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Yana Gorskaya (Russian: Яна Горская; Яна Викторовна Гороховская) is a Russian-American director, producer and film editor. She is best known for her work as director and co-executive producer of the TV series What We Do in the Shadows (2019) and her work in the editorial departments of nearly all of director Taika Waititi’s films, including Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016),Thor Ragnorak (2017), Jojo Rabbit (2019) and the feature version of What We Do in the Shadows (2014).
Early life
Gorskaya was born in the Soviet Union, and is of Jewish descent. At the age of 6, she immigrated to the United States with her single mother. Gorskaya obtained a Bachelor of Arts from New York City's Columbia University and later attended the University of Southern California (USC) to obtain a Master of Fine Arts degree.
Career
Gorskaya was hired to edit her first feature film, Spellbound (2002), when director Jeffrey Blitz asked his former USC mentor Kate Amend if she would recommend one of her students to work on his documentary film. Amend suggested Gorskaya, who was working as a teaching assistant while completing her MFA; Gorskaya accepted the offer and put together the final cut of the film, working part-time from 2000–2002. Spellbound was ultimately nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, and Gorskaya won the American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Documentary. Her next three features, also documentaries, were In the Name of Love (2003), produced by Sydney Pollack, about Russian marriage agencies, Sonny Boy (2004), directed by Soleil Moon Frye, focusing on Frye's relationship with her father, and Seeds (2004), about the Seeds of Peace camp in Maine.
Gorskaya's first non-documentary feature was 2007's Rocket Science, with which she worked with Blitz for a second time.
She began her collaboration with Taika Waititi on his first feature, Eagle Vs. Shark (2007), and is credited as an editor or consulting editor on nearly all of his films, including Boy (2010), What We Do in the Shadows (2014, with Jemaine Clement), Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016), Thor Ragnorak (2017), Jojo Rabbit (2019), and Next Goal Wins (2023).
Her series directing work has made the best of the year lists on the NY Times, Rolling Stone, A.V. Club, TV Guide, Entertainment Weekly, USA Today, Vulture, Hollywood Reporter, Decider and IGN.
As one of the key creatives on What We Do in the Shadows, she directed 17 episodes of the show through five seasons, including fan favorite On the Run with Jackie Daytona, and other Emmy-nominated episodes including Collaboration, Casino and Wellness Center. She was also nominated for a series Emmy as co-executive producer, and received another nomination for her editing work.
Other directing credits include the NBC series Trial & Error (2017-2018) and the upcoming adaptation of Terry Gilliam’s 1981 film Time Bandits, produced and written by Taika Waititi and Jemaine Clement.
Gorskaya is also a screenwriter with writing partner and childhood friend Maia Rossini. They sold a musical comedy to Fox with Paul Feig attached to direct. They are represented at UTA.
Personal life
Gorskaya is fluent in Russian, French and Spanish. She currently resides in Los Angeles, California.
References
1. "Seeds: A Documentary Film". www.mergemedia.tv.
2. Brown, Kimberley (September 1, 2003). "Cut and Pace". RealScreen. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
3. Heller, Joel (March 3, 2007). "Yana Gorskaya, Editor of SPELLBOUND". DocsThatInspire.com. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
4. "Rocket Science Production Notes" (Press release). Picturehouse. 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
5. "Alumni in the News". Columbia College Today. Spring 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
6. "Yana Gorskaya (résumé)" (PDF) (Press release). Sheldon Prosnit Agency. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
7. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/20/arts/television/best-tv-episodes-2021.html
8. https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-features/what-we-do-in-the-shadows-season-2-recap-finale-1011799/
9. https://www.avclub.com/the-a-v-club-s-favorite-tv-episodes-of-2021-1848221950/slides/4
10. https://www.tvguide.com/news/features/the-20-best-tv-episodes-of-2021/
11. https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2021/12/20/best-tv-shows-of-2021-ted-lasso-squid-game/6196093001/
12. https://www.vulture.com/2020/06/what-we-do-in-the-shadows-season-2-review.html
13. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-reviews/great-tv-episodes-2021-1235065533/
14. https://decider.com/2021/12/08/best-tv-episodes-of-2021-streaming/
15. https://www.ign.com/articles/best-tv-episode-of-2021
16. https://ew.com/tv/best-tv-episodes-of-2021/
External links
Living people
Russian emigrants to the United States
American film editors
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Columbia University alumni
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
1977 births
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{'title': 'Yana Gorskaya', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yana%20Gorskaya', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Edgard Monge (born 1965) is a native of Nicaragua who is serving a ten-year sentence in Kingston Penitentiary, Ontario, Canada, for four counts of aggravated assault after he knowingly had unprotected sex while HIV infected and failed to inform his four sexual partners. Two of his partners also became infected with HIV. One of the two had a child from the union with Monge and the child also contracted HIV. (He was also convicted of one count of unlawfully causing bodily harm to the baby by having unprotected sex with her mother.)
Sexual relationships
Monge contracted HIV from his late wife, who died of AIDS complications in November 1999. She contracted the virus from a blood transfusion in Nicaragua in 1981. He learned he was HIV positive in November 1999, shortly before his wife died.
Monge commenced his first sexual relationship in January 2000, in spite of a doctor warning him about the risks and advised him to reveal his being HIV positive to potential partners and to use a condom as the protection.
Monge explained that he did not inform his sexual partners because he did not have time and because several of the women were too immature to handle the problem. The sentencing judge called the explanations "pathetic".
According to the evidence presented in court, Monge had the following overlapping unprotected sexual relationships with women:
Victim #1: January 1, 2000 - June 30, 2000. She tested negative for HIV.
Victim #2: June 1, 2000 - May 30, 2001. She is now HIV positive. She became pregnant and her baby contracted HIV.
Victim #3: January 1, 2001 - June 30, 2001. Victim #3 was a teenager. She tested negative for HIV, but developed a sexually transmitted disease.
Victim #4: February 1, 2001 - April 30, 2001. Met Monge at church. Tested HIV positive in September 2001.
In the case of Victim #2, who became pregnant from Monge, he did not tell her he was HIV positive during their relationship and did not tell her after learning she was pregnant. This prevented the mother from taking medication that might have reduced the risk of transmission of the virus to her baby girl during pregnancy. She also practised breastfeeding, perhaps unknowingly passing the virus to the baby girl that way.
According to the evidence presented in court, when one victim broke up with him Monge told her "I gave you a present that no other guy can give you. I gave you AIDS".
Monge knew he was HIV positive and took precautions to protect his four children, for example wearing latex gloves when he cooked and letting another sibling shower his youngest daughter.
Soon to be released from prison (Frontenac Institution), Monge has met a woman at a church he goes to on Sunday. They plan to be married once Monge is released and to reside in Nicaragua. The Correctional Service of Canada has denied his request for marriage.
Sentence
On June 27, 2002, Justice Steve Glithero of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice sentenced Monge to ten years in prison.
The judge said:
"This is a man who carried on four sexual affairs of significant length involving frequent sex.... He knowingly and repeatedly risked the very lives of four women and a child by his callous actions which persisted over months. He's largely responsible for the ruination of three lives. The effect of his actions is tragic and immense.... His actions show a callous and cruel disregard for his own flesh and blood.... One must ask why he would date women as prospective wives and mothers, yet knowingly expose them to the risk of infection with the same condition that had resulted in the death of his wife. ... None of these were one-night stands."
Sources
"Man gets 10 years in K-W HIV case," Kitchener Waterloo Record, p. A1, June 28, 2002
"K-W man guilty of infecting women and baby with HIV," Kitchener Waterloo Record, p. A1 April 3, 2002
"Young mother, baby cope with HIV," Kitchener Waterloo Record, p. A4, April 3, 2002
"Man with HIV Who Had Unprotected Sex Imprisoned," Guelph Daily Mercury, p. A2 June 28, 2002
"Canada: Man With HIV Who Had Unprotected Sex Imprisoned," The Body July 2, 2002
"Woman felt 'betrayed' by lover; HIV-positive man withheld deadly secret from partners, court told," Kitchener Waterloo Record, p. A1 June 21, 2002
Notes
1965 births
People with HIV/AIDS
Prisoners and detainees of Canada
Nicaraguan people imprisoned abroad
Living people
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The Diamond HK36 Super Dimona is an extensive family of Austrian low-wing, T-tailed, two-seat motor gliders that were designed by Wolf Hoffmann and currently produced by Diamond Aircraft Industries.
Design and development
The series started with the Hoffmann H36 Dimona, a touring motorglider introduced in the early 1980s. The aircraft were initially produced by Hoffmann Flugzeugbau, which became HOAC Flugzeugwerk and later Diamond Aircraft Industries.
Built entirely from fibreglass, the H36 family all use a Wortmann FX 63-137 airfoil. The wings feature top-surface Schempp-Hirth-style airbrakes. Optionally, the wings can be folded by two people in a few minutes to allow storage. The original H36 has wings, while the later members of the family added slightly greater span. The H36 offers a 27:1 glide ratio, while later variants improved that by one point, to 28:1 by adding winglets increasing the span to . Cockpit accommodation seats two in side-by-side configuration, under a hinged bubble canopy that is pushed up and backwards.
The series are type certified in Europe and North America. The H36 received its US Federal Aviation Administration certification on 9 July 1986. Due to its fibreglass construction, the US certification includes the restriction "All external portions of the glider exposed to sunlight must be painted white except of (sic) wing tips, nose of fuselage and rudder."
In March 1987 an improved variant was developed by Dieter Köhler and the subsequent HK36R first flew with a Limbach L2400 engine in October 1989.
When equipped with the larger available engines, particularly the Rotax 914 turbocharged powerplant, the aircraft can be used for glider towing. A commercial success, more than 900 H36s and HK36s have been completed.
The HK36 provided the basis from which the Diamond DV20 Katana from which the improved DA20 and four-seat DA40 series were later developed.
Operational history
In 1991, an HK36, flown by Peter Urach in Austria, set an absolute altitude record in its class for a piston engined aircraft of . The record held until surpassed in 2002 by the Bohannon B-1.
The FCD (Fuel Cell Demonstrator) was a project led by Boeing that used a Diamond HK36 Super Dimona motor glider as a testbed for a fuel cell-powered light airplane research project. The project achieved level flight using fuel cells only in February and March 2008.
In December 2016 there were nine H36s and thirty HK36s registered with the US FAA, two HK36Rs and two HK36TTSs registered with Transport Canada, along with seven H36s and eight HK36s registered with the UK Civil Aviation Authority.
Variants
H36 Dimona
Original version produced by Hoffmann and later by HOAC, with a wingspan, conventional landing gear, 27:1 glide ratio and powered by a Limbach L2000 EB1C engine of , a Rotax 912A of or Limbach L2400 EB of . Applied for US FAA certificate on 4 April 1982 and received on 9 July 1986 in the utility category at a gross weight of .
HK36 R Super Dimona
Developed from the H36, with a carbon-fibre spar, modified fuselage, wingspan and Rotax 912A engine. Optional wing tips can extend the span to . Received US FAA type approval on 23 July 1993 in the utility category at a gross weight of .
HK36TS Super Dimona
Developed from the HK36 R Super Dimona, the HK36TS has a Rotax 912 A3 engine, wingspan, 28:1 glide ratio and conventional landing gear. Received US FAA type approval on 25 September 1997 in the utility category at a gross weight of . Marketed as the Katana Xtreme in Canada and the USA.
HK36TC Super Dimona
The HK36TC has a Rotax 912 A3 engine. Received US FAA type approval on 25 September 1997 in the utility category at a gross weight of . Marketed as the Katana Xtreme in Canada and the USA.
HK36TC-100 Super Dimona
The HK36TC-100 has a Rotax 912 S3 engine. Applied for US FAA type approval on 16 January 2003 and received on 12 January 2004 in the utility category at a gross weight of . Minimum sink rate: 1.18 m/s at 97 km/h, glide ratio 1:27 at 105 km/h Marketed as the Katana Xtreme in Canada and the USA.
HK36TTS Super Dimona
The HK36TTS has an Rotax 914 F3 or F4 turbocharged engine, a Muhlbauer MTV-21-A-C-F/CF 175-05 propeller, wingspan, 28:1 glide ratio, and conventional landing gear. Received US FAA type approval on 25 September 1997 in the utility category at a gross weight of . Marketed as the Katana Xtreme in Canada and the USA.
HK36TTC Super Dimona
The HK36TTC has an Rotax 914 F3 or F4 turbocharged engine, wingspan, 28:1 glide ratio, and tricycle landing gear. Received US FAA type approval on 25 September 1997 in the utility category at a gross weight of . Marketed as the Katana Xtreme in Canada and the USA.
HK36TTC Eco Dimona
Special mission version of the HK36 for the surveillance role, it is equipped with a gimbal-mounted Wescam camera and cockpit display, an Rotax 914 F3 or F4 turbocharged engine and a Muhlbauer MTV-21-A-C-F/CF 175-05 propeller. Received US FAA type approval on 29 March 1999 in the utility category at a gross weight of and 21 December 2000 in the restricted category, limited to aerial photography only, at a gross weight of . Marketed as the Multi Purpose Xtreme in Canada.
Diamond DA36 E-Star
Developed by Siemens, EADS and Diamond Aircraft to reduce fuel consumption and emissions by up to 25 percent, using a serial hybrid drive that turns the aircraft's prop with a Siemens electric motor, from power generated by a Austro Engines Wankel rotary engine and generator, stored in batteries. The prototype first flew 8 June 2011.
Hoffmann H38 Observer
A surveillance aircraft largely based on the H36 Dimona which failed to enter flight testing due to failure of the partnership between Wolf Hoffmann and Hoffmann Flugzeugbau.
Operators
Indian Air Force
Specifications (Hoffmann H36 Dimona)
See also
References
External links
1980s United States sailplanes
HK36
T-tail aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Motor gliders
Aircraft first flown in 1989
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{'title': 'Diamond HK36 Super Dimona', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond%20HK36%20Super%20Dimona', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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LG Cup World Baduk Championship (Korean: LG배 세계기왕전, Hanja: LG杯 世界棋王戰) is a Go competition.
Outline
The LG Cup is organized by the Chosun Ilbo newspaper and sponsored by the LG Group of Korea. The LG Cup was created after the Kiwang (기왕; 棋王) title from Korea was abolished. There are 16 players who compete in a preliminary, and another 16 players are invited. The latest edition had 256 competitors in the preliminary, the biggest in history. The players are invited from the following Weiqi/Go/Baduk associations.
2 from the holder and runner-up of the previous year.
6 from South Korea
3 from Japan
3 from China
1 from Chinese Taipei
1 wildcard
The final is a best-of-three match. The komi is 6.5 points, and each player has 3 hours main time and five 40-second byoyomi periods. The winner's purse is 300,000,000 won and the total prize pool is 1.3 billion won.
Winners & runners-up
By nation
References
LG Sports
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The GRTC Pulse (often abbreviated as The Pulse) is a bus rapid transit line in Richmond, Virginia, United States. The line runs along Broad Street and Main Street in central Richmond, between The Shops at Willow Lawn and Rockett's Landing. It opened on June 24, 2018, and is the third bus rapid transit service to be constructed in Virginia. The Pulse is the first regional rapid transit system to serve Richmond since 1949.
The Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP), under its BRT Standard, has given the Pulse corridor a Bronze ranking.
History
Before the bus rapid transit system, the city was served by conventional buses operated by the Greater Richmond Transit Company. Bus service in the city began on February 1, 1923, and replaced the city's streetcar system when it ceased operations in 1949. From 1888 until 1949, the city was also served by streetcars via the Richmond Union Passenger Railway.
Original plans for rapid transit in Richmond originated as early as the 1990s, with case studies for light rail and bus rapid transit being studied by the City of Richmond. In 2003, Richmond's Department of Transportation conducted a two-year feasibility study on commuter and light rail in the Greater Richmond Region. The studies found that the lines would be moderately successful, but population in Richmond was not dense enough to demand either said service. Since the studies, other independent groups have begun their own series of studies given Richmond's higher than expected population growth and the region's expected population growth.
In 2010, formal studies began to test the feasibility of a bus rapid transit line, rather than light rail line. The decision to pursue BRT rather than LRT prompted mostly negative reactions from the community, who primarily preferred light rail over bus rapid transit. The Greater Richmond Transit Company has remained open about upgrade the Pulse's initial line to a light rail line in the foreseeable future, should ridership dictate capacity beyond that a BRT system. Feasibility studies, stakeholder analysis, alternative assessments, and environmental impact studies, research was complete in mid-2014.
In late 2014, GRTC unveiled the first set of bus rapid transit plans, which involved several stations stretching from Willow Lawn down to Rocketts Landing. The Main Street Station would serve as the central transportation hub for the Pulse, linking the line with Amtrak, Transdominion Express, Megabus and Central Virginia Express.
On March 17, 2015, GRTC announced that the line would be called the Pulse.
The project team is currently working in the Preliminary Engineering Phase which will be completed by July 31, 2015. The team is also working to contract with a Construction Manager at Risk (CMAR) construction firm who will work hand-in-hand with architectural designers to finalize the design of the project. That project delivery method will allow GRTC to begin early construction commitments by June 2016, approximately three to four months prior to design completion. Construction will last until August 2017. Between September 2017 and October 2017, BRT operations will be tested and accepted. Final BRT operations will begin by October 2017.
The project has an estimated construction cost of $53 million to provide service from Willow Lawn in the west to Rocketts Landing in the east, including fourteen stations and over three miles of dedicated travel lanes. Half of the final design and construction costs come from the federal TIGER grant ($24.9 million). The other half come in the form of a 50% match funded by both state and local sources. The Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation (DRPT) will provide 34% ($16.9 million) with the remaining 16% provided by the City of Richmond ($7.6 million) and Henrico County ($400,000). Operation of the service is estimated to cost $2.7 million per year. Some of the operating cost would be covered by fares and the remainder to be provided annually from yet to be determined local funding sources.
In August 2016, construction began on the BRT line with a goal to complete the service by October 2017. The opening was delayed by several months due to difficulty in relocating utility lines at the stations. The Pulse began service on June 24, 2018. The opening ceremony was attended by the Mayor of Richmond, Virginia, Levar Stoney; the Chairperson of the Henrico County Board of Supervisors, Frank Thorton; and the Governor of Virginia, Ralph Northam. Stoney stated that the $65 million project will generate $1 billion in economic activity over the next 20 years, resulting in a $15 return on investment for every dollar invested.
Route
The Pulse runs along U.S. Route 250 (Broad Street) before shifting south to Main Street downtown via 14th Street. The initial Pulse line links suburban Willow Lawn to Rocketts Landing, both in suburban Henrico, with at least a dozen stations within the city limits of Richmond. During the morning peak, midday, and evening peak on weekdays, buses come to each station every 10 minutes, with off-peak evening and weekend service every 15 minutes and late night service every 30 minutes.
List of stations
Throughout the course of the project, several station locations have changed, and names of the stations have changed. As of January 17, 2018 this is the current list of stations planned to open along the route.
Schedule
Buses every 15 minutes (or better) 6:00AM to 9:00 am & 4:00PM to 7:00PM, seven days a week. Up to 30 Minutes of frequency during non peak times. Buses run daily from 6:00AM to 1:00AM the next morning.
Connections
GRTC Pulse stations will connect to numerous GRTC bus routes, as well as to the Richmond Main Street Station, which will allow for direct access to Amtrak Northeast Regional train service, and Megabus regional bus service. The Scott's Addition station will offer walking distance and bus connection to the Richmond Greyhound bus terminal. Additionally, the Staples Mill station will have connecting bus shuttle service to the Henrico County Government Center and the Richmond Staples Mill Road railway station, which will allow for direct access to Amtrak's Carolinian, Northeast Regional, Palmetto, Silver Meteor and Silver Star train lines.
Incidents
On July 10, 2018, a GRTC Pulse bus collided with a pickup truck when it was making a left-hand turn through the dedicated bus lane on West Broad Street, at the intersection of Broad and N Allen Ave.
On January 5, 2019, a GRTC Pulse bus and an SUV collided along Broad Street. Multiple people were injured.
On October 8, 2019, a GRTC Pulse bus struck and killed a woman along Broad Street. The driver was also taken to the hospital.
On May 20, 2020, a driver spun out of control and crashed into a GRTC Pulse bus along East Broad Street. The driver of the car was killed and three passengers on the bus were injured.
In the late overnight hours of May 29 into May 30, 2020, rioters vandalized and set fire to a GRTC Pulse bus in Downtown Richmond following protests and riots over the murder of George Floyd. There were no passengers or a driver on board at the time. The bus was destroyed in the ensuing protests.
References
External links
Map of Proposed Route
GRTC BRT Transit Page
Transportation in Richmond, Virginia
Bus rapid transit in Virginia
2018 establishments in Virginia
Transport infrastructure completed in 2018
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Franc Hale (born - June 10, 1986) was an American actress.
Early years
Hale was a native of Tacoma. The spelling of her first name was a compromise after she was born, because her parents had been expecting a boy. They had chosen "Frank" as the name, but it no longer seemed appropriate. Her mother did not favor "Frances" as a compromise, so they settled on "Franc", pronounced the same as "Frank".
Hale played piano from an early age, and when she was 5 years old, one of her performances led to Tacoma newspapers commenting on her talents as a prodigy. She graduated from Miss Hansom's School for Girls, and her performances in school plays developed her desire to be an actress. Her parents, however, wanted her to be a writer, so she had to change their minds. "I finally convinced them", she said, "that in order to write plays I should have some working knowledge of the stage".
Career
Hale's early acting experience came in stock theater, beginning in Portland and later touring in a production of Ma Pettingill with a company headed by May Robson, who had seen Hale perform in a school program, leading to Hale's debut as a professional. By age 22, she had played 50 roles on stage, with the characters' ages ranging from 12 to 60. For more than five years, she was the leading lady with Walker Whiteside's theatrical company.
Hale's Broadway credits include The Arabian (1927), The Royal Box (1928), Sakura (1928, Three Men and a Woman (1932), and Late Wisdom (1934). On radio, Hale played Dale Arden on The Amazing Interplanetary Adventures of Flash Gordon, Annette Rogers on John's Other Wife and Shanghai Lil on Jungle Jim. She also was featured on Second Husband, Aunt Jenny, Our Gal Sunday, and Young Doctor Malone.
Personal life and death
Hale was married to screenwriter Frank Gabrielson. She died on June 10, 1986, in Santa Monica, California.
References
1900s births
1986 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Tacoma, Washington
American radio actresses
American soap opera actresses
American stage actresses
Broadway theatre people
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Eye and Dunsden is a largely rural civil parish in the most southern part of the English county of Oxfordshire. It includes the villages of Sonning Eye, Dunsden Green and Playhatch and borders on the River Thames with the village of Sonning in Berkshire connected via multi-span medieval Sonning Bridge (a series of bridges across channels, in sections replaced due to erosion and narrowness). Before 1866, Eye & Dunsden was part of the trans-county parish of Sonning.
Up to 2003, the parish also included the western half of the village of Binfield Heath which was then joined with the rest of that village, previously in Shiplake, to create a new parish. To the west, it abuts Berkshire's county town Reading. To the east is also the parish of Shiplake, the near part of which on the road to Henley-on-Thames is known as Shiplake Row. Sonning Common and the relatively early 2000s-created civil parish of Binfield Heath around that village rise to the north.
In 2011 its population was 366, bar farmhouses, riverboats and caravans all grouped in the above three settlements. Caversham Lakes, including the Thames and Kennet Marina, Redgrave Pinsent Rowing Lake, Reading Sailing Club, Isis Water Ski Club, and Sonning Works, are all on the Thames flood plain within the parish. Berry Brook starts close to the Redgrave-Pinsent Rowing Lake to the southwest, running northeast through the River Thames floodplain past Playhatch, under the B478 Playhatch Road near the Sonning Works, before joining the river at Hallsmead Ait. Eye & Dunsden features some ancient wooded parts of the Chiltern Hills and rolling farmland.
References
External links
Eye & Dunsden Parish Council
South Oxfordshire District
Sonning
Civil parishes in Oxfordshire
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Alexandra Alexandrovna Tegleva (; 2 May 1884–21 March 1955), also known as Shura Tegleva and Sasha Tegleva, was a Russian noblewoman who served as a nursemaid in the Russian Imperial Household. As nursemaid to the children of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, she went with the family into exile in Tobolsk following the abdication of Nicholas II during the February Revolution, but was ultimately prevented from staying with them during their house arrest at Ipatiev House. She survived the Russian Revolution and married Pierre Gilliard, a Swiss academic who served with her in the Imperial Household as the children's French tutor. She moved to Lausanne as a white émigré and remained there the rest of her life. Tegleva worked with her husband to investigate and debunk the claims made by Anna Anderson, a Romanov impostor who pretended to be Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna.
Member of the Imperial Household
Tegleva was a part of the Russian nobility as a member of the Teglev family. She was educated at the Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens in Saint Petersburg. Tegleva served in the Russian Imperial Household as a nursemaid and governess to Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna, and Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich. She lived with the family in the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, occupying the thirty-first room on the second floor. In her room she had paintings by Vasily Volkov.
While many of the attendants in the service of the Empress spoke English, Tegleva was instructed to speak Russian with the children. She was assisted by a maid named Anna Yakovlevna Utkina.
In 1904, Empress Alexandra gave Tegleva a gold pocket watch made by Swiss manufacturer Paul Buhre as a Christmas present. The watch was engraved with the inscription Given by the Sovereign Empress on 24 December 1904. Tegleva was awarded a Fabergé brooch, bearing the Romanov family crest embellished with a diamond and four rubies, in 1913 on the occasion of the Romanov Tercentenary.
Exile with the Imperial family
Following the abdication of Nicholas II during the February Revolution, Tegleva went with the imperial family into exile in Western Siberia and lived with them under house arrest at the Governor's Mansion in Tobolsk. Unlike many other members of the imperial household, Tegleva left many of her personal belongings at the Alexander Palace upon going into exile, including fine clothes, photographs with fellow staff, photographs with the imperial family, shoes, socks, and mementos given to her by the children. After the October Revolution in 1917, she stayed with the Grand Duchesses Tatiana, Olga, and Anastasia and the Tsarevich while the family were separated and the emperor and empress, as well as Grand Duchess Maria, were taken to the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg in April 1918. During this time one of the Empress's ladies in waiting, Anna Demidova, wrote to Tegleva to give her instructions on how to conceal family jewels in the Grand Duchesses' undergarments so that they would not be found when the family went through searches. She was assisted in hiding the jewels by the parlor maid Elizaveta Ersberg and lady's maid Maria Gustavna Tutelberg. In May 1918 the rest of the imperial family was taken to Ipatiev House, but Tegleva was not allowed to enter with them. Tegleva was detained with Pierre Gilliard, Charles Sydney Gibbes, and Baroness Sophie Karlovna von Buxhoeveden in a separate residence from the imperial family in Yekaterinburg. She was almost killed by the Bolsheviks in Tyumen but was freed by the White Army.
Later life
When Nikolai Sokolov, a legal investigator for the Omsk Regional Court, was assigned by Admiral Alexander Kolchak to investigate the execution of the Romanov family in 1919, Tegleva and other members of the Romanov entourage were interviewed.
In 1919 she married Swiss academic Pierre Gilliard, who had worked with her in the imperial household as the children's tutor. She survived the Russian Revolution, arriving in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1920 as a white émigré.
Tegleva worked with her husband to investigate and debunk the claims made by Anna Anderson, a Romanov impostor who pretended to be Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna. On her second visit to Anderson in St. Mary's Hospital in Berlin in 1925, Anderson mistook Tegleva for Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna. On another visit, Anderson asked Tegleva to moisten her forehead with eau de Cologne, a comforting gesture Tegleva used to do for Grand Duchess Anastasia as her nursemaid. The interaction left Tegleva feeling shaken. Ultimately, she and her husband believed Anderson to be a fraud, although Tegleva felt an immense love for Anderson as she had for Grand Duchess Anastasia.
Tegleva was the godmother of her niece, Marie-Claude Gilliard Knecht.
She died in Switzerland in 1955.
In popular culture
Tegleva is portrayed by Katharine Schofield in the 1971 British film Nicholas and Alexandra. She was portrayed by Michele Valence in the play Daughter of A Soldier performed at the Theatre of the Open Eye in New York in 1988. She is also a character in the play The Anastasia Trials in the Court of Women: An Interactive Comedy in Two Acts, written by Carolyn Gage and Don Nigro. She was portrayed by Milda Noreikaite in the 2019 Netflix documentary drama The Last Czars.
References
Citations
Rappaport, Helen. Four Sisters: The Lost Lives of the Romanov Grand Duchesses. Pan Macmillan, 2014.
1884 births
1955 deaths
19th-century women from the Russian Empire
20th-century Russian women
20th-century women educators
Court of Nicholas II of Russia
Domestic workers in the Russian Empire
Governesses to the Imperial Russian court
Nannies
Nurses from the Russian Empire
Nobility from the Russian Empire
Alexandra
White Russian emigrants to Switzerland
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{'title': 'Alexandra Tegleva', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra%20Tegleva', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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José Montserrat Maceda (31 January 1917 – 5 May 2004) was a Filipino ethnomusicologist and composer. He was named a National Artist of the Philippines for Music in 1998.
Life
Maceda was born in Manila, Philippines, he studied piano, composition and musical analysis at École Normale de Musique de Paris in France. After returning to the Philippines, he became a professional pianist, and later studied musicology at Columbia University, and anthropology at Northwestern University.
Starting in 1952, he conducted fieldwork on the ethnic Music of the Philippines. From about 1954, he was involved in the research and composition of musique concrète. In 1958, he worked at a recording studio in Paris which specialized in musique concrète. During this period, he met Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Iannis Xenakis. In 1963, Maceda earned a doctorate in ethnomusicology from the UCLA. He began pursuing a compositional career more vigorously. At the same time, he held concerts in Manila until 1969, in which he performed and conducted. This series of concerts introduced Boulez, Xenakis and Edgard Varèse to the Filipino public.
Music
As an ethnomusicologist, Maceda investigated various forms of music in Southeast Asia, producing numerous papers and even composing his own pieces for Southeast Asian instruments. His notable works include: Pagsamba for 116 instruments, 100 mixed and 25 male voices (1968); Cassette 100 for 100 cassette players (1971); Ugnayan for 20 radio stations (1974); Udlot-Udlot for several hundred to several thousand people (1975); Suling-Suling for 10 flutes, 10 bamboo buzzers and 10 flat gongs (1985). In 1977, Maceda aimed to study Philippine folk songs which he describes as having more focus on rhythm rather than time measure. From the 1990s, he also composed for Western orchestra and piano. The examples are: Distemperament for orchestra (1992); Colors without Rhythm for orchestra (1999); Sujeichon for 4 pianos (2002).
Jose Maceda collected audio records materials of traditional music amongst various populations in Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia, part of these audio archives are deposited in the CNRS – Musée de l’Homme audio archives in France (a digitized version is available online). His entire musical collections were inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 2007, as submitted by the U.P. Center for Ethnomusicology and nominated by the Philippine government.
Death
He died on May 5, 2004 at Quezon City, Philippines.
See also
Ramon Santos
Lucrecia Kasilag
References
External links
Jose Maceda audio archives Audio records collected by José Maceda in Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia from 1955 to 1984, deposited in the CNRS – Musée de l’Homme audio archives held by the French Research Center For Ethnomusicologie.
1917 births
2004 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century male musicians
20th-century musicologists
21st-century classical composers
21st-century male musicians
École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni
Ethnomusicologists
Columbia University alumni
Filipino classical composers
Male classical composers
Musicians from Manila
National Artists of the Philippines
Northwestern University alumni
Winners of the Nikkei Asia Prize
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{'title': 'José Maceda', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Maceda', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Parliamentary elections were held in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands on 7 November 1972.
Electoral system
The bicameral Congress consisted of a 12-member Senate with two members from each of the six districts and a 21-member House of Representatives with seats apportioned to each district based on their population – five from Truk, four from the Marshall Islands and Ponape, three from the Mariana Islands and Palau and two from Yap.
Elections were held every two years in November of even-numbered years, with all members of the House of Representatives and half the Senate (one member from each district) renewed at each election.
Results
Senate
House of Representatives
Aftermath
Following the elections, Tosiwo Nakayama became President of the Senate, whilst Bethwel Henry was re-elected Speaker of the House of Representatives.
References
Trust
Elections in the Federated States of Micronesia
Elections in the Marshall Islands
Elections in Palau
Elections in the Northern Mariana Islands
1972 in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
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{'title': '1972 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands parliamentary election', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%20Trust%20Territory%20of%20the%20Pacific%20Islands%20parliamentary%20election', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Raymond Willard Terrell ( – ) was a professional American football halfback and defensive back who played two seasons for the Cleveland Browns and the Baltimore Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC).
Terrell attended the University of Mississippi, where he played as a halfback on its football team. He joined the U.S. military in 1942 during World War II, and upon his discharge was signed by the Browns, then a team under formation in the new AAFC. Terrell returned an interception 76 yards for a touchdown in the Browns' first game, a team record that stood for 14 years. The Browns went on to win the first AAFC championship, but Terrell was sent to the Colts after the season as part of a league-led effort to distribute talent more evenly among its teams. He was released by the Colts midway through the 1947 season, however, and returned to the Browns. The team proceeded to win a second AAFC championship.
College and professional career
Terrell was born in Mississippi and attended the University of Mississippi, where he played as a halfback on the football team. He entered the U.S. Navy in 1942 during World War II and played football for a team at Naval Air Station Jacksonville, where he was stationed. He moved to the U.S. Marine Corps in 1943 and played for another team at Camp Lejune in North Carolina.
Terrell was signed by the Cleveland Browns of the new All-America Football Conference (AAFC) in 1946. He played on offense and defense for the Browns, and in the team's first game against the Miami Seahawks he returned an interception 76 yards for a touchdown, a team record that stood for 14 years. The Browns won the AAFC's first championship game at the end of the season.
Terrell was one of several Browns players sent to the struggling Baltimore Colts after the season in an attempt to balance talent among the AAFC's teams. He was cut by the Colts in the middle of the 1947 season, however, and tried to regain his position on the Browns' roster after several of the team's halfbacks suffered injuries. "We're going to take a good look at him and if we're convinced that Ray has what he had when he was with us last year we will sign him," Cleveland coach Paul Brown said at the time. Terrell was re-signed by the Browns shortly thereafter and played in several games at the end of the season. The Browns won a second AAFC championship in 1947.
References
Bibliography
External links
1919 births
1997 deaths
American football defensive backs
American football halfbacks
Cleveland Browns (AAFC) players
Jacksonville Naval Air Station Flyers football players
Ole Miss Rebels football players
People from Water Valley, Mississippi
Players of American football from Mississippi
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Baltimore Colts (1947–1950) players
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"We Believe in Happy Endings" is a song written by Bob McDill and recorded by American country music artist Johnny Rodriguez. It was released in September 1978 as the second single from the album Just for You. The single went to number seven on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.
Johnny Rodriguez version
Chart performance
Earl Thomas Conley with Emmylou Harris version
The song was also recorded by American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley with Emmylou Harris as a duet. It was released in June 1988 as the second single from Conley's album The Heart of It All. The song was the only collaboration of Conley and Harris to make the country chart. The single went to number one for one week on the country chart and spent a total of fifteen weeks on the chart. Their performance earned Harris and Conley a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals. It's was also Harris's final country number one.
Chart performance
"We Believe in Happy Endings" debuted on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles for the week of July 2, 1988.
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
1978 singles
1988 singles
Johnny Rodriguez songs
Earl Thomas Conley songs
Emmylou Harris songs
Songs written by Bob McDill
Song recordings produced by Emory Gordy Jr.
Male–female vocal duets
Mercury Records singles
RCA Records singles
1978 songs
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Pennsylvania Railroad 5550 (PRR 5550) is a mainline duplex drive steam locomotive under construction in the United States. With an estimated completion by 2030, the locomotive will become the 53rd example of the Pennsylvania Railroad's T1 steam locomotive class and the only operational locomotive of its type. The estimated cost of PRR 5550 was originally $10 million, but an updated projected cost of $7 million was released with the acquisition of an existing long-haul tender from the Western New York Railway Historical Society in August 2017. Construction began in 2014 with the casting of the locomotive's keystone-shaped number plate. Major components, including two Boxpok drivers, the prow, the cab, third-course boiler, and fire door have been completed.
Introduction
The original T1 Class
The Pennsylvania Railroad class T1 class steam locomotive was one of the most unique and controversial classes of locomotives ever constructed. This was due to its unusual duplex drive 4-4-4-4 wheel arrangement, its use of the Franklin Type A oscillating-cam poppet valve, and its characteristic streamlining conceived by renowned industrial designer Raymond Loewy. The T1 was also the only class of Pennsylvania duplex able to travel the railroad's entire network and the first production series locomotive designed to use the poppet valve. The two prototype T1 locomotives were constructed in 1942 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, numbered 6110 and 6111 respectively. Of the fifty production units, twenty-five (numbered 5500 to 5524) were constructed at the Pennsylvania Railroad's Altoona Works and twenty-five (numbered 5525 to 5549) at Baldwin, for a total of fifty-two T1 class locomotives. This made the T1 the most-produced of all the Pennsylvania Railroad's duplex-drive locomotives.
The T1 class suffered from several performance and design issues, including difficulties with the poppet valves. The original materials used to construct the valves were subject to fatigue issues, particularly when the locomotives were operated above 100 miles an hour. In 1947, a higher-strength and fatigue-resistant alloy was used and retrofitted to the T1 class to solve the fatigue problems. Nevertheless, the design of the Franklin Type A poppet valves made several key areas of the valves hard to access during maintenance overhauls. Despite these issues, the poppet valves did improve the T1's high-speed performance, requiring less horsepower and distributing steam flow with greater precision. The T1 locomotives were further burdened by excessive wheel slip on one of the two engine sets at startup or high speed. The Pennsylvania Railroad tried to address the problem by changing the spring bed arrangement on the T1—from a single bed, supporting all eight drivers, to two beds, each of which supported one of the engines and its adjacent truck. However, no complete solution was found to the problem of wheel slip, even though an "anti-slip" mechanism had been previously installed on the PRR Q2-class duplex. One possible reason is that the engineers, familiar with the slower throttle action of the K4 class, were unprepared for the T1's more immediate throttle response.
Before many of the problems that plagued the T1 class could be solved, the Pennsylvania Railroad decided to begin the transition from steam power to diesel. Moreover, these problems ensured that the T1 class would be retired before more reliable steam engine classes such as the K4s. The T1 locomotives were retired between 1952 and 1953. Scrapping began in 1953, and the last surviving T1 was scrapped in 1956. The hasty retirement of the T1 left several performance-related and technical questions unanswered.
The T1 Trust
The Pennsylvania Railroad T1 Steam Locomotive Trust, also referred to as the T1 Trust, is a non-profit public charity founded in 2013. The T1 Trust is composed of railroading experts who intend to build the 53rd member of the T1 class and put it into mainline steam excursion service within the United States. The last production T1 bore the number 5549, making 5550 the logical choice for the new locomotive's number. The T1 Trust's goal was to construct the locomotive within 17 years (by 2030) at an estimated cost of $10 million. The price is based on calculated costs for inflation, labor, material, fabrication, retooling, and design. Lessons learned during Tornado's construction in the U.K. were also taken into account. The T1 Trust chose to build a T1, rather than a proven design such as the New York Central Railroad's "J" class Hudsons, to test the T1 class's long-rumored performance and to avoid conflicts of interest with other locomotive replication projects.
World Steam Speed Record
The builders of PRR 5550 hope to break the world steam speed record, which is held by the LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard at . The 5550 will operate under its original design with no major modifications in its attempt to break the record. It has been unofficially reported that PRR T1 locomotives were capable of achieving speeds in excess of with fully loaded trains, and the T1 Trust believes the original T1 design is capable of achieving this feat.
Design and construction
Project leadership, techniques and organization
The chairman of the T1 Trust is Bradford Noble, with Scott McGill the Chief Mechanical Officer, Wes Camp the Director of Operations, and Jason Johnson the General Manager. The project structure is similar to that used by the A1 Trust to accomplish the funding and construction of Tornado. To do this, the T1 Trust reached out to the UK-based A1 Trust and its engineering director, David Elliot, who gave important advice on organizational structure and engineering techniques to be used when critical information or blueprints regarding specific locomotive parts or needed materials are absent. Other UK-based organizations that are helping or working with the T1 Trust include the BR Class 8 Steam Locomotive Trust, the Caprotti Black 5 Limited and the P2 Steam Locomotive Company. The T1 Trust has sponsorship programs, where donors can choose to sponsor driving wheels or other parts of the locomotive as well as sponsoring blueprints. This along with occasional Kickstarter campaigns, regular monthly donations, one-time donations and membership for the Trust's "Founders Club" help raise the money necessary to construct the locomotive. The CMO of the Trust, Scott McGill, visited the Pennsylvania State Archives in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania where he scanned hundreds of original drawings and blueprints of the Pennsylvania Railroad class T1 from the Pennsylvania Railroad collection into digital formats. By November 2016, most of the scanning work had been completed with 1,638 of the 1,798 needed drawings and blueprints having been scanned and acquired by the T1 Trust. Only 150 of the drawings are missing from the collection, and these are composed mainly of simple fasteners and other readily-available, commercial components. The digitally-scanned drawings collected by the T1 Trust are used to create detailed and intricate 3D Models using the Dassault Systèmes Solidworks Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) program. For construction of the locomotive's many pieces and components, the T1 Trust contracts with different manufacturers and organizations such as the Strasburg Rail Road or Diversified Rail Services. The T1 Trust also prints a quarterly newsletter called the T1 Trail Blazer, which is received by members of the Trust's "Keystone Society": a group of donors that either pledge life income gifts to the Trust or pledge to list the Trust as an estate beneficiary. In September 2016, Doyle McCormack, a locomotive engineer best known for restoring and operating the 4-8-4 GS-4 class steam locomotive Southern Pacific 4449, joined the T1 Trust as a member of the organization's advisory board.
First signs of progress
Construction of PRR 5550 was officially started on May 31, 2014, with the completion of the locomotive's bronze keystone-shaped number plate, following a successful conclusion to the initial Kickstarter campaign launched by the Trust. The number plate was forged by traditional methods by a member of the T1 Trust, Chuck Blardone, at an Amish forge within Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. This was followed by the construction of the first driving link pin, in October 2014. On May 2, 2014, the T1 Trust began meetings and discussions with the Federal Railroad Administration to help ensure that PRR 5550 is constructed to FRA standards. The T1 Trust's application to the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to operate as a federally approved tax-exempt 501(3)(c) charity was approved in July 2014. By March 2015, Steamtown National Historic Site, the Steam Railroading Institute and the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad expressed interest to the T1 Trust to have the locomotive run on their premises. A part sponsor named Gary Bensman constructed the headlight of PRR 5550 in May 2015 and donated it to the T1 Trust. As a sign of gratitude, Bensman's name was engraved into the headlight by the Trust.
Wheelset and engine assembly
5550 is slated to use the Franklin Type B2 rotary-cam poppet valves in place of the Type A oscillating-cam poppets due to an increased ease of maintenance and superior performance. Although an unusual arrangement, it is not the first time the Type B poppets were used on a Pennsylvania Railroad class T1. In 1948, T1 number 5500 was rebuilt to use the Type B2 poppets following a damaging collision with a K4s in St. Louis, Missouri. 5500 was soon noted for its superior performance over the other engines of its class. The Pennsylvania Railroad at one point even considered retrofitting the Type B2 poppets to other T1's, but this action was never taken. It is worth noting the Pennsylvania Railroad also experimented with the idea of fitting the conventional Walschaerts valve gear to the T1 and retrofitted number 5547 to such a configuration. To aid in the reconstruction of the Type B2 poppets, the T1 Trust was generously given full access to the USATC S160 Class 2-8-0 USATC No. 611 by Bill Miller Equipment Sales. USATC 611 is located along with its owner in Eckhart Mines, Maryland. USATC 611 was fitted with Franklin Type D rotary-cam poppet valves during the 1950s during its career at Fort Eustis, Virginia. The T1 Trust hopes to do a full inspection and documentation of key features within the Type D poppets to use as a basis for reconstructing the Type B2 poppets proposed for use on 5550. It is also hoped that the investigative work and documentation can aid a future restoration of USATC 611. The P2 Steam Locomotive Company is also planning on using the Franklin Type B Rotary Cam poppet valve (albeit the earlier B1 model) for the proposed new build LNER Class P2 steam locomotive, No. 2007 Prince of Wales, and has shared valuable design documents with the T1 Trust needed to reproduce the valve. Components of the Caprotti valve gear will be examined to help recreate the gear box of the Type B2 poppet valve, as some of the original blueprints of the Type B2 gearbox have been lost. The copies of design documents and blueprints of the Caprotti gearbox were provided by the BR Class 8 Steam Locomotive Trust and Caprotti Black 5 Limited.
The eight Boxpok driving wheels of the original T1's were in diameter. This design is of a higher strength than conventional spoked driving wheels and is ideal for high-speed operations. On July 8, 2015, the T1 Trust launched a Kickstarter campaign titled "Let's Get Rolling" to raise $20,000, to be used in the design and building of a casting pattern for the new Boxpok drivers. The campaign reached over its goal and construction began on the casting patterns, which were finished in October 2015. Construction of the casting patterns was undertaken by Liberty Pattern in Youngstown, Ohio using a complex CAD model made of PRR 5550's proposed number-four wheelset. Casting of the drivers was awarded to Beaver Valley Alloy in Monaca, Pennsylvania On February 26, 2016, Beaver Valley Alloy cast the first of eight driving wheels at its foundry successfully. This historic event marked the first time a steam locomotive driving wheel had been cast in the United States since the 1940s. A second driver was ordered on December 9, 2016, and was cast by Beaver Valley Alloy on March 6, 2017. The second Boxpok driver was delivered to the T1 Trust on March 15, 2017, and placed next to the first completed driver. Both drivers represent the number four wheelset.
Aluminum components
The cab of the locomotive is of aluminum construction. This is not a new feature, as the cabs of the previous T1s were also made of aluminum, which was done to reduce weight. The streamlining of the locomotive, like the cab, also consists of aluminum construction. Digitization of the original cab blueprints was undertaken by JAKTOOL in Cranbury, New Jersey. On January 18, 2017, the frames and main components of the cab were cut by Gemini Industrial Machine in Dover, Ohio, beginning construction of the cab. Construction of the cab was contracted to Curry Rail Services in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania. By coincidence, the facility currently housing Curry Rail Services was previously the Pennsylvania Railroad's Samuel Rea Car Shops. The cab was completed on July 10, 2017, albeit unpainted.
Construction on the "prow" portion of the locomotive's streamlining, also made of aluminum, began on November 10, 2016, by Gemini Industrial Machine. This part of the structure houses the headlight and keystone number plate. Using existing CAD models, a water jet cutter, bodywork, fabrication and paint, the prow was completed on May 16, 2017, with the headlight and keystone number plate attached.
Locomotive frame
As of fall 2017, the frame of PRR 5550 was being transferred from original Pennsylvania Railroad blueprints to CAD software by JAKTOOL. The model is reported to be around 30 percent complete, with all work hours being donated. Both the left and right sides of the frame structure are expected to be symmetrical.
Boiler
On January 26, 2018, the T1 Trust announced it had ordered the first and second courses of the massive boiler. The courses are the largest parts of PRR 5550 ordered to date. The first two sections of the boiler will be constructed from thick boiler code steel and will each be in diameter and in length. The sections will be welded and will include openings for water refilling along with washout plugs. Once finished, the welds made will be x-rayed to detect and prevent any possible defects or flaws. The order was placed with Continental Fabricators in St. Louis, Missouri, which as of February 2018 is involved in at least 3 other steam engine boiler construction projects and has been involved in steam locomotive projects since the 1980s. On March 6, 2018, the first two boilers courses were completed and welded-together, and, on June 15, 2018, the third boiler course was completed and welded to the first two.
The design of 5550's boiler was handled by the T1 Trust's boiler engineering team, led by Wolf Fengler. Others working on the design of the boiler included Trust members Gary Bensman, Dave Griner, Scott McGill and Jason Johnson. The team re-engineered the T1 boiler and firebox design to exceed current ASME standards and codes. In December 2019, the Trust officially launched a campaign to raise the necessary $150,000 to build the firebox.
