the independent variables are only approximate.
## 9 Example
A loglinear model is fitted to a $3$ by $5$ contingency table by G02GCF. The model consists of terms for rows and columns. The table is
$141 67 114 79 39 131 66 143 72 35 36 14 38 28 16 .$
The constraints that the sum of row effects and the sum of column effects are zero are then read in and the parameter estimates with these constraints imposed are computed by G02GKF and printed.
### 9.1 Program Text
Program Text (g02gkfe.f90)
### 9.2 Program Data
Program Data (g02gkfe.d)
### 9.3 Program Results
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https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/123123/are-these-data-underdispersed-if-so-what-mechanisms-may-explain-this | # Are these data underdispersed? If so, what mechanisms may explain this?
Say someone who is well practiced (appears to have reached a performance plateau) shoots 20 free throws on 15 different days and is successful the number of times shown in the upper histogram (dat in the code).
1. My understanding is that the distribution of outcomes should be predicted by the binomial distribution. Is this correct?
2. The expected variance is $np(1-p)$, where $n = 20$ (the number of trials per session) and $p = {\rm mean}/n =.65$ or the average percent of successes.
3. I could not figure out how to theoretically calculate the distribution of sample variances, so ran a Monte Carlo simulation. These results are shown in the lower panel. the mean of these variances matches with the theoretical expected variance, but the variance of the data is much less.
R code:
dat <- c(12,12,13,12,13,12,12,14,13,13,14,13,14,13,14)
n <- 20
p <- mean(dat)/n
Nobs <- length(dat)
sim.vars = matrix(nrow=10000)
for(s in 1:10000){
sim.vars[s] <- var(rbinom(Nobs, n, p))
}
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
hist(dat, breaks=seq(0,20,by=1))
hist(sim.vars, breaks=20)
> var(dat) # Variance of Data
[1] 0.6380952
> n*p*(1-p) # Expected Variance given binomial model
[1] 4.569778
> mean(sim.vars) # Mean of simulated sample variances
[1] 4.542159
@Whuber, I hit enter when the cursor was outside the text box and it submitted before completing the question. I apologize. The first thing I wanted to know if I have made some error anywhere in my thinking (choice of binomial model, simulation, calculation), which your comment suggests I have not.
The second is what processes could possibly generate such data? I have >30 like this from multiple sources, so it is probably not data entry error or made up data. The actual task is not shooting free throws but you can take my word that it really is an equivalent situation.
This peculiarity of the data has not been noted previously. Others have interpreted such data as representing the max performance level achieved, and compared group averages under different conditions. Difference between individuals have been interpreted as differences in skill level, somehow related to neurological characteristics. As far as I can tell, this interpretation (as plateau/ asymptote/ max performance) implies sampling from a binomial distribution, which is really inconsistent with the underdispersion.
An analogous situation would be someone flipping a coin 20 times and always getting 9/10/11 heads. This is too consistent. The only mechanism I have thought of is introducing negative correlation between consecutive trials. Something like:
if(dat[t-1]=success){ p=0 }else{ p=0.95 } # Arbitrary probs used for example
dat[t]=sample(c(miss,success),1,prob=c(1-p,p))
What other processes could result in this underdispersion? The literature on underdispersion appears to be very sparse. I found it consists mostly of simply finding distributions that can fit such data that lack any clear physical interpretation. That type of analysis is not of interest to me here. Perhaps I missed something due to using inappropriate terminology?
Edit2: @whuber In response to your second comment: It really is just like the free throws, almost any explanation that works for that will also apply. An exception is that a person may purposefully miss on the free throw task to maintain a certain score, while that is implausible here.
The task requires motor coordination to attain a goal. A success requires performing a sequence of movements in the correct order, each in the correct fashion (of course with some level of variation). There may also be multiple strategies that can yield success with different/same probability (ie underhand vs overhand shots). It is possible these are used in different trials by the same subject. Unfortunately, the only data available is number of successes per session (20 trials).
I do not think I am looking for "ways to construct probability models of underdispersed phenomena", at least not in general. I am not interested in only describing the data, rather for a process that can result in this type of data. The goal is to elucidate what may actually be being measured here if not max/asymptotic/plateau performance level.
To clarify what I mean by "process", I am thinking that a monte carlo simulation can be created using some combination of if/then statements and (possibly multiple per trial) samples of correct/incorrect actions, states, and/or events that occur with various probabilities. However, there may be other ways of modeling this.
Edit3: @gung I do not think we will be able to identify a process/mechanism from this data alone, but we can hypothesize a few consistent with the data. These will then make predictions regarding other/more detailed measurements (eg trial-to-trial scores) before running the study. This is useful because it suggests what it is important to look for and record when performing the experiments.
I thought of another possible mechanism. The model below simulates a situation where the subject is "satisfied" after a threshold # of successes (here thresh=12). The output shown had variance=0.495. If this model were accurate, rather than performance, these experiments appear to measure some kind of motivation threshold. This would be completely different than measuring a skill level, and really alter how these results are interpreted. However, this model predicts many more successes at the beginning of the session than the end. While I do not have actual data recorded regarding this, the prediction is inconsistent with my memory/impression of what unfolded. If anything, I suspect the opposite would be true.
I am looking for further ideas on what the explanation may be as I could not find any hints in the literature.
p.motivated=.9; p.unmotivated=.1; n=20; thresh=12; sessions=15
results<-matrix(nrow=sessions)
for(s in 1:sessions){
session.dat<-matrix(nrow=n,0)
for(t in 1:n){
if(sum(session.dat)<thresh){
session.dat[t]<-sample(c(0,1),1,prob=c(1-p.motivated,p.motivated))
}else{
session.dat[t]<-sample(c(0,1),1,prob=c(1-p.unmotivated,p.unmotivated))
}
}
results[s]<-sum(session.dat)
}
hist(results,breaks=seq(0,20,by=1))
var(results)
• The only question that appears in all this is #1, whose answer you obviously already know. What do you really want to ask? Whether this dataset looks significantly underdispersed (as suggested by the title)? What does the title mean by "mechanisms"? – whuber Nov 7 '14 at 18:58
• Thanks for the update. "Max performance level achieved" may be a key phrase, because it suggests that data might not appropriately modeled as an iid Binomial sample. Unfortunately, your question about "mechanisms" cannot be answered until you disclose what the data really represent! The factors that might affect consistency of free throw performance will be largely different than those that affect consistency of ranks in a series of races, for instance. Having said that, there are plenty of ways to construct probability models of underdispersed phenomena. Maybe that's what you are looking for? – whuber Nov 7 '14 at 19:33
• We may not be able to identify the mechanism that produces your results. The autocorrelation idea is interesting. To investigate it you will need to get the trial by trial data from your study, or run a new study to get such data. – gung Nov 7 '14 at 20:18
• @whuber On rereading I realized I do not follow you here. Can you expand on this statement "Max performance level achieved"... suggests that data might not appropriately modeled as an iid Binomial sample. – Livid Nov 8 '14 at 0:26
• If the data reflect maxima of sets of values, then they will tend to be narrowly dispersed and a little negatively skewed. A binomial model will not describe them. – whuber Nov 8 '14 at 2:05
0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.03,0.10,0.34,0.72,0.97,0.99,0.99,1.00,1.00,1.00,1.00,1.00,1.00,1.00,1.00,1.00 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6215210556983948, "perplexity": 981.1150815282548}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986666467.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016063833-20191016091333-00070.warc.gz"} |
https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/1377/2016/ | Journal cover Journal topic
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics An interactive open-access journal of the European Geosciences Union
Journal topic
• IF 5.509
• IF 5-year
5.689
• CiteScore
5.44
• SNIP 1.519
• SJR 3.032
• IPP 5.37
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• Scimago H
index 161
# Abstracted/indexed
Abstracted/indexed
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1377-1400, 2016
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1377-2016
Special issue: HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (AMT/ACP...
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1377-1400, 2016
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1377-2016
Research article 08 Feb 2016
Research article | 08 Feb 2016
# Observed spatiotemporal variability of boundary-layer turbulence over flat, heterogeneous terrain
V. Maurer1, N. Kalthoff1, A. Wieser1, M. Kohler1, M. Mauder2, and L. Gantner1 V. Maurer et al.
• 1Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK-TRO), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
• 2Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Abstract. In the spring of 2013, extensive measurements with multiple Doppler lidar systems were performed. The instruments were arranged in a triangle with edge lengths of about 3km in a moderately flat, agriculturally used terrain in northwestern Germany. For 6 mostly cloud-free convective days, vertical velocity variance profiles were calculated. Weighted-averaged surface fluxes proved to be more appropriate than data from individual sites for scaling the variance profiles; but even then, the scatter of profiles was mostly larger than the statistical error. The scatter could not be explained by mean wind speed or stability, whereas time periods with significantly increased variance contained broader thermals. Periods with an elevated maximum of the variance profiles could also be related to broad thermals. Moreover, statistically significant spatial differences of variance were found. They were not influenced by the existing surface heterogeneity. Instead, thermals were preserved between two sites when the travel time was shorter than the large-eddy turnover time. At the same time, no thermals passed for more than 2h at a third site that was located perpendicular to the mean wind direction in relation to the first two sites. Organized structures of turbulence with subsidence prevailing in the surroundings of thermals can thus partly explain significant spatial variance differences existing for several hours. Therefore, the representativeness of individual variance profiles derived from measurements at a single site cannot be assumed.
Special issue | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8777956962585449, "perplexity": 8712.852072612255}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203168.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324022143-20190324044143-00197.warc.gz"} |
http://www.jnfcwt.or.kr/journal/article.php?code=78090&list.php?m=1&keyword=Safety | Journal Search Engine
ISSN : 1738-1894(Print)
ISSN : 2288-5471(Online)
Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology Vol.19 No.1 pp.113-121
DOI : https://doi.org/10.7733/jnfcwt.2021.19.1.113
# A Study About Radionuclides Migration Behavior in Terms of Solubility at Gyeongju Low- and Intermediate-Level Radioactive Waste (LILW) Repository
Sang June Park, Jihyang Byon, Jun-Yeop Lee*, Seokyoung Ahn*
Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
* Corresponding Author. Seokyoung Ahn, Pusan National University, E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +82-51-510-2893
January 18, 2021 ; February 3, 2021 ; February 8, 2021
## 초록
Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)
20193210100110
## 2. Input data for PHREEQC code
### 2.2 Ionic strength correction model
In general, equilibrium constants are used for studying system equilibrium or reaction, but it is not possible to estimate the equilibrium between substances under ideal standard state conditions. Therefore, in a realistic system, chemical and thermodynamic databases containing aqueous species related to activity coefficients can be used. Because the equilibrium constant can be derived at a constant ionic strength condition, but this value varies depending on the experimenter and the conditions of the system. Therefore, the equilibrium constants are valid only under specific conditions and the equilibrium constant is of limited use. The research related to hydrolysis, complex formation, redox, and solubility equilibrium is actively being conducted [14]. It is started from the identification of the activity of free ions and chemical species in an aqueous solution. Therefore, information related to the activity coefficients of reactants and products is crucial. The experimental data on the free concentration of the chemical species are needed and the thermodynamic database based on activity is essential to establish a methodology for finding the relationship between the concentration of radionuclides and activity. Various methodologies have been proposed to solve the problem of extrapolating data from different ionic media to an infinite dilute aqueous solution [14]. To consider the ionic strength of the system, various ionic strength correction models such as the Debye- Hückel model, Davies model, SIT, and Pitzer equation were considered and analyzed. In Table 2, characteristics of each ionic strength correction model were shown. In this study, SIT was selected as the ionic strength correction model in this study [15-18]. Because the SIT model is formulated in linear terms, the accuracy of the fitted coefficients is high, and the uncertainty is relatively insignificant compared to others. The SIT model can estimate the reasonably accurate value of the ion interaction coefficient. Therefore, the SIT model can obtain the reliability of both the estimated and the experimentally determined values of the ion interaction coefficient. As a result, this model can be applied to a relatively wide range of ionic strengths. For the SIT model, in the range of ionic strengths (I ≤ 0.1 mol·kg−1), the uncertainty of the SIT coefficient is negligible. Therefore, a more accurate estimation of the activity coefficient can be accomplished. Because the ionic strength range (I ≤ 0.1 mol·kg−1) of the SIT model is relatively well-matched with the groundwater conditions of South Korea, so the general application of the SIT model is chosen for appropriate for this study.
