Pocket parks are small-scale urban open spaces that large cities create to introduce greenery into urban environments.

Creating pocket parks is a solution to partially address the lack of green spaces in urban centers and residential complexes.

These parks serve as refuges from the hustle and bustle of the city, providing opportunities for relaxation and leisure.

The creation of neighborhoods and pocket parks in different areas of cities can help protect the rights of citizens and children.

To address this issue, the concept of pocket parks has gained traction.

Pocket parks serve as spaces for recreation and enjoyment, and they can also serve practical purposes for city management and government agencies during crises, such as providing shelter for people during earthquakes.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What are pocket parks?
A: Pocket parks are small-scale urban open spaces created by large cities to introduce greenery into urban environments.

Q: Why do large cities create pocket parks?
A: They serve as a solution to partially address the lack of green spaces in urban centers and residential complexes.

Q: How do pocket parks benefit urban environments?
A: Pocket parks serve as refuges from the hustle and bustle of the city, providing opportunities for relaxation and leisure.

Q: How can the creation of neighborhoods and pocket parks protect the rights of citizens and children?
A: By creating neighborhoods and pocket parks in different areas of cities, the rights of citizens and children can be protected, providing them with accessible green spaces for recreation and leisure.

Q: What is one of the significant challenges in creating parks, and how has it been addressed?
A: One of the significant challenges in creating parks is finding suitable locations. This issue has been addressed through the concept of pocket parks.

Q: What practical purposes can pocket parks serve during crises?
A: Pocket parks can serve practical purposes for city management and government agencies during crises, such as providing shelter for people during earthquakes.

Q: How do pocket parks contribute to recreation and enjoyment?
A: Pocket parks serve as spaces for recreation and enjoyment, providing citizens with opportunities for leisure activities.

Q: What positive impact do neighborhood parks and green spaces have on citizens?
A: The establishment of neighborhood parks and green spaces has a positive impact on the mental health of citizens, promoting emotional well-being and inner peace.

Q: Why are pocket parks particularly valuable in urban environments?
A: Pocket parks are valuable in urban environments because they provide accessible green spaces for residents in densely populated areas.

Q: How do pocket parks contribute to the overall livability of cities?
A: Pocket parks contribute to the overall livability of cities by offering residents spaces for relaxation, recreation, and connection with nature within the urban landscape.

Q: In what ways do pocket parks complement traditional larger parks?
A: Pocket parks complement traditional larger parks by providing additional green spaces in areas where larger parks may not be feasible to create, enhancing accessibility to nature for urban residents.


After dominating the film markets of the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Balkans, Turkish TV series have now expanded their reach to South America.

Chile, Argentina, and Mexico stand out as major consumers of Turkish TV series in the region.

In recent years, Turkey's TV series have been utilized as a form of soft power, especially in Arab countries.

Apart from attracting tourists from these nations, they are considered crucial in advancing Ankara government's cultural objectives.

Exporting Turkish series to other countries not only fosters interest in learning the Turkish language and promotes Turkish culture and art, but also enhances Turkey's diplomatic ties and cultural exchanges with other nations.

These series have amassed over 700 million viewers worldwide, with the Wikipedia page of one such series, 'Hareem Sultan,' boasting approximately 500 million viewers, making it the most-watched series globally.

To exert a positive influence in foreign markets, Turkey ensures that the series intended for international audiences refrain from portraying sadness and darkness commonly depicted in domestic productions.

Instead, they highlight the authority, beauty, and positive historical, cultural, and social aspects of the country to attract foreign tourists.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What regions did Turkish TV series dominate before expanding to South America?
A: The Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Balkans.

Q: Which countries in South America are highlighted as major consumers of Turkish TV series?
A: Chile, Argentina, and Mexico.

Q: How have Turkish TV series been utilized by Turkey in recent years?
A: They have been used as a form of soft power, especially in Arab countries, to advance the Ankara government's cultural objectives.

Q: Besides attracting tourists, what other role do Turkish TV series play in advancing Turkey's cultural goals?
A: They foster interest in learning the Turkish language, promote Turkish culture and art, and enhance diplomatic ties and cultural exchanges with other nations.

Q: Approximately how many viewers have Turkish TV series amassed worldwide?
A: Over 700 million viewers.

Q: Which Turkish TV series has approximately 500 million viewers, making it the most-watched series globally?
A: 'Hareem Sultan.'

Q: What is the primary focus of Turkish TV series intended for international audiences?
A: They highlight the authority, beauty, and positive historical, cultural, and social aspects of Turkey to attract foreign tourists.

Q: What aspect of domestic Turkish productions do international Turkish series refrain from portraying?
A: They refrain from portraying sadness and darkness commonly depicted in domestic productions.

Q: How does Turkey aim to exert a positive influence in foreign markets through its TV series?
A: By highlighting positive aspects of the country and refraining from portraying sadness and darkness.

Q: What role do Turkish TV series play in promoting cultural diplomacy and international relations?
A: They serve as a tool for cultural exchange, fostering interest in Turkish culture and language while enhancing diplomatic ties with other nations.


Turkey is home to thousands of historical places of worship belonging to different eras and civilizations of history, the most important of which is Gobekli Tepe or the first man-made temple in Şanlıurfa, Turkey.

This temple was discovered in the mid-1990s in the southeastern part of Turkey, hills that apparently have a history of several thousand years.

The shape and image of these hills show that this place must be the first human settlement.

Archaeologists estimate their age to 9,500 years BCE.

It is said that these hills are the oldest place of worship of mankind and the discovery of such a building with its unique architecture is surprising considering its age.

This place, has been registered as a world heritage by UNESCO.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Where is GöbekliTepe located?
A: Göbekli Tepe is located in Şanlıurfa, Turkey.

Q: When was GöbekliTepe discovered?
A: Göbekli Tepe was discovered in the mid-1990s.

Q: What is the estimated age of Göbekli Tepe?
A: Archaeologists estimate the age of Göbekli Tepe to be around 9,500 years BCE.

Q: What is the significance of Göbekli Tepe in terms of human history?
A: Göbekli Tepe is considered the oldest known place of worship in human history.

Q: How many historical places of worship are there in Turkey?
A: Turkey is home to thousands of historical places of worship.

Q: What organization has recognized Göbekli Tepe as a world heritage site?
A: Göbekli Tepe has been registered as a world heritage site by UNESCO.

Q: What is Göbekli Tepe often referred to as?
A: Göbekli Tepe is often referred to as the first man-made temple.

Q: What region of Turkey is Göbekli Tepe located in?
A: Göbekli Tepe is located in the southeastern part of Turkey.

Q: What do the shape and image of the hills surrounding Göbekli Tepe suggest?
A: The shape and image of the hills suggest that Göbekli Tepe may be the first human settlement.

Q: What is surprising about Göbekli Tepe considering its age?
A: The discovery of Göbekli Tepe with its unique architecture is surprising considering its age.


Chinese Institutions' Participation and Contributions to the ITER Project
Introduction: The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is an international collaboration to study and demonstrate the feasibility of nuclear fusion as a large-scale and sustainable energy source.

Participating countries/regions include: European Union, China, United States, Russia, United Kingdom, India, Japan and South Korea.

China has been actively involved in the project since its inception.

This report provides an overview of Chinese institutions' participation in and their contributions to the ITER project, as well as the development of thermonuclear in their own country.

China's participation in the ITER project is primarily facilitated through its fusion research institutions, universities, and industrial partners.

Key Chinese institutions participating in the ITER project include the Institute of Plasma Physics (IPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Southwestern Institute of Physics (SWIP) of the China National Nuclear Corporation.

Ghuizhou Aerosapce Xinli Science & Technology Co., Ltd.,.

The specific tasks/projects that Chinese institutions have participated in and made contributions to ITER include the following:
1.  	Manufacturing and procurement: Chinese industries are involved in manufacturing components and providing procurement services for the ITER project.

This includes supplying gravity supporting base,.

Research and Development: Chinese fusion research institutions, particularly the Institute of Plasma Physics (IPP), have contributed significantly to the research and development of the ITER project.

Chinese scientists and engineers have been involved in areas such as plasma physics, materials science, and advanced engineering, addressing key challenges in fusion energy technology.

Chinese institutions' participation in the ITER project underscores the country's commitment to advancing nuclear fusion research and addressing global energy challenges.

During the process, their efforts have also enhanced the country’s drive to develop thermonuclear power generating.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What does ITER stand for?
A: International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor

Q: What is ITER?
A: It is an international collaboration to study and demonstrate the feasibility of nuclear fusion as energy.

Q: Participation countries?
A: European Union, China, United States, Russia, United Kingdom, India, Japan and South Korea

Q: When did China begin to participate in ITER?
A: Since its inception.

Q: General information about China’s participation:
A: Primarily through its fusion research institutions, universities, and industrial partners.

Q: Which institutions in China have participated in ITER?
A: Institute of Plasma Physics (IPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Southwestern Institute of Physics (SWIP) of the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), [b2ca5f12-6e7b-483a-985e-7f771a09c4ea]A: [d4f6]A: Ghuizhou Aerosapce Xinli Science & Technology Co., Ltd.

Q: What projects or phases/technical aspects of the projects have China participated or contributed to?
A: Manufacturing and procurement; Research and Development;  Technology Innovation.

Q: What are some of the specific information about the Chinese institutions’ contribution to ITER’s projects?
A: Supplying gravity supporting base, installations of tokamaks;

Q: Which Chinese institution(s) have made significant contributions in particular?
A: Institute of Plasma Physics (IPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Q: In what major areas have Chinese scientists and engineers have been involved?
A: Plasma physics, materials science, and advanced engineering.

Q: What are China’s domestic efforts in developing thermonuclear power that are associated with and have contributed to ITER?
A: A lot of efforts were made and substantial achievement reached.


The white whale, known as Hvaldimir, is believed to be a beluga whale and is believed to be the same missing spy animal trained by the Russian Navy.

He was first detected in April 2019 in the waters near northern Norway.

On the strap that was attached to the whale's body, the word "Equipment of St. Petersburg '' was written.

The mentioned whale used to climb on the passing boats and ask for food.

In addition, this whale was very fond of playing with balls with humans, took the throne balls to its mouth, and returned them, which shows that the mentioned aquatic has received a lot of training to interact with humans.

A video of this whale, which shows him chasing a rugby ball and returning it to a group of people, has been viewed about 20 million times on various social networks.

Researchers say that this whale's behavior is abnormal and is due to the training it has received.

The said whale is currently kept at the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research.