In 2020, the full boiler was completed and welded together. The smokebox, smokebox streamlining, and combustion chamber have also been completed. These components were joined along with the prow by the end of 2020.
Tender
On August 7, 2017, the T1 Trust purchased the sole surviving "Coast to Coast" 16-wheeled tender from the Western New York Railway Historical Society for eventual use on PRR 5550. According to the Trust, the purchase of said tender reduces the overall cost of the project by at least $3,000,000 US. The tender, No. 6659, is a class 210-F-75A originally built for an M1 class 4-8-2 Mountain type. At some point in its existence, the mechanical stoker and "doghouse" structure were removed when the Pennsylvania Railroad converted it into a mobile water tank. Prior to the sale, the Historical Society planned to display the tender behind PRR 4483, an I1sa class 2-10-0 locomotive. Currently, the tender sits in North Collins, New York. The Trust agreed to help restore the tender currently paired with the Historical Society's I1sa as part of the M1 tender purchase agreement. The Trust plans to perform a mandatory test of the tender's brake system, restore the brake systems, replace the oil in the roller bearings and move the tender to Hamburg, New York for repainting and final restoration. To help fund the tender restoration, the Trust has created a separate donation fund for this task and will display the names of all donors who pledge $500 or higher to the fund on a bronze plaque placed upon the tender itself. The total cost of the tender restoration is estimated to be more than $50,000. On October 5, 2017, an automatic coal stoker was donated to the Trust. The motor, coal crusher, gearbox, stoker trough, and reversing valve were donated by Gary Bensman and Warren Lathom.
Project milestones
2013: The Pennsylvania Railroad T1 Steam Locomotive Trust is founded.
2013: The T1 Trust begins scanning original blueprints and documents of the Pennsylvania Railroad at the Pennsylvania State Archives.
2014: The keystone shaped number plate is cast starting the construction of PRR 5550, April 3, 2014.
2014: 501(c)(3) status is granted to the T1 Trust by the IRS, July 3, 2014.
2014: Work starts on the Boxpok driver center casting patterns, December 14, 2014.
2015: The headlight for PRR 5550 is constructed and donated by parts donor Gary Bensman.
2015: "Let's Get Rolling" Kickstarter campaign launched to fund the casting of the first Boxpok driver, July 8, 2015.
2015: "Let's Get Rolling" Kickstarter campaign completed raising $2,577 over the intended $20,000 goal, August 7, 2015.
2015: Boxpok driver center casting patterns completed, October 22, 2015.
2016: First Boxpok driver is cast, February 26, 2016.
2016: Construction of the locomotive prow begins.
2016: Scanning of PRR original blueprints and documents nears completion, November 2016.
2016: Second Boxpok driver is ordered, December 9, 2016.
2017: Construction of the locomotive cab begins, January 18, 2017.
2017: Second Boxpok driver is cast, March 6, 2017.
2017: Prow completed with headlight and number plate installed, May 16, 2017.
2017: Cab completed but left unpainted, July 10, 2017.
2017: Tender purchased from Western New York Railway Heritage Society, August 7, 2017.
2017: PRR 5550 is estimated to be 28.1 percent complete, August 7, 2017.
2017: All necessary parts for an automatic coal stoker are donated to the Trust, October 5, 2017.
2018: The first section of the boiler is ordered, January 26, 2018.
2018: Second section of the boiler is ordered, January 28, 2018.
2018: $5,000 Grant awarded to the T1 Trust by the Tom E. Daily Foundation for Tender brake work, February 3, 2018.
2018: First and second boiler sections are completed and welded together, March 6, 2018.
2018: The third section of the boiler is ordered, May 4, 2018.
2018: The third boiler section is completed and welded into place, June 15, 2018.
2019: The front flue sheet is ordered, March 24, 2019.
2019: The smokebox and extension are ordered, December 16, 2019.
2020: The Trust holds its first open house at Gemini Industries, March 7, 2020.
2020: The smokebox and extension are added to the boiler and work on the firebox commences.
2020: A Trust supporter challenges the organization's followers to raise $50,000, to be matched dollar-for-dollar if the amount is reached by the end of the year. Just under $60,000 is raised before December 31, 2020.
The project is 41.3% complete as of February 2023.
Anticipated operation
Economic, regulatory and liability considerations required that the Trust make some changes to the PRR's operation of the T1. The locomotive will burn oil rather than coal and have multiple-unit compatibility with diesel locomotives. It will also have a modern 26-L braking system and a wheel-slip alarm. Though capable of operating on the main line it would not be economical to do so and will likely operate up to on branch lines.
See also
LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado
LMS-Patriot Project
GWR 6800 Class 6880 Betton Grange
Steam locomotives of the 21st century
Duplex locomotive
References
Further reading
Staufer, Alvin (1962). Pennsy Power. Staufer. pp. 216–225. LOC 62–20872.
External links
The T1 Trust Official Website
The Pennsylvania T1 Steam Locomotive Trust Facebook Page – Includes photographs showing the overall progress of PRR 5550.
YouTube video highlighting the original T1's in operation
Casting of PRR 5550's first driving wheel – Sounds at the end of the video recorded from Grand Trunk Western 6325 using an authentic T1 whistle.
YouTube video displaying the operations of the original T1 duplexes on the Pennsylvania Railroad – At 3 minutes and 15 seconds, an example of the T1's infamous wheel slip can be observed.
4-4-4-4 locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Individual locomotives of the United States
Steam locomotives of the 21st century
Duplex locomotives
Pennsylvania Railroad
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Guy Hoffman (born May 20, 1954 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is a drummer and vocalist, formerly of such bands as Oil Tasters, BoDeans, Violent Femmes and Absinthe. He is a composer for such films as Field Day and a founding member of Radio Romeo.
Life
Hoffman began playing drums at the age of nine. He developed skills in music and art under the direction of Eddie Allen, Sylvia Spicuzza, LeRoy Augustine, and Joe Ferrara within the Shorewood public school system. From 1972 to 1976, Hoffman concentrated on watercolor painting and drawing under professor Laurence Rathsack in the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (UWM) Fine Arts programs. He also played popular music with local bands at live music venues throughout Wisconsin. From 1977 to 1978, Hoffman studied graphic arts with Leon Travanti and graduated from UWM with a BA in fine art and visual communications.
Music career
Hoffman was a founding member of The Haskels and Oil Tasters, bands in Milwaukee's punk scene. He was an original member of Milwaukee roots rock band, BoDeans. He performs on the BoDeans 1986 debut album "Love & Hope & Sex & Dreams" (reissued in 2009 as a CD/DVD set). Hoffman performs in BoDeans videos for the songs "She's A Runaway" and "Fadeaway." He reunited with BoDeans singer/songwriter Sam Llanas to form the band Absinthe and released A Good Day To Die in 1998.
Hoffman joined Violent Femmes in 1993. Two versions of "Blister In The Sun," the Femmes' signature song, were recorded with Hoffman for Grosse Pointe Blank motion picture soundtrack in 1997. Hoffman appears with Violent Femmes in film concerts and television productions such as "Woodstock '94," "Sabrina, the Teenage Witch," "VH-1 Hard Rock Live," and others. He appeared on numerous music videos and late-night talk shows in the United States, Canada, Europe and Australia. In 2005, Hoffman's contributions were included on two Violent Femmes reissued CD/DVD compilations. Hoffman also designed the cover for the album New Times by Violent Femmes.
Hoffman plays drums on the CD Jeanne Spicuzza. The track "Let the Mermaids Flirt With Me" appears in the movie Field Day.
In 2002, he was replaced in the Femmes by returning original drummer Victor DeLorenzo. He continued working with other projects and in 2006, he played a few select shows with the Violent Femmes once more.
In 2005, Hoffman formed Radio Romeo, a Los Angeles-based rock band.
In 2006, he returned to performing shows with Violent Femmes in Southern California. Their latest CD, Archive Series No. 2: Live in Chicago Q101, showcases the trio's unique acoustic approach, with Hoffman on snare drum and backing vocals.
Discography
The Haskels (1979/2019) LP/CD
Oil Tasters (1982/2005) LP/CD
Love & Hope & Sex & Dreams (1986)
New Times (1994)
Woodstock '94 (1994) CD and VHS
Rock!!!!! (1995)
Grosse Pointe Blank: Music from the Film (1997)
The Great Lost Brew Wave Album (1997)
A Good Day To Die (1998)
Viva Wisconsin (1999)
Freak Magnet (2000)
History in 3 Chords (2001)
Something's Wrong (2001)
Jeanne Spicuzza (2001)
Permanent Record: The Very Best of Violent Femmes (2005)
Permanent Record - Live & Otherwise (2005) DVD
Archive Series No. 2: Live in Chicago Q101 (2006)
Radio Romeo (2007)
Love & Hope & Sex & Dreams Collector's Edition (2009) CD/DVD Set
References
External links
Guy Hoffman's homepage
Field Day
American rock drummers
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni
Musicians from Milwaukee
Living people
1954 births
Violent Femmes members
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
BoDeans members
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Michel del Castillo (a.k.a. Michel Janicot del Castillo) born in 1933 in Madrid is a French writer.
Biography
Michel del Castillo was born in Madrid. His father, Michel Janicot, was French and his mother, Cándida Isabel del Castillo, Spanish.
Interned in the concentration camp Rieucros in Mende with his mother during the Second World War, he developed a sense of belonging to this town, which has honored him by naming a school after him.
He first studied politics and psychology, then turned to literature. Influenced by Miguel de Unamuno and Fyodor Dostoevsky, his books received many literary prizes, namely Prix Chateaubriand for Le Silence des Pierres (1975); Renaudot for La nuit du Décret (1981); Prix Maurice Genevoix for Rue des Archives (1994); Prix de l’Écrit Intime for Mon frère l’Idiot (1995); and Prix Femina essai for Colette, une Certaine France (2001).
In 1997 he became a member of the Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique, succeeding to Georges Duby.
Aside from travelling, he is very keen on classical music, and considered at some point making a career as a pianist.
Bibliography
Tanguy (A Child of Our Time) (1957)
La Guitare (1958)
Le Colleur d’affiches (The Disinherited) (1959)
Le manège espagnol (1960)
Tara (1962)
Gérardo Laïn (1967) English translation, "The Seminarian" (1969)
Les écrous de la haine (1968), essay
Le Vent de la Nuit (1973), Prix des Libraires and Prix des Deux Magots
Le silence des pierres (1975), Prix Chateaubriand
Le sortilège espagnol (1977)
Les cyprès meurent en Italie (1979)
La Nuit du décret (1981), Prix Renaudot
La gloire de Dina (1984)
La halte et le chemin (1985)
Seville (1986)
Le démon de l'oubli (1987)
Mort d'un poète (1989)
Une femme en soi (1991), Prix du Levant
Andalousie (1991)
Le crime des pères (1993), Grand prix RTL-Lire
Carlos Pradal (1993), co-written with Yves Belaubre
Rue des Archives (1994), Prix Maurice Genevoix
Mon frère l’Idiot (1995), Prix de l’écrit intime
Le sortilège espagnol : les officiants de la mort (1996)
La tunique d'infamie (1997)
De père français (1998)
Colette, une certaine France (1999), Prix Femina
L’Adieu au siècle, journal de l'année 1999 (2000)
Droit d’auteur (2000), pamphlet
Les étoiles froides (2001)
Colette en voyage (2002)
Une répétition (2002), a play on Jean Sénac
Algérie, l’extase et le sang (2002), essay
Les portes du sang (2003)
Le Jour du destin (2003), play
Sortie des artistes (2004)
Dictionnaire amoureux de L’Espagne (2005), Prix Méditerranée
La mémoire de Grenade (2005), play
La Religieuse de Madrigal (2006), novel
La Vie mentie (2007), novel
Le Temps de Franco (2008), narration.
References
Interview by Emmanuel Davidenkoff ("Les Enfants de la Musique") on France Musique", Saturday December 18, 2010.
1933 births
Living people
Writers from Madrid
20th-century French novelists
20th-century French male writers
21st-century French novelists
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
21st-century French dramatists and playwrights
Prix Renaudot winners
Prix des Deux Magots winners
Prix Maurice Genevoix winners
Prix Femina essai winners
Prix des libraires winners
Spanish emigrants to France
French male novelists
21st-century French male writers
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{'title': 'Michel del Castillo', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel%20del%20Castillo', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The ECHL All-Star Game is an exhibition ice hockey game that traditionally marks the midway point of the ECHL's regular season, with many of the league's star players playing against each other. The starting lineup for the teams, including the starting goaltender, is voted on by the coaches, players, and other league representatives. The coaches for the All-Star Game teams are typically the head coaches of the teams that, at the time of the All-Star Game roster announcements, are leading their respective conferences in point percentage (i.e. fraction of points obtained out of total possible points). The All-Star Game festivities also includes an ECHL All-Star Skills Competition, a competition showing the various talents of the all-stars.
In August 2011, the ECHL Board of Governors announced its intent not to hold an All-Star Game for the 2011–12 season, citing a desire to explore other options in preparation for celebrating the league's 25th anniversary during the 2012–13 season. This marked the first season since the All-Star Game's inception in 1993 that one was not be held. Since then, the ECHL also did not schedule an All-Star game in 2014 and 2016.
As of 2018, the ECHL has adopted a four-team, 3-on-3 player format and began calling the event the All-Star Classic. In 2020, the All-Star Game added players from the Professional Women's Hockey Player Association with Dani Cameranesi, Kali Flanagan, Gigi Marvin, and Annie Pankowski each being assigned to one of the four teams.
All-Star Game results
References
See also
ECHL
List of ECHL seasons
Ice hockey all-star games
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{'title': 'ECHL All-Star Game', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHL%20All-Star%20Game', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Sydney College of Divinity (SCD) is a consortium of Christian theological educational institutions and Bible colleges based in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The college is structured as a federation of member institutions, each of which retains its autonomy and respective theological traditions. Member institutions represent a range of Christian churches.
SCD is a registered Higher Education Provider, with degrees and awards accredited by the Australian Government Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency, a regulatory and quality agency for higher education. The consortium offers undergraduate awards that meet Australian and Korean education standards, postgraduate qualifications by coursework and research that meet Australian standards, and postgraduate qualifications by coursework that meet Korean standards. Awards range from Diploma in Theology to Doctor of Theology (Th.D.) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.).
In Australia, seminaries which deliver instruction and prepare people for religious ordination are sometimes separate from theological educational institutions.
Member institutions
Australian College of Christian Studies
Australian College of Ministries (ACOM)Churches of Christ
Booth CollegeThe Salvation Army in Australia
Catholic Institute of Sydney (CIS)Roman Catholic Church
Emmaus Bible CollegeChristian Community Churches to 2017 when it amalgamated with the Australian College of Christian Studies
Nazarene Theological College (NTC)Church of the Nazarene
College of Clinical Pastoral EducationInterdenominational
St Andrew's Greek Orthodox Theological CollegeEastern Orthodox Church
St Cyril's Coptic Orthodox Theological CollegeCoptic Orthodox Church
Affiliated institutions
In Australia
Australian Catholic University
Edith Cowan University
The University of Sydney
University of Western Sydney
In Korea
Chongshin University and Theological Seminary
Soongsil University
Sungkyul University
Notable alumni
Peter Nguyen Van Hung, anti-human trafficking activist in Taiwan
Graham Joseph Hill, former principal of Stirling Theological College
References
External links
Sydney College of Divinity website
Seminaries and theological colleges in New South Wales
1983 establishments in Australia
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{'title': 'Sydney College of Divinity', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney%20College%20of%20Divinity', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Pant, Llanvihangel-Ystern-Llewern, Monmouthshire is a hall-house dating from the 16th century with an attached 17th century Quaker meeting house. It is a Grade II* listed building.
History
The original hall house dates from the mid-16th century. It is a "remarkably unaltered" late-medieval house. The Quaker meeting house was constructed in the 17th century, and the architectural historian John Newman notes the date of 1687 on a beam in the house may refer to the meeting house's construction. Walter Jenkins, an early Quaker, and son of Thomas Jenkins who was the rector at Llanvihangel-ystern-llewern, was born at the house. He was imprisoned for his beliefs at Monmouth and died in 1661. His daughter Elizabeth, mother of Elisha Beadles, married John Beadles and they lived at the Pant in the later 17th century. John Beadles is the likely builder of the meeting house. In the 20th century, the property was owned by Sir Joseph Bradney of Tal-y-coed Court and author of the twelve-volume A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time.
Architecture and description
The late medieval hall-house dates from the mid-16th century and has cruck-truss end walls which were subsequently rebuilt in brick. It has a roof of Welsh slate and two prominent chimney stacks.
The meeting house is of brick, with two storeys and a basement. The interiors of both houses have been little altered since their construction and The Pant is a Grade II* listed building, its designation record describing it as "a medieval hall-house with Quaker Meeting House retaining original detail of remarkably high quality".
Notes
References
Grade II* listed buildings in Monmouthshire
Country houses in Wales
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{'title': 'The Pant, Llanvihangel-Ystern-Llewern', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pant%2C%20Llanvihangel-Ystern-Llewern', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Church of St. Alban, Roxborough is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania in the Roxborough neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1859 as a chapel of ease of St. David's Episcopal Church in Manayunk, initially with a dedication to St. Peter. The cornerstone for the church building was laid on September 15, 1860, and the church was consecrated by Bishop William Bacon Stevens on January 14, 1862, as his first official episcopal act, having himself been consecrated to the episcopate six days earlier. Its architect was Alfred Byles, who also designed the Fifth Baptist Church at the corner of Eighteenth and Spring Garden in Philadelphia.
During the twentieth century, St. Alban's was nicknamed "Roxborough's Little Church Around the Corner," a reference to the Church of the Transfiguration in New York City as a small and uncharacteristically open parish.
The tracker action organ at St. Alban's is Hook & Hastings Opus 1750 from 1897. Several of the church's stained glass windows are by Paula Himmelsbach Balano (1877-1967), a German-American church artist working in a medium uncommon for women at the time of her installations. The sanctuary is designed to accommodate ad orientem celebration.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, St. Alban's began and maintained a regimen of daily Morning Prayer from the Book of Common Prayer broadcast on Facebook. The parish is a supporter of the St. James School at the former Church of St. James the Less in East Falls. It is part of the Wissahickon Deanery of the Diocese of Pennsylvania.
The parish's current rector is the Rev. Paul Adler, a graduate of Princeton Theological Seminary and member of the Society of Catholic Priests.
Notable parishioners and clergy
First Lieutenant Joshua Simster Garsed (1839-1863), Union Army casualty at the Battle of Gettysburg
Charles R. Hale (1837-1900), liturgist, theologian, ecumenist, and coadjutor bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Springfield from 1892 to 1900.
See also
St. David's Episcopal Church, Manayunk
St. Timothy's Episcopal Church, Roxborough
St. Peter's Episcopal Church of Germantown
St. Alban's Episcopal Church, Newtown Square
St. Alban's Church, Olney
External links
Official parish website
Pipe organ database
Parish History of the Church of St. Alban, Roxborough (1859-1949) from Philadelphia Studies
Study of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania: Church of St. Alban, Roxborough (1964) from Philadelphia Studies
Parish Profile of the Church of St. Alban, Roxborough (1978) from Philadelphia Studies
The Annals of St. David's, Manayunk
Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania
1859 establishments in Pennsylvania
Christian organizations established in the 1850s
Churches in Philadelphia
Episcopal Church in Pennsylvania
Religious organizations established in 1859
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
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{'title': 'Church of St. Alban, Roxborough', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20St.%20Alban%2C%20Roxborough', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Matthew Thomas Coles (born 26 May 1990) is an English former professional cricketer. He played as a bowling all-rounder who bowled right-arm fast-medium pace and batted left-handed. He most recently was contracted to Essex County Cricket Club and has represented the England Lions cricket team. Coles played for Kent for two spells either side of spending 18 months at Hampshire in 2014. In 2016 he joined Bangladesh Premier League side Dhaka Dynamites for part of their season.
Early life and career
Coles was born in Maidstone in Kent in 1990. He attended The Maplesden Noakes School and Mid-Kent College in the town and played for Kent age group teams at under-13, under-15 and under-17 levels. He was a member of Kent's cricket academy and first played for Kent's Second XI in 2007 before making his first-class cricket debut for the county in April 2009 against Loughborough UCCE.
Cricketing career
After making his debut, Coles played one more first-class match in 2009, appearing in Kent's final County Championship match of the season against Gloucestershire in September 2009. He also made four appearances in the Pro 40 tournament for the county during 2009.
Coles became a regular in Kent teams the following season. He reached his maiden first-class century against Yorkshire by hitting a reverse sweep for six in April 2012. He was awarded a county cap in August 2012.
During the 2012 season Coles took 59 first-class wickets, and earned a call up to the England Lions squad. He took two wickets on his Lions' debut in May 2012 and was included on the Lions' tour of Australia in 2013. He was sent home early from the tour along with Ben Stokes for drinking beyond curfew hours more than once.
Move to Hampshire, 2013
Coles turned down a new contract offered by Kent in August 2013 and, after initially attracting attention from Derbyshire, signed on loan for Hampshire until the end of the season. In Hampshire's last game of the season against Essex, Coles took match figures of 10/154 and later in the same month signed a 3–year deal.
Return to Kent, 2015
Coles took 41 wickets in 13 County Championship matches for Hampshire in 2014 as well as 27 wickets in one-day competitions. He scored an 18 ball half-century in the T20 Blast but was released by Hampshire in March 2015 after only one year with the club saying that he had not "settled" at the county. He returned to Kent in the same month and took 100 wickets in all formats for Kent in the 2015 season and won the Kent Player of the Year award at the end of the season, and was chosen in the Professional Cricketers' Association Team of 2015 in September 2015. He was nominated as part of a four-man shortlist as the Professional Cricketers' Association Player of the Year. During the season, Coles scored a century against Surrey at The Oval in the Royal London One-Day Cup quarter final, took ten wickets in the County Championship match against Leicestershire and took a hat-trick against Nottinghamshire in the One-Day Cup. During the season he signed a long-term contract extension with Kent.
During the 2016 season Coles' behaviour caused him to be investigated by Kent and led to him missing a number of matches during the middle of the season. He was also suspended for two County Championship matches by the ECB in May after being found to have thrown the ball in a "dangerous manner", although Coles claimed he was returning the ball to the wicket-keeper. He played regularly for Kent when available and performed well enough in the 2016 Royal London One-Day Cup to be selected automatically for the North v South match to be played at the start of the 2017 season in the United Arab Emirates and was also selected in the MCC side for the 2017 Champion County match but withdrew from both matches to rest a toe injury.
Coles began the 2017 season as a regular member of the First XI in all forms of cricket. He travelled to the Caribbean with the team to take part in the 2016–17 Regional Super50 List A competition in February, playing in five matches and taking nine wickets during the competition, before opening the 2017 County Championship as one of Kent's main strike bowlers. In July he took a hat-trick in a T20 match against Middlesex at Richmond. After the end of the 2017 season Coles joined Essex on a two-year contract. During 2019 he was loaned to Northants for a short spell.
Twenty20 franchise cricket
During the 2016 English off-season Coles signed for Dhaka Dynamites to play Twenty20 cricket in the 2016–17 Bangladesh Premier League. Coles signed for Dhaka after the tournament had begun in order to develop his T20 skills. He made his debut for the team on 17 November against Chittagong Vikings and went on to play in three matches for Dhaka, scoring 23 runs and taking two wickets. The team won the 2016–17 BPL, although Coles did not play in the final. Coles had previously applied to join the BPL draft in advance of the 2015–16 season, but had to withdraw after requiring an operation on an injured foot.
Career Best Performances
as of 11 November 2016
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
English cricketers
Kent cricketers
Sportspeople from Maidstone
NBC Denis Compton Award recipients
Hampshire cricketers
Essex cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
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is a Japanese designer and former Principal dancer with Semperoper Ballett, Universal Ballet, the Alberta Ballet Company, Feld Ballet, and the Dutch National Ballet. Born in Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Takeshima began dancing at the age of four in Sapporo. At the age of thirteen, she studied at the San Francisco Ballet School in the United States. Takeshima continued to dance throughout the 90s and early 2000s and started designing dancewear and costumes for ballet companies from all over the world.
Takeshima founded the dancewear company YUMIKO and the YumiGirl Network in 2002. Her dancewear was used in Darren Aronofsky’s 2010 award winning film Black Swan. She was the 2003 and 2005 recipient of the 'Best Female Dancer Award' by Dance Europe Magazine and won a gold medal at the 1996 Serge Lifar International Ballet Competition in Kyiv.
Early life and training
Takeshima was born on 5 August 1970 in Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan and grew up in Ebetsu, Hokkaido. Her grandfather and parents owned a small kimono shop. She has often cited this as being the beginning of her inspirations for her later work as a designer. At the age of four, she began her ballet training at the Miharu Ishikawa Ballet School. At the age of thirteen, she was accepted into the San Francisco Ballet School.
Career
Takeshima danced with Universal Ballet in Korea, the Alberta Ballet Company in Canada, and the Feld Ballet in the United States. In 1993, she moved to Holland and joined the Dutch National Ballet in 1993. In 2006, Aaron Watkin, the director of the Semperoper Ballett, based in Dresden, Germany, asked Takeshima to join the company as a Principal dancer. Takeshima was a long time dance partner of Watkin and agreed to join the newly revisioned company.
Takeshima begin sketching designs for leotards and experimenting with various fabrics in her free time as a dancer when she exchanged a toaster for a sewing machine. At the time, other dancers in the company took notice and soon began asking for custom body suits of their own. Takeshima founded the dancewear brand YUMIKO in 2002 which has stores in New York, Spain, Germany, and Japan. Design workshops and clothing production for the brand is done in Cazalla de la Sierra in the Province of Seville, Spain.
As a costume designer, Takeshima has designed for choreographers George Balanchine, David Dawson, Jorma Elo, Krzysztof Pastor, Alexei Ratmansky, Annabelle Lopez Ochoa, and William Forsythe; for ballet companies such as The Royal Ballet, Finnish National Ballet, Scottish Ballet, Boston Ballet, Vienna State Ballet, Polish National Ballet, Norwegian National Ballet, Royal Ballet of Flanders, Mariinsky Ballet, Pacific Northwest Ballet, West Australian Ballet, Raiford Rogers Modern Ballet, and Semperoper Ballett; and her dancewear was featured in the Darren Aronofsky’s 2010 award winning film Black Swan. Her designs have been called “elegant, simple and among the most beautiful dance costumes in the European dance scene.” Takeshima's first design and collaboration was with Dawson for the Dutch National Ballet in 2000.
Takeshima was the 2003 and 2005 recipient of the 'Best Female Dancer Award' by Dance Europe Magazine and won a gold medal at the 1996 Serge Lifar International Ballet Competition in Kyiv. Takeshima has also performed at numerous galas such as multiple performances at the International Ballet Star Gala at the National Theater and Concert Hall, Taipei. In April 2014, Takeshima retired from dancing. Her final performance was in Dawson's classical ballet Giselle, a ballet created on Takeshima and in which she also designed the costumes.
Personal life
Takeshima is married to Mark Mahler Gomez who helped her co-found YUMIKO.
References
External links
Japanese designers
Japanese ballerinas
Living people
1970 births
People from Asahikawa
People from Ebetsu, Hokkaido
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{'title': 'Yumiko Takeshima', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumiko%20Takeshima', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Key lime or acid lime (Citrus × aurantiifolia or C. aurantifolia) is a citrus hybrid (C. hystrix × C. medica) native to tropical Southeast Asia. It has a spherical fruit, in diameter. The Key lime is usually picked while it is still green, but it becomes yellow when ripe.
The Key lime has thinner rind and is smaller, seedier, more acidic and more aromatic than the Persian lime (Citrus × latifolia). It is valued for its characteristic flavor. The name comes from its association with the Florida Keys, where it is best known as the flavoring ingredient in Key lime pie. It is also known as West Indian lime, bartender's lime, Omani lime, or Mexican lime, the last classified as a distinct race with a thicker skin and darker green colour. Philippine varieties have various names, including dayap and bilolo.
Etymology
The English word lime was derived, via Spanish then French, from the Arabic word līma, which is, in turn, a derivation of the Persian word limu . Key is from Florida Keys, where the fruit was naturalised. The earliest known use of the name is from 1905, where the fruit was described as "the finest on the market. It is aromatic, juicy, and highly superior to the lemon."
Description
C. aurantiifolia is a shrubby tree, to , with many thorns. Dwarf varieties exist that can be grown indoors during winter months and in colder climates. Its trunk, which rarely grows straight, has many branches, and they often originate quite far down on the trunk. The leaves are ovate, long, resembling orange leaves (the scientific name aurantiifolia refers to this resemblance to the leaves of the orange, Citrus aurantium). The flowers are in diameter, are yellowish white with a light purple tinge on the margins. Flowers and fruit appear throughout the year, but are most abundant from May to September in the Northern Hemisphere.
Skin contact can sometimes cause phytophotodermatitis, which makes the skin especially sensitive to ultraviolet light.
History
The Key lime cultivar is a citrus hybrid, Citrus micrantha × Citrus medica (a papeda-citron cross).
Citrus aurantiifolia is native to Southeast Asia. Its apparent path of introduction was through the Middle East to North Africa, then to Sicily and Andalucia and then, via Spanish explorers, to the West Indies, including the Florida Keys. Henry Perrine is credited with introducing the Key lime to Florida. From the Caribbean, lime cultivation spread to tropical and subtropical North America, including Mexico, Florida, and later California.
In California in the late 19th century, "Mexican" limes were more highly valued than lemons; however, in Florida, they were generally considered weeds. Then, in 1894–95, the Great Freeze destroyed the Florida lemon groves, and farmers replanted Mexican limes instead; they soon became known as the Florida Key Lime, a "beloved regional crop". But when the 1926 Miami hurricane ripped them up, they were replanted with the hardier, thornless Persian limes.
Since the North American Free Trade Agreement came into effect, most Key limes on the United States market have been grown in Mexico, Central America and South America. They are also grown in Texas, Florida, and California.
The Key lime has given rise to several other lime varieties. The best known, the triploid progeny of a Key lime-lemon cross, is the Persian lime (Citrus × latifolia), the most widely produced lime, globally. Others are, like their parent, classed within C. aurantiifolia. Backcrossing with citron has produced a distinct group of triploid limes that are also of commercial value to a limited degree, the seedy Tanepeo, Coppenrath, Ambilobe and Mohtasseb lime varieties as well as the Madagascar lemon. Hybridization with a mandarin-pomelo cross similar to the oranges has produced the Kirk lime. The New Caledonia and Kaghzi limes appear to have resulted from an F2 Key lime self-pollination, while a spontaneous genomic duplication gave us the tetraploid Giant Key lime. The potential to produce a wider variety of lime hybrids from the Key lime due to its tendency to form diploid gametes may reduce the disease risk presented by the limited diversity of the current commercial limes.
Agronomy
Cultivation and propagation
There are various approaches to the cultivation of Key limes. This variety of citrus can be propagated from seed and will grow true to the parent. The seeds must be kept moist until they can be planted, as they will not germinate if allowed to dry out. If the plants are propagated from seed, the seeds should be stored at least 5–6 months before planting. Alternatively, vegetative propagation from cuttings or by air layering may permit fruit production within one year, and from genetically more predictable lines of plants. Another method, digging around a mature tree to sever roots, will encourage new sprouts that can be transplanted to another location. Clones are often bud grafted into rough lemon or sour orange to obtain strong root stocks (see also fruit tree propagation).
It is often advisable to graft the plants onto rootstocks with low susceptibility to gummosis because seedlings generally are highly vulnerable to the disease. Useful rootstocks include wild grapefruit, cleopatra mandarin and tahiti limes. C. macrophylla is also sometimes used as a rootstock in Florida to add vigor.
Climatic conditions and fruit maturation are crucial in cultivation of the lime tree. Under consistently warm conditions potted trees can be planted at any season, whereas in cooler temperate regions it is best to wait for the late winter or early spring. The Key lime tree does best in sunny sites, well-drained soils, good air circulation, and protection from cold wind. Because its root system is shallow, the Key lime is planted in trenches or into prepared and broken rocky soil to give the roots a better anchorage and improve the trees' wind resistance. Pruning and topping should be planned to maximise the circulation of air and provide plenty of sunlight. This keeps the crown healthily dry, improves accessibility for harvesting, and discourages the organisms that cause gummosis.
Harvesting
The method of cultivation greatly affects the size and quality of the harvest. Trees cultivated from seedlings take 4–8 years before producing a harvest. They attain their maximal yield at about 10 years of age. Trees produced from cuttings and air layering bear fruit much sooner, sometimes producing fruit (though not a serious harvest) a year after planting. It takes approximately 9 months from the blossom to the fruit. When the fruit have grown to harvesting size and begin to turn yellow they are picked and not clipped. To achieve produce of the highest market value, it is important not to pick the fruit too early in the morning; the turgor is high then, and handling turgid fruit releases the peel oils and may cause spoilage.
Postharvest process
Shelf life of Key limes is an important consideration in marketing. The lime still ripens for a considerable time after harvesting, and it is usually stored between at a relative humidity of 75–85%. Special procedures are employed to control the shelf life; for example, applications of growth regulators, fruit wax, fungicides, precise cooling, calcium compounds, silver nitrate, and special packing material. The preferred storage conditions are temperatures of and a humidity over 85%, but even in ideal conditions post-harvesting losses are high.
In India most Key lime producers are small-scale farmers without access to such post-harvesting facilities, but makeshift expedients can be of value. One successful procedure is a coating of coconut oil that improves shelf life, thereby achieving a constant market supply of Key limes.
Key limes are made into black lime by boiling them in brine and drying them. Black lime is a condiment commonly used in the Middle East.
Yield
The yield varies depending on the age of the trees. Five- to seven-year-old orchards may yield about 6 t/ha (2.7 tons/acre), with harvests increasing progressively until they stabilise at about 12–18 t/ha (5.4–8 tons/acre). Seedling trees take longer to attain their maximal harvest, but eventually out-yield grafted trees.
Key Lime Festival
The annual Key Lime Festival in Key West, Florida, has been held every year since 2002 over the Independence Day weekend and is a celebration of Key limes in food, drinks, and culture.
References
External links
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle United States Forest Service description
Key Lime Tree History
Characterization of limes (Citrus aurantifolia) grown in Bhutan and Indonesia using high-throughput sequencing
Citrus
Citrus hybrids
Fruit trees
Limes (fruit)
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Camelids are members of the biological family Camelidae, the only currently living family in the suborder Tylopoda. The seven extant members of this group are: dromedary camels, Bactrian camels, wild Bactrian camels, llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos. Camelids are even-toed ungulates classified in the order Cetartiodactyla, along with species like whales, pigs, deer, cattle, and antelopes.
Characteristics
Camelids are large, strictly herbivorous animals with slender necks and long legs. They differ from ruminants in a number of ways. Their dentition show traces of vestigial central incisors in the incisive bone, and the third incisors have developed into canine-like tusks. Camelids also have true canine teeth and tusk-like premolars, which are separated from the molars by a gap. The musculature of the hind limbs differs from those of other ungulates in that the legs are attached to the body only at the top of the thigh, rather than attached by skin and muscle from the knee upwards. Because of this, camelids have to lie down by resting on their knees with their legs tucked underneath their bodies. They have three-chambered stomachs, rather than four-chambered ones; their upper lips are split in two, with each part separately mobile; and, uniquely among mammals, their red blood cells are elliptical. They also have a unique type of antibodies, which lack the light chain, in addition to the normal antibodies found in other mammals. These so-called heavy-chain antibodies are being used to develop single-domain antibodies with potential pharmaceutical applications.
Camelids do not have hooves; rather, they have two-toed feet with toenails and soft foot pads (Tylopoda is Greek for "padded foot"). Most of the weight of the animal rests on these tough, leathery sole pads. The South American camelids have adapted to the steep and rocky terrain by adjusting the pads on their toes to maintain grip. The surface area of Camels foot pads can increase with increasing velocity in order to reduce pressure on the feet and larger members of the camelid species will usually have larger pad area to help distribute weight across the foot. Many fossil camelids were unguligrade and probably hooved, in contrast to all living species.
Camelids are behaviorally similar in many ways, including their walking gait, in which both legs on the same side are moved simultaneously. While running, camelids engage a unique "running pace gait" in which limbs on the same side move in the same pattern they walk, with both left legs moving and then both right, this ensures that the fore and hind limb will not collide while in fast motion. During this motion there is a moment where all four limbs are off the ground at the same time. Consequently, camelids large enough for human beings to ride have a typical swaying motion.
Dromedary camels, bactrian camels, llamas, and alpacas are all induced ovulators.
The three Afro-Asian camel species have developed extensive adaptations to their lives in harsh, near-waterless environments. Wild populations of the Bactrian camel are even able to drink brackish water, and some herds live in nuclear test areas.
Comparative table of the seven extant species in the family Camelidae:
Evolution
Camelids are unusual in that their modern distribution is almost the inverse of their area of origin. Camelids first appeared very early in the evolution of the even-toed ungulates, around 50 to 40 million years ago during the middle Eocene, in present-day North America. Among the earliest camelids was the rabbit-sized Protylopus, which still had four toes on each foot. By the late Eocene, around 35 million years ago, camelids such as Poebrotherium had lost the two lateral toes, and were about the size of a modern goat.
The family diversified and prospered, but remained confined to the North American continent until only about two to three million years ago, when representatives arrived in Asia, and (as part of the Great American Interchange that followed the formation of the Isthmus of Panama) South America. A high arctic camel from this time period has been documented in the far northern reaches of Canada.
The original camelids of North America remained common until the quite recent geological past, but then disappeared, possibly as a result of hunting or habitat alterations by the earliest human settlers, and possibly as a result of changing environmental conditions after the last ice age, or a combination of these factors. Three species groups survived: the dromedary of northern Africa and southwest Asia; the Bactrian camel of central Asia; and the South American group, which has now diverged into a range of forms that are closely related, but usually classified as four species: llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicuñas. Camelids were domesticated by early Andean peoples, and remain in use today.
Fossil camelids show a wider variety than their modern counterparts. One North American genus, Titanotylopus, stood 3.5 m at the shoulder, compared with about 2 m for the largest modern camelids. Other extinct camelids included small, gazelle-like animals, such as Stenomylus. Finally, a number of very tall, giraffe-like camelids were adapted to feeding on leaves from high trees, including such genera as Aepycamelus and Oxydactylus.
Whether the wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus) is in fact a distinct species or a subspecies (Camelus bactrianus ferus) is still debated. The divergence date is 0.7 million years ago, long before the start of domestication.
Scientific classification
Family Camelidae
†Subfamily Poebrotheriinae
†Subfamily Miolabinae
†Subfamily Stenomylinae
†Subfamily Floridatragulinae
Subfamily Camelinae
Tribe Lamini
Genus: Lama
Llama, Lama glama
Guanaco, Lama guanicoe
Alpaca, Lama pacos
Vicuña, Lama vicugna
Genus: Hemiauchenia
†Hemiauchenia macrocephala
†Hemiauchenia minima
†Hemiauchenia blancoensis
†Hemiauchenia vera
†Hemiauchenia paradoxa
Genus Palaeolama
†Palaeolama mirifica
Tribe Camelini
Genus: Camelus
Bactrian camel, Camelus bactrianus
Dromedary, Camelus dromedarius
Wild Bactrian camel, Camelus ferus
†Syrian camel, Camelus moreli
†Camelus sivalensis
Genus: Camelops
†Camelops hesternus
Genus: Paracamelus
†Paracamelus gigas
Phylogeny
Extinct genera
References
External links
Pictures of camelid species
Extant Lutetian first appearances
Mammal families
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
Tylopoda
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Joshua () also known as Yehoshua ( Yəhōšuaʿ, Tiberian: Yŏhōšuaʿ, lit. 'Yahweh is salvation') or Josue, functioned as Moses' assistant in the books of Exodus and Numbers, and later succeeded Moses as leader of the Israelite tribes in the Book of Joshua of the Hebrew Bible. His name was Hoshea ( Hōšēaʿ, lit. 'Save') the son of Nun, of the tribe of Ephraim, but Moses called him "Yehoshua" (translated as "Joshua" in English), the name by which he is commonly known in English. According to the Bible, he was born in Egypt prior to the Exodus.
The Hebrew Bible identifies Joshua as one of the twelve spies of Israel sent by Moses to explore the land of Canaan. In Numbers 13:1, and after the death of Moses, he led the Israelite tribes in the conquest of Canaan, and allocated lands to the tribes. According to biblical chronology, Joshua lived some time in the Bronze Age. According to Joshua 24:29, Joshua died at the age of 110.
Joshua holds a position of respect among Muslims. Muslims also see Joshua as the leader of the faithful following the death of Moses. In Islam, it is also believed that Yusha bin Nun (Joshua) was the "attendant" of Moses mentioned in the Quran before Moses meets Khidr. Joshua plays a role in Islamic literature, with significant narration in the hadith.
Name
The English name "Joshua" is a rendering of the Hebrew Yehoshua, and is mostly interpreted as "Yahweh is salvation"; although others have also alternatively interpreted it as "Yahweh is lordly". The theophoric name appears to be constructed from a combination of the Tetragrammaton with the Hebrew noun יְשׁוּעָה (Modern: yəšūʿa, Tiberian: yăšūʿā), meaning "salvation"; derived from the Hebrew root ישׁע (y-š-ʿ), meaning "to save/help/deliver". Other theophoric names sharing a similar meaning can also be found throughout the Hebrew Bible, such as that of the son of David אֱלִישׁוּעַ (ʾĔlīšūaʿ), whose name means "My El (God) is salvation".
"Jesus" is the English derivative of the Greek transliteration of "Yehoshua" via Latin. In the Septuagint, all instances of the word "Yehoshua" are rendered as "" (Iēsoūs), the closest Greek pronunciation of the . Thus, in modern Greek, Joshua is called "Jesus son of Naue" (, toũ Nauḗ) to differentiate him from Jesus. This is also true in some Slavic languages following the Eastern Orthodox tradition (e.g. "", Iisús Navín, in Bulgarian, Serbian and Russian, but not Czech).
Biblical narrative
The Exodus
Joshua was a major figure in the events of the Exodus. He was charged by Moses with selecting and commanding a militia group for their first battle after exiting Egypt, against the Amalekites in Rephidim, in which they were victorious.
He later accompanied Moses when he ascended biblical Mount Sinai to commune with God, visualize God's plan for the Israelite tabernacle and receive the Ten Commandments. Joshua was with Moses when he descended from the mountain, heard the Israelites' celebrations around the Golden Calf, and broke the tablets bearing the words of the commandments. Similarly, in the narrative which refers to Moses being able to speak with God in his tent of meeting outside the camp, Joshua is seen as custodian of the tent ('tabernacle of meeting') when Moses returned to the Israelite encampment. However, when Moses returned to the mountain to re-create the tablets recording the Ten Commandments, Joshua was not present, as the biblical text states "no man shall come up with you".
Later, Joshua was identified as one of the twelve spies sent by Moses to explore and report on the land of Canaan, and only he and Caleb gave an encouraging report, a reward for which would be that only these two of their entire generation would enter the promised land.
According to Joshua 1:1, God appointed Joshua to succeed Moses as leader of the Israelites along with giving him a blessing of invincibility during his lifetime. The first part of the book of Joshua covers the period when he led the conquest of Canaan.
Conquest of Canaan
At the Jordan River, the waters parted, as they had for Moses at the Red Sea. The first battle after the crossing of the Jordan was the Battle of Jericho. Joshua led the destruction of Jericho, then moved on to Ai, a small neighboring city to the west. However, they were defeated with thirty-six Israelite deaths. The defeat was attributed to Achan taking an "accursed thing" from Jericho; and was followed by Achan and his family and animals being stoned to death to restore God's favor. Joshua then went to defeat Ai.
The Israelites faced an alliance of five Amorite kings from Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon. At Gibeon, Joshua asked the to cause the sun and moon to stand still, so that he could finish the battle in daylight. According to the text, the sun stopped in the middle of the sky and delayed going down about a full day. This event is most notable because "There has been no day like it before or since, when the heeded the voice of a man, for the Lord fought for Israel." The also fought for the Israelites in this battle, for he hurled huge hailstones from the sky which killed more Canaanites than those which the Israelites slaughtered. From there on, Joshua was able to lead the Israelites to several victories, securing much of the land of Canaan. He presided over the Israelite gatherings at Gilgal and Shiloh which allocated land to the tribes of Israel (Joshua 14:1–5 and 18:1–10), and the Israelites rewarded him with the Ephraimite city of Timnath-heres or Timnath-serah, where he settled (Joshua 19:50).
According to the Talmud, Joshua in his book enumerated only those towns on the frontier.
Death
When he was "old and well advanced in years", Joshua convened the elders and chiefs of the Israelites and exhorted them to have no fellowship with the native population, because it could lead them to be unfaithful to God. At a general assembly of the clans at Shechem, he took leave of the people, admonishing them to be loyal to their God, who had been so mightily manifested in the midst of them. As a witness of their promise to serve God, Joshua set up a great stone under an oak by the sanctuary of God. Soon afterward he died, at the age of 110, and was buried at Timnath-heres, in the hill country of Ephraim, north of Mount Gaash.
Historicity
The prevailing scholarly view is that the Book of Joshua is not a factual account of historical events. The apparent setting of Joshua is the 13th century BCE which was a time of widespread city-destruction, but with a few exceptions (Hazor, Lachish) the destroyed cities are not the ones the Bible associates with Joshua, and the ones it does associate with him show little or no sign of even being occupied at the time. Given its lack of historicity, Carolyn Pressler in her commentary for the Westminster Bible Companion series suggests that readers of Joshua should give priority to its theological message ("what passages teach about God") and be aware of what these would have meant to audiences in the seventh and sixth centuries BCE. Richard Nelson explained that the needs of the centralised monarchy favoured a single story of origins, combining old traditions of an exodus from Egypt, belief in a national god as "divine warrior," and explanations for ruined cities, social stratification and ethnic groups, and contemporary tribes.
In the 1930s Martin Noth made a sweeping criticism of the usefulness of the Book of Joshua for history. Noth was a student of Albrecht Alt, who emphasized form criticism and the importance of etiology. Alt and Noth posited a peaceful movement of the Israelites into various areas of Canaan, contra the Biblical account.
William Foxwell Albright questioned the "tenacity" of etiologies, which were key to Noth's analysis of the campaigns in Joshua. Archaeological evidence in the 1930s showed that the city of Ai, an early target for conquest in the putative Joshua account, had existed and been destroyed, but in the 22nd century BCE. Some alternate sites for Ai have been proposed which would partially resolve the discrepancy in dates, but these sites have not been widely accepted. In 1951 Kathleen Kenyon showed that Jericho was from the Middle Bronze Age (c. 2100–1550 BCE), not the Late Bronze Age (c. 1550–1200 BCE). Kenyon argued that the early Israelite campaign could not be historically corroborated, but rather explained as an etiology of the location and a representation of the Israelite settlement.
In 1955, G. Ernest Wright discussed the correlation of archaeological data to the early Israelite campaigns, which he divided into three phases per the Book of Joshua. He pointed to two sets of archaeological findings that "seem to suggest that the biblical account is in general correct regarding the nature of the late thirteenth and twelfth-eleventh centuries in the country" (i.e., "a period of tremendous violence"). He gives particular weight to what were then recent digs at Hazor by Yigael Yadin.
It has been argued that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value. The archaeological evidence shows that Jericho and Ai were not occupied in the Near Eastern Late Bronze Age. The story of the conquest perhaps represents the nationalist propaganda of the eighth century BCE kings of Judah and their claims to the territory of the Kingdom of Israel, incorporated into an early form of Joshua written late in the reign of king Josiah (reigned 640–609 BCE). The book was probably revised and completed after the fall of Jerusalem to the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 586 BCE, and possibly after the return from the Babylonian exile in 538 BCE.
