Climate change is exacerbating weather-related disasters, intensifying their impact on individual livelihoods and economies.

Vulnerable communities are disproportionately affected, perpetuating cycles of poverty and violence.

Migration has become a significant consequence, with some areas becoming uninhabitable.

Efforts to address climate refugees are crucial as rising sea levels threaten to displace millions by the century's end.

Natural disasters already force millions from their homes annually, with drought affecting regions like Somalia and Afghanistan.

Research underscores the urgency of action, projecting substantial displacement in South Asia by 2050, particularly in India.

The Paris Agreement offers a framework to mitigate emissions and limit temperature rise, potentially reducing migration figures.

Global warming's impacts range from natural disasters to exacerbating conflicts, as seen in Syria, where drought-induced migration heightened tensions.

Long-term peace hinges on addressing climate change.

A World Bank study warns of mass displacement in regions like sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America by 2050, underscoring the need for proactive measures.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What are the primary consequences of climate change mentioned in the report?
A: Weather-related disasters intensifying, impacting livelihoods and economies.

Q: How are vulnerable communities affected by climate change?
A: They experience disproportionate impacts, perpetuating cycles of poverty and violence.

Q: What is the significance of migration in response to climate change?
A: It has become a significant consequence, with some areas becoming uninhabitable.

Q: What is the projected impact of rising sea levels by the end of the century?
A: It could displace millions of people globally.

Q: How many people were displaced by natural disasters in 2018?
A: 17.2 million individuals in 148 countries.

Q: What is the projected number of climate migrants in South Asia by 2050?
A: Over 62 million, with India alone seeing more than 45 million.

Q: What role does the Paris Agreement play in mitigating climate migration?
A: It offers a framework to reduce emissions and limit temperature rise.

Q: How has climate change exacerbated conflicts, as mentioned in the report?
A: In regions like Syria, drought-induced migration intensified regional tensions.

Q: Which regions are projected to face mass displacement by 2050, according to the World Bank study?
A: Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America.

Q: What is the significance of this report for government officials?
A: It provides insights into the scale and urgency of climate-induced migration, guiding policy formulation to support affected communities.


The Iranian film "There Is No Evil," co-produced by Iran, Germany, and the Czech Republic, clinched the prestigious Golden Bear Award at the 70th Berlin Film Festival.

Directed by Mohammad Rasoulof, the film delves into moral dilemmas and the death penalty through four intertwined stories set in Iran.

Despite the acclaim, Rasoulof couldn't attend the ceremony due to Iranian authorities' restrictions on his movement.

This marks the third time in a decade that an Iranian film has won the Golden Bear, highlighting Iran's significant presence in global cinema.

Another Iranian film, "There Is No Evil," directed by Mohammad Rasoulof, also secured the Golden Bear, exploring Iran's death penalty system and human rights issues.

Despite being barred from leaving Iran, Rasoulof's daughter accepted the award on his behalf, underscoring the film's poignant message.

The film boldly criticizes Iran's death penalty and garnered praise for its daring portrayal of social and political issues.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Which Iranian film won the Golden Bear Award at the 70th Berlin Film Festival?
A: "There Is No Evil," a film co-produced by Iran, Germany, and the Czech Republic, won the Golden Bear Award [399369d4-a4d6-46bf-b0de-e00b616eafc0]

Q: What themes does "There Is No Evil" explore?
A: "There Is No Evil" delves into moral dilemmas and the death penalty through four intertwined stories set in Iran [399369d4-a4d6-46bf-b0de-e00b616eafc0]

Q: Why couldn't Mohammad Rasoulof attend the ceremony to accept the award?
A: Mohammad Rasoulof couldn't attend the ceremony due to restrictions imposed by Iranian authorities on his movement [dc166cbc-ff2b-4b87-8f51-7cde50f3cedd]

Q: How many Golden Bears have Iranian films won in the past decade?
A: Iranian films have won three Golden Bears in the past decade, indicating Iran's significant presence in global cinema [dc166cbc-ff2b-4b87-8f51-7cde50f3cedd]

Q: What is the subject matter of "There Is No Evil"?
A: "There Is No Evil" explores Iran's death penalty system and addresses human rights issues [88232f24-a1f5-4662-8e5b-326a3e42a62e]

Q: Who accepted the Golden Bear Award on behalf of Mohammad Rasoulof?
A: Mohammad Rasoulof's daughter accepted the award on his behalf at the Berlin Film Festival [bcb9a9d6-3f80-45a9-a2cd-0d23c4d2642b]

Q: What restrictions has Mohammad Rasoulof faced in Iran?
A: Mohammad Rasoulof has faced restrictions such as being barred from leaving Iran and a ban on filming movies for life [47c9b8c9-1ee8-4fa2-b42e-2550750a70d3]

Q: How did the Iranian government react to Rasoulof's work?
A: The Iranian government sentenced Rasoulof to one year in prison and imposed a ban on his filmmaking activities for life [47c9b8c9-1ee8-4fa2-b42e-2550750a70d3]

Q: What is the central focus of "There Is No Evil"?
A: The central focus of "There Is No Evil" is on criticizing Iran's death penalty system and addressing human rights issues [47c9b8c9-1ee8-4fa2-b42e-2550750a70d3]

Q: How was Rasoulof's absence from the ceremony addressed?
A: Rasoulof's daughter accepted the award on his behalf, emphasizing the film's message even in his absence [bcb9a9d6-3f80-45a9-a2cd-0d23c4d2642b]


Global climate change poses significant challenges to agriculture, with nearly one-quarter of greenhouse gas emissions stemming from agricultural activities.

This necessitates reductions in emissions to mitigate rising temperatures and ensure food security.

However, the link between agriculture and climate change was not initially well understood, leading to delays in addressing this critical issue.

Transitioning away from conventional farming methods becomes imperative as they contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on chemical fertilizers, exacerbating the impacts of climate change.

Furthermore, climate change affects agriculture through altered weather patterns, temperature increases, and changes in carbon dioxide levels, impacting crop growth and yields.

While some areas may benefit from longer growing seasons, others face challenges like droughts and reduced nutritional value.

The impact of climate change on agriculture necessitates changes in land use, crop production, and food consumption to ensure food security and human health.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Why is reducing emissions from agriculture crucial to managing global temperature rise?
A: Reducing emissions from agriculture is crucial because nearly one-quarter of greenhouse gas emissions come from this sector, contributing significantly to rising global temperatures [88a1b26b-15e8-4d88-b04a-27082073fa5e]

Q: What are the implications of relying heavily on imported food for countries like Taiwan?
A: Relying heavily on imported food increases carbon emissions due to transportation and poses economic risks as food prices rise with oil depletion [219af3d5-9302-4edb-8b4a-dc948a91eb21]

Q: How do high temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns affect crop yields?
A: High temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns can negatively affect crop yields by causing heat stress, drought, flooding, and changes in pest and disease prevalence [19cf5a8f-d23b-4960-83dd-f4bc93f025fa]

Q: What is the "carbon dioxide fertilization effect," and how does it influence plant growth?
A: The carbon dioxide fertilization effect refers to the stimulation of plant growth by increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which can enhance photosynthesis and water use efficiency [19cf5a8f-d23b-4960-83dd-f4bc93f025fa]

Q: What are the key findings regarding the impact of climate change on agriculture according to the United Nations report?
A: The key findings include the need for changes in land use, crop production, and food consumption to ensure food security and human health amid challenges like soil degradation and extreme weather events [7d9326f6-23b7-48c2-9fb3-1f7f3765d8d8]

Q: How might shifts in agricultural practices help address both food security and climate change?
A: Shifts towards sustainable agricultural practices can simultaneously improve food security by enhancing resilience to climate change impacts and reduce emissions to mitigate further climate change [88a1b26b-15e8-4d88-b04a-27082073fa5e]

Q: What are the challenges and opportunities in developing agricultural systems resistant to extreme climate shocks?
A: Challenges include finding ways to reduce emissions while maintaining food production levels, while opportunities lie in adopting innovative practices that enhance resilience to climate change [88a1b26b-15e8-4d88-b04a-27082073fa5e]

Q: How does the use of chemical fertilizers contribute to greenhouse gas emissions?
A: The use of chemical fertilizers contributes to greenhouse gas emissions through the release of nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, during their production and application [219af3d5-9302-4edb-8b4a-dc948a91eb21]

Q: What are the alternatives to conventional farming methods, and how can they mitigate climate change impacts on agriculture?
A: Alternatives to conventional farming methods include organic farming, agroecology, and regenerative agriculture, which can mitigate climate change impacts by reducing emissions and enhancing soil carbon sequestration [219af3d5-9302-4edb-8b4a-dc948a91eb21]

Q: What are the implications of climate change on crop yields in different regions of the world?
A: Climate change can have varying implications on crop yields in different regions, with some areas experiencing benefits such as longer growing seasons while others face challenges like decreased yields due to extreme weather events [19cf5a8f-d23b-4960-83dd-f4bc93f025fa]


Security personnel strikes at eight German airports, including Frankfurt, Munich, Hamburg, and others, causing significant travel disruptions.