Not long ago, a video of this whale was published, which showed that the said animal chases an iPhone after it falls into the water and retrieves it.

[7714Norwegian fishermen and scientists suspected that this whale was a spy because it was wearing a special device that is used to install underwater cameras and it was written that the city of St. Petersburg was built in Russia, which of course Russia denied this.

American researchers also believe that this whale suffered from malnutrition after escaping from its training center and due to the training method, it lost its natural hunting ability and became completely dependent on humans for nutrition and learned to chase and Find different items and return them to receive food as a reward.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is the name of the white whale believed to be the missing trained spy animal of the Russian Navy?
A: The white whale is named Hvaldimir and is believed to be the missing trained spy animal of the Russian Navy.

Q: When was Hvaldimir first spotted, and where?
A: Hvaldimir was first spotted in April 2019 in the waters near northern Norway.

Q: What indication suggested Hvaldimir's association with the Russian military?
A: A harness attached to Hvaldimir's body had the inscription "Equipment of St. Petersburg" written on it, indicating a possible association with the Russian military.

Q: What unusual behaviors did Hvaldimir exhibit towards passing boats?
A: Hvaldimir would approach passing boats and request food, demonstrating a learned behavior possibly acquired through training.

Q: What viral video involving Hvaldimir garnered millions of views on social media?
A: A video showing Hvaldimir catching and returning a rugby ball to a group of people has been viewed approximately 20 million times on various social media platforms.

Q: What do researchers believe is the cause of Hvaldimir's abnormal behavior?
A: Researchers believe that Hvaldimir's abnormal behavior is a result of the training it received, causing it to rely heavily on humans for food and engage in behaviors like retrieving items as a form of reward.

Q: Where is Hvaldimir currently being held?
A: Hvaldimir is currently being held at a research institute in Norway.

Q: Why did Norwegian fishermen and scientists suspect Hvaldimir of espionage?
A: Norwegian fishermen and scientists suspected Hvaldimir of espionage because it was found with a specialized harness used for underwater camera installation, which had "Made in St. Petersburg, Russia '' written on it, although Russia has denied involvement.

Q: What theory do American researchers propose regarding Hvaldimir's behavior?
A: American researchers propose that Hvaldimir's behavior is a result of malnutrition after escaping from its training center, leading it to rely on humans for food and learn to retrieve various items as a form of reward.

Q: What incident involving Hvaldimir and an iPhone was previously documented?
A: A previously documented incident showed Hvaldimir retrieving and returning an iPhone that had fallen into the water, further suggesting its learned behavior of retrieving items.


The Disappearance and Recovery of Klimt’s "Portrait of a Lady"

"Portrait of a Lady" is an art painting by Austrian painter Klimt.

It was completed between 1916 and 1917 and is one of Klimt's late paintings.

After the Italian collector Giuseppe Ricci Oddi bought it in 1925, it was kept in the Oddi Modern Art Gallery until February 22, 1997 when it disappeared while the museum was preparing for a special exhibition.

The painting was presumed stolen during the preparations of the special exhibition at Galleria Ricci-Oddi.

The mysterious disappearance of the painting prompted wide range investigation and only the outer frame of the painting was found next to the skylight on the roof.

At that time, the police determined that the thief removed the frame, rolled up the entire painting and took it out of the museum through the skylight.

According to BBC News, the painting is valued at $66 million.

In December of 2019, while cleaning the Ricci Oddi Gallery, a gardener discovered a plastic bag in the mezzanine of the wall, which contained this famous painting.

At that time, people speculated that this was the original painting.

To confirm that the found painting was authentic, experts used infrared and ultraviolet light to study it and compared it with images taken when the original painting was inspected in 1996.

After careful identification by the experts, it was announced shortly that it was confirmed to be the original painting.

The announcement was made by Piacenza Prosecutor Ornella Chicca to reporters that the painting is authentic.

Chicca said that once the relevant testing is completed, the work will be displayed again in that museum.

Although the painting has been found, many doubts remain.

First, its disappearance was mysterious.

The police had determined that the thief removed the frame, rolled up the entire painting and took it out of the museum through the skylight.

In 2014, the Italian police restarted the investigation and found what appeared to be the painting, but it was later confirmed to be a fake or a copy.

After it was found in 2019, the police still need to clarify the suspicions of the theft, such as: was the painting hidden in the gallery from beginning to end?

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is the “Portrait of a Lady"?
A: It is an art painting by Austrian painter Klimt.

Q: When was the painting completed?
A: Between 1916 and 1917.

Q: Who bought it?
A: Italian collector Giuseppe Ricci Oddi.

Q: When did he buy it?
A: In 1925

Q: Where was it kept?
A: In the Oddi Modern Art Gallery

Q: When was it stolen?
A: On February 22, 1997.

Q: Under what circumstance was it stolen?
A: It was stolen when the museum was preparing for a special exhibition.

Q: What is the value of the painting?
A: US$66 million

Q: When was it found?
A: In 2019.

Q: Where and how it was found?
A: In December of 2019, a gardener found it while doing cleaning at the Ricci Oddi Gallery.

Q: Has it been formally announced that the painting found is authentic?
A: Yes.

Q: Are there mysteries that still remain about the disappearance and recovery of the painting?
A: Yes, such as, was the painting hidden in the gallery from beginning to end? Was it stolen and then put back? And who did it?


Palestinian President Abbas' Views on Trump Administration's Middle East Policies

Palestinian President Abbas has been a significant figure in the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict, advocating for Palestinian rights and statehood.

Throughout Trump's presidency, Abbas voiced his concerns and criticisms regarding the administration's approach to Middle East policies.

On several occasions he even claimed to cut off security relations with the United States and Israel.

He expressed his hope to work with Biden after Biden defeated Trump in the presidential election.

Trump Administration's Middle East Policies can be summarized in a few sentences: they were marked by several controversial decisions concerning the Middle East, particularly its approach to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Notable actions included recognizing Jerusalem as Israel's capital, relocating the U.S. Embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, cutting aid to Palestinian refugees, and unveiling the "Peace to Prosperity" plan, also known as the "Deal of the Century."

Abbas’ remarks at a UN General Assembly about Trump administration's Middle East peace plan in a way highlighted his views on the Middle East policies of the Trump administration: "Ironically, US officials have not yet reached a conclusion on what the Deal of the Century' is.

What will this government leave to the Palestinians?

What correct political choices will it leave?"

He criticized Trump for recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and for withdrawing financial aid to the Palestinians.

He strongly opposed and condemned the Middle East peace plan proposed by Trump.

He criticized the plan as "ignorant" and wanted to say "a thousand no's" to the plan.

Abbas strongly opposed Trump's decision to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, calling it a violation of international law and an impediment to peace efforts.

Abbas stressed that Jerusalem is a core issue for Palestinians and that any peace agreement must include East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state.

Abbas condemned the relocation of the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem, viewing it as a provocative move that undermined Palestinian aspirations for statehood and disregarded Palestinian rights.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Who is Mahmoud Abbas?
A: Palestinian President.

Q: What is Abbas’ significant role in the Middle East peace negotiations?
A: A significant figure in the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Q: What are the major issues that Abbas and the Palestinian government are concerned about in Trump administration’s Middle East policies?
A: Middle East peace plan, Palestinian-Israeli conflict, Jesusalum.

Q: What is the “Deal of the Century”?
A: It is the "Peace to Prosperity" plan.

Q: Abbas’ reaction to “Deal of the Century”:
A: Strongly opposed it.

Q: How did Abbas express his strong opposition?
A: He said “one thousand no” to the US peace plan.

Q: What is Trump administration decision about Jerusalem’s status?
A: It was to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.

Q: What is Abbas’ reaction to the decision?
A: He strongly opposed it.

Q: What is Abbas’ argument about the issue of Jerusalem?
A: Jerusalem is a core issue for Palestinians and that any peace agreement must include East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state.

Q: Did the US government decide to relocate the US Embassy to Jerusalem?
A: Yes.A: What was Abbas’ response to the decision?A: He condemned it.


Roundup Cases and the Cost for Bayer
In 2018, a California court decision found Bayer AG's Roundup herbicide posed a danger to users such as plaintiff Dewayne "Lee" Johnson and that the company failed to warn consumers of potential health risks, and should pay Mr. Johnson a compensation of $20.4 million.

The California Supreme Court later declined to hear an appeal from Bayer AG seeking to overturn a jury's finding.

It was the first of three jury verdicts in favor of Roundup case plaintiffs, and the three jury verdicts set off a wave of lawsuits that ultimately led to Bayer reaching a $10.9 billion settlement with tens of thousands of plaintiffs.

Roundup is a product of Monsanto, an American agrochemical giant.

In 2018, Bayer purchased Monsanto for more than $60 billion.

It was Monsanto's glyphosate-containing herbicides - which include the brand name Roundup - are suspected of causing cancer.

After Bayer was ordered to pay large compensation amount to consumers in the three lawsuits, more people sued the company alleging they developed cancer through the use of Monsanto's herbicides.

Bayer has rejected the accusations and received support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

, which determined that glyphosate does not pose a health risk when used as directed.

However, Bayer decided to accept the settlement, claiming that the final cost could be higher if going through the pending litigation in the United States.

In one of the litigations, Bayer reached a $2 billion settlement with regulators.

The settlement shall also cover future claims from individuals exposed to Roundup herbicide and diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Under the agreement, Bayer will provide $2 billion over four years for diagnostic assistance; each individual claiming compensation will receive up to $200,000.

There have been more than 12,500 lawsuits in the United States against Bayer over its herbicides.

While Bayer believes that Roundup is safe to use, it has announced that it will establish an independent "scientific committee" for possible future "herbicide" cases.

The group will evaluate whether and at what dose Roundup may cause lymphoma.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What is Roundup case?
A: It is a series of lawsuits against German company Bayer AG, alleging its Roundup herbicide posed a danger to users.

Q: What is Roundup?
A: It is a brand of herbicide.

Q: What is the manufacturer of Roundup?
A: It is Monsanto, an American company that was purchased by Bayer.

Q: Who is Dewayne "Lee" Johnson?
A: He is one of the plaintiffs in the lawsuits against Bayer.

Q: What is the amojunt did the court order Bayer to pay Mr. Johnson?
A: $20.4 million

Q: How many such lawsuits are there in total?
A: 12,500

Q: Did Bayer agree upon a settlement?
A: Yes.

Q: What is the total amount in the settlement?
A: $10.9 billion

Q: Did Bayer admit that Roundup causes cancer?
A: No.

