README.md

---
annotations_creators:
- human-annotated
language:
- eng
license: cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
multilinguality: monolingual
task_categories:
- text-retrieval
task_ids:
- fact-checking
- fact-checking-retrieval
config_names:
- corpus
tags:
- mteb
- text
dataset_info:
- config_name: default
  features:
  - name: query-id
    dtype: string
  - name: corpus-id
    dtype: string
  - name: score
    dtype: float64
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 5121231
    num_examples: 140085
  - name: dev
    num_bytes: 296284
    num_examples: 8079
  - name: test
    num_bytes: 297743
    num_examples: 7937
- config_name: corpus
  features:
  - name: _id
    dtype: string
  - name: title
    dtype: string
  - name: text
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: corpus
    num_bytes: 3095105800
    num_examples: 5416568
- config_name: queries
  features:
  - name: _id
    dtype: string
  - name: text
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: queries
    num_bytes: 7530379
    num_examples: 123142
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: qrels/train.jsonl
  - split: dev
    path: qrels/dev.jsonl
  - split: test
    path: qrels/test.jsonl
- config_name: corpus
  data_files:
  - split: corpus
    path: corpus.jsonl
- config_name: queries
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: queries.jsonl
---
<!-- adapted from https://github.com/huggingface/huggingface_hub/blob/v0.30.2/src/huggingface_hub/templates/datasetcard_template.md -->

<div align="center" style="padding: 40px 20px; background-color: white; border-radius: 12px; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); max-width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;">
  <h1 style="font-size: 3.5rem; color: #1a1a1a; margin: 0 0 20px 0; letter-spacing: 2px; font-weight: 700;">FEVER</h1>
  <div style="font-size: 1.5rem; color: #4a4a4a; margin-bottom: 5px; font-weight: 300;">An <a href="https://github.com/embeddings-benchmark/mteb" style="color: #2c5282; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none;" onmouseover="this.style.textDecoration='underline'" onmouseout="this.style.textDecoration='none'">MTEB</a> dataset</div>
  <div style="font-size: 0.9rem; color: #2c5282; margin-top: 10px;">Massive Text Embedding Benchmark</div>
</div>

FEVER (Fact Extraction and VERification) consists of 185,445 claims generated by altering sentences extracted from Wikipedia and subsequently verified without knowledge of the sentence they were derived from.

|               |                                             |
|---------------|---------------------------------------------|
| Task category | t2t                              |
| Domains       | Encyclopaedic, Written                               |
| Reference     | https://fever.ai/ |


## How to evaluate on this task

You can evaluate an embedding model on this dataset using the following code:

```python
import mteb

task = mteb.get_tasks(["FEVER"])
evaluator = mteb.MTEB(task)

model = mteb.get_model(YOUR_MODEL)
evaluator.run(model)
```

<!-- Datasets want link to arxiv in readme to autolink dataset with paper -->
To learn more about how to run models on `mteb` task check out the [GitHub repitory](https://github.com/embeddings-benchmark/mteb). 