The radionuclide inventory database adopted in this study were the results of the previous study [1]. According to the previous study, radionuclide inventory was analyzed from the perspectives of radioactivity and mass to derive the radionuclide of concern. As a result, 14C, 59Ni, 63Ni, 99Tc, 137Cs, 238U, and 241Am were selected as the main radionuclides. For gross alpha, although it has not been accurately identified, 241Am and 238U which is representative actinide was selected as the representative radionuclides of gross alpha. If the radionuclide list and fraction of gross alpha are determined, additional information related to gross alpha can be applied to the methodology established in this study to obtain a more accurate safety assessment result. The radionuclide inventory database is shown in Table 3.
### 2.4 Groundwater system
The solubility can be significantly affected by the groundwater and geochemical conditions. Therefore, it is essential to apply the site-specific groundwater and the geochemical conditions of the Gyeongju LILW repository to derive site-specific solubility. For site-specific groundwater data, the safety analysis report of the first phase disposal facility was analyzed and adopted. Currently, the first phase disposal facility is the only operating disposal facility, the groundwater data of the first phase disposal facility is available and was applied in this study as the main groundwater system data. Groundwater system data were collected through several boreholes at the Gyeongju LILW repository, provided by the Korea Radioactive Waste Agency (KORAD), and includes enormous amounts of data for each borehole categorized by period, time, and depth. To consider the operational influence on the groundwater system by the disposal facility at the Gyeongju LILW repository, the average value of groundwater data during the operation period was adopted. For the applicability of the thermodynamic database, the temperature was set to 25℃, and data below 5 ppm were excluded because its effect on the system is considered insignificant. In Table 4, the groundwater composition applied in this study is represented.
The main subject of this study is to derive the site-specific solubility of the Gyeongju LILW repository, but radiation dose assessment was performed using the RESRADOFFSITE code to evaluate the effect of solubility on the radiation dose change.
## 3. Results and discussion
### 3.1 Solubility
To analyze the reason for the large and rapid increase in solubility of Tc, Pourbaix diagram of Tc in the current groundwater system was derived and the results are shown in Fig. 2. In general, Tc(Ⅳ) dominates the solubility of Tc in the system. But in the current groundwater condition of pH 7.2, Eh 181 mV, and pe 3, Tc(Ⅶ) dominates the Tc solubility of the system instead of Tc(Ⅳ). The TcO4 is known to highly soluble and form significant aqueous complexes. Therefore, it has been confirmed that the value of Tc solubility is relatively high and increases rapidly.
## 4. Conclusions
In this study, the site-specific solubility of the Gyeongju LILW repository was derived and the effect of solubility on the radiation dose was evaluated. This solubility was derived by applying groundwater data reflecting the operational history of the Gyeongju LILW disposal facility, radionuclide data, and thermodynamic database to the PHREEQC computational code. The main characteristic of the derived solubility is that the selected major radionuclides were applied simultaneously to the groundwater system to consider not only the interactions of each radionuclide but also the effects between the radionuclides and the groundwater system. Under the current conditions, it was confirmed that the effect of solubility on radiation dose was insignificant because the amount of the radionuclide inventory is relatively low. If additional site-specific information is secured, the more site-specific solubility can be quickly derived using the established methodology in this study. In addition, the derived solubility is expected to be used as a major geochemical parameter for the safety assessment of radioactive waste repository and can be a comparative basis.
## Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea [No. 20193210100110].
## Figures
Solubility variation according to pH.
Pourbaix diagram of Tc.
Radiation dose estimation using the derived solubility.
The conceptual model for the relationship between radionuclide inventory and input solubility.
## Tables
Thermodynamic databases analyzed in this study
Ionic strength correction models analyzed in this study
Groundwater composition of the Gyeongju LILW repository used in this study (averaged groundwater data from 2015 to 2016)
## References
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14. I. Grenthe, H. Wanner, and E. Östhols. TDB-2: Guidelines for the Extrapolation to zero Ionic Strength, Nuclear Energy Agency in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Developement Report 1-103, TDB- 2 (2000).
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21. S.J. Park, J. Byon, D.H. Ban, S. Lee, W. Sohn, and S. Ahn, “Derivation of Preliminary Derived Concentration Guideline Level (DCGL) by Reuse Scenario for Kori Unit 1 Using RESRAD-BUILD”, Nucl. Eng. Technol., 52(6), 1231-1242 (2020).
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- E-mail: [email protected] | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8111786246299744, "perplexity": 9581.466159810383}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363437.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208022710-20211208052710-00014.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/41313/primes-for-which-xk-equiv-n-pmodp-is-solvable | # Primes for which $x^k \equiv n \pmod{p}$ is solvable
For a fixed $n$, how can I characterize the primes $p$ such that there is a $k$ with $x^k\equiv n\pmod p$?
Edit: This wasn't actually what I meant... the question I intended is here.
-
Any condition on $k$? If you can choose $k=1$, or more generally $k\equiv 1 \pmod {p-1}$, then this always has a solution with $x=n$. Or is $x$ fixed? – Thomas Andrews May 25 '11 at 17:24
I think the OP means: which $n$ are non-trivial powers mod $p$? – lhf May 25 '11 at 17:29
@lhf: So we really need to restrict $k$ to have a common factor with $p-1$? If $\gcd(k,p-1)=1$, then we can find an $l$ so that $kl\equiv 1 \pmod {p-1}$ and if $x=n^l$, then $x^k = n^{kl} \equiv n \pmod {p}$ – Thomas Andrews May 25 '11 at 17:37
@Thomas, the way I read the question, you're free to choose $k$. – lhf May 25 '11 at 17:41
You really want to either also fix $x$ or also fix $k$ to get an interesting problem. – Qiaochu Yuan May 25 '11 at 17:51
Every $n$ is a non-trivial power mod $p$ for every $p$. Indeed, by Fermat's little theorem, every $n$ is a $p$-th power mod $p$ for every $p$.
If you insist on $1<k<p$, then the following argument works (with exactly one exception noted below): If $p$ divides $n$, you can take $x=0$ and any $k$. Now assume that $p$ does not divide $n$. Take $g$ a primitive root mod $p$ that is not congruent to $n$ mod $p$. You can choose $g$ like that because there are $\phi(p-1)$ primitive roots mod $p$. Then $n$ is a non-trivial power of $g$ mod $p$. The exception is 2, which is not a small power mod 3. (The argument above fails because $\phi(3-1)=1$.)
-
The only exception is 2 mod 3. Since 2 is the only primitive root mod 3, it is not a non-trivial power mod 3. – Brandon Carter May 25 '11 at 17:52
@Brandon, thanks. I knew I was missing this case! But 2 is a cube mod 3, isn't it, by Fermat. – lhf May 25 '11 at 17:54
This is the correct answer to the question I asked, but unfortunately not to the question I intended! I will accept and post a new question. – Charles May 25 '11 at 19:07
To repeat from my comments above, if we allow $k$ such that $\gcd(k,p-1)=1$, then we can find an $l$ so that $lk\equiv 1 \pmod {p-1}$, and then if $x=n^l$, then $x^k = n^{lk}\equiv n \pmod {p}$
So if we allow such $k$, then it is true for all $p$.
On the other hand, if we restrict to $k$ such that $\gcd(k,p-1)>1$, then we cannot find a solution if $n$ is of order $p-1$ in the multiplicative group modulo $p$. It is a "hard problem" to deterime if $n$ is a generator modulo a particular prime $p$. It is not even fully resolved yet whether, if $n$ is not a square and $n\neq -1$, there is always a prime $p$ such that $n$ is a generator $\mod p$, which I recently learned is a conjecture of Artin. (This is mostly resolved - it is know that there are at most two counter-examples $n$, and any counter-example has to be prime.)
-
Thanks, +1. I had meant to ask a slightly different -- and more interesting -- question, but an apparent lack of coffee left my question in the present state. – Charles May 25 '11 at 19:08 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9785130620002747, "perplexity": 150.34202494213523}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278389.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00039-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://brilliant.org/problems/factorials-and-divisibility/ | Factorials and divisibility
Consider the set of factorials $$1!, 2!, 3!, \ldots , 100!$$.
There are, clearly, 100 numbers in this set. How many of them are divisible by 2209?
Notation: $$!$$ is the factorial notation. For example, $$8! = 1\times2\times3\times\cdots\times8$$.
× | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7939570546150208, "perplexity": 718.5582860283633}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647530.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320185657-20180320205657-00012.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gamedev.net/forums/topic/320035-stack-overflow-in-release-but-not-debug/ | # Stack overflow in release but not debug
This topic is 4810 days old which is more than the 365 day threshold we allow for new replies. Please post a new topic.
## Recommended Posts
Hey guys. Wrote a 3ds model loader (yes, i know there are libraries that can do it but i wanted to do it myself for various reasons). Anyways, it works fine in debug. I can load models no prob. But when I do a release compile, i get a stack overflow error. I dunno why it wouldnt show up in the debug compile (I admit that I dont know much of the difference between both save for optimisation in release and lack of debug code). Anyone can help me? Its with my main recursive function: ProcessChunk. It has a while in it that will run until i've read the entire chunk. This is where the stack overflow occurs, testing the while condition.
void C3DSModel::ProcessChunk(stChunk* pChunk)
{
{
stChunk tempChunk = {0};
switch(tempChunk.ID)
{
//ETNRY POINT
case EDIT3DS: // 0x3D3D
ProcessChunk(&tempChunk);
break;
//OBJECT(MESHES)
case OBJECT: // 0x4000
{
stMesh mesh;
pMeshs.push_back(mesh);
numMeshs++;
ProcessChunk(&tempChunk);
}
break;
case OBJ_MESH: // 0x4100
ProcessChunk(&tempChunk);
break;
case MESH_VERTICES: // 0x4110
break;
case MESH_FACES: // 0x4120
break;
case MESH_MATERIAL: // 0x4130
break;
case MESH_UV: // 0x4140
break;
//MATERIALS
case MATERIAL: // 0xAFFF
{
stMaterialInfo mat = {0};
pMaterials.push_back(mat);
numMaterials++;
ProcessChunk(&tempChunk);
}
break;
case MAT_NAME: // 0xA000
break;
case MAT_DIFFUSE: // 0xA020
break;
case MAT_TEXMAP: // 0xA200
ProcessChunk(&tempChunk);
break;
case MAT_TEXFLNM: // 0xA300
break;
//Every other unprocessed ID value will just skip to the end of the chunk
default:
SkipChunk(&tempChunk);
}
}
}
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Is pChunk->bytesRead initialized to zero before entering the function? If not, this could explain the difference. In debug mode, memory is initialized to a default value, but in release mode it is not.
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well,after hours of debugging, I found the line that was causing me the error. I commented it out, and it all seems to work fine. Dunno if I will need that line later on, but thats something I can leave til then. Although I am curious as to why the problem didnt show up in the debug build, if anyways knows, lemme know.
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Dave Hunt,
Yes bytesread was initialised to 0. But thx for that info, i will have to keep that in mind.
My problem was here:
void C3DSModel::ReadMeshFaces(stChunk* pChunk){ unsigned int numFaces = 0; pChunk->bytesRead += fread(&numFaces, 1,2, pFile); stMesh* mesh = &(pMeshs[numMeshs-1]); mesh->pFaces = new stFace[numFaces]; mesh->numFaces = numFaces; struct st3DSFace{ unsigned short pt1,pt2,pt3, visibility;}; st3DSFace *pFaces = new st3DSFace[numFaces]; pChunk->bytesRead += fread(pFaces, 1, numFaces * sizeof(st3DSFace),pFile); for (int i=0; i<numFaces; i++) { mesh->pFaces.vertIndex[0] = pFaces.pt1; mesh->pFaces.vertIndex[1] = pFaces.pt2; mesh->pFaces.vertIndex[2] = pFaces.pt3; } delete [] pFaces; //NOTE: This line causes a stack overflow error in a release build. //This line processes face material, which is a subchunk //ProcessChunk(pChunk);}
the ProcessChunk causes the error. Some tutorials i've seen online use it, others dont. So for now, i wont use it. Like i said, doesnt seem to matter thus yet.
