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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Cienega Valley is a valley located southeast of Tucson, Arizona, in the transition zone between the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. It is bounded by the Rincon Mountains to the north, the Whetstone Mountains to the east, the Mustang Mountains to the southeast, the Canelo Hills to the south, and the Santa Rita-Empire Mountains complex to the west. Much of the area is now part of the Las Cienegas National Conservation Area, which preserves habitat for a variety of threatened plant and animal species in the valley and along Cienega Creek.The town of Vail, Arizona, is located at the northwestern edge of the valley, next to the Colossal Cave Mountain Park. The small community of Sonoita is located in the southwestern part of the valley, a few miles south of the historic Empire Ranch, which is now used as the headquarters for the Las Cienegas National Conservation Area, as well as a local history museum. The ghost towns of Greaterville, Kentucky Camp, and Total Wreck are located at the western edge of the valley, in the foothills of the Santa Rita and Empire mountain ranges. The ghost town of Pantano is near the valley's northern edge, at the foot of the Rincon Mountains. == See also == San Rafael Valley Coronado National Forest == References == ### Answer: <Landforms of Cochise County, Arizona>, <Landforms of Pima County, Arizona>, <Landforms of Santa Cruz County, Arizona>, <Valleys of Arizona>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The 2014 Texas Bowl was an American college football bowl game played on December 29, 2014 at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that concludes the 2014 FBS football season. The ninth edition of the Texas Bowl, it featured the Arkansas Razorbacks of the Southeastern Conference against the Texas Longhorns of the Big 12 Conference. The game began at 8:00 p.m. CST and aired on ESPN. Sponsored by the AdvoCare nutrition and sports performance company, it was officially known as the AdvoCare V100 Texas Bowl. The game was the 78th meeting of the Arkansas–Texas football rivalry, which has been played only occasionally since the Razorbacks left the Southwest Conference for the SEC in 1992. The Razorbacks won the game, with a final score of 31–7. == Teams == === Arkansas Razorbacks === === Texas Longhorns === == Game summary == The 2014 Texas Bowl was dominated by Arkansas from beginning to end. The Razorbacks opened the scoring with an Adam McFain field goal in the first quarter, to give Arkansas a 3-0 lead. The second quarter proved to be very productive for the Razorback offense, as quarterback Brandon Allen threw touchdowns passes to Demetrius Wilson and Keon Hatcher. The Arkansas defense got in on the second quarter scoring as well, as defensive lineman Taiwan Johnson recovered a Longhorn fumble in the end zone for a Razorback touchdown. Texas put together their only scoring drive in the second period, when Longhorn quarterback Tyrone Swoopes scored on a nine yard run around the left end. The Hogs lead 24-7 at the half. Scoring was limited in the second half, as neither team put up any points in the third quarter. Arkansas running back Jonathan Williams tacked on a fourth quarter rushing touchdown, pushing the Hogs lead to 31-7. Texas would attempt a late game comeback, but Arkansas cornerback Henre' Tolliver intercepted Swoopes' final pass attempt, ending all hope for the Longhorns. That allowed the Hogs to run out the game clock, and secure the 31-7 victory. Arkansas quarterback Brandon Allen was named the Texas Bowl MVP, after passing for 160 yards and two touchdowns with no interceptions, and guiding the Hog offense to 353 yards of total offense. The Razorback defense was over-powering all night against the Longhorn offense, holding Texas to only 2 yards rushing, 59 yards of total offense, forcing two turnovers, and sacking Swoopes three times. Arkansas improved to finish the season 7-6, while Texas fell to 6-7. === Scoring summary === Source: === Statistics === == References == ### Answer: <2014 in Texas>, <2014â15 NCAA football bowl games>, <Arkansas Razorbacks football bowl games>, <Texas Bowl>, <Texas Longhorns football bowl games>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Stan (stylised as Stan.) is an Australian streaming company which offers selected movies and TV shows by subscription. It was launched on 26 January 2015.Stan is owned by StreamCo, which is a joint venture of Nine Entertainment Co. and Fairfax Media. In August 2014, each company invested AU$50 million in StreamCo. It competes primarily against the American-based streaming services Netflix and Amazon Video. Stan's original comedy No Activity became the first SVOD program ever nominated for a Logie Award at the 2016 ceremony. == Content == At launch, the first major programming announcement was the exclusive rights to the premiere season of Better Call Saul as well as the rights to Breaking Bad, which previously aired on Foxtel. Stan will also hold rights to Transparent and Mozart in the Jungle.The company has a content partnership deal with Sony Pictures, ABC, SBS and its World Movies subsidiary, Viacom, MGM, BBC Worldwide, Showtime, CBS, Village Roadshow, and Warner Bros. International Television Distribution.On 15 December 2014, Stan signed a non-exclusive agreement with ABC Commercial, which will include hundreds of hours from the mostly Australian ABC Television back catalogue including popular series Summer Heights High, Ja'mie: Private School Girl, Upper Middle Bogan, It’s a Date, The Moodys, Angelina Ballerina, Bob the Builder, Thomas and Friends, The Wiggles, Redfern Now, Miss Fisher’s Murder Mysteries, Jack Irish and Janet King.On 17 December 2014, Stan signed another non-exclusive agreement with Viacom Global Networks, giving it streaming rights to MTV, Comedy Central and Nickelodeon television shows such as SpongeBob SquarePants, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, iCarly, VICTORiOUS, Avatar: The Last Airbender, Legend of Korra, Teen Mom, My Super Sweet Sixteen, Geordie Shore, South Park, Tosh.0 and Reno 911!.In August 2015, Stan signed a multi-year deal with Warner Bros. International Television Distribution, bringing several new U.S. series to the platform, including Australian premiere series A to Z and Selfie, as well as the third season of The Following (the first two seasons aired on the Nine Network). In 2016 it signed an exclusive licensing agreement with CBS, providing Stan with the exclusive licence to Showtime series such as Ray Donovan, Dexter and Billions, as well as CBS series including Madam Secretary, Elementary and Under The Dome.Stan is also commissioning its joint owner, the Nine Network, to produce original Australian drama series exclusive to the service and has approached ABC and SBS on the possibility of co-producing shows and films. On 16 February 2015, Stan announced it was developing two original series—a Wolf Creek series and a political drama based on the life of High Court judge Lionel Murphy titled Enemies of the State, with additional productions to be announced in the coming months. On 10 March 2015, it was announced Stan had acquired Plonk, a comedic wine program which had formerly aired on Eleven, premiering season two on 18 June 2015. On 1 May 2015, Stan announced its first commissioned series, a comedy titled No Activity; which premiered on 22 October 2015. Stan renewed No Activity on 15 December 2015 for a second season. === Premiere programming === The following is a list of programs which have had their Australian premiere on Stan. ==== Original programming ==== No Activity (seasons 1–2 & US Adaptation) Plonk (season 2) Wolf Creek Romper Stomper The Other Guy Electric Dreams ==== Acquired programming ==== Stan has also released Season 1 reboot of Will and Grace, which was released alongside all 9 seasons of other sitcom, Seinfeld. ==== Upcoming ==== Episodes (season five; 2017) == Marketing and subscription numbers == At launch, Australian actress Rebel Wilson promoted the service.Parent company Fairfax Media claimed they were approaching 100,000 customers by March 2015, however, many of these customers were on a 30-day trial period. In May 2015, Fairfax announced the service was nearing 200,000 subscribers and had a target of 300,000 to 400,000 by the year's end.In May 2015, Roy Morgan Research found that Netflix had 1.039 million Australian users, compared to 97,000 for former competitor Presto and 91,000 for Stan. In October 2015, Nine Entertainment claimed that Stan had between 150,000 and 200,000 paying subscribers, which they said was ahead of Presto's estimated 100,000 customers.One year after its launch, CEO Mike Sneesby announced that 1.5 million users had used the service across almost 700,000 subscriptions. In December 2016 Stan claimed to have 600,000 active subscribers. In November 2017 it was reported that the service had over 800,000 active subscribers and revenue topping $100 million a year.Stan reached 1 million active subscribers in June of 2018. == Supported devices == === Hardware supported === The devices on this list are supported by Stan: Apple TV (since 13 May 2015) Apple iPad Pro 12.9" and 9.7" Apple iPad 2 and all later generations Apple iPad Air and all later generations Apple iPad Mini and all later generations Android tablets and phones running Jelly Bean 4.2 or higher Google Chromecast Sony PlayStation 3 (since 8 October 2015) Sony PlayStation 4 (since 8 October 2015) Microsoft Xbox One (since 13 January 2016) Telstra TV box (Since December 2015)Stan does not support jailbroken iOS devices. === Software supported === Supported web browsers by platform: macOS (OS X): Safari, Google Chrome, WebKit or Firefox Windows: Safari, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer (9 and above), Microsoft Edge, Opera or Firefox Linux: Google Chrome or FirefoxOther software: Apple iOS 7, 8 and 9 Apple tvOS Android 4.2 or higher Xbox one == See also == Internet television in Australia Subscription television in Australia == References == == External links == Official website ### Answer: <Australian streaming companies>, <Video on demand services>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The Conservative Review is an American news media company founded by conservative political commentator and radio personality Mark Levin, who serves as its current editor-in-chief. The company's stated goal is to "provide conservative voters with a reliable source of information on the nature of federal officeholders and candidates for federal office."In October 2016, Conservative Review launched CRTV, an online television network, with shows by Mark Levin, Michelle Malkin, Steven Crowder, Mark Steyn, Gavin McInnes, Steve Deace, and Matt Kibbe. Steyn's show was cancelled in February 2017. Duck Dynasty star Phil Robertson joined the lineup in October 2017. Eric Bolling joined the lineup in summer 2018. == Organization == Editor-in-Chief: Mark Levin Notable contributors: Deneen Borelli Steven Crowder Matt Kibbe Michelle Malkin Gavin McInnes Phil Robertson == Score and profiles == CR assigns each federal officeholder a grade based on their "Liberty Score", which is a grade based on the top 50 votes that that officeholder has taken in the duration of a rolling 6 year window, rather than just the last election-cycle. According to CR, the rolling six-year window is "a more accurate picture of a lawmaker’s performance than traditional one- or two-year scoring methods. Scores are determined by points earned divided by potential points. Voting with the conservative position earns one point; voting against the conservative position earns nothing. Missed votes are not included in a member’s score." == Targeting of foreign policy officials == After Trump took office, the Conservative Review was one of a number of conservative media outlets that engaged in a campaign to single out career government employees that they saw as being a part of a "deep state", or "so-called Obama holdovers". The Conservative Review accused Anne Patterson, former assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern affairs, of having “fully embraced the policies of President Obama that aligned with radical Islamic actors and alienated Israel.” It said that one State Department official was "leftist", citing as evidence retweets by the official of articles critical of Trump, but ignoring retweeted articles friendly to Trump. Many of the articles targeting foreign policy officials were written by Jordan Schachtel, who had previously written for far-right news website Breitbart.In March 2017, the Conservative Review targeted Sahar Nowrouzzadeh, an Iran expert at the State Department involved in crafting the Iran nuclear agreement, in one of its articles. The article suggested that she was a traitorous stooge surreptitiously working on behalf of the Iranian regime. The article was then forwarded by former House Speaker Newt Gingrich to an aide of then-Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, with Gingrich writing, "i thought you should be aware of this." Internal emails show that White House staff then proceeded to look into how to fire Nowrouzzadeh. Nowrouzzadeh who was hired by the George W. Bush administration, worked nearly a decade in national security, and won awards from the Departments of Defense and State, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, and the F.B.I, emailed her supervisor where she explained that the article was "filled with misinformation". Nowrouzzadeh noted that she was hired by the Bush administration and that "I’ve adapted my work to the policy priorities of every administration I have worked for." While serving under Secretary of State John Kerry, she often advocated a harsher position vis-a-vis Iran than he did. A Trump administration deputy, Edward Lacey, dismissed her email, saying she was among "Obama/Clinton loyalists not at all supportive of President Trump’s foreign policy agenda." The Conservative Review article led readers to make death threats against her. Nowrouzzadeh asked the State Department to publish a rebuttal to the article, but her request was rejected. In April 2017, the State Department reassigned her to the "bureaucratic equivalent of Siberia". Nowrouzzadeh alleged unlawful discrimination and the State Department settled with her. == Mark Steyn litigation == When CRTV began, Mark Steyn hosted a talk show on the channel, but CRTV canceled his show after less than two months. CRTV then began an arbitration proceeding against Steyn. The arbitrator, however, ruled that CRTV had to pay Steyn $4 million, and the decision against CRTV was affirmed by a New York Supreme Court judge in Manhattan. == References == == External links == Official site ### Answer: <Conservatism in the United States>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Volodymyr Vasylyovych Demchyshyn (Ukrainian: Володимир Васильович Демчишин) is Ukrainian (former) banker and politician and a former Minister of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine. He did not retain his post in the Groysman Government that was installed in 14 April 2016.In 2003 Demchyshyn started his career financial institutions and he has held top positions in the Kiev branches of ING Bank and Ernst & Young. Prior to his post of Minister of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine he was Director of the investment company Investment Capital Ukraine.Due to the factsheet of the Bank Avangard he is one of the co-owners of the ICU/Bank Avangard-complex (whose former director was the actual governor of the National Bank of Ukraine, Valeriya Hontareva). == References == ### Answer: <1979 births>, <Energy and coal industry ministers of Ukraine>, <Living people>, <Ukrainian bankers>, <Ukrainian politicians>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: "Rock or Bust" is the second single and first track from the album of the same name by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was written by Angus Young and Malcolm Young. It was released for downloads on 17 November 2014, as a follow-up for the band's first officially released single from the album titled "Play Ball". AC/DC drummer Phil Rudd was absent from the video shoot for the single, and was replaced by Welshman Bob Richards, who had previously played with Man, Adrian Smith, Asia and Shogun. == Charts == == References == ### Answer: <2014 songs>, <AC/DC songs>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Ricardo "Ric-Ric" Marata (December 21, 1964 – April 17, 2010) was a Filipino former professional basketball player in the Philippine Basketball Association. == Basketball career == Ric-ric played three years for Southwestern University under coach Bobby Inoferio and was discovered by the Cebu ballclub Mama's Love. After four years of playing in the PABL and winning two championships with RFM-Swift Hotdogs, Marata turn pro in 1989 and was drafted by the Alaska Milkmen, together with his long-time backcourt partner Boy Cabahug. Ric-ric plays back-up point guard to Frankie Lim at Alaska for two seasons. He was acquired by Diet Sarsi, his former amateur ballclub, in a pre-season trade in 1991, he won one championship with the RFM franchise before being shipped to Sta.Lucia Realtors beginning the second conference of the 1993 PBA season. As a Realtor, Marata got his break during the Governors Cup semifinals when starter Gerald Esplana was unable to complete the season due to an injury. Marata was surprisingly dropped by Sta.Lucia at the end of the season. After another forgetable season, this time with Shell in 1994 where he lasted two conferences with the Turbo Chargers as reliever to Ronnie Magsanoc, Ric-ric got his third tour of duty with the RFM ballclub now named Sunkist Orange Juicers, he won two straight championships with the team. He stayed on for two seasons and played alongside his brother Romulo Marata in his final year in the PBA. Ric-ric found no takers by the end of the 1997 PBA season. Marata played a total of nine seasons and averaged 6.8 points, 2.9 assists, 1.7 rebounds and 0.96 steals over 397 career games. == Personal life == Ric-ric is the fifth of eleven kids by parents Nehemias Marata and Aning Rilosas. He is the uncle of present PBA star Cyrus Baguio. == Death == In the early morning of April 17, 2010 in New York, Marata died due to complications from intestinal surgery. He is survived by wife Chato and children Ricardo Jr., Janika and Nikko. == References == ### Answer: <1964 births>, <2010 deaths>, <Alaska Aces (PBA) players>, <Filipino basketball players>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The National Highway 90 or the N-90 is one of Pakistan National Highway running from town of Khwazakhela in Swat District to the town of Besham in Shangla District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The highway connects Malakand Division with the Karakoram Highway at Besham. Its total length is 64 km, the highway is maintained and operated by Pakistan's National Highway Authority. == See also == Pakistan portal Roads portal == References == == External links == National Highway Authority ### Answer: <Roads in Pakistan>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Martin Andi Drito is an economist, businessman, entrepreneur and politician in Uganda, the third-largest economy in the East African Community. He is the current Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Drito Global Corporation Limited, a mining and logging company that he founded and owns. He also serves as the elected member of parliament for Madi-Okollo County, Arua District, a position to which he was elected in 2011. In 2007, he was reported to be one of the wealthiest individuals in Uganda. == Background and education == He was born in Arua, on 15 June 1957. He attended Ezuku Primary School, from 1963 until 1969. He transferred to Old Kampala Secondary School for his O-Level studies, from 1970 through 1973. He entered Namilyango College in 1974, completing his A-Level studies at the College, in 1975. In 1987, he obtained the degree of Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Applied Economics. In 2010, he obtained the degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA), from the University of Conakry, in Guinea, West Africa. == Career == In 1992, Martin Andi Drito established two companies: (a) Drito Global Corporation and (b) Nile Trading Corporation. The two businesses are involved in mining, mineral processing, timber development and logging. He is the Managing Director and CEO of both companies, which maintain offices at Workers House, on Pilkington Road, in Kampala's central business district. From 1998 until 2004, Martin Drito served as an Advisor to the President of Guinea on mineral policy and implementation. In 2011, he successfully ran for the parliamentary constituency of Madi-Okollo County, in Arua District, and is the incumbent MP. == Other considerations == Between 2011 and 2016, he was a member of the Parliament of Uganda, and sat on the Committee on Natural Resources and on the Committee on Budget. He later lost his parliamentary seat in the 2016 parliamentary elections. == See also == Parliament of Uganda List of African millionaires List of wealthiest people in Uganda == References == == External links == Website of Uganda's Parliament ### Answer: <1957 births>, <Alumni of the University of East London>, <Living people>, <Ugandan businesspeople>, <Ugandan economists>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: General elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. == Results == == Aftermath == On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that "fundamental philosophical differences" with the SPA caused the coalition "to break". == References == ### Answer: <1991 elections in the Caribbean>, <Elections in Sint Maarten>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The 2014 Hawaii Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 24, 2014 at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii in the United States. The thirteenth annual Hawaii Bowl, it pitted the Fresno State Bulldogs of the Mountain West Conference against the Rice Owls of Conference USA. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that concluded the 2014 FBS football season. The game started at 3:00 p.m. HST and aired on ESPN. Rice defeated Fresno State by a score of 30–6. == Teams == The game featured the Fresno State Bulldogs of the Mountain West Conference against the Rice Owls of Conference USA. This was the seventh overall meeting between these two teams, with Fresno State having won all 6 previous games. The last time these two teams had met was in 2004. === Fresno State Bulldogs === Despite finishing their regular season with a 6–7 record, by virtue of winning the Mountain West's West Division title, the Bulldogs became bowl eligible and accepted their invitation to play in the game. This was Fresno State's second Hawaii Bowl; the Bulldogs had previously appeared in the 2012 game, losing to the SMU Mustangs by a score of 43–10 largely due to the efforts of SMU defensive end Margus Hunt. === Rice Owls === After finishing their regular season with a 7–5 record, the Owls accepted their invitation to play in the game, their first appearance in the Hawaii Bowl. Although they began the season with three losses, the Owls won their next six games before losing two of their final three; overall, according to FBSchedules.com, Rice had the 12th easiest schedule in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). == Pregame buildup == === Fresno State === ==== Offense ==== Featuring reasonable balance between a rushing game that averaged 183.9 yards per game (45th nationally) and a passing game that averaged 233.8 yards per game (59th nationally), Fresno State's offense scored an average of 28.1 points per game. The aforementioned rushing attack was led by junior Marteze Waller, a second team all-conference selection whose 1292 rushing yards and 11 touchdowns were complemented by the efforts of senior Josh Quezada and quarterback Brian Burrell, who combined for 801 rushing yards and eight touchdowns. Burrell orchestrated a passing attack that frequently targeted first team all-conference selection Josh Harper, a senior who enjoyed "quite the career" at Fresno State having exceeded the 1,000 yard threshold and ranking among the leaders in touchdown receptions nationally; he compiled twice as many receptions as anyone else on the roster. Wide receivers Aaron Peck, Greg Watson, and Delvon Hardaway, running back Josh Quezada, and tight end Chad Olsen also made contributions to the passing game. Right guard Cody Wichmann, who frequently drew comparisons to Logan Mankins, anchored the Bulldogs' offensive line, and was set to make his 50th consecutive start in the bowl game; he earned second team all-conference accolades. Alex Fifita started at left tackle, having earned honorable mention all-conference recognition after proving himself at the position during the season. ==== Defense ==== Junior defensive tackle Tyeler Davison anchored the defense, having totaled eight sacks and 12.5 tackles-for-loss, and received first team all-conference recognition. Outside linebacker Donavan Lewis, a senior mainstay of the defense, earned honorable mention all-conference recognition, and received accolade from teammates for always understanding his assignments and playing with heart. One game preview commented, "Fresno State's secondary wasn't always tested in a run-heavy Mountain West Conference, but they gave up 14 touchdowns against zero interceptions in their opening three-game stretch against Power Five opponents." Nevertheless, the aforementioned secondary did place one of its members on the first team all-conference squad, three-time honoree Derron Smith. === Rice === ==== Offense ==== Relatively similar to Fresno State's, Rice's offensive statistical averages included 223.6 passing yards per game (71st nationally), 170.3 rushing yards per game (57th nationally), and 28.7 points per game (68th nationally). Likely employing an offensive scheme that emphasized ball control, the Owls' offense featured three competent rushers – Jowan Davis and Darik Dillard at running back, and dual-threat quarterback Driphus Jackson. Jackson's top target at receiver was senior Jordan Taylor, the "star of the Owls offense" whose 49 receptions and 781 yards both led the team. Fellow senior Mario Hull led the team with eight touchdown receptions. Offensive lineman Nico Carlson helped lead the senior class at Rice in establishing a winning culture in Rice football; he also earned placement on the second team all-conference team. Andrew Reue and Matt Simonette – two of Carlson's fellow offensive linemen – also earned all-conference recognition as honorable mentions. ==== Defense ==== "Fresh off an absolutely embarrassing performance" in which they surrendered 76 points and 677 total yards, Rice's defense looked to rebound by notching a "competent" performance against Fresno State. Continuity was a prevalent theme in the Owls' secondary, in which three of four starters – cornerback Bryce Callahan and safeties Malcolm Hill and Julius White – joined linebacker James Radcliffe as the only defensive players in Rice history to start three bowls in their college careers. Up front, lanky defensive end Brian Nordstrom "came out of nowhere to have one of the best seasons for a defensive end in Rice history," posting an "eye-opening," Conference USA-leading 18.5 tackles for loss to complement 7.5 sacks en route to earning first team all-conference accolades. Callahan also earned second team all-conference recognition while White, Radcliffe, and linebacker Alex Lyons received honorable mention recognition. == Game summary == === Scoring summary === Source: === Statistics === == References == ### Answer: <2014 in Hawaii>, <2014â15 NCAA football bowl games>, <Fresno State Bulldogs football bowl games>, <Hawaii Bowl>, <Rice Owls football bowl games>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The women's team pursuit race of the 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 3, arranged in Sportforum Hohenschönhausen, in Berlin, Germany, was held on 6 December 2014.The Dutch team won the race, while the Polish team came second, and the Japanese team came third. == Results == The race took place on Saturday, 6 December, in the afternoon session, scheduled at 18:21. == References == ### Answer: <2014â15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup â Women\'s team pursuit>, <2014â15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup â World Cup 3>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: American Radass (This Is Important) is the first studio album by American emo band Dads. It was released on 7 August 2012 via Flannel Gurl Records. == Critical reception == American Radass (This Is Important) has received critical acclaim from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 83, based on two reviews. == Track listing == == References == ### Answer: <2012 albums>, <Dads albums>, <Emo albums>, <Math rock albums>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Australian Bibliographic Network is a national shared library cataloguing network that commenced in 1981 in Australia. == Early stage == The National Library of Australia began investigating the potential for a national shared cataloguing network in the 1970s. In August 1978, following a feasibility study, the library announced a pilot project. The Australian Bibliographic Network (ABN) commenced operations in November 1981.The ABN system was as a multi-sector network, including university, state, public and special libraries. Services to school libraries were provided under a separate national service, the Schools Catalogue Information Service (SCIS), first developed in 1984 as ASCIS.Various state library systems joined the network within the next few years == First Conference == The first ABN conference was conducted in 1983 == National Library == The National Library of Australia established an advisory body, the ABN Network Committee (now Libraries Australia Advisory Committee) to advise the Library on the operation and development of the service. == Database == The database for the service is known as the Australian National Bibliographic Database (ANBD).The database is still an essential element of the Australian national library networks, and the largest database in Australia of its kind == National standards == Training for the network, and the subject catalogue of the network underwent a range of changes in the 1980s. The ABN Standards Committee met for the first time on 14 May 1981. The issues dealt with in the first four meetings included: minimum level of detail in contributed records allowable and mandatory changes to bibliographic and authority records priorities for authority control detailed examination of AACR2 rule interpretations standards for geographic names extension of Library of Congress Subject Headings to allow additional 'approved' subject headings use of MESH and 'Participant' subject headings the subject heading for Australian Aborigines policy on duplicate records the hierarchy for 'bumping' (record replacement) among different sources standards for a 'high level record' that would be immune from bumping extension of the Input/Edit system to cater for music, maps and manuscripts == Publications == Once established a range of guidelines and publications ensued == Successor == From 1981 to 1999 this service was called the Australian Bibliographic Network (ABN) and from 1999 to 2005 the name changed to Kinetica. Elements of the network still exist, but the main public access is by the Trove website. == See also == National Library of Australia Trove == Notes == == External links == Homepage ### Answer: <Bibliographic databases>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Azam and Muazzam Khan's Tomb or Azam Khan and Muazzam Khan's Roza is a medieval brick tomb in Vasna, Ahmedabad, India. The roza was built over graves of Persian brothers, Azam and Muazzam Khan, the archers and architects of Gujarat Sultanate era. They were credited as the architects of Sarkhej Roza. The roza was constructed in 1457 in solid bricks similar to Dariya Khan's Tomb. The garden and the mosque nearby no longer exists. == References == This article includes public domain text from Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad. Government Central Press. 1879. p. 284. ### Answer: <Buildings and structures in Ahmedabad>, <Visitor attractions in Ahmedabad>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: From 1895 to 1899, William Wurtenburg served as the head coach of the Dartmouth Big Green football program, which represented Dartmouth College in collegiate football competitions. Dartmouth had adopted football as a school sport in 1881 when the team went 1–0–1. Prior to Wurtenburg's hiring, the team had won two consecutive Triangular Football League championships under coach Wallace Moyle. Wurtenburg had been a highly successful player at Yale, where he had played at quarterback on teams that went 46–1–1 in a four-year span. He had graduated from the school in 1893 and coached the Navy Midshipmen football program for a year before his hiring by Dartmouth. During Wurtenburg's five year coaching tenure, Dartmouth went 8–2 in conference contests and won four consecutive Triangular Football League championships. The 1895 season was made up of thirteen games, a record-setting amount for a Dartmouth team. It included the closest loss to rival Harvard up to that point. The 1896 was the most successful season of Wurtenburg's, in terms of winning percentage; the squad went 5–2–1, the tenth-best record among major teams, for a .688 win percentage. The fewest games played in a season under Wurtenburg were seven in 1897. That team managed a 4–3 record, which included a three-game scoreless streak. The 1898 squad finished the season with a losing record, 5–6, but managed to outscore its opponents 205–137. Wurtenburg's final season as Dartmouth's head coach was his worst. The team had a 2–7 overall record and went 0–2 in conference play. The season was also marked by several of the largest blowouts of Dartmouth in years. Overall, the Dartmouth football program went 23–23–2 in Wurtenburg's five years of coaching. The 1898 season was the final Triangular Football League championship the school would win; the conference would become defunct in 1901, two years later. Following Wurtenburg's departure, Frederick E. Jennings, a player under Wurtenburg, would take over the program, leading it to a 2–4–2 record in one year of coaching. Another former player, Walter McCornack would coach the program starting in 1901, and led the team to a 15-win record in two years. Wurtenburg's tenure as coach has occasionally been remarked as the beginning of Dartmouth's acceptance as a major team. == Prelude == Dartmouth College fielded its first football team in 1881, when the school challenged Amherst College to a two-game series. They won the first contest, one touchdown to none, and tied the second. The following year, the team played their first major opponent when they traveled to Cambridge, Massachusetts and played the Harvard Crimson. Dartmouth was blown out 53–0, and a rivalry with Harvard formed. The Dartmouth football team developed through the 1880s, skipping the 1885 season but challenging several major opponents. Prior to Wurtenburg's arrival, the school had won four Triangular Football League championships in seven years. Wallace Moyle was the first coach hired by the program; he served in that position during the two years before Wurtenburg's appointment and led the school to a 9–7 record.William Wurtenburg was born and raised in Western New York by immigrant parents. He was introduced to football while a student at Phillips Exeter Academy, where, in his senior year, he played quarterback and served as team captain. In 1886, Wurtenburg entered Yale University to study to become a doctor. He joined the school football team in his first year, playing as a backup halfback. He remained a backup halfback on the 1887 team, which went undefeated and was later recognized as a national champion. Wurtenburg transitioned to the quarterback position in 1888 and took the starting spot. He finished playing with the team regularly in 1889. During the time Wurtenburg played, Yale went 46–1–1. Upon graduating from Yale in 1893, Wurtenburg accepted a position as head coach of the Naval Academy football team for the 1894 season. He guided the team to a 4–1–2 record. == Aftermath == After the 1899 season concluded, Wurtenburg declined to return the next year. Instead, he was replaced by one of his former players, Frederick E. Jennings. During the time that Wurtenburg coached Dartmouth, the program went 23–23–2 and won four consecutive Triangular Football League championships. The team had also amassed an 8–2 conference record. Jennings took the 1900 squad to a 2–4–2 record, and was replaced following that season by Walter McCornack. He found more success with the program and led it to a 15–3–1 record over two years. The Big Green would never win another Triangular Football League championship; the conference folded after the 1901 season. Following his coaching career, Wurtenburg became an occasional referee for Yale, and later established himself as a respected surgeon. Fred Crolius, captain of the 1898 team, would reflect on Wurtenburg's coaching career at Dartmouth for William "Big Bill" Edwards' book Football Days, stating that: One man, whose influence more than any other one thing, succeeded in laying a foundation for Dartmouth's wonderful results, but whose name is seldom mentioned in that connection is Doctor Wurtenberg, who was brought up in the early Yale football school. He had the keenest sense of fundamental football and the greatest intensity of spirit in transmitting his hard earned knowledge. Four critical years he worked with us filling every one with his enthusiasm and those four years Dartmouth football gained such headway that nothing could stop its growth. == References == ### Answer: <Dartmouth Big Green football>, <Dartmouth Big Green football seasons>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Clipp Center is a 12-story mixed-use Class B building located at 11th Avenue corner 39th Street, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig City. An office/commercial type of property, Clipp Center is known for its design, which serves as an antithesis to the typical office building design. The building started construction in May 2011 and has a gross floor area of approximately 8,500 sq.m. It was developed by Clipp Machenson’s Holdings Inc., a company owned by Pablito Calma and its design was done by Eduardo Calma. Clipp Center is currently managed by Jones Lang LaSalle and was previously managed by KMC MAG Group, an international associate of Savills. == Design and features == Clipp Center, with a height of 57.80m, is quite short compared to most of its neighboring structures. Unlike other buildings that uses the usual glass material, Clipp Center has a metal cladding added to the facade. It also has operable awning windows to allow natural ventilation. == Establishments == Clipp Centre is also known as the home of Vask, a restaurant specializing in traditional Basque cuisine, located on the 5th floor. == References == ### Answer: <Companies based in Manila>, <Real estate brokers>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Thomas Southey Baker (29 June 1848 – 24 June 1902) was an amateur sportsman who was on the winning crew that won The Boat Race in 1869 and played for England in the fourth unofficial football match against Scotland in November 1871. He subsequently became a teacher at Dunedin in New Zealand. He was the father of Eleanor Southey Baker McLaglan, a pioneering surgeon in New Zealand. == Early life and education == Baker was born in Droxford, Hampshire, the son of Dr Thomas Baker and his wife, Sophia Jane Southey. Baker attended Lancing College between 1861 and 1867, where he played both football and cricket for the school. He was considered the "outstanding athlete of his generation" at Lancing College and his sporting abilities resulted in him twice being crowned victor ludorum by the college.In 1867, Baker went up to Queen's College, Oxford. At Oxford, he rowed three times in The Boat Race against Cambridge, being on the winning side in 1869 and losing in 1870 and 1871, and also played football for the University.Baker graduated from Oxford University in 1871, with a Bachelor of Arts degree. == Football career == He later played football for Clapham Rovers, alongside R.S.F. Walker and Jarvis Kenrick, all of whom were selected to play for the England XI against a Scotland XI at The Surrey Cricket Ground, The Oval, Kennington on 18 November 1871. This was the fourth unofficial match between the two countries, which England won 2–1, with Walker scoring both England's goals. == Teaching career == On graduating from Oxford, Baker was briefly a school master at Whitgift School in Croydon, before emigrating to New Zealand in 1873. He sailed to New Zealand on board the SS Dallam Tower. The ship eventually reached Port Chalmers, New Zealand, after a dramatic voyage in which she lost a mast and travelled 2,000 miles under a jury rig.Baker had originally planned to set up business in the flax industry but instead he established a private school at French Farm, at Akaroa near Christchurch. He continued to maintain his interest in sport, winning the athletics championship at Timaru in 1878 and playing cricket for Canterbury between 1874 and 1880.In 1890, he moved to Tasmania, where he taught for two years at Christ College, before returning to New Zealand in 1892. He then established the Goodwood House prep school at Otago. In 1896, he became manager of a boarding house at Otago Boys' High School, Dunedin; his contract gave him the right to conduct his own school on the premises. Baker remained at Dunedin until he died in June 1902. He was buried in Dunedin Northern Cemetery. == Family == Baker married Josephine Dicken in 1878 and they had four daughters including Eleanor, the eldest, who became a doctor and surgeon in remote areas of New Zealand's North Island. == References == == Bibliography == Burnell, Richard (1979). One Hundred and Fifty Years of the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. Precision Press. ISBN 0950063878. Drinkwater, G. C.; Sanders, T. R. B. (1929). The University Boat Race – Official Centenary History. Cassell & Company, Ltd. MacMichael, William Fisher (1870). The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Races: From A.D. 1829 to 1869. Deighton. Mitchell, Andy (2012). First Elevens: The Birth of International Football. Andy Mitchell Media. ISBN 978-1475206845. ### Answer: <1848 births>, <1902 deaths>, <Alumni of The Queen\'s College, Oxford>, <Canterbury cricketers>, <Clapham Rovers F.C. players>, <England v Scotland representative footballers (1870â1872)>, <English schoolteachers>, <New Zealand schoolteachers>, <Oxford University A.F.C. players>, <Oxford University Boat Club rowers>, <People educated at Lancing College>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Saba Foulad Zagros (Persian: صبا فولاد زاگرس) is an Iranian steel re-bar manufacturing company headquartered in Tehran, Iran. The company's plant is located in Sefiddasht Industrial Park in Borujen County. Saba Foulad Zagros was founded in December 2009 as a private company and it is considered as one of the major industrial poles of the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province as well as the Iranian re-bar making industry. Since 2009, Saba Foulad Zagros is a member of the Iranian Steel Producers Association and its CEO, Hamidreza Taherizadeh, holds the position of the vice president of the association as of December 2014. == History == Saba Foulad Zagros was founded in December 2009 as a private company in Sefiddasht Industrial Park in Borujen County. The installation of the production line and the facilities was processed by the domestic as well as foreign contractors with technical support of companies such as Siemens. == Development plan == The company plans to expand by launching a continuous casting plant in order to produce steel billets == Certifications == As of Dec 2014, Saba Foulad Zagros holds the following certifications: Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran ISO 9001 ISO 14001 ISO 18001 == Honors and recognition == Exemplary Provincial Industrial Plan (2010) Exemplary Provincial Industrial Plan (2011) Premier Contributor to the Development of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province (2013) == See also == Global steel industry trends Hot rolling Rolling mill Steel producers Steel mill == References == == External links == Official website Steel Producer Association (Persian) ### Answer: <Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province>, <Companies established in 2009>, <Companies of Iran>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The 2006–07 Ligat Nashim was the ninth season of women's league football under the Israeli Football Association. The league was won by Maccabi Holon, its fourth consecutive title. By winning, Maccabi Holon qualified to 2007–08 UEFA Women's Cup. The second division was won by Ironi Bat Yam. == Ligat Nashim Rishona == === League table === 1. Tie-breaker for Hapoel Rishon LeZion and Maccabi