Views
In Judaism
In rabbinical literature
In rabbinic literature Joshua is regarded as a faithful, humble, deserving, wise man. Biblical verses illustrative of these qualities and of their reward are applied to him. "He that waits on his master shall be honored" is construed as a reference to Joshua, as is also the first part of the same verse, "Whoso keeps the fig-tree shall eat the fruit thereof". That "honor shall uphold the humble in spirit" is proved by Joshua's victory over Amalek. Not the sons of Moses—as Moses himself had expected—but Joshua was appointed as Moses' successor. Moses was shown how Joshua reproved that Othniel.
"God would speak to Moses face to face, like someone would speak to his friend. Then he would return to the camp. But his attendant, Joshua the son of Nun, a young man, would not leave the tent. Joshua never moved from the tent". Didn't Joshua leave the tent to eat, sleep or attend to his needs? This praise shows that Joshua had complete faith in Moses, the Tzaddik. One who has this faith is cognizant of the tzaddik in everything he does; he remains steadfastly with the tzaddik whatever he does.
According to rabbinic tradition, Joshua, when dividing the Land of Canaan among the twelve tribes of Israel, planted sea squill () to mark off the butts and bounds of tribal properties.
Moreover, Joshua, on dividing the land of Canaan amongst the tribes of Israel, made the tribes agree to ten conditions, the most important of which being the common use of the forests as pasture for cattle, and the common right of fishing in the Sea of Tiberias. Natural springs were to be used for drinking and laundry by all tribes, although the tribe to which the water course fell had the first rights. Prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum) and the camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) could be freely collected as firewood by any member of any tribe, in any tribal territory.
In prayer
According to Jewish religious tradition, upon making Aliyah by crossing the Jordan River to enter the Land of Israel, Joshua composed the Aleinu prayer thanking God. This idea was first cited in the Kol Bo of the late 14th Century. Several medieval commentators noticed that Joshua's shorter birth name, Hosea, appears in the first few verses of Aleinu in reverse acrostic: ע – עלינו, ש – שלא שם, ו – ואנחנו כורעים, ה – הוא אלוקינו. The Teshuvot HaGeonim, a Geonic responsum, discussed that Joshua composed the Aleinu because although the Israelites had made Aliyah to the Promised Land, they were surrounded by other peoples, and he wanted the Jews to draw a clear distinction between themselves, who knew and accepted the sovereignty of God, and those nations of the world which did not. In the modern era, religious Jews still pray the Aliyah inspired Aleinu three times daily, including on the High Holidays. The Aleinu prayer begins:
In Christianity
Most modern Bibles translate to identify Jesus as a better Joshua, as Joshua led Israel into the rest of Canaan, but Jesus leads the people of God into "God's rest". Among the early Church Fathers, Joshua is considered a type of Jesus Christ.
The story of Joshua and the Canaanite kings is also alluded to in the 2 Meqabyan, a book considered canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.
In Islam
Possible Quranic reference
Joshua (, Yūšaʿ ibn Nūn, /juːʃaʕ ibn nuːn/) is not mentioned by name in the Quran, but his name appears in other Islamic literature. In the Quranic account of the conquest of Canaan, Joshua and Caleb are referenced, but not named, as two "Allah-fearing men", on whom Allah "had bestowed His grace".
Hadith, exegesis, traditions
Joshua was regarded by some classical scholars as the prophetic successor to Moses (). Al-Tabari relates in his History of the Prophets and Kings that Joshua was one of the twelve spies and Muslim scholars believe that the two believing spies referred to in the Quran are Joshua and Caleb. Joshua was exceptional among the Israelites for being one of the few faithful followers of Allah.
Significant events from Joshua's Muslim narratives include the crossing of the Jordan river and the conquest of Bait al-Maqdis.
The traditional Muslim commentary al-Jalalayn says, "Ahmad [b. Hanbal] reported in his Musnad, the [following] hadīth, 'The sun was never detained for any human, except for Joshua during those days in which he marched towards the Holy House [of Jerusalem]'."
Muslim literature includes traditions of Joshua not found in the Hebrew Bible. Joshua is credited with being present at Moses's death and literature records that Moses's garments were with Joshua at the time of his departure. In Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, Joshua is mentioned as Yusha' bin Nun and is the attendant to Moses during his meeting with Khidr.
In art and literature
In the literary tradition of medieval Europe, Joshua is known as one of the Nine Worthies. In The Divine Comedy Joshua's spirit appears to Dante in the Heaven of Mars, where he is grouped with the other "warriors of the faith."
Baroque composer Georg Frideric Handel composed the oratorio Joshua in 1747. Composer Franz Waxman composed an oratorio Joshua in 1959. Marc-Antoine Charpentier composed Josue (H.404 and H.404 a), an oratorio for soloists, double chorus, double orchestra and continuo, in 1680.
In science
Legend has it that Mormon pioneers in the United States first referred to the yucca brevifolia agave plant as the Joshua tree because its branches reminded them of Joshua stretching his arms upward in supplication, guiding the travelers westward.
Joshua is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of snake, Joshua's blind snake (Trilepida joshuai), the holotype of which was collected at Jericó, Antioquia, Colombia.
Jewish holidays
The annual commemoration of Joshua's yahrtzeit (the anniversary of his death) is marked on the 26th of Nisan on the Hebrew calendar. Thousands make the pilgrimage to the Tomb of Joshua at Kifl Haris near Nablus, West Bank, on the preceding night.
Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day; ) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan, as per the opening clause of the Yom HaAliyah Law, as a Zionist celebration of "Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel as the basis for the existence of the State of Israel", and secondarily "to mark the date of entry into the Land of Israel", i.e. to commemorate Joshua having led the Israelites across the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the Ark of the Covenant.
Tomb of Joshua
According to a Samaritan tradition, noted in 1877, the tombs of Joshua and Caleb were in Kifl Haris.
According to , the tomb of Joshua is in Timnath-heres, and Jewish tradition also places the tombs of Caleb and Nun at that site, which is identified by Orthodox Jews with Kifl Haris. Thousands make the pilgrimage to the tombs on the annual commemoration of Joshua's death, 26th of Nisan on the Hebrew calendar.
Joshua is believed by some Muslims to be buried on Joshua's Hill in the Beykoz district of Istanbul. Alternative traditional sites for his tomb are situated in Israel (the Shia shrine at Al-Nabi Yusha'), Jordan (An-Nabi Yusha' bin Noon, a Sunni shrine near the city of Al-Salt), Iran (Historical cemetery of Takht e Foolad in Esfahan) and Iraq (the Nabi Yusha' shrine of Baghdad). A local tradition combining three versions of three different Yushas, including biblical Joshua, places the tomb inside a cave in the Tripoli Mountains, overlooking the coastal town of el-Minyieh near Tripoli, Lebanon.
See also
Joshua Roll
References
Explanatory notes
Citations
General and cited sources
academia.edu
Brettler, Marc Zvi, How to read the Bible (Jewish Publication Society, 2005).
Coogan, Michael D. (ed), The Oxford History of the Biblical World (Oxford University Press, 1998)
Day, John, Yahweh and the gods and goddesses of Canaan (Sheffield Academic Press, 2002)
Dever, William, What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It? (Eerdmans, 2001)
Dever, William, Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? (Eerdmans, 2003, 2006)
Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Schmidt, Brian B., The Quest for the Historical Israel (Society of Biblical Literature, 2007)
Garbini, G., Myth and history in the Bible (Sheffield Academic Press, 2003)
Graham, M.P, and McKenzie, Steven L., The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998)
.
External links
The Book of Joshua, Douay Rheims Bible Version with annotations By Bishop Challoner
Smith’s Bible Dictionary
Easton's Bible Dictionary & Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia
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Jews
14th-century BC religious leaders
Biblical figures in rabbinic literature
Book of Exodus people
Book of Numbers people
Christian saints from the Old Testament
Judges of ancient Israel
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Sean Wayne Conover (born July 31, 1984) is a former American football defensive end. He was signed by the Tennessee Titans as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played college football at Bucknell.
Conover has also been a member of the Atlanta Falcons, Baltimore Ravens, New York Jets, Detroit Lions, St. Louis Rams and Hartford Colonials.
Early years
Conover graduated from Whitman-Hanson Regional High School, where he earned three varsity letters each in football and basketball, and one in baseball. The football team captured league championships in 2000 and 2001 and were Division 3 state champs in 2001 and runner-up in 2000. He was an All-league selection and the WATD Distinguished Player of the Year. Additionally, he was a Shriner's All-Star selection and a two-time All-league performer and team captain in basketball, leading the league in scoring as a senior.
College career
Conover played college football at Bucknell. In four-year career at Bucknell, Conover played in
36 games and made 34 consecutive starts. Finished career with 142 tackles, 33 tackles for loss, 17.5 sacks (fifth in school history),
nine fumbles forced, three fumble recoveries and nine passes defensed.
Conover, as senior, started all 11 games and repeated as First-team All-Patriot League selection. He also earned George Rieu Award as team's top defensive lineman for second year and received Pete Pedrick Award as most improved Bucknell athlete in senior class (in any sport). He completed senior season with 44 tackles, nine tackles for loss and three sacks. He also played tight end and hauled in seven receptions for 102 yards. As junior, Conover started all 11 games and named Patriot League Defensive Player of the Year. He also earned Second-team All-America honors from Associated Press. Also earned First-team All-Patriot League, George Rieu Award as Bucknell's top defensive lineman and Tom Gadd Coaches' Award. For the year he recorded career-highs in tackles (55), sacks (10.5), tackles for loss (18), forced fumbles (5) and passes defensed (4).
As a sophomore Conover was impressive in his debut on defense as one of five defensive players to start all 12 games. He finished with 43 tackles (20 solo) and led team with 4.0 sacks and had six tackles for loss and forced team-high three fumbles and batted down three passes. He earned Tom Gadd Coaches' Award at season's end, given in recognition of a player's commitment to the Bucknell football program . In 2002 as a Freshman he played tight end and made two varsity appearances on special teams. He caught five passes for 61 yards and made six special teams tackles for the junior varsity squad.
Professional career
Pre-draft
Conover measured 6-5⅛ and 275 pounds and ran a 4.81 forty-yard dash.
Tennessee Titans
Conover was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Tennessee Titans. As a rookie in 2006, he played six games with two starts and totaled 21 tackles, one tackle for loss and two quarterback pressures after spending the first 11 weeks of season on practice squad.
By playing for the Titans, Conover became the 40th member of the Bucknell Bison to play in the NFL. He played the 2007 season with the Titans as a backup and totaled one tackle in five games before being released.
St. Louis Rams
Conover was signed to the St. Louis Rams' practice squad on November 28, 2009. He was signed to a future contract on January 6, 2010.
References
External links
Bucknell Bison bio
NFL players from Bucknell
Detroit Lions bio
St. Louis Rams bio
Tennessee Titans bio
1984 births
Living people
Players of American football from Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Brockton, Massachusetts
American football defensive ends
American football tight ends
Bucknell Bison football players
Tennessee Titans players
Atlanta Falcons players
Baltimore Ravens players
New York Jets players
Detroit Lions players
St. Louis Rams players
Hartford Colonials players
Whitman-Hanson Regional High School alumni
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Sir Thomas Southwell (1537-1568) was an English landowner and courtier.
He was a son of Robert Southwell and Margaret Neville (d. 1575), daughter of Thomas Neville. His mother recorded his birth date as 24 March 1537 in her Book of hours, which now held by Blackburn Museum and Art Gallery.
His home was at Woodrising, Norfolk.
Marriages and children
He married three times. His first wife was Margaret or Mary Jerningham, daughter of Sir Henry Jerningham. The marriage seems to have taken place in January 1558, when black silver tinsel fabric for Mary Jenrningham was obtained from the royal wardrobe.
His second wife was Mary Mansel, daughter of Rice Mansel of Penrice and Oxwich. Their children included:
Robert Southwell (died 1598), his heir, who married Elizabeth Howard
His third wife was Nazaret or Nazareth Newton. Their children included:
Elizabeth Southwell, mistress of the Earl of Essex and mother of Walter Devereux (died 1641). She married Barentine Moleyns.
In his will, Southwell bequeathed the manors of Hoxne and Woodrising to Nazareth Newton during the minority of his son Robert. Robert inherited a gilt bowl and cup engraved with the Neville arms. His daughter Elizabeth was to have £1000 towards her marriage. He gave his clothes to his brother Francis Southwell. Amongst gifts to his servants, there was £5 for a Nicholas Stallendge, who may have become an usher to Queen Elizabeth and a landowner in Somerset.
References
External links
Stephen Govier, 'The Southwell Family of Hoxne Hall', Hoxne Heritage Group
1537 births
1568 deaths
Thomas
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The Forty Conspirators (Portuguese: Os Conjurados) were a Portuguese nationalist group during the Iberian Union. The Conspirators were composed of forty men of the Portuguese nobility, and many clergy and soldiers. Their goal was to depose the House of Habsburg king, Philip III (and IV of Spain).
The plot was planned by Antão Vaz de Almada, Miguel de Almeida and João Pinto Ribeiro. On 1 December 1640, they, together with several associates, known as the Forty Conspirators, took advantage of the fact that the Castilian troops were occupied on the other side of the peninsula and killed Secretary of State Miguel de Vasconcelos, imprisoning the king's cousin, the Duchess of Mantua, who had governed Portugal in his name. The moment was well chosen, as Philip's troops were at the time fighting the Thirty Years' War in addition to the revolt in Catalonia.
The support of the people became apparent almost immediately and soon John, 8th Duke of Braganza, was acclaimed King of Portugal throughout the country as John IV. By December 2, 1640, John had already sent a letter to the Municipal Chamber of Évora as sovereign of the country.
List of the Forty Conspirators
D. Afonso de Menezes, Chamber Master of King João IV of Portugal
D. Álvaro de Abranches da Câmara, General of Minho, member of the Council of War
D. Antão de Almada, 7th Count of Avranches, 10th Lord of Lagares d´El-Rei, 5th Lord and Governor of Pombalinho
D. António de Alcáçova Carneiro, Lord of the Majorat of Alcáçovas, High Alcaide of Campo Maior, Governor of Castelo de Ouguela
D. António Álvares da Cunha, Lord of Tábua;.
D. António da Costa, Lord of the Majorat of Mustela, Commander Order of Christ
D. António Luís de Menezes, 1st Marquis of Marialva, 3rd Count of Cantanhede
D. António de Melo e Castro, Viceroy of India, Captain of Sofala
D. António Teles de Meneses, Count of Vila Pouca de Aguiar
D. António Telo, Captain-Major of the Portuguese India Armadas
D. Aires de Saldanha, Viceroy of India, Governor of Tangiers
D. Carlos de Noronha, Commander of Marvão, President of the Household of Conscience and Order
D. Estevão da Cunha, Prior of São Jorge in Lisboa, Canon of the See of the Algarve, Bishop of Miranda;
D. Fernão Teles da Silva, 1st Count of Vilar Maior, Governor of Arms of Beira
D. Fernando Teles de Faro, Lord of Damião de Azere, Lord of Santa Maria de Nide de Carvalho
D. Francisco de Melo e Torres, 1st Marquis of Sande, 1st Count of Ponte, General of the Artillery of the Kingdom
D. Francisco de Sousa, 1st Marquês de Minas, 3rd Count of Prado
D. Gastão Coutinho, Governor of Minho
D. Gaspar de Brito Freire, Lord of the Majorat of Santo Estevão de Nossa Senhora de Jesus
D. Gomes Freire de Andrade, Cavalry Captain
D. Gonçalo Tavares de Távora, Cavalry Captain
D. Jerónimo de Ataíde, 6th Count of Atouguia
D. João da Costa, 1st Count of Soure;
D. João Rodrigues de Sá e Menezes, 3rd Count of Penaguião
D. João Pereira, Prior of São Nicolau, Deputy of the Holy Office
D. João Sanches de Baena, Fidalgo of His Majesty's Council, Judge of the Royal Household
D. Jorge de Melo, General of the Galleys, member of the Council of War
D. Luis Álvares da Cunha, Lord of the Majorat of Olivais
D. Martim Afonso de Melo, 2nd Count of São Lourenço, High Alcaide of Elvas
D. Miguel Maldonado, Clerk of the High-Chancery of the Kingdom
D. Miguel de Almeida 4th Count of Abrantes
D. Nuno da Cunha de Ataíde, 1st Count of Pontével
D. Paulo da Gama, Lord of the Majorat of Boavista
D. Pedro de Mendonça Furtado, High Alcaide of Mourão
D. Rodrigo da Cunha, Archbishop of Lisbon
D. Rodrigo de Figueiredo de Alarcão, Lord of Ota
D. Sancho Dias de Saldanha, Cavalry Captain
D. Tomas de Noronha, 3rd Count of Arcos
D. Tomé de Sousa, Comptroller of the Royal Household, High-Official of Festivities of the Kingdom
D. Tristão da Cunha de Ataíde, Lord of Povolide, Commander of São Cosme de Gondomar
See also
Portuguese succession crisis of 1580
Portuguese Restoration War
References
17th century in Portugal
Portuguese Restoration War
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This is a table of notable people affiliated with Ohio Wesleyan University, including graduates, former students, and former professors. Some noted current faculty are also listed in the main University article. Individuals are sorted by category and alphabetized within each category.
Academics
William Hsiao, Class of 1963 – Professor of Economics, Harvard University School of Public Health
Alexander Brown Mackie, 1916 – founder of Brown Mackie College
Judith McCulloh, B.A. – Folklorist, ethnomusicologist, and university press editor
Edward D. Miller, MD 1964 – Chief Executive Officer of Johns Hopkins Medicine, 1997–2012
Shriram Krishnamurthi, BS 1993 - Computer science professor, programmer, creator of various languages, Brown University
James B. Preston, M.D. - Professor and Chairman of the Department of Physiology at SUNY Upstate Medical University
Ram Samudrala, 1993, PhD – Professor and Chief, Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, University at Buffalo
Robert M. Stein – Lena Gohlman Fox Professor of Political Science, Dean of Rice University School of Social Sciences, 1995–2006
Ezra Vogel, Class of 1950 – professor emeritus, Harvard University; author of Japan's New Middle Class (1963), Japan as Number One (1979), [he Four Little Dragons (1991) and Is Japan Still Number One? (2000)
Nobel Prize winners
Frank Sherwood Rowland, Class of 1948–1995 Chemistry Nobel
Science
Helen Blair Bartlett, class of 1927 - geologist and mineralogist
Hü King Eng, Class of 1888 - physician and second Chinese woman to attend university in the USA.
Hazel Marie Losh, class of 1920 – astronomer and first woman to be a tenured astronomy professor at the University of Michigan; well-known for her love of U-M sports
Gerald Gordon May, 1962 – psychiatrist and theologian
Ram Samudrala, Class of 1993 – pioneering researcher in protein and proteome structure, function, interaction, and evolution; recipient of 2010 NIH Director's Pioneer Award, 2005 NSF CAREER Award, and 2002 Searle Scholar Award; named to MIT Technology Reviews 2003 list of Top Young Innovators in the World (TR100)
Education
Guy Potter Benton – president of Miami University, University of Vermont and University of the Philippines
Isaac Crook, Class of 1856 – president of Ohio University, Ohio, 1896–1898
George Richmond Grose – president of Depauw University, Indiana, 1912–1924
Edwin Holt Hughes – president of Depauw University, Indiana, 1903–1909
Francis John McConnell – president of Depauw University, Indiana, 1909–1912
Benjamin T. Spencer – author of The Quest for Nationality: An American Literary Campaign
Thomas R. Tritton – president of Haverford College, Pennsylvania, 1997–2007
Sports
John Barry Clemens – former professional basketball player; attended Ohio Wesleyan before being drafted by the NBA's New York Knicks in 1965; had 11-year career with five teams: the Knicks, the Chicago Bulls, the Seattle SuperSonics, the Cleveland Cavaliers, and the Portland Trail Blazers; retired in 1976 with career totals of 5,316 points and 2,526 rebounds
Tim Corbin, Class of 1984 – college baseball coach for Vanderbilt Commodores baseball, coached 2014 and 2019 NCAA Division I Baseball Championship teams; 3x SEC Coach of the year
Scott Googins, Class of 1992 – college baseball coach for Xavier
George Little, Class of 1912 – football coach for University of Cincinnati, Miami University, University of Michigan and University of Wisconsin–Madison; inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1955
Branch Rickey, Class of 1904 – general manager of the Saint Louis Cardinals, Brooklyn Dodgers, and Pittsburgh Pirates; pioneered the farm system and racially integrated Major League Baseball by signing Jackie Robinson for the Dodgers
Keith Rucker, Class of 1993 – nose guard; five-plus seasons in the NFL; played for Cincinnati Bengals, Philadelphia Eagles, Washington Redskins, and Kansas City Chiefs
Phil "Lefty" Saylor, Class of 1890 – pitcher; first quarterback in OWU football history
Olin Smith – former professional football player; played in eight games in the early NFL; played for the Cleveland Bulldogs in 1924
Ed Westfall – former quarterback and running back in the NFL; played for the Boston Braves/Redskins and the Pittsburgh Pirates
Politics
Horace Newton Allen, Class of 1878 – diplomat
Kathryn Barger, Class of 1983 - Los Angeles County’s Fifth District Supervisor
William G. Batchelder, Class of 1966 – member of Ohio House of Representatives
Hiram Pitt Bennet – Congressional delegate from the Territory of Colorado; Colorado Secretary of State
Samuel G. Cosgrove – sixth Governor of the state of Washington
Charles Vernon Culver – U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania
Samuel Hitt Elbert, Class of 1854 – sixth governor of the Territory of Colorado, 1873–1874
Jo Ann Emerson – US Representative, Missouri, 8th District
Charles Fairbanks, Class of 1872 – Vice President of the United States under Theodore Roosevelt
Arthur Flemming, Class of 1927 – former Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare; served under presidents Franklin Roosevelt through Ronald Reagan; served as president of University of Oregon, Ohio Wesleyan University, and Macalester College
Joseph B. Foraker – 37th Governor of Ohio; U.S. Senator
Paul Gillmor - U.S. Representative from Ohio, 5th District; President of the Ohio Senate
Nehemiah Green – 4th Governor of Kansas
John Marshall Hamilton – 18th Governor of Illinois
Lucy Webb Hayes, Class of 1850 – wife of Rutherford B. Hayes, U.S. President, 1877–1881
Myron T. Herrick – 42nd governor of Ohio
John W. Hoyt – third Governor of Wyoming Territory
John W. McCormick – U.S. Representative from Ohio
Masa Nakayama, Class of 1916 – first female cabinet minister in Japan
Rudolph Schlabach – Wisconsin lawyer and legislator
William E. Stanley – fifteenth Governor of Kansas
George Washington Steele – first Governor of Oklahoma Territory
Shirin Tahir-Kheli, Class of 1961 – Special Assistant to the President and National Security Council
Michael van der Veen, attorney for former President Donald Trump
James A. Boucher, US Representative representing Albany County, Wyoming.
Social activists
Mabel Cratty, Class of 1890 – leader of Young Women's Christian Association in its early days
Mary King, Class of 1962 – civil rights activist
Mildred Gillars, Class of 1918 and 1973. Broadcaster of Nazi propaganda under the name "Axis Sally" during World War II. Convicted of treason and incarcerated.
Literature
Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd – novelist and editor of the early 20th century
Mary Bigelow Ingham, writer, educator, social reformer
Robert E. Lee, Class of 1939 – playwright and lyricist
James Oberg, Class of 1966 – expert on space; author; TV personality
Richard North Patterson, Class of 1968 – author
Imad Rahman – Pakistani-American fiction writer, author of I Dream of Microwaves
Maggie Smith, Class of 1999 - poet, freelance writer, and editor, born in Columbus
May Alden Ward - Class of 1872 – author
Martha Wintermute (1842–1918) – author and poet
Arts and entertainment
Fred Baron, Class of 1976 – producer of Moulin Rouge; executive producer for the BBS According to Bex
Jim Berry, Class of 1955 – national newspaper cartoonist
Matt Furie, Class of 2001 - creator of Pepe the Frog
Jim Graner, attended 1937–39 – weeknight TV sports anchor for WKYC TV-3; radio color commentator for the Cleveland Browns
Clark Gregg,Class of 1984 – actor, director, screenwriter, The New Adventures of Old Christine,"Marvel's Agents of SHIELD"What Lies Beneath, The West Wing, The Avengers
George Kirgo, attended 1944–45 – screenwriter, author, humorist, former WGAW president (1987 -1991), and founding member of the National Film Preservation Board of the Library of Congress
Ron Leibman, Class of 1958 – Emmy and Tony-winning actor, Angels in America, Norma Rae, Slaughterhouse Five, Friends
Wendie Malick, Class of 1972 – film, TV actor, Just Shoot Me, Dream On, The American President, Hot in Cleveland
Robert Pine, Class of 1963 – TV, film actor, CHiPs, Murder, She Wrote, Hoover vs. the Kennedys, Six Feet Under; father of actor Chris Pine
Art Sansom, Class of 1942 – creator of the daily comic strip The Born Loser
Salman Toor, Class of 2006 - painter
Trish Van Devere – actress, Curacao, Messenger of Death, Hollywood Vice Squad, Haunted
Melvin Van Peebles, Class of 1953 – actor and director, Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971)
JoAnn Verburg, Class of 1972 – photographer
News
Mariana Gosnell, science journalist and book author
Byron Pitts, Class of 1982 – CBS News correspondent
Kenyon Farrow, Class of 1997 - Senior Editor at TheBody and TheBodyPro; healthcare journalist and equal rights activist
Religion/Ministry
Nathan Sites, graduated in 1859 - Methodist Episcopal missionary stationed at Foochow, China from 1861 to 1895.
Charles Wesley Brashares, 1914 – a bishop of the Methodist Church
Orville Nave – author of Nave's Topical Bible
Norman Vincent Peale, class of 1920 – author of The Power of Positive Thinking (which sold over 20 million copies in 41 languages); founder of Guideposts magazine; host of the weekly NBC radio program The Art of Living for 54 years; also wrote The Art of Living (1937), Confident Living (1948), and This Incredible Century (1991)
Ralph Washington Sockman – author; host of NBC's National Radio Pulpit, 1928–1962; minister of Christ Church, Methodist, New York City, 1916–1961
Corporate leaders
Daniel Glaser, Class of 1982 – CEO of Marsh & McLennan Companies
Ira A. Lipman, founder and chairman of Guardsmark, later vice chairman of AlliedBarton.
Orra E. Monnette, Class of 1897 – author; banker; co-founder and co-chairman of Bank of America, Los Angeles
James J. Nance, Class of 1923 – industrialist; CEO of Hotpoint, Zenith and Packard Motors; Vice President of Ford Motor Company's Mercury-Edsel-Lincoln Division; Chairman of Central National Bank of Cleveland; first Chairman of the board of trustees of Cleveland State University; member of the board of trustees of Ohio Wesleyan University
Frank Stanton, Class of 1930 – CEO of CBS, 1945–1973
References
People
Ohio Wesleyan University people
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Dance with Me may refer to:
Film and theatre
Dance with Me (musical), a 1975 Broadway musical
Dance with Me (1998 film), an American film directed by Randa Haines
Dance with Me (2019 film), a Japanese film directed by Shinobu Yaguchi
Music
Albums
Dance with Me (Debelah Morgan album) or the title song (see below), 2000
Dance with Me (Friends album) or the title song, 2002
Dance with Me (Jimmy Sturr and His Orchestra album), 1998
Dance with Me (Johnny Reid album) or the title song, 2009
Dance with Me (T.S.O.L. album) or the title song, 1981
Dance with Me: Music from the Motion Picture, from the 1998 film
Dance with Me (EP), by Short Stack, 2015
Dance with Me, by DJ BoBo, 1993
Dance with Me, by José Alberto "El Canario", 1991
Dance with Me, by Rosie Gaines, 2015
Songs
"Dance with Me" (112 song), 2001
"Dance with Me" (Air Supply song), 2010
"Dance with Me" (Alphaville song), 1986
"Dance with Me" (Debelah Morgan song), 2000
"Dance with Me" (Drew Seeley song), 2006
"Dance with Me" (Hot Rod song), 2010
"Dance with Me" (Justice Crew song), 2011
"Dance with Me" (Kelly Clarkson song), 2015
"Dance with Me" (Le Youth song), 2014
"Dance with Me" (Orleans song), 1975
"Dance with Me" (Peter Brown song), 1978
"Dance with Me" (Zoli Ádok song), 2009
"Dance with Me (Just One More Time)", by Johnny Rodriguez, 1974
"Dance wit' Me", by Rick James, 1982
"Dance wiv Me", by Dizzee Rascal, 2008
"Dance with Me", by Aaron Carter, 2009
"Dance with Me", by Adam Green from Garfield, 2002
"Dance with Me", by Alice in Videoland from Maiden Voyage, 2003
"Dance with Me", by Chad Focus, 2018
"Dance with Me", by Chic from It's About Time, 2018
"Dance with Me", by D'Sound, 2015
"Dance with Me", by Destiny's Child from Survivor, 2001
"Dance with Me", by Diplo, Thomas Rhett, and Young Thug from Diplo Presents Thomas Wesley, Chapter 1: Snake Oil, 2020
"Dance with Me", by the Drifters, 1959
"Dance with Me", by Estelle from The 18th Day, 2004
"Dance with Me", by Jennifer Lopez from J.Lo, 2001
"Dance with Me", by the Lords of the New Church from Is Nothing Sacred?, 1983
"Dance with Me", by Lost Frequencies from Less Is More, 2016
"Dance with Me", by Old 97's from Blame It on Gravity, 2008
"Dance with Me", by Petula Clark from My Love, 1966
"Dance with Me", by Reginald Bosanquet, 1980
"Dance with Me", by the Sounds from Living in America, 2002
"Dance with Me", by Steeleye Span from All Around My Hat, 1975
"Dance with Me", by VBirds, 2003
See also
Baila Conmigo (disambiguation) ("Dance with Me" in Spanish)
Come Dance with Me (disambiguation)
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Jorge Diogenes Fernández-Valdés (born 6 August 1992) is an Argentine professional golfer who currently plays on the Korn Ferry Tour.
Amateur career
Fernández-Valdés had a successful junior career representing Argentina at the 2009 Toyota Junior Golf World Cup in Japan and finishing runner up in the 2010 Callaway Junior World Golf Championships in the 15-17 age category at Torrey Pines Golf Course.
During his amateur career Fernández-Valdés also competed in the 2008 U.S. Junior Amateur and was a two time winner of the Pereyra Iraola Cup in 2008 and 2011 as the low amateur in the Argentine Open.
Professional career
Fernández-Valdés turned professional in 2012 and immediately joined PGA Tour Latinoamérica, making his inaugural start on the tour at the 2012 Roberto De Vicenzo Invitational Copa NEC. During the 2012 season he earned his full playing rights for PGA Tour Latinoamérica at qualifying in Buenos Aires and finished 27th on the Order of Merit.
In 2013, Fernández-Valdés achieved his first career win as a professional at the Mundo Maya Open becoming the youngest ever PGA Tour Latinoamérica champion at 20 years and 9 months old. During 2013 Fernández-Valdés posted a further six top ten finishes on PGA Tour Latinoamérica and finished fourth on the Order of Merit earning him Web.com Tour status for the 2014 season.
During 2013 Fernández-Valdés also made eight appearances on PGA Tour Canada with one top-10 finish.
In 2014 Fernández-Valdés earned his second win on PGA Tour Latinoamérica at the Abierto de Chile. He also finished second at the Mazatlán Open, fifth at the Aberto do Brasil, sixth at the Ecuador Open and tenth at the Colombian Open, ending fifth at the Order of Merit.
Fernández-Valdés played his way to the Web.com Tour through Q School for 2015. He finished second at the Albertsons Boise Open.
Amateur wins
2008 Pereyra Iraola Cup (as low amateur at the Argentine Open)
2011 Pereyra Iraola Cup (as low amateur at the Argentine Open)
Professional wins (6)
PGA Tour Latinoamérica wins (4)
TPG Tour wins (1)
Other wins (1)
Results in major championships
CUT = missed the half-way cut
Team appearances
Eisenhower Trophy (representing Argentina): 2008, 2010
Toyota Junior Golf World Cup (representing Argentina): 2009 (winners)
References
External links
Argentine male golfers
PGA Tour Latinoamérica golfers
Golfers from Miami
Sportspeople from Córdoba, Argentina
1992 births
Living people
21st-century Argentine people
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Valhalla is a 2019 Danish dark fantasy adventure film, directed by Fenar Ahmad, and based on the comic book of the same name ("Cry Wolf") by Peter Madsen, Hans Rancke-Madsen and Henning Kure.
The film was released on 10 October 2019, the same date as the original 1986 film.
Summary
The Viking children Røskva and Tjalfe embark on an adventurous journey from Midgard to Valhalla with the gods Thor and Loki. Life in Valhalla, however, turns out to be threatened by the dreaded Fenrir wolf and the god's barbaric archenemies, the Jotnar. Side by side with the gods the two children must fight to save Valhalla from the end of the world - Ragnarok.
Cast
Cecilia Loffredo as Røskva
Saxo Molthke-Leth as Tjalfe
Roland Møller as Thor
as Loki
Reza Forghani as Quark
Stine Fischer Christensen as Frigg
as Týr
Asbjørn Krogh Nissen as Odin
Ali Sivandi as Skrymer
Uffe Lorentzen as Útgarða-Loki
as Baldr
Salóme R. Gunnarsdóttir as Freyja
Lára Jóhanna Jónsdóttir as Sif
Sanne Salomonsen as Elli
Emma Rosenzweig as Jættedronningen
Patricia Schumann as Mother
as Father
Reception
The film was nominated for the Robert Award for Best Children's Film.
References
External links
2019 films
Films based on Norse mythology
Films based on Danish comics
Live-action films based on comics
Films about Thor
Films shot in Iceland
2010s Danish-language films
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Nalkheda is a town (Tehsil) and a nagar Parishad in Agar Malwa district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Nalkheda is situated on the bank of river Lakhunder.
Distance from Indore 150 km, from Ujjain 100 km, from Kota, Rajasthan 170 km, from Bhopal 180 km, from Agar 35 km, from Shajapur 62 km by road, from Dongargaon, Agar Malwa 56 km by road. It is just 15 km from Aamla Chourha situated between Agar malwa & Susner at the Indore Kota state highway (SH 27).
Demographics
As of the 2011 Census of India, Nalkheda had a population of 16,559. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Nalkheda has an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 49%. In Nalkheda, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Pipalyaset Village that comes under Nalkheda Tehsil is the most cultivated land area and good for agriculture purpose.
Visitor attractions
Nalkheda is noted for the 8th Manifactation of 10, Peetambara Siddh Peeth Maa Bagalamukhi Temple. Worshipped By Pandvas. There is a river named Lakhunder which is just behind the temple. There is an entrance gate formed like a lion.
Nalkheda is the hub of business for more than 90 villages that comes under this tehsil.
References
Cities and towns in Agar Malwa district
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The 1943–44 Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey season was the 37th season of play for the program. The teams was coached by Nick Bawlf in his 22nd season.
Season
With World War II still raging in Europe and the Pacific, Cornell began the season with a much smaller pool of players than normal. part of the reason was that only two players from last year's team returned for coach Bawlf. The team received a little bit of luck in that Beebe Lake was entirely frozen in early January, allowing the team to not only practice but play a home game for the first time in almost two years. In the end, however, the team's lack of experience and leadership was too much of a hindrance and they lost the opening match of the season to Colgate.
While the team knew their next game was against Army, the Big Red had to wait three weeks to play the match. When they finally got on the ice the Big Red were routed by the Cadets, losing 1–8 in a game that was only that close because of a herculean effort by goaltender Ed Carmen. The team only had to wait a week for the next match and were able to play at home against Penn State. Cornell won its only game on the season against the team, dominating the Nittany Lions 7–1. The next game was a rematch with Colgate and the Raiders again put the clamps on Cornell, this time winning 7–1. The Big Red were hoping to end the season with a second win against Penn State on February 19 but the game was cancelled due to rain.
The team did not name a captain for the season.
Roster
Standings
Schedule and results
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References
Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey seasons
Cornell
Cornell
Cornell
Cornell
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Count Louis of Stolberg (12 January 1505 in Stolberg – 1 September 1574 in Wertheim) was a German nobleman. He ruled Eppstein-Königstein from 1535 until his death.
Life
Louis was born at Stolberg castle, as the son of Count Bodo VIII and his wife, Countess Anna of Eppstein-Königstein. He was their third son and the fourth of their twelve children. Among his siblings were Count Wolfgang, Abess Anna of Quedlinburg, Countess Juliana of Hanau-Münzenberg and later Nassau-Dillenburg, Count Henry of Stolberg-Wernigerode, Countess Catherine of Henneberg, Count Albert of Stolberg-Schwarza and Count Christopher of Stolberg-Gedern, who was provost at Halberstadt
From the age of nine, he was educated by his maternal uncle Eberhard IV of Eppstein in Königstein. Later, he studied at the University of Wittenberg, where he converted to Lutheranism in 1521. The expansion and consolidation of the Reformation became his main objective after his conversion. He acted as councillor to Emperor Charles V and his successors Ferdinand I and Maximilian II. He was frequently sent on diplomatic missions, to Queen Elizabeth I of England and to the Spanish court.
His maternal uncle Eberhard IV had no sons and made Louis his universal heir. From 1527, Louis acted as Eberhard's co-ruler. Emperor Charles V recognized Eberhard's will in 1528. In 1535, Eberhard died and Louis inherited his possessions. In 1540, he introduced the Reformation in his territory. However, he did not participate in the Schmalkaldic War.
Marriage and issue
Louis married Walburga of Wied (died 1578), the daughter of John III of Wied (died 1533) and Elisabeth of Nassau-Dillenburg (1488–1559). Together, they had a son and three daughters:
Catherine, married Michael III, Count of Wertheim, the last Count of Wertheim. When Michael III died in 1556 without a male heir, Louis managed to acquire the County of Wertheim and Wertheim Castle, and a 50% share of Breuburg Castle and the Lordship of Breuberg. Catherine remarried in 1566, to Count Philip II of Eberstein (1523–1589).
Elisabeth, married Count Dietrich of Manderscheid-Virneburg. He died in 1593 and a year later, she remarried to Baron William of Criechingen.
Bodo, was educated at the court of the Duke of Bavaria. In 1568, he moved to Quedlinburg. He died before his father.
Anna (13 April 1548 – 2 November 1599), married on 2 September 1566 to Count Louis III of Löwenstein-Wertheim (17 February 1530 – 13 March 1611).
His heirs
As Louis had no surviving male heir, the County of Königstein fell to his younger brother Christopher. Louis' widow Walburga received the city, district, and winery of Butzbach as her Wittum
The Electorate of Mainz annexed the district of Königstein after Christopher died childless in 1581. The Counts of Stolberg inherited the districts of Ortenberg and Gedern and shares of Butzbach and Münzenberg. In 1598, his son-in-law Louis III won a dispute over the County of Wertheim that had lasted for 20 years.
References
External links
Biography on the wiki of the Königstein heritage preservation society
Footnotes
House of Stolberg
Counts of Stolberg
1505 births
1574 deaths
16th-century German people
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{'title': 'Louis, Count of Stolberg', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%2C%20Count%20of%20Stolberg', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Córdoba is a train station in the city of the same name of Córdoba Province, Argentina.
The station was originally built and operated by the Córdoba Central Railway and then added to Ferrocarril Mitre network. It is currently operated by two companies: State-owned Trenes Argentinos (for passenger services) and private Nuevo Central Argentino (NCA) that runs freight trains on the line.
History
In 1863, the government of Argentina granted British-owned company Central Argentine Railway, led by engineer William Wheelwright, a concession to build and exploit a railway line between the cities of Rosario (a major port in southern Santa Fe, on the Paraná River) and Córdoba (a large city near the geographical center of Argentina, and the capital of the province of the same name). The grant included a clause to populate the lands along and around the railway that were given to the company by the national state.
The construction works started in April 1863 with the establishment of the terminus in Rosario, at Rosario Central Station. The line, a broad gauge railway, reached Villa María, Córdoba, in September 1867 and the works ceased. Minister Rawson expressed dissatisfaction at the paralysis of the works while passengers also protested against poor conditions of the service. The works for the Rosario Central station and other intermediate stations had not begun. The company alleged that they could not continue the extension of the line until the pending lands were given.
In September 1867 the Government authorized a new disbursement of funds for $1,500,000 to conclude the pending works. Finally in March 1870 the railway reached the city of Córdoba and it was officially inaugurated by then President of Argentina Domingo Sarmiento on April 13. The CAR was the longest railway system at that time and the first to join two provinces.
In 1948, British and French-owned railways in Argentina were nationalised by the Juan Perón's administration. The Central Argentine Railway line was added to Mitre Railway network, being subsequently operated by State-owned company Ferrocarriles Argentinos that ran services to Córdoba station.
When the entire Argentine railway network was privatised in the early 1990s by the Carlos Menem's presidency, passenger services to Córdoba were closed. Nevertheless, the station continued to be operated by private company Nuevo Central Argentino (NCA) that had been granted concession to operate freight services on the line.
The station building (constructed in neoclassical architecture style and in perfect state of preservation) was declared Historic Heritage of Córdoba in 1995.
Passenger trains were reactivated by private company Ferrocentral, that reestablished services from Córdoba to Villa María (in August 2004) and from Retiro (Buenos Aires) to Córdoba in April 2005.
In November 2014, the Government of Argentina (through the State-owned company Trenes Argentinos S.A.) took over the services to Rosario (norte), Tucumán and Córdoba, leaving Ferrocentral inactive.
Operators
Notes
References
External links
Trenes Argentinos, operator
Railway stations in Argentina
Railway stations opened in 1886
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{'title': 'Córdoba Mitre railway station', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%20Mitre%20railway%20station', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The 1958 Tangerine Bowl (December) was an American college football bowl game played on December 27, 1958 at the Tangerine Bowl stadium in Orlando, Florida. The game pitted the Missouri Valley Vikings and the East Texas State Lions (now Texas A&M University–Commerce). This was the first time the bowl was played before New Year's Day, as organizers wanted to "attract television coverage in the future". The December game date made this the second of two Tangerine Bowls played in calendar year 1958.
Background
The University at Buffalo's first bowl bid was to this game. The Tangerine Bowl Commission hoped that the Orlando High School Athletic Association (OHSAA), which operated the stadium, would waive its rule that prohibited integrated sporting events. When it refused, the team unanimously voted to skip the bowl because its two black players (halfback Willie Evans and end Mike Wilson) would not have been allowed on the field.
Missouri Valley entered the game with an 8–0 record, and had previously played to a tie in the 1956 Tangerine Bowl. East Texas State entered the game with a 9–1 record, and had recorded two wins and a tie in three prior Tangerine Bowl appearances.
Game summary
In wet conditions, the teams played a scoreless first quarter. In the second quarter, East Texas scored first but missed the extra point, allowing Missouri Valley to take a 7–6 lead when they scored a touchdown and converted their extra point. East Texas scored another touchdown, but again missed the extra point, and had a 12–7 lead at halftime. After a scoreless third quarter, East Texas scored two touchdowns in the fourth quarter, successfully making one two-point conversion, to win by a final score of 26–7.
Scoring summary
Aftermath
East Texas would not play again in the postseason until 1972, when they won the NAIA Football National Championship. They then joined NCAA Division II, and have subsequently made several playoff appearances there. Missouri Valley's next postseason appearance would be the Mineral Water Bowl in 1971. They have subsequently appeared several times in the NAIA's postseason playoffs. The University at Buffalo would not appear in a bowl game until the 2009 International Bowl.
References
Further reading
Tangerine Bowl
Tangerine Bowl
Citrus Bowl (game)
Missouri Valley Vikings football
Texas A&M–Commerce Lions football bowl games
1958 in sports in Florida
Tangerine Bowl
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{'title': '1958 Tangerine Bowl (December)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%20Tangerine%20Bowl%20%28December%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Elections to Shropshire Council were held on 2 May 2013 as part of the 2013 United Kingdom local elections. These were the second elections to the unitary authority created as part of local government restructuring in Shropshire, following on from the previous elections in 2009. All 74 seats in the 63 electoral divisions (consisting of 53 single member divisions, nine 2-member divisions and one 3-member electoral division) were up for election across Shropshire. At the same time, all town and parish council contested elections took place, most notably including Shrewsbury Town Council.
The Conservative party retained control of the Council, though with a slightly reduced majority, with 3 fewer seats compared to just prior to the election.
All locally registered electors (British, Irish, Commonwealth and European Union citizens) who were aged 18 or over on Thursday 2 May 2013 were entitled to vote in the local elections. Those who were temporarily away from their ordinary address (for example, away working, on holiday, in student accommodation or in hospital) were also entitled to vote in the local elections.
Previous council
Shropshire Council was Conservative controlled prior to the 2013 election, with 51 Conservative councillors immediately before the election. The Conservatives won 54 seats at the 2009 election, but lost three of these in by-elections during the term.
The Liberal Democrats won 11 seats at the 2009 election, but increased their numbers to 14 during the term, gaining at the by-elections from the Conservatives. Labour had 7 seats, Independent Community and Health Concern one seat, and a final seat was held by an independent.
Changes to divisions
There were no changes to division boundaries or seat allocations since 2009, but two divisions changed their names: 'Minsterley' to 'Rea Valley', and 'Selattyn and Gobowen' to 'Gobowen, Selattyn and Western Rhyn'.
Uncontested elections
In six electoral divisions the number of candidates nominated equalled the number of councillors to be elected, so these seats were uncontested. They were Corvedale, Shawbury, St Oswald, The Meres, Whitchurch North (two members), and Whitchurch South. The seven candidates elected unopposed were all Conservatives. This resulted in more than 20,000 people being refused a vote including the whole town of Whitchurch.
Results
The results, according to the council's website:
Summary
Abbey
Albrighton
Alveley and Claverley
Bagley
Battlefield
Bayston Hill, Column and Sutton
Belle Vue
Bishop's Castle
Bowbrook
Bridgnorth East and Astley Abbotts
Bridgnorth West and Tasley
Broseley
Brown Clee
Burnell
Castlefields and Ditherington
Cheswardine
Chirbury and Worthen
Church Stretton and Craven Arms
Clee
Cleobury Mortimer
Clun
Copthorne
Corvedale
Ellesmere Urban
Gobowen, Selattyn and Weston Rhyn
In 2009 this division was named Selattyn and Gobowen.
Harlescott
Highley
Hodnet
Llanymynech
Longden
Loton
Ludlow East
Ludlow North
Ludlow South
Market Drayton East
Market Drayton West
Meole
Monkmoor
Much Wenlock
Oswestry East
Oswestry South
Oswestry West
Porthill
Prees
Quarry and Coton Hill
Radbrook
Rea Valley
In 2009 this division was named Minsterley.
Ruyton and Baschurch
Severn Valley
Shawbury
Shifnal North
Shifnal South and Cosford
St Martin's
St Oswald
Sundorne
Tern
The Meres
Underdale
Wem
Whitchurch North
Whitchurch South
Whittington
Worfield
References
External links
Shropshire Council 2013 Unitary and Town & Parish elections
BBC News Shropshire council results
2013 English local elections
2013
21st century in Shropshire
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{'title': '2013 Shropshire Council election', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%20Shropshire%20Council%20election', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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North Central Pennsylvania, parts of which are sometimes referred to as the Northern Tier, is a region in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania which consists of sixteen counties.
History
The region is believed to have been settled by Europeans in 1759 but was not officially recorded until 1761. Most of the colonists were of Dutch, English, German or Scandinavian ancestry. Prior to these settlers this area was under the control of multiple Native American tribes.
This region is one of the state's most rich in terms of historical significance, popular culture and population diversity. Much of this area is in the Susquehanna Valley which contains the Susquehanna River which flows through New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. The northernmost part of this region is bordered to the north by the Southern Tier of New York state. Together, these regions are known as the Twin Tiers. The five Northern Tier counties are home to roughly 180,000 people distributed among many small towns and the countryside. The more southern areas, such as Lycoming, Clinton, Centre and Northumberland Counties, are where most of the region's population lives.
Description
North Central Pennsylvania has an abundance of flora and fauna, in addition to its cultural diversity. The region is mostly mountainous as it is located in the northern part of the Appalachian Mountain range. There are few large cities in North Central Pennsylvania, most of its population live in smaller boroughs or townships (populations between 5,000-15,000) than in large cities.