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Well,
after further testing, and a day's worth of looking over my code, I found the problem. Optimisation. My release build was set for speed optimisation. However, these optimisations caused my code to give a stack overflow error. Once I disabled optimisation, my code worked fine. Weird!
Just thought I'd post this, if just to help another n00b like myself so he/she might not waste as much time as i did on a similar error.
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Quote:
Original post by ChrysaorWell,after further testing, and a day's worth of looking over my code, I found the problem. Optimisation. My release build was set for speed optimisation. However, these optimisations caused my code to give a stack overflow error. Once I disabled optimisation, my code worked fine. Weird!Just thought I'd post this, if just to help another n00b like myself so he/she might not waste as much time as i did on a similar error.
That sounds like you might be recursing too deeply, or that you have a problem that is getting covered over by "slop" in the compiler output. I'm not sure I'd call it solved without knowing for sure which one it is. Just my \$0.02USD.
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How big is tempChunk? It seems like it will be allocated on the stack for every recursive call. Try allocating it dynamically and verify that you're not processing data redundantly. I think that in a lot of cases you're reading chunks and then just skipping them...
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I'd say the most likely problem is you went too deep recursively and overran your stack. Try increasing the stack size and running it again. Actually, i guess it might not be the most likely problem, but certainly the easiest to diagnose.
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I think your problem, IIRC is related to the way you are using fread. You specify that you are reading (numFaces * sizeof(st3DSFace)) items of size 1, this is not the case, you should be reading numFaces items of size sizeof(st3DSFace), so I think you need to fix your fread statement. I'm not 100% sure this was what caused my problem, but I'm pretty sure that was the cause.
I do remember however that when debugging, the bytesread variable ended up as some garbage for whatever reason, so if it wasn't what I think it was then it may have been a variable initialisation problem as previously stated, and that is what caused the stack overflow because it ended up trying to read a stupidly high number of bytes (e.g. 3243536574 or something like that).
IIRC the bytesread variable is used in some calculation that is used to skip unknown or unneccessary chunks, and the problem occurs when the bytesread variable is wrong it causes the skipchunk function to mess things up.
Anyhoo, hope that helps!
Steve
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Ahhh.. no now I remember! The skipchunk function is failing due to one of the reasons I mentioned above, it is basically reading from the middle of a chunk and so when querying for the size of a given chunk, it ends up as a stupid value because it is not reading from the chunk header as it should be. It then tries to read in the chunk using the incorrect chunksize which is what causes the stack overflow! I'm 99% sure that will be the cause of your problem!
*EDIT* Actually thinking about it, as you said it happens in realease and not debug, I may be incorrect in what I was saying. I cannot remember if my own problem was only occuring in release mode, it may have been but I'm not sure, and I would be at a loss to explain why it was happening in one mode and not the other, but my first suspiscion would be either an uninitialized variable, or a locally defined variable going out of scope that should be initialised as a pointer with new. Debug mode will keep the variable alive when it goes out of scope, but release mode deallocates it, so debug mode will continue to work while release mode falls over!
[Edited by - Mephs on May 19, 2005 7:47:19 AM]
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http://www.math.cmu.edu/~gautam/sj/blog/20140712-bibtex-spacing.html | # Adjusting the space between references in the bibliography. 2014-07-12
```\usepackage{bibspacing}
\setlength{\bibitemsep}{.2\baselineskip plus .05\baselineskip minus .05\baselineskip}
```
Change the spacing to whatever you desire of course. This works even if you use BibTeX.
## Alternate approach.
Alternately, if you don’t want to download bibspacing.sty, you can just include it’s contents into the preamble of your LaTeX source:
```\newlength{\bibitemsep}\setlength{\bibitemsep}{.2\baselineskip plus .05\baselineskip minus .05\baselineskip}
\newlength{\bibparskip}\setlength{\bibparskip}{0pt}
\let\oldthebibliography\thebibliography
\renewcommand\thebibliography[1]{%
\oldthebibliography{#1}%
\setlength{\parskip}{\bibitemsep}%
\setlength{\itemsep}{\bibparskip}%
}
```
This method also works if you use BibTeX.
## References
This was adapted from here. See an alternate approach here. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8883693814277649, "perplexity": 1576.066781135463}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742981.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116070420-20181116092420-00542.warc.gz"} |
https://www.arxiv-vanity.com/papers/1907.10117/ | # Simulating an infinite mean waiting time
Krzysztof Bartoszek
###### Abstract
We consider a hybrid method to simulate the return time to the initial state in a critical–case birth–death process. The expected value of this return time is infinite, but its distribution asymptotically follows a power–law. Hence, the simulation approach is to directly simulate the process, unless the simulated time exceeds some threshold and if it does, draw the return time from the tail of the power law.
Keywords : Birth–death process; infinite mean; phylogenetic tree; power–law distribution; return time
## 1 Introduction: a model for phylogenetic trees
Birth–and–death processes are frequently used today to model various branching phenomena, e.g. phylogenetic trees. Empirically observed (or rather estimated from e.g. genetic data) phylogenies can exhibit multiple patterns, e.g. many co–occurring species or only one dominating one at a given time instance. The HIV phylogeny is an example of the former, while the influenza phylogeny of the latter. During a given season there is one main flu virus going around, but it may change between seasons.
In [5] a very similar model that (depending on the choice of a parameter ) can generate both patterns was proposed. They model the amount of types alive at a given time instance as follows. Assume that at time there are types present. Then, at time the birth rate of types is and the death rate is . Each type has a fitness value attached to it and if a death event occurs, the type with the lowest fitness goes extinct. If there is only one type present, it cannot go extinct. The type with the largest value of the fitness is called the dominating type
The main result of [5] is the characterization of the lifetime of the dominating type.
###### Theorem 1.1 (Thm. 1 in [5])
Take . If , then
limt→∞P(maximal types at αt and t are the same)=α,
while if , then this limit is .
Obviously, if , then a given (maximal) type can persist (like influenza) but when , then there will be frequent switching between dominating types (like HIV—we cannot observe which strain dominates). The key object in the proof of Thm. 1.1 are the random times of hitting state , conditional on having started in state , we denote this random variable by . Then, the waiting time for returning to state can be represented as , where .
Let denote the cumulative distribution function of , i.e. . Here we will focus on the critical case . In [5] it was claimed that in this regime (proof of Lemma therein). However, in [2] it was shown that this statement is not true (cf. Eqs. and therein) and that (cf Eq. therein) behaves asymptotically as
limt→∞t(1−F(t))=1. (1)
To be able to work with the law of we introduce the following definition.
###### Definition 1.1
We say that a random variable follows a power–law probability distribution with parameter , if it has support on , , and its law asymptotically satisfies
P(Y>y)∼Cy−α,
for some constant .
Moments of order are infinite. It is worth pointing out that in principle the constant could be replaced by slowly varying function , i.e. for every , . Then more generally we would say that is a random variable with distribution whose right tail is regularly varying at infinity (with parameter , Ch. [1]). However, this is not necessary for the purposes of this study.
###### Lemma 1.2
E[H]=∞
Proof is a positive random variable and follows a power law distribution with and . Hence, for it holds directly that
E[Hm]=∞∫0P(Hm>x)dx=∞.
It is worth noting that the infinite mean can be derived directly from the model formulation. Denote by the time to reach state from state and . Then, and define . Notice that by the memoryless property of the process we can see that is a non–decreasing sequence as to get from state to state one first has to get back to state .
By model construction we have and
h3=16+12h2+12h4,
giving
h2=h3+(h3−h4)−13.
In the same way one will have for all
hj−hj+1=hj+1+(hj+1−hj+2)−1j+1
resulting in for every
h2=h3+(hN−hN+1)−N∑i=31i.
As obviously , one needs for every
h3≥hN+1−hN+N∑i=31i≥N∑i=31i
implying that . As , then immediately .
## 2 Simulation algorithm
Very often an important component of studying stochastic models is the possibility to simulate them. This is in order to illustrate the model, gather intuition for its properties, back–up (i.e. check for errors) analytical results and to design Monte Carlo based estimation or testing procedures. A Markov process as described in Section 1 is in principle trivial to simulate using the Gillespie algorithm [4]. Let be the embedded Markov Chain, i.e. , where is the time of the –th birth or death event. If the process is in state at step , then one draws an exponential with rate , waiting time and , where and . However, in the critical case , as we showed that we cannot expect to reliably sample the full distribution of the chain’s trajectory. The tails will be significantly undersampled. In the simplest case, if we want to plot an estimate of ’s density (e.g. a histogram), then we can expect its right tail to be significantly (in the colloquial sense) too light.
Unfortunately, only the asymptotic behaviour of the survival function, , is known. Therefore, if we were to draw from its form, we should expect the initial part of the histogram to be badly found. As the constant in Eq. 1, then we know that the relevant power law is defined on . However, the deviation of from its asymptotic has not been studied and it is unclear from what value is the limit approximation good. In any case is contained in ’s support, so any simulation procedure has to allow for values from this interval also.
Therefore, in this work we propose a hybrid algorithm that combines both approaches. Intuitively, the left side of the histogram is simulated directly, while the right side is drawn from the the asymptotic. We have as our aim a proof of concept study—to see if reasonable results can be obtained, leaving improvements of the algorithm and its analytical properties for further work.
Let be the proportion of simulations that we do not want to simulate directly but draw from the asymptotic. Define as the value for which . This gives . We will use and interchangeably depending on the focus—if it is the tail probability or the threshold value.
The hybrid simulation approach is described in Alg. 1. Until the waiting time does not exceed a certain threshold the simulations proceeds directly according to the model’s description. The threshold simulation is chosen so that (approximately, according to the limit distribution) with probability it will not be exceeded. If the threshold is exceeded, then is drawn from a law corresponding to the survival function’s asymptotic behaviour. There is a trade–off in the choice of . If we choose a small , i.e. a threshold far in the right tail, then with high probability we will have an exact simulation algorithm. However, on the other hand the running time may be large. In contrast, taking a larger will reduce the running time, however, more samples will not be drawn exactly but from the asymptotic, and our final simulated value’s distribution could be further away from its true law. Obviously, by it being a probability and the previously discussed properties of the asymptotics of the survival function, i.e. .
In order to draw from the law corresponding to the asymptotic behaviour of the right tail of the survival function, we use the powerRlaw [3] R [6] package. The poweRlaw::rplcon(1,,) draws a single value from a power law supported on with density and cumulative distribution functions (Eq. , , [3]) equalling
p(t)=α−1Tmin(tTmin)−α, P(T≤t)=1−(tTmin)−α+1 (2)
for and .
In our situation we have . Hence, we can take the power law corresponding to the limit as the cumulative distribution function , with density equalling on . This implies taking when calling poweRlaw::rplcon(). As we have defined a threshold of , we need to include it also when drawing the value, i.e. we do not want to have empty draws of too small values. Setting, then , tells poweRlaw::rplcon() that our law is concentrated on . Notice that we are working with the conditional random variable , given that . Its conditional cumulative distribution function will equal , with associated density , but this equals . The function poweRlaw::rplcon() draws a value using the inverse cumulative distribution function method. Let , and then from poweRlaw::rplcon() is given by
T=Tmin(1−U)−1/(α−1).
As we do not know from what value the tail asymptotics are a good approximation we cannot a priori be sure whether the threshold will be exceeded with probability , nor if after the sampling of from the limit will be accurate. These important properties will be checked empirically in the simulation study in Section 3.
## 3 Simulation setup and results
The simulation study presented here has a number of aims, to illustrate the distribution of waiting times as simulated exactly and via Alg. 1. Secondly, to study whether Alg. 1 is a sensible approach to simulating this random time. All simulations were done in R version [6] running on an openSUSE (_) box with a GHz Intel® Xeon® CPU.