Unions aim to pressure employers in collective bargaining negotiations.

Strike at Frankfurt, Munich, Cologne, and Bremen airports leads to cancellations and delays, affecting Lufthansa and 90,000 passengers.

Strikes at Dusseldorf, Cologne/Bonn, and Stuttgart airports by security personnel demand wage increase, causing flight cancellations and disruptions.

German Service Industry Confederation calls for strikes at multiple airports, with over 1,000 security personnel participating, leading to flight cancellations affecting 110,000 passengers.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Which German airports were affected by the recent strikes?
A: Frankfurt, Munich, Hamburg, Hannover, Bremen, Dresden, Leipzig/Halle, Erfurt [b024982f-cf9d-429f-af88-6f4cd3e35554]

Q: What is the primary goal of the unions organizing the strikes?
A: To increase pressure on employers during collective bargaining negotiations [b024982f-cf9d-429f-af88-6f4cd3e35554]

Q: How many flights did Lufthansa cancel due to the strikes?
A: About 800 flights, affecting 90,000 passengers [65c90d09-98f7-411a-b75c-79ee096e3899]

Q: What wage increase are German public sector employees demanding?
A: A 6% salary increase for the 2.3 million employees, or at least a monthly salary increase of 200 euros [65c90d09-98f7-411a-b75c-79ee096e3899, 7313d413-6161-48ed-9933-d3463839e797]

Q: Which airports were affected by the security personnel strikes demanding a wage increase?
A: Dusseldorf, Cologne/Bonn, and Stuttgart airports [69f541cd-2c08-4a86-9eda-e120721fa863]

Q: How many flights were canceled due to strikes at airports in three regions?
A: 643 flights, affecting 110,000 passengers [69eaa2c6-609b-4813-87b0-d72dea2a3b49]

Q: When is the next round of pay talks scheduled?
A: January 23 [69eaa2c6-609b-4813-87b0-d72dea2a3b49]

Q: What hourly wage are security personnel demanding?
A: They demand an increase to 20 euros, compared to the current hourly wage of about 17 euros [69eaa2c6-609b-4813-87b0-d72dea2a3b49]

Q: How many security personnel are represented by the German Service Industry Confederation?
A: 23,000 security personnel across the country [69eaa2c6-609b-4813-87b0-d72dea2a3b49]

Q: What are "warning strikes" traditionally considered before negotiations?
A: They are considered warm-up actions before negotiations on wages and benefits [7313d413-6161-48ed-9933-d3463839e797]


According to the latest report from the International Maritime Bureau.

, global pirate attacks on shipping vessels increased by 20% in 2020, with a significant rise in kidnappings in the Gulf of Guinea.

Pirates in this region have shifted from stealing cargo to kidnapping crew members for ransom, which has become a lucrative business for them.

The Gulf of Guinea has become a hotspot for piracy, with pirates targeting ships primarily for financial gain.

They often demand ransom in exchange for the release of kidnapped crew members.

Some unemployed fishermen in Venezuela have also turned to piracy due to economic struggles, targeting neighboring fishermen for ransom.

Somali pirates, though less active in recent years, have been known to hijack large cargo ships and oil tankers for ransom.

Despite international efforts to combat piracy, incidents of hijacking and kidnapping persist in regions like the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Guinea.

Data from the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) shows that piracy activities have increased globally, particularly in the Gulf of Guinea.

Pirates in this region often target oil tankers and fishing vessels, kidnapping crew members and demanding ransom from ship owners.

Economic instability in Venezuela has led to a rise in piracy, with some unemployed fishermen resorting to piracy as a means of survival.

These pirates target neighboring fishermen for ransom, further exacerbating the challenges faced by local fishermen.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What has been the trend in global pirate attacks on shipping vessels according to the International Maritime Bureau (BIM)?
A: Pirate attacks increased by 20% in 2020, with a notable rise in kidnappings in the Gulf of Guinea.

Q: How have pirate actions changed in the Gulf of Guinea?
A: Pirates have shifted from stealing cargo to kidnapping crew members for ransom, which has become more profitable for them.

Q: Why have some fishermen in Venezuela turned to piracy?
A: Economic struggles in Venezuela have led to unemployment among fishermen, prompting some to resort to piracy as a means of survival.

Q: What is the primary goal of modern pirates operating in regions like the Gulf of Guinea?
A: The primary goal is financial gain through the kidnapping of crew members and demanding ransom from ship owners.

Q: What types of vessels do pirates target in the Gulf of Guinea?
A: Pirates often target oil tankers and fishing vessels in this region.

Q: How do pirates in the Gulf of Guinea typically seek ransom from ship owners?
A: They often hold kidnapped crew members hostage and demand ransom payments from ship owners in exchange for their release.

Q: What has been the impact of piracy on local fishermen in Venezuela?
A: Local fishermen in Venezuela are at risk of being targeted by pirates for ransom, leading to increased challenges for their livelihoods.

Q: In addition to Venezuela, what other region has seen a rise in pirate activities?
A: The Gulf of Guinea has become a hotspot for piracy, with incidents increasing significantly in recent years.

Q: What tactics do Somali pirates employ to extort ransom from ship owners?
A: Somali pirates have been known to hijack large cargo ships and oil tankers, holding them and their crews hostage until ransom demands are met.

Q: How have international efforts to combat piracy fared in recent years?
A: Despite international efforts, piracy incidents persist in regions like the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Guinea, posing ongoing challenges to maritime security.


David Bowie's androgynous aesthetics have left an indelible mark on cultural landscapes across generations and continents.

Dubbed the "rock chameleon," Bowie's ever-changing looks challenged gender norms and inspired countless artists and designers worldwide.

From his iconic Ziggy Stardust persona to the handsome boyish image of The Thin White Duke, Bowie's fashion evolution has been synonymous with androgyny.

Collaborations with Japanese designer Kansai Yamamoto resulted in groundbreaking unisex clothing that defied traditional gender expectations.

Bowie's influence extends beyond music and fashion, permeating societal perceptions of gender and self-expression.

His portrayal of Ziggy Stardust in the 1970s addressed issues of sexual orientation and politics, setting a cultural precedent for embracing individuality and experimentation.

Moreover, Bowie's openness about his bisexuality challenged societal norms and paved the way for greater acceptance and understanding.

Across eras, Bowie's impact reverberates in popular culture, from music to film and beyond.

His eclectic style and immense social and commercial success have cemented his status as an eternal symbol of artistic freedom and self-expression.