This region is also the state and national leader in the production of natural gas as it sits on a large gas deposit, part of the Marcellus Shale.
Counties and cities
Counties
North Central Pennsylvania consists of 12 counties.
In alphabetical order those counties are:
Bradford
Centre
Clinton
Columbia
Lycoming
Montour
Northumberland
Potter
Sullivan
Snyder
Tioga
Union
Cities
Largest cities based on population (Top 5):
Education
There are a total of 89 public school districts in this area, in which are 102 high schools, 147 middle schools and 307 elementary schools.
Universities
Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania
Bucknell University
Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania
Lycoming College
Mansfield University of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania College of Technology
Pennsylvania State University
Private universities in italics
Sport
North Central Pennsylvania has no major sports franchises. However, Pennsylvania State University is located in Centre County. As part of the Big Ten Conference the University has a massive athletic grasp on this region, in terms of sporting events and camps.
Non-major professional sports
Williamsport Crosscutters Single-A affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies
State College Spikes Single-A affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals
Little League World Series
In August every summer, South Williamsport holds the Little League World Series. About one hundred players and their family members from around the country and world come to compete and spectate. The city welcomes thousands of visitors during this period of time. The games are aired on ESPN worldwide.
References
Regions of Pennsylvania
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Mel Tormé Live at the Playboy Jazz Festival is a 2002 live album by Mel Tormé, recorded at the Hollywood Bowl at the 1993 Playboy Jazz Festival.
Track listing
"Opus No. 1" (Benny Goodman, Lionel Hampton, Sy Oliver) – 2:17
"I Had the Craziest Dream"/"Darn That Dream" (Mack Gordon, Harry Warren)/(Van Heusen, Eddie DeLange) – 4:52
"I'm Gonna Go Fishin'" (Duke Ellington, Peggy Lee) – 3:06
Medley: "Sophisticated Lady"/"I Didn't Know About You" (Ellington, Irving Mills, Mitchell Parish)/(Ellington, Bob Russell) – 5:25
"It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" (Ellington, Mills) – 5:29
Medley: "Stompin' at the Savoy"/"Don't Be That Way"/"And the Angels Sing" (Andy Razaf, Edgar Sampson)/(Goodman, Sampson, Parish)/(Ziggy Elman, Johnny Mercer) – 14:38
Personnel
Performance
Mel Tormé - vocals
Ray Anthony Orchestra
Ray Anthony - trumpet
Kevin Anthony - saxophone
Lee Callet
Bob Efford
Salvadore Lozano
Roger Neumann
Andy Martin - trombone
Morris Repass
Bill Tole
Lloyd Ulyate
Wayne Bergeron - trumpet
Ramon Flores
George Graham
Frank Szabo
John Colianni - piano
Tom Ranier
John Leitham - double bass
Kirk Smith
Frank Capp - drums
Donny Osbourne
Production
Glen Barros - executive producer
John Burk - producer, executive producer
George Wein - producer
Valerie Whitesell - production coordination
Hugh Hefner - liner notes, executive producer
A. James Liska - liner notes
Seth Presant - mastering, assembly
References
Mel Tormé live albums
2002 live albums
Albums recorded at the Hollywood Bowl
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{'title': 'Mel Tormé Live at the Playboy Jazz Festival', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel%20Torm%C3%A9%20Live%20at%20the%20Playboy%20Jazz%20Festival', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Poetics of Cinema is a book series of film theory by Chilean filmmaker Raúl Ruiz (1941-2011) consisting principally of lectures he gave in diverse locations between 1990 and 2009.
Overview
In Poetics of Cinema 1: Miscellanies (1995), Ruiz outlines his rejection of John Howard Lawson's central conflict theory and makes a case for unique, enigmatic boredom in film. In Poetics of Cinema 2 (2006), he addresses the notions of fascination and detachment with respect to the film-image. In the third volume (published posthumously in Spanish in 2013) he takes on Sergei Eisenstein's writings and describes his own work on La Recta Provincia and Nucingen House.
In a March 2016 Lincoln Center masterclass, Ruiz's regular actor Melvil Poupaud said of Ruiz that: "He was more political in an aesthetic way than just a director. For instance, the book he wrote when he was a teacher in Harvard at the beginning of the nineties are still very important for me. I read them and I understand them more and more and it's his vision poetical but mostly political finally that matters more and more to my mind... It's very important I think to read it especially nowadays because he was very visionary especially on the narrative theory that is now so important to those TV shows all around the world and he had a very interesting theory about ways of controlling inspiration like the weapon."
See also
Historical poetics
References
External links
Towards a Perverse Neo-Baroque Cinematic Aesthetic: Raúl Ruiz’s Poetics of Cinema 2004 article by Michael Goddard.
Poetics of Cinema 2 by Raúl Ruiz 2007 article by Strictly Film School.
The Mystery, as Always: Raúl Ruiz, Klimt and the Poetics of Cinema 2007 article by James Norton.
Filming Vienna 1900: The Poetics of Cinema and the Politics of Ornament in Raúl Ruiz’s Klimt 2013 article by Janet Stewart.
1995 non-fiction books
2006 non-fiction books
Academic works about film theory
Books of film theory
Books about film
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Lars Pontus Andersson (born September 2, 1992 in Helsingborg) is a Swedish educator and politician of the Sweden Democrats party who has been a member of the Member of the Riksdag since 2021.
Biography
Early life
Andersson was born in 1992 and grew up in Rydebäck outside Helsingborg. He has spoken with a stammer since childhood and has discussed how it has affected some of his public speeches. Andersson studied at Malmö University before training to become a teacher. In 2014, Andersson wrote that he was fired from a teaching contract due to his association with the Sweden Democrats and because of views he had shared on Facebook criticising the European Union and giving welfare to illegal immigrants.
Political career
Andersson has been a member of the Sweden Democrats since 2014 and was elected as a municipal councilor on Helsingborg's City Council that same year. From 2014 to 2015 he was district chairman of Sweden Democratic Youth (SDU) in Skåne County and for the 2018 Swedish general election served as a press secretary for the SD.
Following splits and controversies in the SDU during the spring of 2015, Andersson gave a series of interviews in which he criticised the more hardline stance of SDU's chairmen Gustav Kasselstrand and William Hahne. He subsequently endorsed Tobias Andersson and Dennis Dioukarev for chairmanship of the SDU over Jessica Ohlson. The trio advocated increased cooperation with the Sweden Democrats and said that the current leadership has failed in this. After Ohlson won leadership of the SDU and the Sweden Democrats announced it would cut ties with the SDU, Andersson became a founding member of the new Ungsvenskarna SDU youth-wing and was appointed vice-president.
On April 4, 2014, two men were arrested for harassing Andersson while he was making a school visit to Lund and both were ordered to pay a fine to Andersson.
In February 2017, Andersson received attention for arguing during a BBC News interview that the military should be deployed to help the police during the 2017 Rinkeby riots. A year later Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven would make a similar statement. In 2021, he became a member of the Riksdag for Skåne County following the resignation of Ebba Hermansson.
References
Members of the Riksdag from the Sweden Democrats
1992 births
Living people
Members of the Riksdag 2018–2022
Members of the Riksdag 2022–2026
Swedish educators
21st-century Swedish politicians
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{'title': 'Pontus Andersson (politician)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus%20Andersson%20%28politician%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Georgina Fraser Newhall (, Fraser; 2 September 1860 – 11 November 1932) was a Canadian author of poetry and short stories, and a teacher. She was the country's first female stenographer. She distinguished herself through her poetic and prose writings. She served as the bardess of the Clan Fraser Society of Canada, and her "Fraser's Drinking Song", set to a stirring martial tune, was adopted as the society's "Faille" (welcome). Newhall wrote numerous articles for leading literary periodicals. She frequently produced short stories, a line of writing in which she has had probably more success, and was more prolific than most Canadian writers of the time. Because of her versatility, she championed causes, formulated social ideas, and contributed essays to the press on the social status of women and her place in the economy of the future. Newhall died in 1932.
Early life and education
Georgina Fraser was born in Galt, Ontario, 2 September 1860. Her ancestry included Mackenzie, MacLeod, Munro, and Fraser clans. Her father, James George Fraser, was a highly esteemed citizen of Galt. He was a scion of the Frasers of Stratherrick house. Like his brother Capt. Charles Fraser, who resided in Glasgow, Scotland, James was attached to a Highland regiment in his younger days, but withdrawing from the service, he came to Canada with his young wife, Christina MacLeod. Their children -three sons, William, Charles and Andrew, and four daughters, Christina, Jessie, Elizabeth and Georgina (the youngest)- were all born in Galt. On the maternal side, Newhall's descent was traced from the families of Lochend and Braemore. Her great-grandparents were George Mackenzie, second son of John Mackenzie I. of Lochend (of the Gairloch family), and Christina, daughter of Captain Hector Munro of Braemore. George Mackenzie was a distinguished officer, and attained to the rank of Lieut.Colonel of the Rosshire Buffs, the 78th Highlanders. His daughter, Christina, married Angus MacLeod of Banff with issue, two sons, Donald and George, and several daughters, of whom Christina, as already stated, married James George Fraser of Gait.
Newhall was precocious as a child. She received her education at the public and high schools in Gait, and was a pupil of Dr. Tassie's School. After the death of her parents, she removed to Toronto, and took up the study of shorthand.
Career
After completing her education, she resided for a few years in the province of Quebec, and afterwards in Toronto, working as an amanuensis. After studying the problems affecting working girls, she conceived the idea of helping them by imparting a knowledge of stenography, which she was thoroughly competent to do. This led her to the formation of classes, which she taught. These were large classes in the towns surrounding Toronto, and in Victoria College (now Victoria University, Toronto), when that institution was located at Cobourg. In addition to these duties, she undertook journalistic work, and was the first woman writer in Toronto to conduct the department devoted to woman's interests. Occupying a position on the daily press, she developed her talents as a descriptive writer, in addition to the regular work of her stenographer's position.
In 1884, while occupying the position of Assistant Secretary to General Manager Thomas Fletcher Oakes of the Northern Pacific Railway at Saint Paul, Minnesota, she married Eugene Pier Newhall, of the Pacific Express Co. in Omaha, Nebraska. She divided her time between a home at Canton, Ohio, and a fruit farm she owned in Scarborough Township, Ontario.
Newhall was successful as a writer of short stories, of magazine articles and of verse, which made her name widely-known. She was bardess to the Clan Fraser Society of Canada. Her themes were general in character, although Scottish subjects predominated. Her "Fraser’s Drinking Song" from was adopted as the "Failte" of the Clan Fraser Society of Canada, and was sung to a stirring martial tune at the annual gatherings, with music composed by John Lewis Browne.
Personal life
As a clanswoman, Newhall was fond of claiming the right to call herself a "black" Fraser, nature having endowed her with dark hair and eyebrows which was supposed to be proof of "true Frasers".
References
Bibliography
External links
1860 births
1932 deaths
19th-century Canadian poets
19th-century Canadian women writers
People from Cambridge, Ontario
Writers from Ontario
Journalists from Ontario
Stenographers
Georgina
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian schoolteachers
Canadian women non-fiction writers
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Gary Allan is an American country music singer. His discography comprises ten studio albums, two greatest hits albums, and 32 singles. His first two albums were issued on Decca Records Nashville, while the other five and his Greatest Hits album were all issued on MCA Nashville. 1999's Smoke Rings in the Dark, 2001's Alright Guy and 2003's See If I Care are all certified platinum by the RIAA, while his 1996 debut Used Heart for Sale, 2005's Tough All Over, 2006's Greatest Hits, and 2007's Living Hard are all certified gold.
Out of Allan's 31 singles, all have charted on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, and thirteen of these have also crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100. Among his singles are four Number Ones: "Man to Man", "Tough Little Boys" (both 2003), "Nothing On but the Radio" (2004), and "Every Storm (Runs Out of Rain)" (2013). Eight more have reached the Top 10. "Man to Man" is also his highest peak on the Hot 100 at number 25. Allan has also charted twice with songs that received unsolicited airplay: a 1997 cover of "Please Come Home for Christmas", and a 2000 cover of Del Shannon's "Runaway".
Studio albums
1990s
2000s
2010s–2020s
Compilation albums
Singles
1990s
2000s
2010s and 2020s
Other charted songs
Music videos
Notes
References
Country music discographies
Discographies of American artists
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The Exeter to Plymouth railway of the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) was the westernmost part of a route competing with that of the Great Western Railway (GWR) and its 'associated companies' from London and Exeter to Plymouth in Devon, England. Whereas the GWR route from Exeter followed the coast to Newton Abbot and then went around the southern edge of Dartmoor, the LSWR route followed the northern and western margins of Dartmoor, passing through the towns of Crediton, Okehampton, and Tavistock.
The route was constructed piecemeal by independent companies, in most cases supported by the LSWR. LSWR trains first reached Plymouth in 1876 and the route took on its final form in 1891. The central part of the line closed in 1968, leaving just local services at either end.
History
Railways to Exeter
The broad gauge Bristol and Exeter Railway (B&ER) was the first line to reach Exeter. It had reached St Davids station in Exeter in 1844 and was allied with the Great Western Railway (GWR) with which it connected at Bristol, forming a continuous route from London. The South Devon Railway (SDR) continued the line westward from Exeter to reach Plymouth in 1848. These broad gauge 'associated companies' formed a powerful group dominating rail services to Devon and Cornwall.
The London and South Western Railway (LSWR) had started out as the London and Southampton Railway, but the Company soon expanded and changed its name to reflect greater ambitions. Extensions and branch lines were soon built around the core route, but westward extension into Devon and Cornwall was a strategic objective that took much longer to achieve.
The LSWR finally opened to Exeter on 19 July 1860 after considerable difficulty in gaining parliamentary approval and financial support. Its Exeter station was at Queen Street (now ), in the city centre and a mile or so east of the B&ER line.
West from Exeter
Having secured a presence in Exeter, the LSWR saw the opportunity to expand westward by leasing two local companies, the Exeter and Crediton Railway (E&CR) and the North Devon Railway (NDR). These were broad gauge companies originally allied to the B&ER. The E&CR branched off the B&ER main line at Cowley Bridge, some distance north of the St Davids station, and the NDR was an extension of it at Crediton. The chairman of the E&CR was William Chapman, who was also the Chairman of the LSWR; the line had opened 12 May 1851 and was leased to the B&ER.
The ceremonial opening of the NDR from Crediton to Barnstaple took place on 12 July 1854, but the full public opening was delayed until 1 August 1854.
To reach them the LSWR built a new line from Queen Street (converting it to a through station) to St Davids, from where it was granted running powers northwards over the B&ER to Cowley Bridge Junction, where the Crediton line branched off westwards.
The Exeter and Crediton had been authorised by Act of Parliament on 21 July 1845, and opened on 12 May 1851. It was a broad gauge line operated by the B&ER, which owned 40% of the company’s shares, but the LSWR owned the other 60% and leased it from 1 February 1862. LSWR trains began running from Queen Street to two days later, after which time the B&ER only operated freight trains on the line. A third rail was laid along the line between St Davids and Crediton to give a 'mixed gauge' on which trains of either gauge could run. The Exeter and Crediton company was sold to the LSWR in 1879.
The route was continued north of Crediton by the North Devon Railway which had opened on 12 July 1854. This too was a broad gauge line but it was operated by Thomas Brassey, the engineer who built it. This line was leased to the LSWR from 1 August 1862 which then ran its trains right through to and . At first it had to use Brassey’s broad gauge stock, but the line was also mixed gauge from 2 March 1863. The North Devon was amalgamated into the LSWR on 1 January 1865.
On to Plymouth
The Okehampton Railway, an independent company supported by the LSWR, was authorised on 17 July 1862 to build a line from Coleford Junction (north west of Crediton) to . Before the line was built it had been leased to the LSWR and an extension authorised to Lidford. In 1864 it was renamed as the Devon and Cornwall Railway and construction finally started. It opened slowly in sections: from Coleford Junction to on 1 November 1865; from there to Okehampton Road (later renamed ) on 8 January 1867; to itself on 3 October 1871; and finally to Lidford on 12 October 1874. (This was spelt Lydford from 3 June 1897.) The Devon and Cornwall Company had been taken over by the LSWR in 1872, before its line was complete.
Lidford was chosen as the terminus because from there a connection with the SDR's Tavistock branch line could give LSWR trains access to Plymouth via Tavistock. However it was only on 17 May 1876 that the connection was made and trains could run through to Plymouth. This was a broad gauge line so, as at Crediton, a third rail was added to create a mixed gauge route.
Running over the SDR line, the trains of the LSWR entered Plymouth from the east. Trains called at the cramped and inconvenient Mutley station, but on 28 March 1877 a new, more spacious, North Road station was opened a little further west. LSWR trains now used this as their principal Plymouth calling point, although some trains continued to call at Mutley. Both stations were shared with the broad gauge companies. LSWR trains continued to the company's own Devonport and Stonehouse terminus. At this time Devonport and Stonehouse were independent towns and the former, with its naval dockyards, was an important traffic source. To reach their station they used the 'Cornwall Loop', a newly built connection from the SDR to the Cornwall Railway which avoided a reversal at their terminus.
Having obtained a foothold in both Plymouth and Devonport, the LSWR now set about improving its facilities in the area so that it could reduce its dependency on the broad gauge companies. On 1 February 1878 it opened its own goods station at Friary on the east side of Plymouth. This used a connection over the SDR's Sutton Harbour branch, which made an east-facing connection with the main line at Laira Junction that allowed LSWR goods trains to run directly from the Lidford line to Friary. The LSWR opened a short extension from Friary to the wharves at nearby Sutton Harbour on 22 October 1879.
In 1880 it made another line from near Friary to the Plymouth and Dartmoor Railway's old gauge route to Cattewater, which gave it access to more quays. Meanwhile, on the other side of Plymouth, the Stonehouse Pool Improvement Company had been formed to create a quay that large vessels could use at all states of the tide. It proposed to build a railway connection to Devonport station which the LSWR agreed to rent, and this opened for freight traffic on 1 March 1886. From 1904 to 1910 transatlantic passengers joined fast London boat trains at the quay.
Independent route
Access to Plymouth was inconvenient as LSWR trains had to run over the GWR's lines from Lidford to Plymouth and Devonport, most of which was just a single-track where GWR trains were given precedence. In 1882 an Act of Parliament was passed to allow the construction of independent lines alongside the GWR route from Lydford to a new station in the centre of Plymouth. This scheme was replaced the following year by that of another independent company supported by the LSWR, the Plymouth, Devonport and South Western Junction Railway (PD&SWJR). This obtained its Act on 25 August 1883 for a new railway from Lidford which would pass to the west of Tavistock then down the valley of the River Tamar to reach Plymouth. In 1889 the idea of a central station in Plymouth was abandoned in favour of running to Devonport and converting Friary to a passenger terminus.
The PD&SWJR line opened on 2 June 1890 and this changed Devonport into a through station. The new west-facing connection to Friary was brought into use on 1 April 1891. Trains to London now started from Friary, ran through Plymouth from east to west, called at North Road, and continued westwards through Devonport before heading north alongside the Tamar. They might have passed a GWR train for London running in the other direction through Plymouth; at Exeter this anomaly was repeated when they ran southwards from Cowley Bridge to St Davids, where GWR trains to London ran northwards.
In 1897 a branch was opened from Friary to Turnchapel. Competition from tramways in Plymouth and Devonport in the first decade of the twentieth century spurred the company into constructing several new stations in the towns and running an intensive suburban railmotor service.
The GWR had amalgamated with the B&ER, SDR and Cornwall Railway during the 1870s and 1880s, and converted their lines to standard gauge in 1892. In the weeks before the conversion, some of the new rolling stock required was worked over the LSWR to reach the Plymouth area, and during the two days that the line was closed they also sent the important London mail trains by this route.
After the LSWR
Unlike the other companies supported by the LSWR, the PD&SWJR remained an independent company until, in 1923, it and the LSWR became a part of the new, larger Southern Railway. This in turn became the Southern Region of British Railways in 1948, at the same time as the GWR became the Western Region. During the 1950s and 1960s there were many boundary changes between the two regions, but eventually all the former LSWR lines in Devon and Cornwall became part of the Western Region. Traffic was now concentrated on the former GWR routes. The last timetabled through service, from to Plymouth, used the route in March 1967. Friary station had been closed to passengers on 15 September 1958 but was retained as the city's principal goods depot; passenger trains then used North Road as their terminus. Devonport station closed on 7 September 1964 and trains were diverted to the former GWR route between Plymouth and St Budeaux. Here they regained the LSWR route by a connection that had been opened on 2 March 1941 as a precaution against damage to either line during World War II. The line onwards to Bere Alston was retained as access to the branch, which is nowadays marketed as the Tamar Valley Line.
Trains between Exeter and Plymouth via Okehampton were withdrawn from 6 May 1968. The section between Meldon Quarry and was lifted, and between Meldon and Okehampton the line was only retained for freight trains. Okehampton to Exeter passenger services were withdrawn on 5 June 1972. This left just Barnstaple line services between Exeter and Yeoford (the Tarka Line).
From 1997 a limited service ran between Okehampton and Exeter on Sundays during the summer. Until 2019, heritage trains of the Dartmoor Railway operated between Meldon Quarry, Okehampton and Sampford Courtenay at other times. In 2021 the line as far as Okehampton was transferred to Network Rail, the track relaid and structures repaired, and a regular seven-days-a-week GWR service from Exeter was resumed, increasing to hourly in 2022.
The Granite Way rail trail follows the route over Meldon, Lake, Wallabrook and Tavistock viaducts. The other two viaducts, at Lydford and Shillamill, remain intact.
Possible reopening of Plymouth to Tavistock section
Proposals were made in 2008 to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track on the south coast at Dawlish by coastal storms in February 2014, Network Rail considered reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route. The line was listed in 2019 by Campaign for Better Transport as a 'priority 1' candidate for reopening.
Geography
Engineering features
As the line leaves Exeter Central it drops at 1 in 37 and passes through a tunnel to reach St Davids station, where the line is only just above the level of the River Exe. It follows the river and crosses it shortly after leaving the GWR route at Cowley Bridge Junction. From here to Yeoford it follows river valleys, but the next stage of the route, through Okehampton and Lydford, takes it around the northern edge of Dartmoor. Meldon Summit to the west of Meldon Junction was the highest point on the line. Indeed, it was the highest point on the whole of the Southern Railway, at above sea level.
The GWR route from Lydford to Plymouth crossed many valleys on timber viaducts. The PD&SWJR route into Plymouth followed the valley of the River Tamar but still involved much heavy engineering with gradients as steep as 1 in 73. Between Tavistock and the Tamar the line passes through the Shillamill Tunnel. Two wide tributaries join the Tamar which are crossed by the long iron Tavy Viaduct and Tamerton Viaduct. After passing twice beneath the GWR Cornish Main Line there are two tunnels of and at Ford and Devonport Park. On the GWR section the line crossed the viaduct which carries the Cornwall Loop near North Road station, and dives through Mutley Tunnel.
Stations
Dates of opening and closure refer to passenger services unless otherwise stated.
Exeter Queen Street – opened 19 July 1860
– LSWR services from 3 February 1862
– LSWR services from 3 February 1862
– LSWR services from 3 February 1862
– LSWR services from 1 August 1862
– opened 1 November 1865, closed 5 June 1972
– opened 1 November 1865, closed 5 June 1972
– opened 8 January 1867, closed 5 June 1972, reopened 23 May 2004
– opened 3 October 1871, closed 5 June 1972, reopened 24 May 1997
– Staff Halt opened c.1925, closed 6 May 1968. New station opened in 2000
– opened 12 October 1874, closed 6 May 1968
– LSWR services from 12 October 1874, closed 6 May 1968
– LSWR services from 17 May 1876 to 31 May 1890
Tavistock GWR – LSWR services from 17 May 1876 to 31 May 1890
– LSWR services from 17 May 1876 to 31 May 1890
– opened 1 May 1885, LSWR services to 31 May 1890
– LSWR services from 17 May 1876 to 31 May 1890
– LSWR services from 17 May 1876 to 31 May 1890
– opened 1 June 1890, closed 6 May 1968
Tavistock – opened 1 June 1890, closed 6 May 1968, New station proposed
– opened 1 June 1890
– opened 1 June 1890
– opened 22 December 1897, closed 10 September 1962
St Budeaux – opened 1 June 1890
– opened 1 November 1906, closed 27 June 1921
– opened 1 November 1906, closed 4 May 1942
Ford – opened 1 June 1890, closed 7 September 1964
– opened 1 October 1906, closed 13 January 1947
Devonport – opened 17 May 1876, closed 7 September 1964 (goods traffic to 7 March 1971)
Plymouth North Road – opened 28 March 1877
– LSWR services from 17 May 1876, closed 3 July 1939
– SR services from 8 July 1930, closed 22 March 1942
– opened 1 July 1891, closed 15 September 1958 (goods traffic 1878 to 1963)
See also
Railways in Plymouth
Southern Railway routes west of Salisbury
References
Rail transport in Devon
Railway lines in South West England
1851 establishments in England
Proposed transport infrastructure in the South West of England
Railway lines opened in 1851
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{'title': 'Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter%20to%20Plymouth%20railway%20of%20the%20LSWR', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Glyptodontopelta (meaning "Glyptodon shield") is a monospecific genus of nodosaurid dinosaur from New Mexico that lived during the Late Cretaceous (lower to upper Maastrichtian, 69 to 66 Ma) in what is now the Naashoibito member of the Ojo Alamo Formation. The type and only species, Glyptodontopelta mimus, is known from numerous specimens that consist of osteoderms, a dentary, supraorbital and bone fragments. It was named in 2000 by Tracy Ford. Edmontonia australis is a junior synonym of Glyptodontopelta.
Discovery and naming
Fossils of Glyptodontopelta, consisting only of bony armor, were found in the U.S. state of New Mexico. The type species, Glyptodontopelta mimus, was described by Tracy Lee Ford in 2000. The holotype, USNM 8610, consists of three pieces of fused flat osteoderms, found in the Campanian-Maastrichtian Ojo Alamo Formation. It was concluded to be a dubious name, a nomen dubium, in a 2004 review of the Ankylosauria, but a 2008 publication by Michael Burns concurred with Ford that its armor was distinctive enough to consider it valid. Burns also assigned Glyptodontopelta to Nodosauridae — rejecting Ford's Stegopeltinae — and proposed that another armored taxon from New Mexico, Edmontonia australis, is a synonym of Glyptodontopelta mimus, based on analysis of armor size and shape.
Most specimens referred to Glyptodontopelta comprise isolated osteoderms. The most complete known specimen, SMP VP-1580, comprises the distal part of a left lower jaw (dentary), a left supraorbital, and over a hundred osteoderms and fragments.
See also
Timeline of ankylosaur research
References
Nodosaurids
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
Fossil taxa described in 2000
Paleontology in New Mexico
Ojo Alamo Formation
Maastrichtian genus first appearances
Maastrichtian genus extinctions
Ornithischian genera
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The Battle of Pleasant Hill occurred on April 9, 1864 and formed part of the Red River Campaign during the American Civil War when Union forces aimed to occupy the Louisiana state capital, Shreveport.
The battle was essentially a continuation of the Battle of Mansfield, a Confederate victory, which had caused the Union commander, Major General Nathaniel P. Banks, to send his wagons, with most of his artillery, downriver in retreat. However, both sides had been reinforced through the night, and when the Confederate commander, Major General Richard Taylor launched an assault against the Union line, it was repulsed though at a high cost in casualties; the Union army retreated the next day. The majority of historians consider the battle to be a Union tactical victory, although some consider it to be a draw.
Background
After the success of the Confederates at the Battle of Mansfield, April 8, 1864, Union forces retreated during the night and next morning took up a position on Pleasant Hill. The road from Mansfield to Pleasant Hill was "littered by burning wagons, abandoned knapsacks, arms, and cooking utensils. Federal stragglers and wounded were met by the hundreds and were quickly rounded up and sent to the rear," explains the historian John D. Winters of Louisiana Tech University in his The Civil War in Louisiana.
The Battle of Mansfield took place about southeast of the town of Mansfield at Sabine Cross Roads. Pleasant Hill was located about southeast of Sabine Cross Roads. Confederate reinforcements had arrived late on the April 8—Churchill's Arkansas Division arrived at Mansfield at 3.30 p.m. and Parson's Missouri Division (numbering 2,200 men) arrived at Mansfield at 6 p.m. Neither of these Divisions participated in the Battle of Mansfield — however, both would play a major role during the Battle of Pleasant Hill.
On the Union side reinforcements also arrived, when Maj. Gen. Andrew J. Smith, commanding detachments of XVI and XVII Corps, arrived from Grand Ecore late on the April 8, around nightfall, and encamped about from Pleasant Hill.
On the morning of the April 9, Franklin ordered the baggage train to proceed to Grand Ecore. It left Pleasant Hill at 11 a.m., and included many pieces of artillery. Most of Franklin's Cavalry (commanded by Brig. Gen. Albert Lindley Lee) and the XIII Corps left with it. This included the Corps D'Afrique commanded by Colonel William H. Dickey (wounded on April 8) and Brig. Gen. Thomas E. G. Ransom's detachment of the XIII Corps, now under the command of Brig. Gen. Robert A. Cameron — Ransom was also wounded on the April 8. The baggage train made slow progress and was still only a few miles from Pleasant Hill when the major fighting began later that day. Brig. Gen. Charles P. Stone, Chief of Staff, and others, attempted to get Cameron to return to Pleasant Hill throughout the day, but he failed to do so — he stated that he never received any written orders to return. Banks doesn't appear to have been fully aware of the exact orders Cameron had received from Franklin.
The Union side lost 18 pieces of artillery at the Battle of Mansfield. These were turned on the Union forces the next day at Pleasant Hill. Confederate Brig. Gen. Jean Jacques Alexandre Alfred Mouton was killed during the Battle of Mansfield, April 8, 1864; Brig. Gen. Camille J. de Polignac commanded Mouton's forces at Pleasant Hill. Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department commander Lt. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith, who was at Shreveport, received a dispatch from Taylor that reached him at 4 a.m., April 9. It informed him of the Battle of Mansfield. Smith then rode to Pleasant Hill, but did not reach there in time for the battle — arriving around nightfall.
Among the Union regiments fighting at Pleasant Hill on April 9 was the 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. Part of the Second Brigade in Emory's XIX Corps, the 47th Pennsylvania was the only regiment from the Keystone State to fight in the Union's 1864 Red River Campaign. Led by Col. Tilghman H. Good, the 47th Pennsylvania sustained a significant number of casualties, including several men who were captured by Confederate troops. Held initially at Pleasant Hill, POWs from the 47th Pennsylvania and other Union regiments were marched and moved by rail to the largest CSA prison west of the Mississippi, Camp Ford, which was situated near Tyler, Texas. Other members of the 47th ended up at Camp Groce near Hempstead, Texas, and/or at the Confederate hospital in Shreveport.
Description of the battlefield
In 1864, Pleasant Hill was a small village, situated about north the current village of Pleasant Hill — a new village that later grew up nearby (in order to be closer to the railroad) and that took the same name, after the old village was abandoned. The site of old village is today referred to as the "Old town" or "Old Pleasant Hill". Dr. Harris H. Beecher, Assistant-Surgeon, 114th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, present at the battle, described the village of Pleasant Hill as
In 1864, the countryside in this part of Louisiana mostly consisted of pine forests and scrub oaks. According to Banks,
A newspaper described Pleasant Hill as "a little village situated on a low ridge, containing in peace-times probably 300 inhabitants." It further stated that,
Historian John Winters describes Pleasant Hill as a "piney-woods summer resort consisting of a dozen or more houses clustered along a cleared knoll, offered Banks many advantages as a battlefield, but because of the great distance from the main supply base at Alexandria and the serious lack of sufficient drinking water for an entire army, Banks could not hold this position for any length of time. During the one day, April 9, most of the rain water stored in the cisterns was depleted. Without making a final decision concerning the future of his campaign, Banks sent his wagon trains . . . on the way toward Grand Ecore. . . . ".
Opposing forces
Battle
According to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks' Report of the Battle,
At 5 p.m., the Confederate forces launched their attack, charging the entire Union line. Walker's and Major's attack on the Union right had little success — the Union right, for the most part, held its ground. However, overall, this initial charge by the Confederates was highly successful and many of the positions down the Union left and center were overrun by Churchill's and Parson's forces and the Union positions were forced backwards. However, the Union side succeeded in halting the advance and regained the left and center ground, before driving the Confederates from the field. The fiercely fought battle lasted about two hours. Losses were heavy on both sides. The 32nd Iowa Infantry sustained especially heavy casualties, as it was cut off from the rest of the Union forces during the battle.
Confederate Brig. Gen. Hamilton P. Bee, with two regiments in columns of four rode swiftly down the Pleasant Hill road toward the enemy lines. The Confederate forces were suddenly attacked at close range by Federals concealed behind a fence. Winters describes the scene, accordingly: "Men toppled from their saddles, wounded horses screamed in anguish, and for a moment pandemonium reigned. Bee's men took temporary shelter . . . in a series of small ravines studded with young pines until they recovered from the shock of the unexpected attack. Bee rallied his men but in the process had two horses shot from under him. Colonel [Xavier B.] Debray was injured when he fell from the saddle of his dead horse. . . . Debray was able to withdraw his men safely to the rear leaving, however, about a third of them killed or wounded on the front."
Banks and his army began their retreat from Pleasant Hill at 1 a.m. on the morning of the April 10 (just a few hours after the battle had ended).
Aftermath
According to Brig. Gen. Hamilton P. Bee, writing from his headquarters at Pleasant Hill on April 10, 1864, he was in possession of the battlefield of Pleasant Hill at daylight on the morning of April 10 and he wrote that,
A number of Union soldiers were captured during the battle (and many more at the Battle of Mansfield), and were taken to Camp Ford, a Confederate prisoner-of-war Camp, near Tyler, Texas. Most were kept prisoner here for the next year or so, and were not released until a general exchange of prisoners occurred near the end of the war — a small number, however, were released at an earlier date.
After the Battle of Pleasant Hill, Banks and his Union forces retreated to Grand Ecore and abandoned plans to capture Shreveport, by then the Louisiana state capital. Some of the wounded, perhaps thirty in number from both Pleasant Hill and Mansfield, were taken to Minden for treatment. Those who died of their wounds there were interred without markers in the historic Minden Cemetery. They were finally recognized with markers erected on March 25, 2008 by the Sons of Confederate Veterans.
The historian Ludwell Johnson refers to the battle as a Union tactical victory; the majority of historians agree with this view, although a few consider the action to have been a draw.
The decisive failure of the Red River Campaign was a rare bit of uplifting news for the Confederacy in a bleak year. Despite the loss of resources (including the mercurial and beloved Brig. Gen. Tom Green, who was killed April 12), the failure of this offensive helped to prolong the war by tying down Union resources from other fronts.
Notes
References
Sources
Beecher, Dr. Harris H. Record of the 114th Regiment, N.Y.S.V.: where it went, what it saw, and what it did. Norwich, N.Y.: J.F. Hubbard, Jr., 1866.
Benedict, Henry Marvin. A memorial of Brevet Brigadier General Lewis Benedict, Colonel of 162d Regiment N. Y. V. I., who fell in battle at Pleasant Hill, La., April 9, 1864. Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 82 State Street, 1866.
Greeley, Horace. The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1861–'65. Vols. 1 & 2. Hartford: O.D. Case & Company, 1864 & 1867.
Ingersoll, Lurton Dunham. Iowa and the Rebellion. A History of the Troops furnished by the State of Iowa to the Volunteer Armies of the Union, which conquered the Great Southern Rebellion of 1861–5. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1866.
Irwin, Richard Biddle. History of the Nineteenth Army Corps. New York & London: G. P. Putnam's sons, 1892.
Pollard, Edward A. The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates. New York: E.B. Treat & Co., 1866.
Scott, Bvt. Lt. Col. Robert C. (ed.) & U.S. War Department. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XXXIV. Part 1 – Reports. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1891.
Stuart, Captain A. A. (17th Iowa Infantry). Iowa Colonels and Regiments: being a History of Iowa Regiments in the War of the Rebellion; and containing a description of the battles in which they have fought. Des Moines, Iowa: Mills & Company, 46 Court Avenue, 1865.
Venable, R. M., Captain (Chief of Topographical Bureau of Western Louisiana and Arkansas), April 9, 1864 Map of Confederate & Federal Positions
Winters, John D. The Civil War in Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963, .
National Park Service battle description
The Handbook of Texas Online.
April 1864 events
1864 in Louisiana
Pleasant Hill
Pleasant Hill
DeSoto Parish, Louisiana
Pleasant Hill
Sabine Parish, Louisiana
Pleasant Hill
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{'title': 'Battle of Pleasant Hill', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Pleasant%20Hill', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Shehani Kahandawala (born 24 February 1995, ), is an actress in Sri Lankan television as well as a television host, singer and model. Started as a child television presenter, she later became one of the popular actresses in the television with the serials Sujatha, Sanda Pini Wassa and Sihini.
Personal life
She was born on 24 February 1995 in Colombo as the only child of the family. Her father is Wasantha Kahandawala and her mother Thamara Perera is a housewife. During school period, she never appeared in any drama or music activity. In school however, she studied music as a subject up to A/L. Her grandmother was good at singing as well as her father.
Career
In 2013, Shehani started her career as a freelance television presenter in TV Derana and hosted the children's program Trim Trim. During the same period, she appeared in the music video Oba Ma Hamuwuna Da sung by Sashika Nisansala. With the song, she became very popular among the public, where she continued to appear in number of music videos in the following years. Then in the same year, she made her television debut with the television serial Acid directed by Chamara Janaraj Peiris and played the role "Senuri".
In 2015, she was invited to act in the television serial Sujatha as a replacement for Nehara Peiris who previously played the title role. In the serial, she played the titular role "Sujatha" which gained huge popularity. The serial became her turning point of the acting career. In 2016, she acted in the serial Warna. In 2017, she appeared in the serial Sanda Pini Wassa and played the role "Madhavee". In the same year, she worked as the host of reality show Hiru Super Hero aired in Hiru TV. Then she joined the cast of comedy serial Mal Hathai and played the role "Ashawari".
In 2018, she participated in season 2 of the reality show Hiru Mega Stars. In the same year, she starred in two television serials: Nebaraya and Package. Meanwhile, in 2019, she became the official LUX ambassador for Sri Lanka where she participated for the workshop held in the United Kingdom. In the same year, she appeared in the music video "Mihiravi" sung by Romesh Sugathapala. Then she got the opportunity to appear in a Hindi song "Anjaana" sung by Bollywood singer Rajdeep Chatterjee.
In 2020, she made the lead role in the television soap opera Sihini with the title role.
Television serials
Music video appearances
Oba Ma Hamuwunu Da - Sashika Nisansala
Anjaana - Rajdeep Chatterjee
Mihiravi - Romesh Sugathapala
Ikman Wela - Sajeewa Dissanayake
Ahimi Nethu Aga - Athma Liyanage
Wediyenma Man Adare Kale - Sameera Madusanka
Mayam Kalawe - Nadimal Perera
References
External links
Official YouTube page
1995 births
Living people
Sri Lankan television actresses
Sri Lankan television personalities
Sri Lankan television presenters
Sri Lankan female models
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Maryknoll Fathers' School is an aided (i.e. government funded) co-educational school in Tai Hang Tung, Kowloon, Hong Kong. The school was founded in 1957 by the Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers.
The school's medium of instruction is Cantonese for the primary section and English for the secondary section.
History
In 1952, Father Peter A. Reilly, an American Catholic priest of the Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers, came to Hong Kong as a missionary. He had been a missionary in Wuchow, Kwangsi for more than a decade, until he was forced to leave after the Communist Party of China came to power. When Father Reilly came to Hong Kong, he put up a small wooden hut in Kowloon Tsai, where he served the poor in that area, including many refugees from the People's Republic of China. He set aside a study room and hired teachers to educate the children of the area.
Father Reilly applied to the government for permission to build a subsidised school. In those days, the government began to focus on the provision of public services such as safe housing, medical care and education. The government granted permission not only for Father Reilly to build the primary school he had hoped for, but also to build a subsidised secondary school, the first of its kind in Hong Kong. To find students and teachers for the school, Father Reilly sought the help of Mrs. Tong Yu Sheung Woon, the headmistress of Yan Pak School.
On 26 September 1957, the Right Reverend Bishop Lawrence Bianchi (the Bishop of Hong Kong) and Governor Sir Alexander Grantham presided over the official opening and blessing of the school. Father Reilly and Mrs. Tong became, respectively, the first supervisor and the first principal of the school.
Encouraged by initial successes and motivated by the need to provide education for the children in the district, the Maryknoll Fathers requested the Education Department for an expansion of the school by the acquisition of a site behind it. The request was approved. On 17 February 1966, the Right Reverend Bishop Frederick Donaghy (the Bishop of Wuchow) blessed the New Wing, which provided space for a library, twelve new classrooms, improved science facilities, and a large hall.
In 2008, the primary section moved to a new campus at 11 Hoi Lai Street, Sham Shui Po. From originally a half-day school (with A.M. and P.M. sections), it became a full-day school.
Father Reilly served as supervisor for the rest of his life. He passed away in St Teresa's Hospital in 1994. He was succeeded by Father John Geitner from 1995 to 2011, who in turn was succeeded by Father Michael Sloboda from 2011 to 2017. In 2017, Ms. Agnes Garman Yeh became the current supervisor.
Mrs. Tong Yu Sheung Woon passed away in November 2005 in Toronto, Canada, at the age of 94. Currently, the principal of the secondary school is Mr. Ho Lik Sang and the principal of the primary school is Mr. Ng Wai Man.
Achievements
In 2008, two students of the school, Lau Tak Kin and Lau Tak Shing (not related), were awarded second place in the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) for their invention of an "anti-bump lock" that could counter bump keys. Two minor planets (25065 and 25073) were named in their honour. In 2014, another student, Kan Wing Yi, was awarded second place in the Intel ISEF for her invention of biodegradable bandages. A minor planet (31313) was named in her honour.
Alumni Relations
The first official alumni unit is the Maryknoll Fathers' School Peer Counsellors Alumni (MFSPCA), established in 1996, which aims to maintain contacts for ex-peer counsellors and mentors of the student mentoring scheme held by the counselling department. The MFSPCA holds activities such as Christmas Snowball, summer outings and a pen-pal scheme for its members.
In 2005, Maryknoll Fathers' School Alumni Ltd, the official alumni unit for all graduates, was established. Currently the lifetime membership is HKD$1000, alternatively members can pay an annual fee of HKD$50. The alumni unit has a very active unofficial Vancouver chapter.
The annual Watermelon Cup, held just after final exam in the summer, is a famous activity for graduates to compete in with current MFS students.
References
External links
Maryknoll Fathers' School Official Website
Primary schools in Hong Kong
Secondary schools in Hong Kong
Maryknoll schools
Catholic secondary schools in Hong Kong
Shek Kip Mei
Educational institutions established in 1957
1957 establishments in Hong Kong
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The Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD, , ) is a social democratic political party in Mexico. The PRD originated from the Democratic Current, a political faction formed in 1986 from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PRD was formed after the contested general election in 1988, which the PRD's immediate predecessor, the National Democratic Front, believed was rigged by the PRI. This sparked a movement away from the PRI's authoritarian rule.
As of 2020, the PRD is a member of the Va por México coalition. Internationally, the PRD is a member of the Progressive Alliance. The members of the party are known colloquially in Mexico as Perredistas.
History
Early origins
Break from the PRI (1986–1988)
The PRD has its origins with the leftist members of the PRI, Institutional Revolutionary Party. The PRI had dominated Mexican politics since its founding in 1929. In 1986, a group of PRI members – including Ifigenia Martínez, Rodolfo González Guevara, Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, and Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas – formed the Democratic Current, a political faction within the PRI. The Democratic Current aimed to pressure the PRI to become a more democratic party and to address the issue of national debt including the social effects of the economic crisis that came from attempting to pay that debt. The Democratic Current was also against technocratization, in which the people in power had not held public office and were scholars that were often educated abroad. Under the Miguel de la Madrid presidency which lasted from 1982–1988, the PRI and Mexico were moving towards a technocracy especially since de la Madrid was a technocrat himself. The Democratic Current did not have many technocrats and was thus left out of the decision-making process. This political marginalization led the Democratic Current members to be more vocal about their concerns because they did not have a position of power to protect within the PRI.
After public criticisms and debate between the Democratic Current and the PRI, ten Democratic Current members signed Working Document Number One which was the official beginning of the Democratic Current. However, the PRI refused to acknowledge the Democratic Current as an organization unless they joined a union, which was allowed in the PRI. The forming of a group that was not united because of work but because of difference in ideology within the PRI caused fear of division within the party.
Once de la Madrid's six-year term as president was coming to a close, the PRI chose six possible candidates for president and notably did not choose Cárdenas. The PRI had no process to apply as candidate so Cárdenas could not run as a candidate for president. On October 4, 1987 Carlos Salinas de Gortari was ultimately chosen as the PRI candidate. Gortari did not embody anything that the Democratic Current wanted and many of the Democratic Current members left the PRI including Cárdenas during November 1987. Some Democratic Current members went on to support Cárdenas in his 1988 quest for presidency and help in the founding of the PRD.
1988 presidential election
On October 12, 1987 Cárdenas became the Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution's presidential candidate. Cárdenas still remained an independent candidate due to electoral laws which meant that many parties could choose Cárdenas as their candidate. The groups of the independent left that supported Cárdenas were the Socialist Mexican Party which included the Unified Socialist Party of Mexico, the Mexican Workers' Party, the Patriotic Revolutionary Party, the Communist Left Unity, and the People's Revolutionary Movement. The parastatal groups, state-owned enterprises that are separate from government, that supported Cárdenas were the Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution, Popular Socialist Party, and the Party of the Cardenist Front of National Reconstruction, which made up the National Democratic Front. Other groups that supported Cárdenas were the Social Democratic Party, Ecologist Green Party of Mexico, Democratic Unity, , Critical Point Revolutionary Organization, and Neighborhood Assembly
In the 1988 presidential election Cárdenas had come closer than any other political candidate to winning against the PRI, which had been in power since 1929. The victory of the PRI's candidate, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, in 1988 was largely considered electoral fraud after the computers tabulating votes had reportedly crashed. Years later, it was determined that there was indeed electoral fraud in the election.
Founding
The 1988 election sparked a movement against the authoritarian rule of the PRI. As an integral part of the movement towards democracy, the Party of the Democratic Revolution was formed as Mexico's only leftwing party. On May 5, 1989, Cárdenas declared the establishment of the PRD. Former PRI members who also helped found the PRD include: Cárdenas, Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, Ifigenia Martínez y Hernández and Andrés Manuel López Obrador.
The party was founded by smaller left-wing parties such as the Mexican Communist Party (PCM, Mexican Communist Party), Unified Socialist Party of Mexico (PSUM, Unified Socialist Party of Mexico), Socialist Mexican Party (PMS, Socialist Mexican Party) and Mexican Workers' Party (PMT, Mexican Workers' Party). The PMS donated its registration with the Federal Electoral Commission (CFE) to enable the new party to be established.
First decade (1989–1999)
Small leftist group leaders joined the PRD which left small leftist organizations vulnerable. Additionally, some leftist organizations were wary that their individual concerns would be lost by joining a political group.
In the early years, the PRD was not successful in elections because of electoral fraud. The PRD often claimed that the PRI was participating in electoral fraud. This was in contrast to PAN, the conservative party, who chose to cooperate with the PRI. However, the PRD also cooperated with the PRI to make policy changes that moved towards democracy.
Salinas, PRI member and president of Mexico from 1988 to 1994, had made some improvements to the Mexican economy but Mexico still did not have a democratic system. During this time the PRD had become involved with many social justice movements against the neoliberal and antidemocratic policies of the PRI. However, because the PRD began as a combination of many groups, there were many viewpoints and it was difficult to form a unified front. Additionally, the PRD had a difficult time transitioning from a movement with a non-negotiable goal to a party that pushed gradual reforms.
1994 presidential election: Cárdenas
Cárdenas ran for national presidency under the PRD in 1994. Cárdenas ran against Diego Fernández, PAN candidate, and PRI party winner of the election, Ernesto Zedillo Ponce. Cárdenas made the Alianza Democrática Nacional campaign, where he mobilized 57 organizations. Cárdenas did not cooperate well with the PRD and was sometimes contradictory to the PRD.