Be'er Sheva: MBS – HRL 1–1; HRL – MBS 1–0 === Top Scorers === == Ligat Nashim Shniya == === League table === == Notes == == References == == External links == Ligat Nashim Rishona @ Israeli Football Association Ligat Nashim Shniya @ Israeli Football Association ### Answer: <2006 in women\'s association football>, <2006â07 domestic women\'s association football leagues>, <2006â07 in Israeli football>, <2007 in women\'s association football>, <Women\'s football in Israel>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The SANFL minor premiership is awarded to the team that finishes on top of the minor round ladder at the end of the Home and Away season. == Minor Premiership Rankings == == See also == List of SANFL premiers == References == ### Answer: <Australian rules football-related lists>, <South Australian National Football League>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The 2007–08 Ligat Nashim was the tenth season of women's league football under the Israeli Football Association. As all 5 members of the previous season's second division folded, the league was contested as a single division. The league was won by Maccabi Holon, its fifth consecutive title. By winning, Maccabi Holon qualified to 2008–09 UEFA Women's Cup. == League table == == Top scorers == == References == Israeli Football Association ### Answer: <2007 in women\'s association football>, <2007â08 domestic women\'s association football leagues>, <2007â08 in Israeli football>, <2008 in women\'s association football>, <Women\'s football in Israel>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Moon landing conspiracy theories claim that some or all elements of the Apollo program and the associated Moon landings were hoaxes staged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. The most notable claim is that the six manned landings (1969–72) were faked and that 12 Apollo astronauts did not actually walk on the Moon. Various groups and individuals have made claims since the mid-1970s that NASA and others knowingly misled the public into believing the landings happened, by manufacturing, tampering with, or destroying evidence including photos, telemetry tapes, radio and TV transmissions, Moon rock samples, and even killing some key witnesses. Much third-party evidence for the landings exists, and detailed rebuttals to the hoax claims have been made. Since the late 2000s, high-definition photos taken by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) of the Apollo landing sites have captured the lander modules and the tracks left by the astronauts. In 2012, images were released showing five of the six Apollo missions' American flags erected on the Moon still standing; the exception is that of Apollo 11, which has lain on the lunar surface since being accidentally blown over by the takeoff rocket's exhaust.Conspiracists have managed to sustain public interest in their theories for more than 40 years, despite the rebuttals and third-party evidence. Opinion polls taken in various locations have shown that between 6% and 20% of Americans, 25% of Britons, and 28% of Russians surveyed believe that the manned landings were faked. Even as late as 2001, the Fox television network documentary Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? claimed NASA faked the first landing in 1969 to win the Space Race. == Origins == An early and influential book about the subject of a moon-landing conspiracy, We Never Went to the Moon: America's Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle, was self-published in 1976 by Bill Kaysing. Despite having no knowledge of rockets or technical writing, Kaysing, a former US Navy officer with a Bachelor of Arts in English, was hired as a senior technical writer in 1956 by Rocketdyne, the company that built the F-1 engines used on the Saturn V rocket. He served as head of the technical publications unit at the company's Propulsion Field Laboratory until 1963. Kaysing's book made many allegations, and effectively began discussion of the Moon landings being faked. The book claims that the chance of a successful manned landing on the Moon was calculated to be 0.0017%, and that despite close monitoring by the USSR, it would have been easier for NASA to fake the Moon landings than to really go there.In 1980, the Flat Earth Society accused NASA of faking the landings, arguing that they were staged by Hollywood with Walt Disney sponsorship, based on a script by Arthur C. Clarke and directed by Stanley Kubrick. Folklorist Linda Dégh suggests that writer-director Peter Hyams' 1978 film Capricorn One, which shows a hoaxed journey to Mars in a spacecraft that looks identical to the Apollo craft, might have given a boost to the hoax theory's popularity in the post-Vietnam War era. She notes that this happened during the post-Watergate era, when American citizens were inclined to distrust official accounts. Dégh writes: "The mass media catapult these half-truths into a kind of twilight zone where people can make their guesses sound as truths. Mass media have a terrible impact on people who lack guidance." In A Man on the Moon, first published in 1994, Andrew Chaikin mentions that at the time of Apollo 8's lunar-orbit mission in December 1968, similar conspiracy ideas were already in circulation. == Conspiracists and their contentions == After Kaysing, Moon-landing conspiracists include (in alphabetical order): Marcus Allen – British publisher of Nexus, who said photographs of the lander would not prove that the United States put men on the Moon, and "Getting to the Moon really isn't much of a problem – the Russians did that in 1959. The big problem is getting people there." He suggests that NASA sent robot missions because radiation levels in outer space would be deadly. A variant of this idea has it that NASA and its contractors did not recover quickly enough from the Apollo 1 fire, and so all the early Apollo missions were faked, with Apollos 14 or 15 being the first real mission. William L. Brian – a nuclear engineer who self-published a book in 1982, Moongate: Suppressed Findings of the U.S. Space Program, in which he disputes the Moon's surface gravity. James M. Collier (d. 1998) – American journalist and writer, producer of the video Was It Only a Paper Moon? (1997). Milton William Cooper (1943–2001) – was an American conspiracy theorist and author. He believed that all of the Apollo missions to the Moon were actually carefully rehearsed productions that were then filmed in large sound stages. James H. Fetzer – retired American philosophy professor and conspiracy theorist. On May 2, 2013, Dr. Fetzer was interviewed by Dr. Sterling Harwood. Fetzer defended his conspiracist views that all six lunar landings were hoaxes. David Groves – works for Quantech Image Processing. He examined the photo of Aldrin emerging from the lander and said he can pinpoint when a spotlight was used. Using the focal length of the camera's lens and an actual boot, he allegedly calculated, using ray-tracing, that the spotlight is between 24 and 36 centimetres (9.4 and 14.2 in) to the right of the camera. This matches with the sunlit part of Armstrong's spacesuit. Clyde Lewis – radio talk show host who says the 1969 moon landing was fake. Philippe Lheureux – French author of Lumières sur la Lune. An English language edition was published in 2003, Moon Landings: Did NASA Lie? He said that astronauts did land on the Moon, but to stop other states from benefiting from scientific information in the real photos, NASA published fake images. Yury Ignatyevich Mukhin – Russian opposition politician, publicist and author of the book Antiapollon: Moonlight scam US in which he denies all Moon landing evidence and accuses the United States government of plundering the money paid by the American taxpayers for the Moon program. He also claims the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and some Soviet scientists helped NASA fake the landings. David S. Percy – TV producer. He is co-author, along with Mary Bennett, of Dark Moon: Apollo and the Whistle-Blowers and co-producer of What Happened On the Moon? He is the main proponent of the 'whistle-blower' accusation, arguing that mistakes in the NASA photos are so obvious that they are evidence that insiders are trying to 'blow the whistle' on the hoax by knowingly adding mistakes that they know will be seen. Most of his allegations of photographic anomalies have been refuted by Doug Millard of the Science Museum in London. Stanislav Pokrovsky – Russian general director of a scientific-manufacturing enterprise Project-D-MSK who calculated that the real speed of the Saturn V rocket at S-IC staging time was only half of what was claimed. His analysis appears to assume that the solid rocket plumes from the fuselage and retrorockets on the two stages came to an instant halt in the surrounding air so they can be used to estimate the velocity of the rocket. He ignored high-altitude winds and the altitude at staging, 67 km, where air is about 1/10,000 as dense as at sea level, and claimed that only a loop around the Moon was possible, not a manned landing on the Moon with return to Earth. He also allegedly found the reason for this – problems with the Inconel superalloy used in the F-1 engine. Alexander Ivanovich Popov – Russian author of the book The Americans on the Moon: the great breakthrough or cosmic scam?? in which he aims to prove that Saturn V was in fact a camouflaged Saturn IB and denies all Moon landing evidence. Aron Ranen – a filmmaker, directed and produced the documentary Did We Go? Ralph René (1933–2008) – was an inventor and 'self-taught' engineering buff. Author of the self-published book NASA Mooned America! Bart Sibrel – a filmmaker, produced and directed four films for his company, AFTH, LLC, including a 2001 film, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Moon, examining the evidence of a hoax. The arguments that Sibrel puts forward in this film have been debunked by many sources, including Svector Studios' five-part video series Lunar Legacy, which disproves the documentary's main argument that the Apollo crew faked their distance from the Earth while in low Earth orbit. Sibrel has said that the effect on the shot covered in his film was made through the use of a transparency of the Earth. Some parts of the original footage, according to Sibrel, were not able to be included on the official releases for the media. On such allegedly censored parts, the correlation between Earth and Moon phases can be clearly confirmed, refuting Sibrel's claim that these shots were faked. On September 9, 2002, Sibrel was punched in the face by Buzz Aldrin after Sibrel confronted Aldrin with his theories and accused the former astronaut of being "a coward, and a liar, and a thief." The Los Angeles County district attorney's office refused to file charges against Aldrin, saying that he had been provoked by Sibrel. Takahiko Soejima – Japanese political scientist, author of 人類の月面着陸は無かったろう論. Jay Weidner – author and interviewee about the Moon conspiracy theory in the documentary film Room 237 (2012). In this film he repeatedly states that he does not necessarily doubt that America landed men on the Moon even though he thinks there was a conspiracy with Stanley Kubrick to fake the lunar landing footage. Jack D. White (1927–2012) – was an American photo historian known for his attempt to prove forgery in photos and the Zapruder film related to the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Gerhard Wisnewski – German journalist and filmmaker, author of One Small Step?: The Great Moon Hoax and the Race to Dominate Earth from Space. == Claimed motives of the United States and NASA == Those who believe the Moon landings were faked give several theories about the motives of NASA and the United States government. The three main theories are below. === The Space Race === Motivation for the United States to engage the Soviet Union in a Space Race can be traced to the then on-going Cold War. Landing on the Moon was viewed as a national and technological accomplishment that would generate world-wide acclaim. But going to the Moon would be risky and expensive, as exemplified by President John F. Kennedy famously stating in a 1962 speech that the United States chose to go because it was hard.Hoax theory-debunker Philip Plait says in his book Bad Astronomy, that the Soviets – with their own competing Moon program, an extensive intelligence network and a formidable scientific community able to analyze NASA data – would have cried foul if the United States tried to fake a Moon landing, especially since their own program had failed. Proving a hoax would have been a huge propaganda win for the Soviets. Conspiracist Bart Sibrel responded, "the Soviets did not have the capability to track deep space craft until late in 1972, immediately after which, the last three Apollo missions were abruptly canceled."In fact, the Soviets had been sending unmanned spacecraft to the Moon since 1959, and "during 1962, deep space tracking facilities were introduced at IP-15 in Ussuriisk and IP-16 in Evpatoria (Crimean Peninsula), while Saturn communication stations were added to IP-3, 4 and 14," the latter having a 100 million km range. The Soviet Union tracked the Apollo missions at the Space Transmissions Corps, which was "fully equipped with the latest intelligence-gathering and surveillance equipment." Vasily Mishin, in an interview for the article "The Moon Programme That Faltered," describes how the Soviet Moon program dwindled after the Apollo landings.Also, there was nothing "abrupt" about the Apollo cancelations, which were announced in January and September 1970 for cost-cutting reasons. (See Vietnam War below.) === NASA funding and prestige === Conspiracy theorists claim that NASA faked the landings to avoid humiliation and to ensure that it continued to get funding. NASA raised "about US$30 billion" to go to the Moon, and Kaysing claimed in his book that this could have been used to "pay off" many people. Since most conspiracists believe that sending men to the Moon was impossible at the time, they argue that landings had to be faked to fulfill Kennedy's 1961 goal, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth." In fact, NASA accounted for the cost of Apollo to the US Congress in 1973, totaling US$25.4 billion.Mary Bennett and David Percy have claimed in Dark Moon: Apollo and the Whistle-Blowers, that, with all the known and unknown hazards, NASA would not risk broadcasting an astronaut getting sick or dying on live television. The counter-argument generally given is that NASA in fact did incur a great deal of public humiliation and potential political opposition to the program by losing an entire crew in the Apollo 1 fire during a ground test, leading to its upper management team being questioned by Senate and House of Representatives space oversight committees. There was in fact no video broadcast during either the landing or takeoff because of technological limitations. === Vietnam War === The American Patriot Friends Network claimed in 2009 that the landings helped the United States government distract public attention from the unpopular Vietnam War, and so manned landings suddenly ended about the same time that the United States ended its involvement in the war. In fact, the ending of the landings was not "sudden" (see The Space Race above). The war was one of several federal budget items with which NASA had to compete; NASA's budget peaked in 1966, and fell by 42.3% by 1972. This was the reason the final flights were cut, along with plans for even more ambitious follow-on programs such as a permanent space station and manned flight to Mars. == Hoax claims and rebuttals == Many Moon-landing conspiracy theories have been put forward: claiming either that the landings did not happen and that NASA employees have lied, or that the landings did happen but not in the way that has been told. Conspiracists have focused on perceived gaps or inconsistencies in the historical record of the missions. The foremost idea is that the whole manned landing program was a hoax from start to end. Some claim that the technology to send men to the Moon was lacking or that the Van Allen radiation belts, solar flares, solar wind, coronal mass ejections and cosmic rays made such a trip impossible.Vince Calder and Andrew Johnson, scientists from Argonne National Laboratory, gave detailed answers to the conspiracists' claims on the laboratory's website. They show that NASA's portrayal of the Moon landing is fundamentally accurate, allowing for such common mistakes as mislabeled photos and imperfect personal recollections. Using the scientific process, any hypothesis that is contradicted by the observable facts may be rejected. The 'real landing' hypothesis is a single story since it comes from a single source, but there is no unity in the hoax hypothesis because hoax accounts vary between conspiracists. === Number of conspirators involved === According to James Longuski (Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering at Purdue University), the conspiracy theories are impossible because of their size and complexity. The conspiracy would have to involve more than 400,000 people who worked on the Apollo project for nearly ten years, the 12 men who walked on the Moon, the six others who flew with them as Command Module pilots, and another six astronauts who orbited the Moon. Hundreds of thousands of people – including astronauts, scientists, engineers, technicians, and skilled laborers – would have had to keep the secret. Longuski argues that it would have been much easier to really land on the Moon than to generate such a huge conspiracy to fake the landings. To date, nobody from the United States government or NASA who would have had a link to the Apollo program has said the Moon landings were hoaxes. Penn Jillette made note of this in the "Conspiracy Theories" episode of his contrarian television show Penn & Teller: Bullshit! in 2005. With the number of people involved, and noting the Watergate scandal, Jillette noted that someone would have outed the hoax by now. === Photograph and film oddities === Moon-landing conspiracists focus heavily on NASA photos. They point to oddities in photos and films taken on the Moon. Photography experts (including those unrelated to NASA) answer that the oddities are what one would expect from a real Moon landing, and not what would happen with tweaked or studio imagery. Some of the main arguments and counter-arguments are listed below. 1. In some photos, crosshairs seem to be behind objects. The cameras were fitted with a Réseau plate (a clear glass plate with crosshairs etched on), making it impossible for any photographed object to appear "in front" of the grid. This suggests that objects have been "pasted" over them. This only appears in copied and scanned photos, not the originals. It is caused by overexposure: the bright white areas of the emulsion "bleed" over the thin black crosshairs. The crosshairs are only about 0.004 inches thick (0.1 mm) and emulsion would only have to bleed about half that much to fully obscure it. Furthermore, there are many photos where the middle of the crosshair is "washed-out" but the rest is intact. In some photos of the American flag, parts of one crosshair appear on the red stripes, but parts of the same crosshair are faded or invisible on the white stripes. There would have been no reason to "paste" white stripes onto the flag. 2. Crosshairs are sometimes rotated or in the wrong place. This is a result of popular photos being cropped and/or rotated for aesthetic impact.3. The quality of the photographs is implausibly high. There are many poor-quality photos taken by the Apollo astronauts. NASA chose to publish only the best examples. The Apollo astronauts used high-resolution Hasselblad 500 EL cameras with Carl Zeiss optics and a 70 mm medium format film magazine.4. There are no stars in any of the photos; the Apollo 11 astronauts also claimed in a post-mission press conference to not remember seeing any stars. The astronauts were talking about naked-eye sightings of stars during the lunar daytime. They regularly sighted stars through the spacecraft navigation optics while aligning their inertial reference platforms, the Apollo PGNCS.All manned landings happened during the lunar daytime. Thus, the stars were outshone by the sun and by sunlight reflected off the Moon's surface. The astronauts' eyes were adapted to the sunlit landscape around them so that they could not see the relatively faint stars. Likewise, cameras were set for daylight exposure and could not detect the stars. Camera settings can turn a well-lit background to black when the foreground object is brightly lit, forcing the camera to increase shutter speed so that the foreground light does not wash out the image. A demonstration of this effect is here. The effect is similar to not being able to see stars from a brightly lit car park at night – the stars only become visible when the lights are turned off. The astronauts could see stars with the naked eye only when they were in the shadow of the Moon.A special far ultraviolet camera, the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph, was taken to the lunar surface on Apollo 16 and operated in the shadow of the Apollo Lunar Module (LM). It took photos of Earth and of many stars, some of which are dim in visible light but bright in the ultraviolet. These observations were later matched with observations taken by orbiting ultraviolet telescopes. Furthermore, the positions of those stars with respect to Earth are correct for the time and location of the Apollo 16 photos.Photos of the solar corona that included the planet Mercury and some background stars were taken from lunar orbit by Apollo 15 Command Module Pilot Al Worden.Photos of the planet Venus (which is much brighter than any of the stars) were taken from the Moon's surface by astronaut Alan Shepard during the Apollo 14 mission. 5. The angle and color of shadows are inconsistent. This suggests that artificial lights were used. Shadows on the Moon are complicated by reflected light, uneven ground, wide-angle lens distortion, and lunar dust. There are several light sources: the Sun, sunlight reflected from the Earth, sunlight reflected from the Moon's surface, and sunlight reflected from the astronauts and the Lunar Module. Light from these sources is scattered by lunar dust in many directions, including into shadows. Shadows falling into craters and hills may appear longer, shorter and distorted. Furthermore, shadows display the properties of vanishing point perspective, leading them to converge to a point on the horizon. This theory was debunked on the MythBusters episode "NASA Moon Landing".6. There are identical backgrounds in photos which, according to their captions, were taken miles apart. This suggests that a painted background was used. Backgrounds were not identical, just similar. What appears as nearby hills in some photos are actually mountains many miles away. On Earth, objects that are further away will appear fainter and less detailed. On the Moon, there is no atmosphere or haze to obscure faraway objects, thus they appear clearer and nearer. Furthermore, there are very few objects (such as trees) to help judge distance. One case is debunked in "Who Mourns For Apollo?" by Mike Bara.7. The number of photos taken is implausibly high. Up to one photo per 50 seconds. Simplified gear with fixed settings allowed two photos a second. Many were taken immediately after each other as stereo pairs or panorama sequences. The calculation (one per 50 seconds) was based on a lone astronaut on the surface, and does not take into account that there were two astronauts sharing the workload during an Extra-vehicular activity (EVA).8. The photos contain artifacts like the two seemingly matching 'C's on a rock and on the ground. These may be labeled studio props. The "C"-shaped objects are most likely printing imperfections and do not appear in the original film from the camera. It has been suggested that the "C" is a coiled hair. 9. A resident of Perth, Western Australia, a woman named Una Ronald (a pseudonym created by the authors of the source), said that for two or three seconds she saw a Coca-Cola bottle roll across the lower right quadrant of her television screen that was displaying the live broadcast of the Apollo 11 EVA. She also said that several letters appeared in The West Australian discussing the Coca-Cola bottle incident within ten days of the lunar landing. No such newspaper reports or recordings have been found. Ronald's claims have only been relayed by one source. There are also flaws in the story, e.g. the statement that she had to stay up late to watch the Moon landing live is easily discounted by many witnesses in Australia who watched the landing in the middle of their daytime.10. The book Moon Shot contains an obvious composite photo of Alan Shepard hitting a golf ball on the Moon with another astronaut. It was used instead of the only existing real images, from the TV monitor, which the editors seemingly felt were too grainy for their book. The book publishers did not work for NASA.11. There appear to be "hot spots" in some photos that look like a huge spotlight was used. Pits on the Moon's surface focus and reflect light like the tiny glass spheres used in the coating of street signs, or dewdrops on wet grass. This creates a glow around the photographer's own shadow when it appears in a photograph (see Heiligenschein). If the astronaut is standing in sunlight while photographing into shade, light reflected off his white spacesuit yields a similar effect to a spotlight. Some widely published Apollo photos were high-contrast copies. Scans of the original transparencies are generally much more evenly lit. An example is shown below: 12. Who filmed Neil Armstrong stepping onto the Moon? The Lunar Module did. While still on the steps, Armstrong deployed the Modularized Equipment Stowage Assembly from the side of the Lunar Module. This housed, amongst other things, the TV camera. This meant that upward of 600 million people on Earth could watch the live feed. === Environment === 1. The astronauts could not have survived the trip because of exposure to radiation from the Van Allen radiation belt and galactic ambient radiation (see radiation poisoning and health threat from cosmic rays). Some conspiracists have suggested that Starfish Prime (a high-altitude nuclear test in 1962) was a failed attempt to disrupt the Van Allen belts. There are two main Van Allen belts – the inner belt and the outer belt – and a transient third belt. The inner belt is the more dangerous one, containing energetic protons. The outer one has less-dangerous low-energy electrons (Beta particles). The Apollo spacecraft passed through the inner belt in a matter of minutes and the outer belt in about 1 1⁄2 hours. The astronauts were shielded from the ionizing radiation by the aluminum hulls of the spacecraft. Furthermore, the orbital transfer trajectory from Earth to the Moon through the belts was chosen to lessen radiation exposure. Even Dr. James Van Allen, the discoverer of the Van Allen radiation belts, rebutted the claims that radiation levels were too harmful for the Apollo missions. Plait cited an average dose of less than 1 rem (10 mSv), which is equivalent to the ambient radiation received by living at sea level for three years. The total radiation received on the trip was about the same as allowed for workers in the nuclear energy field for a year and not much more than what Space Shuttle astronauts received.2. Film in the cameras would have been fogged by this radiation. The film was kept in metal containers that stopped radiation from fogging the film's emulsion. Furthermore, film carried by unmanned lunar probes such as the Lunar Orbiter and Luna 3 (which used on-board film development processes) was not fogged.3. The Moon's surface during the daytime is so hot that camera film would have melted. There is no atmosphere to efficiently bind lunar surface heat to devices (such as cameras) that are not in direct contact with it. In a vacuum, only radiation remains as a heat transfer mechanism. The physics of radiative heat transfer are thoroughly understood, and the proper use of passive optical coatings and paints was enough to control the temperature of the film within the cameras; Lunar Module temperatures were controlled with similar coatings that gave them a gold color. Also, while the Moon's surface does get very hot at lunar noon, every Apollo landing was made shortly after lunar sunrise at the landing site; the Moon's day is about 29½ Earth days long, meaning that one Moon day (dawn to dusk) lasts nearly fifteen Earth days. During the longer stays, the astronauts did notice increased cooling loads on their spacesuits as the sun and surface temperature continued to rise, but the effect was easily countered by the passive and active cooling systems. The film was not in direct sunlight, so it was not overheated.4. The Apollo 16 crew could not have survived a big solar flare firing out when they were on their way to the Moon. No large solar flare occurred during the flight of Apollo 16. There were large solar flares in August 1972, after Apollo 16 returned to Earth and before the flight of Apollo 17.5. The flag placed on the surface by the astronauts fluttered despite there being no wind on the Moon. This suggests that it was filmed on Earth and a breeze caused the flag to flutter. Sibrel said that it may have been caused by indoor fans used to cool the astronauts since their spacesuit cooling systems would have been too heavy on Earth. The flag was fastened to a Г-shaped rod (see Lunar Flag Assembly) so that it did not hang down. The flag only seemed to flutter when the astronauts were moving it into position. Without air drag, these movements caused the free corner of the flag to swing like a pendulum for some time. The flag was rippled because it had been folded during storage – the ripples could be mistaken for movement in a still photo. Videos show that when the astronauts let go of the flagpole it vibrates briefly but then remains still. This theory was debunked on the MythBusters episode "NASA Moon Landing". 6. Footprints in the Moondust are unexpectedly well preserved, despite the lack of moisture. Moondust has not been weathered like Earth sand and has sharp edges. This allows the dust particles to stick together and hold their shape in the vacuum. The astronauts likened it to "talcum powder or wet sand". This theory was debunked on the MythBusters episode "NASA Moon Landing".7. The alleged Moon landings used either a sound stage or were filmed outside in a remote desert with the astronauts either using harnesses or slow-motion photography to make it look like they were on the Moon. While the HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon", and a scene from the movie "Apollo 13" used the sound-stage and harness setup, it is clearly seen from those films that when dust rose it did not quickly settle; some dust briefly formed clouds. In the film footage from the Apollo missions, dust kicked up by the astronauts' boots and the wheels of the Lunar Roving Vehicles rose quite high due to the lower lunar gravity, and settled quickly to the ground in an uninterrupted parabolic arc since there was no air to suspend the dust. Even if there had been a sound stage for hoax Moon landings that had the air pumped out, the dust would have reached nowhere near the height and trajectory as in the Apollo film footage because of Earth's greater gravity.During the Apollo 15 mission, David Scott did an experiment by dropping a hammer and a falcon feather at the same time. Both fell at the same rate and hit the ground at the same time. This proved that he was in a vacuum.If the landings were filmed outside in a desert, heat waves would be present on the surface in mission videos, but no such heat waves exist in the footage. If the landings were filmed in a sound stage, several anomalies would occur, including a lack of parallax, and an increase or decrease in the size of the backdrop if the camera moved (footage was filmed while the rover was in motion, and yet no evidence of any change in the size of the background is present).This theory was debunked on the MythBusters episode "NASA Moon Landing". === Mechanical issues === 1. The Lunar Modules made no blast craters or any sign of dust scatter. No crater should be expected. The 10,000-pound thrust Descent Propulsion System was throttled very far down during the final landing. The Lunar Module was no longer quickly decelerating, so the descent engine only had to support the lander's own weight, which was lessened by the Moon's gravity and by the near exhaustion of the descent propellants. At landing, the engine thrust divided by the nozzle exit area is only about 10 kilopascals (1.5 PSI). Beyond the engine nozzle, the plume spreads, and the pressure drops very quickly. Rocket exhaust gasses expand much more quickly after leaving the engine nozzle in a vacuum than in an atmosphere. The effect of an atmosphere on rocket plumes can be easily seen in launches from Earth; as the rocket rises through the thinning atmosphere, the exhaust plumes broaden very noticeably. To lessen this, rocket engines made for vacuums have longer bells than those made for use on Earth, but they still cannot stop this spreading. The lander's exhaust gasses, therefore, expanded quickly well beyond the landing site. The descent engines did scatter a lot of very fine surface dust as seen in 16mm movies of each landing, and many mission commanders spoke of its effect on visibility. The landers were generally moving horizontally as well as vertically, and photos do show scouring of the surface along the final descent path. Finally, the lunar regolith is very compact below its surface dust layer, making it impossible for the descent engine to blast out a "crater". A blast crater was measured under the Apollo 11 lander using shadow lengths of the descent engine bell and estimates of the amount that the landing gear had compressed and how deep the lander footpads had pressed into the lunar surface and it was found that the engine had eroded between 4 and 6 inches of regolith out from underneath the engine bell during the final descent and landing.2. The second stage of the launch rocket and/or the Lunar Module ascent stage made no visible flame. The Lunar Modules used Aerozine 50 (fuel) and dinitrogen tetroxide (oxidizer) propellants, chosen for simplicity and reliability; they ignite hypergolically – upon contact – without the need for a spark. These propellants produce a nearly transparent exhaust. The same fuel was used by the core of the American Titan II rocket. The transparency of their plumes is apparent in many launch photos. The plumes of rocket engines fired in a vacuum spread out very quickly as they leave the engine nozzle (see above), further lessening their visibility. Finally, rocket engines often run "rich" to slow internal corrosion. On Earth, the excess fuel burns in contact with atmospheric oxygen, enhancing the visible flame. This cannot happen in a vacuum. 3. The Lunar Modules weighed 17 tons and made no mark on the Moondust, yet footprints can be seen beside them. On the surface of the Earth, Apollo 11's fueled and crewed Lunar Module, Eagle, would have weighed approximately 17 short tons (15,300 kg). On the surface of the Moon, however, after expending fuel and oxidizer on her descent from lunar orbit, the lander weighed about 2,698 pounds (1,224 kg). The astronauts were much lighter than the lander, but their boots were much smaller than the lander's approximately 3-foot (91 cm) diameter footpads. Pressure (or force per unit area) rather than mass determines the amount of regolith compression. In some photos, the footpads did press into the regolith, especially when they moved sideways at touchdown. (The bearing pressure under Apollo 11's footpads, with the lander being about 44 times the weight of an EVA-configured astronaut, would have been of similar magnitude to the bearing pressure exerted by the astronauts' boots.)4. The air conditioning units that were part of the astronauts' spacesuits could not have worked in an environment of no atmosphere. The cooling units could only work in a vacuum. Water from a tank in the backpack flowed out through tiny pores in a metal sublimator plate where it quickly vaporized into space. The loss of the heat of vaporization froze the remaining water, forming a layer of ice on the outside of the plate that also sublimated into space (turning from a solid directly into a gas). A separate water loop flowed through the LCG (Liquid Cooling Garment) worn by the astronaut, carrying his metabolic waste heat through the sublimator plate where it was cooled and returned to the LCG. Twelve pounds (5.4 kg) of feedwater gave about eight hours of cooling; because of its bulk, it was often the limiting consumable on the length of an EVA. === Transmissions === 1. There should have been more than a two-second delay in communications between Earth and the Moon, at a distance of 400,000 km (250,000 mi). The round trip light travel time of more than two seconds is apparent in all the real-time recordings of the lunar audio, but this does not always appear as expected. There may also be some documentary films where the delay has been edited out. Reasons for editing the audio may be time constraints or in the interest of clarity.2. Typical delays in communication were about 0.5 seconds. Claims that the delays were only half a second are untrue, as examination of the original recordings shows. Also, there should not be a consistent time delay between every response, as the conversation is being recorded at one end – Mission Control. Responses from Mission Control could be heard without any delay, as the recording is being made at the same time that Houston receives the transmission from the Moon.3. The Parkes Observatory in Australia was billed to the world for weeks as the site that would be relaying communications from the first moonwalk. However, five hours before transmission they were told to stand down. The timing of the first moonwalk was changed after the landing. In fact, delays in getting the moonwalk started meant that Parkes did cover almost the entire Apollo 11 moonwalk.4. Parkes supposedly had the clearest video feed from the Moon, but Australian media and all other known sources ran a live feed from the United States. While that was the original plan, and, according to some sources, the official policy, the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) did take the transmission direct from the Parkes and Honeysuckle Creek radio telescopes. These were converted to NTSC television at Paddington, in Sydney. This meant that Australian viewers saw the moonwalk several seconds before the rest of the world. See also Parkes radio astronomer John Sarkissian's article, "On Eagle's Wings: The Parkes Observatory's Support of the Apollo 11 Mission" The events surrounding the Parkes Observatory's role in relaying the live television of the moonwalk were portrayed in a slightly fictionalized Australian film comedy "The Dish" (2000).5. Better signal was supposedly received at Parkes Observatory when the Moon was on the opposite side of the planet. This is not supported by the detailed evidence and logs from the missions. === Missing data === Blueprints and design and development drawings of the machines involved are missing. Apollo 11 data tapes containing telemetry and the high-quality video (before scan conversion from slow-scan TV to standard TV) of the first moonwalk are also missing. ==== Tapes ==== Dr. David R. Williams (NASA archivist at Goddard Space Flight Center) and Apollo 11 flight director Eugene F. Kranz both acknowledged that the original high-quality Apollo 11 telemetry data tapes are missing. Conspiracists see this as evidence that they never existed. The Apollo 11 telemetry tapes were different from the telemetry tapes of the other Moon landings because they contained the raw television broadcast. For technical reasons, the Apollo 11 lander carried a slow-scan television (SSTV) camera (see Apollo TV camera). To broadcast the pictures to regular television, a scan conversion had to be done. The radio telescope at Parkes Observatory in Australia was able to receive the telemetry from the Moon at the time of the Apollo 11 moonwalk. Parkes had a bigger antenna than NASA's antenna in Australia at the Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station, so it received a better picture. It also received a better picture than NASA's antenna at Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex. This direct TV signal, along with telemetry data, was recorded onto one-inch fourteen-track analog tape at Parkes. The original SSTV transmission had better detail and contrast than the scan-converted pictures, and it is this tape that is missing. A crude, real-time scan conversion of the SSTV signal was done in Australia before it was broadcast worldwide. However, still photos of the original SSTV image are available (see photos). About fifteen minutes of it were filmed by an amateur 8 mm film camera and these are also available. Later Apollo missions did not use SSTV. At least some of the telemetry tapes from the ALSEP scientific experiments left on the Moon (which ran until 1977) still exist, according to Dr. Williams. Copies of those tapes have been found.Others are looking for the missing telemetry tapes for different reasons. The tapes contain the original and highest quality video feed from the Apollo 11 landing. Some former Apollo personnel want to find the tapes for posterity while NASA engineers looking towards future Moon missions believe the tapes may be useful for their design studies. They have found that the Apollo 11 tapes were sent for storage at the U.S. National Archives in 1970, but by 1984, all the Apollo 11 tapes had been returned to the Goddard Space Flight Center at their request. The tapes are believed to have been stored rather than re-used. Goddard was storing 35,000 new tapes per year in 1967, even before the Moon landings. In November 2006, COSMOS Online reported that about 100 data tapes recorded in Australia during the Apollo 11 mission had been found in a small marine science laboratory in the main physics building at the Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Australia. One of the old tapes has been sent to NASA for analysis. The slow-scan television images were not on the tape.In July 2009, NASA indicated that it must have erased the original Apollo 11 Moon footage years ago so that it could re-use the tape. In December 2009 NASA issued a final report on the Apollo 11 telemetry tapes. Senior engineer Dick Nafzger, who was in charge of the live TV recordings during the Apollo missions, was put in charge of the restoration project. After a three-year search, the "inescapable conclusion" was that about 45 tapes (estimated 15 tapes recorded at each of the three tracking stations) of Apollo 11 video were erased and re-used, said Nafzger. In time for the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 landing, Lowry Digital had been tasked with restoring the surviving footage. Lowry Digital president Mike Inchalik said that, "this is by far and away the lowest quality" video the company has dealt with. Nafzger praised Lowry for restoring "crispness" to the Apollo video, which will remain in black and white and contains conservative digital enhancements. The US$230,000 restoration project took months to complete and did not include sound quality improvements. Some selections of restored footage in high-definition have been made available on the NASA website. ==== Blueprints ==== The website Xenophilia.com documents a hoax claim that blueprints for the Saturn V rocket, Apollo Lunar Module (LM), Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV), and associated equipment are missing. There are some diagrams of the Lunar Module and Lunar Roving Vehicle on the NASA website and on Xenophilia.com. Grumman appears to have destroyed most of their LM documentation, but copies of the blueprints for the Saturn V exist on microfilm.Four mission-worthy LRVs were built by Boeing. Three of them were carried to the Moon on Apollos 15, 16, and 17, and left there. After Apollo 18 was canceled, the other LRV was used for spare parts for the Apollos 15 to 17 missions. The 221-page operation manual for the LRV contains some detailed drawings, although not the blueprints. === Technology === Bart Sibrel cites the relative level of the United States and USSR space technology as evidence that the Moon landings could not have happened. For much of the early stages of the Space Race, the USSR was ahead of the United States, yet in the end, the USSR was never able to fly a manned craft to the Moon, let alone land one on the surface. It is argued that, because the USSR was unable to do this, the United States should have also been unable to develop the technology to do so. For example, he claims that, during the Apollo program, the USSR had five times more manned hours in space than the United States, and notes that the USSR was the first to achieve many of the early milestones in space: the first man-made satellite in orbit (October 1957, Sputnik 1); the first living creature in orbit (a dog named Laika, November 1957, Sputnik 2); the first man in space and in orbit (Yuri Gagarin, April 1961, Vostok 1); the first woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova, June 1963, Vostok 6); and the first spacewalk (EVA) (Alexei Leonov in March 1965, Voskhod 2). However, most of the Soviet gains listed above were matched by the United States within a year, and sometimes within weeks. In 1965, the United States started to achieve many firsts (such as the first successful space rendezvous), which were important steps in a mission to the Moon. Furthermore, NASA and others say that these gains by the Soviets are not as impressive as they seem; that a number of these firsts were mere stunts that did not advance the technology greatly, or at all, e.g., the first woman in space. In fact, by the time of the launch of the first manned Earth-orbiting Apollo flight (Apollo 7), the USSR had made only nine spaceflights (seven with one cosmonaut, one with two, one with three) compared to 16 by the United States. In terms of spacecraft hours, the USSR had 460 hours of spaceflight; the United States had 1,024 hours. In terms of astronaut/cosmonaut time, the USSR had 534 hours of manned spaceflight whereas the United States had 1,992 hours. By the time of Apollo 11, the United States had a lead much wider than that. (See List of human spaceflights, 1961–1970, and refer to individual flights for the length of time.) Moreover, the USSR did not develop a successful rocket capable of a manned lunar mission until the 1980s – their N1 rocket failed on all four launch attempts between 1969 and 1972. The Soviet LK lunar lander was tested in unmanned low-Earth-orbit flights three times in 1970 and 1971. === Deaths of NASA personnel === In a television program about the moon-landing hoax allegations, Fox Entertainment Group listed the deaths of ten astronauts and of two civilians related to the manned spaceflight program as having possibly been killed as part of a cover-up. Theodore Freeman (killed ejecting from T-38 which had suffered a bird strike, October 1964) Elliot See and Charlie Bassett (T-38 crash in bad weather, February 1966) Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Ed White, and Roger B. Chaffee (Apollo 1 fire, January 1967) Edward "Ed" Givens (car accident, June 1967) Clifton "C. C." Williams (killed ejecting from T-38, October 1967) Michael J. "Mike" Adams (X-15 crash, November 1967. The only pilot killed during the X-15 flight test program. He was a test pilot, not a NASA astronaut, but had flown the X-15 above 50 miles.) Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr. (F-104 crash, December 1967, shortly after being selected as a pilot with the United States Air Force's (later canceled) Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program.) Thomas Ronald Baron (North American Aviation employee died in an automobile collision with train, April 27, 1967, six days after testifying before Rep. Olin E. Teague's House Subcommittee on NASA Oversight hearing held at Cape Kennedy, Florida, concerning the Apollo 1 fire, after which he was fired). Baron was a quality control inspector who wrote a report critical of the Apollo program and was an outspoken critic after the Apollo 1 fire. Baron and his family were killed as their car was struck by a train at a train crossing. The deaths were an accident. Brian D. Welch, a leading official in NASA's Public Affairs Office and Director of Media Services, died a few months after appearing in the media to debunk the Fox pro-hoax television show cited above. He died of a heart attack at the age of 42.Two of them, X-15 pilot Mike Adams and MOL pilot Robert Lawrence, had no connection with the civilian manned space program of which Apollo was a part. All of the deaths listed beside Welch occurred at least 20 months before Apollo 11 and the subsequent flights. As of June 2018, four of the twelve Apollo astronauts who landed on the Moon between 1969 and 1972 still survive, including Buzz Aldrin. Also, nine of the twelve Apollo astronauts who flew to the Moon without landing between 1968 and 1972 still survive, including Michael Collins. The number of deaths within the American astronaut corps during the run-up to Apollo and while the Moon landings were happening is similar to the number of deaths suffered by the Russians. During the period 1961 to 1972, at least, eight Russian serving and former cosmonauts died: Valentin Bondarenko (ground training accident, March 1961) Grigori Nelyubov (suicide, February 1966) Vladimir Komarov (Soyuz 1 accident, April 1967) Yuri Gagarin (MiG-15 crash, March 1968) Pavel Belyayev (complications following surgery, January 1970) Georgi Dobrovolski, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev (Soyuz 11 accident, June 1971)Also, the overall chief of their manned-spaceflight program, Sergei Korolev, died while undergoing surgery in January 1966. === NASA response === In June 1977, NASA issued a fact sheet responding to recent claims that the Apollo Moon landings had been hoaxed. The fact sheet is particularly blunt and regards the idea of faking the Moon landings to be preposterous and outlandish. NASA refers to the rocks and particles collected from the Moon as being evidence of the program's legitimacy, as they claim that these rocks could not have been formed under conditions on earth. NASA also notes that all of the operations and phases of the Apollo program were closely followed and under the scrutiny of the news media, from liftoff to splashdown. NASA responds to Bill Kaysing's book, We Never Went to the Moon, by identifying one of his claims of fraud regarding the lack of a crater left on the Moon's surface by the landing of the lunar module, and refuting it with facts about the soil and cohesive nature of the surface of the Moon. The fact sheet was reissued on February 14, 2001, the day before Fox television's broadcast of Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? The documentary reinvigorated the public's interest in conspiracy theories and the possibility that the Moon landings were faked, which has provoked NASA to once again defend its name. === Alleged Stanley Kubrick involvement === Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick is accused of having produced much of the footage for Apollos 11 and 12, presumably because he had just directed 2001: A Space Odyssey, which is partly set on the Moon and featured advanced special effects. It has been claimed that when 2001 was in post-production in early 1968, NASA secretly approached Kubrick to direct the first three Moon landings. The launch and splashdown would be real but the spacecraft would stay in Earth orbit and fake footage broadcast as "live from the Moon." No evidence was offered for this theory, which overlooks many facts. For example, 2001 was released before the first Apollo landing and Kubrick's depiction of the Moon's surface differs greatly from its appearance in Apollo video, film, and photography. Movements of astronauts in 2001 differs from that of the Apollo astronauts, and does not resemble an environment with 1/6 the gravity of Earth. Several scenes of 2001 show billowing of dust as spacecraft landed, something that would not happen in the vacuum environment of the Moon. Kubrick did hire Frederick Ordway and Harry Lange, both of whom had worked for NASA and major aerospace contractors, to work with him on 2001. Kubrick also used some 50 mm f/0.7 lenses that were left over from a batch made by Zeiss for NASA. However, Kubrick only got this lens for Barry Lyndon (1975). The lens was originally a still photo lens and needed changes to be used for motion filming. The mockumentary based on this idea, Dark Side of the Moon, could have fueled the conspiracy theory. This French mockumentary, directed by William Karel, was originally aired on Arte channel in 2002 with the title Opération Lune. It parodies conspiracy theories with faked interviews, stories of assassinations of Stanley Kubrick's assistants by the CIA, and a variety of conspicuous mistakes, puns, and references to old movie characters, inserted through the film as clues for the viewer. Nevertheless, Opération Lune is still taken at face value by some conspiracy believers. An article entitled "Stanley Kubrick and the Moon Hoax" appeared on Usenet in 1995, in the newsgroup "alt.humor.best-of-usenet". One passage – on how Kubrick was supposedly coerced into the conspiracy – reads: NASA further leveraged their position by threatening to publicly reveal the heavy involvement of Mr. Kubrick's younger brother, Raul, with the American Communist Party. This would have been an intolerable embarrassment to Mr. Kubrick, especially since the release of Dr. Strangelove. Kubrick had no such brother – the article was a spoof, complete with a giveaway sentence describing Kubrick shooting the moonwalk "on location" on the Moon. Nevertheless, the claim was taken up in earnest; Clyde Lewis used it almost word-for-word, whereas Jay Weidner gave the brother a more senior status within the party: No one knows how the powers-that-be convinced Kubrick to direct the Apollo landings. Maybe they had compromised Kubrick in some way. The fact that his brother, Raul Kubrick, was the head of the American Communist Party may have been one of the avenues pursued by the government to get Stanley to cooperate. In July 2009, Weidner posted on his webpage "Secrets of the Shining", where he states that Kubrick's The Shining (1980) is a veiled confession of his role in the scam project. This thesis was subject of refutation in an article published on Seeker nearly half a year later.The 2015 movie Moonwalkers is a fictional account of a CIA agent's claim of Kubrick's involvement. In December 2015, a video surfaced which allegedly shows Kubrick being interviewed shortly before his 1999 death; the video purportedly shows the director confessing to T. Patrick Murray that the Apollo Moon landings had been faked. Research quickly found, however, that the video was a hoax. === Academic work === In 2002, NASA granted US$15,000 to James Oberg for a commission to write a point-by-point rebuttal of the hoax claims. However, NASA canceled the commission later that year, after complaints that the book would dignify the accusations. Oberg said that he meant to finish the book. In November 2002, Peter Jennings said "NASA is going to spend a few thousand dollars trying to prove to some people that the United States did indeed land men on the Moon," and "NASA had been so rattled, [they] hired [somebody] to write a book refuting the conspiracy theorists." Oberg says that belief in the hoax theories is not the fault of the conspiracists, but rather that of teachers and people (including NASA) who should provide information to the public.In 2004, Martin Hendry and Ken Skeldon of the University of Glasgow were awarded a grant by the UK-based Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council to investigate Moon landing conspiracy theories. In November 2004, they gave a lecture at the Glasgow Science Centre where the top ten claims by conspiracists were individually addressed and refuted. === MythBusters special === An episode of MythBusters in August 2008 was dedicated to the Moon landings. The MythBusters crew tested many of the conspiracists' claims. Some of the testings were done in a NASA training facility. All of the conspiracists' claims examined on the show were labeled as having been "Busted", meaning that the conspiracists' claims were not true. == Third-party evidence of Moon landings == === Imaging the landing sites === Moon-landing conspiracists claim that observatories and the Hubble Space Telescope should be able to photograph the landing sites. This implies that the world's major observatories (as well as the Hubble Program) are complicit in the hoax by refusing to take photos of the landing sites. Photos of the Moon have been taken by Hubble, including at least two Apollo landing sites, but the Hubble resolution limits viewing of lunar objects to sizes no smaller than 60–75 yards (55–69 meters), which is insufficient resolution to see any landing site features.In April 2001, Leonard David published an article on space.com, which showed a photo taken by the Clementine mission showing a diffuse dark spot at the site NASA says is the Apollo 15 lander. The evidence was noticed by Misha Kreslavsky, of the Department of Geological Sciences at Brown University, and Yuri Shkuratov of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory in Ukraine. The European Space Agency's SMART-1 unmanned probe sent back photos of the landing sites, according to Bernard Foing, Chief Scientist of the ESA Science Program. "Given SMART-1's initial high orbit, however, it may prove difficult to see artifacts," said Foing in an interview on space.com. In 2002, Alex R. Blackwell of the University of Hawaii pointed out that some photos taken by Apollo astronauts while in orbit around the Moon show the landing sites. The Daily Telegraph published a story in 2002 saying that European astronomers at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) would use it to view the landing sites. According to the article, Dr. Richard West said that his team would take "a high-resolution image of one of the Apollo landing sites." Marcus Allen, a conspiracist, answered that no photos of hardware on the Moon would convince him that manned landings had happened. As the VLT is capable of resolving equivalent to the distance between the headlights of a car as seen from the Moon, it may be able to photograph some features of the landing sites. Such photos, if and when they become available, would be the first non-NASA-produced photos of the sites at that definition. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched their SELENE Moon orbiter on September 14, 2007 (JST), from Tanegashima Space Center. SELENE orbited the Moon at about 100 kilometres (62 mi) altitude. In May 2008, JAXA reported detecting the "halo" generated by the Apollo 15 Lunar Module engine exhaust from a Terrain Camera image. A three-dimensional reconstructed photo also matched the terrain of an Apollo 15 photo taken from the surface. On July 17, 2009, NASA released low-resolution engineering test photos of the Apollo 11, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 landing sites that have been photographed by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter as part of the process of starting its primary mission. The photos show the descent stage of the landers from each mission on the Moon's surface. The photo of the Apollo 14 landing site also shows tracks made by an astronaut between a science experiment (ALSEP) and the lander. Photos of the Apollo 12 landing site were released by NASA on September 3, 2009. The Intrepid lander descent stage, experiment package (ALSEP), Surveyor 3 spacecraft, and astronaut footpaths are all visible. While the LRO images have been enjoyed by the scientific community as a whole, they have not done anything to convince conspiracists that the landings happened.On September 1, 2009, India's lunar mission Chandrayaan-1 took photos of the Apollo 15 landing site and tracks of the lunar rovers. The Indian Space Research Organisation launched their unmanned lunar probe on September 8, 2008 (IST), from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The photos were taken by a hyperspectral camera fitted as part of the mission's image payload.China's second lunar probe, Chang'e 2, which was launched in 2010, can photograph the lunar surface with a resolution of up to 1.3 meters (4.3 feet). It spotted traces of the Apollo landings. === Moon rocks === The Apollo program collected 380 kilograms (838 lb) of Moon rocks during the six manned missions. Analyses by scientists worldwide all agree that these rocks came from the Moon – no published accounts in peer-reviewed scientific journals exist that dispute this claim. The Apollo samples are easily distinguishable from both meteorites and Earth rocks in that they show a lack of hydrous alteration products, they show evidence of having undergone impact events on an airless body, and they have unique geochemical traits. Furthermore, most are more than 200 million years older than the oldest Earth rocks. The Moon rocks also share the same traits as Soviet samples.Conspiracists argue that Marshall Space Flight Center Director Wernher von Braun's trip to Antarctica in 1967 (about two years before the Apollo 11 launch) was to gather lunar meteorites to be used as fake Moon rocks. Because von Braun was a former SS officer (though one who had been detained by the Gestapo), the documentary film Did We Go? suggests that he could have been pressured to agree to the conspiracy to protect himself from recriminations over his past. NASA said that von Braun's mission was "to look into environmental and logistic factors that might relate to the planning of future space missions, and hardware." NASA continues to send teams to work in Antarctica to mimic the conditions on other planets. It is now accepted by the scientific community that rocks have been blasted from both the Martian and lunar surface during impact events, and that some of these have landed on the Earth as meteorites. However, the first Antarctic lunar meteorite was found in 1979, and its lunar origin was not recognized until 1982. Furthermore, lunar meteorites are so rare that it is unlikely that they could account for the 380 kilograms of Moon rocks that NASA gathered between 1969 and 1972. Only about 30 kilograms of lunar meteorites have been found on Earth thus far, despite private collectors and governmental agencies worldwide searching for more than 20 years.While the Apollo missions gathered 380 kilograms of Moon rocks, the Soviet Luna 16, Luna 20 and Luna 24 robots gathered only 326 grams combined (that is, less than one-thousandth as much). Indeed, current plans for a Martian sample return would only gather about 500 grams of soil, and a recently proposed South Pole-Aitken basin robot mission would only gather about 1 kilogram of Moon rock. If NASA had used similar robot technology, then between 300 and 2,000 robot missions would have been needed to collect the current amount of Moon rocks that is held by NASA. On the makeup of the Moon rocks, Kaysing asked: "Why was there never a mention of gold, silver, diamonds or other precious metals on the moon? Wasn't this a viable consideration? Why was this fact never discussed [sic] in the press or by the astronauts?" Geologists realize that gold and silver deposits on Earth are the result of the action of hydrothermal fluids concentrating the precious metals into veins of ore. Since in 1969 water was believed to be absent on the Moon, no geologist would bother discussing the possibility of finding these on the Moon in any great amount. === Missions tracked by independent parties === Aside from NASA, a number of groups and individuals tracked the Apollo missions as they happened. On later missions, NASA released information to the public explaining where and when the spacecraft could be sighted. Their flight paths were tracked using radar and they were sighted and photographed using telescopes. Also, radio transmissions between the astronauts on the surface and in orbit were independently recorded. === Retroreflectors === The presence of retroreflectors (mirrors used as targets for Earth-based tracking lasers) from the Laser Ranging Retroreflector Experiment (LRRR) is evidence that there were landings. Lick Observatory attempted to detect from Apollo 11's retroreflector while Armstrong and Aldrin were still on the Moon but did not succeed until August 1, 1969. The Apollo 14 astronauts deployed a retroreflector on February 5, 1971, and McDonald Observatory detected it the same day. The Apollo 15 retroreflector was deployed on July 31, 1971, and was detected by McDonald Observatory within a few days. Smaller retroreflectors were also put on the Moon by the Russians; they were attached to the unmanned lunar rovers Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2. == Public opinion == In a 1994 poll by The Washington Post, 9% of the respondents said that it was possible that astronauts did not go to the Moon and another 5% were unsure. A 1999 Gallup Poll found that 6% of the Americans surveyed doubted that the Moon landings happened and that 5% of those surveyed had no opinion, which roughly matches the findings of a similar 1995 Time/CNN poll. Officials of the Fox network said that such skepticism rose to about 20% after the February 2001 airing of their network's television special, Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?, seen by about 15 million viewers. This Fox special is seen as having promoted the hoax claims.A 2000 poll conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation (ФОМ) in Russia found that 28% of those surveyed did not believe that American astronauts landed on the Moon, and this percentage is roughly equal in all social-demographic groups. In 2009, a poll held by the United Kingdom's Engineering & Technology magazine found that 25% of those surveyed did not believe that men landed on the Moon. Another poll gives that 25% of 18- to 25-year-olds surveyed were unsure that the landings happened.There are subcultures worldwide which advocate the belief that the Moon landings were faked. By 1977 the Hare Krishna magazine Back to Godhead called the landings a hoax, claiming that, since the Sun is 93,000,000 miles away, and "according to Hindu mythology the Moon is 800,000 miles farther away than that", the Moon would be nearly 94,000,000 miles away; to travel that span in 91 hours would require a speed of more than a million miles per hour, "a patently impossible feat even by the scientists' calculations."James Oberg of ABC News said that the conspiracy theory is taught in Cuban schools and wherever Cuban teachers are sent. A poll conducted in the 1970s by the United States Information Agency in several countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa found that most respondents were unaware of the Moon landings, many of the others dismissed them as propaganda or science fiction, and many thought that it had been the Russians that landed on the Moon. == See also == Astronauts Gone Wild In the Shadow of the Moon Lost Cosmonauts List of topics characterized as pseudoscience Stolen and missing moon rocks Great Moon Hoax == Notes == == Citations == This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. == References == == Further reading == Loxton, Daniel (2010). "Top Ten Busted Myths". Skeptic. 15 (4): 74. Morrison, David (November 2009). "Moon Hoax Resolved: New Lunar Orbiter Images Show Moon Landers, Astronaut's Tracks". Skeptical Inquirer. 33 (6): 5–6. Steven-Boniecki, Dwight (2010). Live TV from the Moon. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. ISBN 978-1-926592-16-9. Talcott, Richard (November 2010). "Astronomy Mythbusters". Astronomy. 38 (11): 56–57. Author examines ten common astronomy myths. See: Myth #10: NASA faked the Moon landings. Achenbach, Joel (March 2015). "The Age of Disbelief". National Geographic. 227 (3): 30–47. Author examines climate change, evolution, the Moon landing, vaccinations, and genetically modified food == External links == Moon Base Clavius is devoted to analyzing the conspiracists' claims and attempting to debunk them. Apollo Lunar Surface Journal Photos, audio, video and complete communication transcriptions of the six successful landings and Apollo 13 "A Moon Landing? What Moon Landing?". The New York Times (Abstract). December 18, 1969. p. 30. Retrieved August 5, 2008. Story by John Noble Wilford "Vocal Minority Insists It Was All Smoke and Mirrors" by John Schwartz for The New York Times, July 13, 2009 "Refuting the Most Popular Apollo Moon Landing Hoax Theories" by Christina Caron, ABC News, July 19, 2009 Why there are no stars in the photographs Hatchmarks in the photos Seeing the landing sites Lunar Module rocket plume No blast crater Why haven't we been back to the Moon? LRO photos compared to Apollo 11 film Moon Hoax Not Topography Complete Apollo 11 moonwalk video, restored. Flag planted 50 minutes in, then doesn't flap for the next 2 hours and 11 minutes. === Television specials === ### Answer: <Flags of Australia>, <Historical flags>, <Space Shuttle program>, <Special events flags>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Jose Bernardo "Joy" Carpio (born May 7, 1958) is a retired Filipino professional basketball player who played in the Philippine Basketball Association. == High School and College Career == Carpio teamed up with Fritz Gaston, Steve Watson, future pro teammate Padim Israel and Chito Narvasa as a 6’4” center-forward for the Ateneo Blue Eagles from 1974 to 1977, winning back-to-back NCAA titles in 1975 and 1976. He also earned Most Valuable Player honors in 1977. == Professional career == Carpio joined the Crispa Redmanizers and learned from the team's resident stars like Atoy Co, Freddie Hubalde, Abet Guidaben and Philip Cezar. He was a reliable off-the-bench player as Crispa constantly battled Toyota for PBA trophies. In 1983, he would join a powerhouse offensive team in Great Taste, which boasted of a very promising center in Manny Victorino, 3-time MVP Bogs Adornado (acquired from the disbanded U/tex team) and sensational Fil-Am rookie Ricardo Brown. Carpio faced his former team in two straight championship series (the Reinforced and the Open), losing both to the Grand Slam-winning Redmanizers. Great Taste, however, exacted sweet revenge against Crispa in the Third Conference of the following year, en route to three straight titles extending all the way to the 1985 season. While playing for the Coffee Makers, he earned the moniker "The Scavenger" from commentator Pinggoy Pengson for his penchant for collaring offensive rebounds and following up on missed shots as well as recovering loose balls. After spending the tailend of his career with Seven-Up, he was forced to end his playing days after nagging knee injuries could no longer be repaired. He spent 13 seasons in the PBA. == Life after Basketball == Carpio currently works as a public relations officer in the Commission on Elections. == References == ### Answer: <1958 births>, <Ateneo de Manila University alumni>, <Centers (basketball)>, <Filipino basketball players>, <Living people>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The 2014 Independence Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 27, 2014 at Independence Stadium in Shreveport, Louisiana in the United States. The 39th annual Independence Bowl, it pitted the Miami Hurricanes of the Atlantic Coast Conference against the South Carolina Gamecocks of the Southeastern Conference. The game started at 3:30 p.m. CST and aired ABC. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that concluded the 2014 FBS football season. Sponsored by duck call manufacturer Duck Commander, the game was officially known as the Duck Commander Independence Bowl. == Teams == The game featured the Miami Hurricanes of the Atlantic Coast Conference against the South Carolina Gamecocks of the Southeastern Conference. This was the 16th overall meeting between these two teams, with Miami leading the series 8–5–2 going into the game. The last time these two teams met was in 1987. === Miami Hurricanes === After finishing their regular season with a 6–6 record, the Hurricanes accepted their invitation to play in the game.This was Miami's first Independence Bowl. === South Carolina Gamecocks === After finishing their regular season with a 6–6 record, the Gamecocks accepted their invitation to play in the game.This was South Carolina's second Independence Bowl; the Gamecocks previously played in the 2005 game, with the 2005 South Carolina squad losing to the Missouri Tigers by a score of 38–31. == Game summary == === Scoring summary === Source: === Statistics === == References == ### Answer: <2014 in Louisiana>, <2014â15 NCAA football bowl games>, <Independence Bowl>, <Miami Hurricanes football bowl games>, <South Carolina Gamecocks football bowl games>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The 30th Reconnaissance Squadron (30 RS) is reconnaissance test squadron assigned to the 432d Air Expeditionary Wing (432 AEW) at Creech Air Force Base, Nevada. The 30 RS flies the RQ-170 Sentinel UAV out of the Tonopah Test Range Airport in Tonopah. The squadron was previously assigned to the 57th Operations Group, 57th Wing, at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. == Operations == Activated on 1 September 2005, at Tonopah Test Range Airport; and on 17 July 2007 it was assigned a new patch: the patch displays a black bird standing astride Asia and East Africa.In 2010 a detachment with RQ-170 Sentinels was sent to Al Dhafra Air Base in order to spy on the nuclear program of Iran. == History == Established on 1 May 1943 as a Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron, initially trained under Second Air Force in Colorado; reassigned to Third Air Force in Oklahoma where the squadron received P-38E/F-4 Lightning reconnaissance aircraft. Deployed to the European Theater of Operations (ETO) in England, being assigned to Ninth Air Force. Initially stationed at the Royal Air Force reconnaissance training school at RAF Chalgrove, later moved to RAF Middle Wallop where the squadron became operational in the ETO. The squadron arrived in Chalgrove in late February 1944 and began operations in March. Engaged in unarmed and extremely hazardous combat operations over Occupied Europe, mapping 6,000 square miles (16,000 km2) of the Netherlands and flew bomb-damage assessment missions over marshalling yards and gun emplacements in Belgium, the Netherlands, and France, in April 1944. Earned DUC for participation with 10th Photographic Group, 7–20 May 1944, in photo reconnaissance of Utah beach for Normandy invasion. The citation read, in part: "Employing specially modified equipment installed in unarmed P-38 type aircraft, the intrepid pilots of the 10th Photographic Reconnaissance Group undertook the most hazardous missions. Flying unarmed and unescorted and at altitudes as low as twenty-five feet, they fearlessly piloted their aircraft over the difficult photographic runs in the face of intense fire from some of the strongest anti-aircraft installations in western Europe." Dicing, was the term used when referring to these extremely low-altitude flights over Utah Beach. Flew sorties over France on D-Day making visual and photographic reconnaissance of bridges, artillery, road and rail junctions, traffic centers, airfields, and other targets. Moved into liberated area of France in early July, flying weather missions, made visual reconnaissance for ground forces, and photographed enemy positions to assist the First and Third Armies; Twelfth Army Group, and other Allied forces in the drive to Germany. Flew its first mission over Germany on 24 Aug 1944. Took part in the offensive against the Siegfried Line, Sep-Dec 1944, and in the Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes-Alsace), Dec 1944 – Jan 1945. From then until the close of the war in Europe, the squadron photographed dams and bridges on the Roer River in preparation for the ground offensive to cross the river, and aided the Allied assault across the Rhine River and into Germany. Flew its 2,000th operational mission on 22 Mar 1945. Flew missions to Berlin on 8 April and to Dresden on 10 Apr 1945. Returned to the United States in July 1945, being assigned to Third Air Force, Continental Air Command at Drew Field, Florida. Squadron demobilized without becoming fully operational during the fall of 1945, inactivating on 7 November. Re-established at Newark Army Air Base, New Jersey in 1947 as a Tenth Air Force Air Force Reserve corollary unit under the guidance of active duty units at McGuire AFB in order to train and maintain currency in reconnaissance operations for its reserve personnel. Primarily operated F-6 (later RF-51D Mustangs). Moved to McGuire AFB from Newark in 1949 when consolidated due to budget restrictions. Was brought to active service in 1951 due to manpower needs during the Korean War, personnel and aircraft being reassigned as fillers to various active-duty units. Inactivated as a paper unit in May 1951. Reactivated under Tactical Air Command at Shaw AFB, South Carolina on 1 January 1953. Performed training of photo-reconnaissance pilots with RB-26B Invader aircraft. Deployed to NATO in July 1953, being assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe at Sembach AB, West Germany; its host 66th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing being the initial unit based at the new air base. Trained in night reconnaissance with RB-26s; replaced with RB-57A Canberra jet aircraft in 1955. Was reassigned to the 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Spangdahlem AB in 1958 as part of a USAFE reorganization. Upgraded to RB-66C Destroyers and continued night reconnaissance training. Moved to England in 1959 when Spangdahlem became a Tactical Fighter base. Operated from RAF Alconbury, however rotated frequently to Toul-Rosieres AB, France where the 10th TRW operated a forward detachment until 1965. Re-equipped with the RF-4C Phantom II reconnaissance aircraft in 1966; operated the day/night capable Phantom for 10 years until 1976 when inactivated due to budget reductions and the need for tactical reconnaissance aircraft was reduced to the increasing use of space reconnaissance assets. Reactivated in 2005 and equipped with unmanned reconnaissance aircraft. === Lineage === Constituted 30th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron on 5 Feb 1943.Redesignated 30th Photographic Squadron (Light) on 6 Feb 1943. Activated on 1 May 1943. Redesignated 30th Photo Reconnaissance Squadron on 11 Aug 1943. Inactivated on 7 Nov 1945.Redesignated 30th Reconnaissance Squadron, Photo, on 11 Mar 1947.Activated in the Reserve on 25 Jul 1947. Redesignated 30th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, Electronics, on 27 Jun 1949. Ordered to Active Service on 1 May 1951. Inactivated on 16 May 1951.Redesignated 30th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Night-Photo, on 15 Nov 1952.Activated on 1 Jan 1953. Redesignated: 30th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Night Photo-Jet, on 8 Jan 1957. Redesignated: 30th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron on 1 Oct 1966. Inactivated on 1 Apr 1976.Redesignated 30th Reconnaissance Squadron on 17 Jun 2005.Activated on 1 Sep 2005. === Assignments === 7th Photographic (later, Photographic Reconnaissance and Mapping) Group, 1 May 1943 Third Air Force, 21 Jun 1943 III Reconnaissance Command, 12 Oct 1943 Ninth Air Force, 4 Feb 1944 10th Photographic Group, 21 Feb 1944Attached to 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Group after 9 Jun 194467th Tactical Reconnaissance (later, Reconnaissance) Group, 13 Jun 1944 – 7 Nov 1945 66th Reconnaissance (later, Strategic Reconnaissance) Group, 25 Jul 1947 – 16 May 1951 66th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 1 Jan 1953 66th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 8 Dec 1957Attached to 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing from 8 Jan 195810th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 8 Mar 1958 – 1 Apr 1976 57th Operations Group, 1 Sep 2005 432d Operations Group, 1 May 2007 – present === Stations === === Aircraft === P-38E/F-4 Lightning, 1943 P-38G/F-5 Lightning, 1943–1945 F-6 (later RF-51D) Mustang, 1947–1951 RB-26B Invader, 1953–1955 B/RB-57A Canberra, 1955–1957 RB-66C Destroyer, 1957–1965 RF-4C Phantom II, 1965–1976 RQ-170 Sentinel, 2005–present == References == This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/. == External links == This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/. Air Force Historical Research Agency: 30th Reconnaissance Squadron (ACC) ### Answer: <Cryptographic software>, <Instant messaging clients>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The following is a list of a number of recent incidents characterized as inspired by Islamophobia by commentators. Islamophobia became a popular term in ideological debate in the 2000s, and it has been applied retrospectively to earlier incidents. == Incidents and conditions by country == === Albania === Below is a list of 1 incidents in Albania that could be considered Islamophobic: === Australia === Below is a list of 7 incidents in Australia that could be considered Islamophobic: === Austria === Below is a list of 1 incidents in Austria that could be considered Islamophobic: === Belgium === Below is a list of 1 incidents in Belgium that could be considered Islamophobic: === Bosnia and Herzegovina === In the 1990s, the Bosnian Genocide and the Kosovo War, both of which involved the "mass murder of innocent Muslims," have been linked to Islamophobia. In Bosnia, Christian Serb and Croat militias carried out genocidal attacks on the Muslim Bosniak community. According to the ICRC data on the Bosnian Genocide, "200,000 people were killed, 12,000 of them children, up to 50,000 women were raped, and 2.2 million were forced to flee their homes." Many attacks on religious buildings and symbols took place in towns such as Foča, where all of the town's mosques were destroyed. On 22 April 1992, Serbs blew up the Aladža Mosque and eight more mosques dating from the 16th and 17th centuries were damaged or completely destroyed. === Brazil === Below is a list of 1 incidents in Brazil that could be considered Islamophobic: === Bulgaria === Below is a list of 2 incidents in Bulgaria that could be considered Islamophobic: === Canada === In recent years, other attacks have been reported against Muslims in Quebec, including vandalism and hate graffiti. This attacks provokes fear and anxiety of the escalation against Muslims and their religious rights.Below is a list of 15 incidents in Canada that could be considered Islamophobic: === Chad === Below is a list of 1 incidents in Chad that could be considered Islamophobic: === China === Below is a list of 3 incidents in China that could be considered Islamophobic: === Central African Republic === Below is a list of 2 incidents in the Central African Republic that could be considered Islamophobic: } === Denmark === Below is a list of 3 incidents in Denmark that could be considered Islamophobic: === France === In 2010 France banned face coverings including women wearing the niqab. The French Collective against Islamophobia reported "an explosion" in the number of physical attacks on women wearing the niqab. Kenza Drider, a protester against the law, said: "I'm insulted about three to four times a day. Most say, 'Go home'; some say, 'We'll kill you.' One said: 'We'll do to you what we did to the Jews.'... I feel that I now know what Jewish women went through before the Nazi roundups in France. When they went out in the street they were identified, singled out, they were vilified. Now that's happening to us." After the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015, there were reports of attacks on mosques and Muslim citizens throughout the country.Below is a list of 15 incidents in France that could be considered Islamophobic: === Germany === Below is a list of 10 incidents in Germany that could be considered Islamophobic: === Greece === Below is a list of 3 incidents in Greece that could be considered Islamophobic: === Iraq === Below is a list of 1 incidents in Iraq that could be considered Islamophobic: === Israel and Palestine === Below is a list of 7 incidents in Israel and Palestine that could be considered Islamophobic: === India === Religious clashes have been intermittent in modern India, which saw its own birth being marred by the religious riots that took place during the Direct Action Day and during its partition. Since then, India has seen violent incidents involving both the majority Hindu population and the minority Muslim population in a series of communal riots, one of which was the Bhagalpur riots of 1989, which has led to the death of 900-1000 Muslims and leaving 50,000 displaced. Recently, India has also seen tensions between Hindus and Muslims in the 2002 Gujarat violence; In response to the Godhra train burning, the nationalist party Vishva Hindu Parishad had organized protests that had immediately turned violent. After days of rioting and violence, it was estimated that 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed, 2500 injured and 223 missing.Below is a list of 16 incidents in India that could be considered Islamophobic: === Indonesia === Under the reign of President Suharto during the New Order (Indonesia), Islamists were suppressed, and religious Muslims were actively persecuted by the Indonesian government. Several Christian Generals who served under Suharto like Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani actively persecuted religious Muslims in the Indonesian military, which was described as being "anti-Islamic", denying religious Muslims promotions, and preventing them from praying in the barracks and banning them from even using the Islamic greeting "Salaam Aleikum", and these anti-Islamic policies were entirely supported by Suharto, despite Suharto being a Muslim himself, since he considered political Islam a threat to his power. The Christian General Theo Syafei, who also served under Suharto, spoke out against political Islam coming to power in Indonesia, and insulted the Qur'an and Islam in remarks which were described as Islamophobic. === Italy === Below is a list of 3 incidents in Italy that could be considered Islamophobic: === Kosovo === Below is a list of 2 incidents in Kosovo that could be considered Islamophobic: === Myanmar === Below is a list of 10 incidents in Myanmar that could be considered Islamophobic: === Netherlands === Below is a list of 3 incidents in the Netherlands that could be considered Islamophobic: === Norway === Below is a list of 1 incidents in Norway that could be considered Islamophobic: === Philippines === Below is a list of 5 incidents in the Philippines that could be considered Islamophobic: === Russia === Due to activity of the Muslim Chechens in organised crime and terrorism many Russians (including authorities) have associated Islam and Muslims with terrorism and domestic crimes.Below is a list of 6 incidents in Russia that could be considered Islamophobic: === Sri Lanka === Below is a list of 8 incidents in Sri Lanka that could be considered Islamophobic: === Spain === Below is a list of 4 incidents in Spain that could be considered Islamophobic: === Sweden === Below is a list of 5 incidents in Sweden that could be considered Islamophobic: === Switzerland === Below is a list of 1 incidents in Switzerland that could be considered Islamophobic: === Ukraine === Below is a list of 2 incidents in Ukraine that could be considered Islamophobic: === United Kingdom === Below is a list of 27 incidents in the United Kingdom that could be considered Islamophobic: === United States === In the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing, many residents of Middle Eastern descent and African-American Muslims became victims of the initial rage at "Muslim terrorists" as the initial news stories hypothesized. KFOR-TV's coverage of the bombing informed viewers that a member of the Nation of Islam had taken credit for the bombing. Even though the network cautioned that it might be a crank call, it repeated the claim throughout the day's coverage. According to a report prepared by the Arab American Institute, three days after the bombings, "more than 200 serious hate crimes were committed against Arab Americans and American Muslims. The same was true in the days following September 11." There were also suggestions on the radio that all Arab Americans should "be put in internment camps".In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, hate crimes against people of Middle-Eastern descent increased from 354 attacks in 2000 to 1,501 attacks in 2001. Among the victims of the backlash was a Middle-Eastern man in Houston, Texas who was shot and wounded after an assailant accused him of "blowing up the country" and four immigrants were shot and killed by a man named Larme Price who confessed to killing them as "revenge" for the September 11 attacks. Although Price described his victims as Arabs, only one was from an Arab country. This appears to be a trend; on account of stereotypes of Arabs, several non-Arab, non-Muslim groups were subjected to attacks in the wake of 9/11, including several Sikh men who were attacked for wearing their religiously mandated turban. According to a report prepared by the Arab American Institute, three days after the Oklahoma City bombing (which was committed by anti-government white American Timothy McVeigh), "more than 200 serious hate crimes were committed against Arab Americans and American Muslims. The same was true in the days following September 11."While en route to Chicago, Shahrukh Khan, a well-known Bollywood actor, was held for what he described as "humiliating" questioning for several hours in Newark Airport, New Jersey because of his common Muslim surname Khan. He was released only following the intervention of the Indian embassy.In April 2012, various media sources reported that the Joint Forces Staff College taught an anti-Islam course. The course taught that "they [Muslims] hate everything you stand for and will never coexist with you." It also proposed justified the destruction of the cities of Mecca and Medina "without regard for civilian deaths". The course was suspended after a student objected to the material.In early August 2012 U.S. Representative Joe Walsh (R-IL) said at a town hall that radical Muslims were “trying to kill