Simulating the Markov process directly (and then extracting ) is a straightforward procedure. However, as , we introduce a cutoff, if the number of steps exceeds a given number, here , we end the simulation and mark that the process did not return to state . Out of the repeats, reached the maximum allowed number of steps, . In order to see how well Alg. 1 is corresponding to the true distribution of , we re–run it for two values of , and . Then, we compare the logarithms of the survival functions, of both simulations and furthermore on the interval , Fig. 1. The first sample, with threshold , can be thought of as the “true one” on this interval, as was simulated exactly—directly from the model’s definition. We present the logarithm of the survival function as otherwise nothing would be visible from the plot, due to the heavy tail. The power–law property of the tail can be clearly seen in the left panel of Fig. 1. In fact, if one regress on one will obtain a slope estimate of or . This is in agreement with our result that . Out of the simulations only had in the case of the simulation and instances had in the case of the simulation. We can see that these correspond nearly exactly to the desired proportion of exceeding the cutoff, i.e. and .
The results presented here indicate that a hybrid approach for simulating the waiting time to return to state in the considered birth–death model is a promising one. For our considered hybrid procedure to be effective one needs to appropriately choose the threshold . If it is too small, then the return time might not yet be in the asymptotic regime. If it is too large, then the running time can be too long. In our case repeats with took about hours while for it took about days. Definitely, is too large for a threshold, while will be acceptable given that the required sample size is smaller. Most importantly, the comparison between ’s and ’s results showed that with the hybrid approach yields samples that do not seem to be distinguishable from the true law. This is as on the interval the simulation is exact. Our study here points to three possible, exciting future directions of development. Firstly, to identify an optimal value for . Secondly, to develop a better simulation approach so that when exceeds and the draw “has to be made from the tail”, the simulated path does not need to be discarded, i.e. to characterize the law of the return time from an arbitrary state to state . And lastly, the study of i.e. how the survival function deviates from its asymptotic behaviour.
## Acknowledgments
KB’s research is supported by the Swedish Research Council’s (Vetenskapsrådet) grant no. . KB would like to thank the Editors and an anonymous Reviewer for careful reading of the manuscript and comments that greatly improved it. KB is grateful to Serik Sagitov for encouragement and suggestions to study general passage times between and in the considered here birth–death process.
## References
• [1] K. A. Borovkov A. A. Borovkov and. Asymptotic Analysis of Random Walks Heavy–Tailed Distributions. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
• [2] K. Bartoszek and M. Krzemiński. Critical case stochastic phylogenetic tree model via the laplace transform. Demonstratio Mathematica, 47:474–481, 2014.
• [3] C. S. Gillespie. Fitting heavy tailed distributions: the poweRlaw package. J. Stat. Softw., 64:1–16, 2015.
• [4] D. T. Gillespie. Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. 81, 81:2340–2361, 1977.
• [5] T. M. Liggett and R. B. Schinazi. A stochastic model for phylogenetic trees. J. Appl. Probab., 46:601–607, 2009.
• [6] R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing, 2013. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
Appendix: R code for simulating used in Section 3 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9466598629951477, "perplexity": 517.702241652147}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514121.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118030549-20210118060549-00383.warc.gz"} |
https://collaborate.princeton.edu/en/publications/onset-of-fast-reconnection-in-hall-magnetohydrodynamics-mediated- | # Onset of fast reconnection in Hall magnetohydrodynamics mediated by the plasmoid instability
Yi Min Huang, A. Bhattacharjee, Brian P. Sullivan
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
71 Scopus citations
## Abstract
The role of a super-Alfvénic plasmoid instability in the onset of fast reconnection is studied by means of the largest Hall magnetohydrodynamics simulations to date, with system sizes up to 104 ion skin depths (di). It is demonstrated that the plasmoid instability can facilitate the onset of rapid Hall reconnection, in a regime where the onset would otherwise be inaccessible because the Sweet-Parker width is significantly above di. However, the topology of Hall reconnection is not inevitably a single stable X-point. There exists an intermediate regime where the single X-point topology itself exhibits instability, causing the system to alternate between a single X-point geometry and an extended current sheet with multiple X-points produced by the plasmoid instability. Through a series of simulations with various system sizes relative to di, it is shown that system size affects the accessibility of the intermediate regime. The larger the system size is, the easier it is to realize the intermediate regime. Although our Hall magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model lacks many important physical effects included in fully kinetic models, the fact that a single X-point geometry is not inevitable raises the interesting possibility for the first time that Hall MHD simulations may have the potential to realize reconnection with geometrical features similar to those seen in fully kinetic simulations, namely, extended current sheets and plasmoid formation.
Original language English (US) 072109 Physics of Plasmas 18 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3606363 Published - Jul 2011 Yes
## All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
• Condensed Matter Physics
## Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Onset of fast reconnection in Hall magnetohydrodynamics mediated by the plasmoid instability'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.82041335105896, "perplexity": 3086.5144996270665}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004054641-20221004084641-00280.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/pre-calculus/167940-stating-largest-value-constant-difficulty-trigno-functions-2.html | # Thread: Stating the largest value of a constant. Difficulty with trigno in functions.
1. So for [0,360], at the x-point of 270, it will pass the HLT, yes?
Sure: if you draw one horizontal line consisting of y=g(270), it will only intersect the function once. However, this will not tell you whether g passes the HLT on the entire interval [0,360], because you would need to test y = g(269), y = g(268), y = g(267), etc., AND all the numbers in-between. You'd have to test the entire continuum of horizontal lines in-between y = 1 and y = 5, since the range corresponding to domain [0,360] is [1,5].
For the question that I posted and the figure in post#3, 90 would be better because it passes the HLT whereas 45 does not pass the HLT at all let alone being compared to 90.
You keep using the language "45 passes the HLT". That doesn't parse mathematically. It would be like saying, "You rightly bird blue fly." The correct language is this:
Function g passes the HLT on the interval [0,45] (which it does, incidentally!) as well as on the interval [0,90] (which it does, incidentally!).
Are you confused by the difference between the notation for an interval, which looks like [0,90], and consists of all the real numbers between and including 0 and 90; versus the notation for a point in the xy plane, which looks like (4,5), and indicates the point where x = 4 and y = 5? I've tried to be consistent, and in this thread, I've been using the interval notation much more than the point notation. It is confusing, because the open interval (0,90) (all the numbers between 0 and 90 but NOT including the endpoints) looks like the notation for a point. You have to use context to know whether someone is talking about the point (4,5) or the interval (4,5). Of course, if someone is talking about the point (5,4), then it's impossible to be confused, because you generally don't write intervals with the right-hand endpoint on the left! That would be too confusing.
Getting back to the problem: g is one-to-one on the interval [0,45], and g is one-to-one on the interval [0,90]. So why is A = 90 the best answer to your problem?
2. Are you confused by the difference between the notation for an interval, which looks like [0,90], and consists of all the real numbers between and including 0 and 90; versus the notation for a point in the xy plane, which looks like (4,5), and indicates the point where x = 4 and y = 5?
Yes, this was what confused me initially. I did not know you were talking about intervals and assumed them to be points on the xy plane, not in the manner (x,y) because that would mean y was 90, but in the way that you were considering 0-90 or simply 90 and within the entire restriction [0,360]. My bad.
Getting back to the problem: g is one-to-one on the interval [0,45], and g is one-to-one on the interval [0,90]. So why is A = 90 the best answer to your problem?
Well, you just said earlier that we have to state the largest value of A, and I forgot that the question also asked this so I would have to say that [0,90] is better simply because it is a larger interval than [0,45] and has a larger continuum. Or that 90 is also written as pi/2 and 45 as pi/4 so pi/2, being the larger value of the two, is chosen.
Could this be it?
3. Well, you just said earlier that we have to state the largest value of A, and I forgot that the question also asked this so I would have to say that [0,90] is better simply because it is a larger interval than [0,45] and has a larger continuum.
There you go. That's the reason. [0,90] is the largest interval that looks like [0,A], over which g has an inverse.
4. There you go. That's the reason. [0,90] is the largest interval that looks like [0,A], over which g has an inverse.
Well, that's good to hear.
Didn't realize it was that simple but wouldn't have understood it if it weren't for your explanation about the interval and continuum.
I see you haven't overlooked the second part.
(p2):
Obtain an expression in terms of x, for g^-1(x).
Turns out that A isn't really needed for this as I was able to obtain the answer without having the need of A being pi/2. The answer to this question is: y=Sin^-1[(3-x)/2]
I'm certain that this is the answer but what do you think?
5. I'm certain that this is the answer but what do you think?
Looks good to me! I'd say you're done with this problem.
6. Looks good to me! I'd say you're done with this problem.
Great.
Ackbeet, thank you for your helping me understand this problem and not giving up at any time. Hopefully, you'll be able to help me solve problems I may (likely) have in the future.
7. You're very welcome. Have a good one!
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback_amplifier | # Negative feedback amplifier
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Figure 1: Ideal negative feedback amplifier.
A negative feedback amplifier (or feedback amplifier) is an electronic amplifier that subtracts a fraction of its output from its input, so that negative feedback opposes the original signal.[1] The applied negative feedback improves performance (gain stability, linearity, frequency response, step response) and reduces sensitivity to parameter variations due to manufacturing or environment. Because of these advantages, many amplifiers and control systems use negative feedback.[2]
An idealized negative feedback amplifier as shown in the diagram is a system of three elements (see Figure 1):
• An amplifier with gain AOL
• A feedback network 'β', which senses the output signal and possibly transforms it in some way (for example by attenuating or filtering it)
• A summing circuit that acts as a subtractor (the circle in the figure), which combines the input and the attenuated output
A principal idealization behind this formulation is its division into two blocks, a simple example of what often is called 'circuit partitioning',[3] which refers in this instance to the division into a forward amplification block and a feedback block. In practical amplifiers, the information flow is not unidirectional as shown here.[4] Frequently these blocks are taken to be two-port networks to allow inclusion of bilateral information transfer.[5][6] Casting an amplifier into this form is a non-trivial task, however, especially when the feedback involved is not global (that is directly from the output to the input) but local (that is, feedback within the network, involving nodes that do not coincide with input and/or output terminals).[7][8] In these more general cases, the amplifier is analyzed more directly without the partitioning into blocks like those in the diagram, using instead some analysis based upon signal flow analysis, such as the return ratio method or the asymptotic gain model.[9][10][11]
## Overview
Fundamentally, all electronic devices that once provided power gain (e.g., vacuum tubes, bipolar transistors, MOS transistors) are nonlinear. Negative feedback trades gain for higher linearity (reducing distortion), and can provide other benefits. If not designed correctly, amplifiers with negative feedback can become unstable, resulting in unwanted behavior such as oscillation. The Nyquist stability criterion developed by Harry Nyquist of Bell Laboratories is used to study the stability of feedback amplifiers.
Feedback amplifiers share these properties:[12]
Pros:
• Can increase or decrease input impedance (depending on type of feedback)
• Can increase or decrease output impedance (depending on type of feedback)
• Reduces distortion (increases linearity)
• Increases the bandwidth
• Desensitizes gain to component variations
• Can control step response of amplifier
Cons:
• May lead to instability if not designed carefully
• Amplifier gain decreases
• Input and output impedances of a negative feedback amplifier (closed-loop amplifier) become sensitive to the gain of an amplifier without feedback (open-loop amplifier)—that exposes these impedances to variations in the open loop gain, for example, due to parameter variations or nonlinearity of the open-loop gain
## History
Harold Stephen Black invented the negative feedback amplifier while he was a passenger on the Lackawanna Ferry (from Hoboken Terminal to Manhattan) on his way to work at Bell Laboratories (located in Manhattan instead of New Jersey in 1927) on August 2, 1927[13] (US patent 2,102,671, issued in 1937[14] ). Black was working on reducing distortion in repeater amplifiers used for telephone transmission. On a blank space in his copy of The New York Times,[15] he recorded the diagram found in Figure 1, and the equations derived below.[16] On August 8, 1928, Black submitted his invention to the U. S. Patent Office, which took more than nine years to issue the patent. Black later wrote: "One reason for the delay was that the concept was so contrary to established beliefs that the Patent Office initially did not believe it would work."[13]
## Classical feedback
### Gain reduction
Below, the voltage gain of the amplifier with feedback, the closed-loop gain Afb, is derived in terms of the gain of the amplifier without feedback, the open-loop gain AOL and the feedback factor β, which governs how much of the output signal is applied to the input. See Figure 1, top right. The open-loop gain AOL in general may be a function of both frequency and voltage; the feedback parameter β is determined by the feedback network that is connected around the amplifier. For an operational amplifier two resistors forming a voltage divider may be used for the feedback network to set β between 0 and 1. This network may be modified using reactive elements like capacitors or inductors to (a) give frequency-dependent closed-loop gain as in equalization/tone-control circuits or (b) construct oscillators. The gain of the amplifier with feedback is derived below in the case of a voltage amplifier with voltage feedback.