Bowie's legacy continues to inspire generations, evident in tributes like the "HUGO Loves Bowie" limited series, which pays homage to his unique style.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is David Bowie's nickname, and why?
A: David Bowie is nicknamed the "rock chameleon" due to his ever-changing looks throughout his career [0f7aca8f-3bb0-4149-a9a2-fd26a3a89f0e]

Q: Who were some of Bowie's collaborators in creating his iconic fashion?
A: Japanese designer Kansai Yamamoto collaborated with Bowie to create groundbreaking unisex clothing [43908821-c7c7-4fe2-bdbe-7d5438e36637]

Q: How did Bowie's portrayal of Ziggy Stardust influence cultural perceptions?
A: Ziggy Stardust addressed issues of sexual orientation and politics, challenging societal norms and embracing individuality [9ceaa970-e932-4b21-9d83-327007f339d1]

Q: What impact did Bowie's openness about his bisexuality have?
A: Bowie's openness about his bisexuality challenged societal norms and promoted greater acceptance and understanding [ef6f133f-797f-4dc5-ad89-6086e3839f4d]

Q: How has Bowie's influence transcended music and fashion?
A: Bowie's influence extends to societal perceptions of gender and self-expression, permeating popular culture [ef6f133f-797f-4dc5-ad89-6086e3839f4d]

Q: What cultural landmark marked Bowie's statement about his bisexuality?
A: Bowie stated that he was bisexual in a media interview in 1972 [ef6f133f-797f-4dc5-ad89-6086e3839f4d]

Q: What tribute series was launched in honor of David Bowie?
A: HUGO launched the "HUGO Loves Bowie" limited series as a tribute to the rock star and his unique style [a731da82-7f52-4ea8-8227-1f86785b984c]

Q: How has Bowie's fashion evolution been described?
A: Bowie's fashion evolution has been synonymous with androgyny, challenging traditional gender expectations [43908821-c7c7-4fe2-bdbe-7d5438e36637]

Q: What societal norms did Bowie challenge through his fashion and music?
A: Bowie challenged societal norms regarding gender and self-expression through his fashion and music [9ceaa970-e932-4b21-9d83-327007f339d1, ef6f133f-797f-4dc5-ad89-6086e3839f4d]

Q: What lasting impact has Bowie left on popular culture?
A: Bowie's legacy continues to inspire generations, evident in his enduring influence on music, fashion, and societal perceptions [a731da82-7f52-4ea8-8227-1f86785b984c]


Japan has been actively pursuing innovative methods to address the growing issue of space debris.

Companies like Kawasaki Heavy Industries and startups like Astroscale are leading the charge by developing specialized satellites and establishing base stations to transmit commands for space cleanup missions.

One such mission involves the deployment of wires from the unmanned cargo spacecraft "Stork" No. 6, which detaches from the International Space Station to conduct technical experiments aimed at removing space debris.

These experiments utilize wires and electric currents to slow down space junk and guide them to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere, where they burn up safely.

The presence of tens of thousands of space debris fragments poses a significant threat to satellites and astronauts alike.

Japan's approach includes conducting experiments to validate the effectiveness of space debris removal methods, with plans to manufacture special small satellites equipped with wires based on the experimental results.

The successful launch of cargo spacecraft like the "Stork" not only facilitates the delivery of supplies to the International Space Station but also contributes to space cleanup efforts.

However, the challenge persists as the number of artificial satellites in orbit continues to rise, with a significant portion of them becoming space junk over time.

As space debris poses an increasing threat to Earth, efforts to mitigate its impact are essential for the sustainability of space exploration endeavors.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is the objective of Japan's space cleanup missions?
A: Japan aims to remove space debris using innovative technologies and methods [c8684549-5e0e-4f33-a195-b3a6d86a1742, ddda4293-2786-4e66-9a94-e0179d32173d]

Q: How do Japan's space cleanup experiments work?
A: Japan utilizes wires and electric currents deployed from spacecraft to slow down space junk and guide them to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere safely [ddda4293-2786-4e66-9a94-e0179d32173d]

Q: What is the significance of the "Stork" cargo spacecraft in space cleanup efforts?
A: The "Stork" cargo spacecraft conducts experiments to remove space debris and contributes to space cleanup initiatives [95fef929-c203-4cbf-9e19-b84b90b0e632]

Q: How many artificial satellites are currently orbiting the Earth?
A: Nearly 6,000 artificial satellites are orbiting the Earth, with about 60% of them considered space junk [11687852-d317-4a42-9bff-6c5282a95570]

Q: What is the potential threat posed by space debris?
A: Space debris fragments pose a significant threat to satellites and astronauts in space [12b05ca6-b952-4154-99d7-8dd4e5c1a41b]

Q: What methods are used to slow down space debris in Japan's experiments?
A: Japan utilizes wires and electric currents to slow down space junk in its experiments [ddda4293-2786-4e66-9a94-e0179d32173d]

Q: How does Japan plan to manufacture special small satellites for space debris removal?
A: Japan plans to manufacture special small satellites equipped with wires based on the results of its experiments [ddda4293-2786-4e66-9a94-e0179d32173d]

Q: What challenges are associated with space cleanup initiatives?
A: The rising number of artificial satellites in orbit presents challenges for space cleanup efforts [11687852-d317-4a42-9bff-6c5282a95570]

Q: What are the consequences of space debris collisions?
A: Space debris collisions can damage satellites and trigger chain reactions, creating more debris [12b05ca6-b952-4154-99d7-8dd4e5c1a41b]

Q: How does Japan contribute to the sustainability of space exploration?
A: Japan's efforts to remove space debris contribute to the sustainability of space exploration endeavors [c8684549-5e0e-4f33-a195-b3a6d86a1742, ddda4293-2786-4e66-9a94-e0179d32173d, 95fef929-c203-4cbf-9e19-b84b90b0e632]


The world’s largest aircraft, built by the U.S. company Stratolaunch, took its first flight on 13 April, 2019.

The first flight of the plane lasted for 2 and a half hours, during which it flew at an altitude of 17,000 feet above the Mojave desert; the maximum speed of the plane was 189 miles per hour.

This plane has six Boeing 747 engines, two fuel tanks, and weighs 500,000 pounds.

Its length is 238 feet, and its wingspan is 385 feet—wider than a football field.

The plane has two cabins, but only one of them is used during flight.

Paul Allen, one of the founders of Microsoft, came up with the idea of the Stratolaunch in 2011.

The aircraft was originally designed as an airborne orbital launch system to carry rockets and satellites at altitude and then launch them into low-Earth orbit.

However, after the Stratolaunch company was sold to new owners in October 2019, the aircraft was repurposed to serve as a mobile launch pad for hypersonic vehicles.

Hypersonic vehicles are mobile craft that travel at least five times the speed of sound.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: How long is the aircraft?
A: 238 feet

Q: What is the aircraft’s wingspan?
A: 385 feet

Q: What is this wingspan wider than?
A: A football field

Q: How much does the aircraft weigh?
A: 500,000 pounds

Q: How many engines does it have?
A: six

Q: What type of engines are they?
A: Boeing 747

Q: How many fuel tanks does it have?
A: two

Q: At what altitude did it fly on its first test flight?
A: 17,000 feet above the Mojave desert

Q: What was the maximum speed it achieved on its first test flight?
A: 189 miles per hour

Q: How many cabins does it have?
A: Two

Q: How many of the cabins are used during flight?
A: one

Q: What was the original purpose for this aircraft?
A: To carry rockets and satellites and launch them into low-Earth orbit

Q: After the company was purchased in October 2019, what became the aircraft’s new purpose?
A: A mobile launch pad for hypersonic vehicles

Q: What are hypersonic vehicles?
A: Mobile craft that travel at least five times the speed of sound


Gustav Klimt’s masterpiece, “Portrait of a Lady,” which was stolen from the Ricci Oddi Gallery in Piacenza, Italy, 1997 was discovered by accident at the same gallery in 2019.

Gardeners, while trimming ivy in the gallery’s garden, found the painting embedded in one of the garden’s walls.

The gardeners noticed a gap in the wall, inside of which was a black plastic bag containing the missing painting.

The ivy covering this wall had not been trimmed in almost ten years.

The painting disappeared in February 1997.

At that time, the police said, the thieves removed the painting from the wall using a device similar to a fishing hook and removed the painting from the gallery through the skylight of the gallery ceiling, where the glass had been removed.

After the news of the discovery of the painting was published, the two men who had stolen it confessed that they were the thieves.

They claimed that three years earlier they had sent a letter to a local journalist confessing to the theft of the painting in 1997.

According to the “Guardian” newspaper, the thieves claimed to have returned the painting four years earlier as “a gift to the city,” but their confession had been ignored.

The lawyer for these two men stated that they had put the painting in the garden wall four years earlier.

However, it was not clear where the painting had been kept in the intervening years.

The motivation for the thieves’ confession seemed to be that they would not be prosecuted for the crime since it had occurred 20 years ago.