Q: Why did Bay agree upon the settlement?
A: To avoid complicated and potentially costly litigation process.

Q: Is Bayer doing anything about Roundup?
A: Yes, it will establish an independent "scientific committee" tol evaluate whether and at what dose Roundup may cause lymphoma.


Antarctic Treaty in 21st century
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959.

The signatories had no idea how successful it would be.

The leaders agreed to keep the uninhabited continent free of war, weapons and nuclear waste, and stipulated that the Antarctic region - 98% of which is ice - should be used exclusively for international science and no country should be allowed to claim sovereignty over it.

In the decades since, further regulations preventing mineral extraction and oil drilling have turned Antarctica into the world's largest protected area.

A significant milestone was the signing of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty in 1991.

In the new century, the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Countries decided to establish a secretariat, named ATCM.

to coordinate Antarctic affairs, in 2003.

ATCM, attended by representatives from the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Countries, is the decision-making body of the Antarctic Treaty system, and all Antarctic affairs are decided through joint consultations by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Countries.

Each Consultative Country has the right of veto.

While the Antarctic Treaty puts forward governance requirements for Antarctic from several major aspects, it also stipulates that the treaty does not prohibit the use of military personnel or military equipment for scientific research or any other peaceful purposes.

What has been happening in the Antarctic, and what roles are the Antarctic Treaty and ATCM been playing in regulating Antarctic affairs in the 21st century?

Well, dozens of countries have established research stations there; more countries are eager to try, and the battle for Antarctica has become increasingly fierce.

Fifty countries, including Russia, China and the United States, have signed the Antarctic Treaty and its accompanying agreements, that ban mine exploration.

But the fact that geologists are often at the center of the stage of research clearly shows that governments around the world are eager to understand what is buried under the Antarctic ice and snow.

In May of 2018, the 53 signatories to the Antarctic Treaty held their annual meeting in Buenos Aires and reached many agreements, such as new regulations on the use of drones and guidelines for site management, but the most difficult issues such as what to do if a country violates treaty rules appear to have never been resolved.

Scientists and diplomats are increasingly concerned that existing systems will not be able to cope with new pressures on many new Antarctic related issues.

However, it seems that there haven't been any major disputes or violations of the Antarctic Treaty that have led to significant international incidents in the 21st century.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: When was the Antarctic Treaty signed?
A: In 1959.

Q: What was the general consensus of the leaders who signed the Treaty?
A: The Antarctic region should be used exclusively for international science and no country should be allowed to claim sovereignty over it.

Q: Are there specific regulations in the framework of the Treaty that prevent mineral extraction and oil drilling?
A: Yes, in the decades since the signing of the Treaty, further regulations were made on those issues.

Q: What is ATCM and when was it established?
A: Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, established in 2003.

Q: Who attended ATCM?
A: ATCM is attended by representatives from the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Countries.

Q: Is ATCM a decision making body?
A: Yes, decisions are made through joint consultations by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Countries

Q: Do Antarctic Treaty Consultative Countries have vito power?
A: Yes, any one consultative country can veto a decision.

Q: What are some of the most recent agreements among the consultative countries?
A: Regulations on the use of drones, guidelines for discarded site facility management.

Q: Has there been any progress concerning what can be done if a country violates treaty rules?
A: No, this issue appears to have never been resolved.

Q: Are there any major cases of disputes or violations that resort to theTreaty in the 21st century?
A: No.


Maternity tourism means travel to other countries to give birth and obtain citizenship through the principle of soil, and this case is a new one that requires serious investigation and management measures.

In many countries, birth can "automatically" entitle you to citizenship, more so in less economically advanced countries.

Currently, about 30 countries adhere to this policy.

America is one of the most well-known countries that recognizes the granting of citizenship to babies born in this country.

Maternity tourists who often go to America are mostly from China, Russia and Nigeria.

Although there is no exact official statistics for babies born in America through maternity tourism, it is estimated to be 33,000 births annually.

The right to citizenship in the United States is based on an amendment passed in 1868 that considers people born in the United States as citizens of the state.

As of today, pregnant women traveling to the United States to give birth will not receive tourist visas.

This action seeks to combat the "birth tourism industry" where babies born in the United States automatically receive American citizenship due to the principle of "right to soil".

This decision has been taken due to the protection of the authenticity of the American citizenship and can be considered as a risk to the national security of the United States.

and preventing the rise of a criminal "maternity tourism industry" where companies abroad facilitate obtaining US citizenship through childbirth and the amount of money being paid to obtain US citizenship.

The White House believes that the new rule will help curb abuse and illegal immigration into America.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What does “Maternity Tourism” mean?
A: Maternity tourism refers to traveling to other countries to give birth and obtain citizenship through the principle of soil.

Q: How is citizenship typically granted in many countries?
A: In many countries, birth can "automatically" entitle you to citizenship.

Q: How many countries currently adhere to the policy of granting citizenship through birth?
A: About 30 countries adhere to this policy.

Q: Which country is well-known for recognizing the granting of citizenship to babies born within its borders?
A: The United States is well-known for this policy.

Q: Which countries do most maternity tourists to America come from?
A: Maternity tourists to America mostly come from China, Russia, and Nigeria.

Q: What is the estimated number of births annually in America through maternity tourism?
A: It is estimated to be 33,000 births annually.

Q: What is the basis for the right to citizenship in the United States?
A: The right to citizenship in the United States is based on an amendment passed in 1868.

Q: What action has been taken regarding pregnant women traveling to the United States to give birth?
A: They will not receive tourist visas.

Q: What is the purpose of the law that restricts tourist visas for pregnant women traveling to America?
A: The law aims to combat the "maternity tourism industry" by preventing abuse of immigration laws and promoting national security besides preventing pregnant women from obtaining tourist visas if they are suspected of traveling to the United States to give birth.

Q: What has the White House warned about regarding the "maternity tourism industry”?
A: The White House has warned about the development of a criminal "maternity tourism industry," where companies abroad facilitate obtaining US  citizenship through childbirth.


Abraham Accords
Brokered by Trump, the U.S. President at the time, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Bahrain, and Israel signed the Abraham Accords at the White House in September of 2020, a move that normalized the relationship between the two Arab nations and Israel.

In the recent past, Israel's shelling of Gaza had killed more than 100 people and the deadliest war in recent years had broken out between Israel and the Palestinians.

Seeing the death toll of Palestinians surge, many countries in the Middle East, including UAE and Bahrain, had witnessed a wave of protests strongly condemning Israel.

But soon, in September of 2020, the two Arab countries signed the Abraham Accords under the auspices of former President Trump and announced the normalization of relations with Israel.

Arab countries have always had a consensus that relations with Israel will be normalized only after Israel and Palestine reach a comprehensive peace agreement.

The fact that the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain established diplomatic relations with Israel under the guidance of the United States, making Palestine, which originally relied on the support of the Arab world to promote statehood, feel "betrayed".

Some Palestinian political leaders even claimed that the autonomous government had been kept in the dark and that the “Abraham Accords” was a “stab in the back.”.

Palestinian President Mahmud Abbas soon issued a statement expressing "strong opposition and condemnation", calling the agreement a "provocation" to the Palestinians who regard Jerusalem as the capital of their future state, saying it is a complete crime of "treason" and requiring the Arab League to convene an emergency meeting.

While Palestine expressed fierce protests and did not recognize Abraham Accords, the agreement has attracted opposition from many Arab countries too.

For example, Iran and Turkey jointly stated that the signing of the agreement by the United Arab Emirates was a "hypocritical act."

Whether Israel will end its violations of the West Bank as stipulated in the Abraham Accords, whether the United States can persuade Saudi Arabia to establish diplomatic relations with Israel, and which Arab countries will sign peace agreements with Israel next will all matter.

It will strongly influence the new look of the Middle East in the future.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What are the Abraham Accords?
A: A peace agreement that normalized the relationship between two Arab nations and Israel.

Q: When was it signed?
A: In September of 2020.

Q: Who brokered the negotiation and signing?
A: The US under Trump’s administration.

Q: What had been the consensus among Arab nations regarding the relations with Israel?
A: Normalization will only come after Israel and Palestine reach a comprehensive peace agreement.

Q: Was the consensus broken by Abraham Accords?
A: Yes.

Q: Had Palestine relied on the support of the Arab world to promote statehood?
A: Yes.

Q: Did Palestine feel “betrayed”?
A: Yes.

Q: What is Palestine’s immediate comment and response?
A: It expressed fierce protests and did not recognize Abraham Accords.

Q: Did Palestinian leader Abbas make any specific statement on that?
A: Yes, he issued a statement expressing "strong opposition and condemnation".

Q: What action did Abbas take?
A: He equired the Arab League to convene an emergency meeting.

Q: Were there oppositions from many Arab countries?
A: Yes, like Iran and Turkey that jointly issued a statement calling it a “hypocritical act”.


Stuxnet is a computer malware that entered the centrifuges of Natanz uranium enrichment plant in 2007.

This malware was first detected on July 13, 2010.

Reports indicate that this malware was developed by America and Israel in order to sabotage Iran's nuclear facilities.

America and Israel had the help of three other countries, including the Netherlands and Germany, in this operation; It is believed that the other country was France.

But according to Yahoo News, the Dutch intelligence agency played a major role in the implementation of this work.

According to the claim of this report, an Iranian engineer is provided by the Dutch intelligence agency known as AIVD with all the important tools for installing Stuxnet and also provides access codes and spoofing devices to America and Israel.

Siemens control systems in Natanz were not connected to the Internet, so the attackers had to find a way to infect them.

On the other hand, Spiegel weekly in an article raised the possibility that this virus was unintentionally transferred to the computers of the Bushehr nuclear power plant by the experts of the Russian Atomstroyexport Company and by means of a flash memory.

However, according to Tabnak news agency, an Iranian spy and a member of the People's Mojahedin Organization had introduced a flash drive carrying the virus into Iran's equipment.

The Stuxnet virus, as an industrial spyware, sent the internal information of Siemens production and research centers systems installed in Iran to a server abroad.

A study on the spread of Stuxnet by Symantec found that the main affected countries in the early days of the virus were Iran, Indonesia, and India, and even the United States and France were not spared.