The PRI used its media influence to promote the idea that changing the governing party would disrupt the nation as well as to portray Cárdenas and the PRD as confrontational and violent.
After his loss Cárdenas claimed fraud; however, the party did not support him and instead focused on winning seats in congress.
1994 presidential election aftermath
In 1997, the PRD won its first governorship with Cárdenas as governor of Mexico City. The PRD also gained the second largest majority in the Chamber of Deputies. These victories were due in part to changes in electoral rules.
This division between currents was seen during the internal election of March 14, 1999 when there were voting discrepancies.
By the end of 1999, 650 PRD members of the PRD had been assassinated, mostly by the PRI, as a way to intimidate those working towards democracy, civic engagement, and social movements.
Second decade (1999–2009)
2000 presidential election: Cárdenas
After the election of Vicente Fox, PAN candidate, the PRD announced that it would not file any complaints about the elections. This was a shift in strategy from the usual protests of fraud. However, some local PRD activists groups filed complaints but these were turned down by the PRD and the electoral court.
2006 presidential election
The former mayor of Mexico City, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, was the presidential candidate for the "Coalición por el Bien de Todos" (Coalition for the Good of All) in the 2006 presidential elections. López Obrador ran against Felipe Calderón, PAN candidate, and Roberto Madrazo, PRI candidate.
López Obrador's campaign relied on citizen's networks (redes ciudadanas) that focused on mobilizing the public to campaign. This strategy focused on López Obrador as an individual and not the PRD. This was worrisome to PRD leaders because they thought that the PRD's concerns would not be addressed. However, many party members thought that López Obrador would win so these concerns were not addressed.
After the general election of July 2, 2006, and a recount of the 9.09% of the ballot tally sheets which supposedly presented irregularities, the Federal Electoral Institute recorded the vote results in favor of Felipe Calderón by a margin of 0.58 percent, about 243,000 votes. These results were later validated by the Federal Electoral Tribunal. However, the PRD claimed that there was election fraud. The claims of election fraud have been rejected by the Federal Electoral Tribunal (TEPJF), which considered these "notoriously out of order" ("notoriamente improcedente") and certified PAN's candidate Felipe Calderón as the winner.
López Obrador then rallied his supporters to hold demonstrations in the capital, Mexico City. These demonstrations were organized by the PRD, whose stronghold is in Mexico City. The PRD had called for demonstrations and set up camps in the capital's main square, blocking one of its main avenues (Paseo de la Reforma) for six weeks to demand a recount of all votes, which was not granted. The camps were later dismantled after confrontation with the Mexican Army became likely.
On September 5, the Federal Electoral Tribunal announced that there was not enough evidence of electoral fraud which legitimized Calderon as President. This caused López Obrador to maintain his campaign of civil disobedience and declared himself as "Legitimate President" in a "public open vote" (people in the main square raising their hands). López Obrador did not recognize the legitimacy of Calderón as president. The PRD was criticized for not complying with the democratic system that it had lauded and helped create. However, the PRD could not agree on whether they should move forward and cooperate with the current system and contribute to policy or take on an uncompromising stance in an attempt to overturn the current system. This split later trickled on to other things such as electoral and petroleum reforms where one part of the party wanted to cooperate while the other refused to out of allegiance to López Obrador.
In 2008 after bitter infighting within the party Jesús Ortega, an opponent of Andrés Manuel López Obrador, was elected party president. In the 2009 legislative elections, López Obrador supported two smaller parties while maintaining his ties to the PRD.
Videoscandals
The party had enjoyed a reputation of honesty unmatched by its competitors, until the "Video Scandals" a series of videos where notable party members were taped receiving cash funds or betting large sums of money in a Las Vegas casino.
Later, another video was recorded by Cuba's government where Carlos Ahumada, the man providing the money, states that members of the PRI and PAN, PRD's rivals, were planning the situation presented in the first video as part of a plot against Andrés Manuel López Obrador to discredit him as a possible presidential candidate.
Party members who were seen on the video tapes were expelled from the party, but those who were supposedly associated, but never legally charged, are still active members.
Modern era (2009–present)
2012 presidential election
López Obrador ran for president again in 2012, but lost to Enrique Peña Nieto.
After the loss, López Obrador told a rally in Mexico City's main plaza Zocalo on 9 September 2012 that he would withdraw from the Democratic Revolution Party "on the best of terms," as well as the Labor Party and Citizens' Movement (MC). He added that he was working on founding a new party from the Movement for National Regeneration, which he would later name MORENA.
2018 presidential election: Ricardo Anaya
The defeat of the PAN and the PRD in the Mexico general elections in 2012, as well as the departure of Andrés Manuel López Obrador from the PRD, caused these two parties to approach each other despite the friction obtained in the 2006 general elections.
During 2017, Ricardo Anaya, then President of PAN, announced his party's proposal to create an alliance of politicians called "Opposition Wide Front" in order to "form a coalition government that will result in a stable majority that can be governed the country and make the change of regime a reality."
On 5 September the PAN formalized an alliance with PRD and MC under the name of "Citizen Front for Mexico," registering the coalition before the National Electoral Institute, an alliance to last for 6 years.
On 17 December, the three parties ratified the alliance with the creation of an electoral coalition to participate in the federal elections of 2018 and multiple state elections with the name of "Por México al Frente."
2018 presidential election aftermath
In August 2018 PRD abandoned Por México al Frente. In early 2019, the PRD split, with 9 deputies leaving the PRD and joining Morena and the government coalition of López Obrador. This gave the government a two-thirds majority, allowing for the passage of constitutional reform.
On 22 December 2020, the PRD formed the new alliance Va por México, together with the National Action Party and the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
Electoral history
Presidential elections
Congressional elections
Chamber of Deputies
Senate elections
Governorships
Source:
Mexico D.F.
Zacatecas
Tlaxcala
Baja California Sur
Michoacán
Guerrero
Chiapas
Tabasco
Morelos
Oaxaca
Puebla
Sinaloa
Principles
The PRD believes that Mexico currently has major problems of economic and social inequality that halt social development and affect liberty and democratic coexistence. Which is why the PRD has developed the following principles for their political party.
Democracy
The PRD considers democracy to be the most fundamental principle that it hopes to establish in Mexico.
The PRD believes that democracy is the political regime that should be established in society because the ruling power goes to the people through voting.
The internal organization of the party should be democratic.
The PRD believes that democracy in Mexico is strengthened by an open, democratic, and transparent system of parties.
The PRD acknowledges the diversity of Mexico and is committed to preserve and develop it.
The PRD is also committed to a secular state in which there can be liberty, tolerance, and coexistence between all people.
Human rights
The PRD is against any form of segregation or discrimination.
The PRD fights to promote, expand, respect, protect, and guarantee the exercise of human rights understood in its most broad meaning which includes:
civil rights
political rights
economic rights
social rights
cultural rights
environmental rights
right to access to information
right to solidarity for the collective benefit for all citizens
and rights of ethnic groups
The PRD also emphasizes these rights in regard to the following groups
young people
children
women
senior citizens
the lesbian, gay, transsexual, transgender, bisexual and intersexual community
migrant workers in the nation and abroad.
The PRD recognizes indigenous communities as equal in regard to the human rights that they are entitled to, with differences that must be respected.
These differences include their:
traditions
culture
forms of social expression
and language.
The human rights that they are entitled to include:
right to self autonomy
right to their land
right to the use of their land
right to conservation
right to collectively use their natural resources
right to access to economic development.
The PRD believes it is an obligation of the state to support with public policy and methods necessary to guarantee the development of all indigenous communities and towns.
The PRD sustains the fundamental principle of the San Andrés Accords.
The PRD is also against the death penalty, militarization of police, and military jurisdiction to crimes and misdemeanors of civic order.
Substantive equality and diversity in regard to sexual orientation
The PRD believes in the equality between women and men as well as gender mainstreaming.
The PRD champions the access to the same treatment and opportunities between men and women.
The PRD strives for women to have access to exercise their human, sexual, and reproductive rights and to make choices about their body in a free and informed manner.
The PRD promotes gender equality in all social spheres which are manifested in patriarchal and machismo-based power relations that threaten the dignity of women.
Education, science, and culture
The PRD defends the educational principles that inspired the third article of the constitution and alights itself with an education -from beginning education to university- that is secular, public, free, scientific, and of quality, as well as an education that strengthens national identity.
Economy
The PRD, since its founding, believes that the state should have jurisdiction and should intervene in the fundamental and prioritized areas of the productive sector, as are nutrition, production of clean energy, telecommunications, the process of technology, infrastructure, communication mediums, financial systems, and technology trade for the national and regional development, restraining ownership and dominion of hydrocarbons and radio-electric spectrum for the nation and the recovery of basic goods that guarantee sovereignty.
Social justice
The PRD defends the rights of every Mexican worker, the preservation and expansion of social security and the permanent improvements of contractual conditions.
Environment
The PRD adopts the principle of sustainable development as well as preserving the cultural environment. The PRD does this to satisfy the necessities of current and future generations, based on the responsible use of natural resources, including new tools for development, that would allow for the protection and recovery of the environment with comprehensive public policy.
International scope
The PRD supports the self-determination of communities, non-intervention, legal equality of states, the cooperation for national development and sovereignty and the respect and incorporation of international treaties to legislation.
Internal organization
The PRD consists of: congresses, councils, and executive committees, an assembly, and a committee. The nation, states, and municipalities have the same organization. They each have a congress, a council, and an executive committee. Congress has the most authority, the council coordinates communication between congresses, and the executive committee applies the guidelines set in place by the council. The maximum rule for any elected position is three years. The national, state, and municipal president cannot be reelected for the same position. The PRD has an anti-discriminatory policy for its internal elections. The PRD has policies put in place that guarantee the inclusion of women, young people, and indigenous people.
The National Congress is the maximum authority of the PRD. The National Congress approves the statue, the declaration of principles, the program, and the political organization of the party. 90% of the National Congress is made up from delegates elected in municipal assemblies. The rest of the National Congress is made up by two delegates for each State Council, the presidents of the State Councils, the members of the National Executive Committee, and by the elected delegates of the National Council that shall not exceed 4% of the total delegates in the Party's Congress. The National Council chooses the majority of its 21-member executive committee except for the president of the party, the secretary of the party, and the parliamentary group coordinators.
In 2014, the PRD became the first political party to have internal elections organized by the Federal Electoral Institute where those affiliated with the party could vote for the members of the National Congress and Council as well as State and Municipal Councils. 2 million people participated in the internal elections which is about 45% of those affiliated with the party.
Currents
Inside the PRD, there are "currents" that are dedicated to specific approaches and stances or about specific themes or movements. These include:
National Democratic Alternative (Alternativa Democrática Nacional)
New Left (Nueva Izquierda)
New Sun Forum (Foro Nuevo Sol)
National Democratic Left (Izquierda Democrática Nacional)
Political Action Group (Grupo Acción Política)
Presidents
See also
Politics of Mexico
List of political parties in Mexico
History of democracy in Mexico
References
Further reading
Bruhn, Kathleen. "PRD local governments in Michoacan: implications for Mexico’s democratization process." Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (1999): 19-48.
Progressive Alliance
Social democratic parties in Mexico
1989 establishments in Mexico
Foro de São Paulo
Full member parties of the Socialist International
Institutional Revolutionary Party breakaway groups
Organizations based in Mexico City
Political parties established in 1989
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{'title': 'Party of the Democratic Revolution', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party%20of%20the%20Democratic%20Revolution', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Sope Dirisu (, ; born 9 January 1991) is a British actor. He made his film debut in 2016 with Sand Castle, Criminal, and The Huntsman: Winter's War. Since 2020, he has starred as Elliot Finch in the Sky Atlantic series Gangs of London.
Early life
Dirisu was born in 1991 in Edgware, London, to Nigerian parents. He was educated at Bedford Modern School, where he excelled at drama, and joined the National Youth Theatre in 2006. He later studied Economics at the University of Birmingham. While studying there he played quarterback for the University of Birmingham Lions American Football team.
Career
In 2012, Dirisu successfully auditioned for the Royal Shakespeare Company’s Open Stages Programme. His first stage role was as Pericles in Shakespeare’s Pericles, Prince of Tyre. After the Royal Shakespeare Company, Dirisu returned to the National Youth Theatre where he trained in the REP company programme for eight months. He has subsequently acted in a number of television series including The Mill, Utopia, Humans, The Casual Vacancy, Siblings and Undercover.
Dirisu appeared in three 2016 films, Criminal, The Huntsman: Winter's War, and Sand Castle. In 2016, he also appeared in "Nosedive", an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror.
Dirisu received a Commendation at the Ian Charleson Awards for his 2017 performance as Coriolanus in Coriolanus at the Royal Shakespeare Company.
He was nominated as Best Actor for the 2020 British Independent Film Awards for his role as Bol in the film His House.
Filmography
Film
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
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| 2016
| Criminal| Fire Officer
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| 2016
| The Huntsman: Winter's War| Tull
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| 2017
| Sand Castle| Sgt. Cole
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|-
| 2020
| His House| Bol
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|-
| 2021
| Mothering Sunday| Donald
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|-
| 2021
|Silent Night| James
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|-
| 2021
| Tides
| Tucker
| Also released as The Colony
|-
| 2022
|Mr. Malcolm's List
|Mr. Malcolm
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|-
|}
Television
Stage
6 October - 3 December 2016, as Cassius Clay in One Night in Miami by Kemp Powers, at Donmar Warehouse in London, alongside David Ajala as Jim Brown, Arinzé Kene as Sam Cooke, Francois Battiste as Malcolm X.
Other theatre includes The Whipping Man, Tory Boyz, Romeo and Juliet, Prince of Denmark, Red Riding Hood, Our Days of Rage, Fallujah, Pericles (RSC).
Dirisu received a Commendation at the Ian Charleson Awards for his 2017 performance as Coriolanus in Coriolanus at the Royal Shakespeare Company.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
21st-century English male actors
Black British male actors
People from Edgware
People educated at Bedford Modern School
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
National Youth Theatre members
English people of Nigerian descent
British male stage actors
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{'title': 'Sope Dirisu', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sope%20Dirisu', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Siim Liivik (born 14 February 1988) is an Estonian-Finnish professional ice hockey winger who is currently an unrestricted free agent.
Playing career
Liivik started his professional career with HIFK in 2008. Before joining the Helsinki-based club's first team, Liivik played in the United States with the Waterloo Black Hawks of the United States Hockey League. He has also represented HIFK at different youth levels.
He made his first appearance for HIFK in the 2008–09 season opener against local rivals Jokerit on 11 September 2008. On 30 September 2008 he scored his first SM-liiga goal when HIFK faced KalPa at home. Liivik won Finnish hockey championship in the 2010–11 season. After his first professional seasons with HIFK, Liivik transferred as a free agent to fellow Liiga outfit, the Espoo Blues on 8 April 2013.
After three seasons with the Blues and a short return stint with HIFK, Liivik signed his first contract abroad in agreeing to a two-year contract with Swedish club, Örebro HK, of the SHL on 27 April 2016.
International play
Liivik was a represented Finland national team in the World U20 Championships for in 2008. Liivik opted to join the Estonian national team in the November 2018 Baltic Challenge Cup.
Personal
Under his known nickname Märkä-Simo, Siim Liivik was featured in the music video of the 2011 single "Häissä" by Finnish rappers Jare & VilleGalle. The single released on the Monsp Finnish record label, proved very popular and reached the top of the Finnish Singles Chart. The official music video directed by andrei6000 features Märkä-Simo rapping with the duo.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Achievements
SM-liiga
Kanada-malja (Finnish Ice hockey champion): 2010–11
EBEL-League (Austrian Ice hockey champion): 2018–19
References
External links
Liivik's player profile on SM-liiga's website
1988 births
EC KAC players
Espoo Blues players
Estonian emigrants to Finland
Estonian ice hockey left wingers
Finnish ice hockey left wingers
HIFK (ice hockey) players
Kiekko-Vantaa players
KooKoo players
Living people
Örebro HK players
Sportspeople from Paide
Waterloo Black Hawks players
Sportspeople from Vantaa
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in Austria
Estonian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Estonian expatriate ice hockey people
Estonian expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Estonian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
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Historic Houses (formerly, and still for legal purposes, known as the Historic Houses Association or HHA) is a not-for-profit organisation that represents well over a thousand independently owned historic country houses, castles and gardens throughout the United Kingdom.
History
The association originated as the Historic Houses Committee of the British Tourist Authority, and was independently established in 1973 to help owners maintain and conserve significant homes in the interests of the nation's heritage.
In 1974, the HHA participated in a campaign in response to the publication of a governmental green paper on a proposed wealth tax. The campaign, which also involved the National Trust and the predecessor of The Arts Society, drew public attention to the problems such a tax could cause for historic buildings and national art collections. The tax was not implemented, and the HHA subsequently continued to lobby for tax exemptions for heritage sites and to promote private ownership of historic houses. Today, Historic Houses represents, advises, and helps to publicise its member properties, and runs an access scheme for the general public.
While a large majority of member places are privately owned (and most of those are still lived in), houses, castles, and gardens cared for by independent charitable trusts, local authorities, institutions, or businesses are also eligible for membership, and there are several hundred such member places represented. Typically a dwelling must be listed at Grade I or Grade II* (in England & Wales; or the equivalent level in Scotland or Northern Ireland), but a substantial minority of member places are large Grade II houses.
More than half of member properties (c. 800) open their doors in some way, from visitors on a day or, special tour, or school trip, through to film locations, weddings and events, or as memorable places to stay. Historic Houses member attractions between them receive more than 28 million visitors each year.
Historic Houses offers a 'visitor membership' to the public; several hundred participating house and garden attractions offer card-holders free entry. Several hundred more houses that do not normally open offer occassional accompanied tours, which can be booked through the association's 'Invitation to View' platform. The association publishes Historic House magazine quarterly.
Historic Houses runs five awards for its member places: The Garden of the Year, The Restoration Award, The Frances Garnham Education Award, The Sustainability Award, and The Collections Award.
Some well-known member houses of Historic Houses
Hundreds of member houses and gardens offer free entry to visitor members of the association, including:
Alnwick Castle
Auckland Castle
Berkeley Castle
Blair Castle
Blenheim Palace
Boughton House
Broughton Castle
Burghley House
Doddington Hall, Cheshire
Drumlanrig Castle
Grimsthorpe Castle
Hever Castle
Holker Hall
Holkham Hall
Knebworth House
Powderham Castle
Syon House
Wilton House
Woburn Abbey
See also
Treasure Houses of England
References
External links
Historic Houses official site
Houses in the United Kingdom
Heritage organisations in the United Kingdom
History organisations based in the United Kingdom
Architecture organisations based in the United Kingdom
Historic preservation
Historic houses
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The 2020 Philippine Cup, also known as the 2020 Honda PBA Philippine Cup for sponsorship reasons, is the only conference or tournament of the 2020 PBA season of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). The 42nd PBA Philippine Cup started on March 8 and ended on December 9, 2020. The tournament does not allow teams to hire foreign players or imports.
Three days later, the PBA board of governors decided to indefinitely postpone the tournament, together with the PBA D-League Aspirants' Cup, and the launching of the PBA 3x3 league, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the country and the enforcement of the various quarantine restrictions throughout the country.
During their meeting on September 17, the PBA Board of Governors decided to resume the tournament and create the "PBA bubble" (similar to the successful NBA bubble) within the Clark area in Pampanga. The games were played at the Angeles University Foundation Sports and Cultural Center while the players stayed at the Quest Hotel inside Clark. On September 24, the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID) gave the league a provisional approval to have scrimmages and five-on-five games. The 12 PBA teams arrived in Clark by batches on September 28 and 29, 2020.
On October 6, the league published its complete eliminations schedule. The elimination round games of the Philippine Cup resumed in the "PBA bubble" on October 11 and played daily with two games scheduled per day.
The tournament was temporarily postponed between October 30 to November 2 after a Blackwater Elite player and one of the league's referees tested positive for COVID-19.
After new protocols have been added, the games resumed starting November 3. In order for the league to finish the elimination round by November 11, two to four games were scheduled per day. This was the first time that the PBA had a quadruple-header game day and an official game scheduled in the morning.
Format
The following format will be observed for the duration of the conference. The two of the quarterfinals match-ups were originally be a best-of-three series, and the semifinals be a best-of-seven series but was revised to all quarterfinal match-ups be in a twice-to-beat format, and the semifinals be in a best-of-five series during the planning for the "PBA bubble":
Single-round robin eliminations; 11 games per team; Teams are then seeded by basis on win–loss records.
Top eight teams will advance to the quarterfinals. In case of tie, playoff games will be held only for the #8 seed.
Quarterfinals (top 4 seeds twice-to-beat):
QF1: #1 vs #8
QF2: #2 vs #7
QF3: #3 vs #6
QF4: #4 vs #5
Semifinals (best-of-5 series):
SF1: QF1 Winner vs. QF4 Winner
SF2: QF2 Winner vs. QF3 Winner
Finals (best-of-7 series)
F1: SF1 Winner vs SF2 Winner
Elimination round
Team standings
Schedule
Results
Bracket
Quarterfinals
(1) Barangay Ginebra vs. (8) Rain or Shine
(2) Phoenix vs. (7) Magnolia
(3) TNT vs. (6) Alaska
(4) San Miguel vs. (5) Meralco
Semifinals
(1) Barangay Ginebra vs. (5) Meralco
(2) Phoenix vs. (3) TNT
Finals
Awards
Players of the Week
Rookies of the Week
Statistics
Individual statistical leaders
Individual game highs
Team statistical leaders
Final ranking
See also
COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports
References
Philippine Cup
PBA Philippine Cup
PBA Philippine Cup
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{'title': '2020 PBA Philippine Cup', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20PBA%20Philippine%20Cup', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Sky Giants of the Brass Stair is a supplement published by Iron Crown Enterprises (I.C.E.) in 1990 for the fantasy role-playing campaign setting Shadow World.
Content
Sky Giants of the Brass Stair provides details of an isolated corner of Jaiman called Narlshaw, a former dwarven mountaintop realm that was once approached by climbing a 100-mile long brass stairway. Narlshaw, long since abandoned by the dwarves, has changed hands many times since then. The book describes the history of the region and its inhabitants, as well as local economics, politics, military forces, and notable people.
The book also provides seven adventures set in the region. Players can use either the Rolemaster or the Fantasy Hero system of role-playing game rules.
Publication history
I.C.E. published the role-playing game system Rolemaster in 1980, and immediately introduced the Shadow World campaign setting the same year. In the mid-1980s, I.C.E. took over Hero Games and their Hero System of role-playing rules, including the specialized set of rules for fantasy campaigns called Fantasy Hero. The supplement Sky Giants of the Brass Stair is a 72-page book softcover book that was published by I.C.E. in 1990 using both the Rolemaster and Fantasy Hero rules systems. It was written by Tom Kane, with interior art by Jennell Jaquays, cartography by Elissa Martin, and cover art by Tony Roberts.
Reviews
White Wolf #25 (Feb./March, 1991)
Notes
References
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1990
Rolemaster supplements
Shadow World (role-playing game)
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Grandma Got STEM is a blog by Rachel Levy, a mathematician at Harvey Mudd College, about earlier generations of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Levy founded the blog in March 2013, and by June 2013 had already accumulated 100 posts to it.
The blog is aimed at a general audience.
Its entries include pictures and stories about women who worked in STEM fields, and are intended to counter stereotypes of older women as being technologically inept, as well as to inspire future generations of women in STEM.
As the name of the blog suggests, the women featured on the blog are generally old enough to be grandmothers, although not all of them had children. Although many famous researchers are included, the blog posts also feature women who worked at lower-level teaching and laboratory assistant positions in STEM.
References
External links
Grandma Got STEM
American blogs
Feminist blogs
Science blogs
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The Land of Happiness (Finnish: Onnen maa) is a 1993 Finnish comedy-drama film, set in the 1960s (when tango was all the rage in Finland), by multiple award-winning Finnish director Markku Pölönen.
Plot
The film stars Finnish actor Pertti Koivula in the lead role as Tenho, a prodigal son with patent leather shoes and dancing skills to match, who returns home to his family's rural farm for the summer after failing to make a living in the city. Tenho's brother Aarne (Taisto Reimaluoto) runs the farm while Grandma ("Mummo") (Anja Pohjola), the boys' mother, as the matriarch, tends to farm chores while caring for her boys' father (Veikko Tiitinen) in his failing physical and mental health. Other characters include Tenho's young nephew Tapi and Tenho's sister-in-law Tuija.
Tenho is immediately put to work on the farm by his brother, but Tenho is not cut out for farm life. He cannot keep up with the work even when he tries, and he does everything possible to get out of helping, even deliberately maiming himself.
Highlights of the film include Tenho's budding romance with the attractive milk maid Virva; it looks like a sure thing until Virva learns about a certain bet involving her that Tenho has made with Aarne. That's when Virva turns to ice and Tenho's feelings change to crazed obsession.
The film also features live performances by Finnish tango musician Reijo Taipale.
Cast
Katariina Kaitue as Virva
Pertti Koivula as Tenho Hirvola
Anja Pohjola as Mummo
Veikko Tiitinen as Ukki
Tuula Väänänen as Terttu Anneli Hirvola
Taisto Reimaluoto as Aarne Tapio Hirvola
Riikka Räsänen as Tangotyttö
Tatu Kaihua as Tapani 'Tapi' Ilmari Hirvola
Heidi Hakkarainen as Tuija
Reijo Taipale as Tangokuningas
Carl Mesterton as Saarnamies
Jukka Puronlahti as Välkky
Leo Raivio as Hännystelijä
Esa Halonen as Meijerimies
Awards
The film won the best picture and best screenwriter awards for Pölönen at the 1994 Finnish Jussi Awards, Finland's premier movie accolade.
References
External links
Finnish comedy-drama films
1993 comedy-drama films
1993 films
Films directed by Markku Pölönen
1990s Finnish-language films
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The Japanese Buddhist word uji (有時), usually translated into English as Being-Time, is a key metaphysical idea of the Sōtō Zen founder Dōgen (1200-1253). His 1240 essay titled Uji, which is included as a fascicle in the Shōbōgenzō ("Treasury of the True Dharma Eye") collection, gives several explanations of uji, beginning with, "The so-called "sometimes" (uji) means: time (ji) itself already is none other than being(s) (u) are all none other than time (ji).". Scholars have interpreted uji "being-time" for over seven centuries. Early interpretations traditionally employed Buddhist terms and concepts, such as impermanence (Pali anicca, Japanese mujō 無常). Modern interpretations of uji are more diverse, for example, authors like Steven Heine and Joan Stambaugh compare Dōgen's concepts of temporality with the existentialist Martin Heidegger's 1927 Being and Time.
Terminology
Dögen's writings can be notoriously difficult to understand and translate, frequently owing to his wordplay with Late Middle Japanese terms. Dōgen's Zen neologism uji (有時, "existence-/being-time") is the uncommon on'yomi Sino-Japanese reading of the Chinese word yǒushí (有時, "sometimes; at times", Wenlin 2016), and plays with the more common kun'yomi native Japanese pronunciation of these two kanji characters as arutoki (或る時, "once; on one occasion; at one point; [in the past] once; at one time; once upon a time". In the multifaceted Japanese writing system, arutoki ("at one time; etc.") was archaically transcribed 有時 in kanbun ("Chinese character writing"), and is now either written 或る時 with -ru る in okurigana indicating a Group II verb stem, or simply あるとき in hiragana. Authors have described Dōgen's uji as an "intentional misreading" of ordinary language and a "deliberate misreading" of arutoki.
Dōgen etymologizes the two components of uji (有時) with usage examples from everyday Japanese. The first element u refers to "existence" or "being", and the second ji means "time; a time; times; the time when; at the time when; sometime; for a time". Several of Dōgen's earlier writings used the word arutoki, for example, in a kōan story, it repeatedly means "and then, one day" to signal that an important event is about to happen.
Interpretations of uji are plentiful. Dainin Katagiri says that Dōgen used the novel term being-time to illustrate that sentient "beings" and "time" were unseparated. Thus, being represents all beings existing together in the formless realm of timelessness, and time characterizes the existence of independent yet interconnected moments. Gudo Nishijima and Chodo Cross say, u means "existence" and ji means "time," so uji means "existent time," or "existence-time." Since time is always related with existence and existence is always related with momentary time, the past and the future are not existent time—the point at which existence and time come together—the present moment is the only existent time.
The Japanese keyword uji has more meanings than any single English rendering can encompass. Nevertheless, translation equivalents include:
Existence/Time
Being-Time
Being Time
Time-Being
Just for the Time Being, Just for a While, For the Whole of Time is the Whole of Existence.
Existence-Time
Existential moment
Shōbōgenzō fascicle
Dôgen wrote his Uji essay at the beginning of winter in 1240, while he was teaching at the Kōshōhōrin-ji, south of Kyoto. It is one of the major fascicles of Shôbôgenzô, and "one of the most difficult". Dôgen's central theme in Uji Being-Time, and an underlying theme in other fascicles such as Busshō (佛性, Buddha Nature), is the inseparability of time and existence in the everchanging present.
The present Shōbōgenzō fascicle (number 20 in the 75 fascicle version) commences with a poem (four two-line stanzas) in which every line begins with uji (有時). The 1004 The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp collection of hagiographies for Chinese Chan and Japanese Zen monks attributes the first stanza to the Sōtō Zen Tang dynasty patriarch Yaoshan Weiyan (745-827).
An old Buddha said:
For the time being, I stand astride the highest mountain peaks.
For the time being, I move on the deepest depths of the ocean floor.
For the time being, I'm three heads and eight arms [of an Asura fighting demon].
For the time being, I'm eight feet or sixteen feet [a Buddha-body while seated or standing].
For the time being, I'm a staff or a whisk.
For the time being, I'm a pillar or a lantern.
For the time being, I'm Mr. Chang or Mr. Li [any Tom, Dick, or Harry].
For the time being, I'm the great earth and heavens above..
The translators note their choice of "for the time being" attempts to encompass Dōgen's wordplay with uji "being time" meaning arutoki "at a certain time; sometimes".
Compare these other English translations of the first stanza:
Sometimes (uji) standing so high up on the mountain top;
Sometimes walking deep down on the bottom of the sea;
For the time being stand on top of the highest peak.
For the time being proceed along the bottom of the deepest ocean.
At a time of being, standing on the summit of the highest peak;
At a time of being, walking on the bottom of the deepest ocean.
Standing atop a soaring mountain peak is for the time being
And plunging down to the floor of the Ocean's abyss is for the time being;
Being-time stands on top of the highest peak;
Being-time goes to the bottom of the deepest ocean
Sometimes standing on top of the highest peak,
Sometimes moving along the bottom of the deepest ocean.
Dōgen's Uji commentary on the poem begins by explaining that, "The 'time being' means time, just as it is, is being, and being is all time.", which shows the "unusual significance" he gives to the word uji "being-time.".
Interpretations
Many authors have researched and discussed Dōgen's theories of temporality. In English, there are two books and numerous articles on uji (有時, "being-time; time-being; etc."). According to the traditional interpretation, uji "means time itself is being, and all being is time".
Hee-Jin Kim analyzed Dōgen's conception of uji "existence/time" as the way of spiritual freedom, and found that his discourse can be better understood in terms of ascesis rather than vision of Buddha-nature; "vision is not discredited, but penetrated, empowered by ascesis".
Steven Heine's 1983 article on the hermeneutics of temporality in the Shōbōgenzō, that is, Dōgen critically reinterpreting and restating, "even at the risk of grammatical distortion," previous views of Buddha-nature in order to reflect the multidimensional unity of uji "being-time". For example, paraphrasing the venerated Nirvana Sutra, "If you wish to know the Buddha-nature's meaning, you should watch temporal conditions. If the time arrives, the Buddha-nature will manifest itself," Dōgen reinterprets the phrase "if the time arrives" (jisetsu nyakushi 時節若至) to mean "the time already arrived" (jisetsu kishi 時節既至) and comments, "There is no time right now that is not a time that has arrived,.. There is no Buddha-nature that is not Buddha-nature fully manifested right here-and-now.".
Heine's 1985 book contrasted the theories of time presented in Dōgen's 1231-1253 Shōbōgenzō and the German existentialist Martin Heidegger's 1927 classic Being and Time (Sein und Zeit). Despite the vast cultural and historical gaps between medieval Japan and modern Germany, there are philosophical parallels. The conventional conceptualization of time is removed from the genuine experience of what Heidegger calls ursprüngliche Zeit ("primordial time", that is, temporalizing temporality) and similar to what Dōgen calls uji no dōri (有時の道理, "truth of [being]-time").
Masao Abe's and Steven Heine's article analyzes the origins of Dōgen's interest in being-time when he was a young monk on Mount Hiei, the headquarters of the Tendai school of Buddhism. According to the 1753 Kenzeiki (建撕記) traditional biography of Dōgen, he became obsessed by doubts about the Tendai concepts of hongaku (本覚, "original awakening") that all human beings are enlightened by nature, and shikaku (始覺, "acquired awakening") that enlightenment can only be achieved through resolve and practice. "Both exoteric and esoteric Buddhism teach the original Dharma-nature and innate self-nature. If that were true, why have the Buddhas of past, present, and future awakened the resolve for and sought enlightenment through ascetic practices?". Dōgen's doubt eventually led him to travel to Song dynasty China to seek a resolution, which was dissolved through the enlightenment experience of shinjin-datsuraku (身心脱落, "casting off of body-mind") when he was a disciple of Rujing (1162-1228).
Joan Stambaugh, the philosopher and translator of Martin Heidegger's writings including Being and Time, wrote a book on Dōgen's understanding of temporality, Buddhist impermanence, and Buddha-nature. Rather than writing yet another comparative study, Stambaugh chose to produce a "dialogical" encounter between Eastern thinkers and Western philosophers, including Heraclitus, Boethius, Spinoza, Leibniz, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and particularly Heidegger.
J. M. E. McTaggart's classic argument that time is unreal differentiated two basic aspects of temporality, the "A-series and B-series": the A-series orders all events as continual transformations in time's passage, things are said to exist in the "future", then become "present", and finally enter the "past"; while the B-Series orders time as a set of relative temporal relationships between "earlier than" and "later than". Dirck Vorenkamp demonstrated that Dōgen's writings contained elements of the "B-theory of time". The Shōbōgenzō describes time's passage without reference to a sentient subject, "You should learn that passage [kyōraku (経歴)] occurs without anything external. For example, spring's passage is necessarily that which passes through spring."
Trent Collier contrasts how Dōgen and Shinran (1173-1263), the founder of the Jōdo Shinshū sect of Pure Land Buddhism, diversely understood the role of time in Buddhist enlightenment. These two leaders in Kamakura Buddhism believed in two different forms of spiritual practice with disparate temporal concepts; Dōgen advocated zazen or shikantaza ("just sitting") meditation and Shinran emphasized the recitation of the nembutsu ("repeating the name of Amida") alone. Dōgen's notion of uji unified time and being, and consequently things in the world do not exist in time, but are time". According to the Uji fascicle, zazen falls outside the common understanding of time as past, present, and future. Dōgen declares that "When even just one person, at one time, sits in zazen, he becomes, imperceptively, one with each and all the myriad things, and permeates completely all time." Everything in reality is to be found in the absolute now of being-time. For Shinran, the central Pure Land awakening or experience is shinjin ("faith; piety; devotion"), the unfolding of Amida's wisdom-compassion in the believer. Shinran teaches that ichinen (一念, "one thought-moment") of shinjin is "time at its ultimate limit," and in the subjective experience of the practitioner, Amida's Primal Vow in the past and the Pure Land of the future are realized simultaneously. There are two ways of interpreting this "ultimate limit". In the first sense, it is the ultimate limit of samsaric existence, deluded and foolish existence stretched to its end; and in the second, "ultimate limit" refers to the absolute brevity of the one thought-moment, "the briefest instant of time, a moment so brief that it cannot be further divided".
Rein Raud wrote two articles concerning Dōgen's notion of uji, translated as "being-time". and "existential moment", respectively. Raud's first study compared uji with Nishida Kitarō's interpretation of basho (場所, "place, location") as "the locus of tension, where the contradictory self-identities are acted out and complementary opposites negate each other", and is thus "the 'place' where impermanence happens". Both these Japanese philosophers believed that in order to attain self-realization one must transcend the "ordinary" reality not by rising above it, and thereby separating oneself from it, but by "becoming" it, realizing oneself in it and the totality of the world, including "being-time".
His second study reinterprets Dōgen's concept of time as primarily referring to momentary rather than durational existence, and translates uji as "existential moment" in opposition to the usual understanding of time as measurable and divisible. According to Raud, this interpretation enables "more lucid readings" of many key passages in the Shōbōgenzō, such as translating the term kyōraku (経歴, "passage", etc.) as "shifting". In present day usage, this term is commonly read as Japanese keireki (経歴, "personal history; résumé; career") and Chinese jīnglì (經歷, "go through; undergo; experience"). Scholars have translated Dōgen's kyōraku as "continuity" (Masunaga), "flowing", "stepflow", "passing in a series of moments" (Nishijima and Cross), "passage", "totalistic passage or process" (Heine), and "seriatim passage". One translator says, "These attempts basically hit the mark, but fail to convey the freshness and originality of Dōgen's terminology, which is the verbal equivalent of him waving his arms wildly and screaming at the top of his lungs across the centuries to us: 'Look at my radical new idea about time!'".
Compare these two renderings:
Being-time has the virtue of seriatim passage; it passes from today to tomorrow, passes from today to yesterday, passes from yesterday to today, passes from today to today, passes from tomorrow to tomorrow. This is because passing seriatim is a virtue of time. Past time and present time do not overlap one another, or pile up in a row.
The existential moment has the quality of shifting. It shifts from what we call "today" into "tomorrow," it shifts from "today" into "yesterday," and from "yesterday" into "today" in turn. It shifts from "today" into "today," it shifts from "tomorrow" into "tomorrow." This is because shifting is the quality of the momentary. The moments of the past and the present do not pile on each other nor do they line up side by side.
Dainin Katagiri says Dōgen's uji Being-time means the complete oneness of time and space, "dynamically functioning from moment to moment as illumination that is alive in the individual self". When time, being, self, and illumination come together and work dynamically in one's life, time and being are unified. Furthermore, self is time. The "self arrays itself and forms the entire universe." One should perceive each particular thing in the universe as a moment of time. Neither things nor moments hinder one another.
See also
Eternalism (philosophy of time)
Philosophy of space and time
Metaphysics of presence
References
Footnotes
Further reading
Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005), Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 2: Japan, World Wisdom Books.
Nelson, Andrew N. and John H. Haig (1997), The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary, C. E. Tuttle Co.
Lecut, Frederic (2009), Master Dōgen's Uji, 8 translations.
Nishijima, Gudo and Chodo Cross 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999), Master Dōgen's Shōbōgenzō, 4 vols., Windbell Publications.
Nishiyama Kōsen and John Stevens, trs., (1975, 1977, 1983, 1983), Shōbōgenzō (The Eye and Treasury of the True Law), 4 vols., Nakayama Shobō.
External links
On 'Just for the Time Being, Just for a While, For the Whole of Time is the Whole of Existence' (Uji), Nearman (2007) translation.
Uji: The Time-Being by Eihei Dōgen, Welch and Tanahashi (1985) translation.
Eihei Dōgen's The Time-Being (Uji), Reiho Masunaga translation.
Uji (Existence-Time), Seijun Ishii, Sotozen-Net.
For the Time-Being: Buddhism, Dōgen, and Temporality, Anthony Ridenour.
Concepts in metaphysics
Philosophy of time
Soto Zen
Zen Buddhist philosophical concepts
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Leif Magnus "Ölme" Johansson (born 10 November 1971) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender. After playing for IFK Ölme, he joined IFK Göteborg in 1990. He moved to the Dutch club FC Groningen in 1999 before rejoining IFK in 2003. He was a member of the Sweden squad that competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. He is nicknamed Ölme after his first club. He retired after the 2007 season. Johansson earned 1 cap for Sweden
Honours
IFK Göteborg
Allsvenskan: 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2007
References
1971 births
Living people
Swedish footballers
Association football defenders
Sweden international footballers
Olympic footballers of Sweden
Footballers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Sweden youth international footballers
Sweden under-21 international footballers
Allsvenskan players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
IFK Göteborg players
FC Groningen players
Swedish expatriate footballers
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
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The Diversity Award is presented by Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to honour excellence in English-language television programming that "reflects the racial and cultural diversity of Canada." It was introduced in 1988 as the Multiculturalism Award under the umbrella of the Gemini Awards, and renamed to the Canada Award in 1996.
Since 2013, the award has been presented as part of the new Canadian Screen Awards program. It was renamed to its current name in 2014.
National Film Board of Canada productions and co-productions have won approximately half of all Canada Awards.
Winners by year
1992 Gemini Awards — Drums
1993 Gemini Awards — It's About Time
1994 Gemini Awards — Speak It! From the Heart of Black Nova Scotia
1995 Gemini Awards — For Angela
1996 Gemini Awards — Nuhoniyeh: Our Story
1997 Gemini Awards — The Mind of a Child
1998 Gemini Awards — The Road Taken and The Rez, Season 2 "They Call Her Tanya"
1999 Gemini Awards — Loyalties
2000 Gemini Awards — Unwanted Soldiers
2001 Gemini Awards — Made in China: The Story of Adopted Chinese Children in Canada
2002 Gemini Awards — Film Club
2003 Gemini Awards — Carry Me Home: The Story & Music of the Nathaniel Dett Chorale
2004 Gemini Awards — Cosmic Current
2005 Gemini Awards — Two Worlds Colliding
2006 Gemini Awards — Wapos Bay - "There's No I in Hockey"
2007 Gemini Awards — Little Mosque on the Prairie
2008 Gemini Awards — Qallunaat! Why White People Are Funny
2009 Gemini Awards — Club Native
2010 Gemini Awards — Reel Injun
1st Canadian Screen Awards — Blind Spot: What Happened to Canada's Aboriginal Fathers?
2nd Canadian Screen Awards — The Defector: Escape from North Korea
3rd Canadian Screen Awards — The Exhibition
4th Canadian Screen Awards — Canada in Perspective
See also
Canadian television awards
Sources
Canada Awards Database
Canada Award form, Past recipients list
Gemini Awards
Multicultural and ethnic television in Canada
Diversity
Awards established in 1988
1988 establishments in Canada
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Jonathan A. Goldstein (1929–2004) was a biblical scholar and author who wrote for the Anchor Bible Series. He was the author of books on I Maccabees and II Maccabees, as well as a book about competing religions in the ancient world.
Goldstein studied at the Jewish Theological Seminary and earned a bachelor's degree and master's degree at Harvard University. He then earned a doctorate from Columbia University and taught history there for two years. He then taught at the University of Iowa from 1962 to 1997, and lived in Iowa City until his death in 2004.
Bibliography
External links
See also
Anchor Bible Series
I Maccabees
II Maccabees
The Temple Scroll
1929 births
2004 deaths
Jewish American writers
Jewish biblical scholars
American biblical scholars
American Conservative Jews
Harvard University alumni
Columbia University alumni
University of Iowa faculty
Jewish Theological Seminary of America alumni
20th-century Jewish biblical scholars
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
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The province of Livorno or, traditionally, province of Leghorn () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. It includes several islands of the Tuscan Archipelago, including Elba and Capraia. Its capital is the city of Livorno. When formed in 1861, the province included only Livorno and Elba Island. It was extended in 1925 with land from the provinces of Pisa and Genoa. It has an area of and a total population of 343,003 (2012). There are 19 comuni (singular: comune) in the province. The coastline of the area is known as "Costa degli Etruschi" (Etruscan Coast).
The province of Livorno is coastal and contains a number of coastal towns. Livorno is a highly important port for tourism and trading, and a number of watchtowers are located nearby the city. At Calafuria, the sea contains sponges, shellfish, fish, and protected red coral (Corallium rubrum). The coastlines of Quercianella and Castiglioncello are rocky. The waters around the province of Livorno sometimes contain dolphins. The town Marina di Bibbona was initially founded as a fort due to its strategic coastal position. Town San Vincenzo contains a fourteenth-century tower for strategic reasons. The sand of Golfo di Baratti is silver and black due to its high iron concentration, and the area contains an archaeological park.
Subdivisions
Comuni
The province is subdivided into 19 comuni (singular: comune). This is the complete list of comuni in the province of Livorno:
Bibbona
Campiglia Marittima
Campo nell'Elba
Capoliveri
Capraia Isola
Castagneto Carducci
Cecina
Collesalvetti
Livorno
Marciana
Marciana Marina
Piombino
Porto Azzurro
Portoferraio
Rio
Rosignano Marittimo
San Vincenzo
Sassetta
Suvereto
At 30 April 2014, the main comuni by population are:
Government
List of presidents of the province of Livorno
References
External links
Official website
Livorno Tourist Board Site
L
Livorno
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The Flying Fox of Snowy Mountain is a Taiwanese television series adapted from Louis Cha's novels Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain and The Young Flying Fox. The series was first broadcast on TTV in Taiwan in 1991.
Cast
Meng Fei as Hu Fei / Hu Yidao
Mimi Kung as Cheng Lingsu / Bing Xue'er (Mrs Hu)
Wu Yujuan as Yuan Ziyi / Yuan Yingu
Mu Sicheng as Miao Renfeng
Tong Chun-chung as Tian Guinong
Wang Luyao as Miao Ruolan
Lü Ying-ying as Ma Chunhua
Lin Wei as Fuk'anggan / Chen Jialuo
Yuan Chia-pei as Nan Lan
Wang Shang as Shang Baozhen
Liang Pei-yu as Tian Qingwen
Yu Yunhe as Cao Yunqi
Wu Chiang-po as Tao Zi'an
Chin Ying-chun as Xue He
Kuan Yung as Ping Si
Li Chieh as Li Zicheng
Chang Shao-pin as Zhao Banshan
Han Feng as Luo Bing
Chao Kui as Taoist Wuchen
Yang Hsuen as Hu / Murong Jingyue
Fu Ke-li as Fan
Kao Chen-peng as Wuzhen
Ma Ching-yuen as Shi Wanshen
Mu Huai-wei as Wu Sangui
Trivia
The ending song of the tv series refers to a Cantonese theme from A Moment of Romance.
It was first performed by Shirley Yuen, but the theme was only versionized by 2 female singers Fong Fei Fei & Sammi Kao.
External links
Taiwanese wuxia television series
Works based on Flying Fox of Snowy Mountain
Television series set in the Qing dynasty
1991 Taiwanese television series debuts
1990s Taiwanese television series
Television shows based on works by Jin Yong
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Zainul Abdin Farroque is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and a former member of parliament for Noakhali-2 and Noakhali-1.
Early life
Zainul Abdin Farroque was born on 10 December 1949.
Career
In 2009 Farroque was elected to Parliament as an opposition Member of Parliament and appointed the opposition whip. On 6 July 2011 he was injured by members of Bangladesh Police in an opposition demonstration near the Bangladesh Parliament. He sued the police officers involved and filled a 100 million taka lawsuit against the government. The case was dismissed after investigators submitted a Metropolitan Magistrate Mohammad Hasibul Haque blaming Farroque for the incident.
Farroque was arrested on 3 July 2017 by Bangladesh Police on cases that accused him of sabotage during protests against the government. He was granted bail on 6 September 2017 in two cases over protests against Bangladesh Awami League government. He is an adviser to former Prime Minister and Chairman of Bangladesh Nationalist Party, Khaleda Zia.
References
Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians
Living people
5th Jatiya Sangsad members
6th Jatiya Sangsad members
7th Jatiya Sangsad members
8th Jatiya Sangsad members
9th Jatiya Sangsad members
1949 births
People from Senbagh Upazila
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{'title': 'Zainul Abdin Farroque', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainul%20Abdin%20Farroque', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The 7th World Championships in Athletics, a World Athletic Championships event held under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations, were held at the Estadio Olímpico, Seville, Spain, between the August 20 and August 29.
One of the main highlights of the games was the world record set in the 400 metres by Michael Johnson of the United States in a time of 43.18 seconds.