Without feedback, the input voltage V'in is applied directly to the amplifier input. The according output voltage is
$V_{out} = A_{OL}\cdot V'_{in}$
Suppose now that an attenuating feedback loop applies a fraction β.Vout of the output to one of the subtractor inputs so that it subtracts from the circuit input voltage Vin applied to the other subtractor input. The result of subtraction applied to the amplifier input is
$V'_{in} = V_{in} - \beta \cdot V_{out}$
Substituting for V'in in the first expression,
$V_{out} = A_{OL} (V_{in} - \beta \cdot V_{out})$
Rearranging
$V_{out} (1 + \beta \cdot A_{OL}) = V_{in} \cdot A_{OL}$
Then the gain of the amplifier with feedback, called the closed-loop gain, Afb is given by,
$A_\mathrm{fb} = \frac{V_\mathrm{out}}{V_\mathrm{in}} = \frac{A_{OL}}{1 + \beta \cdot A_{OL}}$
If AOL >> 1, then Afb ≈ 1 / β and the effective amplification (or closed-loop gain) Afb is set by the feedback constant β, and hence set by the feedback network, usually a simple reproducible network, thus making linearizing and stabilizing the amplification characteristics straightforward. Note also that if there are conditions where β AOL = −1, the amplifier has infinite amplification – it has become an oscillator, and the system is unstable. The stability characteristics of the gain feedback product β AOL are often displayed and investigated on a Nyquist plot (a polar plot of the gain/phase shift as a parametric function of frequency). A simpler, but less general technique, uses Bode plots.
The combination L = β AOL appears commonly in feedback analysis and is called the loop gain. The combination ( 1 + β AOL ) also appears commonly and is variously named as the desensitivity factor or the improvement factor.
### Bandwidth extension
Figure 2: Gain vs. frequency for a single-pole amplifier with and without feedback; corner frequencies are labeled.
Feedback can be used to extend the bandwidth of an amplifier at the cost of lowering the amplifier gain.[17] Figure 2 shows such a comparison. The figure is understood as follows. Without feedback the so-called open-loop gain in this example has a single time constant frequency response given by
$A_{OL}(f) = \frac {A_0} { 1+ j f / f_C } \ ,$
where fC is the cutoff or corner frequency of the amplifier: in this example fC = 104 Hz and the gain at zero frequency A0 = 105 V/V. The figure shows the gain is flat out to the corner frequency and then drops. When feedback is present the so-called closed-loop gain, as shown in the formula of the previous section, becomes,
$A_{fb} (f) = \frac { A_{OL} } { 1 + \beta A_{OL} }$
$= \frac { A_0/(1+jf/f_C) } { 1 + \beta A_0/(1+jf/f_C) }$
$= \frac {A_0} {1+ jf/f_C + \beta A_0}$
$= \frac {A_0} {(1 + \beta A_0) \left(1+j \frac {f} {(1+ \beta A_0) f_C } \right)} \ .$
The last expression shows the feedback amplifier still has a single time constant behavior, but the corner frequency is now increased by the improvement factor ( 1 + β A0 ), and the gain at zero frequency has dropped by exactly the same factor. This behavior is called the gain-bandwidth tradeoff. In Figure 2, ( 1 + β A0 ) = 103, so Afb(0)= 105 / 103 = 100 V/V, and fC increases to 104 × 103 = 107 Hz.
### Multiple poles
When the open-loop gain has several poles, rather than the single pole of the above example, feedback can result in complex poles (real and imaginary parts). In a two-pole case, the result is peaking in the frequency response of the feedback amplifier near its corner frequency, and ringing and overshoot in its step response. In the case of more than two poles, the feedback amplifier can become unstable, and oscillate. See the discussion of gain margin and phase margin. For a complete discussion, see Sansen.[18]
## Two-port analysis of feedback
Various topologies for a negative feedback amplifier using two-ports. Top left: current amplifier topology; top right: transconductance; bottom left: transresistance; bottom right: voltage amplifier topology.[19]
Although, as mentioned in the introduction, some form of signal-flow analysis is the most general way to treat the negative feedback amplifier, representation as two two-ports is the approach most often presented in textbooks, and is presented here. Some drawbacks of this method are described at the end.
Amplifiers use current or voltage as input and output, so four types of amplifier are possible (any of two possible inputs with any of two possible outputs). See classification of amplifiers. The objective for the feedback amplifier may be any one of the four types of amplifier, and is not necessarily the same type as the open-loop amplifier, which itself may be any one of these types. So, for example, an op amp (voltage amplifier) can be arranged to make a current amplifier instead.
Negative feedback amplifiers of any type can be implemented using combinations of two-port networks. There are four types of two-port network, and the type of amplifier desired dictates the choice of two-ports and the selection of one of the four different connection topologies shown in the diagram. These connections are usually referred to as series or shunt (parallel) connections.[20][21] In the diagram, the left column shows shunt inputs; the right column shows series inputs. The top row shows series outputs; the bottom row shows shunt outputs. The various combinations of connections and two-ports are listed in the table below.
Feedback amplifier type Input connection Output connection Ideal feedback Two-port feedback
Current Shunt Series CCCS g-parameter
Transresistance Shunt Shunt CCVS y-parameter
Transconductance Series Series VCCS z-parameter
Voltage Series Shunt VCVS h-parameter
For example, for a current feedback amplifier, current from the output is sampled for feedback and combined with current at the input. Therefore, the feedback ideally is performed using an (output) current-controlled current source (CCCS), and its imperfect realization using a two-port network also must incorporate a CCCS, that is, the appropriate choice for feedback network is a g-parameter two-port. Here the two-port method used in most textbooks is presented,[22][23][24] using the circuit treated in the article on asymptotic gain model.
Figure 3: A shunt-series feedback amplifier
Figure 3 shows a two-transistor amplifier with a feedback resistor Rf. The aim is to analyze this circuit to find three items: the gain, the output impedance looking into the amplifier from the load, and the input impedance looking into the amplifier from the source.
### Replacement of the feedback network with a two-port
The first step is replacement of the feedback network by a two-port. Just what components go into the two-port?
On the input side of the two-port we have Rf. If the voltage at the right side of Rf changes, it changes the current in Rf that is subtracted from the current entering the base of the input transistor. That is, the input side of the two-port is a dependent current source controlled by the voltage at the top of resistor R2.
One might say the second stage of the amplifier is just a voltage follower, transmitting the voltage at the collector of the input transistor to the top of R2. That is, the monitored output signal is really the voltage at the collector of the input transistor. That view is legitimate, but then the voltage follower stage becomes part of the feedback network. That makes analysis of feedback more complicated.
Figure 4: The g-parameter feedback network
An alternative view is that the voltage at the top of R2 is set by the emitter current of the output transistor. That view leads to an entirely passive feedback network made up of R2 and Rf. The variable controlling the feedback is the emitter current, so the feedback is a current-controlled current source (CCCS). We search through the four available two-port networks and find the only one with a CCCS is the g-parameter two-port, shown in Figure 4. The next task is to select the g-parameters so that the two-port of Figure 4 is electrically equivalent to the L-section made up of R2 and Rf. That selection is an algebraic procedure made most simply by looking at two individual cases: the case with V1 = 0, which makes the VCVS on the right side of the two-port a short-circuit; and the case with I2 = 0. which makes the CCCS on the left side an open circuit. The algebra in these two cases is simple, much easier than solving for all variables at once. The choice of g-parameters that make the two-port and the L-section behave the same way are shown in the table below.
g11 g12 g21 g22
$\frac {1} {R_f+R_2}$ $- \frac {R_2}{R_2+R_f}$ $\frac {R_2} {R_2+R_f}$ $R_2//R_f \$
Figure 5: Small-signal circuit with two-port for feedback network; upper shaded box: main amplifier; lower shaded box: feedback two-port replacing the L-section made up of Rf and R2.
### Small-signal circuit
The next step is to draw the small-signal schematic for the amplifier with the two-port in place using the hybrid-pi model for the transistors. Figure 5 shows the schematic with notation R3 = RC2 // RL and R11 = 1 / g11, R22 = g22 .
### Loaded open-loop gain
Figure 3 indicates the output node, but not the choice of output variable. A useful choice is the short-circuit current output of the amplifier (leading to the short-circuit current gain). Because this variable leads simply to any of the other choices (for example, load voltage or load current), the short-circuit current gain is found below.
First the loaded open-loop gain is found. The feedback is turned off by setting g12 = g21 = 0. The idea is to find how much the amplifier gain is changed because of the resistors in the feedback network by themselves, with the feedback turned off. This calculation is pretty easy because R11, RB, and rπ1 all are in parallel and v1 = vπ. Let R1 = R11 // RB // rπ1. In addition, i2 = −(β+1) iB. The result for the open-loop current gain AOL is:
$A_{OL} = \frac { \beta i_B } {i_S} = g_m R_C \left( \frac { \beta }{ \beta +1} \right) \left( \frac {R_1} {R_{22} + \frac {r_{ \pi 2} + R_C } {\beta + 1 } } \right) \ .$
### Gain with feedback
In the classical approach to feedback, the feedforward represented by the VCVS (that is, g21 v1) is neglected.[25] That makes the circuit of Figure 5 resemble the block diagram of Figure 1, and the gain with feedback is then:
$A_{FB} = \frac { A_{OL} } {1 + { \beta }_{FB} A_{OL} }$
$A_{FB} = \frac {A_{OL} } {1 + \frac {R_2} {R_2+R_f} A_{OL} } \ ,$
where the feedback factor βFB = −g12. Notation βFB is introduced for the feedback factor to distinguish it from the transistor β.
### Input and output resistances
Figure 6: Circuit set-up for finding feedback amplifier input resistance
Feedback is used to better match signal sources to their loads. For example, a direct connection of a voltage source to a resistive load may result in signal loss due to voltage division, but interjecting a negative feedback amplifier can increase the apparent load seen by the source, and reduce the apparent driver impedance seen by the load, avoiding signal attenuation by voltage division. This advantage is not restricted to voltage amplifiers, but analogous improvements in matching can be arranged for current amplifiers, transconductance amplifiers and transresistance amplifiers.
To explain these effects of feedback upon impedances, first a digression on how two-port theory approaches resistance determination, and then its application to the amplifier at hand.
#### Background on resistance determination
Figure 6 shows an equivalent circuit for finding the input resistance of a feedback voltage amplifier (left) and for a feedback current amplifier (right). These arrangements are typical Miller theorem applications.
In the case of the voltage amplifier, the output voltage βVout of the feedback network is applied in series and with an opposite polarity to the input voltage Vx travelling over the loop (but in respect to ground, the polarities are the same). As a result, the effective voltage across and the current through the amplifier input resistance Rin decrease so that the circuit input resistance increases (one might say that Rin apparently increases). Its new value can be calculated by applying Miller theorem (for voltages) or the basic circuit laws. Thus Kirchhoff's voltage law provides:
$V_x = I_x R_{in} + \beta v_{out} \ ,$
where vout = Av vin = Av Ix Rin. Substituting this result in the above equation and solving for the input resistance of the feedback amplifier, the result is:
$R_{in}(fb) = \frac {V_x} {I_x} = \left( 1 + \beta A_v \right ) R_{in} \ .$
The general conclusion from this example and a similar example for the output resistance case is: A series feedback connection at the input (output) increases the input (output) resistance by a factor ( 1 + β AOL ), where AOL = open loop gain.