A few months after the discovery of Stuxnet, an Israeli website said that Iran may have arrested and executed several Natanz workers on the suspicion that they helped infect the devices with Stuxnet.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Which uranium enrichment was targeted by Stuxnet?
A: Natanz uranium enrichment plant [c7071eff-40a4-492a-a183-f81c1424f0a7, 90203a4c-2581-4884-805a-a376b1cd1da2, 1625146b-d483-43de-bf73-2a74220cc8ec, cf7b99d2-3fe6-4ebc-9447-44020e9327e7, b7040f2b-dad2-4be8-960f-47bf35ee099b]

Q: What year did Stuxnet enter Natanz uranium enrichment plant?
A: 2007 [c7071eff-40a4-492a-a183-f81c1424f0a7, 90203a4c-2581-4884-805a-a376b1cd1da2, 1625146b-d483-43de-bf73-2a74220cc8ec, cf7b99d2-3fe6-4ebc-9447-44020e9327e7, b7040f2b-dad2-4be8-960f-47bf35ee099b]

Q: What year was Stuxnet detected?
A: 2010 [c7071eff-40a4-492a-a183-f81c1424f0a7, 90203a4c-2581-4884-805a-a376b1cd1da2, 1625146b-d483-43de-bf73-2a74220cc8ec, cf7b99d2-3fe6-4ebc-9447-44020e9327e7, b7040f2b-dad2-4be8-960f-47bf35ee099b]

Q: Which countries developed Stuxnet?
A: This malware was developed by America and Israel [4bc0f5b7-da28-44bd-b522-556d1b8cc0c0, c7071eff-40a4-492a-a183-f81c1424f0a7, 1592f4a6-5fb1-4ccf-b73a-3fb3999540dc]

Q: Which other countries helped US and Israel with Stuxnet?
A: The Netherlands, Germany and France [b7040f2b-dad2-4be8-960f-47bf35ee099b]

Q: Which country provided the access code and necessary tools to implement the virus?
A: The Netherlands [c7071eff-40a4-492a-a183-f81c1424f0a7, 1625146b-d483-43de-bf73-2a74220cc8ec]

Q: How did the Holland’s agent infect the systems in Natanz uranium enrichment plant?
A: The Holland’s guy either directly installed Stuxnet in these systems with the help of flash memory, or infected the system of one of the engineers there, who then unknowingly entered Siemens systems. [b7040f2b-dad2-4be8-960f-47bf35ee099b]

Q: What is the account of Spiegel weekly about the way Stuxnet infected Natanz plant?
A: It raised the possibility that this virus was unintentionally transferred to the computers of the Bushehr nuclear power plant by the experts of the Russian Atomstroyexport Company and by means of a flash memory. [ff79aced-841d-4ce2-817b-eba4db958006]

Q: What was the account of Iranian news agenies about the way Stuxnet infected Natanz plant?
A: Tabnak said an Iranian spy who was a member of the People's Mojahedin Organization had introduced a flash drive carrying the virus into Iran's equipment. [ff79aced-841d-4ce2-817b-eba4db958006]

Q: What did Stuxnet do?
A: It sent the internal information of Siemens production and research centers systems installed in Iran to a server abroad. [ff79aced-841d-4ce2-817b-eba4db958006]

Q: Who discovered Stuxnet?
A: A software expert in Belarus named Sergey Ulasen first noticed the Stuxnet malware. [cf7b99d2-3fe6-4ebc-9447-44020e9327e7, 256fb2c5-493d-4bc7-9a93-8a47211dd687, a6f6b4fe-bdd0-4e90-b17b-0b4c31136a3e]

Q: Was the Holland’s agent executed by Iran after spread of Stuxnet?
A: Two intelligence sources who spoke to Yahoo News said the Stuxnet program had human casualties, but did not say whether Holland’s agent was among them. [b7040f2b-dad2-4be8-960f-47bf35ee099b]

Q: What countries were affected by Stuxnet?
A: Iran [ff79aced-841d-4ce2-817b-eba4db958006, 1625146b-d483-43de-bf73-2a74220cc8ec]

Q: What countries were affected by Stuxnet?
A: Indonesia [ff79aced-841d-4ce2-817b-eba4db958006, 1625146b-d483-43de-bf73-2a74220cc8ec]

Q: What countries were affected by Stuxnet?
A: : India [ff79aced-841d-4ce2-817b-eba4db958006, 1625146b-d483-43de-bf73-2a74220cc8ec]

Q: What countries were affected by Stuxnet?
A: United States [ff79aced-841d-4ce2-817b-eba4db958006, 1625146b-d483-43de-bf73-2a74220cc8ec]

Q: What countries were affected by Stuxnet?
A: France [ff79aced-841d-4ce2-817b-eba4db958006, 1625146b-d483-43de-bf73-2a74220cc8ec]


Every year, a large number of illegal immigrants make their way from France to England through the English Channel in small and unsafe boats such as inflatable boats, row boats and kayaks.

Guinea, Ivory Coast, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria, Iraq and Iran are among the countries of origin of these immigrants.

The British government does not return Iranian refugees to their country mainly because of the human rights situation in Iran.

These people have migrated for various reasons, including economic reasons and unemployment.

One of the reasons for the risky boat trip from France is the miserable conditions of these migrants in the French refugee camps.

The two countries of France and England are continuously working to rescue migrants in danger in the English Channel.

Rescue operations are carried out by ships and helicopters.

According to the British authorities, these survivors will be handed over to the Immigration Department after initial medical treatment, and the children will be handed over to juvenile protection institutions.

Despite numerous rescue operations in the English Channel, many men, women and children die every year on this dangerous journey.

In order to deal with this crisis, two countries, England and France, have increased the monitoring and surveillance by their police forces and border guards, including in the Channel Tunnel.

The French government has pledged to double the number of coast guard patrols in this area from December 1st, in order to stop migrant boats in the English Channel.

They also use new equipment such as drones and radar to detect those who intend to reach British shores by crossing the English Channel.

These countries also deal very seriously with smugglers and intermediaries who help the transfer of asylum seekers.

In France, the imam of a mosque has been sentenced to two years in prison for helping migrants cross the English Channel with inflatable boats.

There is a bill under consideration in the British Parliament that would make it a criminal offense if a person "knowingly" enters the country "illegally".

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What kind of boat do immigrants use to cross the English Channel?
A: Inflatable boats [5e54b5e5-d77f-491b-ad88-198f339c2dd5]

Q: What kind of boat do immigrants use to cross the English Channel?
A: Row boats [5e54b5e5-d77f-491b-ad88-198f339c2dd5]

Q: What kind of boat do immigrants use to cross the English Channel?
A: Kayaks [5e54b5e5-d77f-491b-ad88-198f339c2dd5]

Q: What is the country of origin of the immigrants crossing the English Channel?
A: Guinea, Ivory Coast, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria, Iraq and Iran [94ca4e0d-1be9-4f7b-b944-70c5e41a921c, 130488ec-47e5-4e70-89e4-01fa656ae2c8, 5d4052e1-32fd-4015-8bd2-91b6005050a2]

Q: For what reason doesn’t the British government return the Iranian refugees to Iran?
A: Because of the human rights situation in Iran. [970cd180-79d7-4745-b66c-a702f00996e4]

Q: What is a reason for refugees leaving their countries?
A: Economic reasons. [9a399704-2695-4317-9cd2-de1d6f43945e]

Q: Why do refugees go to England instead of staying in France?
A: One reason is the miserable conditions of these migrants in the French refugee camps. [6c4c4090-54b4-4059-8e58-1cd9eedadc10]

Q: By what means Britain and France perform rescue operations?
A: Ships and helicopters. [3551c78b-1d4b-4308-93fc-609196424d37]

Q: What do British authorities do with the children after rescue operations?
A: They hand them over to juvenile protection institutions. [576ce410-9c2e-452f-b881-9679119b9ab9]

Q: What do British authorities do with the survivors after rescuing them in English Channel?
A: They hand them over to Immigration Department after initial medical treatment. [576ce410-9c2e-452f-b881-9679119b9ab9]

Q: What have France and England done to deal with the refugee crisis?
A: They have increased the monitoring and surveillance by their police forces and border guards. [130488ec-47e5-4e70-89e4-01fa656ae2c8]

Q: What equipment do French authorities use in order to stop boat refugees from crossing The English Channel?
A: They use drones and radars. [5e54b5e5-d77f-491b-ad88-198f339c2dd5]

Q: What do France and England do with the traffickers?
A: They deal with them very seriously. [777de5d5-8a53-4163-8cfd-836a1cee0d41, 3551c78b-1d4b-4308-93fc-609196424d37]

Q: What is the bill that is being processed in the British Parliament about illegal entry into Britain?
A: This bill would make it a criminal offense if a person "knowingly" enters the country "illegally". [21658a22-e1a0-4367-b635-51dc4c1e4531]

Q: What was the sentence of the imam of a mosque who had helped refugees cross the English Channel?
A: A court in France sentenced the imam to two years in prison. [777de5d5-8a53-4163-8cfd-836a1cee0d41]


Shinzo Abe, Japan's longest-serving Prime Minister, resigned from his position due to declining physical health caused by ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease he has battled since adolescence.

This resignation followed his approximately 8-year tenure, during which he broke Japan's leadership record.

Abe's decision, announced amidst concerns over his ability to fulfill his duties effectively and make crucial decisions due to his weakened physical state, came after multiple hospital visits over the course of a week.

His recurrent illness and subsequent physical weakness prompted him to step down from power, acknowledging the potential for errors in political judgment.

Despite his significant political achievements, including navigating Japan through various challenges, Abe's resignation was influenced by both his health issues and a decline in popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The resignation of Shinzo Abe, a prominent figure in Japanese politics, reverberated throughout the nation, sparking discussions about his health and legacy.

Speculations about Abe's severe physical condition had circulated before his announcement, with Japanese media highlighting his reduced public appearances during the pandemic.

Abe's struggle with ulcerative colitis, a condition affecting the large intestine, has been a recurring issue throughout his political career.

This is the second time Abe has resigned from the Prime Minister's position due to health concerns, the first being in 2007 after just one year in office.

Despite his prolonged leadership and significant impact on Japanese politics, Abe's decision to resign underscores the challenges posed by his health and the need for stable leadership amidst uncertain times.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Who is Shinzo Abe, and why is he significant?
A: Shinzo Abe is Japan's longest-serving Prime Minister, known for breaking the country's leadership record and his significant political influence.

Q: What prompted Shinzo Abe's resignation?
A: Shinzo Abe resigned due to declining physical health caused by ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease he has battled since adolescence.

Q: How long did Shinzo Abe serve as Prime Minister?
A: Shinzo Abe served as Prime Minister for approximately 8 years, making him the longest-serving Prime Minister in Japanese history.