Ten months before the painting’s theft, an art student discovered that the painting was painted over another painting.

She convinced the former director of the gallery to examine the work with X-rays.

Beneath the “Portrait of a Lady” was the painting of a young girl from Vienna who had died young.

The value of the painting is at least $66 million.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: When was Gustav Klimt’s “Portrait of a Lady” stolen?
A: In February 1997

Q: From where was it stolen?
A: Ricci Oddi Gallery in Piacenza, Italy

Q: Who first discovered it by accident, 20 years after the theft?
A: Gardeners

Q: What were the gardeners doing when they discovered it?
A: Trimming ivy in the gallery’s garden

Q: Where was the painting hidden?
A: In one of the garden’s walls

Q: What was the painting wrapped in?
A: A black plastic bag

Q: How did the thieves take the painting off of the gallery wall?
A: By using a device similar to a fishing hook

Q: How did the thieves remove the painting from the gallery?
A: Through the skylight of the gallery ceiling, where the glass had been removed

Q: What did the thieves claim they did three years prior to the discovery of the stolen painting?
A: That they had sent a letter to a local journalist confessing to the theft of the painting

Q: How many years before the painting’s discovery did the thieves put it in the wall?
A: Four years

Q: What was the probable motivation for the thieves’ confession after 20 years?
A: That they would not be prosecuted for the crime since it had occurred 20 years ago

Q: What did an art student discover 10 months before the painting was stolen?
A: The existence of another painting beneath it

Q: How was the presence of the second painting detected?
A: By using X-rays

Q: What was the subject of the second painting?
A: A young girl from Vienna who had died young

Q: What was the value of the painting?
A: At least $66 million


NASA scientists have discovered for the first time huge masses of ice under the surface of the planet Mars.

According to the same scientists, these ice sources can supply the drinking water needed by Mars explorers in the future.

Although scientists knew that there was ice on Mars in 2010, on Thursday, 11 January, 2018, for the first time, images of ice masses were seen on this planet.

The discovery was made by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).

Previously, scientists knew that water in the form of ice existed on Mars, but these reservoirs were in deep permafrost along with a mixture of dust, rocks, and other compounds.

This new discovery indicates that at a depth of 1-2 meters below the surface of Mars, there are extensive layers of pure water in the form of ice, up to 100 meters thick.

This pure frozen water is believed to be suitable for consumption.

Using the MRO probe, which has been orbiting Mars for about a decade, NASA managed to identify eight different places on the surface of this planet where there are water reserves in the form of thick layers of ice.

Researchers believe that this ice was originally formed as snow.

However, the ice discovered in 2018 is pure water ice,.

with one or two layers of ice mixed with dust and rock covering it.

Some research indicates that one third of the subsurface layers of Mars consists of thick ice, which can provide sufficient water reserves for a long-term presence on Mars.

In addition, according to NASA, the water is very easy to access.

The discovery of water and its easy access method will not only provide astronauts with an important source of drinking water, but also allow them to produce rocket fuel.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: When did scientists first become aware that water in the form of ice existed on Mars?
A: 2010

Q: Where did these reservoirs of ice exist on Mars?
A: In deep permafrost

Q: What was mixed in with the water that contaminated it?
A: Dust, rocks, and other compounds

Q: When did NASA scientists discover for the first time that pure, drinkable, water in the form of ice existed on Mars?
A: Thursday, 11 January, 2018

Q: Which spacecraft discovered the ice by taking images/photos of Mars?
A: The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

Q: How long had the MRO probe been orbiting Mars before making this discovery?
A: About a decade

Q: How far beneath the surface of Mars does pure water in the form of ice exist?
A: 1-2 meters

Q: How thick are these layers of pure water ice estimated to be?
A: Up to 100 meters thick

Q: In how many places on Mars did the MRO detect reservoirs of water in the form of thick layers of ice?
A: Eight

Q: How do researchers believe that this ice was originally formed?
A: As snow

Q: What covers the pure water ice?
A: One or two layers of ice mixed with dust and rock

Q: What fraction of the subsurface of Mars do researchers estimate contains reservoirs of water ice?
A: One third

Q: How difficult is it to access the pure water on Mars?
A: Very easy

Q: What can the pure water be used for, in addition to supplying drinking water to astronauts?
A: To produce rocket fuel


During the Renaissance, to glorify their name.

[3ad5]. , the Medici family supported Galileo, Cellini, Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Botticelli and Leonardo, among others.

The dramatic changes of the Renaissance were led by the Medici, particularly Cosimo the Elder.

The Church of St. Lorenzo, which is attributed to the Medici was designed by Brunelleschi.

Michelangelo lived at the Medici Palace for 4 years.

[3428]. , found a patron and mentor in the person of Lorenzo de Medici.

Michelangelo was a sculptor and stone carver at the Medici court.

Supposedly, the Della Rovere family vied with the Medici over patronizing Michelangelo’s work; both believed in Michelangelo’s genius.

The Medici Tomb contains famous sculptures by Michelangelo.

Thanks to the patronage of the Medici family the art of the Renaissance developed and reached its culmination - the High Renaissance.

In this regard, Raphael benefited from Medici family.

Agnello Bronzino painted the portrait of Cosimo I dei’ Medici, which contains positive symbolism -

He also painted a series of portraits of Maria de' Medici's grandmother "Eleanor of Toledo,” also the wife of Cosimo I de' Medici.

Most of the works are kept in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.

The Medici family, who were the patrons of Sandro Botticelli, was engaged in trade and banking.

Compatriots of Michelangelo, architect Giuliano da Sangallo and his colleague Simone ‘Cronaca’ Pollaiuolo were also from the circle of Lorenzo de Medici.

Cronaca served as the chief architect of the construction work in the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore.

The first known copy of the map of Amerigo Vespucci "Novus Mundus" was part of the correspondence of Amerigo Vespucci with his patron, Lorenzo de' Medici, and contains his account of his Atlantic journey, where he indicated that America was not part of Asia.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Why did the Medici family patronize the arts?
A: to glorify their name [3ad51472-4e36-4fb7-9db1-232ec7e46475]

Q: Name some famous personas that the Medici supported:
A: Galileo, Cellini, Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Botticelli and Leonardo, [a09c7dc1-b418-4410-8564-2382b64f0bf5, 3ad51472-4e36-4fb7-9db1-232ec7e46475]

Q: Which Medici led the dramatic changes during the Renaissance?
A: Cosimo the Elder. [3ad51472-4e36-4fb7-9db1-232ec7e46475]

Q: Who designed the Church of St. Lorenzo?
A: Brunelleschi [3ad51472-4e36-4fb7-9db1-232ec7e46475]

Q: How long did Michelangelo live at the Medici Palace?
A: 4 years [8f45a1e7-1431-4988-a296-d792c5a87a65]

Q: How old was he when he met Lorenzo de Medici?
A: age 15 [3428de32-0eee-442f-a63f-bb8068a9b5fc]

Q: Which family supposedly vied the Medicis over Michelangelo’s patronage?
A: Della Rovere [847d311e-af6d-4b48-aa51-0924af158c8d]

Q: What does the Medici Tomb contain?
A: famous sculptures by Michelangelo [8f45a1e7-1431-4988-a296-d792c5a87a65]

Q: When did Raphael move to Florence?
A: 1504 [fb10cd40-6592-440e-9d66-e9670e404c5c]

Q: How did Raphael benefit from the Medicis?
A: Under the patronage of the Medici family the art of the Renaissance developed and reached its culmination - the High Renaissance. [fb10cd40-6592-440e-9d66-e9670e404c5c]

Q: Whose portraits did Bronzino paint?
A: Cosimo I dei’ Medici [b7d7253b-4aa9-43be-9b6b-a47f46cff70d]A: a series of portraits of Maria de' Medici's grandmother "Eleanor of Toledo,” also the wife of Cosimo I de' Medici. [2cc2ea29-b93e-490b-98d8-157e29128b54]

Q: What symbols are in Cosimo’s portrait?
A: The rock hints at the Duke's power. The blazing fire symbolizes the invisible presence of God, favoring the Medici. [b7d7253b-4aa9-43be-9b6b-a47f46cff70d]

Q: Where are most of these portraits?
A: Uffizi Gallery in Florence. [2cc2ea29-b93e-490b-98d8-157e29128b54]

Q: What did Botticelli do for the Medicis?
A: The artist completed his most famous and large orders for the Medicis, including his masterpiece “Madonna della Loggia”. [d23c2f41-30bb-4003-a656-981036537bb9]

Q: Who else were part of Lorenzo de Medici’s circle?
A: Compatriots of Michelangelo, architect Giuliano da Sangallo and his colleague Simone ‘Cronaca’ Pollaiuolo [3428de32-0eee-442f-a63f-bb8068a9b5fc]

Q: What was part of the correspondence between Amerigo Vespucci and his patron Lorenzo de' Medici?
A: The first known copy of the map of  "Novus Mundus” [a03ed5b7-d249-48c8-9d38-2e2a566aaa4c]

Q: Why is this map significant?
A: It shows that America is not part of Asia [a03ed5b7-d249-48c8-9d38-2e2a566aaa4c]


Global studies of sodium-ion batteries have shown they could replace lithium-ion.