Men's results
Track
1995 | 1997 | 1999 | 2001 | 2003
Note: * Indicates athletes who ran in preliminary rounds.
1 German Skurygin of Russia originally won the gold medal in the 50 km walk in 3:44:23, but was disqualified after he tested positive for drugs in November 2001.
2 Nigeria (Innocent Asonze, Francis Obikwelu, Daniel Effiong, Deji Aliu) originally won the bronze medal in 37.91, but were disqualified on August 31, 2005 after it was found Asonze had failed a doping test in June 1999.
3 The United States (Jerome Davis, Antonio Pettigrew, Angelo Taylor, Michael Johnson) originally won the gold medal in 2:56.45, but were disqualified in 2008 after Antonio Pettigrew admitted to using HGH and EPO between 1997 and 2003.
Field
1995 | 1997 | 1999 | 2001 | 2003
Women's results
Track
1995 | 1997 | 1999 | 2001 | 2003
Note: * Indicates athletes who ran in preliminary rounds.
Field
1995 |1997 |1999 |2001 |2003
Medal table
See also
1999 in athletics (track and field)
References
IAAF 1999
History of the IAAF World Championships
World Athletics Championships
World Championships in Athletics
Sports competitions in Seville
World Championships in Athletics
World Championships in Athletics
World Championships in Athletics
20th century in Seville
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{'title': '1999 World Championships in Athletics', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20World%20Championships%20in%20Athletics', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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"Written All Over Your Face" is a song by American R&B group The Rude Boys, released as the second single from their debut album Rude Awakening. The song was written and produced by group member Larry Marcus with additional production from session musician and recording engineer Jim Salamone. The song became the group's signature song and spent one week at number one on the U.S. Billboard R&B chart. It also peaked at number sixteen on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1991.
"Written All Over Your Face" made the group a sensation, as the single topped the R&B charts and reached the national top 20The single rode the charts for 31 weeks, and made it to #1 on the Billboard R&B charts and #16 on the Billboard Hot 100.
In 1991, it won the Billboard Music Award for No. 1 R&B Single of the Year.
Background
The song showcased the vocals of Joe N Little III and Edward Buddy Banks and featured extra vocals from their mentor, the late Gerald Levert.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
See also
List of number-one R&B singles of 1991 (U.S.)
References
1990 singles
The Rude Boys songs
1990 songs
Atlantic Records singles
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{'title': 'Written All Over Your Face', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written%20All%20Over%20Your%20Face', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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A cat pheromone is a chemical molecule, or compound, that is used by cats and other felids for communication. These pheromones are produced and detected specifically by the body systems of cats and evoke certain behavioural responses.
Cat pheromones are commonly released through the action of scent rubbing. As such, one of the main proposed functions of pheromone release is to allow the cat to familiarize itself with its surroundings and other individuals, both in the newborn and adult stages of life.
Specific cat pheromones that have been chemically identified include the feline facial pheromones F1-F5, the feline appeasing pheromone, and MMB in urine, most of which are associated with distinct feline behaviours. Some of these chemical makeups have been synthetically reproduced and may be used by cat owners or veterinary professionals looking to change problematic or stress-induced behaviours.
Production and detection
The mechanism of chemical communication for felines involves chemical stimuli being secreted or excreted through the urine, faeces, saliva, or glands, with the stimuli being detected through vomeronasal or olfactory systems. There are several scent glands located on felines that deposit pheromones when a cat rubs against an object. This includes the cheek and perioral gland areas, which consist of several structures that secrete pheromones around the chin, cheeks, and lips. Other scent glands for secreting the pheromones include the temporal glands on the sides of the forehead, the circumoral gland around the lips, sebaceous glands, perianal area, head, fingers, and toes.
Cat pheromone detection is often accomplished through an action known as the flehmen response, where the cat lifts its head, slightly opens its mouth, pushes its tongue to the front of its palate, and retracts its upper lip.
Related behaviours
Pheromones are first released when a cat is born to establish the mother and kitten relationship. From this point on, the kitten uses the pheromones to establish relationships with other organisms and objects. The release of the pheromones in kittens is through the olfactory system, which is one of the systems that are fully developed at birth. The olfactory chemical cues released by both the mother and the kitten may be used as reference points for newborns to create a relationship with their immediate environment.
The importance of olfactory cues has been experimentally demonstrated in studies where kittens were removed from their nest. Those who were able to detect the pheromones returned to their nest quicker, and more often, than those who had lost their ability to detect the pheromones. This showed that pheromones help cats form a bond with their immediate environment.
Additionally, feline appeasing pheromones released by the mother while nursing may chemically enhance mother-kitten bonding and help maintain peace within the litter. The feline appeasing pheromones are also called mother cat's pheromones, and are secreted in the mammary glands near her nipples. These pheromones help the kittens feel content and secure, and further helps the mother identify her kittens if they are separated from her. In short these pheromones are used to reduce tensions and conflict in cats.
Past the newborn stage, chemical stimuli are commonly released through different forms of scent marking or scent rubbing. Specific scent rubbing behaviours include bunting, in which an animal butts the front of its head against an object or individual, and allorubbing, where two cats rub against each other. Another scent rubbing behaviour that releases pheromones is social rolling, in which a cat flops over and rolls onto its backside to extend its body. These types of pheromone releasers helps a cat to familiarize itself with a foreign area or individual, and diminish stress associated with being in a new or conflict-containing location. When this behaviour occurs between two cats in a colony, it is likely an attempt to exchange scents and chemical stimuli such as pheromones. It has been proposed that this behaviour of dispersing pheromones through scent rubbing also plays a role in visual communication, since the behaviour often coincides with a known individual coming near the cat.
Feline facial and appeasing pheromones
There are five feline facial pheromones that have been identified from the chin, lip, and cheek sebaceous secretions; F1–F5. Although the chemical components have been identified for F1 and F5, their natural function and behavioural implications are not yet known. As a whole, facial hormones F2–F4 assist with the marking of territories, however, they also have more specific individual functions.
F2
The feline facial pheromone F2 has been shown to be deposited during a mating behaviour conducted by males. It is released as form of sexual marking, such that the male will rub its face on an object that is in proximity of a potential female partner. Releasing the F2 pheromone at the same time as its visible mating display may make the cat more effective at obtaining a mate.
F3
Feline facial pheromone F3 is a chemical commonly released through object rubbing. It is thought to be important in a cats' ability to orient itself within its environment and know where it is in relation to its surroundings. It is a territorial signal, in that cats mark the spaces they frequently use. This may help to emotionally soothe the cat, such that being closer to the scent may increase a sense of security and belonging, while reducing anxiety.
F4
Also referred to as the "allomarking pheromone", the feline facial pheromone F4's main associated behaviour is allomarking (or allorubbing). This behaviour involves chemical stimuli being released through rubbing onto other cats in social settings. It may also be deposited onto well-known humans in social situations. The release of the F4 pheromone is suggested to be an indication that the individual being rubbed is familiar, and the cat will be less likely to instigate a conflict with them.
Feline appeasing pheromone
In contrast to the facial pheromones, the feline appeasing pheromone is produced by the mammary sebaceous glands of a mother within the first few days of birthing a kitten. Its release occurs through lactation and is linked with maternal bonding. It is thought to play a role in attachment to the mother cat to ensure the kitten feels calm and protected, as well as serving the purpose of increasing harmonious interactions within the litter.
Synthetic pheromones and pheromonatherapy
Since the chemical compositions of natural pheromones have been isolated, this information can be used to construct synthetic solutions of these same compounds and activate a particular behavioural response. These analogous compounds can be used in the form of a diffuser or spray. The use of these synthetic pheromones as a practical application to treat or alter animal behaviour is termed pheromone therapy or pheromonatherapy. The efficacy of pheromonatherapy is debated, and its effectiveness may depend on using the proper pheromone for the targeted behaviour in the right quantity. Feline facial pheromones F3, F4, and the feline appeasing pheromone are three that have been artificially manufactured and have a proposed function to modify behaviour.
F3 synthetic analogue
The F3 pheromone was the first to be synthetically replicated. Its attempted use is to reduce feline stress and associated behaviours such as excessive grooming, while instead promoting healthier behaviours of playing and eating. Recent research has investigated its effects on short-distance transport-related stress, and in a randomized pilot study, it was found that stress-related behaviours including curling, immobility, and meowing were reduced when using a synthetic F3 pheromone product compared to a placebo. It can also be used to help eliminate urine spraying and scratching, which are undesirable scent-marking tendencies.
Some veterinary texts promote the placement of the F3 synthetic analogue in a location where the cat frequently visits and rests in, since the natural pheromone is thought to reduce distress based on proximity to the chemical. It may also be sprayed onto the bed, cage, or towel of a cat in the veterinary consult room to diminish stress.
F4 synthetic analogue
The F4 synthetic facial pheromone is sometimes used with poorly socialized cats to promote smoother interactions within animals of the same or different species. It is suggested to work by misleading the cat into believing that a newcomer is someone they had previously encountered, therefore, inhibiting aggression and promoting acceptance of the stranger. In a veterinary setting, the F4 pheromone may be rubbed on the professional to make handling easier and reduce escape tendencies for pets who have an immense fear of veterinarians.
Feline appeasing pheromone synthetic analogue
Feline appeasing pheromone, with its route in maternal bonding, is made use of artificially in multi-cat households. When cats are first introduced or are experiencing conflicts, this pheromone may be diffused to alleviate stress and diminish socially tense behaviours, such as stalking and chasing. In a recent pilot study looking at 45 multi-cat households who were experiencing cat conflicts, it was found that aggressive tendencies significantly decreased more in those who used a diffuser containing this pheromone as opposed to a placebo.
Combination treatments
Other interventions, such as positive-reinforcement strategies or providing food puzzles as an enrichment source, may be used along with pheromone therapy to further reduce the incidence of problematic behaviours and promote emotional wellbeing. In addition, artificial pheromones may be used simultaneously with pharmacological treatment to increase the likelihood of a positive behavioural result, since they have different routes of action. An example of a combination treatment looked at in the area of veterinary medicine is the use of the feline facial pheromone F3 analogue with clomipramine to treat between cat aggression and urine spraying.
Cat urine odorants
Cat urine, especially that of male cats, contains the putative cat pheromone 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol (MMB), a compound that gives cat urine its typical odor. The MMB precursor felinine is synthesized in the urine from 3-methylbutanol-cysteinylglycine (3-MBCG) by the excreted peptidase cauxin. Felinine then slowly degrades into the volatile MMB.
Rats and mice are highly averse to the odor of a cat's urine, but after infection with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, they are attracted by it, greatly increasing the likelihood of being preyed upon and of infecting the cat.
Cat attractants
Although they are not produced by the cat themselves, and therefore are not pheromones, cat attractants are also odorants that have an effect on cat behavior. A cat presented with a cat attractant may roll in it, paw at it, or chew on the source of the smell. The effect is usually relatively short, lasting for only a few minutes after which the cats have a refractory period during which the response cannot be elicited. After 30 minutes to two hours, susceptible cats gain interest again.
Various volatile chemicals, iridoid terpenes extracted from essential oils, are known to cause these behavioral effects in cats. Cats are known to respond to catnip (Nepeta cataria), Tartarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), valerian (Valeriana officinalis), and silver vine (Actinidia polygama) to different degrees. The active chemical for catnip and silver vine has been confirmed to be nepetalactone and nepetalactol respectively: they are found in the two plants and synthesized versions of these chemicals trigger similar responses in cats. The active ingredient in Tartarian honeysuckle and valerian may be actinidine, but its effect is yet to be confirmed.
References
External links
Cat behavior
Mammalian pheromones
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{'title': 'Cat pheromone', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%20pheromone', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Monotheism is the belief that there is only one deity, an all-supreme being that is universally referred to as God. A distinction may be made between exclusive monotheism, in which the one God is a singular existence, and both inclusive and pluriform monotheism, in which multiple gods or godly forms are recognized, but each are postulated as extensions of the same God.
Monotheism is distinguished from henotheism, a religious system in which the believer worships one God without denying that others may worship different gods with equal validity, and monolatrism, the recognition of the existence of many gods but with the consistent worship of only one deity. The term monolatry was perhaps first used by Julius Wellhausen.
Monotheism characterizes the traditions of Bábism, the Baháʼí Faith, Cheondoism, Christianity, Deism, Druzism, Eckankar, Sikhism, some sects of Hinduism (such as Shaivism and Vaishnavism), Islam, Judaism, Mandaeism, Rastafari, Seicho-no-Ie, Tenrikyo, Yazidism, and Atenism. Elements of monotheistic thought are found in early religions such as Zoroastrianism, ancient Chinese religion, and Yahwism.
Etymology
The word monotheism comes from the Greek (monos) meaning "single" and (theos) meaning "god". The English term was first used by Henry More (1614–1687).
History
Quasi-monotheistic claims of the existence of a universal deity date to the Late Bronze Age, with Akhenaten's Great Hymn to the Aten from the 14th century BCE.
In the Iron-Age South Asian Vedic period, a possible inclination towards monotheism emerged. The Rigveda exhibits notions of monism of the Brahman, particularly in the comparatively late tenth book, which is dated to the early Iron Age, e.g. in the Nasadiya Sukta. Later, ancient Hindu theology was monist, but was not strictly monotheistic in worship because it still maintained the existence of many gods, who were envisioned as aspects of one supreme God, Brahman.
In China, the orthodox faith system held by most dynasties since at least the Shang Dynasty (1766 BCE) until the modern period centered on the worship of Shangdi (literally "Above Sovereign", generally translated as "God") or Heaven as an omnipotent force. However, this faith system was not truly monotheistic since other lesser gods and spirits, which varied with locality, were also worshiped along with Shangdi. Still, later variants such as Mohism (470 BCE–c.391 BCE) approached true monotheism, teaching that the function of lesser gods and ancestral spirits is merely to carry out the will of Shangdi, akin to the angels in Abrahamic religions which in turn counts as only one god.
Since the sixth century BCE, Zoroastrians have believed in the supremacy of one God above all: Ahura Mazda as the "Maker of All" and the first being before all others. While this is true, Zoroastrianism is not considered monotheistic as it has a dualistic cosmology, with a pantheon of lesser "gods" or Yazats, such as Mithra, who are worshipped as lesser divinities alongside Ahura Mazda. Along with this, Ahura Mazda is not fully omnipotent engaged in a constant struggle with Angra Mainyu, the force of evil, although good will ultimately overcome evil.
Post-exilic Judaism, after the late 6th century BCE, was the first religion to conceive the notion of a personal monotheistic God within a monist context. The concept of ethical monotheism, which holds that morality stems from God alone and that its laws are unchanging, first occurred in Judaism, but is now a core tenet of most modern monotheistic religions, including Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and Baháʼí Faith.
Also from the 6th century BCE, Thales (followed by other Monists, such as Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Parmenides) proposed that nature can be explained by reference to a single unitary principle that pervades everything. Numerous ancient Greek philosophers, including Xenophanes of Colophon and Antisthenes, believed in a similar polytheistic monism that bore some similarities to monotheism. The first known reference to a unitary God is Plato's Demiurge (divine Craftsman), followed by Aristotle's unmoved mover, both of which would profoundly influence Jewish and Christian theology.
According to Jewish, Christian and Islamic tradition, monotheism was the original religion of humanity; this original religion is sometimes referred to as "the Adamic religion", or, in the terms of Andrew Lang, the "Urreligion". Scholars of religion largely abandoned that view in the 19th century in favour of an evolutionary progression from animism via polytheism to monotheism, but by 1974, this theory was less widely held, and a modified view similar to Lang's became more prominent. Austrian anthropologist Wilhelm Schmidt had postulated an Urmonotheismus, "original" or "primitive monotheism" in the 1910s. It was objected that Judaism, Christianity, and Islam had grown up in opposition to polytheism as had Greek philosophical monotheism. More recently, Karen Armstrong and other authors have returned to the idea of an evolutionary progression beginning with animism, which developed into polytheism, which developed into henotheism, which developed into monolatry, which developed into true monotheism.
Africa
Indigenous African religion
The Tikar people of Cameroon have a traditional spirituality that emphasizes the worship of a single god, Nyuy.
The Himba people of Namibia practice a form of monotheistic panentheism, and worship the god Mukuru. The deceased ancestors of the Himba and Herero are subservient to him, acting as intermediaries.
The Igbo people practice a form of monotheism called Odinani. Odinani has monotheistic and panentheistic attributes, having a single God as the source of all things. Although a pantheon of spirits exists, these are lesser spirits prevalent in Odinani expressly serving as elements of Chineke (or Chukwu), the supreme being or high god.
Waaq is the name of a singular God in the traditional religion of many Cushitic people in the Horn of Africa, denoting an early monotheistic religion. However this religion was mostly replaced with the Abrahamic religions. Some (approximately 3%) of Oromo still follow this traditional monotheistic religion called Waaqeffanna in Oromo.
Ancient Egypt
Atenism
Amenhotep IV initially introduced Atenism in Year 5 of his reign (1348/1346 BCE) during the 18th dynasty of the New Kingdom. He raised Aten, once a relatively obscure Egyptian solar deity representing the disk of the sun, to the status of Supreme God in the Egyptian pantheon. To emphasise the change, Aten's name was written in the cartouche form normally reserved for Pharaohs, an innovation of Atenism. This religious reformation appears to coincide with the proclamation of a Sed festival, a sort of royal jubilee intended to reinforce the Pharaoh's divine powers of kingship. Traditionally held in the thirtieth year of the Pharaoh's reign, this possibly was a festival in honour of Amenhotep III, who some Egyptologists think had a coregency with his son Amenhotep IV of two to twelve years.
Year 5 is believed to mark the beginning of Amenhotep IV's construction of a new capital, Akhetaten (Horizon of the Aten), at the site known today as Amarna. Evidence of this appears on three of the boundary stelae used to mark the boundaries of this new capital. At this time, Amenhotep IV officially changed his name to Akhenaten (Agreeable to Aten) as evidence of his new worship. The date given for the event has been estimated to fall around January 2 of that year. In Year 7 of his reign (1346/1344 BCE), the capital was moved from Thebes to Akhetaten (near modern Amarna), though construction of the city seems to have continued for two more years. In shifting his court from the traditional ceremonial centres Akhenaten was signalling a dramatic transformation in the focus of religious and political power.
The move separated the Pharaoh and his court from the influence of the priesthood and from the traditional centres of worship, but his decree had deeper religious significance too—taken in conjunction with his name change, it is possible that the move to Amarna was also meant as a signal of Akhenaten's symbolic death and rebirth. It may also have coincided with the death of his father and the end of the coregency. In addition to constructing a new capital in honor of Aten, Akhenaten also oversaw the construction of some of the most massive temple complexes in ancient Egypt, including one at Karnak and one at Thebes, close to the old temple of Amun.
In Year 9 (1344/1342 BCE), Akhenaten declared a more radical version of his new religion, declaring Aten not merely the supreme god of the Egyptian pantheon, but the only God of Egypt, with himself as the sole intermediary between the Aten and the Egyptian people. Key features of Atenism included a ban on idols and other images of the Aten, with the exception of a rayed solar disc, in which the rays (commonly depicted ending in hands) appear to represent the unseen spirit of Aten. Akhenaten made it however clear that the image of the Aten only represented the god, but that the god transcended creation and so could not be fully understood or represented. Aten was addressed by Akhenaten in prayers, such as the Great Hymn to the Aten: "O Sole God beside whom there is none".
The details of Atenist theology are still unclear. The exclusion of all but one god and the prohibition of idols was a radical departure from Egyptian tradition, but scholars see Akhenaten as a practitioner of monolatry rather than monotheism, as he did not actively deny the existence of other gods; he simply refrained from worshiping any but Aten. Akhenaten associated Aten with Ra and put forward the eminence of Aten as the renewal of the kingship of Ra.
Under Akhenaten's successors, Egypt reverted to its traditional religion, and Akhenaten himself came to be reviled as a heretic.
Americas
Native American religion
Native American religions may be monotheistic, polytheistic, henotheistic, animistic, or some combination thereof. Cherokee religion, for example, is monotheist as well as pantheist.
The Great Spirit, called Wakan Tanka among the Sioux, and Gitche Manitou in Algonquian, is a conception of universal spiritual force, or supreme being prevalent among some Native American and First Nation cultures. According to Lakota activist Russell Means a better translation of Wakan Tanka is the Great Mystery.
Some researchers have interpreted Aztec philosophy as fundamentally monotheistic or panentheistic. While the populace at large believed in a polytheistic pantheon, Aztec priests and nobles might have come to an interpretation of Teotl as a single universal force with many facets. There has been criticism to this idea, however, most notably that many assertions of this supposed monotheism might actually come from post-Conquistador bias, imposing an Antiquity pagan model unto the Aztec.
Eastern Asia
Chinese religion
The orthodox faith system held by most dynasties of China since at least the Shang Dynasty (1766 BCE) until the modern period centered on the worship of Shangdi (literally "Above Sovereign", generally translated as "High-god") or Heaven as a supreme being, standing above other gods. This faith system pre-dated the development of Confucianism and Taoism and the introduction of Buddhism and Christianity. It has some features of monotheism in that Heaven is seen as an omnipotent entity, a noncorporeal force with a personality transcending the world. However, this faith system was not truly monotheistic since other lesser gods and spirits, which varied with locality, were also worshiped along with Shangdi. Still, later variants such as Mohism (470 BCE–c.391 BCE) approached true monotheism, teaching that the function of lesser gods and ancestral spirits is merely to carry out the will of Shangdi. In Mozi's Will of Heaven (天志), he writes:
Worship of Shangdi and Heaven in ancient China includes the erection of shrines, the last and greatest being the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, and the offering of prayers. The ruler of China in every Chinese dynasty would perform annual sacrificial rituals to Shangdi, usually by slaughtering a completely healthy bull as sacrifice. Although its popularity gradually diminished after the advent of Taoism and Buddhism, among other religions, its concepts remained in use throughout the pre-modern period and have been incorporated in later religions in China, including terminology used by early Christians in China. Despite the rising of non-theistic and pantheistic spirituality contributed by Taoism and Buddhism, Shangdi was still praised up until the end of the Qing Dynasty as the last ruler of the Qing declared himself son of heaven.
Tengrism
Tengrism or Tangrism (sometimes stylized as Tengriism), occasionally referred to as Tengrianism, is a modern term for a Central Asian religion characterized by features of shamanism, animism, totemism, both polytheism and monotheism, and ancestor worship. Historically, it was the prevailing religion of the Bulgars, Turks, Mongols, and Hungarians, as well as the Xiongnu and the Huns. It was the state religion of the six ancient Turkic states: Avar Khaganate, Old Great Bulgaria, First Bulgarian Empire, Göktürks Khaganate, Eastern Tourkia and Western Turkic Khaganate. In Irk Bitig, Tengri is mentioned as Türük Tängrisi (God of Turks). The term is perceived among Turkic peoples as a national religion.
In Chinese and Turco-Mongol traditions, the Supreme God is commonly referred to as the ruler of Heaven, or the Sky Lord granted with omnipotent powers, but it has largely diminished in those regions due to ancestor worship, Taoism's pantheistic views and Buddhism's rejection of a creator God. On some occasions in the mythology, the Sky Lord as identified as a male has been associated to mate with an Earth Mother, while some traditions kept the omnipotence of the Sky Lord unshared.
Europe
Ancient proto-Indo-European religion
The head deity of the Proto-Indo-European religion was the god *Dyḗus Pḥatḗr . A number of words derived from the name of this prominent deity are used in various Indo-European languages to denote a monotheistic God. Nonetheless, in spite of this, Proto-Indo-European religion itself was not monotheistic.
In Eastern Europe, the ancient traditions of the Slavic religion contained elements of monotheism. In the sixth century AD, the Byzantine chronicler Procopius recorded that the Slavs "acknowledge that one god, creator of lightning, is the only lord of all: to him do they sacrifice an ox and all sacrificial animals." The deity to whom Procopius is referring is the storm god Perún, whose name is derived from *Perkwunos, the Proto-Indo-European god of lightning. The ancient Slavs syncretized him with the Germanic god Thor and the Biblical prophet Elijah.
Ancient Greek religion
Classical Greece
The surviving fragments of the poems of the classical Greek philosopher Xenophanes of Colophon suggest that he held views very similar to those of modern monotheists. His poems harshly criticize the traditional notion of anthropomorphic gods, commenting that "...if cattle and horses and lions had hands or could paint with their hands and create works such as men do,... [they] also would depict the gods' shapes and make their bodies of such a sort as the form they themselves have." Instead, Xenophanes declares that there is "...one god, greatest among gods and humans, like mortals neither in form nor in thought." Xenophanes's theology appears to have been monist, but not truly monotheistic in the strictest sense. Although some later philosophers, such as Antisthenes, believed in doctrines similar to those expounded by Xenophanes, his ideas do not appear to have become widely popular.
Although Plato himself was a polytheist, in his writings, he often presents Socrates as speaking of "the god" in the singular form. He does, however, often speak of the gods in the plural form as well. The Euthyphro dilemma, for example, is formulated as "Is that which is holy loved by the gods because it is holy, or is it holy because it is loved by the gods?"
Hellenistic religion
The development of pure (philosophical) monotheism is a product of the Late Antiquity. During the 2nd to 3rd centuries, early Christianity was just one of several competing religious movements advocating monotheism.
"The One" (Τὸ Ἕν) is a concept that is prominent in the writings of the Neoplatonists, especially those of the philosopher Plotinus. In the writings of Plotinus, "The One" is described as an inconceivable, transcendent, all-embodying, permanent, eternal, causative entity that permeates throughout all of existence.
A number of oracles of Apollo from Didyma and Clarus, the so-called "theological oracles", dated to the 2nd and 3rd century CE, proclaim that there is only one highest god, of whom the gods of polytheistic religions are mere manifestations or servants. 4th century CE Cyprus had, besides Christianity, an apparently monotheistic cult of Dionysus.
The Hypsistarians were a religious group who believed in a most high god, according to Greek documents. Later revisions of this Hellenic religion were adjusted towards monotheism as it gained consideration among a wider populace. The worship of Zeus as the head-god signaled a trend in the direction of monotheism, with less honour paid to the fragmented powers of the lesser gods.
Western Asia
Abrahamic religions
Judaism
Judaism is traditionally considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world, although in the 8th century BCE the Israelites were polytheistic, with their worship including the gods El, Baal, Asherah, and Astarte. Yahweh was originally the national god of the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah. During the 8th century BCE, the worship of Yahweh in Israel was in competition with many other cults, described by the Yahwist faction collectively as Baals. The oldest books of the Hebrew Bible reflect this competition, as in the books of Hosea and Nahum, whose authors lament the "apostasy" of the people of Israel, threatening them with the wrath of God if they do not give up their polytheistic cults.
As time progressed, the henotheistic cult of Yahweh grew increasingly militant in its opposition to the worship of other gods. Later, the reforms of King Josiah imposed a form of strict monolatrism. After the fall of Judah and the beginning of the Babylonian captivity, a small circle of priests and scribes gathered around the exiled royal court, where they first developed the concept of Yahweh as the sole God of the world.
Second Temple Judaism and later Rabbinic Judaism became strictly monotheistic. The Babylonian Talmud references other, "foreign gods" as non-existent entities to whom humans mistakenly ascribe reality and power. One of the best-known statements of Rabbinic Judaism on monotheism is the Second of Maimonides' 13 Principles of faith:
Some in Judaism and Islam reject the Christian idea of monotheism. Modern Judaism uses the term shituf to refer to the worship of God in a manner which Judaism deems to be neither purely monotheistic (though still permissible for non-Jews) nor polytheistic (which would be prohibited).
Christianity
Among early Christians, there was considerable debate over the nature of the Godhead, with some denying the incarnation but not the deity of Jesus (Docetism) and others later calling for an Arian conception of God. Despite at least one earlier local synod rejecting the claim of Arius, this Christological issue was to be one of the items addressed at the First Council of Nicaea.
The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicaea (in present-day Turkey), convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in 325, was the first ecumenical council of bishops of the Roman Empire, and most significantly resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed. With the creation of the creed, a precedent was established for subsequent general ecumenical councils of bishops (synods) to create statements of belief and canons of doctrinal orthodoxy— the intent being to define a common creed for the Church and address heretical ideas.
One purpose of the council was to resolve disagreements in Alexandria over the nature of Jesus in relationship to the Father; in particular, whether Jesus was of the same substance as God the Father or merely of similar substance. All but two bishops took the first position; while Arius' argument failed.
Christian orthodox traditions (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and most Protestants) follow this decision, which was reaffirmed in 381 at the First Council of Constantinople and reached its full development through the work of the Cappadocian Fathers. They consider God to be a triune entity, called the Trinity, comprising three "persons", God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. These three are described as being "of the same substance" ().
Christians overwhelmingly assert that monotheism is central to the Christian faith, as the Nicene Creed (and others), which gives the orthodox Christian definition of the Trinity, begins: "I believe in one God". From earlier than the times of the Nicene Creed, 325 CE, various Christian figures advocated the triune mystery-nature of God as a normative profession of faith. According to Roger E. Olson and Christopher Hall, through prayer, meditation, study and practice, the Christian community concluded "that God must exist as both a unity and trinity", codifying this in ecumenical council at the end of the 4th century.
Most modern Christians believe the Godhead is triune, meaning that the three persons of the Trinity are in one union in which each person is also wholly God. They also hold to the doctrine of a man-god Christ Jesus as God incarnate. These Christians also do not believe that one of the three divine figures is God alone and the other two are not but that all three are mysteriously God and one. Other Christian religions, including Unitarian Universalism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormonism and others, do not share those views on the Trinity.
Some Christian faiths, such as Mormonism, argue that the Godhead is in fact three separate individuals which include God the Father, His Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost. Each individual having a distinct purpose in the grand existence of human kind. Furthermore, Mormons believe that before the Council of Nicaea, the predominant belief among many early Christians was that the Godhead was three separate individuals. In support of this view, they cite early Christian examples of belief in subordinationism.
Unitarianism is a theological movement, named for its understanding of God as one person, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism.
Some in Judaism and some in Islam do not consider Trinitarian Christianity to be a pure form of monotheism due to the pluriform monotheistic Christian doctrine of the Trinity, classifying it as shituf in Judaism and as shirk in Islam. Trinitarian Christians, on the other hand, argue that the doctrine of the Trinity is a valid expression of monotheism, citing that the Trinity does not consist of three separate deities, but rather the three persons, who exist consubstantially (as one substance) within a single Godhead.
Islam
In Islam, God (Allāh) is all-powerful and all-knowing, the Creator, Sustainer, Ordainer and Judge of the universe. God in Islam is strictly singular (tawhid) unique (wahid) and inherently One (ahad), all-merciful and omnipotent. Allāh exists on the Al-'Arsh [Quran 7:54], but the Quran states that "No vision can grasp Him, but His grasp is over all vision. God is above all comprehension, yet is acquainted with all things" [Quran 6:103] Allāh is the only God and the same God worshiped in Christianity and Judaism.().
Islam emerged in the 7th century CE in the context of both Christianity and Judaism, with some thematic elements similar to Gnosticism. Islamic belief states that Muhammad did not bring a new religion from God, but rather the same religion as practiced by Abraham, Moses, David, Jesus and all the other prophets of God. The assertion of Islam is that the message of God had been corrupted, distorted or lost over time, and the Quran was sent to Muhammad in order to correct the lost message of the Tawrat (Torah), Injil (Gospel) and Zabur.
The Quran asserts the existence of a single and absolute truth that transcends the world; a unique and indivisible being who is independent of the creation. The Quran rejects binary modes of thinking such as the idea of a duality of God by arguing that both good and evil generate from God's creative act. God is a universal god rather than a local, tribal or parochial one; an absolute who integrates all affirmative values and brooks no evil. Ash'ari theology, which dominated Sunni Islam from the tenth to the nineteenth century, insists on ultimate divine transcendence and holds that divine unity is not accessible to human reason. Ash'arism teaches that human knowledge regarding it is limited to what has been revealed through the prophets, and on such paradoxes as God's creation of evil, revelation had to accept bila kayfa (without [asking] how).
Tawhid constitutes the foremost article of the Muslim profession of faith, "There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God. To attribute divinity to a created entity is the only unpardonable sin mentioned in the Quran. The entirety of the Islamic teaching rests on the principle of tawhid.
Medieval Islamic philosopher Al-Ghazali offered a proof of monotheism from omnipotence, asserting there can only be one omnipotent being. For if there were two omnipotent beings, the first would either have power over the second (meaning the second is not omnipotent) or not (meaning the first is not omnipotent); thus implying that there could only be one omnipotent being.
As they traditionally profess a concept of monotheism with a singular entity as God, Judaism and Islam reject the Christian idea of monotheism. Judaism uses the term Shituf to refer to non-monotheistic ways of worshiping God. Although Muslims venerate Jesus (Isa in Arabic) as a prophet, they do not accept the doctrine that he was a begotten son of God.
Mandaeism
Mandaeism or Mandaeanism ( ), sometimes also known as Sabianism, is a monotheistic, Gnostic, and ethnic religion. Mandaeans consider Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem and John the Baptist to be prophets, with Adam being the founder of the religion and John being the greatest and final prophet. The Mandaeans believe in one God commonly named Hayyi Rabbi meaning 'The Great Life' or 'The Great Living God'. The Mandaeans speak a dialect of Eastern Aramaic known as Mandaic. The name 'Mandaean' comes from the Aramaic manda meaning "knowledge", as does Greek gnosis. The term 'Sabianism' is derived from the Sabians (, ), a mysterious religious group mentioned three times in the Quran alongside the Jews, the Christians and the Zoroastrians as a 'people of the book', and whose name was historically claimed by the Mandaeans as well as by several other religious groups in order to gain the legal protection () offered by Islamic law. Mandaeans recognize God to be the eternal, creator of all, the one and only in domination who has no partner.
Baháʼí Faith
God in the Baháʼí Faith is taught to be the Imperishable, uncreated Being Who is the source of existence, too great for humans to fully comprehend. Human primitive understanding of God is achieved through his revelations via his divine intermediary Manifestations. In the Baháʼí faith, such Christian doctrines as the Trinity are seen as compromising the Baháʼí view that God is single and has no equal,
and the very existence of the Baháʼí Faith is a challenge to the Islamic doctrine of the finality of Muhammad's revelation.
God in the Baháʼí Faith communicates to humanity through divine intermediaries, known as Manifestations of God. These Manifestations establish religion in the world. It is through these divine intermediaries that humans can approach God, and through them God brings divine revelation and law.
The Oneness of God is one of the core teachings of the Baháʼí Faith. The obligatory prayers in the Baháʼí Faith involve explicit monotheistic testimony. God is the imperishable, uncreated being who is the source of all existence. He is described as "a personal God, unknowable, inaccessible, the source of all Revelation, eternal, omniscient, omnipresent and almighty". Although transcendent and inaccessible directly, his image is reflected in his creation. The purpose of creation is for the created to have the capacity to know and love its creator. God communicates his will and purpose to humanity through intermediaries, known as Manifestations of God, who are the prophets and messengers that have founded religions from prehistoric times up to the present day.
Rastafari
Rastafari, sometimes termed Rastafarianism, is classified as both a new religious movement and social movement. It developed in Jamaica during the 1930s. It lacks any centralised authority and there is much heterogeneity among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas.
Rastafari refer to their beliefs, which are based on a specific interpretation of the Bible, as "Rastalogy". Central is a monotheistic belief in a single God—referred to as Jah—who partially resides within each individual. The former emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, is given central importance. Many Rastas regard him as an incarnation of Jah on Earth and as the Second Coming of Christ. Others regard him as a human prophet who fully recognised the inner divinity within every individual.
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism combines cosmogonic dualism and eschatological monotheism which makes it unique among the religions of the world. It is contested whether they are monotheistic, due to the presence of Ahura Mainyu, and the existence of worshipped lesser divinities such as Aharaniyita.
By some Zoroastrianism is considered a monotheistic religion, but this is contested as both true and false by both scholars, and Zoroastrians themselves. Although Zoroastrianism is often regarded as dualistic, duotheistic or bitheistic, for its belief in the hypostasis of the ultimately good Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord) and the ultimately evil Angra Mainyu (destructive spirit). Zoroastrianism was once one of the largest religions on Earth, as the official religion of the Persian Empire. By some scholars, the Zoroastrians ("Parsis" or "Zartoshtis") are sometimes credited with being some of the first monotheists and having had influence on other world religions. Gathered statistics estimates the number of adherents at between 100,000 and 200,000, with adherents living in many regions, including South Asia.
Yazidism
God in Yazidism created the world and entrusted it into the care of seven Holy Beings, known as Angels. The Yazidis believe in a divine Triad. The original, hidden God of the Yazidis is considered to be remote and inactive in relation to his creation, except to contain and bind it together within his essence. His first emanation is the Angel Melek Taûs (), who functions as the ruler of the world and leader of the other Angels. The second hypostasis of the divine Triad is the Sheikh 'Adī ibn Musafir. The third is Sultan Ezid. These are the three hypostases of the one God. The identity of these three is sometimes blurred, with Sheikh 'Adī considered to be a manifestation of Tawûsê Melek and vice versa; the same also applies to Sultan Ezid. Yazidis are called ("the nation of Tawûsê Melek").
God is referred to by Yazidis as , , , and ('King'), and, less commonly, and . According to some Yazidi hymns (known as Qewls), God has 1,001 names, or 3,003 names according to other Qewls.
Oceania
Aboriginal Australian religion
Aboriginal Australians are typically described as polytheistic in nature. Although some researchers shy from referring to Dreamtime figures as "gods" or "deities", they are broadly described as such for the sake of simplicity.
In Southeastern Australian cultures, the sky father Baiame is perceived as the creator of the universe (though this role is sometimes taken by other gods like Yhi or Bunjil) and at least among the Gamilaraay traditionally revered above other mythical figures. Equation between him and the Christian god is common among both missionaries and modern Christian Aboriginals.
The Yolngu had extensive contact with the Makassans and adopted religious practises inspired by those of Islam. The god Walitha'walitha is based on Allah (specifically, with the wa-Ta'ala suffix), but while this deity had a role in funerary practises it is unclear if it was "Allah-like" in terms of functions.
Andaman Islands
The religion of the Andamanese peoples has at times been described as "animistic monotheism", believing foremost in a single deity, Paluga, who created the universe. However, Paluga is not worshipped, and anthropomorphic personifications of natural phenomena are also known.
South Asia
Hinduism
As an old religion, Hinduism inherits religious concepts spanning monotheism, polytheism, panentheism, pantheism, monism, and atheism among others; and its concept of God is complex and depends upon each individual and the tradition and philosophy followed.
Hindu views are broad and range from monism, through pantheism and panentheism (alternatively called monistic theism by some scholars) to monotheism and even atheism. Hinduism cannot be said to be purely polytheistic. Hindu religious leaders have repeatedly stressed that while God's forms are many and the ways to communicate with him are many, God is one. The puja of the murti is a way to communicate with the abstract one god (Brahman) which creates, sustains and dissolves creation.
Rig Veda 1.164.46,
"They call him Indra, Mitra, Varuṇa, Agni, and he is heavenly nobly-winged Garuda.
To what is One, sages give many a title they call it Agni, Yama, Mātariśvan." (trans. Griffith)
Traditions of Gaudiya Vaishnavas, the Nimbarka Sampradaya and followers of Swaminarayan and Vallabha consider Krishna to be the source of all avatars, and the source of Vishnu himself, or to be the same as Narayana. As such, he is therefore regarded as Svayam Bhagavan.
When Krishna is recognized to be Svayam Bhagavan, it can be understood that this is the belief of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, the Vallabha Sampradaya, and the Nimbarka Sampradaya, where Krishna is accepted to be the source of all other avatars, and the source of Vishnu himself. This belief is drawn primarily "from the famous statement of the Bhagavatam" (1.3.28). A viewpoint differing from this theological concept is the concept of Krishna as an avatar of Narayana or Vishnu. It should be however noted that although it is usual to speak of Vishnu as the source of the avataras, this is only one of the names of the God of Vaishnavism, who is also known as Narayana, Vasudeva and Krishna and behind each of those names there is a divine figure with attributed supremacy in Vaishnavism.
The Rig Veda discusses monotheistic thought, as do the Atharva Veda and Yajur Veda:
"Devas are always looking to the supreme abode of Vishnu" (tad viṣṇoḥ paramaṁ padaṁ sadā paśyanti sṻrayaḥ Rig Veda 1.22.20)
"The One Truth, sages know by many names" (Rig Veda 1.164.46)
"When at first the unborn sprung into being, He won His own dominion beyond which nothing higher has been in existence" (Atharva Veda 10.7.31)
"There is none to compare with Him. There is no parallel to Him, whose glory, verily, is great." (Yajur Veda 32.3)
The number of auspicious qualities of God are countless, with the following six qualities (bhaga) being the most important:
Jñāna (omniscience), defined as the power to know about all beings simultaneously
Aishvarya (sovereignty, derived from the word Ishvara), which consists in unchallenged rule over all
Shakti (energy), or power, which is the capacity to make the impossible possible
Bala (strength), which is the capacity to support everything by will and without any fatigue
Vīrya (vigor), which indicates the power to retain immateriality as the supreme being in spite of being the material cause of mutable creations
Tejas (splendor), which expresses His self-sufficiency and the capacity to overpower everything by His spiritual effulgence
In the Shaivite tradition, the Shri Rudram (Sanskrit श्रि रुद्रम्), to which the Chamakam (चमकम्) is added by scriptural tradition, is a Hindu stotra dedicated to Rudra (an epithet of Shiva), taken from the Yajurveda (TS 4.5, 4.7). Shri Rudram is also known as Sri Rudraprasna, , and Rudradhyaya. The text is important in Vedanta where Shiva is equated to the Universal supreme God. The hymn is an early example of enumerating the names of a deity, a tradition developed extensively in the sahasranama literature of Hinduism.
The Nyaya school of Hinduism has made several arguments regarding a monotheistic view. The Naiyanikas have given an argument that such a god can only be one. In the Nyaya Kusumanjali, this is discussed against the proposition of the Mimamsa school that let us assume there were many demigods (devas) and sages (rishis) in the beginning, who wrote the Vedas and created the world. Nyaya says that:
In other words, Nyaya says that the polytheist would have to give elaborate proofs for the existence and origin of his several celestial spirits, none of which would be logical, and that it is more logical to assume one eternal, omniscient god.
Many other Hindus, however, view polytheism as far preferable to monotheism. The famous Hindu revitalist leader Ram Swarup, for example, points to the Vedas as being specifically polytheistic, and states that, "only some form of polytheism alone can do justice to this variety and richness."
Sita Ram Goel, another 20th-century Hindu historian, wrote:
Sikhism
Sikhi is a monotheistic and a revealed religion.
God in Sikhi is called Akal Purakh (which means "the true immortal") or Vāhigurū the Primal being. However, other names like Ram, Allah etc. are also used to refer to the same god, who is shapeless, timeless, and sightless: niraṅkār, akaal, and alakh. Sikhi presents a unique perspective where God is present (sarav viāpak) in all of its creation and does not exist outside of its creation. God must be seen from "the inward eye", or the "heart". Sikhs follow the Aad Guru Granth Sahib and are instructed to meditate on the Naam (Name of God - Vāhigurū) to progress towards enlightenment, as its rigorous application permits the existence of communication between God and human beings.
Sikhism is a monotheistic faith that arose in northern region of the Indian subcontinent during the 16th and 17th centuries. Sikhs believe in one, timeless, omnipresent, supreme creator. The opening verse of the Guru Granth Sahib, known as the Mul Mantra, signifies this:
Transliteration: ikk ōankār sat(i)-nām(u) karatā purakh(u) nirabha'u niravair(u) akāla mūrat(i) ajūnī saibhan(g) gur(a) prasād(i).
One Universal creator God, The supreme Unchangeable Truth, The Creator of the Universe, Beyond Fear, Beyond Hatred, Beyond Death, Beyond Birth, Self-Existent, by Guru's Grace.
The word "ੴ" ("Ik ōaṅkār") has two components. The first is ੧, the digit "1" in Gurmukhi signifying the singularity of the creator. Together the word means: "One Universal creator God".
It is often said that the 1430 pages of the Guru Granth Sahib are all expansions on the Mul Mantra. Although the Sikhs have many names for God, some derived from Islam and Hinduism, they all refer to the same Supreme Being.
The Sikh holy scriptures refer to the One God who pervades the whole of space and is the creator of all beings in the universe. The following quotation from the Guru Granth Sahib highlights this point:
However, there is a strong case for arguing that the Guru Granth Sahib teaches monism due to its non-dualistic tendencies:
Sikhs believe that God has been given many names, but they all refer to the One God, VāhiGurū. Sikh holy scripture (Guru Granth Sahib) speaks to all faiths and Sikhs believe that members of other religions such as Islam, Hinduism and Christianity all worship the same God, and the names Allah, Rahim, Karim, Hari, Raam and Paarbrahm are, therefore, frequently mentioned in the Sikh holy scripture (Guru Granth Sahib) . God in Sikhism is most commonly referred to as Akal Purakh (which means "the true immortal") or Waheguru, the Primal Being.
See also
References
Further reading
William G. Dever, Who Were the Early Israelites?, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans 2003.
William G. Dever, Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans, 2005, .
Jonthan Kirsch, God Against The Gods: The History of the War Between Monotheism and Polytheism. Penguin Books. 2005.
Hans Köchler. The Concept of Monotheism in Islam and Christianity. Vienna: Braumüller, 1982. (Google Books).
Silberman, Neil A. et al.; The Bible Unearthed, New York: Simon & Schuster 2001.
Keith Whitelam, The Invention of Ancient Israel, Routledge, New York 1997.
External links
About.com "What is Monolatry?" (Contains useful comparisons with henoteism etc.)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Christian Monotheism (biblical unitarians)
Deism
Philosophy of religion
Religion in ancient Israel and Judah
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USS Charles Ausburn (DD-294) was a built for the United States Navy during World War I.
Construction and career
Charles Ausburn, named for Charles Lawrence Ausburne, was launched 18 December 1919 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, Squantum, Massachusetts; sponsored by Mrs. D. K. Ausburn; and commissioned 23 March 1920. Assigned to the Atlantic Fleet, Charles Ausburn operated from Charleston, South Carolina, Norfolk, Virginia and Newport, Rhode Island along the Atlantic coast and in the Caribbean through 1924, serving with a reduced complement from October 1920 to May 1922. During those years, as she participated in fleet exercises and training maneuvers, she aided in the development and application of new ideas in naval warfare. In the fall of 1923, Charles Ausburn was equipped to carry a seaplane, with which she performed experiments in the rapidly developing field of naval aviation.
In late summer of 1924, Charles Ausburn cruised to northern latitudes to provide plane guard service in the round-the-world flight of Army aircraft, maintaining stations off Greenland and Newfoundland. On 18 June 1925, she sailed from Boston for a year of duty off Europe and in the Mediterranean, visiting at a large number of ports before her return to New York 11 July 1926. She continued her operations with the fleet, often providing facilities for the training of reservists, until 1 May 1930, when she was decommissioned at Philadelphia. There she was sold 17 January 1931.
Notes
References
External links
http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/294.htm
Clemson-class destroyers
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1919 ships
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Ultimate Spinach is the 1968 self-titled debut album by the American psychedelic rock band Ultimate Spinach, and was released on the MGM Records label (E/SE-4518) simultaneously with the debut LP of two other Boston-area bands, Beacon Street Union and Orpheus. Both albums were heavily promoted by the label as being representative of the "Bosstown Sound". The commercial ploy was heavily driven in psychedelic music that attempted to replicate the San Francisco Sound.
Background
Ian Bruce-Douglas composed all the songs, played several instruments, and sang lead for most of the tracks.
Apart from its obvious references about the use of psychedelic drugs, Ultimate Spinach is a concept album based on abstract anti-war sentiment, in the context of the Vietnam War that happened at that time. Lyrically, Bruce-Douglas' songs are subtle, pretty intricate and with an imaginary vision of life.
One of the most notable characteristics is its experimental style, with "artifacts" and unusual recording techniques, among which stand out a variety of guitar sounds and distortions including fuzz, echo, tremolo, feedback, volume control, and use of the wah-wah pedal. Each of those aspects were similar to the typical West Coast psychedelic sound of the era.