Americans every week.” Soon after his remarks several attacks against Muslims took place in his district, including an August 12 acid bomb attack on a Muslim school in Lombard, Illinois during evening Ramadan prayers and hate graffiti found on August 16 in a Muslim Cemetery. There also were several other attacks of mosques with pellet guns, acid bombs, eggs, or unclean animal parts. Some incidents are being investigated as hate crimes.Research suggests that hate crimes and discrimination against Muslims in the United States leads to lower assimilation rates.Below is a list of 45 incidents in the United States that could be considered Islamophobic: === Vietnam === The Cham Muslims in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region. Muslim Chams have experienced violent religious and ethnic persecution and restrictions on practicing their faith under the current Vietnamese government, with the Vietnamese state confiscating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious beliefs. In 2010 and 2013 several incidents occurred in Thành Tín and Phươc Nhơn villages where Cham were murdered by Vietnamese. In 2012, Vietnamese police in Chau Giang village stormed into a Cham Mosque, stole the electric generator, and also raped Cham girls. Cham Muslims in the Mekong Delta have also been economically marginalized and pushed into poverty by Vietnamese policies, with ethnic Vietnamese Kinh settling on majority Cham land with state support, and religious practices of minorities have been targeted for elimination by the Vietnamese government. == Incidents on aircraft == Some incidents with Muslim passengers on aircraft have given rise to the expression "Flying while Muslim". On 16 August 2006 British passengers on board a flight from Malaga to Manchester requested the removal of two men of Asian descent from a plane. According to a spokesman for the Civil Guard in Malaga, "These men had aroused suspicion because of their appearance and the fact that they were speaking in a foreign language thought to be an Arabic language, and the pilot was refusing to take off until they were escorted off the plane." A security sweep of the plane found no explosives or any item of a terrorist nature. Monarch Airlines booked the men, who were Urdu speakers, into a hotel room, gave them a free meal and sent them home on a later plane. The men later responded, "Just because we're Muslim, does not mean we are suicide bombers." The Islamic Human Rights Commission blamed "ever-increasing Islamophobia" related to the "war on terror" for the incident. A passenger traveling to the British Virgin Islands on a plane bound for the United States from Manchester in the UK was forced off the plane prior to takeoff. The man, a British-born Muslim residing in the United States, said he was singled out because he was a Muslim pilot and was left feeling "demoralized and humiliated. I must have met the profile on the day. I have an Arabic name, I am a Muslim, I'm from Britain and I know how to fly." On 21 November 2006, six imams were forcefully removed from a US Airways flight at Minneapolis St. Paul International Airport for security reasons. The event led to an outcry from Muslim organizations in America saying that what happened showed the growing prejudice against Muslims in America. Investigations by the airline and police so far have reported that the airline and ground crews responded to security concerns properly in removing the men from the plane. See Flying Imams controversy for more details regarding this incident. In 2009 AirTran Airways removed nine Muslim passengers, including three children, from a flight and turned them over to the FBI after one of the men commented to another that they were sitting right next to the engines and wondered aloud where the safest place to sit on the plane was. Although the FBI subsequently cleared the passengers and called the incident a "misunderstanding," AirTran refused to seat the passengers on another flight, forcing them to purchase last minute tickets on another airline that had been secured with the FBI's assistance. A spokesman for AirTran initially defended the airline's actions and said they would not reimburse the passengers for the cost of the new tickets. Although the men had traditional beards and the women headscarves, AirTran denied that their actions were based on the passengers' appearance. The following day, after the incident received widespread media coverage, AirTran reversed its position and issued a public apology, adding that it would in fact reimburse the passengers for the cost of their rebooked tickets. On 18 November 2015, in two separate incidents, passengers at Midway Airport were allegedly not permitted to fly aboard Southwest Airlines flights when other passengers claimed to be afraid to fly with them because they were speaking Arabic, or appeared to be Muslim. The refusal sparked widespread condemnation on the airline's social media pages and received prominent coverage, in the US and internationally, accompanied by calls for a boycott of the airline. According to The Economist, "in the two Southwest cases, it was the passengers themselves conducting their own vigilante profiling; the airline was merely bowing to their demands." == Politician-related incidents == CAIR and the Associated Press called United States Rep. Virgil Goode (R-VA) Islamophobic for his December 2006 letter stating that Rep-elect Keith Ellison's desire to use the Qur'an during the swearing in ceremonies was a threat to "the values and beliefs traditional to the United States of America" and for saying "I fear that in the next century we will have many more Muslims in the United States if we do not adopt the strict immigration policies." Concerning the US state of North Carolina’s position (as expressed by their attorney general’s office) in the ongoing case of ACLU of N.C. & Syidah Matteen v. State of North Carolina that the only swearing-in for testimony in court that was valid had to be on a Christian Bible (and that all others must choose to affirm), CAIR's Legal Director in Washington D.C, Arsalan Iftikhar, said “This shows there's a lot of anti-Muslim sentiment, especially here in the United States.” British cabinet ministers had been criticized in October 2006 for helping to "unleash a public anti-Muslim backlash" in the United Kingdom by blaming the Muslim community over issues of integration despite a study commissioned by the Home Office on white and Asian-Muslim youths demonstrating otherwise: that Asian-Muslim youths "are in fact the most tolerant of all" and that white British youths "have far more intolerant attitudes," concluding that intolerance from the white British community was a greater "barrier to integration" in the United Kingdom. == Media-related incidents == A 2008 amateur shoot 'em up computer game called Muslim Massacre: The Game of Modern Religious Genocide had as its aim killing all Muslims that appear on the screen. The game's creator took down the game's download site with a statement of apology on his personal website, stating his original intention in releasing the game, to "mock the foreign policy of the United States and the commonly held belief in the United States that Muslims are a hostile people to be held with suspicion." He said this had not been understood by the wider public and that its release "did not achieve its intended effect and instead only caused hurt to hospitable, innocent people." However, it later emerged that the apology was indeed fake and the original game was an act of a political statement and not of anti-Muslim sentiment. In September 2012 the group Stop Islamization of America, which has been labeled a "hate group" by the Southern Poverty Law Center and the Anti-Defamation League, ran advertisements in the New York City subway reading "In any war between the civilized man and the savage, support the civilized man. Support Israel. Defeat Jihad." Several groups condemned the advertisements as "hate speech." In early January 2013 a related group put up advertisements next to 228 clocks in 39 New York subway stations showing the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center with a quote attributed to the Koran: “Soon shall we cast terror into the hearts of the unbelievers.” The New York City Transit Authority, which said it would have to carry the advertisements on First Amendment grounds, insisted that 25% of the ad contain a Transit Authority disclaimer. These advertisements also were criticized. == See also == Persecution of Muslims Religious intolerance Religious persecution == Notes == == References == == Further reading == Stahnke, Tad; LeGendre, Paul; Grekov, Innokenty; McClintock, Michael (2008), "Violence Against Muslims: 2008 Hate Crime Survey" (PDF), Human Rights First, New York City, United States, retrieved 23 March 2017 Stahnke, Tad (2011), "Violence Against Muslims: 2011 Hate Crime Survey" (PDF), Human Rights First, New York City, United States, retrieved 8 April 2017 == External links == Calacal, Celisa (1 December 2015). "The Growing List Of Anti-Islam Incidents Since Paris". Think Progress. Retrieved 8 April 2017. ### Answer: <Attacks in United States in 2014>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The 2014 Belk Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played on December 30, 2014, at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina in the United States. The thirteenth annual Belk Bowl, it matched the Georgia Bulldogs of the Southeastern Conference against the Louisville Cardinals of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The game started at 6:45 p.m. EST and aired on ESPN. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games played at the conclusion of the 2014 FBS football season. The game was sponsored by Charlotte-based department store chain Belk. The Bulldogs won the matchup by a final score of 37–14. == Teams == The game featured the Georgia Bulldogs of the Southeastern Conference against the Louisville Cardinals of the Atlantic Coast Conference. Georgia was runner-up in the SEC Eastern Division, whereas Louisville was third in the ACC Atlantic Division. The game represented the first overall meeting between these two teams. === Georgia Bulldogs === After finishing their regular season with a 9–3 record, the Bulldogs accepted their invitation to play in the game.Georgia became the first representative of the SEC to ever play in the Belk Bowl. In addition to this being Georgia's first Belk Bowl, it was also the Bulldogs' 50th bowl game in program history. === Louisville Cardinals === After finishing their regular season with a 9–3 record, the Cardinals accepted their invitation to play in the game.The game was Louisville's second Belk Bowl; before they joined the ACC, the Cardinals played in the 2011 game (the first under the bowl's current name and sponsorship), losing to the NC State Wolfpack by a score of 31–24. == Game summary == === Scoring summary === Source: === Statistics === == Records == According to UGA, "Nick Chubb was named the Belk Bowl MVP and finished with 269 yards and two touchdowns on 33 carries. His 269 yards was a career-high, SEC bowl record, marked his eighth-straight 100-yard rushing game and was the second-highest single game rushing total in Georgia history." Also, a 41-yard field goal by Marshall Morgan that gave the Bulldogs a 30-14 lead set a single-season record for Georgia in points scored. Including the bowl game, UGA scored 537 points over the course of the season.Chubb also set three Belk Bowl records: rushing attempts, rushing yards, and "Longest Non-Scoring Run" (82 yards). == References == ### Answer: <2014 in North Carolina>, <2014â15 NCAA football bowl games>, <Belk Bowl>, <Georgia Bulldogs football bowl games>, <Louisville Cardinals football bowl games>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Maya Jaggi is a writer, literary critic and editor who, as one of Britain's most respected cultural journalists, is "an influential voice on world literature". In the words of the Open University, from which Jaggi received an honorary doctorate in 2012, she "has had a transformative influence in the last 25 years in extending the map of international writing today". She has been a contributor to many publications including The Guardian, Financial Times, The Independent, The Economist and Newsweek, and is particularly known for her profiles of writers, artists, film-makers, musicians and others. She is also a broadcaster and presenter on radio and television. Jaggi is the niece of actor and food writer Madhur Jaffrey. == Life and career == Born in London, where her parents settled after migrating from India, Maya Jaggi was educated at Oxford University and the London School of Economics.Her first job, in the 1980s, was as Literary Editor of the journal Third World Quarterly, where she "created a literature section that embraced Latin America as part of the global South", commissioning and publishing work by and about major writers. In the late 1990s, she joined the staff of The Guardian, working on the foreign news desk while also writing for the paper's cultural pages.Since 2000 Jaggi has built a freelance career reporting on arts and culture from five continents and has earned acclaim for her long-form arts profiles, written particularly for the Guardian Review. In addition, she has contributed articles and reviews to a wide range of publications, among them the Financial Times, The Independent, The Economist, The Times Literary Supplement, The Observer, The Sunday Times, the Daily Telegraph, Index on Censorship, the Literary Review, the Evening Standard, Newsweek, the Wall Street Journal, Bookforum, and Wasafiri magazine. In September 2004 she was one of 50 Black and Asian writers celebrated for their contribution to the canon of contemporary British literature in a photograph at the British Library entitled "A Great Day".She has received various awards over the years and in 2012 her work was recognised with an honorary doctorate from the Open University, the citation noting that Jaggi "occupies a unique place in British journalism, and has had a transformative influence in the last 25 years in extending the map of international writing today."In 2014 she was a DAAD fellow in Berlin. === Literary profiles === She has interviewed a dozen Nobel Prize-winners for literature, including Gunter Grass, Mario Vargas Llosa, Jose Saramago, Toni Morrison, Derek Walcott, V. S. Naipaul, Kenzaburō Ōe, and Orhan Pamuk (before he won the prize), as well as other celebrated authors and scholars including Chinua Achebe, Umberto Eco, Tom Stoppard, W. G. Sebald, James Kelman, Alice Walker, Nuruddin Farah, Mahmoud Darwish, Hanan al-Shaykh, Elias Khoury, Alaa al-Aswany, Tahar Ben Jelloun, Amin Maalouf, Isabel Allende, Henry Louis Gates Jr, Eric Hobsbawm, George Steiner, Jeanette Winterson, Caryl Phillips, Kazuo Ishiguro, Arundhati Roy, Walter Mosley, Terry McMillan, Amy Tan, Linton Kwesi Johnson, Aminatta Forna, Nadeem Aslam, Romesh Gunesekera, Junot Diaz and Edward Said (the latter praising her profile of him as "in a class of its own"), and practitioners of diverse art forms, such as filmmaker Costa Gavras, musician Abdullah Ibrahim, painter Frank Bowling, dancer Carlos Acosta, and Oprah Winfrey. Several of Jaggi's literary profiles have appeared in such collections as Lives and Works (2002), Writing Across Worlds: Contemporary Writers Talk (ed. Susheila Nasta, 2004) and Women of the Revolution: Forty Years of Feminism (ed. Kira Cochrane, 2010). The 2001 Penguin Modern Classics edition of Chinua Achebe's Anthills of the Savannah has an introduction by Jaggi. === Broadcasting === Her work as a broadcaster encompasses contributions to such BBC radio programmes as The Strand, Front Row, Night Waves, Off the Page, Any Questions? and The World Tonight, and she was writer-presenter of the television documentary Isabel Allende: The Art of Reinvention (BBC Four, 2003). In 2009, Jaggi's interview with cultural theorist Stuart Hall was the subject of a 258-minute film by Mike Dibb entitled Personally Speaking: A Long Conversation with Stuart Hall. === Other cultural activity === Jaggi has served as an adviser to the London Arts Board and the British Council, an executive member of English PEN and as a judge for numerous literary awards: the Orange Prize, the David Cohen Prize, the Commonwealth Writers' Prize, the Guardian Fiction Prize, the Saif Ghobash–Banipal Prize for Arabic Literary Translation, the Amnesty International UK Media Awards, the Harvill Secker Young Translators' Prize, the Warwick Prize for Writing, the Wasafiri New Writing Prize, the Man Asian Literary Prize, the Caine Prize for African Writing, the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award, and others.She participates regularly in literary festivals, presents seminars and live events, and is a board member of Wasafiri magazine and a patron of the SI Leeds Literary Prize. She is also a member of the Folio Prize Academy.In April 2016 she was Artistic Director of the project "Where Europe Meets Asia: Georgia 25", a cultural week marking the 25 years since Georgia gained independence from the Soviet Union. Talks, films and other events took place in London at Asia House and elsewhere, with participants including Boris Akunin, Boyd Tonkin, Donald Rayfield, Aka Morchiladze, Dato Turashvili, Zurab Karumidze, Claire Armitstead, Maureen Freely, and others. == Awards == 1996: National Newspaper Writer of the Year, Race in the Media Awards (RIMA). 1998: National Newspaper Writer of the Year, Race in the Media Awards. 1998: Feature writer of the year, EMMA awards, Ethnic Multicultural Media Academy. 1999: Feature writer of the year, EMMA awards, Ethnic Multicultural Media Academy. 2001: National News – body of work, RIMA, shortlisted 2012: Honorary degree of Doctor of the University, Open University, for her "outstanding contribution to education and culture". == References == == External links == Maya Jaggi profile, The Guardian. "Stories by Maya Jaggi", Newsweek. Maya Jaggi at journalisted. Maya Jaggi, "Colour bind", The Guardian, 7 February 2003. Maya Jaggi page, The Daily Beast. "Book Reviews by Maya Jaggi", The Literary Review. ### Answer: <British journalists>, <British literary critics>, <British people of Indian descent>, <Living people>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Mir Abu Turab's Tomb, locally known as Qadab-i-Rasul ki Dargah is a medieval tomb in Behrampura, Ahmedabad, India. == History == Mir Abu Turab was the chief of the army during Mughal rule of Akbar. In 1579, appointed chief of the Mecca caravan, he brought back a large stone from Mecca with a footprint of the Prophet Mohammed in 1582 (987 H.). This stone is said to have been the same which Syed Jalal-i-Bukhari brought to Delhi at the time of Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq. Taken first to Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar looked on the whole as a pious fraud, and though the stone was received with great respect, Abu Turab was allowed to keep it in his house. When (1583) Itimad was made Governor of Gujarat, Abu Turab followed him as Amin of the Suba and was buried at Ahmedabad in 1597 (1005 H). The relic was afterwards brought to Ahmedabad, and perhaps near his tomb, had a building raised over it, and drew large numbers of pilgrims. In the disturbed times of the eighteenth century, as the suburbs were no longer safe, the stone was taken within the city walls. He also wrote a book on history of Gujarat, Tarikh-i-Gujarat.The tomb was damaged in 2001 Gujarat earthquake and was restored in 2002 by Archaeological Survey of India. == Architecture == Mir Abu Turab's tomb is simple and graceful, 12.5 sq m (forty-one feet) square platform with a double colonnade of pillars, the inner colonnade formerly enclosed by stone trellis work. Local in style the tomb shows the art in its best form. The flat lintels have throughout given place to the arch, and as no rich minaret bases clash with the plainness of the main building, the whole is uniform and pleasing. On each face three large and two small arches point to the presence of an octagonal dome, and, without confusing, relieve the sameness. The dome is supported by twelve pillars. == References == ### Answer: <Buildings and structures in Ahmedabad>, <Visitor attractions in Ahmedabad>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Pablo Paredes Arratia (born 11 February 1983) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Amurrio Club mainly as a central midfielder. == Club career == Born in Laudio, Álava, Basque Country, Paredes joined Athletic Bilbao's youth setup in 1999, aged 16. He made his debut with the farm team in the 2001–02 campaign, in Tercera División. In June 2003 Paredes was promoted to the reserves, in Segunda División B. He played his first match as a professional on 2 July 2005, starting in a 0–1 away loss against CFR Cluj, for that year's UEFA Intertoto Cup.Paredes was released by the Lions in May 2006, and moved to Barakaldo CF in the third level. After appearing sparingly he joined fourth level's Amurrio Club, appearing regularly during his two-year spell. In the 2009 summer Paredes signed for Sestao River Club, in the third division. An undisputed starter, he appeared in 33 matches as his side were relegated. Paredes moved to fourth level's CD Laudio on 12 June 2010. In August 2012 he joined fellow league team SD Leioa, achieving promotion back to the third level in 2013–14. == References == == External links == Pablo Paredes Arratia at Athletic Bilbao Pablo Paredes at BDFutbol Pablo Paredes at Futbolme (in Spanish) Pablo Paredes at Soccerway ### Answer: <1983 births>, <Association football midfielders>, <Barakaldo CF footballers>, <Basque footballers>, <Bilbao Athletic footballers>, <CD Basconia footballers>, <CD Laudio players>, <Living people>, <People from Ãlava>, <SD Leioa players>, <Segunda División B players>, <Sestao River footballers>, <Spanish footballers>, <Tercera División players>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Mai Badr (born 6 July 1968) is the editor-in-chief of Hia Magazine and deputy editor-in-chief of Sayidaty and Al Jamila. Born in Birmingham, UK, she is of Syrian origin and is considered one of the most prominent Arab women journalists. She spent her childhood and completed her education in Lattakia on the Syrian coast and is married to journalist Adnan Alkateb with whom she has their only child Badr. == Career == In 1993, Mai worked as an editor in the Arab Press House in London, particularly in the political magazine Al Majalla. She has worked as editor and editorial director at Hia Magazine (published by the same company) since 1995. In 2004, she was appointed editor-in-chief of Hia Magazine, a position she still holds. She was appointed in early 2013 deputy editor-in-chief of both Sayidaty and Al Jamila magazines. == Work and success == Mai Badr has managed to establish strong relations with elite women, wives of leaders, princesses, dignitaries, business women, and members of the high society. She succeeded, despite fierce competition in world of media and journalism, in transforming Hia magazine into the most famous and most sophisticated Arab women's magazine. Today, the world's most important "maisons" and companies compete to advertise in Hia, and famous Arab women from various fields dream of being featured in its issues. == Family and origins == She comes from two well-established families on the coast of Syria. Her maternal grandfather the late Sheikh Ali Chehab Nasser was a member of the first Syrian parliament after independence. On her father's side, her grandfather Sheikh Maarouf Badr was among the most eminent local personalities in the Lattakia area. == Personal life and interests == Apart from work, Mai Badr focuses her care and attention on her only child Badr, who is currently 10 years old, and she spends with him most of her time. Her favorite hobby is reading, especially novels and autobiographies of the greats, philosophers, and leaders. == Awards and recognition == She has been honored by several institutions as well as humanitarian and charitable organizations, such as: Emirates Women Award UNICEF Princess Adila bint Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, president of Sanad Children's Cancer Support Society == Interviews with Arab and international celebrities == Mai Badr has conducted significant interviews with the Arab region's and the world's most famous women, including: Al Jawhara Al Ibrahim Adila Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Suzanne Mubarak Rania Al Abdullah Nazik Hariri Manal bint Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum == References == == External links == Hia Magazine website ### Answer: <1968 births>, <British expatriates in the United Arab Emirates>, <British people of Syrian descent>, <Living people>, <Syrian journalists>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Vayilar (literally "The Voiceless One"), also known as Vayilan, Vayila Nayanar, Vayilar Nayanar and Vayilar of Mayilai, was a Nayanar saint, venerated in the Hindu sect of Shaivism. He is generally counted as the fifty-first in the list of 63 Nayanars. He is said to worshipped the god Shiva, his patron, by his Mind and built a grand temple for him in his mind. == Hagiographical account == A brief account of Vayilar's life is described in the Periya Puranam by Sekkizhar (12th century), which is a hagiography of the 63 Nayanars. Vayilar is one of the six Nayanars from Tondai Nadu and is described to date from the Pallava era.Vayilar was born and lived his life in Mylapore (Mayilai), presently a neighbourhood in the city of Chennai, India. He was a Vellalar, a caste of agricultural land owners. He was a Shaiva, a devotee of the god Shiva. Considering his name, he is described to be dumb. He did not visit the Kapaleeshwarar Temple, a famous Shiva temple of Mylapore. Vayilar did not believe in idol worship and rituals, instead he performed Manasic ("mental") worship.Vayilar wanted to create a grand temple for Shiva, but did not have the money to do so. Thus, Vayilar built a temple to Shiva in his mind with his imagination. The temple of the mind is described to have five walls of different metals, the outermost was iron and the innermost was gold. It has many towers of gold and spacious halls with silver walls, gold pillars and studded with precious jewels like diamonds and rubies. Mango-sized diamonds that shone like the Sun replaced ordinary lamps to flood the temple with light. Numerous mirrors were fitted in the temple. The garbha griha (sanctum sanctorum) has a beautifully carved Lingam (aniconic symbol of Shiva) which was decorated with precious stones and fragrant flowers. The Lingam was surrounded by a Kalpavriksha (divine, wish-fulfilling tree) on each side, whose flowers emitted a salubrious fragrance that diffused every part of the temple. Sekkizhar says that: 'His mind was his temple, self-realization was the lamp lit in the temple; he bathed the Lingam in waters of Ananda (bliss) and worshipped the Lord with the elixir of supreme Love'. Vayilar is described to be engaged in the worship of Shiva of his mind temple day and night. He did not care for food or rest, rain or shine, night or day and continue to serve God. Over course of time, the temple and the Lingam disappeared and his soul became one with God. == Remembrance == One of the most prominent Nayanars, Sundarar (8th century) mentions Vayilar in hymn to various Nayanar saints.A shrine is dedicated to Vayilar in the Kapaleeshwarar Temple in his home town of Mylapore.Vayilar is worshipped in the Tamil month of Markazi, when the moon enters the Revati nakshatra (lunar mansion). He receives collective worship as part of the 63 Nayanars. Their icons and brief accounts of his deeds are found in many Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. Their images are taken out in procession in festivals. == References == ### Answer: <Nayanar saints>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: "Mast Magan" (English: Captivated heart) is a romantic Hindi song from the 2014 Bollywood film, 2 States. Composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy, the song is sung by Arijit Singh and Chinmayi, with lyrics penned by Amitabh Bhattacharya. The music video of the track features actors Arjun Kapoor and Alia Bhatt. == Background == The song is composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy. Director of the film, Abhishek Varman wanted Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy to compose the music for the album, in order to create a romantic album that has soul and 'young energy' in it. Producer of the film, Sajid Nadiadwala selected the song as his most favorite track from the album. In an interview with Bollywood Hungama, the leading lady of the film Alia Bhatt stated that the song is one of her personal favorites from the film.The song is sung by Arijit Singh and Chinmayi. Nadiawala and Karan Johar felt that Singh's voice has a 'haunting quality' and makes the song stay with the listener. The song's lyrics were penned by Amitabh Bhattacharya. Johar stated that Bhattacharya is a strong talent in music and his words tend to have a 'colloquial nature', but they also have a 'tremendous amount of soul'.The song is picturised on Arjun Kapoor and Alia Bhatt. The video of the song shows how the bond between their respective characters, Punjabi Krish Malhotra and Tamilian Ananya Swaminathan strengthens. It has been filmed at locations in Tamil Nadu including a temple at Mylapore and a pier at Ennore beach. The video of the song was filmed much before the recording of the actual song. == Release == The song was released on 15 March 2014, along with other tracks in the album. The music video of the song was officially released on 26 March 2014, through the YouTube channel of T-Series. The music video of the song, was the third song released from the album, after two the two singles, "Offo" and "Locha-E-Ulfat"The song was ranked at the third position in the "Bollywood music report January–September 2014" published by The Times of India. == Critical reception == The song received mostly positive reviews from critics. Bollywood Hungama's Rajiv Vijayakar credited, 'imagery-laden' lyrics by Amitabh Bhattacharya, the 'haunting rhythmic guitar riff' and the 'placidity of the composition' along with Arijit Singh's vocals, for making the song, the finest number from the soundtrack.Joginder Tuteja from Rediff.com praised the rendition of the song by the vocalists, and stated the song has a slight "Sufi touch though it is inherently a Bollywood number". Devesh Sharma reviewing from Filmfare mentioned the 'soulful rendition' by the singers and felt, they did 'magic' in the song as well. Bodrul Chaudhury reviewing from Bolly Spice, praised the lyrics of the song and stated that immense singing by Singh gave 'the standout performance' in the song.Sankhayan Ghosh from The Indian Express found the chorus of the song 'wonderful' though criticized for having an 'uncanny resemblance with Ishq Sufiyana' from The Dirty Picture (2011). Aishwarya from Koimoi stated the song "does not bore you or even sound repetitive" and felt, Singh's vocals resembles of Shafqat Amanat Ali in the song. == Accolades == == References == == External links == ### Answer: <2014 songs>, <Arijit Singh songs>, <Hindi film songs>, <Hindi songs>, <Songs from films>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Johanna Elizabeth Braddy (born August 30, 1987) is an American actress. She played the leading role in the 2009 horror film The Grudge 3, and has appeared in Hurt (2009), Easy A (2010), Paranormal Activity 3 (2011), and The Levenger Tapes (2011). She also starred in a main role as Jenny Matrix in the hit web series Video Game High School from 2012 to 2014. In 2015, Braddy co-starred as Anna Martin in the Lifetime dark comedy-drama series Unreal. Currently, she is starring as Shelby Wyatt in the ABC thriller series Quantico. == Early life == Braddy was born in Atlanta, Georgia; the daughter of Jo Beth, a preschool music teacher and a vocalist, and Steve Braddy, an engineer. Braddy has one brother, Cole Braddy. Braddy attended McIntosh High School in Peachtree City, Georgia, and graduated in 2005. == Career == Braddy made her screen acting début in the ABC Family television film Pop Rocks playing Olivia Harden. She made her voice acting debut in Avatar: The Last Airbender playing the roles of Princess Yue. Braddy also played small parts in films Broken Bridges, Home of the Giants and Whore. On television, she had recurring roles in the FX drama The Riches, ABC Family teen comedy-drama, Greek, and VH1 soap Hit the Floor. She also guest starred on Cold Case, Southland, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Suburgatory, and Shameless. In 2009, Braddy had her first leading role in the horror film The Grudge 3, a third installment in The Grudge franchise, released direct-to-video. The following year, she played a supporting role in the teen comedy Easy A starring Emma Stone. She had roles in horror films Hurt, The Levenger Tapes, Paranormal Activity 3, and The Collection. From 2012 to 2014, she co-starred in the web series Video Game High School. In 2013, Braddy was cast opposite Constance Zimmer and Shiri Appleby in the Lifetime dark comedy-drama, Unreal. The series premiered on June 1, 2015 with positive reviews from critics. Also in 2015, Braddy was cast as a series regular in the ABC thriller Quantico along with Priyanka Chopra, Yasmine Al Massri, Graham Rogers, Jake McLaughlin and Aunjanue Ellis. == Personal life == Braddy married her co-star from Video Game High School, Josh Blaylock, on November 11, 2012. They divorced late 2014 or early 2015; the exact date is unknown. Around the end of June 2015, Braddy confirmed in her verified Twitter account that they are no longer married.Braddy began dating her Unreal co-star, Freddie Stroma, in the summer of 2015. Braddy and Stroma became engaged in May 2016, and married on December 30, 2016, in Atlanta, Georgia. == Filmography == === Film === === Television === == References == == External links == Johanna Braddy on IMDb Johanna Braddy at the TCM Movie Database Johanna Braddy on Twitter ### Answer: <1975 births>, <English female singers>, <English jazz singers>, <English singer-songwriters>, <Female jazz singers>, <Living people>, <People from Leeds>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The Marikina Sports Center, also known as Marikina Sports Park and formerly known as Rodriguez Sports Center, is a sports complex located in Marikina, at the corner of Shoe Avenue and Sumulong Highway in Metro Manila, Philippines. == History == It was built in 1969 as the Rodriguez Sports Center under the Rizal Governor Isidro Rodriguez Sr. on a 3 hectares (7.4 acres) land owned by Marikina, then a municipality of Rizal. It is turned over to the Marikina municipal government under Mayor Bayani Fernando in 1995 and was renovated in 2001 under Mayor Maria Lourdes Carlos-Fernando. and was renamed the Marikina Sports Park.Following the designation of the facility as the home ground of Philippines Football League sides, JPV Marikina F.C. in 2017, the facility's football pitch underwent renovations to meet league standards. == Facilities == The main stadium of the Marikina Sports Center consists of an athletics track, a 64 meters (210 ft) wide natural grass pitch, and two grandstands; the West and East Stands. The grandstands has a total seating capacity of 15,000 people. Between the West Stand and the athletics track are basketball and tennis courts. The West Stand is situated along Shoe Avenue. Prior to hosting its first Philippines Football League match, the football pitch hosted a bicycle track.It also hosts an Olympic-size swimming pool inside a aquatics center which can accommodate 2,000 spectators, a sports building, and an indoor gymnasium with 7,000 seats.The MSC hosts facilities for football, tennis, basketball, swimming, and martial arts. Its athletics tracks is open to the public in most nights for a small fee which is used for maintenance expenses of the sports center. == Events == The area has been host to several sports competitions – both national and regional including the 1973 Asian Athletics Championships, and 2014 ASEAN School Games which serves as the main venue. It is also serves as the venue for women's football at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games. The venue also hosts several entertainment shows such as grand concerts, finals night, live television shows, and other events such as for private uses and other community and local government activities.Aside from hosting events, Marikina Sports Center also host sports clinics for the residents of Marikina during the summer season yearly, dubbed as the "Summer Sports Camp".The main stadium of the facility hosts Philippines Football League league matches as the designated home venue of JPV Marikina F.C. since 2018. The facility has been named the home venue of the JPV Marikina since the inaugural 2017 PFL season though the club didn't play a single home game in the venue due to renovation works.The club started playing their home games at the venue on March 3, 2018 with a 2-1 win over Global Cebu. == External links == Media related to Marikina Sports Center at Wikimedia Commons == References == ### Answer: <Athletics competitions in the Philippines>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Josef Knubel (2 March 1881 – 31 May 1961) was a Swiss mountaineer and mountain guide. He made many first ascents and other climbs in the Alps during his career. He is best known for his ascents as a guide for Geoffrey Winthrop Young. == Early life and family == Josef Knubel was born in 1881 at St. Niklaus, Switzerland. His father was Peter Knubel , a mountain guide and carpenter; the Knubel family were collectively well-known for their mountaineering skills. == Mountaineering career == Knubel began climbing mountains at a young age, and climbed the Matterhorn for the first time in 1896, at fifteen years old, with his father and a client. His first major client was Oliver Perry-Smith, an American climber who hired Knubel to guide him through the Alps in 1903; together, they ascended the Matterhorn, Wellenkuppe, Zinalrothorn, Weisshorn, Lyskamm, Ober Gabelhorn, Dent Blanche, and Täschhorn.Knubel became an official mountain guide in 1904 upon receiving his guide's licence, while continuing to work as a stonemason and tree feller. His mountaineering skills were noticed by British climber Geoffrey Winthrop Young, who hired Knubel as his guide. From 1906 to 1914, Young and Knubel climbed together each summer, making a number of first ascents together, including the Täschhorn's south face, the Weisshorn's southeast and northeast faces, the Rimpfischhorn and Zinalrothorn's east faces, the Gspaltenhorn's west face, Grandes Jorasses' west ridge, and Mont Brouillard. The route the two mapped out to reach the summit of Aiguille du Plan in 1907 is still the route used by most alpine climbers today. On Young's first ascent of the east face of the Aiguille du Grépon with several other climbers and Knubel and Henri Brocherel as guides in 1911, Knubel used an ice axe instead of a piton to clear an overhang; the spot was thereafter known as "The Knubel Crack".Knubel was taught to ski by Arnold Lunn and later began to use skis while traversing mountain ranges. In February 1920, Knubel and Marcel Kurz, using skis, made the first winter ascents of the Wellenkuppe, Ober Gabelhorn, Schallihorn, and Täschhorn. He became an authorised ski-guide in 1925. Throughout his career, he made over 800 ascents of Alpine peaks higher than 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) ("four-thousanders") and led around 120 clients. == Later life and death == Knubel was forced to end his climbing career by a knee injury sustained while climbing the Ortler. He died at Visp on 31 May 1961 after undergoing abdominal surgery—related to an episode of appendicitis earlier in his life—and was buried at his hometown of St. Niklaus. == References == ### Answer: <1881 births>, <1961 deaths>, <Alpine guides>, <People from Visp (district)>, <Swiss mountain climbers>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Mathai Kuzhappakkaranalla is a 2014 Malayalam family film directed by Akku Akbar, produced by Anto Joseph. It stars Jayasurya in the lead roles while Bhama and Lakshmi Gopalaswamy play notable supporting roles. == Plot == Mathai (Jayasurya) is an innocent auto driver who unnecessarily interferes into the problems of others with a good intention of solving them. The story is happening on a harthal day, when Mathai came to meet his fiancée Bhama. The story revolves around a series of incidents when he tries to solve the problems between Dr. Nandakumar (Mukesh) and his wife Geeta (Lakshmi Gopalaswamy). == Cast == Jayasurya as Mathai. Mukesh as Dr. Nandagopan. Bhama as Annamma. Lakshmi Gopalaswamy as Geetha. Sreejith Ravi as Suthan Kuyili as Malathi/Geetha's mother Aju Varghese as Mathai Thesni Khan as Omana Geetha Salam as Teastall owner Kollam Thulasi as Menon Harishree Martin Akshara Kishor Aangelina Abraham as Mukesh daughter == Soundtrack == The film features songs composed by Anand Madhusoodhanan and written by Children's story writer Sippy Pallippuram. == References == ### Answer: <2014 films>, <Malayalam-language films>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: == First round == == Second round == Automatically qualified to round of 16 Ferrarelle Rieti (title holder) Jugoplastika Dynamo Moscow Joventut Freixenet ASVEL == Round of 16 == == Semi finals == == Final == March 19, Palau Blaugrana, Barcelona == External links == 1980–81 FIBA Korać Cup @ linguasport.com ### Answer: <1980 in basketball>, <1981 in basketball>, <FIBA KoraÄ Cup>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The Associazione Italiana di Ricerca Operativa (AIRO) – Optimization and Decision Sciences – is the professional non-profit society for the scientific field of Operations Research in Italy. The society is recognized by the International Federation of Operational Research Societies and its subgrouping, the Association of European Operational Research Societies, as the main national society for Operations Research in its country. AIRO is part of FIMA, the Italian Federation of Applied Mathematics. == History == AIRO was created in 1961 with the aim of promoting the development of Operations Research and mathematical programming in Italy, both from a methodological point and an applied research point of views. The recognition of the role and the professional qualification of the operation researchers and the promotion of relationships between operations researchers, inside and outside Italy, are strategic goals of AIRO. Since 1961 the society has had the following presidents: Benedetto Barberi (1961-1970) Armando Corso (1971-1975) Bruno Martinoli (1976-1982) Massimo Merlino (1983-1988) Paolo Toth (1989-1995) Giorgio Gallo (1996-2001) Roberto Tadei (2002-2006) Renato De Leone (2007-2011) Anna Sciomachen (2012-2015) Daniele Vigo (2016- ) == Governance == AIRO is governed by a president, four-year term, which manages the association with the Council, consisting of about 15 councilors elected by the assembly of the members, including the President, the Vice President and for one year the President Elect. On a proposal of the members, within AIRO some thematic sections can be formed, based on either geographical or methodological and application affinity. The headquarters of AIRO is at the Institute of system analysis and informatics “Antonio Ruberti” (IASI, CNR) in Rome. == Membership == Currently (2016), AIRO has about 200 members – individuals (professors and researches from university and research institutions and professionals) and institutions from academia, industry and administration. == Publications == Jointly with the Belgian Society for Operations Research and the French Operations Research Society, AIRO publishes 4OR - A Quarterly Journal of Operations Research, in which methodological and applied papers are published as well as surveys on relevant topics in the field of operations research. The society's publisher is Springer. The 2015 Impact Factor of the journal is 1.371. From 1970 tol 2002, AIRO was responsible for the publication of the scientific journal Ricerca Operativa.Since 2005 AIRO is federated with two national societies in the mathematics area, SIMAI and AMASES, into the FIMA (Italian Federation of Applied Mathematics). From the beginning of 2014 AIRO is involved in the Maddmaths project, a web-site finalized to the dissemination of mathematical education. In particular, Airo collaborates in the preparation of informative articles, sent via emal as madd-letters to interested people. == Conferences == Once a year in September, AIRO organizes a national conference, attended by about 150 participants. In addition, every second year, a winter conference is organized, usually at the end of January, attended by about 70 participants. == Awards == Every year AIRO announces an award for the two best master thesis in operations research, one methodologial and one applicative. In 2014 Airo announced the first best application paper award. This award will be announced regularly every year. Starting from 2015 a new best paper for ethics and social impact award will be announced. == References == == External links == Official website ### Answer: <Management science>, <Operations research>, <Organizations established in 1961>, <Research institutes in Italy>, <Systems science societies>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Code Project (formerly The Code Project) is a community for computer programmers with articles on different topics and programming languages such as web development, software development, C++, Java, and other topics. Once a visitor registers a user account on the site, they can gain reputation which allows users to unlock different privileges such as the ability to store personal files in the user's account area, have live hyperlinks in their profile biography, and more. Members can also write and upload their own articles and code for other visitors to view. Articles can be related to general programming, GUI design, algorithms or collaboration. Most of the articles are uploaded by visitors and do not come from an external source. Nearly every article is accompanied with source code and examples which can be downloaded independently. Most articles and sources are released under the Code Project Open License (CPOL), although the license can be configured by the user. These articles either go through a moderation and editing phase or are immediately posted as unedited reader contributions. Code Project employs a rating and comment system that helps to filter the good articles from the poor. It also has forums, and is a resource for resolving difficult software development issues. Rather than being just a collection of samples, contributors are encouraged to explain concepts and ideas, and discuss design decisions. A separate format, "Tips and Tricks", was introduced in 2010 as a place to post short code snippets that don't fit the requirements for an article. Code Project strives to be a wealth of information and a valuable resource. The site encourages users to share what source code or knowledge they can in order to give back to the community. Code Project also conducts interviews with notable developers. Code Project also awards Code Project Members Choice Awards in various categories. These awards are based on the votes of Code Project members and editors, reflecting which companies and products application developers value most.Users may also be awarded MVP status with Code Project, which is presented to a small handful of people. Code Project's Most Valuable Professional award is given to those members who have contributed the most to the community in both article submissions and in answering questions on the site. The award is given annually. Here is a list of the most recent recipients. == Community == There are non-programming forums, where members can discuss news and sporting events, or comment on the latest thread. There is a high volume of posts to these, mainly in 'The Lounge'. They hit the 10-million-member mark in August 2013. == Languages == Code Project contains articles and code pertaining to the following programming languages: C/C++ (emphasis on Microsoft Foundation Classes, but many other domains are dealt with) C# VB.NET ASP JavaScript Common Lisp Ajax SQL Delphi Java Perl == Topics == Code Project contains articles pertaining to the following topics: Android iOS Internet of Things Web Development Programming Mobile Development Graphics == See also == Code Project Open License == References == == External links == Code Project Code Project Latest Articles Code Project Discussion Boards ### Answer: <Community websites>, <Free software websites>, <Software developer communities>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Achakzai (Pashto: اڅکزی), pronounced a.t͡sak.zai in Pashto, is a Pashtun tribe that resides on both sides of current Pakistan Afghanistan border, centered on Killa Abdullah District with some clans as far away as Afghanistan’s Kandahar Province. == Identity == The Achakzai is a section of the larger Zirak Durrani tribe. Their name comes from the fact that they trace agnatic (patrilineal) descent from Achak Khan - the paternal grandson of Barak Khan, from whom are descended the Barakzai tribe of Pashtuns; thus, the Achakzai are a branch or sept of the Barakzai, who are themselves a branch of the Zirak Durrani tribe.They are divided into two sub-tribes, namely: Gujanzai (whose branches are Hameedzai, khawajazai, Ashezai, Nusratzai, Malezai, Usmanzai) (Masazai) Badinzai (whose branches are Yonus, Ghabizai, Kakozai, Shamshozai, Panizai, Piralizai Shabozai, (Badizai) == See also == Pashtun people Pashtun tribes == References == Adamec, Ludwig W., ed. (1980). "Achakzai" (PDF). Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan. 5. p. 16. == External links == Encyclopedia Iranica: ACƎKZĪ tribalanalysiscenter.com (PDF) ### Answer: <Proposed deletion as of 8 December 2014>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Dugalić is a Serbo-Croatian surname. It may refer to: Ahmet-paša Dugalić Esad Dugalić, retired Yugoslav football goal keeper Veroljub Dugalić, chairman of KMF Ekonomac Kragujevac and economic professor Milica Milisavljević-Dugalić, Yugoslav singer, participated in Jugovizija 1983, 1986 and 1991 Nebojša Dugalić, Yugoslav and Serbian actor ### Answer: <Bosnian-language surnames>, <Serbian-language surnames>, <Surnames>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: "The Reckoning" is the fifth episode of the third season of The CW television series, The Vampire Diaries and the 49th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on October 13, 2011. The episode was written by Michael Narducci and directed by John Behring. == Plot == Elena (Nina Dobrev), Caroline (Candice Accola), Bonnie (Kat Graham), Tyler (Michael Trevino) and Matt (Zach Roerig) along with other senior students are at the school when Klaus (Joseph Morgan) arrives and gets Elena. He explains that because she is not dead, he cannot create the hybrid army he always wanted and now he wants Bonnie to fix this. Klaus feeds Tyler his blood and kills him, saying that if Bonnie does not find how to fix the mistake that was created by Elena staying alive, Tyler will wake up in transition but he will die. Damon (Ian Somerhalder) is on the road with Katherine but pulls over and demands to know where they are going. Katherine reveals that Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) is unconscious at the trunk of the car. She explains that her old friend, Pearl (Kelly Hu), knew a vampire hunter who knows how to kill Klaus. Pearl never told Katherine who the vampire hunter was but she is sure she told her daughter, Anna (Malese Jow). Damon reminds her that both of them are dead; she explains that Jeremy is the key to contact them since he can see and talk to Anna’s ghost. Stefan (Paul Wesley) tries to save Elena by telling Klaus that she means nothing to him. Klaus compels Stefan to obey him and then asks him to kill the two students in front of Elena. Meanwhile, Rebekah (Claire Holt) is with Caroline and Tyler and is looking the pictures at Caroline’s phone. In one of them, she sees that Elena wears her necklace and shows it to Klaus but Elena tells them that Katherine stole it. As a reaction to the news, Klaus gives Bonnie twenty minutes to find the solution, or Stefan will feed on Elena. Bonnie and Matt try to contact Jeremy to help them with contacting the dead witches but as Katherine has Jeremy's phone, they do not get an answer. Matt has the idea that if he dies and comes back, he will be able to talk to Vicki and find out the answer Klaus needs. He jumps in the swimming pool and drowns; when Bonnie finds him, she starts CPR while Matt sees and talks to Vicki. When he comes back, he tells Bonnie that the doppelganger has to die in order for the transition to complete successfully. They do not want to tell Klaus but he overhears their conversation. The time for Stefan runs out. Knowing he will not be able to resist Klaus’ compulsion, he asks Elena to run. Elena tries to convince him that he can resist it because he loves her but with no result, so she runs away and Stefan starts chasing her. Klaus finds Elena and takes her to Stefan. Klaus is impressed that Stefan did not kill her and compels Stefan to turn off his humanity as it is what holds him back. Tyler wakes up and after few minutes begins to feel unwell. Klaus arrives with Elena’s blood, saying that as the Original Witch said that Elena has to die, then it is exactly the opposite that has to happen. He knows that the Original Witch hates him and she would never tell him the truth. He gives Tyler Elena’s blood to drink and Tyler completes his transition to hybrid successfully. Meanwhile, Anna refuses to help and Damon, trying to make her talk, hits Jeremy. Anna reveals the name of the vampire hunter: Michael (Sebastian Roché), who is also a vampire. She warns that they should not awake him because he will kill everyone. Damon sees a text from Bonnie about Klaus being in Mystic Falls and he goes back, leaving Jeremy with Katherine to find Michael. To be able to make more hybrids, Klaus takes more of Elena’s blood. Damon tells Klaus that he and Katherine found Michael, woken him and that by now, he knows where Klaus is. Klaus runs away with Elena’s blood and Damon takes Elena home. Stefan also gets back home telling them that Klaus asked him to take care of Elena till he comes back. The episode ends with Katherine and Jeremy finding Michael chained in a tomb. == Feature Music == In "The Reckoning" we can hear the songs: "10,000 Lovers" by Ida Maria "Please Ask for Help" by Telekinesis "Will Do" by TV on the Radio "Torch Song" by Shady Bard == Reception == === Ratings === In its original American broadcast, "The Reckoning" was watched by 2.89 million; up by 0.26 from the previous episode. === Reviews === "The Reckoning" received positive reviews. Carrie Raisler from The A.V. Club gave the episode an A- rating saying that the episode was full of twists and surprises and the best episode of the season so far. "Character dynamics were shifted in ways likely to resonate for the rest of the season, if not beyond. [...] One great thing about The Vampire Diaries is its willingness to let characters truly evolve and transform, while still managing to maintain the core characteristics that defined them in the first place. If any other show suddenly made their romantic lead a psychotic killer, it might be worrisome. With this show, I’m simply happy to be taken along for the ride."Robin Franson Pruter of Forced Viewing rated the episode with 4/4 saying that it was pivotal, fast-paced and filled with epic moments. "The writing in this episode leaves a number of opportunities for nitpicking, but the brisk pace, the performances, and the overall execution more than compensate for any script shortcomings. Much of the episode left me breathless, squealing "Oh my god!" like a 13-year-old at a slumber party."Matt Richenthal from TV Fanatic rated the episode with 4.8/5 stating that after this week's episode, Matt was not the only one needing CPR. "What an incredible episode of The Vampire Diaries. Consider, Klaus apprehended Elena, compelled Stefan and snapped Tyler's neck; while Matt drowned himself, Katherine kidnapped Jeremy and the rising seniors took some serious TP to the school hallways. And all that happened in the first 30 minutes."Diana Steenbergen of IGN rated the episode with 8.5/10 saying that it was a twisty-turny episode that "delivered some shocking developments, although it occasionally relied a little too heavily on characters making leaps in logic. The episode felt a bit disjointed at times, but it was so quick moving on so many levels that it is hard to complain about that too much."E. Reagan from The TV Chick gave a good review to the episode saying that it was another stellar one. "There was some great one liners that helped to really pace this tension filled episode."Caroline Preece of Den of Geek gave a good review to the episode saying that season 3 exploded back into life, with one of its best-ever episodes."Counting the interesting and important things that happen in this episode would be a long job, but when wondering what's been resolved or tied up you might realise how much more could lie ahead. The Reckoning is not only an outstanding hour of television, but it could signal many more just like it in the weeks ahead."Emma Fraser from TV Overmind also gave a good review to the episode saying that it was awesome. "There are not enough words to praise this episode and how consistently good The Vampire Diaries is; week after week more story and sometimes new characters get added without feeling bogged down." == References == == External links == ThinkHeroTV's review for "The Reckoning" on YouTube ### Answer: <2011 television episodes>, <The Vampire Diaries (season 3) episodes>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Laura Raia, (born May 12, 1990) professionally known as Moxie Raia, is an American singer-songwriter. She is of Italian descent. Her first mixtape 931 featuring artists like Pusha T, Wyclef Jean and Post Malone was released in March 2016. The second single from the mixtape, "On My Mind" featuring T, reached #42 on Spotify's Viral 50 tracks in March 2016.In March 2016, she was named as an opening act for the North American leg of Justin Bieber's Purpose World Tour. == Early life == Raia began her career as a professional dancer and songwriter before she was a teenager. At the age of 13, she moved to New York City and enrolled in the Professional Children's School. After studying jazz at Columbia University, Raia moved to Los Angeles and signed up with Capitol Records for a cover of Big Sean's "Beware." == Career == Shortly after signing up with Capitol, Raia released her first single, "Buffalo Bill". Moxie has an album, 931, featuring 10 songs. == References == == External links == Moxie Raia on SoundCloud Moxie Raia on YouTube ### Answer: <Candidates for undeletion>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Dugali Ahmed or Ahmed-paša Dugalić (fl. 1598–1605) was an Ottoman governor of the Bosnia Eyalet (1598–99; 1604) and Temeşvar Eyalet (1605–?). == Early life == There are insufficient sources alleging that part of the Malkoçoğlu family (Malkočević) received sipahi status in Duge near Prozor, hence their name. Ahmed descended from the Dugalići of Malkoč-beg. The oldest mention of Ahmed is from 1598, when he became beylerbey of Bosnia. == Career == === Governor of Bosnia (1st term) === In 1598, Ahmed-paša Dugalić served as the governor of the Bosnia Eyalet. He succeeded Hasan-paša Tir (s. 1597–98), and served as the beyler-bey of Bosnia, most likely for less than a year, being succeeded in 1599 by Derviš-paša Bajezidagić. Ahmed-paša made peace with Grdan, the leader of the Serb Uprising of 1596–97, and forgave him, doing nothing to Grdan, not even stripping him of his voivodeship of the Nikšić nahija. === Governor of Bosnia (2nd term) === In February 1604, Ahmed-paša Dugalić went from Belgrade to Bosnia to take over the Vizierate of Bosnia. Husein-paša left Bosnia in 1604 and became beylerbey of Temeşvar, while Ahmed-paša succeeded him in Bosnia. === Governor of Temeşvar === With the death of Dželalija Hasan-paša in Belgrade in 1605, Ahmed-paša Dugalić succeeded as governor of the Temeşvar Eyalet. == Annotations == He is also referred to as: Ahmet-paša Kadum (Ахмет-паша Кадум) == References == ### Answer: <16th-century Ottoman people>, <17th-century Ottoman people>, <Governors (Ottoman Empire)>, <Ottoman governors of Bosnia>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: In polymer science, dispersion polymerization is a heterogeneous polymerization process carried out in the presence of a polymeric stabilizer in the reaction medium. Dispersion polymerization is a type of precipitation polymerization, meaning the solvent selected as the reaction medium is a good solvent for the monomer and the initiator, but is a non-solvent for the polymer. As the polymerization reaction proceeds, particles of polymer form, creating a non-homogeneous solution. In dispersion polymerization these particles are the locus of polymerization, with monomer being added to the particle throughout the reaction. In this sense, the mechanism for polymer formation and growth has features similar to that of emulsion polymerization. With typical precipitation polymerization, the continuous phase (the solvent solution) is the main locus of polymerization, which is the main difference between precipitation and dispersion. == Polymerization mechanism == At the onset of polymerization, polymers remain in solution until they reach a critical molecular weight (MW), at which point they precipitate. These initial polymer particles are unstable and coagulate with other particles until stabilized particles form. After this point in the polymerization, growth only occurs by addition of monomer to the stabilized particles. As the polymer particles grow, stabilizer (or dispersant) molecules attach covalently to the surface. These stabilizer molecules are generally graft or block copolymers, and can be preformed or can form in situ during the reaction. Typically, one side of the stabilizer copolymer has an affinity for the solvent while the other side has an affinity for the polymer particle being formed. These molecules play a crucial role in dispersion polymerization by forming a “hairy layer” around the particles that prevents particle coagulation. This controls size and colloidal stability of the particles in the reaction system. The driving force for the particle separation is steric hindrance between the outward-facing tails of the stabilizer layers.Dispersion polymerization can produce nearly monodisperse polymer particles of 0.1–15 micrometers (µm). This is important because it fills the gap between particle size generated by conventional emulsion polymerization (0.006–0.7 µm) in batch process and that of suspension polymerization (50–1000 µm). == Applications == Particles produced by dispersion polymerization are used in a wide variety of applications. Toners, instrument calibration standards, chromatography column packing materials, liquid crystal display spacers, and biomedical and biochemical analysis all use these micron-size monodisperse particles, particles which were hard to come by before the development of dispersion polymerization methods. The dispersions are also used as surface coatings. Unlike solution coatings, dispersion coatings have viscosities that are independent of polymer MW. The viscosities of dispersions are advantageously lower than those of solutions with practical polymer levels. This allows for easier application of the coating. One dispersion polymerization system being studied is the use of supercritical liquid carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a solvent. Because of its unique solvent properties, supercritical CO2 is an ideal medium for dispersion polymerization for many soluble-monomer with insoluble-polymer systems. For example, polymers can be separated by releasing the high pressure under which the scCO2 is held. This process is more efficient than typical drying processes. Also, the principles of dispersion polymerization with scCO2 follows principles of green chemistry: low solvent toxicity, low waste, efficient atom economy, and avoidance of purification steps. == References == ### Answer: <Polymerization reactions>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The Gim clan of Andong (Hangul: 안동 김씨; Hanja: 安東 金氏) refers to two Korean clans. They were prominent yangban families during Korea's Joseon dynasty originating from Andong, North Gyeongsang province, during the Goryeo dynasty. The clan produced many individuals who passed the gwageo, as well as three queens. Both clans derive from the Gim clan of Gyeongju. == Type == === Gim clan of Andong (old) === The old Gim clan of Andong was founded during the Goryeo dynasty by the grandson of Gyeongsun of Silla, Sukseung. In 2000, the old Gim clans of Andong were found to number at around 425,000 individuals. === Gim clan of Andong (new) === The new Gim clan of Andong resided in Seoul, and came to exert a great deal of influence and power through intermarriage with the royal family. In 2000, the number of the new Gim clans of Andong amounted to about 48,000 individuals. == Downfall == Heungseon Daewongun removed much of the Gim clan of Andong's power during the 19th century. During the Gabo Reform, the yangban class was abolished. == Prominent individuals == Jonny Kim Kim Chwa-chin Gim Du-han Kim Eul-dong Kim Gu Gim Gu-ra Gim Jil Kim Ok-gyun Gim Si-min Queen Cheorin Queen Hyohyeon Queen Sunwon ### Answer: <Andong Kim clan>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The Bland Creek, a mostly–perennial river that is part of the Lachlan sub-catchment of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the South West Slopes, and Riverina regions of New South Wales, Australia. The Bland Creek is only connected to the Murray Darling basin when both the Lachlan and Murrumbidgee Rivers are in flood. == Course and features == The Bland Creek (technically a river) rises below Twins Range, a northern spur of the Great Dividing Range, and flows generally north northwest, joined by seven minor tributaries, before reaching its mouth and spilling into Lake Cowal, the largest natural inland lake in New South Wales. The creek descends 185 metres (607 ft) over its 173-kilometre (107 mi) course.Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River Red Gum) woodland occurs along the edges of the Bland Creek. In 2012 it was reported that the Bland Creek mallee fowl was on the brink of extinction.The creek is crossed by the Newell Highway south of the river mouth and east of Wyalong. == See also == List of rivers of New South Wales (A-K) Rivers of New South Wales == References == == External links == "Lachlan River catchment" (map). Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales. "Bland Creek Catchment Committee". LachLandcare Inc. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Trueman, Will (2012). True Tales of the Trout Cod: River Histories of the Murray–Darling Basin (Lachlan River catchment booklet) (PDF). Canberra: Murray–Darling Basin Authority. ISBN 978-1-921914-98-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2014. ### Answer: <Lachlan River>, <Murray-Darling basin>, <Rivers in the Riverina>, <Rivers of New South Wales>, <Tributaries of the Murrumbidgee River>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Badi Mata is a female deity worshiped by some tribes in India, like the Saharia, Kamar etc. The worshipers believe that her wrath causes people to suffer from the small pox disease. The worshipers sacrifice goats to appease her.Another similar deities are: Chhoti Mata who is associated with chicken pox and Sendri Mata who is associated with measles. == See also == Phul Mata == References == ### Answer: <Hindu goddesses>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Melua () is a family name originating in Georgia, specifically the Mingrelia region around the city of Zugdidi (Georgian: მელუა); it belongs to Orthodox Christian culture. Usually Georgian etymologists consider that the surname came from the word melia (sometimes mela), meaning fox. Other surnames derived from the word melia are Meluava, Meliava, Meliva and Meladze. In French the surname is written Méloua. == History == === 19th century === Groups with the surname Melua migrated from the Mingrelia region to the Guria region (around the town of Ozurgeti) to farm and breed horses, to Imereti (around the town of Kutaisi), and to Tbilisi. === 20th century === Some individuals bearing this name sought refuge abroad after the Red Army invaded the country. Mirian Melua (1903-1991), refugee in France Elie Melia (1915-1988), lived in Belgium and then in France; priest and historian of the Georgian Orthodox Church. Alexandre Meliava (1908-19XX), refugee in France.During the Soviet years, groups with the surname Melua migrated from Mingrelia, Guria and Tbilisi to Batum, Kiev, Moscow and Leningrad, for education and universities, but also for jobs. After the return of Georgian sovereignty and the civil war, in 1991, a lot of people left the country and migrated; some with the surname Melua moved to Great Britain or to the United States, looking for a better life. === 21st century === Today, there are Georgian, American, British, French and Russian people with the surname Melua: Arkady Melua is the Russian general director and editor-in-chief of the scientific publishing house, Humanistica. David Melua is the executive secretary of National Association of Local Authorities of Georgia Elen Melua, was a former fashion collection chief, in Paris George Meluava is an American artist, painter Katie Melua is a British singer Luc Méloua was a French motorist and journalist Mikheil Melua was a champion of Georgia in martial arts ("Goju-Ryu Karate") Mirian Melua, son, is chief editor of the newsletter Les Infos Brèves France Géorgie.There are people bearing the name living in western Europe, children of Elie Melia : Nina Melia Elie Melia, son Ketevan Melia.There were and there are Meliavas living in western Europe, children of Alexandre Meliava : Guy Meliava (1939-2006), French designer Michel Meliava, French engineer Natacha Meliava, French business advisor Serge Meliava (1937-2011), former President of Georgian Association in France. == References == == External links == Chelly, David (28 November 2005). "Mirian Méloua : Point de vue sur le rapatriement du héros national géorgien Kakoutsa Tcholokachvili" (in French). Retrieved 1 January 2014. ### Answer: <Georgian-language surnames>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Marcos Antônio Costa Ferreira de Macedo (born September 9, 1990 in Natal) is a Brazilian competitive swimmer. is a Brazilian professional swimmer. He currently competes for the Fiat/Minas team. Marcos won the 4 × 100 m medley relay in the 2014 World Swimming Championship (short course). == International career == === 2008–12 === He won the bronze medal in the 4×100-metre freestyle at the 2008 FINA Youth World Swimming Championships in Monterrey.At the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China, Macedo finished 9th in the 4×100-metre freestyle. At the 2011 Summer Universiade in Shenzhen, China, he got a silver medal in the 4×100-metre freestyle relay. === 2013–16 === Macedo was part of the Brazilian delegation that finished in the first place the medal chart of the World Swimming Championship (short course) in Doha, with 7 golds, 1 silver and two bronzes (10 medals total). Marcos won the gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay, in the team also composed by César Cielo, Guilherme Guido, and Felipe França Silva. He swam the butterfly course in 49.63, with team's total time of 3:21.14. He also qualified for the final on the men's 100 metre butterfly, and finished in 8th, 50.47. === 2016 Summer Olympics === At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Macedo finished 34th in the Men's 100 metre butterfly. == References == ### Answer: <1990 births>, <Brazilian swimmers>, <Living people>, <Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)>, <People from Natal>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: There are 82 colleges of education in Nigeria, consisting of 22 federal, 14 private and 46 state colleges of education. == Federal colleges == This is a list of approved federal colleges of education in Nigeria. FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION KANNO == Private colleges == This is a list of approved private colleges of education in Nigeria. == State colleges == Tai Solarin College of Education, Omu-Ijebu, Ogun Nwafor Orizu College of Education, Nsugbe Enugu State College of Education (Technical), Enugu State Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare, Bauchi State Taraba State College of Education, Zing Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Ijanikin, Lagos State Imo State College of Education, Ihitte Uboma. Kwara State College of Education, Ilorin (www.kwcoeilorin.edu.ng) Kwara State College of Education, Oro (www.coedoro.edu.ng) Kwara State College of Education (Technical) Lafiagi Yusufu Bala Usman College of Legal and General Studies, Daura, Katsina State (www.ybuc.edu.ng) College of Education, Ikere-Ekiti. Ekiti State. Sa'adatu Rimi College of Education Kumbotso, Kano. Ozigis College of Education == See also == List of polytechnics in Nigeria == References == ### Answer: <Lists of universities and colleges in Africa>, <Universities and colleges in Nigeria>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Charles Hamya, is a Ugandan businessman. He is the Managing Director of Multichoice Uganda Limited, a digital communications network provider in Uganda. He is reported to be one of the wealthiest individuals in Uganda. == Background and education == He was born in Uganda in 1973. He attended the oldest school in Uganda, Mengo Senior School, established in 1895. == Career == He started out as the Chief Accountant at Multichoice Uganda Limited, during the early 2000s. He rose to the rank of General Manager and later assumed his present position as Managing Director and CEO. In 2015, his monthly salary, excluding allowances, was reported at over USh50.7 million (approximately US$14,000). == See also == List of wealthiest people in Uganda == References == == External links == Piracy Hampering Growth of Pay TV ### Answer: <Living people>, <Ugandan businesspeople>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The beithir is a large snakelike creature or dragon in Scottish folklore, possibly originating from sightings of large grass snakes (Natrix natrix) or European eels (Anguilla anguilla). == Etymology == The Scottish Gaelic word beithir has been defined variously as "serpent", "lightning", and "thunderbolt". It is also referred to as beithir-nimh ("venomous serpent") and nathair ("serpent" and "adder"). The word may also mean "wild beast" and may be derived from the Norse for "bear" according to Celtic mythology scholar James MacKillop. == Folklore == The beithir is described as "the largest and most deadly kind of serpent", or as a dragon (but without certain typical draconic features such as wings or fiery breath). It dwells in mountainous caves and corries (valleys) and is equipped with a venomous sting. If a person is stung by the beithir then he must head for the nearest body of water such as a river or loch. If he can reach it before the beithir does then he is cured, but if the monster reaches it first then the victim is doomed. Another cure for the sting is water in which the head of another snake has been placed. The beithir is considered one of the fuath, a general term for various monsters and spirits associated with water.It is said that if a normal snake is killed then the head must be separated a proper distance from its body and destroyed. Otherwise, both parts will come together and the snake will return to life as a beithir. Donald Alexander Mackenzie in Scottish Folklore and Folk Life (1935) drew a possible connection between the beithir and the mythological hag known as the Cailleach Bheur. In a story from Argyll the Cailleach was slain by a hunter who hacked her to pieces, but she returned to life when all her body parts came together again. Mackenzie suggested that the serpent-dragon of the loch may be one of her forms.John Francis Campbell in 1890 recounted a traditional story about a wicked stepmother who was the wife of an Irish king, and she gave the king's son a magic shirt that was a beithir in disguise. As long as the "great snake" remained coiled about his neck, the prince was under his stepmother's enchantment, but he was eventually freed from the beithir with the help of a wise woman.John Gregorson Campbell in 1900 provided an account of the beithir: The big beast of Scanlastle in Islay was one of this kind. It devoured seven horses on its way to Loch-in-daal. A ship was lying at anchor in the loch at the time, and a line of barrels filled with deadly spikes, and with pieces of flesh laid upon them, was placed from the shore to the ship. Tempted by the flesh, the "loathly worm" made its way out on the barrels and was killed by the spikes and cannon. Writing in the Celtic Review in 1908, the folklorist E. C. Watson described the beithir as a "venomous and destructive creature". She suggested the basis of the legends were founded in the destructive characteristics of lightning and serpents.The beithir was said to be sighted on summer nights when lightning strikes occurred. == Reported sightings == In the 1930s beithirs were reported on ground near Loch a’ Mhuillidh in Glen Strathfarrar and Sgùrr na Lapaich. A group of fishermen saw a creature about 9–10 feet (2.7–3.0 m) long coiled in a gorge near Kilmorack in 1975. It became agitated upon sighting the fishermen and swam away towards Beaufort Castle. == Origins == The creature might be a mythological elaboration of the grass snake (Natrix natrix), which can grow up to 6.5 feet (2.0 m) in length in southern Europe. Another possible source of the myth is the European eel (Anguilla anguilla), which spawn in the Atlantic Ocean and swim upstream into freshwater, and grow up to 4 feet (1.2 m). == See also == Beinn a' Bheithir Lake monsters Loch Ness Monster == References == ### Answer: <Celtic legendary creatures>, <Legendary reptiles>, <Scottish loch cryptids>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Piracy in Somalia has been a threat to international shipping since the second phase of the civil war in Somalia in the early 21st century. Since 2005, many international organizations have expressed concern over the rise in acts of piracy. Piracy impeded the delivery of shipments and increased shipping expenses, costing an estimated $6.6 to $6.9 billion a year in global trade in 2011 according to Oceans Beyond Piracy (OBP). According to the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), a veritable industry of profiteers also arose around the piracy. Insurance companies significantly increased their profits from the pirate attacks, as the firms hiked rate premiums in response. == Military presence == The military response to pirate attacks has brought about a rare show of unity by countries that are either openly hostile to each other, or at least wary of cooperation, military or otherwise. It is the first time since World War 2 that all five permanent members of the UN Security Council have deployed forces on the same side.Currently there are three international naval task forces in the region, with numerous national vessels and task forces entering and leaving the region, engaging in counter-piracy operations for various lengths of time. The three international task forces which compose the bulk of counter-piracy operations are Combined Task Force 150 (whose overarching mission is Operation Enduring Freedom), Combined Task Force 151 (which was set up in 2009 specifically to run counter-piracy operations) and the EU naval task force operating under Operation Atalanta. All counter-piracy operations are coordinated through a monthly planning conference called Shared Awareness and Deconfliction (SHADE). Originally having representatives only from NATO, the EU, and the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) HQ in Bahrain, it now regularly attracts representatives from over 20 countries. As part of the international effort, Europe plays a significant role in combating piracy off the coast of the Horn of Africa. The European Union under the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) launched EU NAVFOR Somalia – Operation Atalanta (in support of Resolutions 1814 (2008), 1816 (2008), 1838 (2008) and 1846 (2008) of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC)). This operation is working to protect humanitarian aid and reduce the disruption to the shipping routes and the de-stabilising of the maritime environment in the region. To date, 26 countries have brought some kind of contribution to the operation. 13 EU Member States have provided an operational contribution to EU NAVFOR, either with ships, with maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft, or with Vessel Protection Detachment (VPD) team. This includes France, Spain, Germany, Greece, Sweden, Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, United Kingdom (also hosting the EU NAVFOR Operational headquarters), Portugal, Luxembourg, Malta and Estonia. 9 other EU Member States have participated in the effort providing military staff to work at the EU NAVFOR Operational Headquarters (Northwood Headquarters – UK) or onboard units. These are Cyprus, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Ireland and Finland. Finally, 4 non-EU Member States, Norway (which has also provided an operational contribution with a warship regularly deploying), Croatia, Ukraine and Montenegro, have so far also brought their contribution to EU NAVFOR. At any one time, the European force size fluctuates according to the monsoon seasons, which determine the level of piracy. It typically consists of 5 to 10 surface combatants (naval ships), 1 to 2 auxiliary ships and 2 to 4 maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft. Including land-based personnel, Operation Atalanta consists of a total of around 2,000 military personnel. EU NAVFOR operates in a zone comprising the south of the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden and the western part of the Indian Ocean including the Seychelles, which represents an area of 2,000,000 square nautical miles. Additionally, Other non-NATO and non-EU countries have, at one time or another, contributed to counter-piracy operations. Australia, China, India, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Russia, Thailand, and Saudi Arabia have all sent ships, surveillance aircraft or personnel to the region, sometimes joining with the existing CTFs, sometimes operating independently. there are, and have been, several naval deployments by non-multinational task forces in the past. Some notable ones include: On 29 May 2009, Australia pledged its support, redirecting Australian warship HMAS Warramunga from duties in the Persian Gulf to assist in the fighting of piracy. Royal Australian Air Force Lockheed P-3 Orion surveillance planes patrol the ocean between the southern coast of Oman and the Horn of Africa. The anti-piracy flights are operated from UAE.On 12 June 2009, Bulgaria also announced plans to join the anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden and protect Bulgarian shipping, by sending a frigate with a crew of 130 sailors.On 26 December 2008, China dispatched two destroyers; Haikou and Wuhan, and the supply ship Weishanhu to the Gulf of Aden. A team of 16 Chinese Special Forces members from its Marine Corps armed with attack helicopters were on board. Subsequent to the initial deployment, China has maintained a three-ship flotilla of two warships and one supply ship in the Gulf of Aden by assigning ships to the area on a three-month basis. The Danish Institute for Military Studies has in a report proposed to establish a regionally based maritime unit: a Greater Horn of Africa Sea Patrol, to carry out surveillance in the area to secure free navigation and take on tasks such as fishery inspection and environmental monitoring. A Greater Horn of Africa Sea Patrol would comprise elements from the coastal states – from Egypt in the north to Tanzania in the south. The unit would be established with the support of the states that already have a naval presence in the area.In February 2010, Danish special forces from the Absalon freed 25 people from the Antigua and Barbuda-flagged vessel Ariella after it was hijacked by pirates off the Somali coast. The crew members had locked themselves into a store-room.To protect Indian ships and Indian citizens employed in seafaring duties, the Indian Navy commenced anti-piracy patrols in the Gulf of Aden from 23 Oct 8. A total of 21 IN ships have been deployed in the Gulf of Aden since 8 Oct. In addition to escorting Indian-flagged ships, ships of other countries have also been escorted. Merchant ships are currently being escorted along the entire length of the (490 nm long and 20 nm wide) Internationally Recommended Transit Corridor (IRTC) that has been promulgated for use by all merchant vessels. A total of 1181 ships (144 Indian flagged and 1037 foreign flagged from different countries) have been escorted by IN ships in the Gulf of Aden since 8 Oct. During its deployments for anti-piracy operations, the Indian naval ships have prevented 15 piracy attempts on merchant vessels. In response to the increased activity of the INS Tabar, India sought to augment its naval force in the Gulf of Aden by deploying the larger INS Mysore to patrol the area. Somalia also added India to its list of states, including the U.S. and France, which are permitted to enter its territorial waters, extending up to 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) from the coastline, in an effort to check piracy. An Indian naval official confirmed receipt of a letter acceding to India's prerogative to check such piracy. "We had put up a request before the Somali government to play a greater role in suppressing piracy in the Gulf of Aden in view of the United Nations resolution. The TFG government gave its nod recently". India also expressed consideration to deploy up to four more warships in the region. On 14 March 2011, the Indian navy reportedly had seized 61 pirates and rescued 13 crew from the vessel, which had been used as a mother ship from where pirates launched attacks around the Indian Ocean. Meanwhile, a Bangladeshi ship hijacked by pirates last year was freed after a ransom was paid. On 28 January 2009, Japan announced its intention of sending a naval task force to join international efforts to stop piracy off the coast of Somalia. The deployment would be highly unusual, as Japan's non-aggressive constitution means Japanese military forces can only be used for defensive purposes. The issue has been controversial in Japan, although the ruling party maintains this should be seen as fighting crime on the high seas, rather than a "military" operation. The process of the Prime Minister of Japan, Taro Aso, giving his approval is expected to take approximately one month. However, the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the Japanese government face legal problems on how to handle attacks by pirates against ships that either have Japanese personnel, cargo or are under foreign control instead of being under Japanese control as current Article 9 regulations would hamper their actions when deployed to Somalia. It was reported on 4 February 2009, that the JMSDF was sending a fact-finding mission led by Gen Nakatani to the region prior to the deployment of the Murasame-class destroyer Samidare and the Takanami-class destroyer Sazanami to the coast of Somalia with a 13-man team composed of Japanese Ministry of Defense personnel, with members coming from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the JMSDF to visit Yemen, Djibouti, Oman, and Bahrain from 8 to 20 February. Both JMSDF vessels are units of the 8th Escort Division of the 4th Escort Flotilla based in Kure, Hiroshima Prefecture. The JMSDF's special forces unit, the Special Boarding Unit is also scheduled to potentially deploy to Somalia. The SBU has been deployed alongside the two destroyers to Somalia on 14 March 2009. According to JMSDF officials, the deployment would "regain the trust of the shipping industry, which was lost during the war." The JMSDF task force would be deployed off the coast of Somalia for 4 months. In its first mission, the Sazanami was able to ward off pirates attempting to hijack a Singaporean cargo ship. In addition, JMSDF P-3Cs are to be deployed in June from Djibouti to conduct surveillance on the Somali coast. The House of Representatives of Japan has passed an anti-piracy bill, calling for the JMSDF to protect non-Japanese ships and nationals, though there are some concerns that the pro-opposition House of Councillors may reject it. The Diet of Japan has passed an anti-piracy law that called for JMSDF forces to protect all foreign ships traveling off the coast of Somalia aside from protecting Japanese-owned/manned ships despite a veto from the House of Councillors, which the House of Representatives has overturned. In 2009, the Murasame-class destroyer Harusame and the Asagiri-class destroyer Amagiri left port from Yokusuka to replace the two destroyers that had been dispatched earlier in March 2009. Under current arrangements, Japan Coast Guard officers would be responsible for arresting pirates since SDF forces are not allowed to have powers of arrest.The South Korean navy is also making plans to participate in anti-piracy operations after sending officers to visit the U.S. Navy's 5th Fleet in Bahrain and in Djibouti. The South Korean cabinet had approved a government plan to send in South Korean navy ships and soldiers to the coast of Somalia to participate in anti-pirate operations. The ROKN was sending the Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyer Munmu the Great to the coast of Somalia. The Cheonghae Unit task force was also deployed in Somalia under CTF 151.Norway announced on 27 February 2009, that it would send the frigate HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen to the coast of Somalia to fight piracy. Royal Norwegian Navy Fridtjof Nansen joined EU NAVFOR's international naval force in August.In 2008 Pakistan offered the services of the Pakistan Navy to the United Nations in order to help combat the piracy