On the other hand, for the current amplifier, the output current βIout of the feedback network is applied in parallel and with an opposite direction to the input current Ix. As a result, the total current flowing through the circuit input (not only through the input resistance Rin) increases and the voltage across it decreases so that the circuit input resistance decreases (Rin apparently decreases). Its new value can be calculated by applying the dual Miller theorem (for currents) or the basic Kirchhoff's laws:
$I_x = \frac {V_{in}} {R_{in}} + \beta i_{out} \ .$
where iout = Ai iin = Ai Vx / Rin. Substituting this result in the above equation and solving for the input resistance of the feedback amplifier, the result is:
$R_{in}(fb) = \frac {V_x} {I_x} = \frac { R_{in} } { \left( 1 + \beta A_i \right ) } \ .$
The general conclusion from this example and a similar example for the output resistance case is: A parallel feedback connection at the input (output) decreases the input (output) resistance by a factor ( 1 + β AOL ), where AOL = open loop gain.
These conclusions can be generalized to treat cases with arbitrary Norton or Thévenin drives, arbitrary loads, and general two-port feedback networks. However, the results do depend upon the main amplifier having a representation as a two-port – that is, the results depend on the same current entering and leaving the input terminals, and likewise, the same current that leaves one output terminal must enter the other output terminal.
A broader conclusion, independent of the quantitative details, is that feedback can be used to increase or to decrease the input and output impedance.
#### Application to the example amplifier
These resistance results now are applied to the amplifier of Figure 3 and Figure 5. The improvement factor that reduces the gain, namely ( 1 + βFB AOL), directly decides the effect of feedback upon the input and output resistances of the amplifier. In the case of a shunt connection, the input impedance is reduced by this factor; and in the case of series connection, the impedance is multiplied by this factor. However, the impedance that is modified by feedback is the impedance of the amplifier in Figure 5 with the feedback turned off, and does include the modifications to impedance caused by the resistors of the feedback network.
Therefore, the input impedance seen by the source with feedback turned off is Rin = R1 = R11 // RB // rπ1, and with the feedback turned on (but no feedforward)
$R_{in} = \frac {R_1} {1 + { \beta }_{FB} A_{OL} } \ ,$
where division is used because the input connection is shunt: the feedback two-port is in parallel with the signal source at the input side of the amplifier. A reminder: AOL is the loaded open loop gain found above, as modified by the resistors of the feedback network.
The impedance seen by the load needs further discussion. The load in Figure 5 is connected to the collector of the output transistor, and therefore is separated from the body of the amplifier by the infinite impedance of the output current source. Therefore, feedback has no effect on the output impedance, which remains simply RC2 as seen by the load resistor RL in Figure 3.[26][27]
If instead we wanted to find the impedance presented at the emitter of the output transistor (instead of its collector), which is series connected to the feedback network, feedback would increase this resistance by the improvement factor ( 1 + βFB AOL).[28]
### Load voltage and load current
The gain derived above is the current gain at the collector of the output transistor. To relate this gain to the gain when voltage is the output of the amplifier, notice that the output voltage at the load RL is related to the collector current by Ohm's law as vL = iC (RC2 || RL). Consequently, the transresistance gain vL / iS is found by multiplying the current gain by RC2 || RL:
$\frac {v_L} {i_S} = A_{FB} (R_{C2} \parallel R_L ) \ .$
Similarly, if the output of the amplifier is taken to be the current in the load resistor RL, current division determines the load current, and the gain is then:
$\frac {i_L} {i_S} = A_{FB} \frac {R_{C2}} {R_{C2} + R_L} \ .$
### Is the main amplifier block a two port?
Figure 7: Amplifier with ground connections labeled by G. The feedback network satisfies the port conditions.
Some drawbacks of the two two-port approach follow, intended for the attentive reader.
Figure 7 shows the small-signal schematic with the main amplifier and the feedback two-port in shaded boxes. The feedback two-port satisfies the port conditions: at the input port, Iin enters and leaves the port, and likewise at the output, Iout enters and leaves.
Is the main amplifier block also a two-port? The main amplifier is shown in the upper shaded box. The ground connections are labeled. Figure 7 shows the interesting fact that the main amplifier does not satisfy the port conditions at its input and output unless the ground connections are chosen to make that happen. For example, on the input side, the current entering the main amplifier is IS. This current is divided three ways: to the feedback network, to the bias resistor RB and to the base resistance of the input transistor rπ. To satisfy the port condition for the main amplifier, all three components must be returned to the input side of the main amplifier, which means all the ground leads labeled G1 must be connected, as well as emitter lead GE1. Likewise, on the output side, all ground connections G2 must be connected and also ground connection GE2. Then, at the bottom of the schematic, underneath the feedback two-port and outside the amplifier blocks, G1 is connected to G2. That forces the ground currents to divide between the input and output sides as planned. Notice that this connection arrangement splits the emitter of the input transistor into a base-side and a collector-side – a physically impossible thing to do, but electrically the circuit sees all the ground connections as one node, so this fiction is permitted.
Of course, the way the ground leads are connected makes no difference to the amplifier (they are all one node), but it makes a difference to the port conditions. This artificiality is a weakness of this approach: the port conditions are needed to justify the method, but the circuit really is unaffected by how currents are traded among ground connections.
However, if no possible arrangement of ground conditions leads to the port conditions, the circuit might not behave the same way.[29] The improvement factors ( 1 + βFB AOL) for determining input and output impedance might not work.[30] This situation is awkward, because a failure to make a two-port may reflect a real problem (it just is not possible), or reflect a lack of imagination (for example, just did not think of splitting the emitter node in two). As a consequence, when the port conditions are in doubt, at least two approaches are possible to establish whether improvement factors are accurate: either simulate an example using Spice and compare results with use of an improvement factor, or calculate the impedance using a test source and compare results.
A more practical choice is to drop the two-port approach altogether, and use various alternatives based on signal flow graph theory, including the Rosenstark method, the Choma method, and use of Blackman's theorem.[31] That choice may be advisable if small-signal device models are complex, or are not available (for example, the devices are known only numerically, perhaps from measurement or from SPICE simulations).
## References and notes
1. ^ Santiram Kal (2004). Basic Electronics: Devices, Circuits, and IT fundamentals (Paperback ed.). Prentice-Hall of India Pvt Ltd. pp. 191 ff. ISBN 978-8120319523.
2. ^ Kuo, Benjamin C & Farid Golnaraghi (2003). Automatic control systems (Eighth edition ed.). NY: Wiley. p. 46. ISBN 0-471-13476-7.
3. ^ Partha Pratim Sahu (2013). "§8.2 Partitioning". VLSI Design. McGraw Hill Education. p. 253. ISBN 9781259029844. dividing a circuit into smaller parts ...[so]...the number of connections between parts is minimized
4. ^ Gaetano Palumbo, Salvatore Pennisi (2002). Feedback Amplifiers: Theory and Design. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780792376439. In real cases, unfortunately, blocks...cannot be assumed to be unidirectional.
5. ^ Wai-Kai Chen (2009). "§1.2 Methods of analysis". Feedback, Nonlinear, and Distributed Circuits. CRC Press. p. 1-3. ISBN 9781420058826.
6. ^ Donald O. Pederson, Kartikeya Mayaram (2007). "§5.2 Feedback for a general amplifier". Analog Integrated Circuits for Communication: Principles, Simulation and Design. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 105 ff. ISBN 9780387680309.
7. ^ Scott K Burgess & John Choma, Jr. "§6.3 Circuit partitioning". Generalized feedback circuit analysis.
8. ^ Gaetano Palumbo & Salvatore Pennisi (2002). Feedback amplifiers: theory and design. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 66. ISBN 9780792376439.
9. ^ For an introduction, see Rahul Sarpeshkar (2010). "Chapter 10: Return ratio analysis". Ultra Low Power Bioelectronics: Fundamentals, Biomedical Applications, and Bio-Inspired Systems. Cambridge University Press. pp. 240 ff. ISBN 9781139485234.
10. ^ Wai-Kai Chen (2005). "§11.2 Methods of analysis". Circuit Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Theory. CRC Press. pp. 11–2 ff. ISBN 9781420037272.
11. ^ Gaetano Palumbo, Salvatore Pennisi (2002). "§3.3 The Rosenstark Method and §3.4 The Choma Method". Feedback Amplifiers: Theory and Design. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 69 ff. ISBN 9780792376439.
12. ^ Palumbo, Gaetano & Salvatore Pennisi (2002). Feedback amplifiers: theory and design. Boston/Dordrecht/London: Kluwer Academic. p. 64. ISBN 0-7923-7643-9.
13. ^ a b Black, H.S. (January 1934). "Stabilized Feedback Amplifiers". Bell System Tech. J. (American Telephone & Telegraph) 13 (1): 1–18. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
14. ^ "H.S.Black, "Wave Translation System." US patent 2,102,671". Retrieved 2012-04-19.
15. ^ Currently on display at Bell Laboratories in Mountainside, New Jersey
16. ^ Waldhauer, Fred (1982). Feedback. NY: Wiley. p. 3. ISBN 0-471-05319-8.
17. ^ RW Brodersen Analog circuit design: lectures on stability
18. ^ Willy M. C. Sansen (2006). Analog design essentials. New York; Berlin: Springer. pp. §0513–§0533, p. 155–165. ISBN 0-387-25746-2.
19. ^ Richard C Jaeger (1997). "Figure 18.2". Microelectronic circuit design (International ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 986.
20. ^ Ashok K. Goel Feedback topologies
21. ^ Zimmer T & Geoffroy D: Feedback amplifier
22. ^ Vivek Subramanian: Lectures on feedback
23. ^ P R Gray, P J Hurst, S H Lewis, and R G Meyer (2001). Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits (Fourth Edition ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 586–587. ISBN 0-471-32168-0.
24. ^ A. S. Sedra and K.C. Smith (2004). Microelectronic Circuits (Fifth Edition ed.). New York: Oxford. Example 8.4, pp. 825–829 and PSpice simulation pp. 855–859. ISBN 0-19-514251-9.
25. ^ If the feedforward is included, its effect is to cause a modification of the open-loop gain, normally so small compared to the open-loop gain itself that it can be dropped. Notice also that the main amplifier block is unilateral.
26. ^ The use of the improvement factor ( 1 + βFB AOL) requires care, particularly for the case of output impedance using series feedback. See Jaeger, note below.
27. ^ R.C. Jaeger and T.N. Blalock (2006). Microelectronic Circuit Design (Third Edition ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. Example 17.3 pp. 1092–1096. ISBN 978-0-07-319163-8.
28. ^ That is, the impedance found by turning off the signal source IS = 0, inserting a test current in the emitter lead Ix, finding the voltage across the test source Vx, and finding Rout = Vx / Ix.
29. ^ The equivalence of the main amplifier block to a two-port network guarantees that performance factors work, but without that equivalence they may work anyway. For example, in some cases the circuit can be shown equivalent to another circuit that is a two port, by "cooking up" different circuit parameters that are functions of the original ones. There is no end to creativity!
30. ^ Richard C Jaeger, Travis N Blalock (2004). "§18.7: Common errors in applying two-port feedback theory". Microelectronic circuit design (2nd ed.). McGraw=Hill Higher Education. pp. 1409 ff. ISBN 0072320990. Great care must be exercised in applying two-port theory to ensure that the amplifier feedback networks can actually be represented as two-ports
31. ^ Gaetano Palumbo, Salvatore Pennisi (2002). Feedback Amplifiers: Theory and Design. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 66. ISBN 9780792376439. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 24, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8244339823722839, "perplexity": 2115.8383611133877}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447562878.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185922-00004-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r0.11/how_tos/reading_data/ | There are three main methods of getting data into a TensorFlow program:
• Feeding: Python code provides the data when running each step.
• Reading from files: an input pipeline reads the data from files at the beginning of a TensorFlow graph.
• Preloaded data: a constant or variable in the TensorFlow graph holds all the data (for small data sets).
## Feeding
TensorFlow's feed mechanism lets you inject data into any Tensor in a computation graph. A python computation can thus feed data directly into the graph.
Supply feed data through the feed_dict argument to a run() or eval() call that initiates computation.
with tf.Session():
input = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)
classifier = ...
print(classifier.eval(feed_dict={input: my_python_preprocessing_fn()}))
While you can replace any Tensor with feed data, including variables and constants, the best practice is to use a placeholder op node. A placeholder exists solely to serve as the target of feeds. It is not initialized and contains no data. A placeholder generates an error if it is executed without a feed, so you won't forget to feed it.
An example using placeholder and feeding to train on MNIST data can be found in tensorflow/examples/tutorials/mnist/fully_connected_feed.py, and is described in the MNIST tutorial.