With the publicity backing them, the band toured with prominent musical acts like Big Brother and the Holding Company and The Youngbloods at significant venues like the Filmore Auditorium.
Following their recording and initial tour, drummer Keith Lahtenein left the group to by replaced Russell Levine. Priscilla DiDonato was also added to the lineup at this time. The addition enabled the band to more closely recreate the overdubbed vocal harmonies in their debut album.
Reception
The album was Ultimate Spinach's most successful when it peaked at number 34 on the Billboard 200.
In 2008, the album still retained its presence as a psychedelic classic when it was listed at number 36 on Classic Rock magazine's "42 Greatest Psychedelic Albums".
Track listing
All songs written by Ian Bruce-Douglas.
LP Side A
"Ego Trip" – 3:13
"Sacrifice of the Moon (in four parts)" – 3:45
"Plastic Raincoats/Hung Up Minds" – 2:56
"Ballad of the Hip Death Goddess" – 8:14
LP Side B
"Your Head Is Reeling" – 3:36
"Dove in Hawk's Clothing" – 3:54
"Baroque #1" – 4:48
"Funny Freak Parade" – 2:35
"Pamela" – 3:08
Personnel
Ian Bruce-Douglas - vocals, guitar (acoustic and electric), 12-string bass, electric piano, organ, keyboards, sitar, vibraphone, theremin, recording
Barbara Jean Hudson - guitar (acoustic and electric), vocals
Keith Lahteinen - drums, percussion, vocals
Richard Nese - bass (acoustic and electric), feedback
Geoffrey Winthrop - guitar (acoustic and electric), feedback, sitar (acoustic and electric), vocals
Ted Myers - guitar, vocals
References
1968 debut albums
Ultimate Spinach albums
MGM Records albums
Acid rock albums
Concept albums
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Volodymyr Gerun (born 25 March 1994) is a Ukrainian professional basketball player for Real Betis of the Liga ACB.
Playing career
Gerun started out with his home town club BC Dnipro for the 2011–12 Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague season.
At age 18, Volodymyr Gerun left his native country Ukraine for the USA-based NCAA Division I.
After his tenure in the United States, he returned to Europe.
In Spain, he progressively climbed the steps from LEB Plata until he reached the Liga ACB.
In 2015, he joined CB Getafe, a subsidiary of Baloncesto Fuenlabrada, from which he moved to Força Lleida CE of the LEB Oro, then CB Clavijo. His good performances in both clubs aroused the interest of Barcelona, which incorporated him into their subsidiary FC Barcelona Bàsquet B for the 2017–18 LEB Oro season.
In 2017–18, he played 30 games in which he averaged about 29 minutes, 14.8 points, 8 rebounds, 1.6 assists and 5 fouls received. He was voted best player of the day on several occasions.
In July 2018, he signed with CB Breogán for one year. He became the first signing made official by Breogán. During the 2018–19 ACB season, he averaged 11.4 points (59% in shots of two and 62% in free throws) and 6.6 rebounds. Against his later team Baloncesto Málaga, he recorded a noteworthy 11 offensive rebounds in both matchups combined.
Gerun signed with Baloncesto Málaga for the 2019–20 ACB season, alongside Deon Thompson. Gerun signed for three seasons, although with cut-off clauses for both parties. Gerun, Thompson and Rubén Guerrero came as replacements for inside players Viny Okouo, Mathias Lessort and Giorgi Shermadini. Gerun, Thompson and Guerrero played under head coach Luis Casimiro in that season.
On August 17, 2021, he has signed with Büyükçekmece Basketbol of the Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi.
On July 14, 2022, he has signed with Real Betis of the Liga ACB.
National team
Gerun has been a member of the Ukrainian national basketball team at senior level as well as at the junior levels under-18 and under-16.
References
External links
Profile at Proballers.com
Profile at REALGM.com
Profile at Eurobasket.com
1994 births
Living people
BC Dnipro players
Baloncesto Fuenlabrada players
Baloncesto Málaga players
Büyükçekmece Basketbol players
CB Breogán players
CB Clavijo players
Centers (basketball)
FC Barcelona Bàsquet B players
Força Lleida CE players
Liga ACB players
Portland Pilots men's basketball players
Power forwards (basketball)
Real Betis Baloncesto players
Sportspeople from Dnipro
Ukrainian expatriate basketball people in Spain
Ukrainian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Ukrainian men's basketball players
West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball players
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The 2nd Cornwall MRC Formula 1 Race was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 2 August 1954 at the Davidstow Circuit, Cornwall. The race was to be run over 30 laps of the little circuit, but this was reduced to 20 laps due to the bad weather. The race was won by British driver John Coombs in a Lotus Mk VIII.
This was the second of three Formula One races held in Cornwall during 1954 and 1955, and the first Formula One race to be won by a Lotus.
Rodney Nuckey led the race until lap 17, when he suffered oil pressure problems, leaving Coombs and Tom Kyffin to battle for the lead until the end.
Results
Brandon's Cooper-Aston Martin blew its engine in practice, and a Bristol engine was installed in its place. This car was the Cooper-Bristol that Nuckey used during the race.
References
Cornwall MRC Formula 1 Race, II
Cornwall MRC Formula 1 Race
Corn
1950s in Cornwall
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"I'll Be Around" is the second single released from Rappin' 4-Tay's second album, Don't Fight the Feelin'. The song both sampled the music and retained the original chorus of The Spinners' song of the same name, though Rappin' 4-Tay replaced the song's original lyrics with his own. The Spinners were credited as featured artists and songwriters Thom Bell and Phil Hurtt were both given writing credits.
The song became 4-Tay's second consecutive Top 40 single, peaking at #39 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #5 on the Hot Rap Singles, becoming his biggest hit on that chart. It also made #30 on the UK Singles Chart. The single became The Spinners' last Top 40 hit in both the US and UK, some 34 years after their first, 1961's "That's What Girls Are Made For".
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
1994 songs
1995 singles
Rappin' 4-Tay songs
Chrysalis Records singles
Songs written by Thom Bell
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{'title': "I'll Be Around (Rappin' 4-Tay song)", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll%20Be%20Around%20%28Rappin%27%204-Tay%20song%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Nikolai Borisovich Kulikov (Russian: Куликов, Николай Борисович; April 25, 1953 in Moscow, USSR – August 11, 1979 in Dniprodzerzhynsk, Ukraine SSR) was a Soviet footballer. Kulikov played for FC Pakhtakor Tashkent as a defender from 1976 to 1979, before he died in a mid-air plane crash in August 1979. He was classified as a Master of Sport of the USSR in 1979.
Early life and career
A product of FC Dynamo Moscow's youth football system; Kulikov's first coaches were the famous Soviet football players Vladimir Kesarev and Sergey Solovyov. In 1974 Nikolai Kulikov, a young half-back, was invited to FC Khanki (Khorezm, Uzbek SSR) where he played for two seasons. In 1976 Nikolai Kulikov successfully played for FK Yangiyer (Yangier, Uzbek SSR) and was recruited by FC Pakhtakor Tashkent (Tashkent, Uzbek SSR). In 1977 FC Pakhtakor was promoted from the Soviet First League to the Soviet Top League. Nikolai Kulikov invaluably contributed to FC Pakhtakor success with twenty-one matches in defence and one goal. He was highly praised for high mobility, good play thinking, and reciprocity and sincere friendship with teammates.
Death
At 26, Kulikov and sixteen other FC Pakhtakor players and staff died in a mid-air collision over Kurilovka (Dneprodzerzhinsk, Ukrainian SSR). Buried in his patrimony Krivskoye (near Obninsk, Borovskiy District, Kaluga Oblast, Russia).
References
1953 births
1979 deaths
Soviet footballers
Pakhtakor Tashkent FK players
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Soviet Union
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Ukraine
Association footballers not categorized by position
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{'title': 'Nikolai Borisovich Kulikov', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20Borisovich%20Kulikov', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Christie Ann Hefner (born November 8, 1952) is an American businesswoman. She was chairman and CEO of Playboy Enterprises from 1988 to 2009, and is the daughter of Playboy magazine founder Hugh Hefner.
Early life
Hefner was born in Chicago, Illinois. She is the daughter of Mildred (Williams) and Hugh Hefner. Her parents had separated by the time she was five. When her mother remarried, she moved to Wilmette, Illinois. There she graduated from New Trier High School. She attended the National Music Camp at Interlochen, Michigan, during the summers from 1964 to 1969.
She graduated summa cum laude from Brandeis University with a bachelor's degree in English and American literature in 1974. She was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in her junior year.
Career
After college, she free-lanced for the Boston Phoenix for a year, writing movie reviews. Thereafter, she moved back to Chicago and started working at Playboy.
In 1982, she became president of Playboy Enterprises, and was made chairman of the board and CEO in 1988. She was the longest serving female CEO of a publicly traded company. She extended its magazine franchise overseas, to 25 localized foreign editions and also developed the company's profitable pay television business — the first time a magazine successfully leveraged its brand into a television network. The company also acquired adult-oriented businesses such as Spice Network and ClubJenna. Continuing the company's electronic expansion, in 1994 Christie led the company onto the Internet with the launch of Playboy.com, the first national magazine to launch a web site, and built an international, profitable, multi-revenue stream business including premium content, e-commerce, advertising and gaming, both online and mobile. She also built a highly profitable direct marketing, catalog and e-commerce business in film and music through both acquisition and organic growth. And, she greatly expanded the leveraging of the Playboy brand via licensing. In her last year as CEO, Playboy generated close to $1 billion in global retail sales, 80% of the sales to women. When she left over 40% of her executives were women. For three years, she was named to Fortune list of "Most Powerful Women".
In 2008, she released a memo to employees about her efforts to streamline the company's operations, including eliminating its DVD division and laying off staff.
On December 8, 2008, she announced her plans to step down as CEO of Playboy. Hefner said that the election of Barack Obama as the next U.S. president had inspired her to give more time to charitable work, and that the decision to step down was her own. "Just as this country is embracing change in the form of new leadership, I have decided that now is the time to make changes in my own life as well", she said. She stepped down from her position at Playboy on January 30, 2009.
In May 2011, Hefner was named executive chairman of Canyon Ranch Enterprises, a resort company that operates six premier spa destinations and an online website providing health and wellness advice.
As of 2015, Hefner was chairman of the board of Hatchbeauty Brands and served on the board of the D.C. based Center for American Progress Action Fund, a progressive public policy think tank. Christie also serves on the advisory boards of the R.D. Offutt company, an international, multi-billion dollar family owned agricultural conglomerate and Edge Beauty, the world's leading direct-to-consumer company in creating, designing, manufacturing and marketing unique, culturally relevant niche fragrance brands.
Philanthropy
Hefner created the Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award in honor of her father, and has helped to raise $30 million to build the CORE Center in Chicago, the first outpatient facility in the Midwest for people with AIDS.
Personal life
Hefner married former Illinois state senator William A. Marovitz, a real estate developer and attorney, in 1995. They divorced in 2013 and have no children. Marovitz was sued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for allegedly using inside information to trade illegally in shares of Playboy. In 2011, he settled out of court for $168,352.
She lives in Chicago and has one brother, David, a computer systems analyst. She also has two half-brothers, Cooper and Marston, from her father's marriage to Kimberley Conrad.
References
Bibliography
Reed, Cheryl, L. (2004). "Career built on guts, family ties -- and skin". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on May 11, 2004.
Watts, Steven (2008). Mr. Playboy: Hugh Hefner and the American Dream. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20110904061834/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-08-04/business/ct-biz-0804-marovitz-playboy-20110804_1_playboy-stock-hefner-and-playboy-playboy-enterprises
Christie Hefner Honored with 2018 Daniel L. Goodwin Watchdog Award on YouTube
Business Strategist, Political Activist on The Chicago Network
Former Playboy CEO Christie Hefner on Fake News on YouTube
1952 births
Living people
Adult magazine publishers (people)
American socialites
Brandeis University alumni
New Trier High School alumni
Businesspeople from Chicago
People from Wilmette, Illinois
Playboy people
Free speech activists
HIV/AIDS activists
American women chief executives
American publishing chief executives
Hefner family
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{'title': 'Christie Hefner', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%20Hefner', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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An augustalis or augustale, also agostaro, was a gold coin minted in the Kingdom of Sicily beginning in 1231. It was issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (from 1220) and King of Sicily (from 1198), and was minted until his death in 1250. In addition, a half augustalis was issued. It was identical in design, but smaller and half the weight. The augustalis bore a Latin inscription and was widely circulated in Italy. It was patterned after the Roman aureus. It was struck at Brindisi and Messina with accompanying billon deniers. The style of the augustalis has been described as splendid and proto-Renaissance; the quality of its execution and its fineness was high. The augustalis had a nominal weight of 5.31 grams and was 20 carats (854/1000) fine. The legal value was a quarter of a Sicilian gold ounce.
The obverse contains a classical (not medieval) profile bust of the emperor wearing a laureate wreath with the legend CESAR AVG IMP ROM (Caesar Augustus, Emperor of the Romans); the reverse shows an eagle, the imperial symbol, with the name FRIDE RICVS (Frederick). The name augustalis means literally "of the august one", referring to the coin's provenance from the emperor himself, but also linking it with the Roman Emperor, who was commonly styled Augustus.
References
External links
An augustalis at the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
A half augustalis at the American Numismatic Society
- comprehensive study
Gold coins
Medieval currencies
Medieval Latin inscriptions
13th century in the Kingdom of Sicily
Currencies of Italy
Messina
Brindisi
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
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The 2014 Alaska gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 2014, to elect the governor and lieutenant governor of Alaska, concurrently with the election of Alaska's Class II U.S. Senate seat, as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections.
Incumbent Republican Governor Sean Parnell ran for re-election to a second full term in office, but incumbent lieutenant governor Mead Treadwell instead chose to run for the U.S. Senate. Primary elections were held on August 19, 2014, to determine party nominees for the office, with separate primaries held for governor and lieutenant governor and the winners running together on the same ticket.
Parnell was renominated; his running mate was Anchorage Mayor Dan Sullivan. The Democrats nominated businessman and former executive director of the Alaska Permanent Fund Byron Mallott, whose running mate was State Senator Hollis French. Also running as an independent was former Republican mayor of Valdez Bill Walker, whose running mate was Craig Fleener, the former deputy commissioner of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
On September 2, 2014, Walker and Mallott merged their campaigns to appear on the November ballot as a single independent ticket, which the Alaska Democratic Party endorsed. On this ticket, Walker ran for governor with Mallott as his running mate. Both candidates' former running mates withdrew. Parnell was considered vulnerable, as reflected in his low approval ratings. The consensus among The Cook Political Report, Governing, The Rothenberg Political Report, Sabato's Crystal Ball, Daily Kos Elections, and others was that the contest was a tossup. Former Republican governor Sarah Palin, who had praised Parnell as her successor when she resigned in 2009, endorsed Walker and Mallott, taking issue with Parnell's tax cuts for the oil and gas industry.
On November 7, Walker and Mallott held a 3,165-vote lead, which on November 11 had grown to 4,004 out of some 244,000 votes cast, or 1.6%. Walker began preparing for a transition but the race remained officially uncalled and Parnell refused to concede. On November 14, after Walker and Mallott extended their lead to 4,634 votes, multiple media outlets called the race. Parnell conceded the following day. His loss – coupled with Democrat Mark Begich's defeat in the U.S. Senate election – marked just the fifth time in the last 50 years in which an incumbent governor and senator from different political parties were defeated in the same state in the same election cycle.
Republican primary
Governor
Candidates
Declared
Gerald L. "Tap" Heikes, minister, candidate for governor in 2006 and 2010 and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2008
Russ Millette, former chairman-elect of the Alaska Republican Party
Sean Parnell, incumbent governor
Brad Snowden, candidate for governor in 2002
Withdrew
Bill Walker, former mayor of Valdez and candidate for governor in 2010 (ran as an independent)
Polling
Results
Lieutenant governor
Candidates
Declared
Dan Sullivan, Mayor of Anchorage
Kelly Wolf, Kenai Peninsula Borough Assemblyman and former state representative
Withdrew
Lesil McGuire, state senator
Results
Democratic–Libertarian–Independence primary
Candidates from the Alaska Democratic Party, Alaska Libertarian Party and Alaskan Independence Party appear on the same ballot, with the highest-placed candidate from each party receiving that party's nomination.
Governor
Democratic candidates
Declared
Byron Mallott, businessman, former mayor of Juneau, former president of the Alaska Federation of Natives and former executive director of the Alaska Permanent Fund
Phil Stoddard, candidate for the U.S. Senate in 1984 and candidate for governor in 1986
Withdrew
Hollis French, state senator and candidate for governor in 2010 (running for Lieutenant Governor)
Declined
Ethan Berkowitz, former Minority Leader of the Alaska House of Representatives, nominee for lieutenant governor in 2006, for Congress in 2008 and governor in 2010
Les Gara, state representative
Scott McAdams, former mayor of Sitka and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2010
Bill Wielechowski, state senator
Libertarian candidates
Declared
Carolyn Clift, treasurer of the Alaska Libertarian Party
Results
Lieutenant governor
Democratic candidates
Declared
Hollis French, state senator and candidate for governor in 2010
Bob Williams, teacher
Libertarian candidates
Declared
Andrew C. Lee, gold miner
Results
Others
Constitution Party
J. R. Myers, founder and chairman of the Alaska Constitution Party
Running mate: Maria Rensel
Independent
Bill Walker, former mayor of Valdez and Republican candidate for governor in 2010
Running mate: Byron Mallott, businessman, former mayor of Juneau, former president of the Alaska Federation of Natives and former executive director of the Alaska Permanent Fund
Former running mate: Craig Fleener, former deputy commissioner of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game
General election
Campaign
Parnell drew criticism during his re-election campaign over his support of billions in tax reductions for the petrochemical industry as well an exploding scandal featuring five years of alleged cover ups with regard to rampant sexual abuse, cronyism, corruption and whistleblower suppression, in the Alaska National Guard.
In October 2014, former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin endorsed Walker and Mallott. The endorsement was prompted by Parnell's oil and gas industry tax cuts, which dismantled her administration's "Alaska's Clear and Equitable Share" (ACES) plan. She had previously supported a referendum to repeal the tax cuts, which was narrowly defeated in August 2014. Walker and Mallott made the repeal of the tax cuts a centerpiece of their campaign.
Debates
Complete video of debate, October 1, 2014 - C-SPAN
Predictions
Polling
* Internal poll for Bill Walker campaign
Results
See also
2014 United States elections
2014 United States gubernatorial elections
Elections in Alaska
2014 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska
2014 United States Senate election in Alaska
References
External links
Alaska gubernatorial election, 2014 at Ballotpedia
Byron Mallott for Governor
J. R. Myers for Governor
Sean Parnell for Governor incumbent
Bill Walker for Governor
Gubernatorial
2014
Alaska
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{'title': '2014 Alaska gubernatorial election', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20Alaska%20gubernatorial%20election', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Green Lantern: Beware My Power is a 2022 American superhero animated film based on DC Comics featuring the John Stewart incarnation of Green Lantern, produced by Warner Bros. Animation and distributed by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment. It is the overall 45th installment in the DC Universe Animated Original Movies, and the fifth film set in the "Tomorrowverse" continuity which begun with Superman: Man of Tomorrow. The film is directed by Jeff Wamester, from a script by John Semper and Ernie Altbacker, and stars Aldis Hodge as John Stewart alongside Jimmi Simpson, Ike Amadi, Brian Bloom, Jamie Gray Hyder, Mara Junot, Jason J. Lewis, Sunil Malhotra, Nolan North, Keesha Sharp, Simon Templeman, and Rick Wasserman. In the film, Marine veteran John Stewart is chosen to become a member of the Green Lantern Corps following the apparent death of Hal Jordan, leading Stewart to be caught in the middle of a Rannian-Thanagarian war, and aided by Justice League member Green Arrow and Thanagarian warrior Shayera Hol.
The film contains elements (such as Parallax taking over Hal Jordan) from several DC Comics storylines including the 1994 storyline Emerald Twilight written by Ron Marz, the 1995 storyline Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! written by Dan Jurgens, and the 2005 storyline Rann-Thanagar War written by Dave Gibbons.
Plot
John Stewart witnesses Ganthet's spaceship crash nearby. Ganthet dies of his injuries, and the Power Ring he carries — previously owned by Hal Jordan — attaches itself to Stewart's finger. The ring flies Stewart up to the Justice League Watchtower, where he meets Green Arrow, Martian Manhunter, and Vixen. With the Guardians of the Universe unresponsive and Jordan's apparent death, Stewart and Green Arrow use Ganthet's repaired ship to travel to Oa, which they discover in ruins and the Green Lantern Corps slaughtered. They encounter Thanagarian warrior Shayera Hol, who indicates security footage showing a Rannian ship docking at Oa just before the attack.
Shayera explains that the Thanagarian-Rannian war had briefly ended, with Jordan overseeing a joint project using Zeta-Beam technology to benefit both planets. The experiment went haywire, transporting Thanagar into Rann's atmosphere, upsetting the ecosystem of both planets, restarting the war, and apparently killing Jordan and thousands of Thanagarians and Rannians. Shayera accuses Rann of sabotaging the experiment and attacking Oa, but Stewart and Green Arrow insist they investigate further.
The team travels to a Rannian military outpost that was raided by Thanagarians, where they encounter Rannian hero Adam Strange, presumed deceased but teleported at random by Zeta-Beams' attraction to him. Strange denies that Rann attacked Oa and leads them to Rannian High Command, engaged in a battle with Thanagarian forces. Rannian Captain Kantus reveals that Rannian scientist Sardath has converted the Zeta-Beam project into a doomsday weapon to destroy Thanagar. Shayera and Strange review footage from past attacks and discover that a third party has been impersonating both Rannian and Thanagarian ships to further the war.
Retracing the trajectories of the imposter ships, the team discovers a base hidden inside an asteroid, where they battle the Yellow Lanterns, along with a group of galactic assassins including Lord Damyn, Kanjar Ro and Despero, before being captured by their leader Sinestro. Jordan is revealed to be alive, having released his ring and been taken prisoner after Sinestro sabotaged the Zeta-Beam experiment. They escape as Sinestro and his Lanterns attack Rann to find the location of Sardath's doomsday weapon. Using the Zeta-Beams, Sardath teleports them to his secret base, but Sinestro and his Lanterns follow and attack. During the battle, Stewart reluctantly kills Sinestro and Hal Jordan brutally kills two of Sinestro's assassins.
After obtaining the Zeta-Beam data, Jordan suddenly kills Sardath; he reveals that, when he was captured, Sinestro had infected him with the Parallax Entity, corrupting him. After Sinestro had destroyed the Green Lanterns, Jordan had claimed all their rings for himself, enhancing his power to a godlike state. With the Zeta-Beam technology, Jordan intends to destroy both Rann and Thanagar in a quest to end conflict across the galaxy.
Stewart and Jordan battle until Green Arrow is forced to shoot and kill Jordan. They are unable to stop the weapon from firing, but Strange flies in the path of the Zeta-Beam, teleporting it and himself to parts unknown. Stewart and Green Arrow return to Earth, and Stewart sends Jordan's rings to their new wearers to rebuild the Green Lantern Corps. Shayera departs from Earth, in Ganthet's spaceship, promising to Green Arrow and Stewart they would meet again soon. Green Arrow voices his good compliments to Stewart as he comments that "there may new friends to make on the way".
Voice cast
Aldis Hodge as John Stewart / Green Lantern
Jimmi Simpson as Green Arrow
Ike Amadi as Martian Manhunter
Brian Bloom as Adam Strange
Jamie Gray Hyder as Shayera Hol
Mara Junot as Lyssa Drak, Banth Dar
Jason J. Lewis as Ganthet, Captain Kantus
Sunil Malhotra as Power Ring Voice, Rannian Commander
Nolan North as Hal Jordan / Green Lantern / Parallax
Keesha Sharp as Vixen
Simon Templeman as Sardath, Computer Voice
Rick D. Wasserman as Sinestro
Production
The film was announced in October 2021 during the second DC FanDome event. Aldis Hodge, who was cast as Hawkman in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) film Black Adam, was cast as John Stewart along with the rest of the voice cast.
Release
The film premiered July 22, 2022, at San Diego Comic-Con and was released on July 26 on DVD, Blu-ray, and 4K.
Reception
Samantha Nixon of IGN gave the film a 4 out of 10, criticizing the large number of characters introduced, not giving John Stewart a satisfying backstory, and not fulfilling the potential of its comic book inspiration. They praised the animation of facial expressions and fights. Sam Stone of Comic Book Resources praised the pacing, action set pieces, and cast, particularly Hodge as John Stewart.
The film has earned $658,139 from domestic home video sales.
Notes
References
External links
DC page
2022 animated films
Beware My Power, Green Lantern
2020s American animated films
2020s direct-to-video animated superhero films
2020s English-language films
2020s superhero films
2022 direct-to-video films
2022 films
Films set on fictional planets
American animated films
Animated action films
DC Universe Animated Original Movies
Tomorrowverse
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{'title': 'Green Lantern: Beware My Power', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Lantern%3A%20Beware%20My%20Power', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Olga Savary (21 May 1933 – 15 May 2020) was a Brazilian writer, poet, and literary critic.
Biography
Savary's mother, Célia Nobre de Almeida, was born in Pará, and her father, Bruno, was a Russian engineer. She spent her childhood in Belém, Monte Alegre, Fortaleza, and Rio de Janeiro. Her parents separated in 1942 and Savary went to Rio de Janeiro to live with her uncle. Here, she discovered her love of writing, although her mother preferred for her a musical career. She hid her writings, and they were kept by a friend at the Brazilian Press Association.
Savary studied at the Colégio Moderno in Belém. Afterwards, she returned to Rio de Janeiro and continued her career. She wrote several publications and was a member of PEN International. Notably, she won the Prêmio Jabuti in 1970 for Espelho Provisório.
Death
Olga Savary died on 15 May 2020 in Teresópolis at the age of 86 due to COVID-19.
Publications
Espelho Provisório (1970)
Sumidouro (1977)
Altaonda (1979)
Magma (1982)
Natureza Viva (1982)
Hai-Kais (1986)
Linha d'água (1987)
Berço Esplendido (1987)
Retratos (1989)
Rudá (1994)
Éden Hades (1994)
Morte de Moema (1996)
Anima Animalis (1996)
O Olhar Dourado do Abismo (1997)
Repertório Selvagem (1998)
References
1933_births
2020_deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Rio de Janeiro (state)
20th-century Brazilian women writers
People from Belém
Brazilian_women_poets
Brazilian literary critics
Women literary critics
Brazilian people of Russian descent
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The Compagnie Marocaine de Navigation or Comanav ( ; Moroccan Navigation Company) is a Moroccan shipping company and wholly owned subsidiary of the CMA CGM Group. Currently, it is the leader in the Moroccan market for maritime transport of passengers and freight, as well as port operations. In 2009, the company sold its ferries and passenger transport subdivision to Comarit which has since gone bankrupt.
History
Compagnie Franco-Chérifienne de Navigation (CFCN) was founded in 1946. After the independence of Morocco in 1956, it changed its name to Comanav in 1959.
For the numerous Moroccan emigrants in Europe who returned to the country for the summer, the company decided in 1975 to offer a passenger ferry line between Tangiers and Sète. In the same year, it acquired five container ships to pursue its development along with its bulk carriers.
In 1993, a roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) increased the companies capacity for the transport of lorries.
Five years later, Comanav became the first Moroccan shipowner to serve the Straits of Gibraltar, strengthening its position in the field of passenger transport in the Mediterranean region.
In 2007, the Moroccan state privatised the company, which was leased to a consortium represented by CMA-CGM for a sum of 2.2 billion Moroccan dirhams, equivalent to 200 million euros. The French company was interested above all in the port sector and yielded the passenger business to the Spanish company Balearia, which itself sold its share to a Moroccan operator, Comarit, for a sum of 80 million euros in February 2009.
Activities
Bulk transport
Passenger transport
Container transport
Ro-Ro
Port activities (Somaport, Tanger Med,...)
Some statistics
Comanav's fleet consists of 14 vessels of which 10 are owned. Its capacity is for teu, passengers and vehicles. Volumes transported annually are teu, units Ro-Ro, tonnes of various goods and passengers.
Regular links
Principal services (cargo)
Atlantic : Casablanca Le Havre Rouen Dunkirk Antwerp Rotterdam
Western Mediterranean : Casablanca Valencia Barcelona La Spezia
Ro-Ro lines :
Casablanca Marseille
Casablanca Cadiz
Casablanca La Spezia Genoa
Principal services (passengers)
Tangier :
: Algeciras
: Sète
: Genoa
Nador :
: Almeria
: Sète
Sources
Comanav official website
CMA-CGM official website
Ferry companies of Morocco
Companies based in Casablanca
1946 establishments in Morocco
Transport companies established in 1946
Container shipping companies
nl:Comanav
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The term Uttarāyaṇa (commonly Uttarayan) is derived from two different Sanskrit words – "uttara" (North) and "ayana" (movement) – thus indicating a semantic of the northward movement of the Sun on the celestial sphere. This movement begins to occur a day after the winter solstice in December, which occurs around 22 December and continues for a six-month period through to the summer solstice around June 21 (dates vary). This difference is because the solstices continually precess at a rate of 50 arcseconds per year due to the precession of the equinoxes, i.e. this difference is the difference between the sidereal and tropical zodiacs. The Surya Siddhanta bridges this difference by juxtaposing the four solstitial and equinoctial points with four of the twelve boundaries of the rashis.
The complement of Uttarayana is Dakshinayana, i.e. the period between Karka sankranti and Makara Sankranti as per the sidereal zodiac and between the Summer solstice and Winter solstice as per the tropical zodiac.
Difference between Uttarayana and Makar Sankranti
There is a common misconception that Makar Sankranti marks the beginning of Uttarayana. This is because at one point in time Sayana and Nirayana zodiac were the same. Every year sidereal and tropical equinoxes slide by 50 seconds due to axial precession, giving birth to Ayanamsha and causing Makar Sankranti to slide further. When equinox slides it will increase ayanamsha and Makar Sankranti will also slide. This misconception continues as there is not much difference between actual Uttarayana date which occurs a day after winter solstice (of Dec 21) when the sun makes the northward journey, and 14 January. However, the difference will be significant as equinoxes slide further. In 272 AD, Makar Sankranti was on 21 December. In 1000 AD, Makar Sankranti was on 31 December and now it falls on January 14. After 9000 years, Makar Sankranti will be in June. Then Makar Sankranti would mark the beginning of Dakshinayana. However Makar Sankranti still holds importance in Hindu rituals. All Drika Panchanga makers like mypanchang.com, datepanchang, janmabhumi panchang, rashtriya panchang and Vishuddha Siddhanta Panjika use the position of the tropical sun to determine Uttarayana and Dakshinayana.
Uttarayana in various treatises
Surya Siddhanta
Mayasura, the composer of Surya Siddhanta, defines Uttarayana, at the time of composition, as the period between the Makara Sankranti (which currently occurs around January 14) and Karka Sankranti (which currently occurs around July 16). Lātadeva describes this as half revolutions of the Sun, using the terms Uttarayana and Dakshinayana to describe the "northern and southern progress" respectively. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a scholar and mathematician, proposes an alternative, early vedic definition of Uttarayana as starting from Vernal Equinox and ending with Autumnal Equinox. This definition interprets the term "Uttara Ayana" as "northern movement" instead of "northward movement", i.e. as the movement of the Earth in the region North of the Equator. In support of this proposal, he points to another tradition that the Uttarayana is considered the daytime of the Gods residing at the North Pole which tradition makes sense only if we define Uttarayana as the period between the Vernal and Autumnal equinoxes (when there is Midnight Sun at the North Pole). Conversely, Dakshinaya is defined as the period between the Autumnal and Vernal Equinoxes, when there is midnight sun at the South Pole. This period is also referred to as Pitrayana (with the Pitrus (i.e. ancestors) being placed at the South Pole).
Drik Siddhanta
This festival is currently celebrated on the 14th or 15th of January but due to axial precession of the earth it will continue to shift away from the actual season. The season occurs based on tropical sun (without ayanamsha). The earth revolves around sun with a tilt of 23.44 degrees. When the tilt is facing the sun we get summer and when the tilt is away from the sun we get winter. That is the reason when there is summer north of the equator, it will be winter south of the equator. Because of this tilt, the sun appears to travel north and south of the equator. This motion of the sun transitioning from south to north is called Uttarayana (the sun is moving towards north). Once the sun reaches north, it begins moving south and is called Dakshinayana – the sun is moving towards south. This causes seasons which are dependent on equinoxes and solstices.
Hindu Scriptures
Uttarayana is referred to as the day of new good healthy wealthy beginning. According to Kauravas and Pandavas, in Mahabharata on this day Bheeshma Pitamaha, chose to leave for his heavenly abode. As per the boon granted to Devavrata (young Bheeshma), he could choose his time of death so, he chose this day, when the sun starts on its course towards the northern hemisphere. According to Hindu scripture, Bhagavad Gita, those who die when the sun is on its northward course (from south to north) attain nirvana. This explains the choice made by Devavrata to wait until Uttarayana to die.
According to the Hindu tradition the six months of Uttarayana are a single day of the Gods; the six months of Dakshinayana are a single night of the Gods. Thus a year of twelve months is single Nychthemeron of the Gods. This refers to the six months of single day at the North pole and concurrent six months of night at the south pole.
References
External links
Animated illustration of Uttarayana and Dakshinayana
Hindu astronomy
Hindu calendar
Articles containing video clips
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Bringin' Home the Oil is an Irish-themed sea shanty written in 1969 by Tommy Makem and the Clancy Brothers as the theme for a two-minute-long television commercial for Gulf Oil as part of their sponsorship of NBC News coverage of the US space program and the national political conventions in celebration of Gulf Oil's then-new operations in Bantry Bay.
Quite possibly the only song ever written about a modern-day oil tanker, the upbeat 6/8 melody is that of a traditional Scottish song, "The Gallant Forty Twa" which was also recorded by the Clancys. It tells the story of Gulf's 300,000 dwt Universe Ireland, as well as mention of three other ships in the fleet: Universe Kuwait, Universe Japan, and Universe Portugal. The song alludes to the construction of still more vessels; these would later be the vessels rounding out the six-vessel Universe-class fleet, namely the Universe Iran and Universe Korea. Instrumentation in the song is simple, consisting of strummed banjo and guitar, as well as a solo tin whistle between verses.
The song is told from the point of view of an "able-bodied sailor" who boasts of "sailin' all around the world" and "bringin' home the oil" to "keep all Europe movin' from our base in Bantry Bay." Gulf's operations from its Whiddy Island oil terminal in Bantry Bay ended on a night in January 1979 when the Total Oil tanker Betelgeuse exploded while unloading its cargo of Saudi crude oil.
The commercial itself was simple, consisting of helicopter shots of the various vessels (beginning with the superstructure of the Universe Kuwait) often in conjunction with tugboats to give the viewer a sense of scale regarding the size of the ships. One overhead shot shows five tugboats pushing on the port side of the Universe Ireland as part of a docking maneuver.
The commercial, lasting more than two minutes, appeared during space flights, elections and political conventions on NBC television.
References
See also
Whiddy Island Disaster
Marketing and promotion of Gulf Oil
Advertising campaigns
1969 songs
Songs about boats
Songs about sailors
1969 neologisms
American advertising slogans
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{'title': "Bringin' Home the Oil", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bringin%27%20Home%20the%20Oil', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Sheng Jing () Hospital was founded by Dugald Christie (missionary) (1855-1936), a Scottish missionary doctor in 1883. It was the base on which the Mukden Medical College was formed, also by Christie, in 1912. In 1949 the Mukden Medical College was absorbed by the China Medical University and the hospital became known as the 2nd Affiliated hospital of the China Medical University. In 1969 it was moved, by Chairman Mao, to Chaoyang but returned to Shenyang in 1983. In 2002 the hospital took over the Third Affiliated Hospital of the China Medical University and set up the Huaxiang Campus. In 2003, on the 120th anniversary of its founding, it restored the name as Shenjing Hospital. It is situated near the famous San Hao Jie (Computer town)三好街. The hospital is one of the largest hospitals in the city of Shenyang, Liaoning Province. Its motto is "United and dedicated; Disciplined and responsible; Caring and trustworthy; Professional and innovative."
In 2012 a history of the hospital and Dr Christie was published by Liaoning University Press.
The hospital is known for its famous specialists clinic.
Address:36 No.3 Street, Heping District
Departments
Neurology
Cardiology
Dermatology
Ophthalmology
Stomatology
Otolaryngology
Pulmonology
Pediatrics
Neuro-surgery
Cardio-surgery
Thoracic Surgery
Orthopedics
Anesthesia
General Surgery
Gynecology and Obstetrics
Infectious disease
Trauma Centre
Integrated Clinic Of TCM and Western Medicine
Radiology
See also
Mukden Medical College
China Medical University (PRC)
References
Gallery
External links
Official Site of Sheng Jing Hospital
Ministry Of Health,PRC
China Medical University
China Medical University -English Version
Hospitals in Liaoning
Teaching hospitals in China
Buildings and structures in Shenyang
Hospitals established in 1883
1883 establishments in China
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David Baldwin ( 22 December 1946 (?) – 4 April 2016) was a British historian, author and former university lecturer, who lived near Leicester, England.
Baldwin specialised in late Medieval history—"the great medieval families of the Midlands"—and wrote several books about the people and events of the Wars of the Roses. Before retiring from teaching, Baldwin had previously worked as a lecturer at both the University of Leicester and the University of Nottingham. In 1986, over 25 years before the 2012 excavation and the discovery of the king's body, he predicted that Richard III's remains would be found at Greyfriars, Leicester.
In his 2010 book, Robin Hood: The English Outlaw Unmasked, Baldwin argued that the 'real' Robin Hood was Roger Godberd, a disinherited supporter of Simon de Montfort. He drew attention to the many similarities between Godberd's career and the stories told of Robin in the earliest ballads, and to a grave slab in Loxley churchyard in Warwickshire which appeared to be identical to one associated with Robin in earlier centuries.
In his 2007 book, The Lost Prince: The Survival of Richard of York, Baldwin discussed the possibility that the younger of the Princes in the Tower, Prince Richard, survived, and was the "Richard Plantagenet" who died in December 1550 at Eastwell in Kent. Richard had worked as a bricklayer at St. John's Abbey, Colchester, until 1539, but, unusually for someone of his class, could read Latin. He is sometimes said to have been an illegitimate son of King Richard III.
Baldwin was elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society in 2012.
A religious man, Baldwin was a member of a Christadelphian congregation in Leicester.
Works
Baldwin was the author of several books and contributed to a number of historical journals. In addition to teaching at Leicester and Nottingham Universities, he professionally lectured for societies and conferences.
"King Richard's Grave in Leicester", Transactions of the Leicester Archaeological and Historical Society; Volume 60, (1986)
Elizabeth Woodville, The History Press: 2004 –
The Kingmaker's Sisters: Six Powerful Women in the Wars of the Roses, The History Press: 2006 –
Stoke Field: The Last Battle of the Wars of the Roses, Pen and Sword Books: 2006 –
The Lost Prince: The Survival of Richard of York, The History Press: 2007 –
Robin Hood: The English Outlaw Unmasked, Amberley Publishing: 2010 –
Richard III, Amberley Publishing: 2012 –
The Women of the Cousins' War: The Duchess, the Queen and the King's Mother, with Philippa Gregory and Michael Jones, Simon & Schuster:2012 –
The White Queen – What happened to the Princes in the Tower?, BBC History, 9 August 2013.
Richard III. The Leicester Connection. Pitkin 2013. . New edition 2015, .
Henry VIII's Last Love. The Extraordinary Life of Katherine Willoughby. Amberley Publidhing 2015. .
References
External links
Author Page at Amazon.com
Profile at Good Reads
Article in the Leicester Mercury, which includes photograph
British medievalists
British writers
Christadelphians
English Christians
Academics of the University of Nottingham
Academics of the University of Leicester
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
1946 births
2016 deaths
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The 2018–19 season was Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli's 73rd season in Serie A. The team has competed in Serie A, and has competed in the Coppa Italia, the UEFA Champions League, and the UEFA Europa League.
Carlo Ancelotti replaced Maurizio Sarri at the helm after three seasons.
Players
Squad information
Last updated on 25 May 2019
Appearances include league matches only
Transfers
In
Loans in
Out
Loans out
Pre-season and friendlies
Competitions
Serie A
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
Coppa Italia
UEFA Champions League
Group stage
UEFA Europa League
Knockout phase
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Statistics
Appearances and goals
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Goalscorers
Clean sheets
Last updated: 14 March 2019
Disciplinary record
Last updated: 14 March 2019
References
S.S.C. Napoli seasons
Napoli
Napoli
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{'title': '2018–19 S.S.C. Napoli season', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319%20S.S.C.%20Napoli%20season', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Mike or Michael Hall may refer to:
People
Performing arts
Michael Hall (actor) (1926–2020), American actor
Anthony Michael Hall (Michael Anthony Hall, born 1968), American actor
Michael Hall (musician) (active 1985–), American singer-songwriter
Michael Hall (English musician) (1932–2012), violinist and conductor
Mike Hall (musician) (born 1989), American bassist
Michael C. Hall (born 1971), American actor
Politics
Michael H. Hall (1890–1957), Wisconsin state assemblyman
Mike Hall (British politician) (born 1952)
Mike Hall (West Virginia politician) (born 1948)
Science
Michael B. Hall, American chemist
Michael N. Hall (born 1953), American and Swiss molecular biologist
Sports
Michael Hall (cricketer) (1935–2019), English cricketer
Michael Hall (archer) (born 1975), British Paralympic archer
Mike Hall (basketball) (born 1984), American-Irish basketball player
Mike Hall (cyclist) (1981–2017), British cyclist and race organiser
Mike Hall (powerlifter) (born 1956), American powerlifter
Mike Hall (rugby union) (born 1965), Welsh rugby union international
Mike Hall (speed skater) (born 1970), Canadian speed skater
Others
Mike Hall (journalist) (born 1974), British
Mike Hall (sportscaster) (born 1982), American
Michael G. Hall (born 1926), American educator, historian and academic
Schools
Michael Hall (school) (founded 1925), East Sussex
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Juan Herrera (born 12 January 1958) is a Mexican former professional boxer who competed from 1976 to 1988. He held the WBA flyweight title from 1981 to 1982.
Professional career
In September 1979, Herrera won the Yucatán State flyweight title by stopping veteran Marco Antonio Benitez in the tenth round.
WBA flyweight title
On September 26, 1981, Herrera won the WBA flyweight title by upsetting Panamanian Luis Ibarra via an eleventh round T.K.O. in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
He lost the title to Santos Laciar, who beat him twice, the first time by thirteenth round knockout in Merida and the second time by fifteen round decision at Italy.
See also
List of Mexican boxing world champions
List of WBA world champions
List of flyweight boxing champions
References
External links
Sportspeople from Mérida, Yucatán
Boxers from Yucatán (state)
World boxing champions
World Boxing Association champions
World flyweight boxing champions
Flyweight boxers
1958 births
Living people
Mexican male boxers
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The Nintendo 2DS is a handheld game console produced by Nintendo. Announced in August 2013, the device was released in North America, Europe and Australia on October 12, 2013. The Nintendo 2DS is an entry-level version of the Nintendo 3DS which maintains otherwise identical hardware, similar functionality, and compatibility with software designed for the Nintendo DS and 3DS. However, the 2DS is differentiated by a new slate form factor rather than the clamshell design used by its precursors and by lacking the Nintendo 3DS's signature autostereoscopic 3D display. The 2DS was sold concurrently with existing 3DS models as an incentive to expand the market for Nintendo 3DS games; former Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aimé stated that the 2DS was primarily targeted towards younger players (such as those younger than age 7), whom Nintendo had previously advised not to use the 3D functionality on the 3DS due to potential eye health concerns. The Nintendo 2DS's successor, the New Nintendo 2DS XL, was launched in 2017.
Reception to the Nintendo 2DS was mixed; while Nintendo was praised for how it priced and positioned the 2DS alongside its higher-end counterparts, much of its criticism was directed towards its regressions in comparison to the 3DS, such as a design that some considered less appealing than that of the 3DS, its lower sound quality, and its battery life. However, the 2DS's design was praised by some critics for being more robust and comfortable to hold than the 3DS, especially for its target market. Some critics also felt that the lack of 3D support was an admission by Nintendo that the concept was a gimmick; however, Nintendo has since stated that autostereoscopic 3D would remain a part of their future plans. The Nintendo 2DS was discontinued in Japan in 2019 and in the rest of the world in 2020, along with the other systems in the Nintendo 3DS family.
History
Nintendo officially unveiled the 2DS on August 28, 2013 via a press release; members of the press were given a chance to demo the device in private prior to the announcement. According to Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aimé, the Nintendo 2DS is primarily aimed at a younger demographic than the Nintendo 3DS — particularly, those younger than 7 years old; whom Nintendo had advised not to use the 3D features on the 3DS due to potential eye health concerns. The validity of Nintendo's claims were questioned by vision experts, however, who believed that the 3DS could actually help detect certain eye problems, and felt the warnings were for liability reasons rather than any realistic harm.
With the 2DS, the company aimed to produce a device that would be "new, unique, different, and [bring] more people into this category that we love." Part of this goal was achieved by positioning the device at a lower price point than the 3DS; in the United States, the system retailed at US$129.99 on launch, in comparison to the US$169.99 price of the standard 3DS. By May 2016, the U.S. price had been lowered further to $79.99.
As part of a promotional effort for Nintendo's late-2013 releases, the Nintendo 2DS was featured on The Nintendo Experience promotional tour at Simon Malls locations in the United States throughout October and into early November.
Launch
The Nintendo 2DS was released in North America, Europe and Australia on October 12, 2013, the same day as Pokémon X and Y. In North America, it was available at launch in black models with Blue or Red bezels, while in Europe and Australia, it was available in white with red bezels, or black with blue bezels. Each console is bundled with a 4 GB SD card and an AC adapter. Matching red and blue carrying case accessories were also released on launch. With the release of the 2DS, Nintendo of America began to phase out the original 3DS, leaving the 2DS and 3DS XL as the only models still actively sold in North America as of its release.
On December 7, 2013, the Nintendo 2DS launched in South Korea, in white/red and black/blue models that respectively included a digital copy of Pokémon X or Y.
A Sea Green variant, with a white body and mint green accents, color was released in North America on June 6, 2014 to coincide with the North American release of Tomodachi Life. Crystal Red and Crystal Blue versions, which feature a translucent front cover, were released in Europe and North America in November 2014 as a tie-in for Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire. In North America, the translucent models were also sold at a lower retail price of US$100 as opposed to the base US$129.99 price of the normal 2DS. On August 20, 2015, the U.S. price was permanently lowered to $100, and units began to be bundled with coupons for a digital copy of Mario Kart 7.
In December 2015, it was announced that the 2DS would be released in Japan on February 27, 2016 to coincide with the Virtual Console release of the original Game Boy Pokémon games. They were made available in translucent red, green, blue and yellow versions with colored buttons. Each were bundled with the corresponding Pokémon game, a special Home Menu theme, a poster, and a code to obtain Mew on the bundled game, or Pokémon X, Y, Omega Ruby, or Alpha Sapphire.
On May 11, 2016, Nintendo announced that the U.S. price would be lowered to $79.99 effective May 20, 2016. On September 15, 2016, the 2DS was released in standalone bundles in Japan, in blue, black, red, lavender, and pink color options. On October 5, 2016, Nintendo announced refreshed versions of the stock Mario Kart 7 2DS bundles for the U.S. market (Crimson Red 2 and Electric Blue 2, based on the new Japanese variants), with "swapped" color schemes featuring red or blue bodies and black bezels.
Hardware
The Nintendo 2DS's hardware specifications are almost identical to those of the Nintendo 3DS; retaining features such as its GPU, CPU and memory, along with compatibility with games designed for the Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS. However, its hardware still contains some slight differences. Unlike the Nintendo 3DS, which uses two display panels, with a lower touchscreen panel and a top dual-layered screen panel capable of displaying autostereoscopic 3D, the Nintendo 2DS uses a single, non-stereoscopic LCD touchscreen, which is overlaid with a frame mimicking the screen dimensions of the 3DS. Despite its inability to display 3D content, the 2DS retains the 3DS's dual cameras for taking photographs in a 3D format. The Nintendo 2DS only has an internal mono speaker, as opposed to the internal stereo speakers of the 3DS, although stereo sound can still be output through the headphone jack.