Q: What impact did Shinzo Abe's health issues have on his decision to resign?
A: Shinzo Abe's declining physical health led him to worry about his ability to fulfill his duties effectively and make crucial decisions, prompting his resignation.

Q: How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect Shinzo Abe's popularity?
A: Shinzo Abe's popularity declined during the COVID-19 pandemic, as reflected in various opinion polls.

Q: How many times has Shinzo Abe resigned from the Prime Minister's position?
A: Shinzo Abe has resigned from the Prime Minister's position twice, once in 2007 and again before his resignation.

Q: What role did Shinzo Abe's health play in his decision-making process?
A: Shinzo Abe's weakened physical state due to ulcerative colitis prompted concerns about potential errors in political judgment, influencing his decision to resign.

Q: Why did Shinzo Abe's reduced public appearances during the pandemic attract attention?
A: Shinzo Abe's reduced public appearances during the pandemic fueled speculations about his health and raised questions about his ability to lead effectively.

Q: What impact did Shinzo Abe's declining popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic have on his decision to resign?
A: Shinzo Abe's declining popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic was another significant factor in his decision to resign from the position of Prime Minister.

Q: What challenges does Shinzo Abe's resignation pose for Japan?
A: Shinzo Abe's resignation raises concerns about stable leadership amidst uncertain times and prompts discussions about his legacy and the future of Japanese politics.


Despite Qatar's non-involvement in conflicts against Yemen, the country has expanded its weapons acquisitions amidst sanctions and blockades imposed by neighboring Arab nations such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain.

The United States stands as a primary supplier of Qatar's weaponry needs, with Qatar sourcing 65% of its total arms imports from the U.S. between 2014 and 2018.

During this period, Qatar's arms imports saw a significant 225% increase.

Qatar is also a customer of weaponry from countries including Germany, France, Russia, China, England, and Italy.

Through a $1.1 billion arms deal, including logistical and technical support for Qatar's F-15 fighters, the U.S. government has positioned Qatar as a key player in the political stability and economic development of the Persian Gulf.

Germany follows the U.S. as a significant arms supplier to Qatar.

A German defense weapons manufacturer plans to sell Qatar the "Gepard" air defense system to bolster security for the 2022 World Cup.

Despite Qatar's arms purchases totaling €31.4 million, the country faces accusations of human rights violations due to its support for international terrorist groups and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.

Notable imports from 2014 to 2018 include 9 "Patriot Pack 3" air defense systems from the U.S., 62 "Leopard 2" tanks from Germany, and short-range ballistic missiles from China.

Additionally, Qatar signed contracts for 15 F-15 QIA fighters from the U.S., 24 Typhoon multi-purpose fighters from the U.K., and 36 Rafale fighters from France.

Upon completion of deliveries, scheduled for 2025, the Qatar Air Force will possess 96 advanced fighters armed with cruise missiles and other guided weapons.

Last year, Qatar acquired 12 fighter jets.

Other contracts with Qatar include the purchase of 4 Passnave planes from Italy, 490 Rezaei cars from France, and 641 self-propelled guns from Turkey.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What percentage of Qatar's total arms imports between 2014 and 2018 came from the United States?
A: 65%.

Q: Which countries, besides the United States, are mentioned as suppliers of weapons to Qatar?
A: Germany, France, Russia, China, England, and Italy.

Q: What is the value of the arms deal between the United States and Qatar?
A: $1.1 billion.

Q: Which country follows the United States as a significant arms supplier to Qatar?
A: Germany.

Q: What specific air defense system does a German defense weapons manufacturer plan to sell to Qatar?
A: The "Gepard" air defense system.

Q: Despite Qatar's arms purchases totaling €31.4 million, what accusations does the country face?
A: Accusations of human rights violations.

Q: Which notable arms imports from 2014 to 2018 are mentioned in the passage?
A: 9 "Patriot Pack 3" air defense systems from the U.S., 62 "Leopard 2" tanks from Germany, and short-range ballistic missiles from China.

Q: What other significant contracts for arms acquisitions are mentioned in the passage?
A: Contracts for F-15 QIA fighters from the U.S., Typhoon multi-purpose fighters from the U.K., and Rafale fighters from France.

Q: Which country supplies Qatar with 641 self-propelled guns, according to the passage?
A: Turkey.

Q: During which period did Qatar experience a significant 225% increase in arms imports?
A: Between 2014 and 2018.

Q: Which countries have imposed sanctions and blockades on Qatar?
A: Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain.


The foundation's efforts to secure seed resources have led to the establishment of the "Doomsday Seed Vault" (The Svalbard Global Seed Vault) also known as the Doomsday Seed Treasury was inaugurated a decade ago on a remote island in Norway's Svalbard archipelago, near the North Pole, serving as the world's unique seed bank.

This vault safeguards a diverse array of agricultural crop species, including eggplant, lettuce, barley, potato, maize, rice, wheat, sorghum, and cowpea, and is built to withstand nuclear attacks, explosions, and earthquakes, aiming to protect seeds from damage caused by nuclear wars, meteorite landings, and climate change.

46c0
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault receiving an initial deposit of
100 million seeds from 100 countries.

Currently, it houses nearly one million
agricultural seeds from 100 countries, with an additional 70,000 new varieties
added on its 10th anniversary.

This global seed repository ensures the survival
of vulnerable edible crops against threats like diseases, pests, droughts, and natural
disasters.

Situated at the end of an ice tunnel 100 meters deep within a
mountain, it can maintain sub-zero temperatures even during power outages to
preserve the seeds.

With a storage capacity exceeding 4 million agricultural
products and 2.5 billion seed types, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault serves as a
crucial support for global gene banks in safeguarding plant diversity against potential environmental catastrophes, thus protecting human survival.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Where is the Doomsday Seed Vault located?
A: Norway's Svalbard archipelago, near the North Pole.

Q: What agricultural crop species are protected in the Svalbard Global Seed Treasury?
A: Eggplant, lettuce, barley, potato, maize, rice, wheat, sorghum, and cowpea.

Q: What threats is the Doomsday Seed Vault resistant to?
A: Nuclear attacks, explosions, and earthquakes.

Q: How many seeds from how many countries were received during the opening of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault?
A: 100 million seeds from 100 countries.

Q: How many different types of agricultural seeds are currently stored in the global seed treasury?
A: Nearly one million.

Q: How many new varieties of agricultural seeds were added to the treasury on its 10th anniversary?
A: 70,000.

Q: What is the purpose of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault?
A: To preserve various seeds from damage caused by nuclear wars, meteorite landings, and climate change.

Q: Where is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault situated within the mountain?
A: At the end of an ice tunnel, 100 meters deep.

Q: What is the storage capacity of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault?
A: More than 4 million different agricultural products and 2.5 billion types of agricultural seeds.

Q: How does the Svalbard Global Seed Vault contribute to human survival?
A: By supporting global gene banks to protect plant diversity against environmental catastrophes.


Urban planners, particularly in Europe, are moving away from the concept of one big park and decentralizing parks into community pocket parks.

These parks ensure aesthetic pleasure and stimulate the physical activity of local residents.

They protect natural ecosystems and strengthen local communities economically.

Pocket parks are not expensive to create, but could be labor intensive.

The downside of pocket parks is that it could attract criminal activity.

During the pandemic, in response to a sense of isolation, the condition of city parks, squares, and walking areas became a top priority for city authorities.

In addition to larger parks, one Russian town created paths between 2 and 3 meters wide that led to a pocket parks, which had diameters of 9 m. [9550].

Lugansk, Ukraine is looking to mimic Europe and build pocket parks.

After seeing pocket parks in Poland, Kyiv urban planners decided to create a few.

Kyiv residents can contact the City Council deputy who represents their district with a request to initiate a pocket park.

Chelyabinsk, Russia, opened a pocket park in 2018.

Melbourne, Australia came up with a unique concept of pocket parks on terraces.

The architects designed a spiral façade that features open spaces and green areas.

In Smolny, Russia, one of the winners of “Your Budget 2021” was a pocket park.

In Sverdlovsk, Russia, Pavel Bazhov Square was transformed into a pocket park, and was one of the 5 grant recipients of the All-Russian competition for the best projects for creating a comfortable urban environment in small towns and historical settlements.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Describe the trend of pocket parks
A: Urban planners are moving away from the concept of one big park and decentralizing parks into community pocket parks. [74bf07ff-54f6-4b1b-a956-8f5c4fe1739c]

Q: What are the benefits of pocket parks?
A: ensure aesthetic pleasure and stimulate the physical activity of local residents. [74bf07ff-54f6-4b1b-a956-8f5c4fe1739c]A: Protect natural ecosystems and strengthen local communities economically. [74bf07ff-54f6-4b1b-a956-8f5c4fe1739c]A: It is not always convenient for urban dwellers to get to a large park, therefore creating a park between buildings or close to a community is a benefit. [b968a8ee-6894-409e-ae52-5cee173821f6]A: Neglected areas are beautified. Pocket parks are not expensive to create [b968a8ee-6894-409e-ae52-5cee173821f6]

Q: What are possible liabilities of pocket parks?
A: could be labor intensive to create. [b968a8ee-6894-409e-ae52-5cee173821f6]A: could attract criminal activity [74bf07ff-54f6-4b1b-a956-8f5c4fe1739c]

Q: What cities/countries have pocket parks?
A: Lugansk, Ukraine [74bf07ff-54f6-4b1b-a956-8f5c4fe1739c]A: Poland [b968a8ee-6894-409e-ae52-5cee173821f6]A: Kyiv Ukraine [b968a8ee-6894-409e-ae52-5cee173821f6]A: Chelyabinsk, Russia [222b2a66-bd52-4d17-84a7-ca0997431d6d]A: Smolny, Russia [e27f81c2-697b-4c45-815b-d664c7df4dd8]A: Sverdlovsk, Russia [0fd72812-db51-42a7-acfa-749934f45918]

Q: What country/entity seems to be leading pocket parks?
A: Europe [74bf07ff-54f6-4b1b-a956-8f5c4fe1739c]

Q: What did the pandemic do to instigate the creation of parks, among them pocket parks?
A: Create a sense of isolation, therefore the condition of city parks, squares, and walking areas became a top priority for city authorities. [95509053-7c3a-4536-b2ba-0ea3814c3ad6]

Q: What did one Russian town do during the pandemic?
A: Created paths with widths between 2 and 3 meters that led to a pocket parks, which had diameters of 9 m. [95509053-7c3a-4536-b2ba-0ea3814c3ad6]

Q: When planning the pocket parks, what did Kyiv city planners do?
A: They queried the residents to see what needs to be considered for a pocket park. [b968a8ee-6894-409e-ae52-5cee173821f6]

Q: What can Kyiv residents do if they want a pocket park?
A: Contacted the City Council deputy [b968a8ee-6894-409e-ae52-5cee173821f6]

Q: What unique project has Australia created?
A: Pocket parks on terraces [14e32a72-13ac-4ae5-88fc-c99c6afd0ab2]

Q: How did the Australian architects design this project?
A: A spiral façade that features open spaces and green areas. Pocket parks will be at the center of two buildings, connecting floors inside the towers. [14e32a72-13ac-4ae5-88fc-c99c6afd0ab2]

Q: What awards have pocket park projects won?
A: “Your Budget 2021” in Smolny. [e27f81c2-697b-4c45-815b-d664c7df4dd8]A: The Pavel Bashov Square was a grant recipient [0fd72812-db51-42a7-acfa-749934f45918]

Q: Describe the grant that the Pavel Bashov square won?
A: The All-Russian competition for the best projects for creating a comfortable urban environment in small towns and historical settlements. [0fd72812-db51-42a7-acfa-749934f45918]


The Gobi Desert, Mongolia, is a mecca for paleontologists.