A typical pipeline for reading records from files has the following stages:
1. The list of filenames
2. Optional filename shuffling
3. Optional epoch limit
4. Filename queue
5. A Reader for the file format
7. Optional preprocessing
8. Example queue
### Filenames, shuffling, and epoch limits
For the list of filenames, use either a constant string Tensor (like ["file0", "file1"] or [("file%d" % i) for i in range(2)]) or the tf.train.match_filenames_once function.
Pass the list of filenames to the tf.train.string_input_producer function. string_input_producer creates a FIFO queue for holding the filenames until the reader needs them.
string_input_producer has options for shuffling and setting a maximum number of epochs. A queue runner adds the whole list of filenames to the queue once for each epoch, shuffling the filenames within an epoch if shuffle=True. This procedure provides a uniform sampling of files, so that examples are not under- or over- sampled relative to each other.
The queue runner works in a thread separate from the reader that pulls filenames from the queue, so the shuffling and enqueuing process does not block the reader.
### File formats
Select the reader that matches your input file format and pass the filename queue to the reader's read method. The read method outputs a key identifying the file and record (useful for debugging if you have some weird records), and a scalar string value. Use one (or more) of the decoder and conversion ops to decode this string into the tensors that make up an example.
#### CSV files
To read text files in comma-separated value (CSV) format, use a TextLineReader with the decode_csv operation. For example:
filename_queue = tf.train.string_input_producer(["file0.csv", "file1.csv"])
# Default values, in case of empty columns. Also specifies the type of the
# decoded result.
record_defaults = [[1], [1], [1], [1], [1]]
col1, col2, col3, col4, col5 = tf.decode_csv(
value, record_defaults=record_defaults)
features = tf.pack([col1, col2, col3, col4])
with tf.Session() as sess:
# Start populating the filename queue.
coord = tf.train.Coordinator()
for i in range(1200):
# Retrieve a single instance:
example, label = sess.run([features, col5])
coord.request_stop()
Each execution of read reads a single line from the file. The decode_csv op then parses the result into a list of tensors. The record_defaults argument determines the type of the resulting tensors and sets the default value to use if a value is missing in the input string.
You must call tf.train.start_queue_runners to populate the queue before you call run or eval to execute the read. Otherwise read will block while it waits for filenames from the queue.
#### Fixed length records
To read binary files in which each record is a fixed number of bytes, use tf.FixedLengthRecordReader with the tf.decode_raw operation. The decode_raw op converts from a string to a uint8 tensor.
For example, the CIFAR-10 dataset uses a file format where each record is represented using a fixed number of bytes: 1 byte for the label followed by 3072 bytes of image data. Once you have a uint8 tensor, standard operations can slice out each piece and reformat as needed. For CIFAR-10, you can see how to do the reading and decoding in tensorflow/models/image/cifar10/cifar10_input.py and described in this tutorial.
#### Standard TensorFlow format
Another approach is to convert whatever data you have into a supported format. This approach makes it easier to mix and match data sets and network architectures. The recommended format for TensorFlow is a TFRecords file containing tf.train.Example protocol buffers (which contain Features as a field). You write a little program that gets your data, stuffs it in an Example protocol buffer, serializes the protocol buffer to a string, and then writes the string to a TFRecords file using the tf.python_io.TFRecordWriter class. For example, tensorflow/examples/how_tos/reading_data/convert_to_records.py converts MNIST data to this format.
To read a file of TFRecords, use tf.TFRecordReader with the tf.parse_single_example decoder. The parse_single_example op decodes the example protocol buffers into tensors. An MNIST example using the data produced by convert_to_records can be found in tensorflow/examples/how_tos/reading_data/fully_connected_reader.py, which you can compare with the fully_connected_feed version.
### Preprocessing
You can then do any preprocessing of these examples you want. This would be any processing that doesn't depend on trainable parameters. Examples include normalization of your data, picking a random slice, adding noise or distortions, etc. See tensorflow/models/image/cifar10/cifar10_input.py for an example.
### Batching
At the end of the pipeline we use another queue to batch together examples for training, evaluation, or inference. For this we use a queue that randomizes the order of examples, using the tf.train.shuffle_batch function.
Example:
def read_my_file_format(filename_queue):
example, label = tf.some_decoder(record_string)
processed_example = some_processing(example)
return processed_example, label
def input_pipeline(filenames, batch_size, num_epochs=None):
filename_queue = tf.train.string_input_producer(
filenames, num_epochs=num_epochs, shuffle=True)
# min_after_dequeue defines how big a buffer we will randomly sample
# from -- bigger means better shuffling but slower start up and more
# memory used.
# capacity must be larger than min_after_dequeue and the amount larger
# determines the maximum we will prefetch. Recommendation:
# min_after_dequeue + (num_threads + a small safety margin) * batch_size
min_after_dequeue = 10000
capacity = min_after_dequeue + 3 * batch_size
example_batch, label_batch = tf.train.shuffle_batch(
[example, label], batch_size=batch_size, capacity=capacity,
min_after_dequeue=min_after_dequeue)
return example_batch, label_batch
If you need more parallelism or shuffling of examples between files, use multiple reader instances using the tf.train.shuffle_batch_join function. For example:
def read_my_file_format(filename_queue):
# Same as above
filename_queue = tf.train.string_input_producer(
filenames, num_epochs=num_epochs, shuffle=True)
min_after_dequeue = 10000
capacity = min_after_dequeue + 3 * batch_size
example_batch, label_batch = tf.train.shuffle_batch_join(
example_list, batch_size=batch_size, capacity=capacity,
min_after_dequeue=min_after_dequeue)
return example_batch, label_batch
You still only use a single filename queue that is shared by all the readers. That way we ensure that the different readers use different files from the same epoch until all the files from the epoch have been started. (It is also usually sufficient to have a single thread filling the filename queue.)
An alternative is to use a single reader via the tf.train.shuffle_batch function with num_threads bigger than 1. This will make it read from a single file at the same time (but faster than with 1 thread), instead of N files at once. This can be important:
• If you have more reading threads than input files, to avoid the risk that you will have two threads reading the same example from the same file near each other.
• Or if reading N files in parallel causes too many disk seeks.
How many threads do you need? the tf.train.shuffle_batch* functions add a summary to the graph that indicates how full the example queue is. If you have enough reading threads, that summary will stay above zero. You can view your summaries as training progresses using TensorBoard.
### Creating threads to prefetch using QueueRunner objects
The short version: many of the tf.train functions listed above add QueueRunner objects to your graph. These require that you call tf.train.start_queue_runners before running any training or inference steps, or it will hang forever. This will start threads that run the input pipeline, filling the example queue so that the dequeue to get the examples will succeed. This is best combined with a tf.train.Coordinator to cleanly shut down these threads when there are errors. If you set a limit on the number of epochs, that will use an epoch counter that will need to be initialized. The recommended code pattern combining these is:
# Create the graph, etc.
init_op = tf.initialize_all_variables()
# Create a session for running operations in the Graph.
sess = tf.Session()
# Initialize the variables (like the epoch counter).
sess.run(init_op)
coord = tf.train.Coordinator()
try:
while not coord.should_stop():
# Run training steps or whatever
sess.run(train_op)
except tf.errors.OutOfRangeError:
print('Done training -- epoch limit reached')
finally:
coord.request_stop()
# Wait for threads to finish.
sess.close()
#### Aside: What is happening here?
First we create the graph. It will have a few pipeline stages that are connected by queues. The first stage will generate filenames to read and enqueue them in the filename queue. The second stage consumes filenames (using a Reader), produces examples, and enqueues them in an example queue. Depending on how you have set things up, you may actually have a few independent copies of the second stage, so that you can read from multiple files in parallel. At the end of these stages is an enqueue operation, which enqueues into a queue that the next stage dequeues from. We want to start threads running these enqueuing operations, so that our training loop can dequeue examples from the example queue.
The helpers in tf.train that create these queues and enqueuing operations add a tf.train.QueueRunner to the graph using the tf.train.add_queue_runner function. Each QueueRunner is responsible for one stage, and holds the list of enqueue operations that need to be run in threads. Once the graph is constructed, the tf.train.start_queue_runners function asks each QueueRunner in the graph to start its threads running the enqueuing operations.
If all goes well, you can now run your training steps and the queues will be filled by the background threads. If you have set an epoch limit, at some point an attempt to dequeue examples will get an tf.OutOfRangeError. This is the TensorFlow equivalent of "end of file" (EOF) -- this means the epoch limit has been reached and no more examples are available.
The last ingredient is the Coordinator. This is responsible for letting all the threads know if anything has signalled a shut down. Most commonly this would be because an exception was raised, for example one of the threads got an error when running some operation (or an ordinary Python exception).
#### Aside: How clean shut-down when limiting epochs works
Imagine you have a model that has set a limit on the number of epochs to train on. That means that the thread generating filenames will only run that many times before generating an OutOfRange error. The QueueRunner will catch that error, close the filename queue, and exit the thread. Closing the queue does two things:
• Any future attempt to enqueue in the filename queue will generate an error. At this point there shouldn't be any threads trying to do that, but this is helpful when queues are closed due to other errors.
• Any current or future dequeue will either succeed (if there are enough elements left) or fail (with an OutOfRange error) immediately. They won't block waiting for more elements to be enqueued, since by the previous point that can't happen.
The point is that when the filename queue is closed, there will likely still be many filenames in that queue, so the next stage of the pipeline (with the reader and other preprocessing) may continue running for some time. Once the filename queue is exhausted, though, the next attempt to dequeue a filename (e.g. from a reader that has finished with the file it was working on) will trigger an OutOfRange error. In this case, though, you might have multiple threads associated with a single QueueRunner. If this isn't the last thread in the QueueRunner, the OutOfRange error just causes the one thread to exit. This allows the other threads, which are still finishing up their last file, to proceed until they finish as well. (Assuming you are using a tf.train.Coordinator, other types of errors will cause all the threads to stop.) Once all the reader threads hit the OutOfRange error, only then does the next queue, the example queue, gets closed.
Again, the example queue will have some elements queued, so training will continue until those are exhausted. If the example queue is a RandomShuffleQueue, say because you are using shuffle_batch or shuffle_batch_join, it normally will avoid ever having fewer than its min_after_dequeue attr elements buffered. However, once the queue is closed that restriction will be lifted and the queue will eventually empty. At that point the actual training threads, when they try and dequeue from example queue, will start getting OutOfRange errors and exiting. Once all the training threads are done, tf.train.Coordinator.join will return and you can exit cleanly.
### Filtering records or producing multiple examples per record
Instead of examples with shapes [x, y, z], you will produce a batch of examples with shape [batch, x, y, z]. The batch size can be 0 if you want to filter this record out (maybe it is in a hold-out set?), or bigger than 1 if you are producing multiple examples per record. Then simply set enqueue_many=True when calling one of the batching functions (such as shuffle_batch or shuffle_batch_join).
### Sparse input data
SparseTensors don't play well with queues. If you use SparseTensors you have to decode the string records using tf.parse_example after batching (instead of using tf.parse_single_example before batching).
This is only used for small data sets that can be loaded entirely in memory. There are two approaches:
• Store the data in a constant.
• Store the data in a variable, that you initialize and then never change.
Using a constant is a bit simpler, but uses more memory (since the constant is stored inline in the graph data structure, which may be duplicated a few times).
training_data = ...
training_labels = ...
with tf.Session():
input_data = tf.constant(training_data)
input_labels = tf.constant(training_labels)
...
To instead use a variable, you need to also initialize it after the graph has been built.
training_data = ...
training_labels = ...
with tf.Session() as sess:
data_initializer = tf.placeholder(dtype=training_data.dtype,
shape=training_data.shape)
label_initializer = tf.placeholder(dtype=training_labels.dtype,
shape=training_labels.shape)
input_data = tf.Variable(data_initializer, trainable=False, collections=[])
input_labels = tf.Variable(label_initializer, trainable=False, collections=[])
...
sess.run(input_data.initializer,
feed_dict={data_initializer: training_data})
sess.run(input_labels.initializer,
feed_dict={label_initializer: training_labels})
Setting trainable=False keeps the variable out of the GraphKeys.TRAINABLE_VARIABLES collection in the graph, so we won't try and update it when training. Setting collections=[] keeps the variable out of the GraphKeys.VARIABLES collection used for saving and restoring checkpoints.