The Nintendo 2DS's design is a significant departure from that of its precursors; while it is roughly the same size as its counterpart, the 2DS uses a "slate-like" form factor instead of the clamshell form used by the DS and 3DS. Its buttons are positioned towards the center of the device instead of near the lower screen, and its shoulder buttons are concave in shape and relatively thicker than those of the 3DS. The 2DS uses a switch for entering sleep mode in lieu of closing the shell, and the hardware wireless switch was replaced by a software toggle.
The Nintendo 2DS contains the same 1300mAh battery present on regular Nintendo 3DS systems. Despite not supporting the 3DS's automatic brightness setting ("Power Save Mode"), the 2DS was rated by Nintendo as having slightly longer battery life than the 3DS; Nintendo rated the 2DS as being able to play from 3 to 5.5 hours of 3DS games or 5 to 9 hours of DS games on a single charge.
Software and services
Aside from minor adjustments to reflect its hardware design differences, the system software of the Nintendo 2DS is otherwise identical to that of the 3DS, remaining compatible with all games released for the 3DS (in two-dimensional mode only) and DS (excluding those requiring the Game Boy Advance cartridge slot), and offering online features such as Nintendo Network for multiplayer and online gaming, Nintendo eShop for downloading and purchasing games, and SpotPass and StreetPass.
Reception
Pre-release
The Nintendo 2DS received mixed reception upon its announcement. Kotaku felt that the Nintendo 2DS might appeal to a certain niche of people who otherwise would not purchase a Nintendo 3DS, and that the lack of 3D support could indicate a cooling interest in stereoscopic graphics. USA Today noted that some games that were designed with 3D in mind might not be as easily playable without the stereoscopic feature. CNET, meanwhile, called the console an acknowledgement by Nintendo that 3D was an unnecessary feature and even a "tactical mistake". NBC News called the 2DS a "peculiar choice" to gamers satisfied with the Nintendo DS line, and feared that it might take resources away from the less successful Nintendo console, the Wii U.
Some technology writers have expressed concern with the physical appearance of the 2DS: CNET considered the console to be significantly less aesthetically pleasing than its other models, though some reviewers have generally found it to be comfortable in the hand. USA Today referred to it as "surprisingly comfortable". Kotaku noted that while it may look bulky, it was pleasant to hold even with one hand. It also noted that buttons on the unit were easily accessible, and that their placement on the upper half of the console directs the eye toward the upper screen. Overall, the publication felt that the build quality was good. GamesIndustry also described the controls as considerably more comfortable than that of its predecessors. It also noted that the console had thick shell rather than the thin Nintendo 3DS, and that the lack of a hinge added durability. The publication felt that the design resembled "an unholy union of a Game Boy, the Wii U GamePad, and a DS." USA Today and CNET both had some concern over how to protect the screens, since there is no clamshell to close.
In response to the 2DS using one physical display divided to emulate two, Kyle Orland of Ars Technica believed that Nintendo had missed an opportunity to produce a full-screen gaming tablet using the 2DS's form factor; which would have enabled future games and apps to use the entire screen area (which he estimated to be around the 5-inch range used by phablets), still allow backwards compatibility with games designed for the folding 3DS and DS, and enhance the ability to port existing smartphone games to the platform. However, Orland also noted that introducing such a product could fragment Nintendo's portable gaming ecosystem for existing 3DS users—and that it was too early in the 3DS's life for Nintendo to introduce a successor. Nearly 3 years after the release of the 2DS, Nintendo would ultimately announce the Nintendo Switch—a "hybrid" gaming tablet with detachable wireless controllers, and support of a docking station for use with a television.
Calling it a "smart move" to redesign the Nintendo 3DS so as to lower costs, Wired felt that the 2DS might enable Nintendo to sell the console at a significantly lower price with a significantly higher profit margin.
Post-release
The Nintendo 2DS has received mixed reviews. While pricing and form-factor were generally considered ideal, the console's aesthetics and battery life were widely criticized. The Telegraph noted that the lack of hinges in the console improved its robustness, and that rounding out the footprint makes it an ideal handheld for children. However, the publication criticized the console's mono speaker, which offered a lower sound quality than its predecessors. It also criticized the battery life, which it described as being the same as the original 3DS model. On the other hand, it praised the screens' brighter display and wider viewing angle, despite their not being as large as those of the 3DS XL. Eurogamer reinforced the idea that the Nintendo 2DS isn't aimed at "seasoned players" or current Nintendo 3DS owners, and felt that the system wasn't produced with aesthetics in mind. The publication also criticized the resistive touchscreen, which felt outdated, the mono speaker and battery life. However, Eurogamer felt that the system is much more comfortable to hold than the Nintendo 3DS and 3DS XL. Analyst Piers Harding-Rolls felt that the Nintendo 2DS would help Nintendo broaden its market, and believes that third-party publishers will have more commitment to the platform moving forward.
Following the system's launch, Nintendo stated that the release of Sonic Lost World would boost Nintendo 2DS sales, labeling it as a "must play" title. On October 31, 2013, Nintendo president Satoru Iwata admitted that the Nintendo 2DS lacked awareness among prospective purchasers. Additionally, he went on to say that some potential consumers believed that the product was too large and heavy to carry. However, Iwata stated that the system was well received among those who had purchased it. Despite the 2DS's lack of 3D support, Satoru Iwata insisted, during Nintendo's 2013 third quarter investors Q&A, that the company "will [not] abandon 3D or cease to make new propositions in 3D", as it will continue to sell the existing Nintendo 3DS and 3DS XL platforms. However, The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds producer Eiji Aonuma revealed in an interview that the game had minor changes in development due to the lack of 3D on the 2DS.
Sales
Sales of the Nintendo 2DS surged three weeks after launching in the United Kingdom, after retailers cut on its price due to poor sales. The system was available for around £110, but major retailers including Argos, Amazon and Tesco cut the system's price to under £100 to coincide with the school half-term. As a result, sales of the Nintendo 2DS increased by 64% week-on-week, making it the UK's best-selling console of the month, without combining the sales of the Nintendo 3DS and its larger counterpart. During the third quarter of 2013, video game retailer GameStop reported that worldwide hardware sales grew by 15.3%, mainly due to strong Nintendo 2DS and 3DS sales.
Notes
References
External links
Handheld game consoles
Products introduced in 2013
Products and services discontinued in 2020
Backward-compatible video game consoles
2010s toys
Eighth-generation video game consoles
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The Cave of Pedra Furada is a small cave located in the municipality of Vila Franca de Xira, about 20 km north of Lisbon in Portugal. Archaeological studies conducted within the cave suggest it was occupied intermittently by humans during at least three periods between the end of the fourth millennium BC and the second millennium BC.
The cave results from karstification of the limestone Upper Jurassic Massif.
The first formal archaeological excavation was carried out in 1955 by a team led by Hipólito Cabaço. This identified a communal funeral space, and radiocarbon dating of one individual's bones indicates that the use of the cave as a necropolis dates back to between 3095 BC and 2915 BC. However, it is plausible the cave may have been used as a mortuary in later periods, as around 1200 bone and tooth fragments of a minimum of 34 individuals of both sexes have been identified.
Archaeologists also collected a number of objects, such as bone drills, beads of various materials, flint arrowheads, microliths, a polished stone axe, fragments of pottery and a bone figurine of a rabbit. Most of the items collected are now held in the Municipal Museum of Vila Franca de Xira and have been subjected to further analysis by Silva et al. The arrowheads are of a type consistent with those in use during the period when the cave is thought to have been first occupied while the pottery appears consistent with that in use elsewhere during the beaker culture.
References
Caves of Portugal
Prehistoric sites in Portugal
Vila Franca de Xira
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{'title': 'Cave of Pedra Furada', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave%20of%20Pedra%20Furada', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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KJMM (105.3 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Bixby, Oklahoma, and serving the Greater Tulsa radio market. It is owned by Perry Publishing and Broadcasting and it has an urban contemporary radio format. KJMM carries a nationally syndicated wake up show on weekdays, "The Morning Hustle," based at KBFB Dallas. KJMM's studios are in the Copper Oaks complex in South Tulsa.
KJMM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 10,000 watts. The transmitter site is on South 186th Street East in Haskell, Oklahoma.
History
KJMM signed on the air on . It was one of three original Urban stations launched with the help of Perry Broadcasting, an African-American-based media company. KJMM is part of the "Power Jammin'" network, along with KVSP in Oklahoma City and KJMZ in Lawton.
The owner believed the African-American community was underserved in the radio media. At that point there was one FM radio station aimed at the Tulsa African-American community. It was KTOW-FM Sand Springs, "Mix 102.3" (now talk radio KRMG-FM). Its DJs were KK Holliday 7pm-12am, Keith "Sergio Lacour" Samuels 3pm-7pm afternoon drive, Angel Craig 10am-3pm and Aaron Bernard 6am-10am and Nikki 12am-6am. Perry offered better salaries and took most of the DJs from Mix 102.3, hiring them to establish his competitor station on 105.3 MHz.
The station plays Hip Hop, R&B, Rap and Urban Gospel on Sunday mornings. It was originally called Fresh Jamz 105. In 2004, KJMM changed its moniker to 105.3 K-Jamz. It began carrying "The Doug Banks Morning Show," while sending the previously morning program, "The Tom Joyner Morning Show" to sister station KGTO, an Urban AC station at 1050 AM and 99.1 FM. In December 2007, KJMM became the new affiliate of the Los Angeles-based "Big Boy's Neighborhood," replacing Doug Banks. "The Rickey Smiley Morning Show" later replaced Big Boy's Neighborhood in the morning on KJMM.
In January 2020, "The Rickey Smiley Morning Show" was sent to sister station KGTO when that station lost The Tom Joyner Morning Show as Joyner stepped away from the program. KJMM became an affiliate of the new syndicated urban morning show "The Morning Hustle" hosted by rapper and former member of The Rickey Smiley Morning Show, Headkrack. His co-host is rapper Lore’l. The Morning Hustle airs from 5 to 9 a.m. weekdays.
References
External links
KJMM station website
Perry Publishing and Broadcasting
African-American history in Tulsa, Oklahoma
JMM
Mainstream urban radio stations in the United States
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The Trevorton Bridge was a wooden covered bridge that crossed the Susquehanna River. It was erected between Herndon in Northumberland County and Port Trevorton in Snyder County, Pennsylvania. The bridge was long, with a trestle crossing White Island in the middle of the river. It was originally built as a railroad bridge by the Trevorton and Susquehanna Railroad and, in 1858, the bridge was adapted for use as a road bridge as well as for trains. The bridge was most often used to cross the Susquehanna by cattle. The continuous crossing of cattle endangered the already weakened bridge (weakened from acid in the bark the pine used to construct the bridge). The bridge was eventually dismantled for fear that it would collapse.
See also
List of crossings of the Susquehanna River
References
Bridges over the Susquehanna River
Road bridges in Pennsylvania
Covered bridges in Pennsylvania
Covered bridges in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
Covered bridges in Snyder County, Pennsylvania
Wooden bridges in Pennsylvania
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A dark ride or ghost train is an indoor amusement ride on which passengers aboard guided vehicles travel through specially lit scenes that typically contain animation, sound, music and special effects. Appearing as early as the 19th century, such exhibits include tunnels of love, scary themes and interactive stories.
Terminology
In its most traditional form, the term dark ride refers to ride-through attractions with scenes that use black lights, whereby visible light is prevented from entering the space, and only show elements that fluoresce under ultraviolet radiation are seen by the riders. The size of each room containing a scene or scenes is thus concealed, and the set designer can use forced perspective, Pepper's ghost and other visual tricks to create the illusion of distance. Typically, these experiences also use a series of opaque doors between scenes to further control riders' views within a space-constrained building. Prominent examples include Disneyland's Snow White's Scary Adventures, Pinocchio's Daring Journey, Peter Pan's Flight, Mr. Toad's Wild Ride and Alice in Wonderland, which all rely on the use of blacklights in almost every scene.
History
The first dark rides appeared in the late 19th century and were called "scenic railways" and "pleasure railways". A popular type of dark ride commonly referred to as an old mill or tunnel of love used small boats to carry riders through water-filled canals. A Trip to the Moon began operation at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition. Marvin Rempfer and Leon Cassidy of the Pretzel Amusement Ride Company patented the first single-rail electric dark ride in 1928. Historically notable dark rides include Futurama at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and Pirates of the Caribbean and The Haunted Mansion at Disneyland.
Modern attractions in this genre vary widely in technical sophistication. Smaller-scale rides often feature the same sorts of simple animation and sounds used since the genre's early days, while more ambitious projects feature complex animatronics, special effects and ride vehicles utilizing cutting-edge technology.
To improve the effect and give a sense of journey, passages in dark rides frequently change direction. Sudden curves give a sense of disorientation and allow new scenes to surprise the rider. The rides may also feature sudden ascents or descents to further the excitement.
Empirical research
Although ever increasing investments are made in dark rides, empirical research in this area is relatively scarce. Based on a systematic literature review, a team of researchers from the University of Liechtenstein developed a model that illustrates the underlying effect mechanism that attendees of Dark Rides experience.
The model suggests that "Storytelling" in Dark Rides influences an attendee's "emotional attachment" to the ride through the mediator of "Immersion". It is assumed that a person's prior knowledge about the ride's story and a person's cultural background have moderating effects on the relationship between "storytelling" and "immersion".
Variations
Dark rides have a number of variations that are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
Ghost train
In the United Kingdom, the United States, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, China and Australia, dark rides with a scary theme are called ghost trains.
The first ride to use the name "Ghost Train" was that of Blackpool Pleasure Beach. The ride was imported in 1930 and originally called The Pretzel (due to the curving shape of its track layout); but as pretzels were little-known in Britain, it was soon renamed after The Ghost Train, a play which ran for a year in London, a film adaptation of which was showing in 1931. It was rebuilt in 1936 and has remained unchanged since. Blackpool Pleasure Beach is also home to Valhalla, the world's largest indoor dark ride, known for its many complex effects.
Prolific designers of dark rides in the UK include Keith Sparks and John Wardley between the 1970s and 1990s. Notable UK dark rides include Phantom Fantasia at Thorpe Park; The 5th Dimension, Terror Tomb, The Gruffalo River Ride Adventure and Professor Burp's Bubbleworks at Chessington World of Adventures; Around The World in 80 Days, The Haunted House, Toyland Tours and Hex – The Legend of the Towers at Alton Towers; and Valhalla at Blackpool Pleasure Beach. (Not a ghost train per se, Derren Brown's Ghost Train at Thorpe Park is a motion simulation and virtual reality attraction.)
In Australia, a dark ride is named The Ghost Train at Luna Park, Melbourne, and a similarly-named ride was destroyed by fire in 1979 at Luna Park Sydney.
The concept is also popular in the United States. One notable ghost train from the country is The Haunted Mansion, first opened in Disneyland in Anaheim, California, on August 9, 1969.
Interactive dark ride
Interactive dark rides feature a component that allows riders to be involved in the attraction's story. The first interactive dark ride ever built is El Paso at the Belgium theme park Bobbejaanland.
The vast majority of interactive dark rides are shooting dark rides, which require riders to aim and shoot at targets throughout the ride using handheld or vehicle-mounted light guns. Successfully shooting a target usually triggers special animation, such as flashing lights or moving the target. The more targets riders hit, the higher their scores at the end of the ride. The use of light guns varies between rides, from killing aliens on Men in Black: Alien Attack at Universal Studios Florida to calling turkeys on Gobbler Getaway at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari. The ride systems of conventional dark rides can be easily converted into shooting dark rides. Such conversions include Duel: The Haunted House Strikes Back! at Alton Towers and Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin at Disney's Magic Kingdom. The latter uses facilities that previously housed If You Had Wings, Delta Dreamflight, and Take Flight. A recent dark ride, Wonder Mountain's Guardian at Canada's Wonderland, has the world's longest interactive screen at over .
Among non-shooting interactive dark rides, Etnaland's award-winning Haunted School is described by Park World magazine as "one of the most idiosyncratic dark rides". It is themed to a school exam, with riders individually answering multiple-choice questions throughout it. Riders are graded on their responses, and each receives a school report at the end of the ride. While technically a coaster, the Gekion Live coaster at Joypolis had elements of a dark ride. It used to have a shooting element, only for it to be refurbished with a dance element (tapping buttons on the restraints) later.
Trackless dark ride
Trackless dark rides utilize automated guided vehicles that do not require guide rails, and thus are able to cross existing paths, reverse, and rotate. Some trackless dark rides, such as the Big Red Car Ride at Dreamworld, rely on a buried wire for navigation. Others, such as Star Wars: Rise of the Resistance at Disney's Hollywood Studios and Disneyland Park, Mystic Manor at Hong Kong Disneyland or Ratatouille: L’Aventure Totalement Toquée de Rémy at Disneyland Paris and Epcot, use Wi-Fi and RFID-based local positioning systems.
Enclosed roller coaster
While some roller coasters may be indoors, simply enclosing a roller coaster does not make it a dark ride. Dark coasters are roller coasters that feature heavily themed layouts, special effects (such as animated characters, fire, smoke, and sound/lighting effects), and a dark ride portion that abruptly transitions into a roller coaster-style layout with heavily banked turns, sharp turns, steep drops, and helices. Some of them include backward motion, and many have launch mechanisms rather than lifts. Examples include:
Flight of Fear at Kings Island and Kings Dominion
Blazing Fury at Dollywood
Revenge of the Mummy at many of the Universal Destinations & Experiences (themed to The Mummy film franchise, featuring a launch from the dark ride section into the coaster section)
Seven Dwarfs Mine Train at the Magic Kingdom and Shanghai Disneyland
Scooby-Doo Spooky Coaster at Warner Bros. Movie World (a wild mouse roller coaster with a ghost-train section, vertical lift and backwards drop)
Space Mountain at Disney World, Disneyland Park, Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, and Hong Kong Disneyland
Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain at Disneyland Park (Paris)
Verbolten at Busch Gardens Williamsburg (themed to an escape from the haunted Bavarian Black Forest, with a free-fall track section)
Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Rewind at EPCOT
Test Track at Epcot, Journey to the Center of the Earth at Tokyo DisneySea, and Radiator Springs Racers at Disney California Adventure each use a slot car track rather than that of a roller coaster, but they provide a similar pairing of dark ride scenes with a high-speed thrill ride.
Saw – The Ride at Thorpe Park features an enclosed dark section with strobe lighting and special effects, before the car enters the outdoor section of the ride.
Other attractions incorporating dark ride elements
Particularly in Disney-built or -influenced parks, a number of attractions use traditional dark-ride features, such as animatronics and theatrical lighting, but are not "dark rides" in that patrons do not board vehicles. Examples include the walk-through dioramas in Disneyland's Sleeping Beauty Castle, and theater-based Disney attractions like Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln, The Hall of Presidents, The American Adventure and Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room. Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress (and its now-closed Disneyland replacement America Sings) had four auditoriums that rotated audiences around a stationary core with show scenes.
The Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover in the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World and the Disneyland Railroad both include brief dark-ride scenes, but for the most part transport guests outdoors. Expedition Everest at Disney's Animal Kingdom, Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland, Big Thunder Mountain Railroad and Space Mountain at several Disney parks, and Big Grizzly Mountain Runaway Mine Cars at Hong Kong Disneyland likewise include some dark-ride elements, but function primarily as indoor/outdoor roller coasters.
List of dark rides
Name in italics means that it has been closed; date of closure follows "−".
See also
Black light theatre
Old Mill (ride)
References
External links
Small World Studios: Dark rides that move you
BlueBox Attractions: Dark Ride Designer
Laff In The Dark: Dark Ride and Funhouse information
CAVU Designwerks: Trackless, Interactive, and Traditional Dark Ride Designer
Sally Corporation: Dark Ride Designer
Simworx : Trackless Dark Ride Designer
Garmendale Engineering: Dark Ride Designer
Holovis: Dark Ride Designer
Halloween Productions, Inc. Dark Ride Designer
Alterface : Dark Ride Designer
The Dark Ride Project : A VR Dark Ride archive
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{'title': 'Dark ride', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20ride', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Coon-Sanders Original Nighthawk Orchestra was the first Kansas City jazz band to achieve national recognition, which it acquired through national radio broadcasts. It was founded in 1918, as the Coon-Sanders Novelty Orchestra, by drummer Carleton Coon and pianist Joe Sanders.
History
Carleton Coon was born February 5, 1894, in Rochester, Minnesota, United States, and his family moved to Lexington, Missouri, shortly after his birth. Joe Sanders was born on October 15, 1896, in Thayer, Kansas. Sanders was known as "the Old Left Hander" because of his skills at baseball, but he gave up playing the sport in the early 1920s to concentrate on dance music as a career.
The orchestra began broadcasting in 1922 on clear channel station WDAF, which could be received throughout the United States. They were broadcast in performance at the Muehlebach Hotel in Kansas City. They took the name Nighthawks because they broadcast late at night (11:30pm to 1:00am). By 1924, their fan club had 37,000 members. Fans were encouraged to send in requests for songs by letter, telephone, or telegram. That move became so popular that Western Union set up a ticker tape between Sanders's piano and Coon's drums so the telegrams could be acknowledged during the broadcasts. Their song "Nighthawk Blues" includes the lines: "Tune right in on the radio/Grab a telegram and say 'Hello'." In 1925, they recorded the Paul Whiteman and Fred Rose composition "Flamin' Mamie".
The group left Kansas City for the first time in 1924 for a three-month engagement in a roadhouse in Chicago, Illinois. The orchestra moved to Chicago the same year, where Jules Stein used the profits from a tour he booked for them to establish the Music Corporation of America (MCA), with the orchestra as its first client. The orchestra moved into the Blackhawk in Chicago in 1926. The members of the orchestra at that time were Joe Richolson and Bob Pope, trumpets; Rex Downing, trombone; Harold Thiell, John Thiell and Floyd Estep, saxophones; Joe Sanders, piano; Russ Stout, banjo and guitar; "Pop" Estep, tuba; Carleton Coon, drums. Teddy Roy also played with the group in the late 1920s. In the following years, the Nighthawks performed at the Blackhawk every winter, doing remote broadcasts over radio station WGN. Their reputation spread coast-to-coast through these broadcasts and the many records they made for Victor Records. They also undertook successful road tours.
In 1931, the orchestra moved to New York City, for an 11-month broadcast engagement at the Hotel New Yorker arranged by William S. Paley, who needed a star attraction to induce radio stations to join the Columbia Broadcasting System.
At the peak of the band's success, the musicians owned identical Cord automobiles, each in a different color with the name of the Orchestra and the owner embossed on the rear. The Orchestra's popularity showed no signs of abating, and their contract with MCA had another 15 years to run in the spring of 1932 when Carleton Coon came down with a jaw infection and he died on May 4 that year.
Sanders attempted to keep the organization going; however, without Coon, the public did not support them. In 1935, he formed his own group and played until the early 1940s, when he became a part-time orchestra leader and studio musician. In his later years he suffered from failing eyesight and other health problems. He died on May 15, 1965, after suffering a stroke.
Revivals
The Coon Sanders Nighthawks Fans' Bash is held annually on the weekend following Mothers' Day in Huntington, West Virginia, to remember the contributions to music made by the Coon Sanders Nighthawks Orchestra and to enjoy the music of the era. This event has been held annually for 44 years. In 2011, the event featured the West End Jazz Band from Chicago, the Toll House Jazz Band from Columbus Ohio, the Sounds of Dixie from Raleigh North Carolina and the Backyard Dixie Jazz Stompers from Huntington West Virginia. Over the years, such musical notables as Curt Hitch, Bill Rank, Earl Roberts, Doc Ryker, Paul Oconnor, Mike Walbridge, Bob Neighbor, Frank Powers, Bob Lefever, Johnny Haynes, Jimmy and Carrie Mazzy, Moe Klippert, Clyde Austin, Nocky Parker, Fred Woodaman and Spiegle Willcox have attended the event.
Efforts were being made during 2011 to organize and fund a project to record modern performances of the Coon-Sanders repertoire (as well as performing the music in a series of live concerts). The project was led by Doug Bowles, the Washington, D.C.-based founder of a period big band, the SingCo Rhythm Orchestra.
References
Listen to
YouTube: "Nighthawk Blues, 1924"
External links
"Radio Pioneers: The Coon-Sanders Nighthawks" by Chuck Haddix
The Coon-Sanders Nighthawks Orchestra Red Hot Jazz Archive
Big bands
American jazz ensembles from Missouri
Territory bands
Musical groups established in 1919
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{'title': 'Coon-Sanders Original Nighthawk Orchestra', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coon-Sanders%20Original%20Nighthawk%20Orchestra', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The richness and variety of the wildlife of Ethiopia is dictated by the great diversity of terrain with wide variations in climate, soils, natural vegetation and settlement patterns. Ethiopia contains a vast highland complex of mountains and dissected plateaus divided by the Great Rift Valley, which runs generally southwest to northeast and is surrounded by lowlands, steppes, or semi-desert.
Ethiopia is an ecologically diverse country, ranging from the deserts along the eastern border to the tropical forests in the south to extensive Afromontane in the northern and southwestern parts. Lake Tana in the north is the source of the Blue Nile. It also has many endemic species, including 31 mammal species, notably the gelada, the walia ibex and the Ethiopian wolf ("Simien fox"). There are seven mammal species classified as "critically endangered", and others as "endangered" or "vulnerable". The wide range of altitude has given the country a variety of ecologically distinct areas, and this has helped to encourage the evolution of endemic species in ecological isolation. But some of these habitats are now much reduced or threatened.
The nation is a land of geographical contrasts, ranging from the vast fertile west, with its forests and numerous rivers, to the world's hottest settlement of Dallol in its north. The Ethiopian Highlands are the largest continuous mountain ranges in Africa, and the Sof Omar Caves contains the largest cave on the continent. Ethiopia also has the second-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa.
Fauna
Mammals
Birds
Fish
About 14 genera of fishes are found. These include primitive bichirs, lung fishes, catfish, cyprinids, cyprinodonts, cichlids, several caracins and a few spiny rayed families. The following fish families are most peculiar of this region:
Polypteridae: protopterus (lung fish) related to lepidosiren (Neotropical lung fish)
Mormyridae or African electric fishes, not related to Gymnotidae (Neotropical electric fishes)
Archaic bichirs
Gymnorchidae
Isopondyli fishes
catfishes
Butterflies
Molluscs
Reptiles
Crocodylus niloticus, Nile crocodile
Rhinotyphlops somalicus, Ethiopian blind snake
Homopholis fasciata, Banded velvet gecko
Pelusios adansonii, Adanson’s mud turtle
Bitis arietans, Puff adder
Dendroaspis polylepis, Black mamba
Bitis parviocula, Ethiopian mountain adder
Lamprophis abyssinicus, Abyssinian house snake
Python sebae sebae, African rock python
Threatened species
Historically, throughout the African continent, wildlife populations have been rapidly declining owing to logging, civil wars, hunting, pollution, poaching and other human interference. A 17-year-long civil war along with severe drought, negatively impacted Ethiopia's environmental conditions leading to even greater habitat degradation. Habitat destruction is a factor that leads to endangerment. When changes to a habitat occur rapidly, animals do not have time to adjust. Human impact threatens many species, with greater threats expected as a result of climate change-induced by greenhouse gas emissions.
Ethiopia has a large number of species listed as critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable by the IUCN. To assess the current situation in Ethiopia, it is critical to identify the threatened species in this region.
There are 31 endemic species of mammals, meaning that a species occurs naturally only in a certain area, in this case Ethiopia. The African wild dog prehistorically had widespread distribution in Ethiopia; however, with last sightings at Fincha, this canid is thought to be potentially extirpated within Ethiopia. The Ethiopian wolf is perhaps the most researched of all the endangered species within Ethiopia. This, however, is likely not the case as a breeding pack has been seen, and photographed by Bale Mountain Lodge guests inside the park's Harenna Forest in 2015.
Several conservation programs are in effect to help endangered species in Ethiopia. A group was created in 1966 called The Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society, which focuses on studying and promoting the natural environments of Ethiopia along with spreading the knowledge they acquire, and supporting legislation to protect environmental resources.
There are multiple conservation organizations one can access online, one of which connects directly to the Ethiopian wolf. Funding supports the World Wildlife Fund’s global conservation efforts. The WWF Chairman of the Board, Bruce Babbitt holds this organization accountable for the best practices in accountability, governance and transparency throughout all tiers within the organization.
Flora
There are many types of vegetation, flowers, and plants in Ethiopia. There are many cactus plants that grow in Ethiopian high lands. Ethiopia has many species of flowers that are used for medication and decoration. Many of the plants are used to make honey and oil. Moreover, many of the floras in Ethiopia can be used flavoring or spice. Ethiopia has different climate and geological zones that provide different types floras. There are different alpines and evergreen floras. There are some plants that Ethiopia exports to other countries like coffee and Kat which is significant to their economy.
Notes
References
External links
Biota of Ethiopia
Ethiopia
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{'title': 'Wildlife of Ethiopia', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20Ethiopia', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Atomica is an American science fiction thriller film directed by Dagen Merrill and starring Dominic Monaghan. The film was released theatrically on March 17, 2017, and was released on VOD on March 21, 2017.
Plot
In the near future, the clash between oil and green energy conglomerates results in skyrocketing energy prices and global riots. Amidst this chaos, the corporation Auxilisun develops the tri-fission reactor, a device that not only produces abundant nuclear energy through atomic fission, but also converts nuclear waste into additional clean energy. The tri-fission reactor renders all other forms of energy production obsolete, and Auxilisun power plants are built around the world, providing an inexhaustible supply of cheap energy for all.
Decades later, on Christmas Day, Auxilisun technician Abby travels to Gibson Desert North, the flagship Auxilisun plant built over a nuclear waste storage facility deep within a radioactive "red zone", to restore a broken communications relay. She finds the plant poorly-maintained and seemingly deserted, with no sign of caretakers Dr. Zek and Robinson, but the latter appears brandishing a golf club and demands that she identify herself. He calms down when she complies, but when asked about Zek, he vaguely replies that the doctor is somewhere outside the plant conducting a survey.
As Abby attempts to repair the communications relay and Zek remains absent, she gradually discovers more serious problems affecting the plant's performance and becomes suspicious of the oddly-behaving Robinson, who displays a considerable ignorance of the workings of the machines he supposedly maintains. Abby eventually tracks Zek down in the red zone, but finds him unconscious. When she returns to the plant with Zek in tow, Robinson initially refuses them entry, but soon relents and explains he was following contamination protocol. Robinson also reveals that Zek had experienced a nervous breakdown on the night he left. With Zek moved to the medical bay to recover, a new crisis emerges: one of the plant's two main ventilation fans, ostensibly designed to function flawlessly for thousands of years, inexplicably fails, and volatile gases begin building up in the facility. Abby concludes that the fan had been sabotaged by a crazed Zek before her arrival, and handcuffs him to his bed.
Zek finally awakes, and despite treating Robinson with familiarity, he informs Abby that Robinson is an impostor. Days ago, the real Robinson had disappeared and Zek had gone out in search of him, but was knocked out by an unseen assailant, likely the impostor. Somehow, the false Robinson had made it past the red zone and was posing as Robinson for unknown reasons. Zek urges Abby to send a distress signal to Auxilisun HQ, but with comms still down, she has to venture back outside the plant and build a makeshift array while Robinson is occupied.
That night, as Abby tries to slip out of the plant with Zek to send the signal, Robinson catches them and angrily demands Zek tell Abby the truth about Gibson Desert North. Zek fends Robinson off and locks him and Abby in the medical bay. Robinson explains to Abby that Zek had rigged the entire plant into a bomb. As they search the plant separately for Zek, Abby discovers the real Robinson's body in a locker and realizes Zek had not lied. After Robinson incapacitates Zek, Abby turns against Robinson, but the latter overpowers her and amputates one of her fingers to unlock Deep Burial, the facility's nuclear waste repository. Abby confronts Zek with her findings that Gibson Desert North had been decaying for years despite Auxilisun's public assurances that the technology was failsafe, and that the red zone had expanded hundreds of miles into a town called Barrow Creek and was killing the residents. Zek confirms that Barrow Creek was being covered up to avoid a public relations disaster, as too much of the world was dependent on Auxilisun to allow its technology to be called into question. Disgusted, Abby leaves him to escape the plant on his own.
At Deep Burial, Abby corners Robinson, who unmasks himself as the sole survivor of Barrow Creek. Since he had already been fatally irradiated, he had walked through the red zone to Gibson Desert North to destroy it and avenge the death of his family. Robinson then ignites Deep Burial, setting off a catastrophic chain reaction. Abby makes it out of the imploding facility, but when the only transport craft leaves her stranded, she removes her protective suit's helmet and allows herself to succumb to the radiation. Sometime later, presumed Auxilisun employees secure evidence of the disaster, including Abby's corpse and the datapad containing her personal logs.
Cast
Sarah Habel as Abby Dixon
Sarah-Eve Gazitt as Young Abby Dixon
Tom Sizemore as Darius Zek
Dominic Monaghan as Robinson Scott
Production
The film was written by Fred Fernandez-Armesto, Adam Gyngell and Kevin Burke. Dominic Monaghan, one of the film's cast members, is also credited as one of the film's executive producers. It is the second film to be produced under the Syfy Films label, after 400 Days, which was released in 2016.
Release
The film was released in theaters on March 17, 2017, and on video-on-demand on March 21, 2017.
References
External links
2017 films
2010s science fiction thriller films
American science fiction thriller films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
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Mamirolle () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.
Geography
The commune lies southeast of Besançon on the first plateau of the Jura mountains. It is situated at the foot of a wooded hill and is crossed by the railroad from Besançon to Le Locle.
The landscape of the town forms a wide basin with no surface drainage, since the rainwater seeps into the subsoil. Most of the land in Mamirolle is arable land and meadow land, with some parts covered in forest. Southern part of the commune extends over the slope of Mamirolle to the wooded ridge of Mont Bon, which forms the highest point in the commune at 662 m above sea level.
History
Archeological research determined that Mamirolle was populated very early on. A nearby Tumulus dates from the Hallstatt period, and traces of an alleged Gallo-Roman settlement site was also discovered.
Mamirolle was first mentioned in 1220 as a church with the name Mamirollis. Over time, the spelling was changed to Mimiroles (1150), Memiroules (1267), and Memiruelles (1350), until it changed to today's Mamirolle in 1547. Since the Middle Age, Mamirolle has been belonging to the Montfaucon dominion. With the Treaties of Nijmegen in 1678, the village was passed over to France along with the rest of Franche-Comté. Mamirolle was repeatedly devastated by major fires, such as in 1709, 1825 and 1893.
Sights
The Saint-Pierre Church, which used to be a medieval chapel, was rebuilt in 1775 and extensively restored in 1985. Various farmhouses in Franche-Comté style from the 17th to 19th centuries have been preserved in the town center.
Population
Industry
Until well into the 20th century, Mamirolle's economic was heavily dependent on agriculture and forestry. Commercial zones have developed on the outskirts of the village since the 1970s. Various companies in the food processing, construction, micro-mechanics and electronic sectors have settled here. In the meantime, the village has also changed into a residential community.
See also
Communes of the Doubs department
References
External links
Mamirolle on the intercommunal Web site of the department
Communes of Doubs
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Skiffy is a deliberate humorous misspelling or mispronunciation of the controversial term "sci-fi", a neologism referring to science fiction.
Background
The term "sci-fi" was suggested as an abbreviated term for "science fiction" by Forrest ("Forry") J Ackerman in 1954, an analogy to the then-cutting edge term "hi-fi" (for audio high fidelity). Ackerman was a long-time fan, and at the time was the literary agent for science fiction authors Ray Bradbury, Isaac Asimov, A.E. Van Vogt, Curt Siodmak and L. Ron Hubbard. Ackerman pronounced his new term as or "sigh figh". In the 1970s, some members of science fiction fandom began to pronounce the term or "skiffy" for unclear reasons.
Peter Nicholls writes that "SF" (or "sf") is "the preferred abbreviation within the community of sf writers and readers." David Langford's monthly fanzine Ansible includes a regular section "As Others See Us" which offers numerous examples of "sci-fi" and "skiffy" being used in a pejorative sense by people outside the genre.
Skiffy is the name of the science fiction and fantasy club at the College of William and Mary, and VCU, as well as not always affectionate shorthand for the American cable channel once named The Sci-Fi Channel.
In 1998, Mike Resnick and Patrick Nielsen Hayden released a book called Alternate Skiffy,. In keeping with the tongue-in-cheek intent of the term, this was an anthology featuring stories about what might have happened if the lives of various well-known science fiction writers had turned out differently.
References
Speculative fiction
Science fiction genres
1950s neologisms
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Yakutsk School Number 16 () is a state-run school in Yakutsk, Sakha Republic. It was set up in the 1940s. , it had roughly 700 students. It is a UNESCO Associated School. The principal is Aleksandr Dubinin; his wife, Roza Hanbeevna Dubinina, is also a teacher there. The school attracted negative attention in 2008 due to a video which a student uploaded to a video-sharing site during the summer holiday, which insulted several teachers there.
School 16 is one of two schools in the city which teach Korean as a foreign language, the other being the Sakha-Korean School. They began teaching the language, along with taekwondo, in the 1990s. , they had 127 students studying the language. The program has expanded due to the enthusiasm of Dubinina, herself a descendant of Korean immigrants to Russia and a former teacher at the Sakha-Korean School. In 2005, a delegation from South Korea visited the school and gave them Korean clothing and school bags as a gift, and promised to provide further funding for textbooks and for study trips to Seoul for the best students. There are plans to employ a further teacher from South Korea to assist in the programme as well.
References
Yakutsk
Education in the Sakha Republic
Educational institutions established in the 1940s
Buildings and structures in the Sakha Republic
Schools in the Soviet Union
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Clay Evans (June 23, 1925 – November 27, 2019) was an African American Baptist pastor and founder of the influential Fellowship Missionary Baptist Church in Chicago, Illinois, famous for its gospel music infused Sunday service and choir. Evans released his first musical project in 1984, What He's Done For Me with Savoy Records. All-in-all, he has had eleven albums that have charted on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart over the course of his career. He received a nomination for the Best Gospel Album at the 1997 Soul Train Music Awards.
Professional life
Evans was born on June 23, 1925, in Brownsville, Tennessee, to Henry Clay and Estanauly Evans. He was a graduate of Carver High School, then he moved onto Chicago Baptist Institute for seminary education. He attended Northern Seminary, along with The University of Chicago Divinity School. He was ordained as a Baptist minister in 1950, and he founded Fellowship Missionary Baptist Church in Chicago, Illinois, on September 10, 1950, with five founding members. His sermons were broadcast on radio and television.
In 1965, Evans joined the Reverend Jesse Jackson Sr., to promote the civil rights movement in Chicago. In 1971 they founded the Operation PUSH coalition to encourage black self-help. Evans served as chairman of the organization from 1971 and 1976 and became its chairman emeritus. He led his church until December 8, 2000, when Charles Jenkins succeeded him as senior pastor.
Personal life
Evans married Lutha Mae Hollingshed on October 15, 1946; they resided in Chicago, Illinois. They have five children, seven grandchildren, three great grandchildren and one great great granddaughter. Evans's death was announced on November 27, 2019. Evans's funeral was held on December 7, 2019.
Music career
Evans' music career started in 1964, and he has released 38 musical projects, up until his latest release in 2006. He has released albums and musical works with various labels; Savoy Records, Jewel Records, Paula Records, Meek Records, Blackberry Records, and Pro-Arte Records. His album have charted on the Billboard charts at various times during his career. He has had eleven albums chart on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart, during that time span. He received a nomination at the 1997 Soul Train Music Awards for Best Gospel Album.
Discography
References
Further reading
Mills, Zachary William (2018). The last blues preacher: Reverend Clay Evans, black lives, and the faith that woke the nation. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-5064-4655-4. OCLC 1030339690.
1925 births
2019 deaths
20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
African-American Baptist ministers
African-American Christians
African-American songwriters
American evangelicals
American gospel singers
Baptist writers
Baptists from Tennessee
Musicians from Chicago
Singers from Tennessee
People from Brownsville, Tennessee
Songwriters from Illinois
Songwriters from Tennessee
University of Chicago Divinity School alumni
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
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{'title': 'Clay Evans (pastor)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay%20Evans%20%28pastor%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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Turville is a village and civil parish in Buckinghamshire, England. It is in the Chiltern Hills, west of High Wycombe, east-southeast of Watlington, north of Henley-on-Thames and 2 miles (3 km) from the Oxfordshire border. The name is Anglo-Saxon in origin and means 'dry field'. It was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 796 as Thyrefeld.
The manor of Turville once belonged to the abbey at St Albans, but was seized by the Crown in the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1547. The manor house has since been rebuilt as Turville Park, and was held by the Hoare Nairne family for most of the 20th century. The present incumbent of the manor is Lord Sainsbury. Turville was home to Ellen Sadler, who fell asleep in 1871, aged eleven, and purportedly did not wake for nine years, becoming known as the "Sleeping Girl of Turville". The case attracted international attention from newspapers, medical professionals and the public. Rumours persist in the region that Sadler was visited by royalty for a "laying on of hands". The local pub is the Bull and Butcher. Turville Hill is a Site of Special Scientific Importance, and it includes Cobstone Windmill.
Notable people
Geoffrey de Turville (died 1250), Lord Chancellor of Ireland
Charles François Dumouriez (1739-1823), French royalist general
Ellen Sadler (1859-1901), "The Sleeping Girl of Turville", tourist attraction
Lord Sainsbury of Turville (born 1940), businessman, politician, and philanthropist
Sir John Mortimer, (1923-2009), Barrister, playwright, novelist
Transport
There are no public transport routes (either bus or rail) that serve the village.
In literature
Edward Mayhew, one of the two main characters in Ian McEwan's On Chesil Beach, comes from Turville.
Filming location
The 1942 Ealing Studios film Went the Day Well?, in which German paratroopers invade a small English village, was filmed in Turville, as were many of the scenes from the 1963 comedy film Father Came Too! The whole of The Large Rope, a 1953 B-movie starring Donald Houston, was filmed in the village, as were the dream scene in Bride and Prejudice and a brief scene in I Capture the Castle. In June 2012, filming for the live-action Disney film Maleficent took place just outside the village. Cobstone Windmill in the neighbouring parish of Ibstone, used in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, overlooks the village of Turville.
Additionally, many of the outdoor scenes of television show Goodnight Mr Tom were filmed in Turville. Scenes have also been shot in the village for Midsomer Murders, Lewis, Marple, Foyle's War, Little Britain, the 2008 Christmas special of Jonathan Creek, the British drama An Education and the 2009 BBC adaptation of The Day of the Triffids. The fourth episode of the first series of Killing Eve was shot in the village, with an armed ambush and car chase shot in the village centre and on the surrounding country roads. The village was the location for outdoor scenes in the sitcom The Vicar of Dibley. In the series, the church of St Mary the Virgin was renamed St Barnabus [sic].
The music video for the song "Apparition" by Stealing Sheep was shot in the village.
References
External links
Villages in Buckinghamshire
Civil parishes in Buckinghamshire
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{'title': 'Turville', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turville', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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The Freedom Tunnel is the name given to the railroad tunnel on the West Side Line under Riverside Park in Manhattan, New York City. Used by Amtrak trains to and from Pennsylvania Station, it got its name because the graffiti artist Chris "Freedom" Pape used the tunnel walls to create some of his most notable artwork. The name may also be a reference to the former shantytowns built within the tunnel by homeless populations seeking shelter and freedom to live rent-free and unsupervised by law enforcement. The tunnel runs approximately , from 72nd Street to 124th Street.
History
The tunnel was built by Robert Moses in the 1930s to expand park space for Upper West Side residents – although the construction of Moses's Henry Hudson Parkway in the same area effectively blocked access to the river.
After it was completed, the tunnel was used for freight trains until 1980, when regular operations ended. The railroad favored using yards in the Bronx and New Jersey, and increased use of trucking led to the demise of the West Side Line. The giant, man-made caverns became a haven for homeless people. At its height in 1994, nearly a hundred people lived in the tunnel.
On April 4, 1991, the tunnel was reopened for trains of the Amtrak Empire Connection, and a massive eviction followed. The shantytowns were bulldozed and the tunnel was chained off. To this day, however, graffiti artists and urban explorers continue to visit the tunnel, while the homeless population has been mostly displaced. Around 2014 and 2015, graffiti artists and urban explorers were sporadically caught and escorted out by Amtrak Police.
Artwork
Over the tunnel's years of disuse, its isolated nature allowed graffiti artists and street artists to work without fear of arrest, leading to larger and more ambitious pieces. The tunnel has unique lighting provided by grates in the sidewalks of Riverside Park above the space. The descending shafts of light allow graffiti art to be seen in the gloom, and artists would often center their projects under the light to take advantage of the spot-lighting effect, as if in a gallery.
After achieving popularity in the book Spraycan art by James Prigoff and Henry Chalfant, graffiti artists began to flock to the Freedom Tunnel and gained access through a series of broken gates near 103rd Street and Riverside Park. Early artists who left their mark on the tunnel included Smith and his brother Sane (who died in 1991), Ghost, Twist, Dan Plasma, Cost, and Revs. Until the construction of the Trump Riverside development, the south end of the tunnel terminated in a large open area. In the 1980s and 1990s, a tent city with pirated electricity and hundreds, perhaps thousands of dwellers existed in the south end of the tunnel. Retired trains were also permanently parked near the south end of the tunnel allowing artists to cover whole cars with paint and murals, even if the cars themselves never left the tunnels. However, the homeless population was gradually relocated from the tunnel to other places. "Freedom" dedicated one of the tunnel's murals to the former homeless population there.
Works by "Freedom" remained mostly untouched and respected by taggers. A notable exception was the recreation of Francisco Goya's The Third of May, which was defaced, but subsequently restored by Freedom. In addition, there are numerous other murals on the walls in the 90- and 100-block areas of the tunnel; including a chiaroscuro style study of the Venus de Milo, and original portraits rendered with impressionistic splashes of color. The centerpiece of the tunnel is a mural painted in the style of a comic book that tells an abstract story that seems to reference the relationship of the former residents of the tunnel, the city government, and the police. Other historical pieces range from Michelangelo to Norman Rockwell.
Beginning in late 2009, Amtrak began to aggressively repaint the tunnels in an effort to restore their original appearance. Nearly all of the tunnel's interior walls south of 91st Street were repainted, resulting in many murals disappearing, including the centerpiece mural by Freedom and Smith commemorating the former residents of the tunnel. For unknown reasons, Amtrak did not finish repainting the tunnel walls north of 91st Street. Today, all of the walls that were repainted have been covered by new layers of graffiti.
Around 2010, the Third of May mural suffered major water damage due to a leak in the tunnel directly above.
Documentaries and books
The Freedom Tunnel and the homeless people that were living there in the mid-1990s are mentioned in numerous book and documentaries; some of the notable ones include:
Jennifer Toth documents the homeless residents in her book The Mole People (1993).
Photographer Margaret Morton made the photo book The Tunnel (1995).
Marc Singer made the documentary Dark Days (2000) about the tunnel, using footage shot in the mid-1990s. Singer's later visit to the tunnel in 2011 is included in the film's 10th anniversary DVD release.
Anthropologist and journalist Teun Voeten wrote the very detailed Tunnel People (2010).
Explorer and writer Moses Gates describes his multiple encounters with other urban explorers and homeless people including one who resided in the tunnel for over thirty years in his book Hidden Cities (2013).
See also
Graffiti in the United States
Urban exploration
References
External links
Amtrak tunnels
Culture of New York City
Former squats
Graffiti in the United States
Homelessness in the United States
Railroad tunnels in New York City
Riverside Park (Manhattan)
Shanty towns in the United States
Squatting in the United States
Subterranea of the United States
Tunnels in Manhattan
Upper West Side
Urban exploration
West Side Line
Housing in New York City
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{'title': 'Freedom Tunnel', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%20Tunnel', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'}
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