Hundreds interested in prehistoric lizards visit the country annually.

Mongolia was part of the prehistoric continent Laurasia.

Daohugou in Inner Mongolia contains rock of the Jiulongshan Formation, formed 165 million years ago, in the mid-Jurassic period.

Paleontologists have found 100s of different fossilized remains.

The remains of the halszkaraptor escuilliei were discovered in Mongolia.

Its upper limbs were similar to a penguin’s, its neck -  a goose, and it had many teeth.

Its legs had fingers and claws, not membranes, indicating that it belongs to theropods.

It ate fish, crustaceans, small reptiles and mammals.

Well-preserved bones of hadrosaurids, gobihadros mongoliensis, were discovered in the Gobi Desert.

This dinosaur was about 3 meters in length, and moved on all fours.

Four skeletons of oviraptors, oksoko avarsan, were found in the Gobi Desert.

These remains were discovered by scientists from the University of Edinburgh.

Alvarezsaurs lived 160 to 70 million years ago in many parts of the world, including Mongolia, and was considered to be a prehistoric bird.

Soviet scientists discovered the bones of tarbosaurus and alioramus in the Gobi Desert in 1946.

At the end of the Cretaceous period, the diversity of flora and fauna here reached its peak, with worms and other invertebrate reptiles feeding on sauropods and ornithischian dinosaurs.

Fossil remains of carnivorous dinosaurs are concentrated in the Nemegt Formation.

One Eric Prokopi tried to smuggle a Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton, estimated at 70 million years, from Mongolia to the United States in 2012.

The entire skeleton of this dinosaur was discovered in Mongolia in 1945.

Prokopi hoped to sell it for $1.1 million.

He ended up in prison, and the bones were returned to the museum.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Why is Mongolia a Mecca for paleontologists?
A: 100s of fossilized remains have been found there. [d3c2428f-fb3d-42ef-8a45-e64222f807f6]

Q: Name the types of prehistoric creatures whose remains have been found in the Gobi Desert:
A: Hadrosaurids, Gobihadros mongoliensis [0a0bbe7c-8894-496a-996e-7c9e68d814ca]A: Four skeletons of oviraptors, Oksoko avarsan [d40c2bd6-67ea-44fa-bc4c-a4f92f69184d, e6145631-da34-4c2c-992d-b15d0801dfaa, 88dcc600-5c6b-42a0-9786-d3dc3ec8b55d]A: Tarbosaurs and Alioramus [57414b81-ca38-4a60-8767-23b6a79ad3ce]

Q: When did the Oksoko avarsan live?
A: 68 million years ago [d40c2bd6-67ea-44fa-bc4c-a4f92f69184d, e6145631-da34-4c2c-992d-b15d0801dfaa, 88dcc600-5c6b-42a0-9786-d3dc3ec8b55d]

Q: Describe the oksoko avarsan:
A: It had 2-legged forelimbs, a beak without teeth and plumage, and was 2-meters long. [d40c2bd6-67ea-44fa-bc4c-a4f92f69184d, e6145631-da34-4c2c-992d-b15d0801dfaa, 88dcc600-5c6b-42a0-9786-d3dc3ec8b55d]A: The animals’ beaks were similar to modern parrots. [88dcc600-5c6b-42a0-9786-d3dc3ec8b55d]

Q: Who discovered the oksoko avarsan remains?
A: University of Edinburgh scientists [88dcc600-5c6b-42a0-9786-d3dc3ec8b55d]

Q: What was the alvarezsaur considered to be?
A: A prehistoric bird [47973f62-306d-42bd-b284-11d336a097d8, 1c8a75ee-1f81-4d71-9265-3e92e82cf7d5]

Q: Describe the Halszkaraptor escuilliei:
A: Its upper limbs are similar in structure a penguin’s, its neck - like a goose, and it had many teeth. Its legs had fingers and claws, not membranes [7016d833-b44c-4580-9a23-4c4ebe4a6bdc]

Q: When did it live?
A: 71-75 million years ago [7016d833-b44c-4580-9a23-4c4ebe4a6bdc]

Q: What did it eat?
A: Fish, crustaceans, small reptiles and mammals. [7016d833-b44c-4580-9a23-4c4ebe4a6bdc]

Q: What is in Inner Mongolia?
A: Rock of the Jiulongshan Formation, formed 165 million years ago, in the mid-Jurassic period. [d3c2428f-fb3d-42ef-8a45-e64222f807f6]

Q: What was discovered in the Jiulongshan Formation?
A: 100s of different fossilized remains. [d3c2428f-fb3d-42ef-8a45-e64222f807f6]

Q: What prehistoric continent was Mongolia part of?
A: Laurasia [57414b81-ca38-4a60-8767-23b6a79ad3ce]

Q: What did Eric Prokopi try to do?
A: To smuggle a Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton from Mongolia to the United States in 2012. [a5a3d243-ecbb-4e37-b928-4e7985fc34a9]A: Prokopi tried to sell the skeleton for $1.1 million. [b837ace4-1125-4450-a04c-2d8bc4670658]


Equipment on NASA’s Perseverance Rover, a $3 billion endeavor, has successfully produced oxygen.

In one hour, a piece of equipment the size of a toaster was able to produce 5 grams of oxygen.

The device, the Mars Oxygen In-situ Resource Utilization Experiment (MOXIE).

Initially, MOXIE produced oxygen 6 grams per hour after 2 hours of operation.

MOXIE will conduct 9 more tests over 2 years.

Mars’ atmosphere consists of 96% carbon dioxide.

MOXIE converts the CO2 into oxygen (O2) and carbon monoxide.

using electrolysis at high temperatures.

The device captures the CO2, passes it through a dust filter and compresses it.

The gas passes through a heated electrolysis cell of several layers of nickel alloy and ceramic.

MOXIE separates the O2 atoms from the CO2 molecules.

MOXIE is capable of creating 5-22 grams per hour,.

When creating O2 from CO2, CO must be filtered out or released into the Martian atmosphere.

The ceramic elements in MOXIE allow oxygen ions to pass through and retain the CO.

NASA is considering manned missions to Mars as early as 2030.

Oxygen is needed to sustain life, and for refueling the rockets.

There is another method for producing O2 from a liquid salt solution found in Martian lakes using electrolysis.

An experiment at a Michigan university used lead-ruthenium oxide as an electrocatalyst for oxygen production.

It was 25 times more efficient than MOXIE, did not require purification, and the life support equipment would be lighter.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What are the results of the most recent experiments on creating oxygen on Mars?
A: A piece of equipment was able to produce more than 5 grams of oxygen in one hour. [a9b637ed-3450-48ea-b997-51a387d2ede1]A: Equipment on NASA's Perseverance rover was able to produce oxygen [1cfeeb19-f2a1-4522-b092-db2f0c4b0200]

Q: What elements have been found on Mars that could create oxygen?
A: Carbon Dioxide, salt water (brine) 94be, a9b6A: The atmosphere on Mars is almost 96% carbon dioxide (CO2). [a9b637ed-3450-48ea-b997-51a387d2ede1, 1cfeeb19-f2a1-4522-b092-db2f0c4b0200, eee9c88a-a139-4c72-af2a-10875aba735d]

Q: What is the name of the equipment that created the air?
A: The Mars Oxygen In-situ Resource Utilization Experiment (MOXIE) 84ff, f23d

Q: What is the size of MOXIE?
A: A toaster f23d 022f

Q: How does MOXIE create oxygen?
A: MOXIE used electrolysis to produce oxygen from atmospheric carbon dioxide. [94be6797-91aa-4e53-9c26-4731a3b49188]A: MOXIE converts carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbon monoxide by electrolysis. The device captures carbon dioxide, passes it through a dust filter and compresses it. The gas passes through a heated electrolysis cell, which consists of several layers of nickel alloy and ceramic. [a9b637ed-3450-48ea-b997-51a387d2ede1]A: Moxie separates the oxygen atoms from the CO2 molecules. [1cfeeb19-f2a1-4522-b092-db2f0c4b0200]

Q: What were the initial results?
A: After two hours of preparation, MOXIE began producing oxygen at a rate of six grams per hour. [eee9c88a-a139-4c72-af2a-10875aba735d]

Q: How much oxygen does MOXIE create?
A: 10-22 grams per hour [94be6797-91aa-4e53-9c26-4731a3b49188, 1cfeeb19-f2a1-4522-b092-db2f0c4b0200]A: Five grams of oxygen - about ten minutes of breathable air. 0fcd

Q: What will the oxygen be used for?
A: Provide astronauts with air and may also be needed for refueling rockets. [84ff40d2-6982-420c-a4ec-6e2e320824dc, 022ffb3d-ab48-4513-a012-b3565c25a5af]

Q: What is another way that scientists may be able to create oxygen from elements found on Mars?
A: Scientists at a Michigan university, using lead-ruthenium oxide as an electrocatalyst  have developed a method for producing oxygen and hydrogen from a liquid salt solution that can be found in Martian lakes. [94be6797-91aa-4e53-9c26-4731a3b49188]

Q: What are the advantages of using this method?
A: It is more 25 times more energy efficient, and the life support equipment is lighter [94be6797-91aa-4e53-9c26-4731a3b49188]A: This method does not require its purification, while during electrolysis in MOXIE carbon monoxide is also produced, which must be filtered. [94be6797-91aa-4e53-9c26-4731a3b49188]