Sodium is the 6th most abundant element on Earth.

A battery in which sodium atoms are stacked between graphene have high energy.

Lithium half-cells with this potassium polymers could be charged and discharged quickly, and are stable.

If a regular phone battery had the same stability, it could be charged and discharged daily for 70 years.

Russian scientists have developed a battery out of nickel that can charge 10 times faster than lithium-ion.

It is fireproof, and the molecular structure allows to simultaneously achieve high power, capacitance and low-temperature.

Aluminum-ion batteries do not use rare earth metals, do not burn, and can withstand enormous currents and temperatures from −40° to +120

Chinese developers, using a graphene film cathode, created an aluminum battery with service life of 250,000 cycles.

Such a battery in a smartphone can last 70 years, and be charged in 5 seconds.

Similar Australian batteries have an energy capacity up to 160 W h/kg and a power of up to 7000 W/kg.

South Korea scientists have developed a hybrid battery of graphene and nickel oxide nanoparticles based on an aqueous electrolyte.

Toyota plans to offer electric vehicles with a solid-state battery.

They have higher energy intensity and are lightweight.

CO2 batteries will be able to work quickly, absorbing and releasing energy instantly.

An Italian company claims their production and operation are much cheaper than lithium.

These batteries will be useful for smoothing out energy spikes and creating backup storage to stabilize power grids.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What substances could replace lithium-ion batteries?
A: Sodium [3f32e6fb-81df-43ec-a031-bf72593a20d2, c1b4e46f-40de-4a62-beb3-d6b0024cea7f]A: Potassium [c1b4e46f-40de-4a62-beb3-d6b0024cea7f]A: Nickel [06405f16-9fbf-4ced-905c-ec414de7d3db]A: Aluminum [94bbecf8-6866-40e7-9063-2d3e077d412c, 48b47e73-a8ba-468a-b011-cc2c0dcb18fb]A: CO2 [3d9705c1-581b-443d-8d63-87a0124b9bcf]

Q: What are the advantages of sodium?
A: 6th most abundant element on Earth. [3f32e6fb-81df-43ec-a031-bf72593a20d2]A: Compared to lithium it’s cheaper to produce. [c1b4e46f-40de-4a62-beb3-d6b0024cea7f, 37d9789f-6719-43e0-a680-194c0d3c2f6c]A: Depending on how it is constructed, has high energy [37d9789f-6719-43e0-a680-194c0d3c2f6c]A: What are the advantages of potassium?A: could be charged and discharged quickly, and are stable. They retain up to a third of their capacity even after 25000 operating cycles. [c1b4e46f-40de-4a62-beb3-d6b0024cea7f]

Q: If a cellphone contained a potassium battery, how long can it be charged and discharged?
A: daily for 70 years. [c1b4e46f-40de-4a62-beb3-d6b0024cea7f]

Q: What type of battery did Russian scientists develop?
A: nickel battery [06405f16-9fbf-4ced-905c-ec414de7d3db]

Q: What are the advantages of a nickel battery?
A: charge 10 times faster than lithium-ion. It is fireproof, and the molecular structure allows it to simultaneously achieve high power, capacitance and low-temperature. [06405f16-9fbf-4ced-905c-ec414de7d3db]

Q: What temperatures can an aluminum-ion battery withstand?
A: −40° to +120° C. [94bbecf8-6866-40e7-9063-2d3e077d412c, 48b47e73-a8ba-468a-b011-cc2c0dcb18fb]

Q: What other advantages does an aluminum-ion battery have?
A: do not use rare earth metals, do not burn, and can withstand enormous currents [94bbecf8-6866-40e7-9063-2d3e077d412c, 48b47e73-a8ba-468a-b011-cc2c0dcb18fb]

Q: What did Chinese developers do to increase the service life of an aluminum battery?
A: Incorporated a graphene film cathode [94bbecf8-6866-40e7-9063-2d3e077d412c]

Q: How long can this battery last?
A: 250,000 cycles. Such a battery in a smartphone can last 70 years [94bbecf8-6866-40e7-9063-2d3e077d412c]

Q: How fast can it be charged?
A: 5 seconds. [94bbecf8-6866-40e7-9063-2d3e077d412c]

Q: What battery did South Korean scientists develop?
A: hybrid battery of graphene and nickel oxide nanoparticles based on an aqueous electrolyte. [d6cc9ded-0e2e-45a2-956a-615389480c02]

Q: What are its advantages?
A: It is safe, has high energy capacity and charges in 20 seconds. After 100,000 charging cycles, the battery retains almost 100% of its initial capacity and stores approximately 100 times more energy per unit than its equivalents. [d6cc9ded-0e2e-45a2-956a-615389480c02]

Q: What is Toyota developing?
A: electric vehicles with a solid-state battery. [193cfb2e-7722-4476-bb8b-bf9fca4ca45e]

Q: What are the advantages of Toyotas new EVs?
A: higher energy intensity and are lightweight. The EVs will have a range of more than twice that of a car powered by a lithium-ion battery. [193cfb2e-7722-4476-bb8b-bf9fca4ca45e]

Q: What will CO2 batteries do that will help power grids?
A: They will be useful for smoothing out energy spikes and creating backup storage to stabilize power grids. [3d9705c1-581b-443d-8d63-87a0124b9bcf]


China has a wide range of investments in Kyrgyzstan, from tourism, cross-border wholesale trade.

The volume of Chinese investments accounts for 33 percent of the total in Kyrgyzstan.

Another states 40% of all investment in Kyrgyzstan comes from China.

Trade turnover between the countries has almost doubled in the last 5 years.

The parties have signed agreements on Bishkek receiving assistance of more than $300 million to build roads in and supply drinking water to remote areas.

In 2018, Chinese investment amounted to $338.14 million.

This includes construction of factories for the production of explosives and bimetallic aluminum radiators.

Several more enterprises are expected to open for $151 million.

Agreements worth $7.5 billion in the fields of agriculture, food processing, heavy industry, the mining sector, the assembly of electric cars, education, and social housing are to be signed at the Kyrgyz-Chinese business forum.

Negative impacts have been water, land and air pollution, livestock deaths from Chinese gold mines in Kyrgyzstan, along with taking away income from Kyrgyz miners who did not destroy the environment.

China only pays taxes to the state, and all other benefits go to the Chinese.

The huge debt, corruption and environmental problems associated with Chinese investments have led to negative sentiment towards China.

China accounts for about 45% of Kyrgyzstan's total external debt.

Another report claimed Kyrgyzstan owes China about 30 percent of its GDP.

That said, Kyrgyzstan will return only the $60 million invested to the Smart City investor.

the project was to be implemented by the Chinese company Huawei, but there was controversy over accusations of industrial espionage, plagiarism and false advertising.

Kyrgyzstan’s debt to Eneximbank is $1 billion 775.13 million.

Bishkek agreed to the China-Central Asia-Turkey-Europe railway corridor, however, the section on Kyrgyzstan will belong to China.