in Somalia "provided a clear mandate was given."The Philippine government ordered the dispatch of a Naval Gunfire Liaison Officer to work with the U.S. Navy's 5th Fleet as part of its contribution against piracy.In April 2011, the Portuguese Air Force contributed to Operation Ocean Shield by sending a P-3C which had early success when on its fifth mission detected a pirate whaler with two attack skiffs.Russia also chose to send more warships to combat piracy near Somalia following the announcement from the International Maritime Bureau terming the menace as having gone "out of control." Due to their proximity to Somalia, the coast guard of Seychelles has become increasingly involved in counter-piracy in the region. On 30 March 2010, a Seychelles Coast Guard Trinkat-class patrol vessel rescued 27 hostages and sank two pirate vessels. The Spanish Air Force deployed P-3s to assist the international effort against piracy in Somalia. On 29 October 2008, a Spanish P-3 aircraft patrolling the coast of Somalia reacted to a distress call from an oil tanker in the Gulf of Aden. In order to deter the pirates, the aircraft flew over the pirates three times as they attempted to board the tanker, dropping a smoke bomb on each pass. After the third pass, the attacking pirate boats broke off their attack. Later, on 29 March 2009, the same P-3 pursued the assailants of the German navy tanker Spessart, resulting in the capture of the pirates.The Swiss government calls for the deployment of Army Reconnaissance Detachment operators to combat Somali piracy with no agreement in Parliament as the proposal was rejected after it was voted. Javier Solana had said that Swiss soldiers could serve under the EU's umbrella. The U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Navy both support the actions of the Combined Task Force 151 in their anti-piracy missions in the area. Brian Murphy (Associated Press) reported on 8 January 2009 that Rear Admiral Terence E. McKnight, U.S. Navy, is to command a new multi-national naval force to confront piracy off the coast of Somalia. This new anti-piracy force was designated Combined Task Force 151 (CTF-151), a multinational task force of the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF). The USS San Antonio was designated as the flagship of Combined Task Force 151, serving as an afloat forward staging base (AFSB) for the following force elements: 14-member U.S. Navy visit, board, search, and seizure (VBSS) team. 8-member U.S. Coast Guard Law Enforcement Detachment (LEDET) 405. Scout Sniper Platoon, 2nd Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit (26 MEU) cross-decked from the USS Iwo Jima. 3rd Platoon of the 2nd Battalion, 6th Marine's "Golf" Infantry Company, a military police detachment, and intelligence personnel. Fleet Surgical Team 8 with level-two surgical capability to deal with trauma, surgical, critical care and medical evacuation needs. Approximately 75 Marines with six AH-1W Super Cobra and two UH-1N Huey helicopters from the Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 264 (HMM-264) of the 26th MEU cross-decked from the USS Iwo Jima. Three HH-60H helicopters from Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 3 (HS-3) cross-decked from the USS Theodore Roosevelt.Initially, CTF-151 consisted of the San Antonio, USS Mahan (DDG-72), and HMS Portland (F79), with additional warships expected to join this force.In January 2012, U.S. military forces freed an American and a Danish hostage after a gun battle with pirates during a night-time helicopter raid in Somalia. Two U.S. helicopters attacked the site where the hostages were being held, 12 miles north of the town of Adado. Nine pirates were killed. There were no U.S. casualties.In May 2012, EU Navfor conducted their first raid on pirate bases on the Somali mainland, destroying 5 pirate boats. The EU forces were transported by helicopter to the bases near the port of Harardhere, a well-known pirate lair. The operation was carried out with the full support of the Somali government.Southern African waters are becomingly an increasingly attractive alternative to the more protected Eastern African sea lanes. The recent rise in counter-piracy patrols is pushing more pirates down the coast line into unprotected areas of the Indian Ocean, which will require the joint navies' current patrols to widen their search area.A maritime conference was also held in Mombasa to discuss the rising concern of regional piracy with a view to give regional and world governments recommendations to deal with the menace. The International Transport Workers Federation (ITWF) organised the regional African maritime unions' conference, the first of its kind in Africa. Godfrey Matata Onyango, executive secretary of the Northern Corridor Transit and Transport Coordination Authority said, "We cannot ignore to discuss the piracy menace because it poses a huge challenge to the maritime industry and if not controlled, it threats to chop off the regional internal trade. The cost of shipping will definitely rise as a result of the increased war insurance premium due to the high risk off the Gulf of Aden." === Vessels in operation === Vessels, aircraft and personnel whose primary mission is to conduct anti-piracy activities come from different countries and are assigned to the following missions: Operation Ocean Shield (NATO and partner states), Atalanta (EU and partner states), Combined Task Force 151, independent missions of China, India, Iran, Japan, Malaysia, and Russia. Additionally resources dedicated for the War on Terror missions of Combined Task Force 150 and Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa also operate against the pirates. == Somalia == === Puntland === Between 2009 and 2010, the government of the autonomous Puntland region in northeastern Somalia enacted a number of reforms and pre-emptive measures as a part of its officially declared anti-piracy campaign. The latter included the arrest, trial and conviction of pirate gangs, as well as raids on suspected pirate hideouts and confiscation of weapons and equipment; ensuring the adequate coverage of the regional authority's anti-piracy efforts by both local and international media; sponsoring a social campaign led by Islamic scholars and community activists aimed at discrediting piracy and highlighting its negative effects; and partnering with the NATO alliance to combat pirates at sea. In May 2010, construction also began on a new naval base in the town of Bandar Siyada, located 25 km west of Bosaso, the commercial capital of Puntland. The facility is funded by Puntland's regional government in conjunction with Saracen International, a UK-based security company, and is intended to assist in more effectively combating piracy. The base will include a center for training recruits, and a command post for the naval force. These numerous security measures appear to have borne fruit, as many pirates were apprehended in 2010, including a prominent leader. Puntland's security forces also reportedly managed to force out the pirate gangs from their traditional safe havens such as Eyl and Gar'ad, with the pirates now primarily operating from Hobyo, El Danaan and Harardhere in the neighboring Galmudug region.Following a Transitional Federal Government-Puntland cooperative agreement in August 2011 calling for the creation of a Somali Marine Force, of which the already established Puntland Maritime Police Force (PMPF) would form a part, the Puntland administration resumed training of PMPF naval officials. The Puntland Maritime Police Force is a locally recruited, professional maritime security force that is primarily aimed at fighting piracy off the coast of Somalia, safeguarding the nation's marine resources, and providing logistics support to humanitarian efforts. Supported by the United Arab Emirates, PMPF officials are also trained by the Japanese Coast Guard. === Galmudug === Government officials from the Galmudug administration in the north-central Hobyo district have also reportedly attempted to use pirate gangs as a bulwark against Islamist insurgents from southern Somalia's conflict zones; other pirates are alleged to have reached agreements of their own with the Islamist groups, although a senior commander from the Hizbul Islam militia vowed to eradicate piracy by imposing sharia law when his group briefly took control of Harardhere in May 2010 and drove out the local pirates.By the first half of 2010, these increased policing efforts by Somali government authorities on land along with international naval vessels at sea reportedly contributed to a drop in pirate attacks in the Gulf of Aden from 86 a year prior to 33, forcing pirates to shift attention to other areas such as the Somali Basin and the wider Indian Ocean. === Somaliland === The government of Somaliland, a self-declared republic that is internationally recognized as an autonomous region of Somalia, has adopted stringent anti-piracy measures, arresting and imprisoning pirates forced to make port in Berbera. According to officials in Hargeisa, Somaliland's capital, the Somaliland Coast Guard acts as an effective deterrent to piracy in waters under its jurisdiction. == Arab League summit == Following the seizure by Somali pirates of an Egyptian ship and a Saudi oil supertanker worth $100 million of oil, the Arab League, after a meeting in Cairo, has called for an urgent summit for countries overlooking the Red Sea, including Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Somalia, Jordan, Djibouti and Yemen. The summit would offer several solutions for the piracy problem, in addition to suggesting different routes and looking for a more secure passageway for ships. Another possible means of intervention by the Red Sea Arab nations' navy might be to assist the current NATO anti-piracy effort as well as other navies. == United Nations == In June 2008, following a letter from the Somalian Transitional Federal Government (TFG) to the President of the UN Security Council requesting assistance for the TFG's efforts to tackle acts of piracy off the coast of Somalia, the UN Security Council unanimously passed a declaration authorizing nations that have the consent of the Transitional Federal Government to enter Somali territorial waters to deal with pirates. The measure, which was sponsored by France, the United States and Panama, lasted six months. France initially wanted the resolution to include other regions with pirate problems, such as West Africa, but were opposed by Vietnam, Libya and most importantly by veto-holding China, who wanted the sovereignty infringement limited to Somalia.The UN Security Council adopted a resolution on 20 November 2008, that was proposed by Britain to introduce tougher sanctions against Somalia over the country's failure to prevent a surge in sea piracy. The US circulated the draft resolution that called upon countries having naval capacities to deploy vessels and aircraft to actively fight against piracy in the region. The resolution also welcomed the initiatives of the European Union, NATO and other countries to counter piracy off the coast of Somalia. US Alternate Representative for Security Council Affairs Rosemary DiCarlo said that the draft resolution "calls on the secretary-general to look at a long-term solution to escorting the safe passage of World Food Programme ships." Even Somalia's Islamist militants stormed the Somali port of Harardheere in the hunt for pirates behind the seizure of a Saudi supertanker, the MV Sirius Star. A clan elder affiliated with the Islamists said "The Islamists arrived searching for the pirates and the whereabouts of the Saudi ship. I saw four cars full of Islamists driving in the town from corner to corner. The Islamists say they will attack the pirates for hijacking a Muslim ship."On 17 December 2008, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted a tougher resolution, allowing for the first time international land and sea occupations in the pursuit of pirates. Four ships, a Chinese fishing boat, a Turkish cargo ship, a Malaysian tug, and a private yacht were seized by pirates that same day. Resolution 1851 takes current anti-piracy measures a step further.A Russian drafted resolution, Security Council Resolution 1918, adopted on 27 April 2010, called on all states to criminalise piracy and suggested the possibility of establishing a regional or international tribunal to prosecute suspected pirates.Pursuant to resolution 1976 and resolution 2015, both adopted in 2011, the United Nations Security Council has called for more structured international support for Somalia's Transitional Federal Government as well as Puntland and other regional authorities in Somalia in creating counter-piracy special courts, laws, prisons and policing capabilities. Resolution 1976 also encourages regional and federal actors to engage in more effective marine resource defence against illegal fishing and toxic waste dumping in areas under their jurisdiction.On 19 November 2012 UN Security Council held an open meeting discuss piracy. The debate, which was the first held by the Security Council about this subject, was called by Indian Ambassador Hardeep Singh Puri and heard more than 40 speakers from different countries and international organizations. == Private initiatives == There have been reports of pirates repelled by private initiatives. One such case would have occurred by the end of 2008, by armed personnel of transportation entrepreneur Barthe Cortes. VSOS, a Seychelles-based company was authorized in 2008 by the authorities of Seychelles to operate armed maritime security guards. From this strategic hub the company extends its operations throughout the Indian Ocean.Other vessel owners and shipping line companies have also hired private security outfits for assistance. One such firm is Espada Logistics and Security Group based in San Antonio, Texas, whose security officers provide on-board protection from a ship's point of entry to its point of destination. They also offer anti-piracy training en route to the Gulf of Aden, and have teamed up with African Shipping Lines, a leading international shipping line company, to provide security to vessels traveling along the coast of East Africa. Another private venture is MUSC, which specializes in counterpiracy and ship security.As of 21 May 2012, Nick Maroukis of Triton Risk MSS states that not a single vessel with armed privately contracted maritime security contractors has been successfully hijacked by the pirates. A table of incidents from October to December 2011 shows pirate successes against armed and unarmed vessels. Pirates have steadily ventured further across the Lloyd's Joint War Committee (JWC) designated Piracy High Risk Area (HRA) in order to evade naval patrols and search for easier targets. This is just one example of how pirates adapt their tactics to counter-piracy measures. Triton Risk MSS has produced a short analysis which highlights other probable shifts in pirate tactics, techniques and procedures in 2012/13. The maritime security industry has been actively trying to introduce self-regulation for private contracted armed security companies (PCASP) since 2010. Main industry actors are: Security Association for the Maritime Industry (SAMI) and the International Association of Maritime Security Professionals (IAMSP). Governmental initiatives include the UN's International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Swiss government's International Code of Conduct (ICOC) initiative. As of spring 2012, one of the largest ship owners/operators organizations, BIMCO, has launched another initiative to bring standards into the maritime security industry though use of PCASP contracts for its members (called GUARDCON) and ISO accreditation and certification standards for PCASPs. == Legislation == === Jurisdiction === In June 2008, following a letter from the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia (TFG) to the President of the UN Security Council requesting assistance for the Somali authorities' efforts at tackling acts of piracy in the Indian Ocean, the UN Security Council unanimously passed a declaration authorizing nations that have the consent of the Somali government to enter Somali territorial waters to deal with pirates.Suspected pirates captured in international waters have been tried in various countries. The Somali government questioned the authority of foreign countries to prosecute the pirates abroad. In response, the European Union attempted to focus the prosecutions closer to the Horn of Africa littoral by involving nearby territories.In January 2011, a report by UN Special Advisor on piracy Jack Lang proposed that two special anti-piracy courts should be established in the stable northern Puntland and Somaliland regions of Somalia. It also recommended that a Somali extraterritorial tribunal be created in neighbouring Tanzania. This prospective court would be subject to Somali law and function, but would be based outside Somalia due to the conflict that was then taking place in the southern part of the country. However, the latter proposal was rejected by the Somali authorities. This, along with legal, financial and security-related concerns, prompted the US government to also oppose the recommendation of a Somali extraterritorial tribunal. A British House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee report issued in January 2012 likewise rejected the idea as well as that of an international court, and recommended instead that special anti-piracy courts operating under national laws in nearby states should be established.In 2011, the autonomous Puntland and Somaliland regions of Somalia each reached a security-related memorandum of understanding with the Seychelles. Following the framework of an earlier agreement signed between the Transitional Federal Government and the Seychelles, the memorandum called for the transfer of convicted pirates to prison facilities in Puntland and Somaliland. The TFG and the two regional administrations later signed a similar cooperative agreement with Mauritius in 2012, with the island nation scheduled to take on pirate suspects for trial and prosecution starting in June of the year.Kenya concurrently began serving as an additional location for trials of pirate suspects. In October 2012, its Court of Appeal stated that the country's courts could try pirates captured on international waters, as universal jurisdiction permitted all states to do so. In January 2013, the Somali government indicated that pirates interned in Kenya would be transferred to Somalia. The plan was conceived by the Somali authorities, although no specific date for the transfer was announced.As Somalia further develops its courts and prison facilities in coordination with the UNODC Counter Piracy Program, pirates held in other territories are expected to be transferred for domestic detention. === Trials === In May 2010, a Yemeni court sentenced six Somali pirates to death and jailed six others for 10 years each, for hijacking a Yemeni oil tanker, killing one cabin crew member and leaving another missing in April 2009.In May 2010, another Somali, Abduwali Muse, pleaded guilty in a New York federal court to seizing a United States-flagged ship Maersk Alabama and kidnapping its captain and was sentenced to 33 years imprisonment.The first European trial of alleged Somali pirates opened in the Netherlands in May 2010. They were arrested in the Gulf of Aden in January 2009, when their high-speed boat was intercepted by a Danish frigate while allegedly preparing to board the cargo ship Samanyolu, which was registered in the Dutch Antilles. The pirates were sentenced to five years in prison, which was less than the maximum possible sentence. It is unlikely the men will be returned to Somalia after their sentence, as Somalia is considered too dangerous for deportation. One of the five has already applied for asylum in the Netherlands. Consequently, there are concerns that trials in European courts would encourage, rather than deter, pirates. However, trials are continuing in Europe. More recently in Paris, November 2011, five men were sentenced to between four and eight years; one man was acquitted. A trial also continues in Hamburg, Germany. In Italy, nine Somali pirates had been tried and sentenced to prison terms of 16 and 19 years. They had been found guilty of attempted kidnapping for extortion and illegal possession of firearms, in connection with 10 October 2011 attack and seizure of an Italian-owned cargo vessel, the Montecristo.On 1 April 2010, the USS Nicholas (FFG-47) was on patrol off the Somali coast when it took fire from men in a small skiff. After chasing down the skiff and its mothership, US military captured five Somalis. Judge Raymond A. Jackson, a Federal District Court judge in Norfolk, Virginia threw out the piracy charge, which dates from enactment in 1819 when piracy was defined only as robbery at sea. The penalty for piracy is mandatory life in prison. The U.S. government appealed the ruling. In March 2011 the five Somalis were sentenced to life for piracy to run consecutively with the 80-year term. In the same month 13 Somalis and one Yemeni suspected of hijacking and killing four Americans aboard a yacht made their first appearance in federal court in Norfolk.On 28 January 2011, pursuant to the naval engagement of the pirate mother vessel MV Prantalay (a hijacked Thai trawler) by the INS Cankarso, the Indian Navy and the Indian Coast Guard killed 10 pirates and apprehended 15, while rescuing 20 Thai and Burmese fishermen that were held aboard the ship as hostages. The rescued fishermen were sent to Kochi while the 15 pirates, of Somali, Ethiopian and Kenyan origin, were taken to Mumbai. The Mumbai Police confirmed that they registered a case against the pirates for attempt to murder and various other provisions under the Indian Penal Code and the Passports Act for entering the Indian waters without permission.In May 2012, a U.S. federal appeals court upheld the convictions of five pirates, a decision which prosecutors described as the first United States-based piracy convictions in 190 years.In October 2013, Mohamed Abdi Hassan ("Afweyne") was arrested in Belgium for having allegedly masterminded the 2009 hijacking of the Belgian dredge vessel Pompei, abducted its crew, and participated in a criminal organization. According to federal prosecutor Johan Delmulle, Hassan was responsible for the hijacking of dozens of commercial ships from 2008 to 2013. He is currently awaiting trial in Bruges, the first prosecution of a pirate leader by the international community. == 2013 collapse of piracy == By December 2013, the US Office of Naval Intelligence reported that only 9 vessels had been attacked during the year by the pirates, with zero successful hijackings. Control Risks attributed this 90% decline in pirate activity from the corresponding period in 2012 to the adoption of best management practices by vessel owners and crews, armed private security onboard ships, a significant naval presence, and the development of onshore security forces.In January 2014, the MV Marzooqah initially sent out a distress signal indicating that it was under attack by pirates in the Red Sea. However, the container vessel turned out instead to have been seized by Eritrean military units as it entered Eritrea's territorial waters. == References == == External links == Somalia Report publishes a weekly piracy report European Union Naval Force Somalia – Operation Atalanta Alexandre Maouche: Piracy along the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Phenomena within Somalia, June 2011 SailOrbits.com To protest against Somali Pirates Piracy Studies A knowledge resource and online bibliography on contemporary maritime piracy Stig Jarle Hansen. "Piracy in the greater Gulf of Aden, Myths, Misconception and Remedies, NIBR Report 2009:29" (PDF). Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-11-04. aperto-nota.fr maritime routes off Somalia (2011) Lorenzo Striuli, La pirateria nel golfo di Aden, Italian Military Center for Strategic Studies report (2009) (In Italian) VSOS Indian Ocean Maritime Security Global Governance Institute publishes on Somalia and the EU International Maritime Bureau Piracy Reporting Centre, International Chamber of Commerce, Commercial Crime Services Interactive Map, Attacks in 2013, TODAY Online Martino Sacchi, Piracy in Somalia: a long term menace or a phenomenon in its last throes? Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013 ### Answer: <Gulf of Aden>, <Organized crime groups>, <Piracy>, <Piracy in Somalia>, <Transport in Somalia>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The Osmania University (OU) is a state university which is located in Hyderabad, India. It was established in 1918 with the help of chief Architect of Mahbub Ali Khan - Nawab Sarwar Jung. The university was named after the last Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan. It is the first in India to have Urdu as an official language. The engineering colleges affiliated to Osmania University are also approved by All India Council For Technical Education. == Methodist College of Engineering and Technology == The college is situated on King Koti Road, Abids, Hyderabad and was established in 2008. It is situated in the heart of the city. The college offers undergraduate courses in various engineering disciplines like Civil Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Mechanical Engineering. == Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology == Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology (MJCET) is located at Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India. The college offers bachelor of Engineering in Information technology, Civil engineering, Electrical and Electronics engineering, Mechanical engineering, Computer Science engineering, Production engineering, Electronics and Communication engineering and Instrumentation engineering. == Osmania University's College of Technology == The Osmania University College of Technology (OUCT), is situated in the main campus of Osmania University. It is one of the oldest college offering chemical technology and chemical engineering education in India. === Courses === UG Level: PG Level: Ph.D Program: == Deccan College of Engineering and Technology == The Deccan College of Engineering and Technology (DCET) is a technical institute at Darussalam, Nampally in Hyderabad, India. The college offers bachelor of technology in Computer Science and engineering, Information Technology, Electronics and Communication engineering, Electrical and Electronics engineering, Electronics and Instrumentation engineering, Mechanical engineering, Mechanical engineering with specialisation in Production engineering and Civil engineering. The college also post graduation in Civil engineering, Electronics and Communication engineering with specialization in Digital Systems and Computer Science and engineering. == ISL Engineering College == === Co-Education === The college was formerly known as Islamia College of Engineering and Technology. The college is situated in Bandlaguda, Chandrayangutta X Roads, Hyderabad. UG Level: for more info visit http://www.islengg.ac.in/ == Stanley College of Engineering and Technology for Women == The college is situated on Chapel Road, Abids, Hyderabad and was established in 2008. The college is affiliated to Osmania University for all academic purposes and approved by All India Council for Technical Education. === Departments === Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of Computer Science Engineering Department of Information Technology == University College of Engineering, Osmania University == The College of Engineering, Osmania University (OUCE) is an autonomous engineering college located in Hyderabad, India. The college offers undergraduate and post graduate courses in various engineering disciplines like Biomedical engineering, Civil engineering, Computer Science and engineering, Electrical engineering, Electronics and Communication engineering, Mechanical engineering. == Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (Autonomous) == Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (CBIT) is a college located in Gandipet, Osman Sagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The college is affiliated to Osmania University and accredited by the National Board of Accreditation and has received an autonomous status in 2013. The college offers bachelor of technology in Information technology, Civil Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science Engineering, Electronics and communication engineering, Bio-technology, Chemical Engineering and Production engineering. The college also offers master of technology in Computer Science, CAD/CAM, Structural Engineering, Communication Engineering and Power Systems and Power Electronics engineering. == Vasavi College of Engineering, Ibrahimbagh, Hyderabad (Autonomous) == Vasavi College of Engineering (Autonomous) (VCE) is a self-financed technical institution located in Ibrahimbagh, Hyderabad, India. The colleges provides courses in Civil engineering, Computer Science and engineering, Electronics and Communication engineering Electrical and Electronics engineering, Information Technology and Mechanical engineering.l == Matrusri Engineering College, Saidabad, Hyderabad == The college was established in 2012 and offers bachelor of technology courses in Computer Science and engineering, Electronics and Communication engineering, Electrical and Electronics engineering, Mechanical engineering and Civil engineering. a very best college faculty in especially EEE department. == MVSR Engineering College, Nadergul, Saroornagar, Ranga Reddy District == The Maturi Venkata Subba Rao Engineering College or MVSR Engineering College in 1981 which is now located in a campus at Nadergul, RR Dist., Telangana. The colleges provides courses in Civil engineering, Computer Science and engineering, Electronics and Communications engineering, Electrical and Electronics engineering and Information Technology, Mechanical engineering and Automobile engineering. == Swathi Institute of Technology & Science == The college is situated in Anajpur Village, Kothagudem X Roads, Near Ramoji Film City, Hayathnagar Mandal, Ranga Reddy District and was established in 2009. The college offers bachelor of technology courses in Computer Science and engineering, Electronics and Communication engineering, Electrical and Electronics engineering, Mechanical engineering and Civil engineering. == References == ### Answer: <Engineering colleges in Andhra Pradesh>, <Universities and colleges in Andhra Pradesh>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Artur Eriksson, born 5 March 1918 in Skutskär, Sweden, died 5 August 2000 in Gagnef, Sweden, was a Swedish singer and preacher, active within the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden. Except for Christian songs, he also sang songs were Dan Andersson's poems had been set to music. A major success was Till min syster, which charted at the top 10-chart Svensktoppen for 12 weeks in 1970. == References == ### Answer: <1918 births>, <2000 deaths>, <Swedish singers>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Emil Grunzweig (Hebrew: אמיל גרינצווייג) (December 1, 1947 – February 10, 1983) was an Israeli teacher and peace activist affiliated with the Peace Now movement. He became an icon of the Israeli left after he was killed by a grenade thrown at a peace rally in Jerusalem in 1983. In 1987, a nonprofit educational organization in Jerusalem was established in his name, called the Adam Institute for Democracy and Peace in Memory of Emil Greenzweig. == Biography == Emil Grunzweig was born in Cluj in Transylvania, Romania, to Olga and Shmuel Grunzweig. His mother was a survivor of the Nazi extermination camp Auschwitz. He had one brother, Eliezer. The family lived in France and Brazil for a time. After Shmuel Grunzweig died in France in 1963, the family immigrated to Israel. In Israel, the family settled in Haifa, where Emil attended the Hebrew Reali High School. After graduation, he was conscripted into the Israel Defense Forces, and joined a Nahal unit based on Kibbutz Revivim in the Negev. As a paratrooper in the IDF, he fought in the Six-Day War. He served as a reserve officer in the War of Attrition, the Yom Kippur War, and the 1982 Lebanon War After his discharge from the army, he settled at Revivim, where he worked in the orchards. He studied mathematics and philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He taught mathematics and coordinated social activities at Maaleh haBesor high school at kibbutz Magen. He was involved in many educational projects including role-playing games with the students on issues such as the Arab–Israeli conflict, labor relations, and the relationship between religious cults and the state. He moved to Jerusalem to complete a Master's degree in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science, at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and worked in educational projects at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute. In this capacity, he organized joint Jewish–Arab summer camps to promote understanding between Jewish and Arab youths. Grunzweig was married to Einat Ornan, and the couple had a daughter, Niva, who was four years old when he was killed. Grunzweig later divorced Einat, and at the time of his death, had a girlfriend, Ada Oren.Grunzweig was killed during Peace Now rally on February 10, 1983, when right-wing activist Yonah Avrushmi lobbed a grenade into the crowd. Nine other protesters were injured, among them future politicians Avraham Burg and Yuval Steinitz. Avrushmi was arrested in 1984, convicted of murder in 1985, and sentenced to life in prison. In 1995, President Ezer Weizmann commuted the sentence to 27 years in prison. In 2005, Avrushmi was denied early release. Avrushmi was granted parole and released from Rimonim Prison on January 26, 2011. == References == ### Answer: <1947 births>, <1983 deaths>, <Israeli anti-war activists>, <Israeli murder victims>, <Israeli people of Romanian descent>, <People from Cluj-Napoca>, <People murdered in Israel>, <Romanian Jews>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Zehava Gal-On (Hebrew: זֶהָבָה גַּלְאוֹן; born 4 January 1956) is an Israeli politician, serving as a member of the Knesset from 1999 to 2017. She was the chairwoman of the Meretz political party from 2012 to 2018, which now has five seats in the Knesset. == Biography == Zehava Schnipitzky (later Gal-On) was born in 1956 in Vilnius in the Soviet Union (now in Lithuania). She immigrated at age four to Israel in 1960 with her parents: father Aryeh (born 30 December 1925), a plumber for a subsidiary of Solel Boneh (a construction company), and mother, Yaffa (19 February 1923 – 10 March 2012), a teacher. They lived in a ma'abara transit camp and eventually moved to a housing project in Petah Tikva. During her service in the Israel Defense Forces, Schnipitzky served as a clerk in the Paratroopers Brigade. She earned a bachelor's degree in Special Education and Linguistics from Beit Berl College, and an M.A. in the Philosophy of Education from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. == Family == Gal-On is married to Pesach (born 5 December 1953). They have two sons, Yiftah (born 4 March 1980) and Nadav (born 28 January 1982), and still lives in Petah Tikva. == Political career == Gal-On served as general secretary of the paper Politika, of the Human Rights organization B'Tselem, and of the Ratz party. She is a member of the general directorate of Meretz. Among her main activities: the struggle for human and civil rights, women's rights, and the fight for social justice.In regards to IDF refuseniks, she has said that "Meretz should not go with the wind of refusal, but should not try to oppose it. We are a party that believes in ideological pluralism and should not bury our heads in the sand. Meretz must show empathy towards the refuseniks and must bring the matter up for public discussion and reveal the reasons why the officers are refusing to serve."She was elected to the Knesset in 1999, and served as chairwoman of the Knesset committee for the struggle against trafficking in women. She was a member of the Knesset law and constitution committee and the Knesset committee. That same year, she also called for a repeal of the Law of Return, stating that "The Law of Return is discriminatory, it discriminates between Jews and non-Jews. I can accept that after the Holocaust, it was kind of a necessity. But maybe after 51 years, we are not in the same situation, and we don't need to run our country based on such undemocratic laws."In 2007, Gal-On launched an unsuccessful bid to become the leader of Meretz. She believes that the party has to reinvent itself and promote a civilian agenda, which encompasses human rights and civil liberties, in order to remain politically viable. Gal-On said that Meretz could not afford to watch while other parties adopted some of its long-time positions, and it must work to cement the principles of democracy and equality in Israeli society. She lost to Haim Oron, as the polls predicted.Gal-On volunteered her third spot on the Meretz list for the 2009 elections as a gesture of respect for Nitzan Horowitz, but lost her seat when the party was reduced to three seats. She attributed the party's failure to its uncertain response to Israel's Operation Cast Lead, and said: "My opinion was different than that of most party members. Because Meretz is an ideological party, it must have a clear statement even in such a situation". In March 2011 she returned to the Knesset after Haim Oron retired.On 7 February 2012 Gal-On was elected Meretz party chair, with more than 60% of the vote in the party's primary. In the 2013 legislative elections Meretz doubled its number of seats from three to six. Prior to the next election, Gal-On had said during the campaign that she would resign if the party won only four seats. When preliminary results of the 2015 election indicated that the party would be reduced in representation, Gal-On announced she would resign as chairperson of Meretz as soon as a successor is chosen, and from the Knesset in order to open a place for Tamar Zandberg, the party's fifth-place candidate, who appeared to have lost her seat. Zandberg, Ilan Gilon and others urged Gal-On to reconsider her decision. Once absentee and soldier ballots were counted, Meretz gained a fifth seat.With this success, Gal-On announced that she continue as party leader. She said: "Meretz received a fifth seat from young supporters, from Israeli soldiers, who raised the party's rate of support. That allowed Meretz to maintain its strength in terms of the number of voters – some 170,000 – compared with the last election. Under the circumstances and against all odds, that is a success."In October 2017 Gal-On resigned from the Knesset, but said she would remain leader of Meretz. Her seat was taken by Mossi Raz.Gal-On initially announced her candidacy for the 2018 Meretz leadership race, but eventually dropped out. Tamar Zandberg was elected Party chair. == References == == External links == Zehava Gal-On on the Knesset website Weitz, Gidi (2 April 2009). "One of a kind". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 April 2009. ### Answer: <1956 births>, <Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni>, <Israeli Jews>, <Israeli feminists>, <Israeli people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent>, <Israeli women in politics>, <Jewish feminists>, <Jewish politicians>, <LGBT rights activists from Israel>, <Living people>, <Members of the Knesset>, <Meretz politicians>, <Soviet Jews>, <Soviet emigrants to Israel>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Jul, jul, strålande jul is a Christmas album by Anna-Lena Löfgren & Artur Erikson, released in November 1969 to LP. It has also been released to cassette tape. It was rereleased to CD in 1990. Artur Erikson contributes, with rights from the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden's record label on the songs: Jul, jul strålande jul, O,sälla dag, Det är en ros utsprungen and Räck mej din hand (vi har samma väg att gå). == Track listing == === Side A === Jul, jul, strålande jul / G. Nordqvist, E. Evers Ave Maria / C. Gounod, efter J.S. Bach Julsång (O, helga natt, Cantique de Noël) (Minuit, Chrétiens) / A. Adam, A. Kock Betlehems stjärna (Gläns över sjö och strand) / A. Tegnér, V. Rydberg Jag drömmer om en jul hemma (White Christmas) / I. Berlin, Karl-Lennart Räck mej din hand (Vi har samma väg att gå) / trad., G. Strandsjö === Side B === Julotta (Adeste Fideles) / trad., B. Haslum Det är en ros utsprungen (Es ist ein Ros entsprungen) / trad., T. Knös Stilla natt (Stille Nacht, heilige nacht) / F. Gruber, O. Mannström Luciasången (Santa Lucia) / T. Cottrau, A. Rosén O, sälla dag / trad., A. Erikson == References == ### Answer: <Christmas albums by Swedish artists>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Meretz (Hebrew: מֶרֶצ, lit. "Vigour") is a left-wing, social-democratic and green political party in Israel. The party was originally formed in 1992 with the union of Ratz, Mapam, and Shinui and was at its peak in the 13th Knesset between 1992 and 1996, during which it held 12 seats. At the 2015 legislative elections the party won five seats. Meretz is a secular party emphasising a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, social justice, human rights (especially for ethnic and sexual minorities), religious freedom, and environmentalism.The party is a member of the Progressive Alliance and Socialist International, and is an observer member of the Party of European Socialists. == History == Meretz was formed in 1992 prior to the 1992 legislative elections by an alliance of three left-wing political parties; Ratz, Mapam and Shinui, and was initially led by Ratz's chairwoman and long-time Knesset member Shulamit Aloni. The name "Meretz" (מרצ) was chosen as an acronym for Mapam (מפ"ם) and Ratz (רצ). The third party of the alliance wasn't reflected in its name, but was instead mentioned in the party's campaign slogan: "ממשלה עם מרצ, הכוח לעשות את השינוי" (A government with vigor [Meretz], the strength to make the change [Shinui]). Its first electoral test was a success, with the party winning twelve seats, making it the third largest in the Knesset. Meretz became the major coalition partner of Yitzhak Rabin's Labor Party, helping pave the way for the Oslo Accords. The party also picked up several ministerial portfolios; Aloni was made Minister of Education, though disputes over the role of religion in education meant she was moved out of the education ministry to become Minister Without Portfolio in May 1993. In June she became Minister of Communications and Minister of Science and Technology, a role that was later renamed Minister of Science and the Arts. Amnon Rubinstein became Minister of Energy and Infrastructure and Minister of Science and Technology and later Minister of Education, Culture, and Sport, whilst Yossi Sarid was named Minister of the Environment and Yair Tzaban named Minister of Immigrant Absorption. After the 1996 elections, in which Meretz lost a quarter of its seats, Aloni lost internal leadership elections to Yossi Sarid and retired. In 1997 the three parties officially merged into a single entity, though part of Shinui (under the leadership of Avraham Poraz) broke away to form a separate movement. Later in the Knesset session David Zucker also left the party to sit as an independent MK. === 1999–2009 === The 1999 elections saw the party regain some of its former strength, picking up 10 seats, including the first ever female Israeli Arab MK, Hussniya Jabara. Meretz were invited into Ehud Barak's coalition, with Sarid becoming Education Minister, Ran Cohen Minister of Industry and Trade, and Haim Oron Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development. However, after Likud leader Ariel Sharon beat Barak in a special Prime Ministerial election in 2001, Meretz left the government. On 22 October 2002, Meretz MK Uzi Even made history by becoming the first openly gay Member of Knesset, after Amnon Rubinstein retired. This created a vacancy and Even was next on the Meretz list. His term lasted less than three months, however, as the Knesset was dissolved in January 2003. Even's entry to the Knesset was met by mixed reactions from the ultra-orthodox parties; Shas's Nissim Ze'ev was the harshest, saying Even "symbolized the bestialization of humanity," adding that he should be "hidden under the carpet" and banned from entering the Knesset.For the 2003 elections, Meretz were joined by Roman Bronfman's Democratic Choice. However, the party shrank in representation again, this time to just six seats. Sarid immediately took responsibility and resigned from leadership, though he did not retire from the Knesset and continued serving as an MK, before stepping down prior to the 2006 elections. In December 2003, Meretz was disbanded in order to merge with Yossi Beilin's non-parliamentary Shahar (שח"ר) movement. The original name suggested for the new party was Ya'ad (יעד, Goal), but was not used because it sounded like the Russian word for poison ("yad"), and it was feared that it might alienate Israel's one million Russian-speaking voters (although there had been two parties previously in Israel using the name – Ya'ad and Ya'ad – Civil Rights Movement, the latter ironically a forerunner of Meretz, they both existed before large-scale immigration from the Soviet Union). Instead, the name Yachad (Hebrew: יח"ד) was chosen. As well as meaning "Together", it is also a Hebrew acronym for Social-Democratic Israel (Hebrew: ישראל חברתית דמוקרטית, Yisrael Hevratit Demokratit). The new party was established in order to unite and resuscitate the Israeli Zionist peace camp, which had been soundly defeated in the 2003 elections (dropping from 56 Knesset members in 1992 to 24 in 2003) following the Al-Aqsa Intifada. The party's purpose was to unite a variety of dovish Zionist movements with the dovish wing of the Labor Party. However, the efforts were largely unsuccessful as, except for the original Meretz, Shahar and Democratic Choice, no other movement joined the new party. It has suffered from declining popular interest in left-wing peace movements, as a result of the rise in Palestinian violence, and only 20,000 people are now registered members of the party, half the number who were prior to the 1999 party primaries.In March 2004, Yossi Beilin was elected party leader, beating Ran Cohen, and started a two-year term as the first chairman of Yachad. In July 2005, the party decided to change its name to Meretz-Yachad, because opinion polls revealed that the name Yachad was not recognisable to the Israeli public, and that they preferred the old name Meretz. The chairman Beilin opposed the motion to revert the name to Meretz and a compromise between the old and new names, Meretz-Yachad, was agreed upon. However, in the 2006 election campaign the party dropped the Yachad part of its name, running as just Meretz, under the slogan "Meretz on the left, the Human in the centre". Nevertheless, it failed to stop the party's decline, as they won just five seats. In 2007, Tsvia Greenfeld, sixth on the party list, became the first ever female Ultra-orthodox Knesset member, following Yossi Beilin's decision to retire from politics. In March 2008, internal elections for the chairman of the party were held. At an early stage, Yossi Beilin, Zehava Gal-On, and Ran Cohen announced their bids. After Haim Oron announced his bid in December 2007, Beilin withdrew his bid and announced his support for him. Oron went on to win the internal elections held on 18 March 2008 with 54.5% of the vote, beating Ran Cohen (27.1%) and Zehava Gal-On (18.1%) to become Meretz's new chairman.On 22 December 2008, Meretz finalized its merger with Hatnua HaHadasha ("The New Movement") for the 2009 Israeli elections. === 2009–present === The joint Meretz-Hatnua HaHadasha list ended up winning only 3 seats in the elections. This electoral loss was largely attributed to traditionally left-wing voters choosing to strategically vote for Kadima, in an effort to get Tzipi Livni to head the next government instead of Benjamin Netanyahu of Likud.Following the party's failure in the 2009 legislative elections, some of the party members called for the resignation of the party chairman Haim Oron and to give way for Zehava Gal-On. Haim Oron indeed left the Knesset on 23 March 2011 and later left the chairmanship of the party. As a result, MKs Zehava Gal-On, Ilan Gilon, and youth activist Ori Ophir began campaigning to win the position of the party chairman. The primaries were held on 7 February 2012 for the position of the party's chairman; Zehava Gal-On was elected as the chairman with 60.6% of the votes, whilst Ilan Gilon was second with 36.6%, and Uri Ofir was third with 2.8%. In the 2013 legislative election held on 22 January 2013, Meretz received 4.5% of the national vote, winning 6 seats.On 8 December 2014, Meretz signed a surplus-vote agreement with the Labour Party for the upcoming 2015 legislative election, the latter set to contest the election as the Zionist Union. On 19 January 2015, Meretz held its primaries at a meeting of its 1,000-member central committee in the Tel Aviv Convention Center: Zehava Gal-On was re-elected party leader, whilst MK Nitzan Horowitz chose not to stand for re-election.In the next election, preliminary results of the 2015 election indicated that the party would be reduced she announced she would resign as chairperson of Meretz as soon as a successor is chosen, and from the Knesset in order to open a place for Tamar Zandberg, the party's fifth place candidate who appeared to have lost her seat. Zandberg, Ilan Gilon and others urged Gal-On to reconsider her decision. Once absentee and soldier ballots were counted, however, Meretz gained a fifth seat negating the premise for Gal-On's earlier announcement and she announced that she would continue as party leader, saying: "Meretz received a fifth seat from young supporters, from Israeli soldiers, who raised the party's rate of support. That allowed Meretz to maintain its strength in terms of the number of voters – some 170,000 – compared with the last election. Under the circumstances and against all odds, that is a success."Tamar Zandberg became the leader of Meretz in 2018. == Ideology == Meretz defines itself as a left-wing, social-democratic party. It sees itself as the political representative of the Israeli Peace movement in the Knesset – as well as municipal councils and other local political bodies. In the international media it has been described as left-wing, far-left, social-democratic, dovish, secular, civil libertarian, and anti-occupation. === Stated principles === The party emphasises the following principles (not necessarily in order of importance): Peace between Israel and the Palestinians based on a two-state solution as laid out in the Geneva Accord. Freezing construction of the Israeli settlements in the West Bank. Human rights issues:Struggle for the protection of human rights in the Israeli-occupied territories. Rights of minorities in Israel (such as Israeli Arabs and foreign workers), fight against discrimination, and support for affirmative action. Eglatarianism. LGBT rights.Struggle for social justice:Making Israel a social-democratic welfare state. Protecting workers' rights and fighting against their exploitation (especially, though not exclusively, in the case of foreign workers and immigrants).Separation of religion and state, and religious freedom. Liberal secular education. Israel's security. Environmentalism. == Chairpersons (leaders) == Shulamit Aloni (1993–1996) Yossi Sarid (1996–2003) Yossi Beilin (2004–2008) Haim Oron (2008–2011) Zehava Gal-On (2012–2018) Tamar Zandberg (2018–present) == Knesset Members == == Meretz supporters abroad == A number of left-wing Zionist organizations that share many of the ideas of Meretz are affiliated with the Israel-based World Union of Meretz; this includes the London-based Meretz UK, France's Cercle Bernard Lazare, and the USA's Partners for Progressive Israel. The World Union of Meretz has representation in a number of organizations, such as the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish National Fund. Hashomer Hatzair, a progressive Zionist youth movement with branches in many countries, is informally associated with Meretz, although its historic connection had been with Mapam. American Jewish comedian Sarah Silverman, whose sister Susan moved from the USA to Israel and is a Reform rabbi there, asked Israeli voters to choose Meretz in the 2015 election. == See also == Peace Now Young Meretz-Yachad Meretz Youth == References == == External links == Official website (in Hebrew) English portal of official website Meretz on Facebook (in Hebrew) Meretz's channel on YouTube (in Hebrew) Meretz on Twitter (in Hebrew) Knesset Websites: Meretz (12–15th Knesset), Meretz-Democratic Choice-Shahar (16th Knesset), Meretz-Yahad (17th Knesset), New Movement-Meretz (18th Knesset) ### Answer: <1992 establishments in Israel>, <Feminist parties>, <Green political parties>, <Parties related to the Party of European Socialists>, <Political parties established in 1992>, <Political parties in Israel>, <Progressive Alliance>, <Secularism in Israel>, <Secularist political parties>, <Social democratic parties>, <Socialist International>, <Zionist political parties in Israel>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party of Palestine (Hebrew: מִפְלֶגֶת פּוֹעָלִים הַשׁוֹמֵר הַצָעִיר בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Mifleget Poalim Hashomer Hatzair be'Eretz Yisrael) was a Marxist-Zionist political party in the British Mandate of Palestine, connected to the Hashomer Hatzair movement. == History == At the time of its foundation, in 1946, the party had around 10,000 members, two-thirds of whom hailed from the Kibbutz Artzi movement. The remainder came from the urban-based Socialist League of Palestine, which was dissolved into the party.The Hashomer Hatzair movement had positioned itself politically between the moderate mainstream Mapai and the radical communists since the 1920s. The movement had however been reluctant to form a political party, since its leaders had felt that entering into party politics could push the movement into ideological deviations. The movement had tried to seek unity with Mapai and Ahdut HaAvoda before forming a party of its own, but those merger talks had failed as the other parties rejected the bi-nationalist positions of Hashomer Hatzair.In contrast with Mapai, the main Labour Zionist party in Palestine at the time, the Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party put heavier emphasis on class struggle. The party could not achieve unity in action with the Communist Party, as the Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party supported aliyah whilst the communists had ambiguous positions on the issue.The Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party was the sole Zionist political organization in Palestine at the time that recognized the national rights of the Palestinian Arabs. The party advocated a bi-national state, to be shared between Jews and Arabs. The party was repeatedly criticized by other Zionist groups for their bi-national position, accusing the party of breaking the united Zionist front. The party opposed partitioning Palestine, instead preferring converting the British Mandate into an international trusteeship. In the longer perspective, a 'Palestinian Commonwealth' with Jewish majority would be established. The party maintained links with Ihud, a small circle of Jewish intellectuals who shared the bi-national vision of the party.In 1948 the party merged with Ahdut HaAvoda-Poalei Zion, forming the United Workers Party (MAPAM).The party's newspaper was Al HaMishmar which subsequently transferred its affiliation to MAPAM. == References == == Further reading == The Case for a Bi-National Palestine: Memorandum Rep. Tel-Aviv: Executive Committee of the Hashomer Hatzair, 1946. ### Answer: <1946 establishments in Mandatory Palestine>, <Labor Zionism>, <One-state solution>, <Political parties established in 1946>, <Political parties in Mandatory Palestine>, <Socialist parties in Asia>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The following is the incomplete discography of Jimmy Edgar, including albums, EPs, and singles. == Discography == === Albums by pseudonym === === Solo albums === === Compilation albums === === EPs === === Singles === === Remixes === The following is an incomplete list of songs with official remixes released by Jimmy Edgar, in chronological order by remix release: == See also == Jimmy Edgar == References == == External links == Jimmy Edgar homepage ### Answer: <Discographies of American artists>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The 2015 Family Circle Cup was a women's tennis event on the 2015 WTA Tour. It took place between April 6–12, 2015. It was the 43rd edition of the tournament and a Premier level tournament. The event was hosted at the Family Circle Tennis Center, on Daniel Island, Charleston, United States. It was the only event of the clay court season played on green clay. == Points and prize money == === Point distribution === === Prize money === == Singles main draw entrants == === Seeds === 1 Rankings as of 23 March 2015. === Other entrants === The following players received wildcards into the main draw: Eugenie Bouchard Varvara Lepchenko Bethanie Mattek-Sands Sachia VickeryThe following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Kateryna Bondarenko Lucie Hradecká Sesil Karatancheva Danka Kovinić Kristína Kučová Jessica Pegula Laura Siegemund Sara Sorribes Tormo === Withdrawals === Before the tournament Jarmila Gajdošová →replaced by Stefanie Vögele Sabine Lisicki →replaced by Andreea Mitu Peng Shuai →replaced by Grace Min Lucie Šafářová →replaced by Çağla Büyükakçay Lesia Tsurenko →replaced by Evgeniya Rodina Taylor Townsend →replaced by Tatjana Maria Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová →replaced by Edina Gallovits-Hall Zheng Saisai →replaced by Irina FalconiDuring the tournament Jelena Janković (right foot injury) Ekaterina Makarova (gastrointestinal illness) === Retirements === Mona Barthel (dizziness) Varvara Lepchenko (lower back injury) Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (left shoulder injury) == Doubles main draw entrants == === Seeds === 1 Rankings as of March 23, 2015. === Other entrants === The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw: Madison Keys / Lisa Raymond Alison Riske / Shelby Rogers == Champions == === Singles === Angelique Kerber defeated Madison Keys, 6–2, 4–6, 7–5 === Doubles === Martina Hingis / Sania Mirza defeated Casey Dellacqua / Darija Jurak, 6–0, 6–4 == References == == External links == Official website ### Answer: <2015 WTA Tour>, <2015 in American sports>, <Family Circle Cup>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The Pinkprint Tour was the third concert tour by Trinidadian recording artist Nicki Minaj in support of her third studio album, The Pinkprint (2014). The tour was officially announced a week before the album's release, on December 8, 2014. The tour began on March 16, 2015 in Stockholm, Sweden and concluded on March 25, 2016 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates finishing with a total of fifty shows over the span of 5 months. The first European leg of the tour was supported by Trey Songz and Ester Dean and received mixed to positive reviews from critics, while the second North American leg was supported by Meek Mill, Rae Sremmurd, Tinashe, and Dej Loaf. The Pinkprint Tour grossed $21.8 million. == Background == In August 2014, when promoting "Anaconda", Minaj confirmed plans of a tour in support of The Pinkprint in an interview with Carson Daly on AMP Radio. When speaking of the tour, Minaj said, "We’re actually going to start the tour at the top of 2015, we’re going to start a European run and then we will back in America for a summer run." Also in the interview, Minaj hinted at a special guest joining her on tour by saying, "I can’t wait for them to find out who I’m going on tour with. I can’t say [who it is], but I know that my fans love this person. It's just going to make sense. I think our fan bases are very similar so I think its going to work out really good."On December 8, 2014, three days after Minaj received two nominations for the 57th Grammy Awards and a week before the release of The Pinkprint, the tour was officially announced with seventeen dates scheduled across Europe in the spring of the following year. The announcement of the tour also revealed that R&B artist Trey Songz would be the special guest joining Minaj on the European leg of the tour to promote his latest studio album, Trigga (2014). == Development == When speaking of the tour on the day of its announcement, Minaj said, "It's been way too long since I've seen my European Barbz. I can't wait to get back and party with all of you with Trey Songz. We have more than a few surprises in store, and I promise this will be my biggest and best tour yet!"Pre-sale tickets and VIP packages for the tour were available to Minaj's fan club starting on December 10, 2014, followed by the general public sale beginning on December 12, 2014. Within hours of being on sale, the show at Zénith de Paris in Paris, France on March 25, 2015 sold out, prompting Minaj to add another date in Paris on March 26, 2015 at the same venue. During a Q&A session with her fans on Twitter, Minaj began to reveal more details about the tour, which includes that the European leg of the tour will be extended, the North American leg will be announced in March, and that the tour will also visit Australia and Brazil.About a month before the tour began, an altercation between Minaj's tour manager, De'Von Pickett, and a local citizen, Pierce Boykin, erupted at a local bar in Philadelphia. The argument resulted in the stabbing of Pickett and another crew member of the tour, ultimately killing Pickett and injuring the other crew member. In response to the tragedy, Minaj expressed her grief mainly through social media outlets such as Twitter and Instagram, but as time passed it was revealed that Minaj considered canceling the entire tour after the incident occurred. However, Minaj stated that canceling the tour wouldn't be the right thing to do. She elaborated by saying "I can’t let anything stop us from putting on the show because that would be quitting. So we’re going to continue the tour in his memory."On March 16, 2015, the opening day of the tour, Minaj finally announced the North American tour dates along with its opening acts. The North American leg was initially announced with a total of nineteen dates between July and August 2015, however Minaj stated that additional dates will be added as the tour progresses. Tickets started to become available beginning on March 18, 2015 with the exclusive pre-sale to members of Minaj's fan club, which was followed by the general public sale starting on March 20, 2015. Opening acts for the North American leg include Hip-Hop artists Meek Mill and Rae Sremmurd, who will be promoting their latest studio efforts, Dreams Worth More Than Money (2015) and SremmLife (2014), and R&B artists Tinashe and Dej Loaf, who will be promoting their latest musical endeavors, Aquarius (2014) and Sell Sole (2014). == Fashion == Throughout the tour, Minaj has incorporated multiple outfits into the show that correlate with the major themes of The Pinkprint. The show usually consists of four major outfits, each of which stylistically represent different segments of the show. For the first section of the show, Minaj is dressed in black lingerie covered with a black polka dot mesh catsuit, and is supported by an all female group of dancers who are also dressed in solid black mesh catsuits. The second section of the show sees Minaj performing in a gold-dipped skirt with matching thigh-high boots, and a gold bra, while her dancers, now both male and female, are dressed in gold attire as well. The designers of the second segment outfit were later revealed to be The Blonds, who created the costume especially for Minaj to perform in while on tour. The third and fourth portions of the show have seen multiple changes in wardrobe throughout the extent of the tour. For the third segment, Minaj has either worn a frilly black dress or a solid pink dress depending on the date of the show. And for the fourth and final segment for the tour, Minaj's ensemble either consists of a jumpsuit that can be described as looking like "a broken pink disco ball" on the front with an all mesh back, or a frilly pink bra with a shiny tutu and pink lace tights. Marissa G. Muller from MTV described the latter of the two outfits as "50% Barbie, 50% Ballerina", while also adding that Minaj looked like "the prettiest ballerina Barbie of them all" alongside her female dancers who were almost identically dressed. Muller also noted that the outfit was reminiscent of Minaj's look around the time she released her debut album, Pink Friday (2010). Overall, Nadeska Alexis, also from MTV, greatly praised Minaj's wardrobe choice for the tour stating that the outfits were "sexy", "elegant", and "sweet". == Critical response == === Europe === The European leg of the tour received mixed to positive reviews throughout the duration of its run. In review of the show in London, England, Nick Levine from NME praised Minaj's overall performance throughout the night. Levine noted that the beginning of the show "seemed detached" and "uncomfortable" with the performances of "All Things Go" and "I Lied", but quickly smoothed out when Minaj was in "full flow, spitting out fierce rhymes on 'Moment 4 Life' and 'Beez in the Trap', slut-dropping to 'Anaconda' and chatting about 'scones and jam' in a ridiculous English accent." He went on to comment about Minaj's versatility by saying that "Minaj is a much better rapper than singer, but because she invests slowies 'Marilyn Monroe', and 'Save Me' with real emotion, a mid-set ballads section is surprisingly gripping." Levine also commended Minaj's personality stating "it's the 32-year-old's fiery attitude that really impresses." Levine criticized an "unnecessary audience participation segment", but greatly praised the final segment of the show comparing the atmosphere to a "New York basement sweatbox." Alice Vincent from The Daily Telegraph gave a differing review of the same show in London stating that "this [the show] was a 90-minute struggle of a set." In opposition to Levine, Vincent favored the beginning of the spectacle rather than the end stating "Her Minajesty was imperious for the first six songs, viciously spitting the quickfire rhymes of 'Only', purring through the languorous reflection of 'I Lied'." Vincent went on to criticize the huge gaps between segments and the finale of the show stating "Minaj mostly felt just out of reach – especially during an overbearing climax of EDM synths and beats, into which she virtually vanished." Overall, Vincent awarded the show three out of five stars stating "In The Pinkprint, Minaj bore her soul: she should have done more of it on stage."Irish Independent writer Eamon Sweeney was particularly unsatisfied with the show in Dublin, Ireland stating "the production as a whole is flawed. It sorely lacks pace and punch." Sweeney continued to criticize various elements of the show such as audience interaction and the beginning of the show in which he said "lacked spark and pizazz." Sweeney did however commend Minaj's flow by saying "There [were] fleeting moments when she [was] on fire." Sweeney concluded that "Minaj is still an extremely talented performer, it's just a pity that at this Dublin stopover she isn't a brilliant one."Minaj received four out of five stars from many reporters throughout the European leg of the tour, including Katie Fitzpatrick from the Manchester Evening News, Kirsty McHale from the Liverpool Echo, Lisa-Marie Ferla from the Herald Scotland, and Simon Duke from Chronicle Live. Fitzpatrick greatly applauded Minaj and the overall feel of the show stating "[Minaj's] rapping is on fire" and that "the costume changes are just as exciting as her rhymes." Fitzpatrick also praised the final portion of the show saying it was "irresistibly fun" and that Minaj "had us all leaving the arena still in full flight with joyous abandon." McHale also gave positive feedback of Minaj's performance, versatility, and nature of the tour saying "For all of the outrageous costume changes and dance moves (of which there were many), there were also moments of substance where she showcased her vocal talents, such as 'Save Me' and 'Marilyn Monroe'. And her rapping was flawless all night long." She extended her praise by saying "when you go to see Nicki Minaj, you go to be entertained, and that's exactly what we got." Ferla in particular praised the slower section of the show stating that "'Pills n Potions' featured a breathtaking vocal performance, while Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded's 'Marilyn Monroe' gave me [Ferla] chills." Duke also commended Minaj's versatility by stating "We all know she can rap with the best of them but she also has a rather useful set of pipes with their shining moment coming in the epic 'Marilyn Monroe' from Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded." Duke also highly praised the final quarter of the show and its uplifting feeling when he said "I don’t think I’ve witnessed a more inspired back to back than 'Va Va Voom', 'Pound the Alarm', 'Turn Me On' and 'Bang Bang' – the quartet of chart smashes got everyone in the party mood." He further proclaimed the show was a success and stated "The enthusiastic crowd were sent on their way home with a swagger in their step thanks to a thumping encore of 'Starships' which capped a stellar showing from their idol." == Commercial performance == Shortly after the tickets for the North American leg of the tour went on sale, Forbes reported outstandingly positive ticket sales with high ticket prices on the secondary markets. Jesse Lawrence from the business magazine reported that the average ticket price accumulated to a total of $194 per ticket on the secondary market. Lawrence noted that the price of the tickets on the secondary market were 24.4% more expensive than the tickets on the secondary market for her previous tour, the Pink Friday Tour (2012). Lawrence also mentioned that the most expensive tickets of the tour are for the show on July 26, 2015 in Brooklyn, New York with a price of $380 per ticket, which is 94% above the tour's average ticket price. The second priciest show is on August 16, 2015 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada with an average price of $197 per ticket. The two cheapest shows of the North American leg are in Clarkston, Michigan and Burgettstown, Pennsylvania with prices of $109 and $116 per ticket, which are about 43.5% below the tour's average ticket price. Lawrence greatly commended Minaj on the huge increase of ticket prices on the secondary market from her previous tour to her current tour stating that the current tour "has raised the bar for the 32-year-old Queens native."After the conclusion of the North American leg, Minaj topped Billboard's Hot Tours chart for the week of September 1, 2015. Minaj achieved the top position on the chart with a total gross of $13,010,440 and a total ticket count of 293,036 from seven arena shows and thirteen amphitheatre shows across North America. Highlights from the North American leg include the show in Brooklyn, New York, which produced the highest single-night gross of $1.3 million from 14,186 sold seats, and the show in Chicago which grabbed the largest audience of the tour with 22,700 fans present. Furthermore, North America's leg scored 10 sold-out shows. At the end of 2015, the tour placed at number 80 on Pollstar's "2015 Year-End Top 100 Worldwide Tours" list, grossing $22 million from 38 shows with a total attendance of 429,672. == BET == It was announced that Nicki Minaj is going to release The Pinkprint Tour on BET TV and may be released on DVD. Some songs were cut off during the show. It aired on TV on December 31, 2016 on New Year's Eve. == Set list == == Shows == == Notes == A ^ The show on May 30, 2015 in Las Vegas, Nevada was a part of the 2015 iHeartRadio Summer Pool Party. B ^ The show on June 5, 2015 in Austin, Texas was a part of the 2015 Summer X Games. C ^ The show on June 26, 2015 in Los Angeles was a part of the 2015 BET Experience and included special guests Ne-Yo, Rae Sremmurd, and Tinashe. D ^ The show on July 3, 2015 in Lahti, Finland was a part of the 2015 Summer Up Festival. E ^ The show on July 4, 2015 in Roskilde, Denmark was a part of the 2015 Roskilde Festival. F ^ The show on July 5, 2015 in London, England was a part of the 2015 Wireless Festival and was co-headlined with David Guetta. G ^ The show on July 7, 2015 in Nîmes, France was a part of the 2015 Festival de Nîmes and included special guests Big Sean and Rae Sremmurd. H ^ The show on July 8, 2015 in Milan, Italy was a part of the 2015 Estathé Market Sound Music Festival and included special guests G-Eazy and Rae Sremmurd. I ^ The show on July 10, 2015 in Frauenfeld, Switzerland was a part of Openair Frauenfeld 2015. J ^ The show on July 11, 2015 in Liège, Belgium was a part of the 2015 Les Ardentes Festival. K ^ The show on July 12, 2015 in Gräfenhainichen, Germany was a part of the 2015 Splash! Festival. L ^ The show on August 23, 2015 in Wantagh, New York is a part of the 2015 Billboard Hot 100 Music Festival. == References == ### Answer: <2015 concert tours>, <Nicki Minaj>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Zurah in Islamic cosmology is a pilgrimage that was originally built by Adam. It was lifted into the fourth level of Jannah during the time of Noah when The Flood occurred. It was the precursor to the Kaaba. == References == ### Answer: <Kaaba>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Shivaji Bhonsle (Marathi [ʃiʋaˑɟiˑ bʱoˑs(ə)leˑ]; c. 1627/1630 – 3 April 1680) was an Indian warrior king and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. Shivaji carved out an enclave from the declining Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur that formed the genesis of the Maratha Empire. In 1674, he was formally crowned as the chhatrapati (monarch) of his realm at Raigad. Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire, Sultanate of Golkonda, and Sultanate of Bijapur, as well as the English, Portuguese, and French colonial powers. Shivaji's military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a Maratha navy. Shivaji established a competent and progressive civil rule with well-structured administrative organisations. He revived ancient Hindu political traditions and court conventions and promoted the usage of Marathi and Sanskrit, rather than Persian, in court and administration. Shivaji's legacy was to vary by observer and time but he began to take on increased importance with the emergence of the Indian independence movement, as many elevated him as a proto-nationalist and hero of the Hindus. Particularly in Maharashtra, debates over his history and role have engendered great passion and sometimes even violence as disparate groups have sought to characterise him and his legacy. == Early life == Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of Shivneri, near the city of Junnar in what is now Pune district. Scholars disagree on his date of birth. The government of Maharashtra lists 19 February as a holiday commemorating Shivaji's birth (Shivaji Jayanthi). Shivaji was named after a local deity, the goddess Shivai. Shivaji's father Shahaji Bhonsle was a Maratha general who served the Deccan Sultanates. His mother was Jijabai, the daughter of Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindhkhed, a Mughal-aligned sardar claiming descent from a Yadav royal family of Devagiri.At the time of Shivaji's birth, power in Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: Bijapur, Ahmednagar, and Golkonda. Shahaji often changed his loyalty between the Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar, the Adilshah of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his jagir (fiefdom) at Pune and his small army with him. === Upbringing === Shivaji was devoted to his mother Jijabai, who was deeply religious. His studies of the Hindu epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, also influenced his lifelong defence of Hindu values. Shivaji was deeply interested in religious teachings, and regularly sought the company of Hindu and Sufi saints. Shahaji, meanwhile had married a second wife, Tuka Bai from the Mohite family. Having made peace with the Mughals, ceding them six forts, he went to serve the Sultanate of Bijapur. He moved Shivaji and Jijabai from Shivneri to Pune and left them in the care of his jagir administrator, Dadoji Konddeo. Dadoji has been credited with overseeing the education and training of young Shivaji.Many of Shivaji's comrades, and later a number of his soldiers, came from the Maval region, including Yesaji Kank, Suryaji Kakade, Baji Pasalkar, Baji Prabhu Deshpande and Tanaji Malusare. Shivaji traveled the hills and forests of the Sahyadri range with his Maval friends, gaining skills and familiarity with the land that would prove useful in his military career. Shivaji's independent spirit and his association with the Maval youths did not sit well with Dadoji, who complained to Shahaji to no avail.In 1639, Shahaji was stationed at Bangalore, which was conquered from the Vijayanagara nayaks, and asked to hold and settle the area. Shivaji was taken to Bangalore where he, his elder brother Sambhaji and his half brother Ekoji I were further formally trained. He married Saibai from the prominent Nimbalkar family in 1640. Around 1645, the teenage Shivaji first expressed his concept for Hindavi Swarajya (Indian self-rule), in a letter. == Conflict with Bijapur == In 1645, the 15-year-old Shivaji bribed or persuaded Inayat Khan, the Bijapuri commander of the Torna Fort, to hand over possession of the fort to him. The Maratha Firangoji Narsala, who held the Chakan fort, professed his loyalty to Shivaji, and the fort of Kondana was acquired by bribing the Bijapuri governor. On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by Baji Ghorpade under the orders of Bijapuri ruler Mohammed Adilshah, in a bid to contain Shivaji.According to Sarkar, Shahaji was released in 1649 after the capture of Jinji secured Adil-Shahi position in Karnataka. During these developments, from 1649–1655 Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains. After his release, Shahaji retired from public life, and died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident. Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed Chandrarao More, a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized from him the valley of Javali. === Combat with Afzal Khan === Adilshah was displeased at his losses to Shivaji's forces, which his vassal Shahaji disavowed. Having ended his conflict with the Mughals and having a greater ability to respond, in 1657 Adilshah sent Afzal Khan, a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the Tulja Bhavani Temple, holy to Shivaji's family, and the Vithoba temple at Pandharpur, a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus.Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to Pratapgad fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender. The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private outside the fort to parley.The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, either suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him, or secretly planning to attack himself, wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a bagh nakh (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.Accounts vary on whether Shivaji or Afzal Khan struck the first blow: Maratha chronicles accuse Afzal Khan of treachery, while Persian-language records attribute the treachery to Shivaji. In the fight, Afzal Khan's dagger was stopped by Shivaji's armour, and Shivaji's weapons inflicted mortal wounds on the general; Shivaji then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army. In the ensuing Battle of Pratapgarh fought on 10 November 1659, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces. More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly. === Siege of Panhala === Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji's army marched towards the Konkan and Kolhapur, seizing Panhala fort, and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them under Rustam Zaman and Fazl Khan in 1659. In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jahuar purchased grenades from the British at Rajapur to increase his efficacy, and also hired some English artillerymen to bombard the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in December would exact revenge by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the factors, imprisoning them until mid-1663.Accounts vary as to the end of the siege, with some accounts stating that Shivaji escaped from the encircled fort and withdrew to Ragna, following which Adilshah personally came to take charge of the siege, capturing the fort after four months. Other accounts state that after months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jahuar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad; Shivaji would later re-take Panhala in 1673. === Battle of Pavan Khind === There is some dispute over the circumstances of Shivaji's withdrawal (treaty or escape) and his destination (Ragna or Vishalgad), but the popular story details his night movement to Vishalgad and a sacrificial rear-guard action to allow him to escape. Per these accounts, Shivaji withdrew from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar Baji Prabhu Deshpande of Bandal Deshmukh, along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the Vishalgad fort.In the ensuing Battle of Pavan Khind, the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad, signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660. Ghod Khind (khind meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed Paavan Khind ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought in there. == Conflict with the Mughals == Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to Aurangzeb, the Mughal viceroy of the Deccan and son of the Mughal emperor, in conquering Bijapur in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages under his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Decccan. Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near Ahmednagar. This was followed by raids in Junnar, with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 hun in cash and 200 horses. Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battle of succession with his brothers for the Mughal throne following the illness of the emperor Shah Jahan. === Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat === Upon the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle Shaista Khan, with an army numbering over 150,000 along with a powerful artillery division in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better–equipped and –provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of Chakan, besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls. Shaista Khan pressed his advantage of having a larger, better provisioned and heavily armed Mughal army and made inroads into some of the Maratha territory, seizing the city of Pune and establishing his residence at Shivaji's palace of Lal Mahal.In April 1663, Shivaji launched a surprise attack on Shaista Khan in Pune; accounts of the story differ in the popular imagination, but there is some agreement that Shivaji and band of some 200 followers infiltrated Pune, using a wedding procession as cover. They overcame the palace guards, breached the wall, and entered Shaista Khan's quarters, killing those they found there. Shaista Khan escaped, losing his thumb in the melee, but one of his sons and other members of his household were killed. The Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to Bengal.In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji sacked the port city of Surat, a wealthy Mughal trading centre. === Treaty of Purandar === The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response he sent the Rajput Mirza Raja Jai Singh I with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji. Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and their siege forces investing Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.In the Treaty of Purandar, signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold hun to the Mughals. Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan as a mansabdar. === Arrest in Agra and escape === In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to Agra (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb's plan was to send Shivaji to Kandahar, now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, in the court, on 12 May 1666, Aurangzeb made Shivaji stand behind mansabdārs (military commanders) of his court. Shivaji took offence and stormed out of court, and was promptly placed under house arrest under the watch of Faulad Khan, Kotwal of Agra. Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue to employ him, and Shivaji used his dwindling funds to bribe courtiers to support his case. Orders came from the emperor to station Shivaji in Kabul, which Shivaji refused. Instead he asked for his forts to be returned and to serve the Mughals as a mansabdar; Aurangzeb rebutted that he must surrender his remaining forts before returning to Mughal service. Shivaji managed to escape from Agra, likely by bribing the guards, though the emperor was never able to ascertain how he escaped despite an investigation. Popular legend says that Shivaji smuggled himself and his son out of the house in large baskets, claimed to be sweets to be gifted to religious figures in the city. === Peace with the Mughals === After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals. During the period between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji with general Prataprao Gujar to serve with the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, Prince Mu'azzam. Sambhaji was also granted territory in Berar for revenue collection. Aurangzeb also permitted Shivaji to attack the decaying Adil Shahi; the weakened Sultan Ali Adil Shah II sued for peace and granted the rights of sardeshmukhi and chauthai to Shivaji. == Reconquest == The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670. At that time Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and may even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji. Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting the Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service. The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover the money lent to him a few years earlier. In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and recovered a major portion of the territories surrendered to them in a span of four months.Shivaji sacked Surat for second time in 1670; the British and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack, but he managed to sack the city itself, including plundering the goods of a Muslim prince from Mawara-un-Nahr who was returning from Mecca. Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals resumed hostilities with the Marathas, sending a force under Daud Khan to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat, but were defeated in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day Nashik.In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked Bombay's woodcutting parties. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682. === Battles of Umrani and Nesari === In 1674, Prataprao Gujar, the commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces, was sent to push back the invading force led by the Bijapuri general, Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion.Shivaji sent a displeased letter to Prataprao, refusing him audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Upset by his commander's rebuke, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan and charged his position with only six other horsemen, leaving his main force behind. Prataprao was killed in combat; Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son, Rajaram, to Prataprao's daughter. Anandrao Mohite became Hambirrao Mohite, the new sarnaubat (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces). Raigad Fort was newly built by Hiroji Indulkar as a capital of nascent Maratha kingdom. == Coronation == Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacking a formal title he was still technically a Mughal zamindar or the son of an Bijapuri jagirdar, with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. A kingly title could address this and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, to whom he was technically equal. it would also provide the Hindu Marathas with a fellow Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled by Muslims.Controversy erupted amongst the Brahmins of Shivaji's court: they refused to crown Shivaji as a king because that status was reserved for those of the kshatriya (warrior) varna in Hindu society. Shivaji was descended from a line of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly categorised him as being of the shudra (cultivator) varna. They noted that Shivaji had never had a sacred thread ceremony, and did not wear the thread, which a kshatriya would. Shivaji summoned Gaga Bhatt, a pandit of Varanasi, who stated that he had found a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the Sisodia Rajputs, and thus indeed a kshatriya, albeit one in need of the ceremonies befitting his rank. To enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred thread ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the Vedic rites expected of a kshatriya. However, following historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to Rajput, and specifically Sisodia ancestry may be interpreted as being anything from tenuous at best, to inventive in a more extreme reading.Shivaji was crowned king of the Marathas in a lavish ceremony at Raigad on 6 June 1674. In the Hindu calendar it was on the 13th day (trayodashi) of the first fortnight of the month of Jyeshtha in the year 1596. Gaga Bhatt officiated, holding a gold vessel filled with the seven sacred waters of the rivers Yamuna, Indus, Ganges, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before Jijabai and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies. Shivaji was entitled Shakakarta ("founder of an era") and Chhatrapati ("paramount sovereign"). He also took the title of Haindava Dharmodhhaarak (protector of the Hindu faith).Shivaji's mother Jijabai died on 18 June 1674. The Marathas summoned Bengali Tantrik goswami Nischal Puri, who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and a second coronation was needed. This second coronation on 24 September 1674 had a dual use, mollifying those who still believed that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by performing a less-contestable additional ceremony. == Conquest in Southern India == Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding Khandesh (October), capturing Bijapuri Ponda (April 1675), Karwar (mid-year), and Kolhapur (July). In November the Maratha navy skirmished with the Siddis of Janjira, but failed to dislodge them. Having recovered from an illness, and taking advantage of a conflict between the Afghans and Bijapur, Shivaji raided Athani in April 1676.In the run-up to his expedition Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders. His appeal was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited Hyderabad for a month and entered into a treaty with the Qutubshah of the Golkonda sultanate, agreeing to reject his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals. In 1677 Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, backed by Golkonda artillery and funding. Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of Vellore and Gingee; the latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son Rajaram I.Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother Venkoji (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née Mohite), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions in the Mysore plateau. Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up new negotiations with Shivaji, and also convinced her husband to distance himself from Muslim advisors. In the end Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized, with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the proper administration of the territories and maintenance of Shivaji's future memorial (samadhi). == Death and succession == The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated by the misbehaviour of his eldest son, Sambhaji, who was irresponsible. Unable to curb this, Shivaji confined his son to Panhala in 1678, only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the Mughals for a year. Sambhaji then returned home, unrepentant, and was again confined to Panhala.In late March 1680, Shivaji fell ill with fever and dysentery, dying around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 52, on the eve of Hanuman Jayanti. Putalabai, the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed sati by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai, was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter. Rumours followed Shivaji's death, with some Muslims opining he had died of a curse from Jan Muhammad of Jalna, as punishment for Shivaji's troops attacking merchants who had taken refuge in his hermitage. There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife Soyarabai had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son Rajaram on the throne.After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai made plans with various ministers of the administration to crown her son Rajaram rather than her stepson Sambhaji. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of Raigad Fort after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July. Rajaram, his wife Janki Bai, and mother Soyrabai were imprisoned, and Soyrabai executed on charges of conspiracy that October. === The Marathas after Shivaji === Shivaji left behind a state always at odds with the Mughals. Soon after his death, in 1681, Aurangzeb launched an offensive in the South to capture territories held by the Marathas: Bijapur and Golkonda. He was successful in obliterating the Sultanates but could not subdue the Marathas after spending 27 years in the Deccan. The period saw the capture, torture, and execution of Sambhaji in 1689, and the Marathas offering strong resistance under the leadership of Sambhaji's successor, Rajaram and then Rajaram's widow Tarabai. Territories changed hands repeatedly between the Mughals and the Marathas; the conflict ended in defeat for the Mughals in 1707. Shahu, a grandson of Shivaji and son of Sambhaji, was kept prisoner by Aurangzeb during a 27-year period. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power struggle over succession with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Early in his reign, he appointed Balaji Vishwanath and later his descendants, as Peshwas (prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa Bajirao I and grandson, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao. At its peak,the Maratha empire stretched from Tamil Nadu in the south, to Peshawar (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) in the north, and Bengal. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat to Ahmed Shah Abdali of the Afghan Durrani Empire, which halted their imperial expansion in northwestern India. Ten years after Panipat, young Madhavrao Peshwa reinstated Maratha authority over North India. In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Shahu and the Peshwas gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, creating the Maratha Confederacy. They became known as Gaekwads of Baroda, the Holkars of Indore and Malwa, the Scindias of Gwalior and Bhonsales of Nagpur. In 1775, the British East India Company intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, which became the First Anglo-Maratha War. The Marathas remained the preeminent power in India until their defeat by the British East India Company in the Second and Third Anglo-Maratha wars (1805–1818), which left the Company in control of most of India. == Governance == === Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit === In his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi, and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions. The house of Shivaji was well acquainted with Sanskrit and promoted the language; his father Shahaji had supported scholars such as Jayram Pindye, who prepared Shivaji's seal. Shivaji continued this Sanskrit promotion, giving his forts names such as Sindhudurg, Prachandgarh, and Suvarndurg. He named the Ashta Pradhan (council of ministers) according to Sanskrit nomenclature, with terms such as nyaayaadheesha, and senaapati, and commissioned the political treatise Raajya Vyavahaara Kosha. His Rajpurohit, Keshav Pandit, was himself a Sanskrit scholar and poet. === Religious policy === Shivaji was known for his liberal and tolerant religious policy; while Hindus were relieved to practice their religion freely under a Hindu ruler, Shivaji not only allowed Muslims to practice without harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments, and had many prominent Muslims in his military service. While some accounts of Shivaji state that he was greatly influenced by the Brahmin guru Samarth Ramdas, others have rebutted that Ramdas' role has been over-emphasised by later Brahmin commentators to enhance their position.Though many of Shivaji's enemy states were Muslim, he treated Muslims under his rule with tolerance for their religion. Shivaji's sentiments of inclusivity and tolerance of other religions can be seen in an admonishing letter to Aurangzeb, in which he wrote: Verily, Islam and Hinduism are terms of contrast. They are used by the true Divine Painter for blending the colours and filling in the outlines. If it is a mosque, the call to prayer is chanted in remembrance of God. If it is a temple, the bells are rung in yearning for God alone. Noting however that Shivaji had stemmed the spread of the neighbouring Muslim states, his contemporary, the poet Kavi Bhushan stated: Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its culture, Mathura would have been turned into a mosque and all would have been circumcised". There is less evidence of Shivaji's attitude towards the Christians. To one side, in 1667 three Portuguese Catholic priests and a few Christians were killed during Shivaji's raid on Bardes. However, during the sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by Ambrose, a Capuchin monk who asked him to spare the city's Christians. Shivaji left the mission untouched, saying "the Frankish Padrys are good men." == Military == Shivaji demonstrated great skill in creating his military organisation, which lasted until the demise of the Maratha empire. His strategy rested on leveraging his ground forces, naval forces, and series of forts across his territory. The Maval infantry served as the core of his ground forces (reinforced with Telangi musketeers from Karnataka), supported by Maratha cavalry. His artillery was relatively underdeveloped and reliant on European suppliers, further inclining him to a very mobile form of warfare. === Forts === Forts played a key role in Shivaji's strategy. He captured important forts at Murambdev (Rajgad), Torna, Kondhana (Sinhagad) and Purandar. He also rebuilt or repaired many forts in advantageous locations. In addition, Shivaji built a number of forts; the number "111" is reported in some accounts, but it is likely the actual number "did not exceed 18". The historian Jadunath Sarkar assessed that Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time of his death. Each was placed under three officers of equal status lest a single traitor be bribed or tempted to deliver it to the enemy. The officers acted jointly and provided mutual checks and balance. === Navy === Aware of the need for naval power to maintain control along the Konkan coast, Shivaji began to build his navy in 1657 or 1659, with the purchase of twenty galivats from the Portuguese shipyards of Bassein. Marathi chronicles state that at its height his fleet counted some 400 military ships, though British chronicles counter that the number never exceeded 160 ships.With the Marathas being accustomed to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates") as well as Muslim mercenaries. Noting the power of the Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired a number of Portuguese sailors and Goan Christian converts, and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his fleet. Viegas was later to defect back to the Portuguese, taking 300 sailors with him.Shivaji fortified his coastline by seizing coastal forts and refurbishing them, and built his first marine fort at Sindhudurg, which was to become the headquarters of the Maratha navy. The navy itself was a coastal navy, focused on travel and combat in the littoral areas, and not intended to go far out to sea. == Legacy == Shivaji was well known for his strong religious and warrior code of ethics and exemplary character. He was recognized as a great national hero during Indian Independence Movement. === Early depictions === Shivaji was admired for his heroic exploits and clever stratagems in the contemporary accounts of English, French, Dutch, Portuguese and Italian writers. Contemporary Englishmen compared him with Alexander, Hannibal and Julius Caesar. President Aungier of Bombay gives expression to his views about Shivaji in two dispatches to the Directors in London - "He being no less dexterous than Alexander the Great was for, by the agility of his winged men, he took in less than eight months what he had delivered to Jaysingh" and "it is too well known that Shivaji is as second Quintus Sertorius, comes not short of Hannibal for Stratagems."Mughal depictions of Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without the honorific "-ji". One Mughal writer in the early 1700s described Shivaji's death as kafir bi jahannum raft ("the infidel went to Hell"). Muslim writers of the day generally described him as a plunderer and marauder. === Reimagining === In the mid-19th century, Maharashtrian social reformer Jyotirao Phule wrote his own interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying Shivaji as a hero of the shudras and Dalits. Phule sought to use the Shivaji mythos to undermine the Brahmins he accused of hijacking the narrative, and uplift the lower classes; his 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahim-dominated media. At the end of the 19th century, Shivaji's memory was leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Bombay, who identified as his descendants and through him claimed the kshatriya varna. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Maratha's utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji.In 1895, Indian nationalist leader, Lokmanya Tilak organised an annual festival to mark the birthday celebrations of Shivaji. Tilak portrayed Shivaji as the opponent of the oppressor, opening loaded implications for the British Raj. Tilak denied any suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the government, but simply a celebration of a hero. These celebrations prompted a British commentator in 1906 to note: "Cannot the annals of the Hindu race point to a single hero whom even the tongue of slander will not dare call a chief of dacoits ...?"One of the early commentators who challenged the negative British view was M. G. Ranade, whose Rise of the Maratha Power (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivaji's state as "a freebooting Power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was the most cunning and adventurous ... This is a very common feeling with the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from the works of English historians."In 1919, Sarkar published the seminal Shivaji and His Times, hailed as the most authoritative biography of the king since James Grant Duff's 1826 A History of the Mahrattas. A respected scholar, Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji. Likewise, though supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of Afzal Khan as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the Hindu raja Chandrao More and his clan. === Inspiration === As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier stances on Shivaji's role. Jawaharlal Nehru had in 1934 noted "Some of the Shivaji's deeds, like the treacherous killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estimation." Following public outcry from Pune intellectuals, Congress leader T. R. Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed Shivaji as great nationalist.In 1966, the Shiv Sena (Army of Shivaji) party formed to promote the interests of Maharashtrians in the face of migration to the region from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power for locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda and icons of the Maratha-centric party.In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains arguably the greatest figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the Marathi people. Further, he is also recognised as a warrior legend, who sowed the seeds of Indian independence. Shivaji is upheld as an example by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party, and also of the Maratha caste dominated Congress parties in Maharashtra, such as the Indira Congress and the Nationalist Congress Party. Past Congress party leaders in the state such as Yashwantrao Chavan were considered political descendants of Shivaji.In the late 20th century, Babasaheb Purandare became one of the most significant artists in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the Shiv-Shahir ("Bard of Shivaji"). However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of over-emphasizing the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji, and his Maharashtra Bhushan award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji. Purandare has, on the other end, been accused of a communalist and anti-Muslim portrayal of Shivaji at odds with the king's own actions. === Controversy === In 1993, the Illustrated Weekly published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims per se, and was influenced by their form of governance. Congress Party members called for legal actions against the publisher and writer, Maharathi newspapers accused them of "imperial prejudice" and Shiv Sena called for the writer's public flogging. Maharashtra brought legal action against the publisher under regulations prohibiting enmity between religious and cultural groups, but a High Court found the Illustrated Weekly had operated within the bounds of freedom of expression.In 2003, American academic James W. Laine published his book Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India, which was followed by heavy criticism including threats of arrest. As a result of this publication, the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute in Pune where Laine had researched was attacked by a group of Maratha activists calling itself the Sambhaji Brigade. The book was banned in Maharashtra in January 2004, but the ban was lifted by the Bombay High Court in 2007, and in July 2010 the Supreme Court of India upheld the lifting of ban. This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court. === Commemorations === Commemorations of Shivaji are found throughout India, most notably in Maharashtra. Shivaji's statues and monuments are found almost in every town and city in Maharashtra as well as in different places across India. Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's ship the INS Shivaji, numerous postage stamps, and the main airport and railway headquarters in Mumbai. In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building a replica fort with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of Diwali in memory of Shivaji. == Notes == == References == == Bibliography == == Further reading == == External links == Shivaji at Curlie (based on DMOZ) ### Answer: <Indian railway-related lists>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Robin Walker is an Australian video game designer best known for co-developing Team Fortress Classic and Team Fortress 2. == Career == Together with John Cook and Ian Caughley, Walker started working on Team Fortress as a mod for id Software's QuakeWorld in 1996. Due to the popularity of the product, the team was hired by the then-small Valve Corporation to work on Team Fortress Classic and later on Team Fortress 2.Walker has played development roles in various Valve games, including Half-Life 2 and Dota 2. More recently, Walker has been focused on the collision of economics and game design, in an attempt to transform Team Fortress 2 from a Triple A retail product into a free-to-play, microtransaction-based game. == Influences and philosophy == Walker has started to use Team Fortress 2 updates to research what additional features are and aren't popular. The results of which, he has used for the development of Dota 2, as well as for later Team Fortress 2 updates. Walker also stated that he cannot guarantee that he would keep working on Team Fortress 2 indefinitely and that at some point, he will move on to a new project.Walker believes in the importance of communication between players and developers of modern PC games, stating that "[b]eing close to your customers - being able to talk directly to your customers - is valuable." In his experience, successful multiplayer games "innovate in gameplay both on release, but also over time post-release, and that those innovations are significant and of interest to customers."Walker is notably not worried about video game piracy, stating that to fight piracy, he is "looking at the things that pirates are providing and asking [himself] how [he] can provide something better than that." By releasing frequent updates of his games after launch, he constantly improves on his games in a way that pirates could not keep up with. Walker is a supporter of the free-to-play model, as he says that the model supports a wider variety of customers, including those with "very little money," and that such a variety of players results in greater opportunities for richer experiences. == References == ### Answer: <Living people>, <Valve employees>, <Video game designers>, <Video game producers>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Nicolas Champenois (April 1734 – 30 October 1811) was a missionary of the Paris Foreign Missions Society and was the Superior of Karnatic Mission after Pierre Brigot from 8 November 1791 until his death. He was succeeded by Louis-Charles-Auguste Hébert. == Early life == Nicolas Champenois was born in the month of April 1734. He belonged to the diocese of Reims where he served the ministry, especially Chaourse parish. He was probably priest even before he entered the Paris Foreign Missions Society Seminary on July 13, 1776. He was sent to the Malabar Mission (Pondicherry) and reached there on January 13, 1777. He had been first in-charge of an inland mission. Towards the end of the same year, became procurator of the Mission. Later he became the Superior of the Major Seminary. Papal brief dated June 14, 1785 made him the Coadjutor Superior of Karnatic Mission with Doliche as his titular see. He was consecrated by Pierre Brigot on November 5, 1786 in Pondicherry. Because of the ill health of his predecessor, he was in charge of the diocese immediately. == As a Bishop == One of his first acts was to prevent Karaikal in Malabar mission to be entrusted to the Apostolic Prefecture run by the Capuchins. He obtained from Rome by decree of 19 July 1788, the power over all the Catholics of the diocese of Mylapore inhabiting the lands where the bishop of Mylapore could not carry out his jurisdiction. He also received greater powers than before regarding marriage dispensations, various indulgences and permission to recite some offices. An agreement signed on 17 September 1793, the Capuchins Apostolic Prefect, Fr. Benjamin and Bishop Champagne agreed to iron out the then existing jurisdictional difficulties by mutually transmitting their powers. Customs of India sometimes raising doubts that left no worry of some missionaries, the bishop gave them advice marked mindedness and based on experience. He built in Pondicherry, close to the cathedral, a new seminar and a small college. This later became the Petit Seminaire Higher Secondary School. He also completed the construction work of the Cathedral which was begun by the Jesuits in 1770 on the same place in which it was destroyed in 1736. He consecrated it on 20 June 1791. In 1792 Mgr.Champenois was forced by the British soldiers to sing Te Deum in the Place d'Armes, where they had to plant a tree of liberty, but he refused. The soldiers threatened him, but he replied: "My body is in your hands, my heart is in God's". He was forced to leave French territory and retire to San Thome. He returned to Pondicherry few months later, when the English had taken this city. In September 1794 he went to visit places of his mission. He stopped at length at Trichinopoly and in Madurai. The Goans accused him and caused him many trouble; eventually he was forced to leave the place. The English Government, at their request, said not to recognize other jurisdiction in the country, than that of the Bishop of Mylapour. In order to end this situation, he tried unsuccessfully to get the title of Vicar Apostolic: the Holy See maintained the status quo. At that time, the English had such distrust of the French priests, whom they refused Mgr. Champenois necessary passport to visit the two missions that Rome entrusted to him by the brief of 23 August 1796: one with the Capuchins of Patna, the other among the missionaries of Madras in order to bring harmony among these apostolic workers, and to put an end to the administrative difficulties. Even while governing the mission, he administered a few parishes in Pondicherry, especially Ariancoupam where we can frequently find his name on the parish registers from 23 December 1798 to the year 1809. == Death == Around 1805, his health began to deteriorate. He asked for a coadjutor. Mgr. Hébert was named as his coadjutor. Because of falling down on April 27, 1810 his health became even worse. He died in Pondicherry on 30 October 1811. It was worn out with mortification and was exhausted. He insisted on continuing his austerities; He continued to fast even when the Roman Pontiff granted him special dispensation. His official biography at MEP archives end as follows: "His administration was wise, prudent, and with very limited resources, he managed to deal with the most pressing needs". == See also == Catholic Church in India == References == ### Answer: <1734 births>, <1811 deaths>, <18th-century Roman Catholic archbishops>, <19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops>, <French Roman Catholic bishops in Asia>, <French Roman Catholic missionaries>, <Paris Foreign Missions Society>, <Roman Catholic archbishops of Pondicherry and Cuddalore>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Marco Cappai (born 13 November 1993 in Carbonia, Sardinia), known by his stage name Madh, meaning "my advice doesn't help", is an Italian singer-songwriter. He rose to fame in 2014, at the eighth season of the Italian edition of X Factor. His debut single, "Sayonara", was performed for the first time during the semi-finals of the competition. Also included in the extended play with the same name, the single reached the second spot of the Italian Singles Chart, and it was certified platinum by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry. == Early life == Marco Cappai was born on 13 November 1993 in Carbonia, a comune in the former province of Carbonia-Iglesias (now province of South Sardinia), in Sardinia, Italy, where he also spent childhood. == Music career == === 2011–2014 === In 2011, Madh began creating songs with his brother. In 2012, he met some music publishers and record producers, and decided to found an independent label, the SEMS Music. He started self-producing video clips and uploading them on YouTube and on other various platforms. At the start of his musical career, he performed in clubs, bars and disco clubs in Sardinia. He won the first prize of a traditional Sardinian contest "Corrida Sulcis". === 2014: The X Factor === On June 2014 in Rome, Madh auditioned as a solo candidate for the eighth season of the Italian edition of The X Factor. In front of Italian judges Fedez, Mika, Morgan and Victoria Cabello, he performed the alternative song version Mad world of Gary Jules; in "bootcamp", he performed Enjoy the silence (Depeche Mode). On July 2014 in Milan, at "homevisit" with the song Exodus (MIA), he qualifying for the "Men Under 24" category, captained by Fedez. From 23 October 2014 to 11 December 2014, during the "live show" in Milan, Madh performed: Take Care (Drake), No Church in the Wild (Jay Z, Kanye West ft. Frank Ocean), Dancing on My Own (Robyn), Same Love (Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ft. Mary Lambert), Disparate Youth (Santigold), Ready or Not (Fugees), Lights (Ellie Goulding), Flyover (Asian Dub Foundation), Heartbeat (Nneka). == Musical style and influences == His passion and love for music have been influenced by the Eastern culture and philosophy. Five of the most important songs of his life are: "Love Is A Losing Game" and "You Know I'm No Good" (Amy Winehouse), "Redemption Song" (Bob Marley), "Ready Or Not" (Fugees), Exodus (MIA). == Discography == === EPs & Albums === === Singles === === Album appearances === === Music videos === == References == == External links == Madh at Allmusic Madh on IMDb ### Answer: <1993 births>, <Italian male singers>, <Italian rappers>, <Living people>, <People from Sardinia>, <The X Factor (TV series) winners>, <X Factor (Italian TV series) contestants>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Boat noodles or kuaitiao ruea (Thai: ก๋วยเตี๋ยวเรือ, pronounced [kǔa̯j.tǐa̯w rɯ̄a̯]) is a Thai style noodle dish, which has a strong flavor. It contains both pork and beef, as well as dark soy sauce, pickled bean curd, and some other spices, and is normally served with meatballs and pig’s liver. The soup also contains nam tok (Thai: น้ำตก), which is cow or pigs blood mixed with salt and spices, to season the soup. The color of the soup is similar to beef noodles soup (Thai: ก๋วยเตี๋ยวเนื้อ) but considerably thicker due to the blood added. It is commonly served in a small bowl. The other ingredients of boat noodles are garlic, fried garlic, radish, cinnamon, bean sprouts, parsley, morning glory, and some Thai chilli flakes. Type of the noodles for boat noodle are several, thin rice noodles, egg noodles, sen yai (Thai: เส้นใหญ่), and sen lek. (Thai: เส้นเล็ก) Boat noodles are commonly served with pork crackling and basil or sweet basil. == History == Boat noodles have been served since the period of Plaek Phibunsongkhram in 1942, and were originally served from boats that traversed Bangkok's canals.In the past, a merchant who sold boat noodles would have been the only person working on a small boat, and would have had to do everything by himself from paddle a boat, scald the noodles, season the soup, serve the dish, handle money and wash the dishes. If the bowl was too big, it would be difficult to hand over to the customer on the land and might be easily spilled. This is the reason why the boat noodle’s bowl is small, for the convenience and safety of the merchant. Nowadays the dish is also served in restaurants, but the dish's historical identity is maintained by it still being served in a small bowl, and often with a boat moored in front of the place. For notable boat noodles area in Thailand are Ayutthaya and Rangsit in central region, but presently the most notable is the Victory Monument neighborhood. == See also == Cuisine of Thailand List of noodle dishes List of Thai dishes == References == ### Answer: <Noodle dishes>, <Thai noodles>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The Master of the Baroncelli Portraits (fl. 1480-1490) is the notname for a fifteenth-century Early Netherlandish painter. Active in Bruges around 1480-1490, he is named after a pair of portraits (originally the wings of a triptych) of the Italian banker Pierantonio Baroncelli and his wife Maria Bonciani, which are now in the collection of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Only a few other works by the same master are known. A Pentecost, the provenance of which can be traced back to Bruges, ca. 1600, was sold in 2010 at Christie's for £4,185,250.The Master is supposed to have been influenced by Hans Memling and Petrus Christus. His work, and especially the Pentecost, has been influential on later artists from Bruges, in particular Simon Bening. == Works attributed to the Master of the Baroncelli Portraits == Two portraits of Italian banker Pierantonio Baroncelli and his wife Maria Bonciani, residents of Bruges: these paintings, now in the Uffizi Gallery, gave the painter his Notname. Annunciation, Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp Annunciation, private collection, Amsterdam Pentecost, sold at Christie's in 2010 for £4,185,250, now in a private collection, on display at the Groeningemuseum Saint Catherine of Bologna (also known as A Female Saint with a Donor and Two Women), Courtauld Institute Marriage Diptych, Courtauld Institute Virgin and Child with Angels, Bode Museum Madonna Enthroned, Capilla Real de Madrid == Notes == ### Answer: <Anonymous artists>, <Early Netherlandish painters>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The clavicymbalum (or clavisymbalum, clavisimbalum, etc.) is an early keyboard instrument and ancestor of the harpsichord. The instrument is described as a psaltery to which keys, but no dampers, have been attached, allowing the keys rather than the fingers to pluck the strings, which then ring until their sound fades out. (The illustration on this page does not show the clavicymbalum just described. Rather, it shows a much later instrument on which the strings were played by multiple revolving, round bows.) One of its earliest attestations is a 1323 work by Johannes de Muris, where it describes a monochordium as an instrument "with a keyboard of two octaves, of triangular form, with one of the three sides curved."The work of Henri-Arnault de Zwolle (between 1438 and 1446) describes the clavicymbalum as one of the "three types" of keyboard instruments, along with the dulce melos (an early piano) and the clavicordium (clavichord). == References == == Further reading == G. Le Cerf et E.R. Labande, Les traités d'Henri-Arnault de Zwolle et de divers anonymes, Paris, 1932 Martin-K. Kaufmann, "Le clavier à balancier du clavisimbalum XVe: un moment exceptionnel de l'évolution des instruments à clavier", in La Facture de clavecin du XVe au XVIIIe, Actes du colloque international de Louvain, 1976, Musicologica neolovaniensia. Studia 1, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1980, pp. 9-57. The Clavisimbalum of Henri Arnaut de Zwolle. Carl Rennoldson, Harpsi.com Thomas Steiner (2004). Instruments À Claviers, Expressivité Et Flexibilité Sonore: Actes Des Rencontres Internationales Harmoniques. Peter Lang. pp. 89–. ISBN 978-3-03910-244-0. Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr (1730). Historische Nachricht von den nürnbergischen Mathematicis und Künstlern. Nürnberg: Peter Conrad Monath. p. 341. (Original from: the University of Michigan; Digitized: 6 Mar 2012; Length: 314 pages) ### Answer: <Early musical instruments>, <Harpsichord>, <Keyboard instruments>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Meroles squamulosa is a species of African lizards originally placed in the genus Ichnotropis, however phylogenetic evidence moves this species to the genus Meroles. The species is commonly called common rough-scaled sand lizards and is largely found in southern Africa. These lizards are terrestrial and found in the range of mesic savannah. The common rough-scaled lizard is medium in size and well distributed in parts of Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Angola, Tanzania, and Zambia. == Description == The common rough-scaled lizards are medium-sized lizards each with a small head, body, and a long tail. The frontonasal is divided and has small body scales in 42 to 58 rows at the midline. The backs of these lizards are brownish grey with narrow dark blotches and rows of pale spots. These lizards share characteristics of the genus Ichnotropis. Identification of Ichnotropis includes the following: Cylindrical tail without lateral fringe Toes without serrated or fringed edge Smooth or tubular lamellae under toes No collar present Keeled or overlapping dorsal scales Head shields smooth or slightly roughUnlike the Ichnotropis, M.squamulosa does not have subocular scales bordering the lip. == Habitat == The rough-scaled lizards can be found in semi-arid, shrub savannas in Africa such as Ngamiland, Botswana. They dig branching burrows in the soft sand usually at the base of Acacia trees that may be shared with several individuals. == Biology == These lizards are insectivorous and actively hunt during the day feeding on termites, grasshoppers, beetles and other small insects. They seem to have a sympatric relationship with Ichnotropis capensis as their mating season alternates so they do not compete for the same resources. === Taxonomy and evolution === Based on morphological evidence from the capensis species the South African genus Ichnotropis and the North American genus Psammodromus diverged from the lineage of Lacerta lepida and Lacerta monticola during the Oligocene epoch (24 to 36 million years ago).Since 1854, the squamulosa species was classified under the genus Ichnotropis and that classification was determined through morphological characteristics. More recent molecular phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA markers determined that Ichnotropis squamulosa did not group with Ichnotropis, but with the genus Meroles. Morphological traits can change over time influenced by factors such as microhabitat and environment or a combination of factors. Phylogenetic evidence of I.squamulosa was found in 2007, but was not accepted due to incomplete taxon sampling for Ichnotropis. === Mating === This lizard has a life expectancy of 8 to 9 months. The males have a symmetrical armatured hemipenes which only one is used at a time. The males and females have 11 to 18 femoral pores on each thigh of which pheramones are commonly excreted. The females lays 8 to 12 eggs around April or May and hatchlings appear from October through November. The long incubation period is due to the cold conditions of winter. Growth is rapid as these lizards reach sexual maturity in 4 to 5 months. === Helminths === I. squamulosa is one of 8 genera of lizards in southern Africa that have been reported to harbor helminths These helminths have a paratenic relationship with these lizards using them to transport and infect others. == References == ### Answer: <Lacertidae>, <Lizards of Africa>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Sven Plex Petersson (7 August 1926 in Lit, Sweden – 25 June 2011 in Lidingö, Sweden) was a Swedish sports journalist, active for Sveriges Radio and Sveriges Television. He was employed by Sveriges Radio in 1957. == References == ### Answer: <1926 births>, <2011 deaths>, <Swedish sports journalists>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Lars-Gunnar Björklund (24 February 1937 in Stockholm, Sweden – 30 November 2012 in Sankt Matteus Parish, Stockholm, Sweden) was a Swedish radio and TV journalist. He was famous as a sports reporter, especially reporting from Vasaloppet and the Ice Hockey World Championships. == Early years == As a student Björklund attended the Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm. He played handball for Djurgårdens IF. == References == ### Answer: <1937 births>, <2012 deaths>, <Swedish sports journalists>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: The December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes were a series of aerial attacks made on targets in Syria on 7 December 2014. The targets were a military area in Al-Dimas and the Damascus International Airport area.According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, the attack near the Damascus International Airport targeted a depot for newly arrived weapons at a military facility that is part of the airport. The attack at Al-Dimas targeted weapons depots in hangars around a small air base. Ten explosions were heard at Al-Dimas and the Syrian Army stated that some installations were damaged. According to the Syrian Opposition, three Hezbollah members were killed by the strikes in Al-Dimas. Syria claimed that an unmanned aerial vehicle was shot down.During the attack, Syrian air defenses fired four surface-to-air missiles, hitting at least one of the Israeli Popeye missiles, the remnants of which fell into rebel-held territory in Al-Harra. == Reactions == Syria - On 7 December, the Syrian Army condemned the attack and accused Israel of supporting "terrorists" in Syria. Israel - In a response to the accusations, the Israeli military said it does not comment on "foreign reports." Russia - Russia demanded explanation from Israel about the airstrikes. Russian foreign ministry spokesman Alexander Lukashevich also said that "Moscow is deeply worried by this dangerous development, the circumstances of which demand an explanation". == See also == May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes April 2015 Qalamoun incident == References == ### Answer: <2014 in Syria>, <Airstrikes>, <IsraelâSyria relations>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Ann-Britt Ryd Pettersson, born 19 March 1954, is a Swedish news reporter at Sveriges Television. She began working for SR Blekinge by the late 1970s, before becoming host for regional news programme Östnytt. In 1980, she became first female employed by the SVT sports section. == References == ### Answer: <1954 births>, <Living people>, <Swedish sports journalists>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: Nelson Wong Sing-chi (born 11 October 1957) is a Hong Kong politician and social worker. He had been member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong between 2000–04 and 2008–12. He was the founding member of the Democratic Party before he was expelled in 2015 for his support in the government's constitutional reform proposals. He was also briefly a founding member of the Third Side, a centrist political party. He is also former member of the North District Council and Regional Council. == Background == Wong was born in Hong Kong in 1957. He obtained his Bachelor of Social Work from Hong Kong Polytechnic University and was a social worker before joining Hong Kong politics. He was the member of the Meeting Point a liberal party and was first elected to the North District Board in Choi Yuen with party mate Tik Chi-yuen. He became the founding member of the Democratic Party when the Meeting Point was merged with the United Democrats of Hong Kong. He lost his seat in North District Council in the 1994 District Board elections to So Sai-chi of the pro-Beijing Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB), who became his long-time rival in the area. He was nevertheless elected to the Regional Council in 1995 and served until it was abolished in 1999. == Legco member == Wong ran for the Legislative Council (Legco) in New Territories North in 1995 but lost to DAB's Cheung Hon-chung. He ran in New Territories East in the 1998 Legislative Council election, placing second on the list behind Andrew Cheng Kar-foo and helped Cheng to get elected. In the 2000 election, the Democratic Party split Cheng and Wong into two tickets to avoid wasting the votes as the electoral mechanism was largest remainder method and the strategy got them both elected with less votes. He lost in 2004 through a weak electoral strategy as the all the pro-democratic candidates formed a combined party-list in the election, Wong was placed in fourth behind Andrew Cheng, Emily Lau Wai-hing and Ronny Tong Ka-wah who all got elected. Before that he also lost his seat in the District Council in 2003 as his changed his constituency to challenge So Sai-chi in Choi Yuen. He returned to the Legco in 2008 in a successful strategic voting with Andrew Cheng. In June 2010, he voted with his party in favour of the government's 2012 constitutional reform package, which included the late amendment by the Democratic Party – accepted by the Beijing government – to hold a popular vote for five new District Council functional constituencies. He also returned to North District Council in 2007 election, running in Shek Wu Hui. In 2011, he was defeated by So Sai-chi again in Choi Yuen. Wong was defeated in the 2012 election, which left the Democratic Party only one representative in New Territories East, Emily Lau. === Gay rights === Wong is an evangelical Christian and a social conservative. He opposed amendments to the Domestic Violence Ordinance that would offer same-sex couples equal protection under the law on the grounds that the amendment would include same-sex relationships as if they were couples. He opposed the government would take actions go a step further to make laws which prohibited discrimination against the LGBT people. This position give him as the same attitude with other pro-Beijing conservative members in Legco, such as Priscilla Leung. Wong's conservative stances on gay rights made him different with other pan-democrats, which many of them take liberal stances on social issues. == Third Side == In July 2015, Wong was expelled from the Democratic Party due to his defiance of the party line and clandestine proposal in support of the government's constitutional reform package, which was panned by pan-democrats for being "fake universal suffrage". He later set up a moderate party, the Third Side, with ex-Democrat Tik Chi-yuen which aimed for a middle-of-the-road approach between the pan-democrats and pro-Beijing camp. He ran in the 2015 District Council election in Fanling South in his North District base but was not elected. In 2016, he also ran in the Legislative Council by-election in New Territories East, receiving 17,295 votes, 4% of the total ballots and failed to return to the Legislative Council. In July 2016, he left the Third Side to contest the Social Welfare constituency in the upcoming legislative election after failing to get the party's approval. He received the fewest votes in the five-candidate contest. == References == == External links == Media related to Wong Sing-chi at Wikimedia Commons Official site of Wong Sing-chi ### Answer: <1957 births>, <Alumni of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University>, <Charter 08 signatories>, <Democratic Party (Hong Kong) politicians>, <District councillors of North District>, <HK LegCo Members 2000â04>, <HK LegCo Members 2008â12>, <Hong Kong Christians>, <Hong Kong social workers>, <Living people>, <Meeting Point politicians>, <Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong>, <Members of the Regional Council of Hong Kong>
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### Instruction: retrieve labels for this: "We Are Beautiful" is a 2014 single by Panzer Flower, an electric/pop trio made up of Patrice Duthoo, Raphaël Glatz and Jean-Louis Palumbo. The song features vocals from Hubert Tubbs and was released by BIP Records and Happy Music. == Track list == Digital BIP Records "We Are Beautiful" (radio edit) (3:42) "We Are Beautiful" (original extended mix) (5:48) == Charts == == References == ### Answer: <2014 singles>
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Subsets and Splits