Q: How many more tests will MOXIE undergo?
A: Nine more tests over two years. [a9b637ed-3450-48ea-b997-51a387d2ede1]

Q: How much oxygen is needed for a manned trip to Mars?
A: To launch a rocket with four astronauts from Mars to Earth, approximately 7 tons of fuel and 25 tons of oxygen are required. A9b6A: Four astronauts will need one ton of oxygen for a year on Mars. [a9b637ed-3450-48ea-b997-51a387d2ede1]

Q: How is the equipment protected?
A: The outer surface of MOXIE is coated with a thin layer of gold. This coating keeps MOXIE's surface from heating up, protecting the rover's electronics located near the instrument. [a9b637ed-3450-48ea-b997-51a387d2ede1]

Q: What pitfalls have been identified?
A: When creating oxygen from CO2, carbon monoxide must be filtered out or released into the Martian atmosphere [94be6797-91aa-4e53-9c26-4731a3b49188, 022ffb3d-ab48-4513-a012-b3565c25a5af]

Q: How can the CO be contained?
A: The ceramic elements allow oxygen ions to pass through and retain carbon monoxide. [a9b637ed-3450-48ea-b997-51a387d2ede1]

Q: What was the cost of this attempt to create oxygen?
A: The overall Perseverance mission, upon which MOXIE was placed, was $3 billion [1cfeeb19-f2a1-4522-b092-db2f0c4b0200]

Q: When is NASA (or other space agencies) planning to send people to Mars?
A: Possibly by 2030 [826c3486-ef7e-416b-8731-64bd19ae94d6]


Japan is developing two different methods of  eliminating or collecting space debris:

first, a satellite that uses lasers to destroy the debris; and second, a satellite that will capture debris using magnets.

In 2020, the Japanese satellite company known as "JSAT" announced its plan to send a satellite equipped with a laser into Earth's orbit to help remove space debris that is orbiting the Earth.

Scientists worry that small pieces of space debris could one day collide with other active satellites.

The satellite uses a low-power laser designed to fire in short pulses.

Instead of burning all the pieces of space debris with lasers, the company plans to melt a small part of each piece of debris and redirect it out of Earth's orbit.

The targeted part will release some gas as it melts, which researchers hope will generate enough force to propel it out of Earth's orbit and back into the Earth's atmosphere to be completely burned up.

This satellite is likely to be placed in the earth's orbit in 2026 and at an altitude of 350 to 600 miles above the earth's surface.

In 2021, the first satellite to collect space debris using magnets was launched.

The satellite, named “ELSA-D”, was built by the Japanese company Astroscale and launched on a Russian Soyuz rocket from Kazakhstan.

The mission, licensed by the UK Space Agency, was an experiment designed to get permission for subsequent missions to dispose of defunct spacecraft and pieces of space debris.

The ELSA-D project consisted of two parts; a larger one called the "servicer", and a smaller one called the "client".

The mission was to simulate a scenario in which a piece of debris floating freely in space would be attached and trapped by the satellite, using magnets.

In this experiment, the larger satellite would clean up debris and the smaller “client” satellite would simulate space junk.

Ultimately, the debris would be brought down into the Earth’s atmosphere, so that it would be away from satellites and space operations.

ELSA-D was supposed to burn up in the Earth's atmosphere when the experiment was over, but its mission would be an important step in collecting space debris in the future.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Which two methods was Japan using to collect and eliminate space debris?
A: Satellites using lasersA: Satellites using magnets

Q: Which company planned to use lasers to destroy space debris?
A: JSAT

Q: Which company planned to use magnets to collect space debris?
A: Astroscale

Q: Why are scientists worried about space debris?
A: They worry that small pieces of space debris could one day collide with other active satellites

Q: What kind of laser is used?
A: a low-power laser designed to fire in short pulses.

Q: What will the laser do to the space debris?
A: melt a small part of each piece of debris and redirect it out of Earth's orbit

Q: Where will the laser satellite be placed in orbit?
A: In Earth’s orbit

Q: At what altitude above the Earth’s surface will the satellite be placed?
A: at an altitude of 350 to 600 miles above the earth's surface

Q: What is the name of the satellite launched as an experiment to use magnets to collect space debris?
A: ELSA-D

Q: How was this satellite launched?
A: on a Russian Soyuz rocket from Kazakhstan.

Q: Which entity licensed this satellite’s mission?
A: the UK Space Agency

Q: What were the two parts of the satellite used to magnetically collect space debris?
A: The servicer and the client

Q: How did the two parts work together?
A: The larger satellite (servicer) would attach space junk, using magnets. The smaller satellite (client) would simulate space junk

Q: What was supposed to happen to this satellite after its experimental mission was complete?
A: It was supposed to burn up in the Earth's atmosphere when the experiment was over


Australia exports all kinds of commodities and agricultural products, including lumber, iron ore, coal, and barley, to name a few.

China has been a major customer for Australian exports, including lumber, until recently.

The volume of trade between the two countries reached $172 billion, with Australia having a trade surplus of $51 billion.

However, problems have arisen in Australian-Chinese relations that threaten to upset this arrangement.

The problems started when upon U.S. insistence Australia decided not to allow the Chinese Huawei company to participate in the installation of 5G communications within the country and later when Australia pushed for an international investigation of the origins of Covid-19.

China reacted to these acts in October, 2020, by effectively banning the import of lumber and other materials such as coal, copper, barley, sugar, wine, beef, and lobsters.

Iron ore, a very important Australian import, was left off this essentially punitive list.

The bans were felt in Australia, for which China is a major trading partner.

The cost of banning the import of Australian lumber to China also increased the price of lumber globally.

The head of the Russian Forest Group Lashkevich noted that there were two causes for the recent increase in the price of lumber: the increased demand for lumber in the U.S.; and the ban on lumber imports into China from Australia.

Citing the worsening of Australian-Chinese relations as the cause of the ban, Lashkevich stated that as a result in Asia buyers were paying extra for buying wood in volume, thus raising its price also in Russia.

Russian entrepreneurs also took advantage of this situation, which promised to increase their imports into China dramatically over the next few years.

The blame for starting the disputes which led to the ban on Australian lumber imports into China was laid by some at the feet of the Australian government, which, seeing itself as an “outpost of the West” rather than a member of the Asia-Pacific Region, had taken a tough ideological stance against its main trading partner, China.

It was pointed out that  Australia, many of whose exports are blocked in the U.S. and not in great demand in Europe, has a smaller GNP than the Chinese province of Guangdong.

Thus, by antagonizing China, Australia faced decline into poverty.

Other reports have noted, however, that the Australians found a way around some of the bans by exporting to Hong Kong, where Australian imports increased 111% over one year, reaching $136.7 million.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What Australian actions may have precipitated the trade bans imposed by China on Australian exports?
A: Australia’s rejection of Huawei communications technology on the insistence of the U.S. and its call for an international investigation of the origins of Covid-19.

Q: When did China start banning Australian imports?
A: The ban began in October, 2020.

Q: How did the Chinese ban affect the price of lumber?
A: It increased it.

Q: What was another cause of the increase in the price of lumber?
A: high demand in the U.S.

Q: What are some of the other materials and products the Chinese banned?
A: coal, copper, barley, wine, sugar, and lobsters.

Q: What happened to the price of lumber in Russia, another major exporter of lumber?
A: It also went up there.

Q: According to the article, how does Australia perceive itself?
A: as an “outpost of the West” rather than as a member of the Asia-Pacific Region.

Q: How does Australia’s GNP compare to Guangdong Province in China?
A: Australia’s GNP is smaller than just Guangdong.

Q: Did Australian exporters find another route to trade with the Chinese mainland?
A: Yes, via Hongkong.

Q: . How have Australian exports to Hong Kong changed since the bans?
A: They increased by over 100% in one year.


In 2021, a team of scientists published in The Innovation magazine by Cell Press the discovery of a possible new archaic human species, Homo longi, dubbed "Dragon Man".

The well-preserved skull, first reported in 2018, dates back to appproximately 146,000 years ago.

It was uncovered in Harbin, in the Heilongjiang province of China.

The fossil was unearthed in 1933 during Japan’s occupation of China and remained hidden until 2018.

Co-author Xijun Ni, from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Hebei GEO University, along with Prof Chris Stringer from the Natural History Museum of London, reported the Dragon Man was approximately 50 years old male that lived in a forested floodplain and was part of a small community.

The community likely hunted mammals and birds, gathered fruits and vegetables, and even fished like modern humans.

It is speculated that Homo longi may have co-existed or had contact with Homo sapiens.

This particular specimen featured larger eye sockets, thicker ridges around the brow area, a wider mouth, and bigger teeth, but with a brain size similar to that of modern humans.

The discovery suggests that Homo longi may be a closer sister group to Homo sapiens (modern humans) than the Neanderthals, another branch of humanity that represents a long-separate lineage which evolved in the region for several hundred thousand years and went extinct.

This finding has the potential to rewrite the current understanding of human evolution and push back the common ancestor of modern humans earlier than previously thought.

However, scientists such as Antoine Balzeau from the Museum of Humanity of France, Marta Mirazon Lahr from the University of Cambridge, and paleoanthropologist Jean-Jacques Hublin believe the skull may be a specimen of a Denisovan, another extinct lineage of archaic human species.

A fragment of finger bone believed to be a new species, Denisovan, was discovered in a cave in Siberia, Russia in 2010.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Where was Homo longi discovered?
A: Harbin, Heilongjiang province of China

Q: What does Dragon Man refer to?
A: Homo longi

Q: Was the Homo longi discovered a male or female?
A: Male

Q: What was the approximate age group of Homo longi specimen discovered in China?
A: About 50 years old

Q: Where was the discovery first published?
A: The Innovation by Cell Press

Q: Which institutions are involved in the research of Homo longi?
A: The Chinese Academy of Sciences and Hebei GEO University, and the Natural History Museum of London

Q: What physical trait is Homo longi similar to Homo sapiens?
A: A; It has similar brain size to Homo sapiens

Q: What physical traits are Homo longi different from Homo sapiens?
A: It has larger eye sockets, thicker ridges around the brow area, a wider mouth, and bigger teeth

Q: What is Homo sapiens?
A: Modern humans

Q: What are the Neanderthals?
A: They represent a separate lineage of human evolution that went extinct

Q: What significance does the discovery of Homo longi bring about our understanding of the human evolution?
A: Homo longi may be more closely related to modern humans and therefore pushes back the timeline of a common ancestral archaic human

Q: What conflicting hypothesis in regards to the discovery of Homo longi exist?
A: Some scientists believe the newly discovered human fossil belongs to the group called Denisovans

Q: Where and when was Denisovan first discovered?
A: Siberia, Russia, 2010

Q: What is the approximate fossil age of the Homo longi skull?
A: 146,000 years old


Göbekli Tepe, an approximately 12,000 year Neolithic structure in Turkey, has led to a greater understanding of human development.