During Atambayev’s reign, the country’s external debt due to Chinese loans increased by almost 60%.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What sort of investments has China made in Kyrgyzstan?
A: tourism, cross-border wholesale trade [0f1ce37c-9ddc-4a9e-9ea2-6839a2f02473]A: gold mining. [2ec33541-1774-4658-91a0-b644701022e0]A: factories for the production of explosives and bimetallic aluminum radiators [1846ae73-9382-4f36-a625-4e466a9693a4]A: agriculture, food processing, heavy industry, the mining sector, the assembly of electric cars, education, and social housing [ef01c557-d90d-4f93-bdc6-d33163f5d3dc]

Q: How much investment into Kyrgyzstan comes from China?
A: 40 percent [2ec33541-1774-4658-91a0-b644701022e0]A: 33 percent [a7073b97-5119-4077-be58-3bd59023956b]

Q: How much as trade turned over in the last 5 years?
A: It has doubled [2ec33541-1774-4658-91a0-b644701022e0]

Q: How much will the roads and drinking water supplies cost?
A: $300 million [2ec33541-1774-4658-91a0-b644701022e0]

Q: How much did China invest in Kyrgyzstan in 2018?
A: $338.14 million. [1846ae73-9382-4f36-a625-4e466a9693a4]

Q: How much were the agreements signed at the Kyrgyz-Chinese business forum valued at?
A: $7.5 billion [ef01c557-d90d-4f93-bdc6-d33163f5d3dc]

Q: What have been some of the negative impacts of Chinese investment?
A: water, land and air pollution, livestock deaths from Chinese gold mines; taking away income from Kyrgyz miners [2ec33541-1774-4658-91a0-b644701022e0]

Q: What does China pay for these gold mines?
A: China only pays taxes [2ec33541-1774-4658-91a0-b644701022e0]

Q: What has led to negative sentiments towards Chinese investments?
A: The huge debt, corruption and environmental problems [c2126863-9700-4c77-8d12-d9f72eebc268]

Q: How much of Kyrgyzstan’s external debt belongs to China?
A: 45% of Kyrgyzstan's total external debt. [2ec33541-1774-4658-91a0-b644701022e0]A: Kyrgyzstan owes China about 30 percent of its GDP [3ee91605-295d-4096-8122-6dfa28d5ac94]

Q: What happened with China’s Smart City in Kyrgyzstan?
A: The project was to be implemented by the Chinese company Huawei, but there was controversy over accusations of industrial espionage, plagiarism and false advertising. [b79e5472-a24a-4f54-b8b7-a9480659e300]

Q: How much will Kyrgyzstan pay China for the Smart City?
A: Kyrgyzstan will return only the $60 million invested [c943189d-8481-4f9a-83ee-9304dfc300d6]

Q: How much does Kyrgyzstan owe Eneximbank?
A: $1 billion 775.13 million. [9f9cea7b-259a-4c7c-bbd3-83cbd5c91382]

Q: What is Kyrgyzstan’s total external debt?
A: Kyrgyzstan’s total external debt exceeds 4.5 billion dollars. [9f9cea7b-259a-4c7c-bbd3-83cbd5c91382]

Q: What did Bishkek agree to?
A: China-Central Asia-Turkey-Europe railway corridor [b63e9154-0db3-4a5d-ae1c-5c09fd654995]

Q: To whom does the section of the railway on Kyrgyzstan belong to?
A: China [b63e9154-0db3-4a5d-ae1c-5c09fd654995]

Q: What happened during Atambayev’s reign?
A: The country’s external debt due to Chinese loans increased by almost 60%. [b63e9154-0db3-4a5d-ae1c-5c09fd654995]


The Gaganyaan project is a step in Indo-Russian cooperation.

Russia is providing medical support, selection and training of astronauts, life support systems, etc. for India’s first manned spaceflight, Gaganyaan.

The first stage of training will be in Russia, the second - in India, but Russia will provide a training schedule.

The flight is planned for December 2021.

Glavkosmos and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) signed a contract in October 2018 for consulting on the selection, medical examination and training of Indian gaganauts.

(from Sanskrit gagan - “heaven”). , and joint activities in manned spaceflight.

They also plan to assess whether to use Russian equipment on Gaganyaan.

One report stated 2 men and 1 woman would be going on this mission.

[319b]. , while others reported 4 gaganauts.

A team of 4 gaganauts from India began training in Russia for the 3rd week of January 2020.

The training continued remotely during the coronavirus outbreak.

The 4 gaganauts completed their training at the Central Training Center Gagarin.

The ISRO will open an office in Moscow to strengthen cooperation with Russian space agencies.

The head of Roscosmos stated that he held a discussion with the Indian Ambassador to Russia about future space projects involving the two countries.

The ISRO intends to send an anthropomorphic robot into space on its spacecraft based on Russian expertise.

The robot will be on board the unmanned predecessor of the Gaganyaan to determine the suitability of life support systems for the manned version of the ship.

Another report stated the robot would be created in India.

India and Russia are discussing the prospects of building ground stations in each other's countries to improve satellite navigation systems.

ISRO will create its own training center in the city of Challaker in Karnataka so that in the future, gaganauts will be trained in India.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is Gaganyaan?
A: a step in Indo-Russian cooperation [319bc681-ebc2-45c7-8f93-802e08c51ed9]A: India’s first manned spaceflight, Gaganyaan [319bc681-ebc2-45c7-8f93-802e08c51ed9]

Q: What will Russia provide for Gaganyaan?
A: medical support, selection and training of astronauts, life support systems [319bc681-ebc2-45c7-8f93-802e08c51ed9]

Q: Where will/has the training take place?
A: The first stage of training will be in Russia, the second - in India [319bc681-ebc2-45c7-8f93-802e08c51ed9]A: at the Central Training Center Gagarin. [f7f7b78d-a7cc-4bb5-950c-b3d62b71fabc, 9f414b09-2544-4daf-9a38-71ceefbb9ef0]

Q: Who signed a contract between Russia and India?
A: Glavkosmos and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) ad61, 5965]

Q: What did the contract include?
A: consulting on the selection, medical examination and training of Indian astronauts and joint activities in manned spaceflight. [ad61c844-c752-4fd5-af09-3383aa6a35dd, 596542c8-fbc3-46d0-b9e5-9b1d45e952e1]A: to assess whether to use Russian equipment on Gaganyaan. [596542c8-fbc3-46d0-b9e5-9b1d45e952e1]

Q: What does gaganaut mean?
A: Indian astronauts from Sanskrit gagan - “heaven”

Q: How many gaganauts will there be?
A: 2 men and 1 woman [319bc681-ebc2-45c7-8f93-802e08c51ed9]A: 4 gaganauts. [a72280b1-b206-4b4c-baf7-b35219215ac0, 9f414b09-2544-4daf-9a38-71ceefbb9ef0, 3bcee3e7-f9bd-4ba3-9b98-78b4489eba3c]

Q: When did the training in Russia start?
A: 3rd week of January 2020. [bf1e88a5-4834-4e53-bc58-75015812dd15, 26a9f6b4-9b58-4bba-95d1-50fc7bc5f53f, ad61c844-c752-4fd5-af09-3383aa6a35dd]

Q: What happened during the coronavirus outbreak?
A: The training continued remotely [e2ebc746-74cc-4f4d-9975-263f2ff29124]

Q: Where did the gaganauts complete their training?
A: at the Central Training Center Gagarin. [f7f7b78d-a7cc-4bb5-950c-b3d62b71fabc, 9f414b09-2544-4daf-9a38-71ceefbb9ef0]

Q: Why will the ISRO open an office in Moscow?
A: to strengthen cooperation with Russian space agencies. [f6c6f501-5324-4f3d-88af-739baedfe56a]

Q: What did the head of Roscosmos discuss with the Indian Ambassador to Russia?
A: future space projects involving the two countries. [f7f7b78d-a7cc-4bb5-950c-b3d62b71fabc]

Q: Why is India sending a robot into space?
A: to determine the suitability of life support systems for the manned version of the ship. [e8a0af1c-1e09-435b-96f0-83b0d9233491]A: Is the robot built in Russia or India?A: One report states it is based on Russian expertise [e8a0af1c-1e09-435b-96f0-83b0d9233491]A: Another report stated the robot would be created in India [26a9f6b4-9b58-4bba-95d1-50fc7bc5f53f]

Q: What other joint space projects are Russia and India considering?
A: building ground stations in each other's countries to improve satellite navigation systems. [9f414b09-2544-4daf-9a38-71ceefbb9ef0]

Q: What is the ISRO building in Challaker in Karnataka?
A: India’s own space training center. [d1be8f7a-114f-4e3e-adb8-76be0b2482da, bf1e88a5-4834-4e53-bc58-75015812dd15]

Q: Why are they building the training center?
A: So that gaganauts can train in India in the future [d1be8f7a-114f-4e3e-adb8-76be0b2482da, bf1e88a5-4834-4e53-bc58-75015812dd15]


US Geological Society suggests that the Incas decided to build their sanctuary where several geological faults are located.