## Citation

If you use this dataset, please cite the dataset as well as [mteb](https://github.com/embeddings-benchmark/mteb), as this dataset likely includes additional processing as a part of the [MMTEB Contribution](https://github.com/embeddings-benchmark/mteb/tree/main/docs/mmteb).

```bibtex

@inproceedings{thorne-etal-2018-fever,
  abstract = {In this paper we introduce a new publicly available dataset for verification against textual sources, FEVER: Fact Extraction and VERification. It consists of 185,445 claims generated by altering sentences extracted from Wikipedia and subsequently verified without knowledge of the sentence they were derived from. The claims are classified as Supported, Refuted or NotEnoughInfo by annotators achieving 0.6841 in Fleiss kappa. For the first two classes, the annotators also recorded the sentence(s) forming the necessary evidence for their judgment. To characterize the challenge of the dataset presented, we develop a pipeline approach and compare it to suitably designed oracles. The best accuracy we achieve on labeling a claim accompanied by the correct evidence is 31.87{\%}, while if we ignore the evidence we achieve 50.91{\%}. Thus we believe that FEVER is a challenging testbed that will help stimulate progress on claim verification against textual sources.},
  address = {New Orleans, Louisiana},
  author = {Thorne, James  and
Vlachos, Andreas  and
Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
Mittal, Arpit},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/N18-1074},
  editor = {Walker, Marilyn  and
Ji, Heng  and
Stent, Amanda},
  month = jun,
  pages = {809--819},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  title = {{FEVER}: a Large-scale Dataset for Fact Extraction and {VER}ification},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/N18-1074},
  year = {2018},
}


@article{enevoldsen2025mmtebmassivemultilingualtext,
  title={MMTEB: Massive Multilingual Text Embedding Benchmark},
  author={Kenneth Enevoldsen and Isaac Chung and Imene Kerboua and Márton Kardos and Ashwin Mathur and David Stap and Jay Gala and Wissam Siblini and Dominik Krzemiński and Genta Indra Winata and Saba Sturua and Saiteja Utpala and Mathieu Ciancone and Marion Schaeffer and Gabriel Sequeira and Diganta Misra and Shreeya Dhakal and Jonathan Rystrøm and Roman Solomatin and Ömer Çağatan and Akash Kundu and Martin Bernstorff and Shitao Xiao and Akshita Sukhlecha and Bhavish Pahwa and Rafał Poświata and Kranthi Kiran GV and Shawon Ashraf and Daniel Auras and Björn Plüster and Jan Philipp Harries and Loïc Magne and Isabelle Mohr and Mariya Hendriksen and Dawei Zhu and Hippolyte Gisserot-Boukhlef and Tom Aarsen and Jan Kostkan and Konrad Wojtasik and Taemin Lee and Marek Šuppa and Crystina Zhang and Roberta Rocca and Mohammed Hamdy and Andrianos Michail and John Yang and Manuel Faysse and Aleksei Vatolin and Nandan Thakur and Manan Dey and Dipam Vasani and Pranjal Chitale and Simone Tedeschi and Nguyen Tai and Artem Snegirev and Michael Günther and Mengzhou Xia and Weijia Shi and Xing Han Lù and Jordan Clive and Gayatri Krishnakumar and Anna Maksimova and Silvan Wehrli and Maria Tikhonova and Henil Panchal and Aleksandr Abramov and Malte Ostendorff and Zheng Liu and Simon Clematide and Lester James Miranda and Alena Fenogenova and Guangyu Song and Ruqiya Bin Safi and Wen-Ding Li and Alessia Borghini and Federico Cassano and Hongjin Su and Jimmy Lin and Howard Yen and Lasse Hansen and Sara Hooker and Chenghao Xiao and Vaibhav Adlakha and Orion Weller and Siva Reddy and Niklas Muennighoff},
  publisher = {arXiv},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.13595},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13595},
  doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2502.13595},
}

@article{muennighoff2022mteb,
  author = {Muennighoff, Niklas and Tazi, Nouamane and Magne, Lo{\"\i}c and Reimers, Nils},
  title = {MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmark},
  publisher = {arXiv},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.07316},
  year = {2022}
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07316},
  doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2210.07316},
}
```

# Dataset Statistics
<details>
  <summary> Dataset Statistics</summary>

The following code contains the descriptive statistics from the task. These can also be obtained using:

```python
import mteb

task = mteb.get_task("FEVER")

desc_stats = task.metadata.descriptive_stats
```

```json
{
    "test": {
        "num_samples": 5423234,
        "number_of_characters": 2921128337,
        "num_documents": 5416568,
        "min_document_length": 2,
        "average_document_length": 539.2340070317589,
        "max_document_length": 374597,
        "unique_documents": 5416568,
        "num_queries": 6666,
        "min_query_length": 14,
        "average_query_length": 49.60546054605461,
        "max_query_length": 189,
        "unique_queries": 6666,
        "none_queries": 0,
        "num_relevant_docs": 7937,
        "min_relevant_docs_per_query": 1,
        "average_relevant_docs_per_query": 1.1906690669066906,
        "max_relevant_docs_per_query": 15,
        "unique_relevant_docs": 1499,
        "num_instructions": null,
        "min_instruction_length": null,
        "average_instruction_length": null,
        "max_instruction_length": null,
        "unique_instructions": null,
        "num_top_ranked": null,
        "min_top_ranked_per_query": null,
        "average_top_ranked_per_query": null,
        "max_top_ranked_per_query": null
    }
}
```

</details>

---
*This dataset card was automatically generated using [MTEB](https://github.com/embeddings-benchmark/mteb)*