Göbekli Tepe has archaeologists wondering about the correct sequence of life for ancient peoples: Perhaps it was ancient religious sites that led to the construction of houses and farms, and not vice versa, as was commonly thought in prior years.

Excavations started in 1994 led by Klaus Schmidt and will continue until 2050, despite the interest the site has held since the 1960s.

Göbekli Tepe is one of the tallest ancient structures.

and is older than Stonehenge by 6,000 years and the Pyramids.

It is the earliest known temple in human history.

The structures at Göbekli prove that the ancient builders understood geometry.

The three perfectly round structures connect to each other, and the lines that connect the centers form an equilateral triangle, with a minimum of error.

The depictions on the stones are in Babylonian cuneiform.

[aa67]. reveal that the people had some understanding of constellations.

The structures were decorated images of a cataclysmic comet event.

Scientists compared drawings of presumably celestial bodies to a map of the constellations of that time and concluded that a comet could have fallen on Earth around 10950 BC.

It is believed that the image of a headless man indicated the victims of this disaster.

[7338]. Also found is Stone 43, which is compared to the Rosetta Stone in that it helped decipher what the residents of GT understood of the constellations.

Four frozen ancient animals were also found at Göbekli Tepe.

Göbekli Tepe became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What stage of human development was Göbekli Tepe inhabited?
A: Neolithic [62200614-cd18-4608-9f2e-f9a4ecab6718]

Q: How old is GT believed to be?
A: 12,000 years [32f4ac3e-d8e0-4496-b0c9-03bf04bd35ce]

Q: What is it known for?
A: It is one of the tallest ancient structures [89bc3cd3-7157-4de2-a96c-0d636f66dd62]A: Older than Stonehenge and the Pyramids [62200614-cd18-4608-9f2e-f9a4ecab6718]A: Structures that depict ancient animals [62200614-cd18-4608-9f2e-f9a4ecab6718]A: Structures that depict a cataclysmic comet event [7338275b-1c10-4819-b086-5f0a0c4ad3b3]A: The earliest known temple in human history. [9b6a9f0c-9f72-445b-b139-919dab137a17]

Q: What theory has GT put into question?
A: Archaeologists are now wondering about the correct sequence of life for many ancient peoples. Perhaps it was ancient religious sites that led to the construction of houses and farms,     and not vice versa, as was commonly thought all along. [f7fd05b1-a38d-4dc4-a93e-c0ca9e29a405]

Q: What sort of remains were found?
A: Four different ancient animals [9caefcab-c19b-46fb-bc42-95d43ea6bd14]

Q: What art decorated the stones?
A: Hunting, ancient animals [87854297-a63b-4c00-820a-03b5de25bd1b]

Q: What major event is depicted on one of the columns?
A: A comet that fell to earth and caused a disaster [7338275b-1c10-4819-b086-5f0a0c4ad3b3, 32f4ac3e-d8e0-4496-b0c9-03bf04bd35ce]

Q: How is the comet event depicted?
A: Scientists compared the drawings of presumably celestial bodies to a map of the constellations of that time and came to the conclusion that a comet could have fallen on Earth around 10950 BC. In their opinion, the image of a headless man indicates the numerous victims of this disaster. [7338275b-1c10-4819-b086-5f0a0c4ad3b3]

Q: What was initially believed that this major event led to?
A: People developing agriculture rather than leading a hunter/gatherer life. [9caefcab-c19b-46fb-bc42-95d43ea6bd14]

Q: What sort of knowledge did the builders of GT have that was previously unknown?
A: Geometry - visible in how the pillars were constructed [59d108d2-4485-447d-9a01-3d78860f7ef1, 0a0a55e4-051c-4be2-9bd9-fa10b8203be2]A: Cosmology or observation of the skies as depicted on the stones [7338275b-1c10-4819-b086-5f0a0c4ad3b3]

Q: Describe the design of the constructed towers?
A: The ancient temple consists of three perfectly round structures connected to each other, and    monumental stone columns, which Professor Avi Gofer calls an “archaeological miracle”, taking into account the technologies that existed 11.5 thousand years ago. The researchers found that the centers connected by straight lines create an equilateral triangle, and Göbekli Tepe was built with a minimum error that meets modern standards. [f7fd0]

Q: What is the significance of stone 43 at GT?
A: It is compared to the Rosetta Stone in that it helped decipher what the residents of GT    understood of the constellations [87854297-a63b-4c00-820a-03b5de25bd1b]

Q: What language was inscribed in the stones?
A: Babylonian cuneiform [aa672ca1-32e2-4bb5-b396-838aaf79f45d]

Q: How is GT considered by UNESCO?
A: A world heritage site since 2011 [689d847c-5859-48fe-9ab7-9722c0d5457f]

Q: When was GT excavated?
A: Although it attracted attention since the 1960s, German and Turkish archaeologists under   the leadership of Klaus Schmidt finally began excavations in 1994. [62200614-cd18-4608-9f2e-f9a4ecab6718]

Q: How long will the excavations continue?
A: Until 2050 [62200614-cd18-4608-9f2e-f9a4ecab6718]


Streaming service Netflix is looking to move into the gaming industry.

It’s first move is to hire gaming executive,.

Michael Verdu, who was vice president at Electronic Arts, and also worked at Facebook Reality Labs.

Netflix allocated $17 billion to create this new content.

This is happening amid a surge in popularity of gaming due to the pandemic.

It is looking for new ways not only to retain its audience, but also to attract new users.

Netflix is used by more than 209 million people.

More than 36 million signed up for the service last year, but has slowed down likely due to Covid restrictions easing.

Netflix is targeting games for mobile devices and plans to add them to its existing plans at no additional cost.

Netflix is looking to create a gaming service similar to Apple Arcade.

Netflix has attempted to create its own games before based on its shows Stranger Things and Money Heist.

Netflix has already expanded its agreement with the producer of the series “How to Get Away with Murder” and “Bridgerton” Shonda Rhimes to projects using virtual reality, as well as gaming content.

Experts in the field believe Netflix will fail, because “big tech” is moving away from gaming.

Google, Amazon and Facebook have failed to create their own, and primarily purchase already established games.

However, Apple, Google, Microsoft, Sony, Amazon, Verizon, Ubisoft, Square Enix and Electronic Arts are trying to repeat the success of Netflix and create a similar platform for video games.

Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What was the first thing Netflix did to move into the gaming industry?
A: Netflix hired gaming executive Michael Verdu [d71a1044-c309-4de1-a8b4-d96addce4386, ae2fa9c6-e374-43fe-ad27-4d00744302f8, 5f1ba892-c45f-4273-aafe-9ff779d03646, 408bbe76-a55b-4024-b5d3-910c457ed910]

Q: What is Verdu’s background?
A: Vice president at Electronic Arts, and also worked at Facebook Reality Labs. [ae2fa9c6-e374-43fe-ad27-4d00744302f8, 5f1ba892-c45f-4273-aafe-9ff779d03646, 408bbe76-a55b-4024-b5d3-910c457ed910]

Q: What will Verdu do for Netflix?
A: He will be responsible for the development of the video game direction. [5f1ba892-c45f-4273-aafe-9ff779d03646]

Q: How much is Netflix investing in this venture?
A: $17 million [ae2fa9c6-e374-43fe-ad27-4d00744302f8]

Q: Why did Netflix pursue the gaming industry?
A: This surge in popularity of gaming due to the pandemic. [7b371c72-dd72-4bdc-822a-2b4f81971a9c]A: Due to the pandemic restrictions, Netflix has fewer original series and films. [ae2fa9c6-e374-43fe-ad27-4d00744302f8]A: To retain its audience, and to attract new users. [ae2fa9c6-e374-43fe-ad27-4d00744302f8]

Q: How many users does Netflix have?
A: More than 209 million people. [ae2fa9c6-e374-43fe-ad27-4d00744302f8]

Q: How many signed up recently?
A: More than 36 million signed up [ae2fa9c6-e374-43fe-ad27-4d00744302f8]A: ,

Q: How have the easing of Covid restrictions impacted Netflix?
A: New users signing up slowed down likely due to Covid restrictions easing. [ae2fa9c6-e374-43fe-ad27-4d00744302f8]

Q: What comparative platforms is Netflix looking at?
A: Apple Arcade [7b371c72-dd72-4bdc-822a-2b4f81971a9c, f1aa7e83-593f-4348-b989-1db5d5505ac1]A: Google Play Pass. [5f1ba892-c45f-4273-aafe-9ff779d03646]

Q: What gaming ventures has Netflix done in the past?
A: Attempted to create its own games before based on its shows Stranger Things and Money   Heist [7b371c72-dd72-4bdc-822a-2b4f81971a9c]

Q: For what platforms did Netflix create these games?
A: Nintendo Switch, PS4 and Xbox One. [ae2fa9c6-e374-43fe-ad27-4d00744302f8]

Q: What agreement did Netflix sign with Shonda Rhimes?
A: Expanded its agreement to projects using virtual reality, as well as gaming content. [ae2fa9c6-e374-43fe-ad27-4d00744302f8, 5f1ba892-c45f-4273-aafe-9ff779d03646]

Q: What is Rhimes known for?
A: Producer of the series “How to Get Away with Murder” and “Bridgerton” [ae2fa9c6-e374-43fe-ad27-4d00744302f8, 5f1ba892-c45f-4273-aafe-9ff779d03646]

Q: What do experts believe will happen with Netflix’s venture into the gaming industry and why?
A: Netflix will fail, because “big tech” is moving away from gaming. [d71a1044-c309-4de1-a8b4-d96addce4386]

Q: Which companies are considered to have failed in this area?
A: Google, Amazon and Facebook [d71a1044-c309-4de1-a8b4-d96addce4386]

Q: Which companies, however, are looking to repeat Netflix’s success?
A: Apple, Google, Microsoft, Sony, Amazon, Verizon, Ubisoft, Square Enix and Electronic Arts [f41ebe5c-dda9-4920-817c-9ce89bb8dbb3]