Normally, a flat and stable terrain that offers a solid foundation would be chosen.

However, they chose a different option deliberately.

Using satellite imagery and field measurements, the network of faults and fissures was mapped.

Two of the faults formed a cross where Machu Picchu is located.

Rualdo Menegat of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil claims that the chosen area offered the Incas a large number of cracks, and made their work cutting stone easier.

The buildings were built to withstand earthquakes.

During an earthquake, their stones move in different directions, and then return to their place, saving the building from destruction.

Builders had to drag stones up the mountain, since the Incas did not use the wheel.

The network also served as a water system.

Tectonic faults sent melt and rainwater directly into the citadel, saving the need for canals.

Other experts on Inca culture argue that the location of Machu Picchu is related to their religious beliefs, and the need for a high defensible area.

Historians and archaeologists agree that the Incas had sufficient knowledge and skills to determine whether a place was suitable for a city.

In constructing Machu Picchu, the Incas used the “royal cubit”measurement.

Machu Picchu was used as an observatory.

The Intihuatana sun stone, located on the altar of the Temple of the Sun at the top of the pyramid.

[3be0]. , acted as an astronomical clock and was used in Incan ceremonies.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Where would people normally build a city?
A: a flat and stable terrain that offers a solid foundation [667c2508-0d33-4cb4-89fb-03d348047b3b]

Q: Where did the US Geological Survey suggest the Incas built Machu Picchu?
A: where several geological faults are located. [667c2508-0d33-4cb4-89fb-03d348047b3b]

Q: What did satellite imagery and field measurements find?
A: A network of faults and fissures [667c2508-0d33-4cb4-89fb-03d348047b3b]

Q: At what point is Machu Picchu located?
A: At the point where two faults cross [667c2508-0d33-4cb4-89fb-03d348047b3b, 81c055db-df8f-43fa-8296-3c1b93e79b2a, 2d46f479-f21d-4822-89f2-fce0d8cbd07d, 0a5e807a-f77a-46a1-a1c5-87d442739bbf]

Q: What indicates that the Incas were aware of this cross?
A: Several buildings, staircases and urban areas of Machu Picchu, as well as agricultural fields, were built oriented to these faults. [667c2508-0d33-4cb4-89fb-03d348047b3b, 81c055db-df8f-43fa-8296-3c1b93e79b2a, 2d46f479-f21d-4822-89f2-fce0d8cbd07d, 0a5e807a-f77a-46a1-a1c5-87d442739bbf]

Q: Why did the Incas choose this are according to Rualdo Menegat of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil?
A: the chosen area offered the Incas a large number of cracks, and made their work cutting stone easier. [667c2508-0d33-4cb4-89fb-03d348047b3b, 81c055db-df8f-43fa-8296-3c1b93e79b2a, 2d46f479-f21d-4822-89f2-fce0d8cbd07d]

Q: Describe how the buildings were constructed.
A: The structures in the city are built of stone and were precisely carved to fit tightly together without the need for mortar. [81c055db-df8f-43fa-8296-3c1b93e79b2a, c92352e0-9389-4b90-8543-cd49d34a7fc5, 3be0a2c1-3838-4258-be88-26c6b61b61dd, 1c7b3ea0-96a9-4acc-9ca7-6ba7fd609d21, 4aea5477-8600-410d-a128-721ec875e42f]

Q: What common means of transportation did the Incans not use?
A: The wheel [81c055db-df8f-43fa-8296-3c1b93e79b2a]

Q: What could the buildings withstand?
A: Earthquakes [c92352e0-9389-4b90-8543-cd49d34a7fc5]

Q: How did they withstand earthquakes?
A: the stones move in different directions, and then return to their place, saving the building from destruction. [1c7b3ea0-96a9-4acc-9ca7-6ba7fd609d21, 4aea5477-8600-410d-a128-721ec875e42f]

Q: What else did the tectonic network supply and how?
A: Water, the tectonic faults sent melt and rainwater directly into the citadel, saving the need for canals. [667c2508-0d33-4cb4-89fb-03d348047b3b, 81c055db-df8f-43fa-8296-3c1b93e79b2a, 2d46f479-f21d-4822-89f2-fce0d8cbd07d, 0a5e807a-f77a-46a1-a1c5-87d442739bbf]

Q: What measurements were used?
A: the “royal cubit”measurement (54 cm), and the “regular cubit” (42 cm). [da3e8b31-25b6-40b5-a1b9-64ddaaf3d918]

Q: How was the Temple of the Sun pyramid used?
A: An observatory [3be0a2c1-3838-4258-be88-26c6b61b61dd]A: An astronomical clock [3be0a2c1-3838-4258-be88-26c6b61b61dd, c92352e0-9389-4b90-8543-cd49d34a7fc5]

Q: What is the name of the sun stone?
A: Intihuatana sun stone [3be0a2c1-3838-4258-be88-26c6b61b61dd, c92352e0-9389-4b90-8543-cd49d34a7fc5]


The Viktor Chernomyrdin is the largest diesel icebreaker.

It has 2 helipads, it can provide icebreaker support, participate in scientific expeditions, and transport containers.

It is capable of moving in ice up to 2 m thick and performing icebreaking work in ice up to 3 m. ensuring navigation along the Northern Sea Route (NSR).

The world’s most powerful nuclear-powered icebreaker Arktika of project 22220 will become the lead of 5 ships of the new series: Sibir, Ural, Yakutia and Chukotka.

The new icebreakers can break up ice up to 3 m. It will be used to ensure year-round navigation along the NSR.

Future nuclear icebreakers will have power and high autonomy, refueling once every 5 years, and for universal nuclear icebreakers currently under construction - once every 10 years.

This allows Russia to pilot vessels in heavy ice far from ports, at ultra-high latitudes.

The Novorossiysk is a diesel linear icebreaker.

It navigated the Gulf of Finland, the ports of Primorsk, Ust-Luga, St. Petersburg and visited the Arctic.

For 6 months, the Arctic and Antarctic Institute sailed this vessel, studying icebergs.

The Akademik Fedorov is still in use after 34 years.

Its hull can accommodate 200 people, a couple of helicopters and a large payload.

The Mosaic project, an icebreaker frozen in ice to be a base for scientists from different countries for diverse scientific research, will drift from 2019-2020 across the Arctic.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is the Viktor Chernomyrdin?
A: the largest diesel icebreaker. [17a86012-eb58-41dd-995a-2e39b061fc56]

Q: What can it do?
A: provide icebreaker support, participate in scientific expeditions, and transport containers. [17a86012-eb58-41dd-995a-2e39b061fc56]A: It can tow ships, perform rescue and underwater work, clean up oil spills and is a fire vessel. [81ea9a74-cb56-470d-bec3-a340244e84d0]

Q: What are its dimensions and specs?
A: Its length is 147 m, width - 29 m, cruising endurance - 60 days, power - 25 MW. [17a86012-eb58-41dd-995a-2e39b061fc56, 81ea9a74-cb56-470d-bec3-a340244e84d0]

Q: What are its ice breaking capabilities?
A: It is capable of moving in ice up to 2 m thick and performing icebreaking work in ice up to 3 m. [17a86012-eb58-41dd-995a-2e39b061fc56]

Q: Where will it sail?
A: Northern Sea Route (NSR). [17a86012-eb58-41dd-995a-2e39b061fc56]A: It will participate in the exploration of the Arctic, scientific expeditions to the Antarctic. [81ea9a74-cb56-470d-bec3-a340244e84d0]

Q: What is the Arktika?
A: The world’s most powerful nuclear-powered icebreaker [17a86012-eb58-41dd-995a-2e39b061fc56, bdba0451-2cea-4db6-a9c6-5befd792827a, 58061814-7976-45ef-aaa6-095f74748fb2]

Q: What other icebreakers will be like the Arktika?
A: Sibir, Ural, Yakutia and Chukotka. [17a86012-eb58-41dd-995a-2e39b061fc56]

Q: What is unique about their design?
A: The ship’s variable draft can change from 10.5 to 8.55 m and allows them to navigate deep water and shallow water. [bdba0451-2cea-4db6-a9c6-5befd792827a]

Q: What are its dimensions and specs?
A: The length of each vessel is 173.3 meters, width - 34 meters, displacement - 33,500 tons, side height - 15.2 m, autonomy - 6 months. [17a86012-eb58-41dd-995a-2e39b061fc56, bdba0451-2cea-4db6-a9c6-5befd792827a, 58061814-7976-45ef-aaa6-095f74748fb2]

Q: What will future nuclear icebreakers be capable of?
A: power and high autonomy, refueling once every 5 years [bd3a9ed8-a3ce-4d3e-9176-b91c4e5e611a]

Q: How often will universal nuclear icebreakers currently under construction need to refuel?
A: One every 10 years [bd3a9ed8-a3ce-4d3e-9176-b91c4e5e611a]

Q: This autonomy gives Russia what capability?
A: to pilot vessels in heavy ice far from ports, at ultra-high latitudes. [bd3a9ed8-a3ce-4d3e-9176-b91c4e5e611a]

Q: What is the Novorossiysk?
A: a diesel linear icebreaker [3783b50f-a51c-40b1-9d55-3feb2f7da5c3]

Q: What has it navigated?
A: the Gulf of Finland, the ports of Primorsk, Ust-Luga, St. Petersburg and visited the Arctic. [3783b50f-a51c-40b1-9d55-3feb2f7da5c3]

Q: What did the Arctic and Antarctic Institute sail this vessel for?
A: For 6 months, it used it to study icebergs. [3783b50f-a51c-40b1-9d55-3feb2f7da5c3]

Q: How long has the Akademik Fedorov been in use?
A: 34 years [03bd14ca-51e7-4ba9-883e-038d0920a5a7]

Q: What can it accommodate?
A: 200 people, a couple of helicopters and a large payload. [03bd14ca-51e7-4ba9-883e-038d0920a5a7]

Q: What is its voyage history?
A: It circumnavigated the world 3 times, spent 6,693 days at sea, traveled 1,041,627 nm, and completed 41 voyages: 30 to Antarctica and 11 to the Arctic. [03bd14ca-51e7-4ba9-883e-038d0920a5a7]

Q: What is the Mosaic project?
A: an icebreaker frozen in ice to be a base for scientists from different countries for diverse scientific research [b321c8e5-18ca-4709-876b-7eec7bf65106]

Q: When and where will it drift?
A: 2019-2020 across the Arctic. [b321c8e5-18ca-4709-876b-7eec7bf65106]


The FIFA World Cup, hailed as the most significant sports event globally, has once again stirred the attention of self-proclaimed witches, who take to social media to share intriguing tweets aimed at ensuring the success of their favored teams.

As anticipation builds for the Russian World Cup games, some individuals profess their intent to employ magical techniques to predict match outcomes and even cast spells on certain players.

Notably, animals have emerged as key players in this prediction frenzy, with a Russian cat named "Achilles" gaining attention.

Despite being hearing-impaired, Achilles accurately predicted the results of four qualifying matches during the 2018 World Cup in Russia, including the opening match between Russia and Saudi Arabia, which the host won decisively with a 5-0 score line.

However, subsequent predictions by Achilles proved to be less accurate, as he failed to forecast the outcomes in three instances.

Achilles, selected to predict games during the 2017 Confederations Cup in Russia, is regarded as a resilient and consistent feline among the Hermitage Museum's cats.

Experts speculate that Achilles' predictive abilities stem from his unique capacity for analysis and seemingly abnormal behavior.

Traditionally, the Hermitage cat determines match outcomes by selecting one of several dishes, offering a novel and entertaining approach to the excitement surrounding the competition.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What event has once again captured the attention of self-proclaimed witches?
A: The FIFA World Cup, known as the most important sports event globally.

Q: What do some individuals intend to do as the Russian World Cup games approach?
A: They plan to use magical techniques to predict match outcomes and cast spells on certain players

Q: Which animal gained attention for its role in predicting match outcomes during the 2018 World Cup?
A: A Russian cat named "Achilles".**

Q: How many qualifying matches did Achilles accurately predict during the 2018 World Cup?
A: Four matches.**

Q: Can you name one of the matches Achilles correctly predicted during the 2018 World Cup?
A: The opening match between Russia and Saudi Arabia, which Russia won with a 5-0 scoreline

Q: What was Achilles' performance like in predicting subsequent matches during the 2018 World Cup?
A: His subsequent predictions were not correct, failing to forecast the final outcomes in three instances.

Q: For what previous event was Achilles selected to predict games?
A: The 2017 Confederations Cup in Russia.

Q: How is Achilles described by experts?
A: He is regarded as a resilient and consistent feline among the Hermitage Museum's cats, with speculation that his predictive abilities stem from his unique capacity for analysis and seemingly abnormal behavior.**

Q: How does the Hermitage cat traditionally determine match outcomes?
A: By selecting one of several dishes.

Q: What is the significance of animals like Achilles in predicting match outcomes?
A: They offer a novel and entertaining approach to the excitement surrounding the	competition.


The Antarctic Treaty has seven main signatories, including Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom.

Additionally, a portion of the region remains unclaimed by any country.

However, Russia has laid claim to the entire continent following its discovery, marking 2020 as the 'Year of the Antarctic Continent' to commemorate the first Russian expedition to Antarctica in 1820.

Presently, the Antarctic Treaty has 52 member countries, with approximately 30 countries maintaining research bases on the continent.

Notable countries with research stations include the United States, Russia, Chile, France, Argentina, India, Turkey, Pakistan, and Brazil, with Russia having the most stations, totaling 10.

The treaty permits only scientific activities in Antarctica.

Today, Antarctica serves as a vital site for Mars simulation studies and geological research conducted by NASA and other nations.

Additionally, reports by US researchers suggest the presence of significant hydrocarbon resources, including tens of billions of barrels of crude oil in the region.

Countries such as Norway, Germany, Japan, and France have also engaged in exploration efforts.

While Antarctica held little significance in international politics until the 20th century, it now represents a focal point for nations seeking to exploit its abundant resources, potentially shaping the future global landscape.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: How many main signatories does the Antarctic Treaty have?
A: The Antarctic Treaty has seven main signatories.

Q: Which country considers itself the owner of all Antarctica?
A: Russia considers itself the owner of all Antarctica due to its discovery of the continent.

Q: How many member countries does the Antarctic Treaty currently have?
A: The Antarctic Treaty currently has 52 member countries.

Q: Which country has the most research stations in Antarctica?
A: Russia has the most research stations in Antarctica, with 10 stations.

Q: What activity does the Antarctic Treaty permit in Antarctica?
A: The Antarctic Treaty permits only scientific activity in Antarctica.

Q: What is the significance of the year 2020 in relation to Antarctica, according to Russia?
A: Russia marked 2020 as the "Year of the Antarctic Continent" to commemorate the first Russian expedition to Antarctica in 1820.

Q: Which organization conducts Mars simulation studies and geological research in Antarctica?
A: NASA and other nations conduct Mars simulation studies and geological research in Antarctica.

Q: What significant natural resource is reported to be present in Antarctica, according to US researchers?
A: US researchers have reported the presence of tens of billions of barrels of crude oil in Antarctica.

Q: Name four countries besides Russia that have engaged in exploration efforts in Antarctica.
A: Norway, Germany, Japan, and France have engaged in exploration efforts in Antarctica.

Q: What role does Antarctica play in international politics in the 21st century?
A: In the 21st century, Antarctica has become a focal point for nations seeking to exploit its abundant resources, potentially shaping the future global landscape.