Either way, tf.train.slice_input_producer function can be used to produce a slice at a time. This shuffles the examples across an entire epoch, so further shuffling when batching is undesirable. So instead of using the shuffle_batch functions, we use the plain tf.train.batch function. To use multiple preprocessing threads, set the num_threads parameter to a number bigger than 1.
An MNIST example that preloads the data using constants can be found in tensorflow/examples/how_tos/reading_data/fully_connected_preloaded.py, and one that preloads the data using variables can be found in tensorflow/examples/how_tos/reading_data/fully_connected_preloaded_var.py, You can compare these with the fully_connected_feed and fully_connected_reader versions above.
## Multiple input pipelines
Commonly you will want to train on one dataset and evaluate (or "eval") on another. One way to do this is to actually have two separate processes:
• The training process reads training input data and periodically writes checkpoint files with all the trained variables.
• The evaluation process restores the checkpoint files into an inference model that reads validation input data.
This is what is done in the example CIFAR-10 model. This has a couple of benefits:
• The eval is performed on a single snapshot of the trained variables.
• You can perform the eval even after training has completed and exited.
You can have the train and eval in the same graph in the same process, and share their trained variables. See the shared variables tutorial. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.15301254391670227, "perplexity": 2732.1713724466686}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171163.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00456-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-23820-3_13 | Collision Avoidance for Mobile Robots with Limited Sensing and Limited Information About the Environment
• Dung Phan
• Junxing Yang
• Denise Ratasich
• Scott A. Smolka
• Scott D. Stoller
Conference paper
Part of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series (LNCS, volume 9333)
Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of safely navigating a mobile robot with limited sensing capability and limited information about stationary obstacles. We consider two sensing limitations: blind spots between sensors and limited sensing range. We identify a set of constraints on the sensors’ readings whose satisfaction at time t guarantees collision-freedom during the time interval $$[t, t + \varDelta t]$$. Here, $$\varDelta t$$ is a parameter whose value is bounded by a function of the maximum velocity of the robot and the range of the sensors. The constraints are obtained under assumptions about minimum internal angle and minimum edge length of polyhedral obstacles. We apply these constraints in the switching logic of the Simplex architecture to obtain a controller that ensures collision-freedom. Experiments we have conducted are consistent with these claims. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to provide runtime assurance that an autonomous mobile robot with limited sensing can navigate without collisions with only limited information about obstacles.
Notes
Acknowledgments
This material is based upon work supported in part by AFOSR Grant FA9550-14-1-0261, NSF Grants IIS-1447549, CCF-0926190, CNS-1421893, CNS-1446832, CCF-1414078, ONR Grant N00014-15-1-2208, and Artemis EMC2 Grant 3887039.
References
1. 1.
Alami, R., Krishna, K.M., Siméon, T.: Provably safe motions strategies for mobile robots in dynamic domains. In: Laugier, C., Chatila, R. (eds.) Autonomous Navigation in Dynamic Environments. STAR, vol. 35, pp. 85–106. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
2. 2.
Bak, S., Manamcheri, K., Mitra, S., Caccamo, M.: Sandboxing controllers for cyber-physical systems. In: Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems, ICCPS, pp. 3–12. IEEE Computer Society (2011)Google Scholar
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© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
Authors and Affiliations
• Dung Phan
• 1
• Junxing Yang
• 1
• Denise Ratasich
• 2 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5136993527412415, "perplexity": 3817.4013364155285}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829568.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218184418-20181218210418-00479.warc.gz"} |
https://theculture.sg/2016/06/june-revision-exercise-4-q1/ | (a)
$\frac{2+10x}{(1+3x)(1+3x^2} = \frac{A}{1+3x} + \frac{Bx+C}{1+3x^2}$
Using cover-up rule, we find that $A=-1, B= 1, C=3$
$\int \frac{2+10x}{(1+3x)(1+3x^2} ~dx$
$= \int -\frac{1}{1+3x} + \frac{x+3}{1+3x^2} ~dx$
$= \Big| -\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{ln}|1+3x| + \frac{1}{6}\mathrm{ln}|1+3x^2| + \sqrt{3}\mathrm{tan}^{-1}(\sqrt{3}x) \Big|_0^1$
$= -\frac{1}{6}\mathrm{ln}4 + \frac{\sqrt{3} \pi}{3}$
(b)
$\frac{d}{dx}e^{\mathrm{cos}x} = -\mathrm{sin}x e^{\mathrm{cos}x}$
$\int e^{\mathrm{cos}x} \mathrm{sin}2x ~dx$
$= \int e^{\mathrm{cos}x} \mathrm{sin}x \mathrm{cos}x ~dx$
$= -2 \int (-\mathrm{sin}xe^{\mathrm{cos}x}) \mathrm{cos}x ~dx$
$= -2 [\mathrm{cos}x e^{\mathrm{cos}x} + \int \mathrm{sin}x e^{\mathrm{cos}x} ~dx]$
$= -2 \mathrm{cos}x e^{\mathrm{cos}x} + 2 e^{\mathrm{cos}x} + C$
$= 2 e^{\mathrm{cos}x}(1 - \mathrm{cos}x) + C$
Back to June Revision Exercise 4 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 13, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6035972833633423, "perplexity": 24301.468322130666}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320209.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624013626-20170624033626-00415.warc.gz"} |
http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/113430/is-it-possible-to-use-an-sd-card-without-a-file-system | # Is it possible to use an SD card without a file system?
I'm doing a project on PIC, which needs a large amount of memory to store data. I want to use an SD card as the memory storage element. I don't want any type of file system.
I googled the interfacing of SD cards with microcontrollers. I found that all of them are using some kind of file system. Is it possible to interface an SD card without any file system, like a serial EEPROM?
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I did this years ago on a project using MMC mode and it's certainly possible although a lot easier if you have 512 bytes of RAM free to hold a sector. Did you have that much available? – PeterJ Jun 7 '14 at 7:36
No, Ijust want to read and write 8 bit at a time. – Linu Das Jun 7 '14 at 7:38
Yeah you can, but take into account that SD cards are flash devices, so any data you write will trigger a block write. Repeated small write will wear out a block incredibly fast. Also, you will probably have very long pauses between writes as a block read-modify-write can take up to 100ms in a crappy SD card, and still something like a couple ms in a good card. And this amount of time is variable; depends on garbage collection and such. – user36129 Jun 7 '14 at 7:41
It's too long ago for me to remember reliably but I think you might get stuck with having to program an entire page at once, unlike some other FLASH devices where you can erase a page and then keep adding bytes. – PeterJ Jun 7 '14 at 7:45
@user36129: That seems very odd. If one starts with an empty creating and deleting 8 files would entail 16 writes to the first block of directory space. Doing the process again would entail another 16. Perhaps someone came up with the brilliant idea of doing wear leveling only for the first dozen or so sectors of the drive? – supercat Oct 10 '14 at 17:05
## 3 Answers
You didn't mention which PIC you are using, but assuming it is one of the smaller ones such as the PIC16 then with it's limited RAM (99% of PIC16's have no more than 1K of RAM) it would be impossible to implement even a FAT16 file system since multiple 512 byte buffers are needed. (Microchip has a useful library to implement a FAT16/FAT32 file system but it is only applicable to the PIC18, PIC24, dsPIC33 and PIC32.)
You did mention that due to limited RAM, you would like to just write or read a byte at a time. Although, as others have stated, an SD card is typically broken up into 512 byte blocks, you don't need to use all of the bytes. Worse case, you could store just one byte per block and waste the other 511. This seems preposterous, but due to the enormous size of the SD cards available today it would actually work. If you have an 8GB card, than means there are 16M blocks, which means you can store 16 MB of data in this way.
However, it is going to be very slow, something like 10 ms or more per block of 512 bytes, because you are going to have to issue a command to erase each block before it is written. (In the unlikely case you stored just one byte per block, as mentioned before, then this means it would take 10 ms to write that one byte.)
You didn't mention the amount of data that is contained in one of your log entries, but it would be much much better if you could buffer up one entry (say 25 bytes or whatever that is) and write that to a block. So each block becomes a log entry. Because the time to write the bytes is once again dominated by the time it takes to erase the block, writing out an entry log entry will be as fast as writing a single byte.
Since you are essentially using this as extended memory, you don't have remove the card and read it in a PC (which would require using special software to dump out the raw blocks). Instead, since you already have the read block routine in your code anyway, and assuming you have a UART, I would dump the log data out in a serial fashion to a PC; you could use a FTDI UART-to-USB bridge and the data would appear on your PC as a COM port.
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@tcrosely are you sure about 10ms or more per byte? Have you really seen it or is it just a hunch? on SDSC as well as SDXC cards, the BLOCK LENGTH is 512 bytes. Also, how would a file system change anything? if you give that one byte to filesystem then also the same process happens. – rjha94 Oct 8 '14 at 19:52
@rjha94 Thanks, that was a typo -- should have been 10 ms per block. Corrected. – tcrosley Oct 8 '14 at 22:24
counter point, by special software, all that someone would need to read it is dd piped into grep or cut. a few simple lines of script and basic linux/bsd tools. Hell, I'm sure even windows has a tool to read raw devices that can be accessed through a bat file – Passerby Oct 8 '14 at 23:15
@Passerby I was under the impression the OP was trying to use the SD card as simply an extension of memory. He wouldn't be unmounting it and using it on another computer. He mentioned PIC, so he definitely isn't using Linux. – tcrosley Oct 9 '14 at 0:01
Yes, any file system will be calling lower level functions that could be named something like writeBlock and readBlock, which are the ones that you'd be calling directly. Since you are using a microcontroller, you'll most like interface to the card in SPI mode, which is perfectly fine for logging applications - not so much for faster applications like video recording.
Your block size will be typically 512 bytes, so that's the minimum chunk of data that you'll be writing/reading in one go. Single byte transactions are not supported (there is no command you can send to make such a thing happen).
Having said that, you might want to think about how you're going to get the data out of the card, since there is no file system. This means that when you plug it into your computer (if that's how you're getting the data out) running a mainstream OS, there won't be any files that you can just drag and drop onto your desktop. You'll have to write a special application that accesses the SD card's raw data.
For that simple reason I would suggest to use a file system, such as FAT32, which is very common in logging applications and you'll find several ready-to-use libraries on the net.
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An alternative approach would be to require that the card contain a great big file which uses all of the space that the embedded system should be using. That would greatly reduce the amount of "file-system" logic needed on the embedded device. – supercat Oct 8 '14 at 23:25
@supercat Yes, I've actually done that, if only to avoid having an inconsistent filesystem if the card is ejected while recording. – apalopohapa Oct 9 '14 at 22:22
If a card is ejected unexpectedly, there may be nothing you can do, since cards will often, as part of their wear-leveling algorithms, move blocks around of data which have not been written for awhile. In theory, they should do this in such a fashion that even if power is lost during the process no corruption would result. Unfortunately, it's tough to provide such assurances given the restrictions on right sequencing posed by many NAND flash chips. – supercat Oct 9 '14 at 22:52
I have just read the SD card physical layer specification and experimented with reading and writing blocks using AVR, I find the previous answers discouraging so I will put my own views
(1) it may be easier to read/write blocks for logger applications that just append data. sure there are many FAT libraries available on net but it just takes effort to wire a FAT library. (atleast if you want to understand what you are doing). For appending logs you only need to track the last block number.
(2) The block writes won't be slower than FatFS writes. Any FatFS library would finally use the same commands. make a unsigned char[512] buffer and write it to a block.
(3) with 4GB cards, you will have approx. 7* 10^6 blocks and that should give you 81 days of logging with every second logging w/o any buffering. The number should improve with buffering.
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I would highly recommend writing data in a format which is FAT compatible even if that simply means writing a single directory entry for a file which starts at the first cluster, and a FAT which links each cluster to the one after it, if one exists. That will prevent data corruption if the SD card is inserted into a computer, and will also allow the computer to read the data on the SD card without having to use sector-level access. – supercat Oct 8 '14 at 20:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.36158257722854614, "perplexity": 1007.3020733186653}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435376073161.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627033433-00231-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |