diff --git "a/chemprotchem/train_sentence_1000.json" "b/chemprotchem/train_sentence_1000.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/chemprotchem/train_sentence_1000.json" @@ -0,0 +1,13648 @@ +[ + { + "pmid": "15732037", + "text": "(P < .001) in the shunt group.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23152186", + "text": "As(III)", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "As(III)" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 7 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10988273", + "text": "Human atrial appendages and rabbit pulmonary arteries were used to determine the potencies of alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonists in inhibiting the electrically (2 Hz) evoked", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23194825", + "text": "\"Ecstasy\" (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA) is a widely abused recreational drug, reported to produce neurotoxic effects, both in laboratory animals and in humans.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine", + "Ecstasy", + "MDMA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 11, + 44 + ], + [ + 1, + 8 + ], + [ + 48, + 52 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "7526860", + "text": "Mammary epithelial cells derived from the entire mammary parenchyma or only end buds were isolated by collagenase digestion of mammary glands from virgin mice.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23123646", + "text": "In vivo animal studies confirmed that knocking out the Kir6.2 subunit of the K(ATP) channels increases ischemic infarction, and overexpression of the Kir6.2 subunit reduces neuronal injury from ischemic insults.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "K", + "ATP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 77, + 78 + ], + [ + 79, + 82 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23238657", + "text": "There was no change in microvascular function caused by either beverage.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23125284", + "text": "We observe co-purification of FAM36A and COX2 proteins, supporting that the FAM36A defect hampers the early step of complex IV assembly at the incorporation of the COX2 subunit.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "8799556", + "text": "5.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17597612", + "text": "Because lymphoid organs are innervated by SPNs distributed throughout the thoracolumbar spinal cord, we predicted level-dependent immune suppression after SCI due to activation of the HPA axis and loss of descending input to SPNs.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12850267", + "text": "Both findings correlate with the predicted accessibility of the ribosomal binding sites of the different mRNAs.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23506002", + "text": "A series of compounds incorporating an aromatic scaffold based on isoxazolines were prepared in the patent application (WO2012151158).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "isoxazolines" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 66, + 78 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23474889", + "text": "METHODS: Oral EtOH, saccharin, and quinine intake was assessed in a two-bottle choice paradigm using escalating concentrations of alcohol or tastant solutions.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "EtOH", + "saccharin", + "quinine", + "alcohol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 14, + 18 + ], + [ + 20, + 29 + ], + [ + 35, + 42 + ], + [ + 130, + 137 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "3440035", + "text": "The most potent compound, D,L-4-(3,4-dichlorobenzoylamino)-5-(dipentylamino)-5-oxo-pen tanoic acid (lorglumide, CR 1409), has a great affinity for the pancreatic CCK receptors and is a competitive, specific and potent CCK antagonist on the smooth muscles of the gall bladder and ileum of the guinea pig and on the CCK-induced amylase secretion of isolated pancreatic acini.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "D,L-4-(3,4-dichlorobenzoylamino)-5-(dipentylamino)-5-oxo-pen tanoic acid", + "lorglumide", + "CR 1409" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 26, + 98 + ], + [ + 100, + 110 + ], + [ + 112, + 119 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23583903", + "text": "MATERIALS AND METHODS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "8925876", + "text": "The potency of the antipsychotic drug, risperidone, to antagonize alpha 1A-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction in rat vas deferens and vasoconstriction in rat perfused kidney, and alpha 1B-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions in spleen from guinea-pig and mouse was evaluated and compared to that of alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype-discriminating antagonists.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "risperidone" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 39, + 50 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "8819507", + "text": "Alpha-2 adrenoceptor subtype causing nitric oxide-mediated vascular relaxation in rats.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "nitric oxide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 37, + 49 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17488480", + "text": "We have earlier shown that H(2)S acts as a mediator of inflammation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "H(2)S" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 27, + 32 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "20531964", + "text": "There was a delay in time to decline of performance status and trends to improvement in quality of life, disease-related symptoms, and overall survival despite crossover of the majority of patients assigned to placebo.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "3299141", + "text": "The location of L-glutamate decarboxylase and gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA)-transaminase immunoreactivity in the superior cervical ganglion and in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex of the rat was studied by an indirect immunofluorescence method and by immunoelectron microscopy, with specific antisera raised in rabbits against the corresponding enzymes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "L-glutamate", + "gamma-aminobutyrate", + "GABA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 16, + 27 + ], + [ + 46, + 65 + ], + [ + 67, + 71 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23373869", + "text": "Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the influence of UDR on recurrence.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22532499", + "text": "Effect of water extracts from edible myrtaceae plants on uptake of 2-(n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose in TNF-α-treated FL83B mouse hepatocytes.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "2-(n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 67, + 128 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23362262", + "text": "These data reveal the requirement of both early and late activation of mTOR for TGFβ-induced protein synthesis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17979301", + "text": "(2004) J. Biol.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23116965", + "text": "However, the therapeutic potential of ECG on the treatment of arrhythmia remains unknown.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ECG" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 38, + 41 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23583806", + "text": "Additionally, the results indicate that allicin is responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of FRGE.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "allicin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 36, + 43 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15955565", + "text": "Platelet activation by ADP and ATP plays a crucial role in haemostasis and thrombosis, and their so-called P2 receptors are potential targets for antithrombotic drugs.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ADP", + "ATP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 23, + 26 + ], + [ + 31, + 34 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "7912539", + "text": "BRL and SAL produced significant chronotropic and minute distance responses which were unaffected by beta 1-adrenoceptor blockade.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "BRL", + "SAL" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 3 + ], + [ + 8, + 11 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23552101", + "text": "Detailed analyses in fibroblasts and neuronal tissues from FRDA patients have revealed profound cytoskeleton anomalies.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15199474", + "text": "These cells displayed a strong affinity for (33)P-2MeS-ADP, a stable analogue of ADP, the binding characteristics of which corresponded in all points to those observed on platelets.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "(33)P-2MeS-ADP", + "ADP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 44, + 58 + ], + [ + 81, + 84 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15177307", + "text": "The protein-bound fraction of lumiracoxib exceeded 98% both in healthy control subjects and in those with moderate hepatic insufficiency.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "lumiracoxib" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 30, + 41 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23380082", + "text": "A series of in vitro endpoints relevant to liver toxicity were evaluated in both a human (HepG2/C3A) and rat (MH1C1) hepatocyte cell line.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17549299", + "text": "Parnaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), prevents platelet activation and interaction with polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) in a washed cell system.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23301897", + "text": "The cytotoxic compounds were evaluated against a normal colon cell line, CCD-112CoN.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15126366", + "text": "I3A was unable to cause the same extent of association of the C1b domain of PKC-delta with lipids, compared with PMA or the physiological regulator diacylglycerol, and was able to partially block the association induced by these agents, measured by surface plasmon resonance.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "I3A", + "PMA", + "diacylglycerol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 3 + ], + [ + 113, + 116 + ], + [ + 148, + 162 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "7944828", + "text": "The compound seems to be devoid of 5-HT2 receptor agonist properties in rat aorta.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12671891", + "text": "Here, we identified the beta subunit as a regulator of proliferation in human hepatoma cell lines.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23335025", + "text": "It is presumed that GBE has chemopreventive effects in ER-independent breast cancer through anti-proliferation and apoptosis-inducing activities.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23216335", + "text": "We aimed to assess plasma PMPs in overweight/obese women with PCOS.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23532634", + "text": "Cor60, ΔCor, and ΔDHEA-S were lower in hyperthyroidism.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ΔDHEA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 8, + 13 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23347038", + "text": "In contrast, the simultaneous mutation of both M6P-binding sites is sufficient to impair all cellular functions of the receptor tested.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "M6P" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 47, + 50 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12826271", + "text": "However, it is still unknown whether NSAIDs have effects on the development of the central nervous system.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "9607108", + "text": "The findings suggest that factor VIII cycles through interactions with BiP, calnexin and calreticulin.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23232123", + "text": "The luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) is essential for normal male sex differentiation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22532499", + "text": "Glucose uptake test showed that pink wax apple fruit extract (PWFE) exhibits the highest glucose uptake activity, at an increment of 21% in the insulin-resistant FL83B mouse hepatocytes as compared with the TNF-α-treated control group.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "glucose" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 88, + 95 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15686475", + "text": "The physiological significance of the interaction between GAD and ApoCaM is discussed.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23530006", + "text": "This chirality-dependent bandgap is further shown to be a generic behavior in any parallelogram GAL and thus serves as an essential stepping stone for experimenters to realize graphene devices by antidot engineering.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "graphene" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 175, + 183 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23625750", + "text": "However, the role of adenosine A3 receptor agonist in pancreatitis has not been well established.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "adenosine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 21, + 30 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23458730", + "text": "Baicalin has been shown to possess many pharmacological effects, including antiviral, antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Baicalin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 8 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10401556", + "text": "In summary, data obtained in our experiments in rat SMA indicate that the alpha 1-adrenoceptor mediating noradrenaline-induced contraction displays a distinct alpha 1L-adrenoceptor pharmacology.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "noradrenaline" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 105, + 118 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23339678", + "text": "Impact of ketorolac administration around ovarian stimulation on in vivo and in vitro fertilization and subsequent embryo development.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ketorolac" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 10, + 19 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23344956", + "text": "These organelle changes are less prominent in cells with milder disease-associated PLP1 mutants.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23609606", + "text": "Covalent binding studies were undertaken with [(14)C]-fenclozic acid to investigate the possible role of reactive metabolites.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "[(14)C]-fenclozic acid" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 46, + 68 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23531536", + "text": "Pathological changes of renal tissue were more progressive in the diabetic control group than in the normal control group.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16674097", + "text": "The extent of change on the lineages leading to the mucinous and serous carcinoma was 1.98-fold different.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "11906441", + "text": "Molecular abnormalities observed in IEN may be used to select potential agents for testing/therapy, and modulation of these abnormalities may be used in phase I trials to select appropriate doses and in phase II trials to assess response.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17391279", + "text": "It is suggested that the lack of pro-oxidant effects in vivo associated with amtolmetin guacyl treatment contribute improved gastric tolerability.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "amtolmetin guacyl" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 77, + 94 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23590386", + "text": "A fibrillar morphology was obtained, compared to the featherless pristine films, via solvent annealing the films of a series of derivatives of poly(3-alkylthiophene)s (P3ATs): poly(3-dodecylthiophene) (P3DDT), poly(3,3‴-didodecyl-quaterthiophene) (PQT12), and poly(2,5-bis(3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (pBTTT12).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "poly(3-alkylthiophene)s", + "P3ATs", + "poly(3-dodecylthiophene)", + "P3DDT", + "poly(3,3‴-didodecyl-quaterthiophene)", + "PQT12", + "poly(2,5-bis(3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene)", + "pBTTT12" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 143, + 166 + ], + [ + 168, + 173 + ], + [ + 176, + 200 + ], + [ + 202, + 207 + ], + [ + 210, + 246 + ], + [ + 248, + 253 + ], + [ + 260, + 319 + ], + [ + 321, + 328 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17553661", + "text": "The hGSTA4 cells exhibited a significant growth advantage relative to control cells in the absence of 4-HNE, and a trend towards increased growth at low dose exposures to 4-HNE.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "4-HNE", + "4-HNE" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 102, + 107 + ], + [ + 171, + 176 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11430635", + "text": "In this paper we investigated the effect of indomethacin, acetazolamide and their combination in vitro and in vivo on carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "carbonic", + "indomethacin", + "acetazolamide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 118, + 126 + ], + [ + 44, + 56 + ], + [ + 58, + 71 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23639362", + "text": "To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of CRE, we measured striatal dopamine, movement ability, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, and apoptosis-related protein expression levels after treatment of CRE either with or without 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in ovariectomized female mice.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "dopamine", + "tyrosine", + "1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine", + "MPTP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 68, + 76 + ], + [ + 96, + 104 + ], + [ + 234, + 278 + ], + [ + 280, + 284 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17429625", + "text": "Possible mechanisms contributing to the incomplete oral bioavailability of dasatinib in animals were investigated.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "dasatinib" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 75, + 84 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "1361547", + "text": "Labetalol (> or = 3 x 10(-8) M) and dilevalol (> or = 10(-8) M) caused surmountable antagonism of the isoprenaline responses of the atria and the pA2 values were 8.60 and 8.98 at the beta 1-adrenoceptors of the rat left atria and 7.90 and 8.31, respectively, on the guinea-pig left atria which has functional beta", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Labetalol", + "dilevalol", + "isoprenaline" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ], + [ + 36, + 45 + ], + [ + 102, + 114 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23393220", + "text": "Harmaline (5 mg/kg) also increased blood and brain bufotenine concentrations that were generally higher in Tg-CYP2D6 mice.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "bufotenine", + "Harmaline" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 51, + 61 + ], + [ + 0, + 9 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "22749842", + "text": "The drug was able to ameliorate the disrupted latent inhibition (LI) induced by the increased number of conditioning trials and reversed amphetamine-induced LI deficit, supporting further its antipsychotic effects.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "amphetamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 137, + 148 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "22982445", + "text": "Pranlukast (0.6 μM) also prevented LTD4 (20 nM)-induced amyloidogenesis in the cultured neurons in vitro.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "LTD4" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 25, + 29 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23506002", + "text": "New selective inhibitors of MMP-13 for inflammatory diseases: a patent evaluation (W02012151158).\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16876126", + "text": "Thus, the data demonstrate the utility of the analyzed RNAs as powerful laboratory tools and indicate that siRNA- and shRNA-mediated RNAi-based gene therapeutic approaches may be applicable in preventing and reversing ABCC2-depending drug resistance.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23609782", + "text": "However, risk of teratogenicity may caution against its use in some women of child-bearing potential.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "2568212", + "text": "Both terfenadine and astemizole were effective for treatment of chronic urticaria.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "terfenadine", + "astemizole" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 5, + 16 + ], + [ + 21, + 31 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14613270", + "text": "RESULTS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10401556", + "text": "Selective protection of a putative alpha 1A-adrenoceptor population against the irreversible action of phenoxybenzamine also failed to increase the potency of RS-17053 (pA2 = 8.25 +/- 0.06 against A61603).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "phenoxybenzamine", + "RS-17053" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 103, + 119 + ], + [ + 159, + 167 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11511858", + "text": "In mammals, the principal androgens are testosterone and its 5alpha-reduced metabolite, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "androgens", + "testosterone", + "5alpha-dihydrotestosterone", + "DHT" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 26, + 35 + ], + [ + 40, + 52 + ], + [ + 88, + 114 + ], + [ + 116, + 119 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "19708854", + "text": "We used a PubMed/Medline search in order to review the literature regarding the drug, vapreotide.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "vapreotide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 86, + 96 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "18465538", + "text": "In vitro pharmacokinetic studies have shown that flavopiridol undergoes hepatic biotransformation to its corresponding glucoronide by uridine diphosphate glucoronosyltransferases [283791].", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "flavopiridol", + "glucoronide", + "uridine diphosphate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 49, + 61 + ], + [ + 119, + 130 + ], + [ + 134, + 153 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "19068776", + "text": "The following review provides a summary of the interactions between endogenous opioid system and mesolimbic dopaminergic system in alcohol dependence.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "alcohol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 131, + 138 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11156594", + "text": "However, at greater concentrations of prazosin, there is a paradoxical accumulation of [(3)H]-prazosin which we have attributed to Transport-P. Uptake of prazosin via Transport-P is detectable at 10(-10)", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "prazosin", + "[(3)H]-prazosin", + "prazosin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 38, + 46 + ], + [ + 87, + 102 + ], + [ + 154, + 162 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10480573", + "text": "TT-B and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) were antagonistic to each other in inhibiting the cell cycle progression of SC-6 from G0/G1 to S, suggesting that the two compounds share the same target, EGFR.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "TT-B" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 4 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23465612", + "text": "This work culminated in compounds such as 31, which possess good BACE-1 potency, excellent permeability and a low P-gp efflux ratio.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10847421", + "text": "The study was a randomized, cross-over design with a 1-week wash-out period between each injection.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23247008", + "text": "Studies of ALDH1B1 sequences supported the hypothesis that the ALDH1B1 gene originated in early vertebrates from a retrotransposition of the vertebrate ALDH2 gene.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15931605", + "text": "Use of nitisinone in patients with alkaptonuria.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "nitisinone" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 7, + 17 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "3299141", + "text": "In consecutive sections, the small glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive cell clusters also showed immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase, suggesting that these cells contain the enzymes for both GABA and catecholamine synthesis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "tyrosine", + "GABA", + "catecholamine", + "glutamate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 120, + 128 + ], + [ + 199, + 203 + ], + [ + 208, + 221 + ], + [ + 35, + 44 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "18847313", + "text": "Plerixafor, a CXCR4 antagonist for the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Plerixafor" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12957216", + "text": "neither affected dopamine (DA) level nor AChE activity in rat cortex and hippocampus.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "dopamine", + "DA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 17, + 25 + ], + [ + 27, + 29 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10693877", + "text": "OBJECTIVE:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17494951", + "text": "Little is known concerning the possible contribution of T helper 2 (Th2)-type cytokines to the recruitment of neutrophils into the lung tissue.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23446230", + "text": "Here we investigated the effects of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated CYP2J2 overexpression on angiotensin (Ang) II-induced AAA in apoE-deficient mice.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23587649", + "text": "Since the acute interference with BDNF-signaling did not completely block MF-LTP, our results provide evidence that an additional mechanism besides BDNF induced TrkB signaling contributes to this type of LTP.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23418087", + "text": "DNA methyltransferase 3a expression was increased in all BPA males and BPA 0.5 females and reduced in BPA 200 females.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "BPA", + "BPA", + "BPA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 55, + 58 + ], + [ + 69, + 72 + ], + [ + 100, + 103 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14767264", + "text": "The nonsubtype selective agent alfuzosin also demonstrates efficacy and offers an enhanced side effect profile, particularly minimizing hypotension.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "alfuzosin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 31, + 40 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11692072", + "text": "The findings suggest a pharmacogenetic influence of DRD2 E8 genotype on tiapride efficacy in alcohol withdrawal.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "20347047", + "text": "Airway smooth muscle responses were characterised in vitro in isolated trachea spirals from naive mice and from an acute ovalbumin (OVA) challenge model of allergic asthma.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23386780", + "text": "However, phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK) and phospho-c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (p-JNK) expression increased at 8-24 h. Caspase-3 and caspase-8 activities also increased at 8-48 h and 12-48 h, respectively, in the same manner as p-p38 MAPK and p-JNK expression.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "amino" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 82, + 87 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23041257", + "text": "DBDCT also caused the phosphorylation of JNK and p38(MAPK).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "DBDCT" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 5 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "1977506", + "text": "While there is considerable indirect evidence to implicate histamine in the pathogenesis of asthma, a critical evaluation of H1-receptor antagonism in this condition has, until recently, proved difficult, as many of the early H1-receptor antagonists possessed additional actions, such as anti-cholinergic, local anaesthetic, alpha-adrenoceptor antagonistic and anti-serotonin activity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "histamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 59, + 68 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23411259", + "text": "The circulatory levels of GLP-1 decreased significantly by the extract in comparison to the HFD group, whereas the decreased ghrelin levels were reversed.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23287538", + "text": "While intermittent ethanol intoxications (IEI) during late adolescence had no effect on free-choice 10% ethanol consumption, we found that IEI during early adolescence promoted free-choice 10% ethanol consumption, enhanced motivation for ethanol in the self-administration paradigm and induced a loss of both ethanol-induced CPP and CTA in young adults.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ethanol", + "ethanol", + "ethanol", + "ethanol", + "ethanol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 192, + 199 + ], + [ + 237, + 244 + ], + [ + 308, + 315 + ], + [ + 18, + 25 + ], + [ + 103, + 110 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12881227", + "text": "In conclusion, only specific apical NHE3 inhibition increased DBS, whereas prostaglandin synthesis, Na+-HCO3- cotransporter activation, or intracellular HCO3- formation by carbonic anhydrase was not involved.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "prostaglandin", + "Na+", + "HCO3", + "HCO3", + "carbonic" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 75, + 88 + ], + [ + 100, + 103 + ], + [ + 104, + 108 + ], + [ + 153, + 157 + ], + [ + 172, + 180 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "22865292", + "text": "(V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme located at the ruffled border and in lysosomes of osteoclasts, is necessary for bone resorption.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23164618", + "text": "Furthermore, using an unbiased place conditioning procedure (CPP), intra-PLC D(1) receptor activation blocks the spontaneous expression of an associative morphine (5 mg/kg; i.p.)", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "morphine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 154, + 162 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15650315", + "text": "CONCLUSION:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23154865", + "text": "B Cell Lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein suppresses ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis in hemato-lymphoid system.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17081103", + "text": "Analysis of the selenoproteome identified five glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) in mammals: cytosolic GPx (cGPx, GPx1), phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx (PHGPX, GPx4), plasma GPx (pGPX, GPx3), gastrointestinal GPx (GI-GPx, GPx2) and, in humans, GPx6, which is restricted to the olfactory system.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "glutathione" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 47, + 58 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23046524", + "text": "Therefore, we investigated the potential effects of paraoxon exposure on spontaneous tail contractions at 26 hpf - an early locomotor behavior that results from innervation of primary (not secondary) motoneuron axons to target axial muscles.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "paraoxon" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 50, + 58 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12650833", + "text": "Effects of serine/threonine protein phosphatase inhibitors on morphine-induced antinociception in the tail flick test in mice.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "serine", + "threonine", + "morphine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 11, + 17 + ], + [ + 18, + 27 + ], + [ + 62, + 70 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17378584", + "text": "Here we describe studies indicating that this particular residue (K600 in hs mt LeuRS and L570 in E. coli LeuRS) strongly impacts aminoacylation in two ways: it affects both amino acid discrimination and transfer RNA (tRNA) binding.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "amino acid" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 174, + 184 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17049513", + "text": "Imatinib was also found to inhibit M-CSF-induced osteoclast survival as well as M-CSF-induced osteoclast bone resorbing activity, but was without effect on interleukin 1alpha (IL-1alpha) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced inhibition of osteoclasts apoptosis, further supporting the hypothesis that imatinib may affect mature osteoclasts through the inhibition of c-FMS.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "imatinib", + "Imatinib" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 335, + 343 + ], + [ + 0, + 8 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "3345199", + "text": "Effects of some mono- and bisquaternary ammonium compounds on the reactivatability of soman-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase in vitro.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "mono- and bisquaternary ammonium", + "soman" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 16, + 48 + ], + [ + 86, + 91 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23578688", + "text": "At a solution dose of 14.2mpk (equivalent to 10mpk of 1), 2 gave essentially the same exposure of 1 compared to dosing 10mpk of 1 itself.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "1332478", + "text": "RESULTS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17391279", + "text": "In vivo effects of amtolmetin guacyl on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence systems.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "amtolmetin guacyl" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 19, + 36 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "3345199", + "text": "If the effectors were added after 5 min of aging they increased the activity of soman-inhibited AChE, but to a considerably smaller extent than HI 6.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "soman" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 80, + 85 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23274894", + "text": "G6pc2 deletion resulted in a leftward shift in the dose-response curve for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "glucose" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 75, + 82 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "1705137", + "text": "5. Moclobemide, but not toloxatone, exerted a moderate, but significant inhibition of the deamination of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) as judged by the fall in plasma 5-HIAA concentration.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Moclobemide", + "toloxatone", + "5-hydroxytryptamine", + "5-HT", + "5-HIAA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 3, + 14 + ], + [ + 24, + 34 + ], + [ + 105, + 124 + ], + [ + 126, + 130 + ], + [ + 164, + 170 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23601399", + "text": "Nutrients and bioactive compounds of Thai indigenous fruits.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "14529460", + "text": "Mechanism of organophosphates (nerve gases and pesticides) and antidotes: electron transfer and oxidative stress.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "organophosphates" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 13, + 29 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17896959", + "text": "Intriguingly, the inhibitory potency of benzyloxyphenyl NCX inhibitors is directly coupled to the rate of Na(+)(i)-dependent inactivation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "benzyloxyphenyl", + "Na(+)" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 40, + 55 + ], + [ + 106, + 111 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23046524", + "text": "Based on these studies, the frequency of spontaneous tail contractions at 26 hpf - a developmental stage with minimal AChE expression and activity - was significantly higher following exposure to paraoxon concentrations as low as 31.2 nM. Overall, our data suggest that (1) normal AChE activity is not required for secondary motoneuron development and (2) spontaneous tail contractions at 26 hpf are sensitive to paraoxon exposure, an effect that may be independent of AChE inhibition.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "paraoxon", + "paraoxon" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 194, + 202 + ], + [ + 411, + 419 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "8799556", + "text": "Indoramin and SNAP 1069 showed selectivity for alpha 1A and alpha 1B adrenoceptors relative to the alpha 1D subtype.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Indoramin", + "SNAP 1069" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ], + [ + 14, + 23 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "6872937", + "text": "In the first series of experiments, LY117018 was compared with monohydroxytamoxifen.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "LY117018", + "monohydroxytamoxifen" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 36, + 44 + ], + [ + 63, + 83 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23266719", + "text": "MWCNTs also increased the release of IL-2 and IFN-γ by PBMCs stimulated with a T cell mitogen.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "9079657", + "text": "This interacting motif may help elucidate the contribution of factor Xa to cellular assembly of coagulation and vascular injury.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23411217", + "text": "Methylation analyses of PG-1 and PG-2 using base-catalysed β-elimination suggested that CUI-3IIb-3-2 be assumed as pectic-type polysaccharide.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23453039", + "text": "The expression of regucalcin is stimulated through the action of insulin in liver cells in vitro and in vivo and it is decreased in the liver of rats with type I diabetes induced by streptozotocin administration in vivo.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "streptozotocin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 182, + 196 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "22836881", + "text": "Patients with osteoporotic vertebral fracture were identified (n = 380) and 10 age- and sex-matched controls per case (comparison group, n = 3795) were chosen from a nationwide representative cohort of 999,997 people from 1998 to 2005.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16962597", + "text": "The onset of gonadal differentiation was different in the two sexes, and coincided with a peak of expression of sbGnRH or sGnRH.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12956944", + "text": "The decrement of p-CREB protein in the nucleus accumbens remained at 24 h (-35 %) and 72 h (-28 %) of ethanol withdrawal, which recovered toward control level after 7 d of ethanol withdrawal.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ethanol", + "ethanol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 102, + 109 + ], + [ + 172, + 179 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "22902307", + "text": "A human hemi-cornea model for eye irritation testing: quality control of production, reliability and predictive capacity.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23435915", + "text": "The study suggests the potential clinical implications of genistin in relieving intestinal hypercontractility.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "genistin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 57, + 65 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23567953", + "text": "In addition, IC50 values for 5e and 8e were recorded.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22820907", + "text": "Among the latter, transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is one of the important nonglutamate mechanisms in stroke, which has been evaluated in both in-vitro and in-vivo.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23249624", + "text": "Dabrafenib is a BRAF (gene encoding serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf) inhibitor that has been developed to selectively target the valine 600 to glutamic acid substitution (BRAF(V600E)), which is commonly found in metastatic melanoma.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "serine", + "threonine", + "valine", + "glutamic acid" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 36, + 42 + ], + [ + 43, + 52 + ], + [ + 135, + 141 + ], + [ + 149, + 162 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "20226815", + "text": "A comparative autoradiography study of the relationship between the binding pattern of SERT in autoshaping new untrained vs. trained treated (METH, FLX, or both) animals was made.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "METH", + "FLX" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 142, + 146 + ], + [ + 148, + 151 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16303771", + "text": "However, exactly how tPA transduces its signal into the nucleus to control gene expression is unknown.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "20531964", + "text": "Everolimus 10 mg daily achieves complete inhibition of its target at below the maximum tolerable dose for most patients.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Everolimus" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11792932", + "text": "With treatment, an increase in testosterone-to-estradiol ratio occurred in association with increased semen parameters.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "testosterone", + "estradiol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 31, + 43 + ], + [ + 47, + 56 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16534240", + "text": "Neither beta-END nor beta-LPH IRM nor beta-END(1-31) levels correlated with heat or pressure pain tolerance thresholds.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23238657", + "text": "A significant decrease in nitrite (T180) and nitrate (T90 and T180), as well as a significant increase in N(ε)-carboxymethyllisine, accompanied intake of AGE-BLG.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "nitrite", + "nitrate", + "N(ε)-carboxymethyllisine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 24, + 31 + ], + [ + 43, + 50 + ], + [ + 104, + 128 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23541436", + "text": "Fifteen compounds, representing 98.97% of the essential oil, were tentatively identified; the main constituents were limonene (52.44%) and γ-terpinene (28.41%).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "limonene", + "γ-terpinene" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 116, + 124 + ], + [ + 138, + 149 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23179966", + "text": "Additionally, direct evidence has been provided that D(2) and 5-HT(2A) receptors form physical heterocomplexes which exert a functional cross-talk, as demonstrated by studies on hallucinogen-induced signaling.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "5-HT" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 62, + 66 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17475673", + "text": "Differences in magnitude of Na(+)-dependent l-alanine uptake through ASCT2 between WKY and SHR PTE cells correlated positively with differences in ASCT2 protein expression, this being more abundant in WKY PTE cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Na(+)", + "l-alanine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 28, + 33 + ], + [ + 44, + 53 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23439661", + "text": "(S)-3-(Aminomethyl)-7-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-2,1-benzoxaborole (GSK2251052) is a novel boron-containing antibiotic that inhibits bacterial leucyl tRNA synthetase, and that has been in development for the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "(S)-3-(Aminomethyl)-7-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-2,1-benzoxaborole", + "boron", + "leucyl", + "GSK2251052" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 80 + ], + [ + 105, + 110 + ], + [ + 157, + 163 + ], + [ + 82, + 92 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23528251", + "text": "Cobalt chloride, a typical HIF activator, induced the gene expression of CAR-target genes, including cyp2b9 and cyp2b10, an accumulation of nuclear CAR and an increase in the PB-responsive enhancer module-mediated transactivation in the mouse liver.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23219161", + "text": "DNA polymerase POLQ and cellular defense against DNA damage.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23583257", + "text": "Such model of Nox4 activity regulation could provide new insight into the understanding of the molecular mechanism of the electron transfer through the enzyme, i.e., its potential redox regulation, and could also define new therapeutic targets in diseases in which quinones and Nox4 are implicated.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "quinones" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 263, + 271 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "19708854", + "text": "RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "2568748", + "text": "For patients who exhibit intolerance to esmolol, the infusion can be terminated with rapid return to baseline hemodynamics.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "esmolol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 40, + 47 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10796631", + "text": "Theophylline and long acting beta2-agonists are bronchodilators used for the management of persistent asthma symptoms, especially nocturnal asthma.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Theophylline" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 12 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "22820907", + "text": "In this review, we will discuss the current state of pharmacological treatments of ischemic stroke and provide evidence that TRPM7 is a promising therapeutic target of stroke.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16546990", + "text": "These results indicate that sulindac metabolites modulate ERK1/2 and PKG pathways independently in colon cancer cells and suggest that the full apoptotic effect of sulindac is mediated by more than one pathway.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "sulindac", + "sulindac" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 28, + 36 + ], + [ + 164, + 172 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23033256", + "text": "Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that the mRNA expression of Oatp1 genes was accompanied by acetylated histone H3.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23643542", + "text": "CONCLUSIONS: Both Radix Glycyrrhizae and Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata are effective against HRSV infection on airway epithelial cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12047490", + "text": "However, both nabumetone and meloxicam cause only minor impairment in platelet function in comparison with indomethacin and the difference between them is not significant.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "nabumetone", + "meloxicam", + "indomethacin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 14, + 24 + ], + [ + 29, + 38 + ], + [ + 107, + 119 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23104244", + "text": "Interestingly, the increases in CYP1B1 and CYP4A1 levels, and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, 7-pentoxyresorufin-O-depentylase, and chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylase activities were attenuated by fermentation of GGT extract using Lactobacillus plantarum KFRI 402, but not 144.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "7-ethoxyresorufin", + "7-pentoxyresorufin", + "chlorzoxazone" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 61, + 78 + ], + [ + 93, + 111 + ], + [ + 131, + 144 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23277230", + "text": "In addition, the results of DPPH and ABTS assays substantiate the free radical scavenging activity of fisetin.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "DPPH", + "ABTS", + "fisetin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 23, + 27 + ], + [ + 32, + 36 + ], + [ + 97, + 104 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23530595", + "text": "For example, at 20 wt % CNC (in the dry film), an increase in wet modulus from 60 to 300 MPa (∼500% increase) is observed after photoirradiation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23264615", + "text": "The primary aim of these studies was to test the hypothesis that HSD11B1-derived cortisol has a biological role in endometrial function and conceptus development during early pregnancy in sheep.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "cortisol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 79, + 87 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17561836", + "text": "In situ hybridization data and a direct comparison of SN neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and/or the beta-gal marker for EphB1 revealed that EphB1 is not expressed in TH+ neurons of pars compacta (SNc), but is restricted to neurons in pars reticulata (SNr).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "tyrosine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 76, + 84 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23444334", + "text": "These changes were reversed significantly (p < 0.001) in animals receiving a pretreatment of BHT.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "BHT" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 93, + 96 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17254025", + "text": "The latter reaction, catalyzed by aspartoacylase (ASPA), produces acetyl groups plus aspartate and has been proposed to occur in both soluble and membranous subfractions of white matter.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "acetyl", + "aspartate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 66, + 72 + ], + [ + 85, + 94 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "20012638", + "text": "M methacholine as a parasympathetic mimetic; (3) effect of the drugs on electrically induced tracheal smooth muscle contractions.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "methacholine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 2, + 14 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23327993", + "text": "Disruption of the TrxR-Trx1 system keeps Trx1 in the oxidized state leading to cell death through activation of the ASK1-Trx1 apoptotic pathway.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16846546", + "text": "In the animal model, both drugs resulted in nearly complete inhibition of FITC-dextran leakage and PGE(2) production in the anterior chamber of treated eyes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "FITC", + "PGE(2)" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 74, + 78 + ], + [ + 99, + 105 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14507109", + "text": "At clinically used concentrations, RP induces the highest plasmatic Pli activity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23641685", + "text": "Free radical reactions were initiated by pulsed laser photolysis (PLP) of Cl2 in the presence of HCHO and O2 in a flow reactor at 300-330 Torr and 295K. IR-CRDS spectra were measured in mid-IR and near-IR regions over the ranges 3525-3700 cm(-1) (ν1) and 7250-7800 cm(-1) (Ã-X) (respectively, at a delay time 100 µs after photolysis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Cl2", + "HCHO", + "O2" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 72, + 75 + ], + [ + 95, + 99 + ], + [ + 104, + 106 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15689518", + "text": "That suggests that the structure of hSDH-PLP is the first structure of the active natural holo-SDH.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "25136065", + "text": "Weight changes ranged from +0.28 to -1.21 kg.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16973691", + "text": "Fenoterol increased heart rate (1.2- to 1.4-fold; P < 0.05), and doses > 0.3 mmol kg(-1) decreased diastolic blood pressure (1.3-fold; P < 0.05).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Fenoterol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17479245", + "text": "Islet morphology was examined and insulin secretion and glucose oxidation were measured in isolated islets.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "glucose" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 56, + 63 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23337256", + "text": "Thus, we have investigated the behavioral and molecular effects of ketamine in both male and female rats and demonstrated greater sensitivity in female rats at a low dose of ketamine, a dose does not have antidepressant-like effects in male rats.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ketamine", + "ketamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 67, + 75 + ], + [ + 174, + 182 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10443304", + "text": "The ECG can be modulated by changes in autonomic balance and the administration of antiarrhythmic drugs.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23074021", + "text": "These results suggest the possible participation of genotoxic mechanisms in MEG-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "MEG" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 76, + 79 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10727715", + "text": "In the present study, we compared the pharmacology of (+/-)pindolol, WAY-100635 (a 5-HT(1A) antagonist), GR127935 (a 5-HT(1B/1D) antagonist), and isamoltane (a 5-HT(1B) antagonist), when given acutely in combination with fluoxetine, using in vivo microdialysis in the frontal cortex of the freely moving rat.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "(+/-)pindolol", + "WAY-100635", + "GR127935", + "isamoltane", + "fluoxetine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 54, + 67 + ], + [ + 69, + 79 + ], + [ + 105, + 113 + ], + [ + 146, + 156 + ], + [ + 221, + 231 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23023136", + "text": "These data suggest that use of resveratrol as post-remission therapy of APL and adjunctive therapy in patients with chronic exposure to arsenic may decrease arsenic hepatotoxicity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "resveratrol", + "arsenic", + "arsenic" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 31, + 42 + ], + [ + 136, + 143 + ], + [ + 157, + 164 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23142507", + "text": "Heteromtoxin (HmTx) is a group III phospholipase A(2) produced in Heterometrus laoticus, in Thailand.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12431845", + "text": "In contrast to methylphenidate, atomoxetine did not increase DA in striatum or nucleus accumbens, suggesting it would not have motoric or drug abuse liabilities.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "methylphenidate", + "atomoxetine", + "DA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 15, + 30 + ], + [ + 32, + 43 + ], + [ + 61, + 63 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23153456", + "text": "In contrast to long-known IFNα/β, Interleukin (IL)-22 is an anti-bacterial, largely tissue protective cytokine that recently gained attention.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16399380", + "text": "The expression and purification of these proteins and determination of their enzymatic activity is described.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23122079", + "text": "Phillyrin, an active constituent found in many medicinal plants and certain functional foods, has anti-obesity activity in vivo.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Phillyrin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23468099", + "text": "In the PFC and HIP, defeated mice displayed different patterns in the levels of Grp78 and chop expressions measured on days 12 and 27.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15561973", + "text": "Substrate specificity of the human renal sodium dicarboxylate cotransporter, hNaDC-3, under voltage-clamp conditions.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "sodium" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 41, + 47 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23261590", + "text": "Neoechinulin A suppresses amyloid-β oligomer-induced microglia activation and thereby protects PC-12 cells from inflammation-mediated toxicity.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Neoechinulin A" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 14 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23640331", + "text": "Concomitant, a more relaxed chromatin was detected along bcl-x gene mainly in the regions surrounding the intragenic PRbs.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17378584", + "text": "However, there is one residue that differs between hs mt and Escherichia coli LeuRSs located on a flexible closing loop near the signature KMSKS motif.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23590386", + "text": "This is attributed to the rod-like conformation prevailing for polymers with larger conjugation length and higher molecular weight during solvent annealing, making the conformational transition toward coils more difficult and hindering diffusion of molecules.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15114505", + "text": "The flavonoids inhibited DGAT activity in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 10.9 microM ( 1), 9.8 microM ( 2), 8.6 microM ( 3), 142.0 microM ( 4) and 250 microM ( 5).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "flavonoids" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 4, + 14 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14529460", + "text": "Structure-activity relationships are examined, including reduction potentials and the captodative effect.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "3299141", + "text": "In light microscopy, several glutamate decarboxylase- or GABA-transaminase-immunoreactive principal nerve cells were detected in the superior cervical ganglion and coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "glutamate", + "GABA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 29, + 38 + ], + [ + 57, + 61 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10443304", + "text": "The prognosis is poor for patients who do not receive an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15908512", + "text": "In higher cortical structures such as the hippocampus, norepinephrine, via beta adrenergic receptor (AR) activation, has been shown to reinforce the cognitive processes of attention and memory.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "norepinephrine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 55, + 69 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23563205", + "text": "Because of the higher throughput of the PPARγ the resistin downregulation assays seems most suitable to be used as a second tier in a tiered screening strategy.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23435160", + "text": "There was a strong correlation between reductions in hs-CRP and A1C in both groups: standardized coefficient (β) was 0.25 for the entire cohort (P < 0.0001), 0.31 for STG (P < 0.0001), and 0.16 for ACG (P = 0.02).CONCLUSIONSReductions in hs-CRP level are associated with reductions in A1C but not reductions in lipids or glycemic variability.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23414235", + "text": "Vegfrecine, an Inhibitor of VEGF Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Isolated from the Culture Broth of Streptomyces sp.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Vegfrecine", + "Tyrosine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ], + [ + 42, + 50 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12067524", + "text": "Enzymatic characterization of a recombinant isoform hybrid of glutamic acid decarboxylase (rGAD67/65) expressed in yeast.\nBACKGROUND AND AIMS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "glutamic acid" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 62, + 75 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23600800", + "text": "These data suggest a novel interaction between CASK and P2X3 receptors with positive outcome for receptor stability and function.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "19708854", + "text": "Portal hypertension is a clinically important consequence of cirrhosis that can lead to morbidities such as variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy and ascites.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15132128", + "text": "The fluoropyrimidine carbamate (capecitabine) is converted to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by thymidine phosphorylase (TP) inside target tissues.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "fluoropyrimidine carbamate", + "capecitabine", + "5-fluorouracil", + "5-FU", + "thymidine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 4, + 30 + ], + [ + 32, + 44 + ], + [ + 62, + 76 + ], + [ + 78, + 82 + ], + [ + 87, + 96 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23087261", + "text": "Therefore, understanding the regulation of this transporter has profound clinical significance.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23495205", + "text": "Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Derivatives of the Dual Aromatase-Sulfatase Inhibitor 4-{[(4-Cyanophenyl)(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino]methyl}phenyl sulfamate.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "4-{[(4-Cyanophenyl)(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino]methyl}phenyl sulfamate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 111, + 182 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "20517484", + "text": "The recently completed delayed-start ADAGIO (Attenuation of Disease Progression with Azilect Given Once-daily) trial suggests a potential disease-modifying effect for rasagiline 1 mg/day, though the clinical import of this finding has yet to be established.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "rasagiline" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 167, + 177 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23199998", + "text": "The limit of detection (LOD) was below the recommended regulatory limit of 170 μgSTX(equ.)/kg and the proposed method fully meets the needs of daily monitoring.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "STX" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 74, + 77 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12699699", + "text": "The protein exhibited modest H(2)O(2)-dependent peroxidase activities with guaiacol, potassium iodide, and 2,2(')-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "H(2)O(2)", + "guaiacol", + "potassium iodide", + "2,2(')-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid", + "ABTS" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 29, + 37 + ], + [ + 75, + 83 + ], + [ + 85, + 101 + ], + [ + 107, + 162 + ], + [ + 164, + 168 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23584948", + "text": "Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is frequently diagnosed in a locally advanced or metastatic stage, and 10-year survival rates in these cases are below 20 %.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23414340", + "text": "Reduction of dimethylarsinic acid to the highly toxic dimethylarsinous acid by rats and rat liver cytosol.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "dimethylarsinic acid", + "dimethylarsinous acid" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 13, + 33 + ], + [ + 54, + 75 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11278845", + "text": "Topoisomerase II (TOP2) poisons interfere with the breakage/reunion reaction of TOP2 resulting in DNA cleavage.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16534527", + "text": "BACKGROUND: Exenatide (exendin-4) is an incretin mimetic currently marketed as an antidiabetic agent for patients with type 2 diabetes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23216335", + "text": "We measured plasma PMPs and determined anthropometric, metabolic, hormonal and ultrasonographic features of PCOS in 67 overweight/obese women with PCOS (with body mass index [BMI] >25.0 kg/m(2))", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "11166732", + "text": "High p53 protein levels, but not genetic or functional p53 status, were associated with increased topotecan-induced DNA/topoisomerase I complex formation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "topotecan" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 98, + 107 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12850267", + "text": "coding for a protein respectively with and without leader sequence targeting the protein into mitochondria.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "9015795", + "text": "In general, a radioligand of low solubility in the membrane (i.e., low tissue:buffer partition) results in a low value for the antipsychotic dissociation constant when the drug competes with the radioligand.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23435367", + "text": "A ChIP assay showed that SF-1 could bind to the FDX1 promoter in differentiated hMSCs.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23115325", + "text": "The EC(50) values in control were 6259 nM (n = 10) and 422 nM (n = 8) in inflamed colon, and the maximal currents were 9.9 ± 0.71 pA/pF (60 μM) in control and 39.7 ± 8.8 pA/pF (3 μM) after inflammation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15132128", + "text": "METHODS: To test this, we determined TP, TS and DPD in 19 thyroid cancers from young patients (14 papillary, 4 follicular, 1 medullary) by immunohistochemistry.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12244038", + "text": "Gemfibrozil, a lipid-lowering drug, inhibited cytokine-induced production of NO and the expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) in human U373MG astroglial cells and primary astrocytes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Gemfibrozil", + "nitric-oxide", + "NO" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 11 + ], + [ + 112, + 124 + ], + [ + 77, + 79 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23349501", + "text": "Obesity significantly decreased DHA-derived 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA, resolvin D1 precursor) and protectin D1 levels in murine adipose tissue.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "DHA", + "17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid", + "17-HDHA", + "resolvin D1", + "protectin D1" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 32, + 35 + ], + [ + 44, + 74 + ], + [ + 76, + 83 + ], + [ + 85, + 96 + ], + [ + 112, + 124 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17549299", + "text": "Parnaparin prevented in a concentration-dependent manner (0.3-0.8 IUaXa/ml) the expression of P-selectin and the formation of mixed aggregates, while the two reference heparin preparations had a much weaker effect.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17035524", + "text": "Indeed, four of the five mutations studied show loss-of-function features in at least one assay, suggesting that tRNA-charging deficits play a role in disease pathogenesis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23332447", + "text": "OBJECTIVE:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "9466983", + "text": "L-selectin also recognizes endothelial proteoglycans in a calcium-dependent manner, via heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan chains enriched in unsubstituted glucosamine units.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "calcium", + "glucosamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 58, + 65 + ], + [ + 160, + 171 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11330337", + "text": "The capacity of these inhibitors to displace [3H]-oxotremorine-M binding preclude their utilisation for the prevention of acetylcholine catabolism in rat brain membranes, the latter being required to estimate the binding of acetylcholine to [3H]-oxotremorine-M-labelled muscarinic receptors.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "[3H]-oxotremorine", + "acetylcholine", + "[3H]-oxotremorine-M" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 45, + 62 + ], + [ + 122, + 135 + ], + [ + 241, + 260 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23314320", + "text": "All tissue compartments are diffusion limited.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23535394", + "text": "Marine neurotoxins are natural products produced by phytoplankton and select species of invertebrates and fish.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "20566645", + "text": "Three mutants (S37G, V44Q, and L48Q) were identified with RCM-like properties (a large increase in Ca(2+) sensitivity, partial loss of ATPase inhibition, and increased basal force).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Ca(2+)" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 99, + 105 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23360412", + "text": "The tissue-selective toxicity of DCBN in mouse nasal mucosa is largely dependent on target tissue bioactivation by CYP2A5.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "DCBN" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 33, + 37 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23219339", + "text": "In vitro cultured neurons challenged with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, 200 μM) for 30 min showed significant decrease in the viability of neurons; however, OMT was able to protect neurons against induced neurotoxicity via NMDA exposure.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "N-methyl-D-aspartate", + "NMDA", + "OMT", + "NMDA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 42, + 62 + ], + [ + 64, + 68 + ], + [ + 155, + 158 + ], + [ + 221, + 225 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23259985", + "text": "The transfection results were not apparently related to the particle size, surface charge, complexation/compactness, cellular uptake, or cytotoxicity of the tested polyplexes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "polyplexes" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 164, + 174 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23165754", + "text": "Taken together, these observations suggest that EphB4 promotes endochondral ossification while inhibiting osteoclast development during callus formation and may represent a novel drug target for the repair of fractured bones.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "1435788", + "text": "The basic residues required for mPC1-dependent cleavage of prorelaxin are defined by site-directed mutagenesis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10999950", + "text": "I alone did not.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "20012638", + "text": "The results indicated that adding bambuterol induced a significant further contraction to 10(-6)", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "bambuterol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 34, + 44 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17494951", + "text": "The functional response of reIL-4-induced endothelial cell stimulation on neutrophil migration was also studied using a chemotaxis chamber.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "14967461", + "text": "Meta-analyses have demonstrated a 2-month increase in median survival after platinum-based therapy vs. best supportive care, and an absolute 10% improvement in the 1-year survival rate.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "platinum" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 76, + 84 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23569204", + "text": "We solved the crystal structures of τ55-HPD and its closely related paralogue Huf and used in silico docking methods to identify phospho-serine and phospho-tyrosine containing peptides as possible substrates that were subsequently validated using in vitro phosphatase assays.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "phospho-serine", + "phospho-tyrosine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 127, + 141 + ], + [ + 146, + 162 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23301860", + "text": "Despite these advances, nanotubes may activate the complement system (an integral part of innate immunity), which can induce clinically significant anaphylaxis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "20618322", + "text": "OBJECTIVES:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16686685", + "text": "These protective actions of lidocaine, mexiletine, and RSD1235 may result, at least in part, from their ability to inhibit late I(Na) during action potential repolarization, and inhibition of the inward currents contributing to EAD and arrhythmia formation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "lidocaine", + "mexiletine", + "RSD1235", + "Na" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 28, + 37 + ], + [ + 39, + 49 + ], + [ + 55, + 62 + ], + [ + 130, + 132 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12662154", + "text": "In addition, the 5'-end of the sheep CPT1B cDNA suggested a different promoter architecture when compared with previously characterized CPT1B genes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23609782", + "text": "Drug development for multiple sclerosis (MS), as with any other neurological disease, faces numerous challenges, with many drugs failing at various stages of development.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "9079657", + "text": "In contrast, none of the other factor X peptides tested or a control peptide with the inter-EGF sequence in scrambled order was effective.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16437532", + "text": "There is evidence of more adverse events in total in the patients treated with a ChEI than with placebo.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17018843", + "text": "Insulin has two distinct phases of action on NHE3.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "14680444", + "text": "A dose of tamsulosin 0.4 mg/day has a tolerability close to that of placebo and has little, if any, blood pressure lowering effects.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "tamsulosin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 10, + 20 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14507109", + "text": "[PA+Pli]-Pli = PA.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23532634", + "text": "Explicit data regarding the changes in adrenocortical reserves during hyperthyroidism do not exist.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23636303", + "text": "In the local presence into the LC of the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist RS79948 (1 μM), systemic citalopram increased NA in the LC (Emax = 157 ± 25 %) and PFC (Emax = 175 ± 24 %).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "RS79948", + "citalopram", + "citalopram" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 47, + 54 + ], + [ + 72, + 82 + ], + [ + 161, + 171 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16766717", + "text": "These results suggest that MCTs may be functionally expressed by osteoblasts to play a pivotal role in mechanisms related to the cytoprotective property of pyruvate.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "pyruvate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 156, + 164 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23085085", + "text": "Histone deacetylase 3 is required for maintenance of bone mass during aging.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "7944828", + "text": "The effects of D-1997 in the basilar artery were not modified by incubation with either the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin (0.01-1 microM), the 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptor antagonist ICS205930 (tropisetron; 0.1-10 microM), the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist spiroxatrine (0.01-1 microM), the beta-adrenoceptor blocker with high affinity for 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B binding sites (+/-)-pindolol (0.01-1 microM), or the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (0.01-1 microM).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ketanserin", + "tropisetron", + "spiroxatrine", + "(+/-)-pindolol", + "prazosin", + "D-1997" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 118, + 128 + ], + [ + 197, + 208 + ], + [ + 257, + 269 + ], + [ + 372, + 386 + ], + [ + 443, + 451 + ], + [ + 15, + 21 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23339678", + "text": "Abstract We performed this study to investigate the effect of ketorolac (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) administration around ovarian stimulation on in vivo and in vitro fertilization process.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ketorolac" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 62, + 71 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23500545", + "text": "Perhaps is it sufficient to stop proliferation of a cancer to provoke its eradication.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23115325", + "text": "These data suggest that sulfhydration of SUR2B induces allosteric modulation of K(ATP) currents in colonic inflammation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "K", + "ATP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 74, + 75 + ], + [ + 76, + 79 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17015640", + "text": "Neutrophils and platelets were isolated from peripheral blood of rabbits for ex vivo studies.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23583903", + "text": "Our data indicate that CTEP efficiently inhibits cultured HSC-T6 cell activation and proliferation via the TGF-β1/Smad pathway as well as by the elimination of the extracellular matrix.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17661345", + "text": "Modulation of IDO but not WRS was eliminated by inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17275903", + "text": "Our findings support the role of hypoxia in inducing HIF-1alpha activity in trophoblasts and increasing LDH transcription as well as its activity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "2568212", + "text": "Infrequently reported adverse effects include dry mouth, skin reactions, and weight gain.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16303771", + "text": "Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), a serine protease well known for generating plasmin, has been demonstrated to induce matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) gene expression and protein secretion in renal interstitial fibroblasts.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "serine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 43, + 49 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23453039", + "text": "Regucalcin may be a key molecule in lipid metabolic disorder and diabetes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23375228", + "text": "Discovery and structure-activity relationships of small molecules that block the human immunoglobulin G-human neonatal Fc receptor (hIgG-hFcRn) protein-protein interaction.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "1680855", + "text": "Somatostatin which also inhibits insulin secretion was less efficient (inhibition by 20%).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Somatostatin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 12 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17624589", + "text": "We also examined whether these associations differed by menopausal status or by presence of proliferation in the extra-tumoral epithelium among women with breast cancer and in lesions among women with fibrocystic conditions.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23633521", + "text": "Despite significant reductions in body weight and adiposity, wildtype and knockout animals show equivalent energy intake, expenditure and excretion.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "11430635", + "text": "Acetazolamide, a specific inhibitor of CA, reduces the activity of CA I and CA II from red cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Acetazolamide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 13 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "22836881", + "text": "Stroke was more likely to occur in the osteoporotic vertebral fracture patients than in the normal controls (crude hazard ratio [HR] 2.68, 95% CI 1.89-3.79, p < 0.001; adjusted HR 2.71, 95% CI 1.90-3.86, p < 0.001).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "1352051", + "text": "Different neuroleptics show common dose and time dependent effects in quantitative field potential analysis in freely moving rats.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23535394", + "text": "These illnesses are a result of saxitoxin's ability to bind to the voltage-gated sodium channel, blocking the passage of nerve impulses and leading to death via respiratory paralysis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "saxitoxin", + "sodium" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 32, + 41 + ], + [ + 81, + 87 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23642478", + "text": "Benzenesulfonamides incorporating cyanoacrylamide moieties strongly inhibit Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-carbonic anhydrase.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Benzenesulfonamides", + "cyanoacrylamide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 19 + ], + [ + 34, + 49 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23453071", + "text": "During our continuous efforts to identify more potent anti-angiogenic agents, we synthesized various nicotinamide derivatives and evaluated their anti-angiogenic effects.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "nicotinamide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 101, + 113 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23619386", + "text": "Interestingly, we showed that rapamycin shares all the proteasome targeting properties not only with other two-domain, closed-ring analogs (rapalogs), but also with its single domain mimics, and with seco-rapamycin.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "seco-rapamycin", + "rapamycin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 198, + 212 + ], + [ + 28, + 37 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23249624", + "text": "Clinical trials with dabrafenib have shown encouraging results; however, the central nervous system distribution of dabrafenib remains unknown.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "dabrafenib", + "dabrafenib" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 21, + 31 + ], + [ + 116, + 126 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17360707", + "text": "A combination of two of these SNPs affects promoter activity in an in vitro luciferase reporter assay.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12871155", + "text": "[6-amino-5-cyano-4H-pyran]-3-carboxylates (9, 10), ethyl", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "11160515", + "text": "These data show that the biophysical and pharmacological properties of recombinant human alpha(1D) L-type currents are similar to alpha(1C) currents, and these currents are also resistant to modulation by G(i/o)-linked G-protein-coupled receptors.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23477570", + "text": "These in situ forming, surfactant and oil-free, and reduction-sensitive degradable nanogels are highly promising for targeted protein therapy.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22991330", + "text": "Importantly, the observed negative effect on Vγ9Vδ2 T cells coincides with the reported route of administration and timing of the rare occurrence of BAONJ.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15795320", + "text": "PCR demonstrated a correlation between dCK expression and gemcitabine sensitivity, whereas expression of TS, DHFR, and GARFT was predictive of pemetrexed chemosensitivity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "gemcitabine", + "pemetrexed" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 58, + 69 + ], + [ + 143, + 153 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "20573261", + "text": "Histamine H4 receptor (H4R) perturbation has previously been shown to modify acute inflammation and Th2 cytokine production in a murine model of asthma.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Histamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23023136", + "text": "The study that how As(2)O(3) in combination with resveratrol affects hepatotoxicity and arsenic accumulation in the liver is lacking, and the present study tackles this question.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "As(2)O(3)", + "resveratrol", + "arsenic" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 19, + 28 + ], + [ + 49, + 60 + ], + [ + 88, + 95 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17059881", + "text": "Therefore, if these results are confirmed, D2 receptor occupancy at the beginning of treatment with risperidone may be a predictor of subsequent clinical response.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "risperidone" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 100, + 111 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17593236", + "text": "mg/day) plus metformin (>or=1,500 mg/day) combination therapy.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23152189", + "text": "Chloracne is commonly observed in humans exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); yet, the mechanism of toxicity is not well understood.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin", + "TCDD" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 52, + 87 + ], + [ + 89, + 93 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23485065", + "text": "Conformation Guides Molecular Efficacy in Docking Screens of Activated β-2 Adrenergic G Protein Coupled Receptor.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "14638499", + "text": "The mutants did not show cross-resistance to any of the substrates of various pleiotropic drug resistance efflux pumps tested.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17479245", + "text": "The early insulin response to oral glucose was reduced in mice on HFD + GRA (1,890 +/- 160 vs 3,040 +/- 420 pmol/l; p = 0.012), but glucose excursions were improved.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "glucose", + "glucose" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 35, + 42 + ], + [ + 132, + 139 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "19888514", + "text": "The ability of heparin to interfere with the function of adhesion receptors in the metastatic course appears as a promising therapeutic approach.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23474889", + "text": "In the present study, the effects of systemic injection of the newly synthesized H3R antagonist ST1283 on ethanol (EtOH) voluntary intake and EtOH-conditioned reward in mice have been investigated.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ethanol", + "EtOH", + "EtOH" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 106, + 113 + ], + [ + 115, + 119 + ], + [ + 142, + 146 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16437532", + "text": "More patients leave ChEI treatment groups, approximately 29 %, on account of adverse events than leave the placebo groups (18%).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22989705", + "text": "Furthermore, pioglitazone did not interfere but rather potentiated the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin on human renal adenocarcinoma cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "pioglitazone", + "cisplatin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 8, + 20 + ], + [ + 87, + 96 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14507109", + "text": "Clinical thrombolysis might be improved by usage of more physiologic activators of thrombolysis, such as activators of polymorphonuclear neutrophils.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10626810", + "text": "Combination studies showed synergistic interactions for sulindac sulfide, exisulind, and NDGA with paclitaxel, cisplatin, and 13-cis-retinoic acid, regardless of drug-resistance phenotype.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "sulindac sulfide", + "exisulind", + "NDGA", + "paclitaxel", + "cisplatin", + "13-cis-retinoic acid" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 56, + 72 + ], + [ + 74, + 83 + ], + [ + 89, + 93 + ], + [ + 99, + 109 + ], + [ + 111, + 120 + ], + [ + 126, + 146 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16757355", + "text": "Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006, Nexavar), a dual-action inhibitor that targets RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in tumor cells and tyrosine kinases VEGFR/PDGFR in tumor vasculature.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Sorafenib", + "tyrosine", + "BAY 43-9006", + "Nexavar" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ], + [ + 110, + 118 + ], + [ + 11, + 22 + ], + [ + 24, + 31 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23322769", + "text": "Control of plasma cholesterol levels is a major therapeutic strategy for management of coronary artery disease (CAD).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "cholesterol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 18, + 29 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23360232", + "text": "Surface-modified HK:siRNA nanoplexes with enhanced pharmacokinetics and tumor growth inhibition.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23478800", + "text": "However, Rac1 activation was not affected by Jak2 or Stat3 RNA interference, suggesting that the effect of cucurbitacin I occurs through a Jak2-independent mechanism.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "cucurbitacin I" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 107, + 121 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "7948825", + "text": "Sucralfate is a site-protective ulcer healing drug with a remarkable range of mechanisms of action.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Sucralfate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23358194", + "text": "Atrazine, a herbicide commonly applied to agricultural areas and a common contaminant of potable water supplies, is implicated as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) and potential carcinogen.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Atrazine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 8 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17067304", + "text": "These results show that olanzapine eliminates D2 receptor priming and cognitive impairment and also alleviates decreases in neurotrophins and acetylcholinergic markers produced by D2 priming in the hippocampus.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "olanzapine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 24, + 34 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23386702", + "text": "This study explores the ability of acyl glucuronides to act as substrates or inhibitors of human carboxylesterases 1 (hCES1) and 2 (hCES2).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "acyl glucuronides" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 35, + 52 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "8242725", + "text": "Two migraine patients were studied by in vivo SPECT using the dopamine D2-receptor specific radioligand 123I-3-iodo-6-methoxybenzamide (123I-IBZM) during ergotamine abuse and after withdrawal.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "123I-3-iodo-6-methoxybenzamide", + "123I-IBZM", + "ergotamine", + "dopamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 104, + 134 + ], + [ + 136, + 145 + ], + [ + 154, + 164 + ], + [ + 62, + 70 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23199882", + "text": "Structural features which enhance anti-proliferative activity have also been discussed.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23313633", + "text": "Activity of bacitracin was also evaluated.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "bacitracin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 12, + 22 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16432501", + "text": "Formoterol was more potent than salmeterol, with a significantly lower ED(50) in EDL muscles (1 and 130 microg kg(-1) day(-1), P <0.05), whereas salmeterol had greater intrinsic activity than formoterol in both EDL and soleus muscles (12% greater hypertrophy than formoterol).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "salmeterol", + "formoterol", + "formoterol", + "Formoterol", + "salmeterol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 145, + 155 + ], + [ + 192, + 202 + ], + [ + 264, + 274 + ], + [ + 0, + 10 + ], + [ + 32, + 42 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16199241", + "text": "RESULTS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17979301", + "text": "[Sung et al.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23373869", + "text": "Patients with distant metastases at diagnosis or poorly differentiated variants were excluded.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23201337", + "text": "The results of mediation analyses do not support a model of oxytocin being a prominent mediator in the link between childhood trauma and BPD.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "oxytocin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 60, + 68 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23557706", + "text": "In isolated glomeruli of OVE26 mice, there is similar decrease in the activation of AMPK and tuberin and activation of mTOR with increase in Nox4 and NADPH oxidase activity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "NADPH" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 150, + 155 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "19370562", + "text": "The Specialized Register of the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group (CDCIG), The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and LILACS were searched on 27 March 2008 using the terms: Rivastigmine OR exelon OR ENA OR \"SDZ ENA 713\" .", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Rivastigmine", + "exelon", + "ENA", + "SDZ ENA 713" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 206, + 218 + ], + [ + 222, + 228 + ], + [ + 232, + 235 + ], + [ + 240, + 251 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17593236", + "text": "METHODS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "8667211", + "text": "Our data imply that between CA and cyclooxygenase there is an inverse relationship, CA activation being accompanied by reduction of cyclooxygenase activity, a reduction achieved by the pH modifications induced by CA activation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15650315", + "text": "Pranlukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1) antagonist, inhibits not only airway smooth muscle contraction, but also allergic inflammation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Pranlukast", + "cysteinyl leukotriene" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ], + [ + 14, + 35 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23201337", + "text": "In the present study, we compared plasma oxytocin levels of women with and without BPD in the follicular phase and assessed the relationship between oxytocin concentrations and childhood traumata.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "oxytocin", + "oxytocin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 41, + 49 + ], + [ + 149, + 157 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "2571203", + "text": "We found that large numbers of T cells express IL-2 receptors despite the presence of anti-Tac (average of IL-2 R-positive cells at day of peak IL-2 R expression 56.0 +/- 20.8% in group A, 65.2 +/- 26.6% in group B, 21.0 +/- 7.4% in group C).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12123767", + "text": "The M1766L mutation was engineered into the hH1a clone by site-directed mutagenesis, transfected into embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293), and studied by voltage clamp.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23214423", + "text": "Anisotropy of chemical bonding in semifluorinated graphite C2F revealed with angle-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "graphite", + "C2F" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 50, + 58 + ], + [ + 59, + 62 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23643542", + "text": "RESULTS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23530018", + "text": "This study is the first to identify Class V CGPs with their distinctive methine or trimethine linkage between two disubstituted pyrylium moieties as a particularly potent class of MRP modulators and also show that within this core structure, differences in the electronegativity associated with a chalcogen atom can be the sole determinant of whether a compound will stimulate or inhibit MRP2.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "methine", + "trimethine", + "pyrylium", + "chalcogen" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 62, + 69 + ], + [ + 73, + 83 + ], + [ + 118, + 126 + ], + [ + 287, + 296 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15673388", + "text": "Oral quinidine is effective in suppressing the gain of function in IKr responsible for some cases of short QT syndrome with a mutation in HERG and thus restoring normal rate dependence of the QT interval and rendering ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation noninducible.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "quinidine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 5, + 14 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23183186", + "text": "In several other cell lineages, insulin is able to stimulate p21-activated protein kinase 1 (Pak1).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23473030", + "text": "Iron plays a direct and causal role in diabetes pathogenesis mediated both by β cell failure and insulin resistance.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Iron" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 4 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11160515", + "text": "However, the subunit composition of the VDCCs underlying these G-protein-regulated neuroendocrine L-type currents is unknown.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22981796", + "text": "Our results show that this exposure system is useful for screening of NP toxicity in a manner that represents cellular responses of the pulmonary epithelium in vivo.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23376161", + "text": "Catalpol reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory mediates, such as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and receptor for AGE (RAGE).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Catalpol", + "NO" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 8 + ], + [ + 153, + 155 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23223345", + "text": "The UNSAT diet increased QUICKI by 0.005, more than the CARB diet (P = 0.04).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "CARB" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 56, + 60 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16547651", + "text": "Herbicidal inhibitors of amino acid biosynthesis and herbicide-tolerant crops.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "amino acid" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 25, + 35 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23478800", + "text": "Cucurbitacin I also failed to affect the activation of P-Rex1 by heregulin.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Cucurbitacin I" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 14 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "6872937", + "text": "Because LY117018 has a shorter duration of action than monohydroxytamoxifen, a high dosage ratio of LY117018 over monohydroxytamoxifen is required to maintain effective competitive antagonism in the uterus.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "LY117018", + "monohydroxytamoxifen", + "LY117018", + "monohydroxytamoxifen" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 8, + 16 + ], + [ + 55, + 75 + ], + [ + 100, + 108 + ], + [ + 114, + 134 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11319232", + "text": "ACS4 was present primarily in MAM, and the 76-kDa ACS5 protein was located in mitochondrial membrane.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10826417", + "text": "Neostigmine: safe and effective treatment for acute colonic pseudo-obstruction.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Neostigmine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 11 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "7974294", + "text": "The presence of GST in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was sought by Western analysis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10411647", + "text": "The equilibrium binding of H4biopterin to the immobilized iron-free apoenzyme results in a saturable positive resonance unit (DeltaRU) response with negative cooperativity (h = 0.52-0.56).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "H4biopterin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 27, + 38 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "22445601", + "text": "Field excitatory post-synaptic potentials (fEPSPs) evoked by stimulation of the temporo-ammonic path (TAP) input to CA1 stratum lacunosum moleculare (SLM) were inhibited by LY541850 in mGlu3-/- mice (EC(50) 38 nM) and wild-type littermates (EC(50) 42 nM) to a similar extent but were not significantly affected in mGlu2-/- mice.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "LY541850" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 173, + 181 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "9480923", + "text": "In a further study to analyse the downstream mediator of Rac in the ceramide-signalling pathway, we observed that either pretreatment with mepacrine, a potent and specific inhibitor of phospholipase A2, or co-transfection with antisense cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) oligonucleotide repressed the C2-ceramide-induced SRE activation selectively, implying a critical role of cPLA2 in C2-ceramide-induced signalling to nucleus.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ceramide", + "mepacrine", + "C2-ceramide", + "C2-ceramide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 68, + 76 + ], + [ + 139, + 148 + ], + [ + 302, + 313 + ], + [ + 387, + 398 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "8103526", + "text": "Each subject in group A (n = 6) received placebo, 1 and 3 mg S-timolol and 25 and 75 mg R-timolol in random order, group B (n = 5) received placebo, 0.5, and 1 mg S-timolol and 3 and 10 mg R-timolol.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "S-timolol", + "R-timolol", + "S-timolol", + "R-timolol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 61, + 70 + ], + [ + 88, + 97 + ], + [ + 163, + 172 + ], + [ + 189, + 198 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17397529", + "text": "All disorders are very rare and inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "20573261", + "text": "IL-13 dependent remodeling parameters such as GCH and lung collagen were reduced.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23534412", + "text": "In chronic hamster model of dyslipidemia, administration of C3 (16 mg/kg p.o. for 90 days) had no effect on plasma lipids, vasoreactivity and platelet adhesion.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22902307", + "text": "We have developed a 3-dimensional human hemi-cornea which comprises an immortalized epithelial cell line and keratocytes embedded in a collagen stroma.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23636303", + "text": "CONCLUSIONS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23262271", + "text": "Their structures were elucidated on the basis of ESI-MS and NMR spectral data.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16305240", + "text": "Chem.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23644411", + "text": "CONCLUSION:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23360412", + "text": "Thus, our data indicate for the first time that the human nasal mucosa is capable of bioactivating DCBN and that GS-DCBN and its metabolites in nasal-wash fluid may collectively serve as indicators of DCBN exposure and potential nasal toxicity in humans.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "DCBN", + "DCBN", + "DCBN" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 99, + 103 + ], + [ + 116, + 120 + ], + [ + 201, + 205 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23395981", + "text": "These data support a potential epigenetic molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of FAS during mammalian development.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "21475861", + "text": "These studies used radiolabeled 3H or 14C aspirin, the only approach used to date for the detection of proteins acetylated by aspirin.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "3H", + "14C", + "aspirin", + "aspirin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 32, + 34 + ], + [ + 38, + 41 + ], + [ + 42, + 49 + ], + [ + 126, + 133 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23401474", + "text": "Drug cocktail interaction study on the effect of the orally administered lavender oil preparation silexan on cytochrome p450 enzymes in healthy volunteers.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "18715952", + "text": "Apoptosis was increased, proliferation was reduced, and angiogenesis was inhibited in MBs treated with COX inhibitors.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16534527", + "text": "Systemic exenatide reduces body weight gain in normal, high-fat-fed rodents, a model that parallels human genetic variation and food consumption patterns, and may play a role in metabolic pathways mediating food intake.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12183670", + "text": "Thus, bupropion acts as an antagonist at alpha3beta2* and alpha3beta4* nAChRs in rat striatum and hippocampus, respectively, across the same concentration range that inhibits DAT and NET function.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "bupropion" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 6, + 15 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "6146346", + "text": "Astemizole was free from adverse sedative or anticholinergic effects but did cause a mean increase in weight of 1.3 kg (P less than 0.01) after 8 weeks therapy, not found with placebo.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Astemizole" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17275903", + "text": "Lactate was measured from cell medium.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Lactate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 7 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23334176", + "text": "Positive findings from past research may be attributable to detection bias, in that individuals prescribed antidepressants may be more likely to be tested and diagnosed with diabetes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15843826", + "text": "We next examined the inhibitory effect of a novel synthetic retinoid Am80 (Tamibarotene) on both myeloma cells and HUVECs.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "retinoid", + "Am80", + "Tamibarotene" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 60, + 68 + ], + [ + 69, + 73 + ], + [ + 75, + 87 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23583806", + "text": "The allicin concentration was higher in FRGE than in HRGE.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "allicin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 7 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23288049", + "text": "These concentrations are easily achieved in plasma concentrations considering that BDE-49 (this study, 400-fold) and other PBDEs accumulate 1-3 orders of magnitude in the cells, particularly in mitochondria and microsomes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "BDE-49", + "PBDEs" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 83, + 89 + ], + [ + 123, + 128 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10626810", + "text": "Many lung cancers also express 12-lipoxygenase RNA and 12-lipoxygenase protein and biosynthesize 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, which correlates with their metastatic potential.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 97, + 131 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17378584", + "text": "Previous studies demonstrated that the enzyme achieves high selectivity by using a more specific synthetic active site that is not prone to errors under physiological conditions.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "11972613", + "text": "Thus, it is likely that CysLTs indirectly cause antigen-induced eosinophilia through IL-5 production.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "CysLTs" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 24, + 30 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10434156", + "text": "In addition, the drug has been shown to act preferentially on 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22537794", + "text": "BACKGROUND: (+/-)-Modafinil has piqued interest as a treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and stimulant dependence.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "(+/-)-Modafinil" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 12, + 27 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23375813", + "text": "The alkaloid acted as a non-competitive inhibitor against AChE with an IC50 value of 7.00±1.99μM. An HPLC method was developed for the quantitative analysis of the AChE inhibitor.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23406315", + "text": "The approach is demonstrated by selective labeling of proteins in bacterial cells immobilized in the center of a laminar-flow microfluidic channel, where they are exposed to overlapping, opposed gradients of inducers of the N- and C-terminal MetRS fragments.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "N", + "C" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 224, + 225 + ], + [ + 231, + 232 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23154865", + "text": "Correspondingly, these results were verified by co-immunoprecipitation and western blotting.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "14508322", + "text": "The intravenous anesthetic etomidate exhibits structural similarities to specific alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists of the type such as dexmedetomidine.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "dexmedetomidine", + "etomidate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 131, + 146 + ], + [ + 27, + 36 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16365052", + "text": "Studies of the 5'-flanking region beyond bp -183 in transgenic mice suggested that other regulatory elements may be present upstream of bp -183, but the positions of these elements were uncertain.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23497227", + "text": "The compounds were prepared from Alkylideno/arylideno-bis-ureas.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Alkylideno/arylideno-bis-ureas" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 33, + 63 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23611293", + "text": "This abstract does not necessarily reflect U.S. EPA policy.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "19549602", + "text": "Inhibition of TrkA, but not TrkB, abolishes amitriptyline's neuroprotective effect without impairing its antidepressant activity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "7526860", + "text": "Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF or FGF-7) and acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF or FGF-1) stimulated multifold proliferation when added alone to this medium.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23636303", + "text": "Involvement of serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in the modulation of noradrenergic transmission by serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a microdialysis study in rat brain.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "serotonin", + "serotonin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 15, + 24 + ], + [ + 92, + 101 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23618901", + "text": "TGF-β1 receptor (TβR1)/Smad3 as a potential pathway for CSE modulated VEGF release was also investigated using biochemical analyses and siRNA inhibition of Smad3 and siRNA and pharmacologic inhibition of TβR1.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16278927", + "text": "4-MU glucuronidation (4-MUG) showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km value of 6.7 microM.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "4-MU" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 4 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "22836881", + "text": "Both groups were followed-up for stroke events for 3 years, matched by propensity scores with adjustments for covariates such as comorbidities (ie, hypertension, diabetes, arrhythmia, or coronary heart diseases) and exposure to medications (ie, aspirin, lipid lowering drug, or nitrates), and assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "aspirin", + "nitrates" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 237, + 244 + ], + [ + 270, + 278 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17034586", + "text": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses indicated abundant production of three chemokines, i.e. monokine induced by interferon-gamma (MIG), interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), in the DSS-irritated intestine of WT but not of IFN-gamma(-/-) mice.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23391485", + "text": "In this study, an in vitro model of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation into mammary epithelial cells was applied to investigate the effect of low dose BPA on the early stages of mammogenesis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "BPA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 165, + 168 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23313730", + "text": "DA toxicity was saturable suggesting that transport may be rate limiting.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23152186", + "text": "Preincubating hMSC with Ptx prevented 90% of the suppressive effect of As(III).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "As(III)" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 70, + 77 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "2833901", + "text": "The oxidized and t-butyl analogues were relatively ineffective in inhibiting cAMP phosphodiesterase.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "t-butyl", + "cAMP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 17, + 24 + ], + [ + 77, + 81 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12614192", + "text": "With the use of sildenafil, it has been clearly, clinically demonstrated that the selective inhibition of PDE5 is an appropriate, effective, safe method for the treatment of ED of all aetiologies and severities.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "sildenafil" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 16, + 26 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23122079", + "text": "Phillyrin strongly inhibited high glucose-induced fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression by modulating sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) activation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Phillyrin", + "glucose", + "fatty acid", + "sterol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ], + [ + 34, + 41 + ], + [ + 50, + 60 + ], + [ + 101, + 107 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23411272", + "text": "The structures of their carbonyl adducts were tentatively identified using HPLC-MS(2).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "carbonyl" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 24, + 32 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14757703", + "text": "overexpression enhanced the inotropic potency of isoprenaline by 11.7-fold (pD(2) 8.76+/-0.14) and CGP 12177A by 5.9-fold (7.11+/-0.10), respectively.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "isoprenaline" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 49, + 61 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17616291", + "text": "In the analgesic test, AGT (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) decreased the acetic acid-induced writhing response and the licking time on the late phase in the formalin test.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "acetic acid", + "formalin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 60, + 71 + ], + [ + 144, + 152 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23509039", + "text": "Herein we report the discovery of improved lead compounds such as (6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-[4-(4-pyridin-3-yl-phenyl)thiazol-2-yl]amine and cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (4-biphenylthiazol-2-yl)amide, which exhibit brain exposure/EC50 ratios at least tenfold greater than that of compound 1.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-[4-(4-pyridin-3-yl-phenyl)thiazol-2-yl]amine", + "cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (4-biphenylthiazol-2-yl)amide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 62, + 129 + ], + [ + 134, + 191 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23506741", + "text": "In addition, the disease activity index, histopathologic scores and myeloperoxidase activity were also significantly reduced by Fc11a-2 treatment.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Fc11a-2" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 128, + 135 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17327465", + "text": "Whereas in vivo Cyp1a1 mRNA expression is a sensitive marker for AhR activation, it lacks specificity, because 81 (59%) of 137 compounds were found to significantly induce Cyp1a1 in vivo but were not verified to bind or activate the AhR in vitro.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10954021", + "text": "CK and PHTZDC accumulated in whole brain and various regions of the brain in proportion to the amount of accumulated cystathionine after D,L-propargylglycine administration.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "CK", + "PHTZDC", + "D,L-propargylglycine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 2 + ], + [ + 7, + 13 + ], + [ + 137, + 157 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23506741", + "text": "However, there are few drug candidates targeting inflammasomes for the treatment of colitis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16801455", + "text": "When HUVECs were stimulated by thrombin in the presence of 100 microM L-arginine, NOS activity and NO release were similar in untreated and Nor-NOHA-treated cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "L-arginine", + "NO", + "Nor-NOHA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 70, + 80 + ], + [ + 99, + 101 + ], + [ + 140, + 148 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23585058", + "text": "Chelation of calcium ions by BAPTA-AM or blockade of ERK1/2 activation by UO126 also prevented the NMDA effects.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "calcium", + "BAPTA-AM", + "UO126", + "NMDA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 4, + 11 + ], + [ + 20, + 28 + ], + [ + 65, + 70 + ], + [ + 90, + 94 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "19708854", + "text": "Vapreotide appears to have benefit in the control of acute variceal bleeding.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Vapreotide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23249626", + "text": "Our data indicate that the intrinsic PK/PD properties of native FST315 are poorly suited for acting as a parentally administered biotherapeutic with broad systemic effects.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23522835", + "text": "Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) enzyme is involved in the repair of DNA damages made by certain anticancer agents.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Poly(ADP-ribose)" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 16 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "8052854", + "text": "Sodium salicylate and aspirin also inhibited NF-kappa B-dependent transcription from the Ig kappa enhancer and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) in transfected T cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Sodium salicylate", + "aspirin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 17 + ], + [ + 22, + 29 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23172777", + "text": "Three different 3D-QSAR models were built and validated by using a set of 66 pyrazole (Model I) and furanopyrimidine (Model II) compounds with IC(50) values toward Aurora kinase A ranging from 33 nM to 10.5 μM.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "pyrazole", + "furanopyrimidine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 71, + 79 + ], + [ + 94, + 110 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23601990", + "text": "The results showed that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited nanomolar potency against CEase, much better than the parent flavonoids.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "flavonoids" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 128, + 138 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12826271", + "text": "In the present study, we investigated the effects of NSAIDs on neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and differentiation into neurons.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17397529", + "text": "Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine and glycine.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Glutathione", + "tripeptide", + "glutamate", + "cysteine", + "glycine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 11 + ], + [ + 17, + 27 + ], + [ + 40, + 49 + ], + [ + 51, + 59 + ], + [ + 64, + 71 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16920841", + "text": "Independent of dietary choline, supplemental Met increased hepatic BHMT activity approximately 30%.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "choline", + "Met" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 23, + 30 + ], + [ + 45, + 48 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11511858", + "text": "The studies have demonstrated the participation of a number of ancillary proteins in modulating activation or repression by nuclear receptors.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23305949", + "text": "There is only partial overlap, however, between Top1-dependent deletion hotspots identified in highly transcribed DNA and those associated with rNMPs, suggesting the existence of both rNMP-dependent and rNMP-independent events.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "rNMPs", + "rNMP", + "rNMP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 144, + 149 + ], + [ + 184, + 188 + ], + [ + 203, + 207 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23479389", + "text": "[6]-gingerol: a novel AT₁ antagonist for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "[6]-gingerol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 12 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "19836445", + "text": "The assay avoids the use of tissues from laboratory animals, and thus contributes to the 3R concept.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17624589", + "text": "In a case-control study of Chinese women, we examined whether these polymorphisms were associated with risk of breast cancer and fibrocystic breast conditions.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23393220", + "text": "Our data revealed that inhibition of MAO-A-mediated metabolic elimination by harmaline (2, 5, and 15 mg/kg) led to a sharp increase in systemic and cerebral exposure to 5-MeO-DMT (2 and 10 mg/kg) at all dose combinations.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "harmaline", + "5-MeO-DMT" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 77, + 86 + ], + [ + 169, + 178 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15689518", + "text": "The structure is a homodimer and reveals a fold typical for beta-family PLP-dependent enzymes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23583806", + "text": "Therefore, garlic formulations involving heating procedures have been developed.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23534442", + "text": "By taking into account the metabolic conversion of nitrooxyalkyl ethers (9, 10) into corresponding alcohols, derivatives 17 and 18 were also studied.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "nitrooxyalkyl ethers", + "alcohols" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 51, + 71 + ], + [ + 99, + 107 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "8836655", + "text": "Epinastine (WAL 801CL) is an antihistaminic drug with binding affinity at certain other receptors, including alpha-adrenergic receptors and various serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Epinastine", + "WAL 801CL", + "serotonin", + "5-HT" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ], + [ + 12, + 21 + ], + [ + 148, + 157 + ], + [ + 159, + 163 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23419638", + "text": "AhR-dependent reporter gene expression in transfected HepG2 cells was increased by pelargonidin in a concentration-dependent manner at 24h.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "pelargonidin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 83, + 95 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "1705633", + "text": "Enalkiren has been shown to produce dose-related suppression of plasma renin activity (PRA) and angiotensin II when administered intravenously.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Enalkiren", + "angiotensin II" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ], + [ + 96, + 110 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10606746", + "text": "The relatively tight binding of GAL to TcAChE appears to arise from a number of moderate to weak interactions with the protein, coupled to a low entropy cost for binding due to the rigid nature of the inhibitor.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23519392", + "text": "Pregnane X Receptor Mediates Dyslipidemia Induced by the HIV Protease Inhibitor Amprenavir in Mice.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Pregnane", + "Amprenavir" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 8 + ], + [ + 80, + 90 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23624810", + "text": "Antiaggressive activity of central oxytocin in male rats.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "oxytocin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 35, + 43 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17418819", + "text": "Such a challenge induced a larger increase and more transient p44/42MAPK activation in HCEC than RCEC.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17015640", + "text": "We examined the anti-inflammatory effect of licofelone on atherosclerotic lesions as well as in isolated neutrophils from whole blood of rabbits compared with a selective inhibitor of COX-2, rofecoxib.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "licofelone", + "rofecoxib" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 44, + 54 + ], + [ + 191, + 200 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11511086", + "text": "Pimozide blocked erg3 channel currents with an IC(50) of 103 nM and significant inhibition was noted at concentrations of 10 nM and higher.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Pimozide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 8 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23495691", + "text": "Targeting protein-protein interactions within the cyclic AMP signaling system as a therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular disease.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "cyclic AMP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 50, + 60 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23468099", + "text": "In experiment 2, social avoidance tests were conducted, and brains were processed for Western blotting at day 12 after stress.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23439661", + "text": "An excellent mass balance recovery was achieved representing a mean total of 98.2% of the dose, including 90.5% recovered in the urine.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10443304", + "text": "The diagnosis is easily made by means of the electrocardiogram (ECG).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "11430635", + "text": "Our data also prove that indomethacin is not only an activator of CA but also antagonizes the effect of acetazolamide, a specific inhibitor of this enzyme.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "indomethacin", + "acetazolamide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 25, + 37 + ], + [ + 104, + 117 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15974585", + "text": "2-Arylpropionic CXC chemokine receptor 1 (CXCR1) ligands as novel noncompetitive CXCL8 inhibitors.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "2-Arylpropionic" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 15 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23274887", + "text": "This repression required the GR and was mediated through binding of a GR/PGC-1α complex to the Pdx1 promoter.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22836881", + "text": "However, the association between osteoporotic vertebral fracture and the possibly higher risk of stroke remains uncertain.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23085095", + "text": "AC is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP)", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23628791", + "text": "Of the other Parkinson-linked genes, mutations in LRRK2, an autosomal dominant gene, represent another likely candidate involved in the development of manganism.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "manganism" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 151, + 160 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23223345", + "text": "The study participants were 164 individuals with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension without diabetes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "20347047", + "text": "In an acute model of allergic asthma, OVA-treated mice were shown to be atopic by inflammatory cell influx to the lungs after OVA challenge, increases in total IgE and OVA-specific IgG levels and contractions to OVA in isolated trachea.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "11034583", + "text": "AIMS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12504917", + "text": "Following chronic oral administration (21 days, one dose daily), levels of NA, 5-HT and DA in hippocampus and striatum were unaffected by rasagiline at doses up to 1 mg x kg(-1).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "NA", + "5-HT", + "DA", + "rasagiline" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 75, + 77 + ], + [ + 79, + 83 + ], + [ + 88, + 90 + ], + [ + 138, + 148 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23383871", + "text": "When the potency of the ER-agonists to induce ERα-coregulator binding was compared to their ER binding affinity, their ranking was similar, and the correlation between the EC50 values was excellent (R(2) = 0.96), as was the correlation with their potency in a transactivation assay (R(2) = 0.94).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "7958159", + "text": "Because timing of sampling is crucial in an investigation of the effects of labor and delivery on fibrinolysis we conducted a study of fibrinolytic markers in plasma of 10 healthy multiparous women in whom labor was induced, which allowed standardization of sampling times in relation to the course of labor and delivery.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "11730729", + "text": "Fenoterol treatment similarly reduced the pEC(50) of McN-A-343 and histamine; however, E(max) values were also reduced, to approximately 70% of control after 18-h treatment.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Fenoterol", + "McN-A-343", + "histamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ], + [ + 53, + 62 + ], + [ + 67, + 76 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17549299", + "text": "Platelet P-selectin expression and platelet-PMN aggregate formation were induced in all four activation conditions tested.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "2568212", + "text": "Loratadine is structurally related to the antihistamine azatadine, and acrivastine is a side-chain-reduced metabolite of the antihistamine triprolidine.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Loratadine", + "azatadine", + "acrivastine", + "triprolidine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ], + [ + 56, + 65 + ], + [ + 71, + 82 + ], + [ + 139, + 151 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17352516", + "text": "Sitagliptin.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Sitagliptin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 11 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23160090", + "text": "Hydroxysafflor yellow a inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory signal transduction in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Hydroxysafflor yellow a" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 23 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12727196", + "text": "The results of these studies are consistent with the hypothesis that PAOh1/SMO represents a new addition to the polyamine metabolic pathway that may represent a new target for antineoplastic drug development.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "polyamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 112, + 121 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23305949", + "text": "Data suggest a novel model in which rNMP-dependent hotspots are generated by sequential Top1 reactions and are consistent with rNMP-independent hotspots reflecting processing of a trapped Top1 cleavage complex.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "rNMP", + "rNMP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 36, + 40 + ], + [ + 127, + 131 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23316965", + "text": "Furthermore, MMP-2 cleaves non-ECM protein substrates including cellular receptors and intracellular proteins, thus causing cardiac and vascular dysfunction.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12606421", + "text": "FSHbeta and LHbeta mRNA levels rose slowly until Day 25.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23174754", + "text": "Deficits in male sexual behavior in adulthood after social instability stress in adolescence in rats.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23590882", + "text": "GLR3.3 was expressed in most cells of the growing primary root but was not enriched in the phloem, including the sieve plate area.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "18381445", + "text": "Statins increase p21 through inhibition of histone deacetylase activity and release of promoter-associated HDAC1/2.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Statins" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 7 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23578688", + "text": "A series of carbamoylmethylene linked prodrugs of 1 (BMS-582949), a clinical p38α inhibitor, were synthesized and evaluated.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "carbamoylmethylene", + "BMS-582949" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 11, + 29 + ], + [ + 52, + 62 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15955565", + "text": "Studies in P2Y1 and P2X1 knockout mice and experimental thrombosis models using selective P2Y1 and P2X1 antagonists have shown that, depending on the conditions, these receptors could also be potential targets for new antithrombotic drugs.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17408310", + "text": "Nevertheless, this did not prevent the assessment of causation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23368901", + "text": "Influence of chain length and double bond on the aqueous behavior of choline carboxylate soaps.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "choline carboxylate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 69, + 88 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16477002", + "text": "The IL-2/gamma(c) interface itself exhibits the smallest buried surface and the fewest hydrogen bonds in the complex, which is consistent with its promiscuous use in other cytokine receptor complexes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "hydrogen" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 87, + 95 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23288049", + "text": "[BDE-49]) have gained interest because of their high bioaccumulation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "BDE-49" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 1, + 7 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23172777", + "text": "=23 nM).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23249626", + "text": "Therefore, to better define these relationships, we performed in-depth analyses of the PK/PD relationships of native follistatin-315 (FST315).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23164673", + "text": "Transduction with constitutively active forms of GSK-3β could protect against the downregulation of p65 and upregulation of cleaved-PARP that are induced by cinobufagin treatment.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "cinobufagin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 153, + 164 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23643933", + "text": "The data showed that 4.8% (959) of lncRNA and 6.1% (1849) of protein coding gene were significantly differentially expressed.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17284757", + "text": "Least-squares means from generalized linear models and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs from multiple conditional logistic regression models were estimated.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12067524", + "text": "Hybrid rGAD67/65 has enzymatic and other properties similar to those of the mixed isoforms of GAD in preparations from mammalian brain as described elsewhere, in addition to its previously described similar immunoreactivity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23590386", + "text": "Meanwhile, at the highest vapor pressure, the fibril density decreased with increasing conjugation length and molecular weight of the P3AT derivatives.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "P3AT" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 132, + 136 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15843826", + "text": "Am80 slightly inhibited the growth of both myeloma cells and HUVECs, and remarkably inhibited the growth of HUVECs stimulated by VEGF.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Am80" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 4 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12188035", + "text": "Dexamethasone (DEX), betamethasone (BM), and their esterified-derivatives had full transrepression agonistic activity in a reporter assay using CV-1 cells transfected with either human or rat GR.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Dexamethasone", + "DEX", + "betamethasone", + "BM" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 13 + ], + [ + 15, + 18 + ], + [ + 21, + 34 + ], + [ + 36, + 38 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "18633030", + "text": "The mechanism for synergy has not been elucidated.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23293962", + "text": "Accordingly, complex formation between matriptase-2 and HAI-2 was demonstrated by isolation of the complex via immobilizing either HAI-2 or matriptase-2 from lysates and conditioned medium of co-expressing cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15121646", + "text": "Since ziprasidone plasma levels show significant (more than twofold) variation within a single dose cycle, studies that are aimed at peak plasma levels (6 hours after the last dose) and that examine extrastriatal regions are required to fully characterize the in vivo occupancy profile of ziprasidone.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ziprasidone", + "ziprasidone" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 6, + 17 + ], + [ + 289, + 300 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14680444", + "text": "Its effectiveness appears to be maintained over many years.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12727196", + "text": "The discovery of an inducible oxidase whose apparent substrate preference is spermine indicates that polyamine catabolism is more complex than that originally proposed.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "polyamine", + "spermine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 101, + 110 + ], + [ + 77, + 85 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12582227", + "text": "HepG2 cells treated with DRF 2655 showed significant reduction in lipid synthesis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "DRF 2655" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 25, + 33 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23368901", + "text": "The double bond in choline oleate leads also to a better solubility in water and a decrease of the solubilization temperature.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "choline oleate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 17, + 31 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23298698", + "text": "Locally administered prostaglandin E2 prevents aeroallergen-induced airway sensitization in mice through immunomodulatory mechanisms.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "prostaglandin E2" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 21, + 37 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17325243", + "text": "In 278 hypertensive subjects the frequency of the T allele was 13.3% compared with 7.6% in 498 normotensive subjects (P<0.001).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23632905", + "text": "Diabetic STZ and Iddm rats, as well as insulin-substituted Iddm rats, exhibited a significant diurnal expression pattern of clock genes as determined by Cosinor analysis; however, the MESOR (midline estimating statistic of rhythm) of Bmal1, Per2, and Clock transcript expression was altered in Iddm and insulin-substituted Iddm rats.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "STZ" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 6, + 9 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23531488", + "text": "With a combination of in silico screening, promoter mutation in cell-based reporter assays, siRNA knockdown and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies, we identified a functional HNF4α binding site close to the transcription start site (-17 to -4 bp).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23535516", + "text": "The janus kinases (JAK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathways have been shown to play a cardioprotective role.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23266719", + "text": "As well, MWCNTs altered the capacity of PBMC-derived monocytes to differentiate into functional dendritic cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23146690", + "text": "Here, we investigated the efficacy of the combined treatment of various phytochemicals with the anticancer drug clofarabine in malignant mesothelioma MSTO-211H cells and normal mesothelial MeT-5A cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "clofarabine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 112, + 123 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "22705396", + "text": "nAChR agonists can facilitate sensory processing, alertness, attention, learning and memory.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16303771", + "text": "Blockade of Erk-1/2 activation by the Mek1 inhibitor abolished MMP-9 induction by tPA in NRK-49F cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "3828735", + "text": "A very similar change was observed in the value of B beta 15-42 (P less than 0.01).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23344974", + "text": "We have used protein engineering to create a monomeric form of RAD51 by humanising a thermostable archaeal orthologue, RadA, and used this protein for fragment screening.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15932636", + "text": "Additionally, in iNOS-/- mice infected with B. malayi microfilariae, DEC showed no activity, whereas the efficacy of another antifilarial drug, ivermectin, was unaffected.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "DEC", + "ivermectin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 69, + 72 + ], + [ + 144, + 154 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23624810", + "text": "A substantial body of research suggests that the neuropeptide oxytocin promotes social affiliative behaviors in a wide range of animals including humans.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "oxytocin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 62, + 70 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "9094999", + "text": "Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play multiple roles during development and in adult tissues as paracrine regulators of growth and differentiation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17067304", + "text": "Brain tissue analyses revealed that neonatal quinpirole treatment produced a significant decrease in hippocampal NGF, BDNF and ChAT that was eliminated by olanzapine treatment.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "quinpirole", + "olanzapine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 45, + 55 + ], + [ + 155, + 165 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23538162", + "text": "These data provided a novel insight to the mechanisms of Rg1protective effects on Aβ25-35-induced endothelial cells apoptosis, suggesting that GR-ERK signaling pathway might play an important role in it.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Rg1" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 48, + 51 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23415228", + "text": "This effect requires cold-induced, TRPA-1-mediated calcium influx and a calcium-sensitive PKC that signals to the transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "calcium", + "calcium" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 51, + 58 + ], + [ + 72, + 79 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23335025", + "text": "These results indicate that GBE induces apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16674097", + "text": "The overall gene expression profiles of serous or endometrioid carcinomas appeared to be less affected by grade or stage than by histologic type.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16547651", + "text": "Glyphosate affects aromatic amino acid biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Glyphosate", + "aromatic amino acid", + "5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ], + [ + 19, + 38 + ], + [ + 66, + 100 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23262271", + "text": "The twigs of Cudrania tricuspidata were found to show strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and further detailed component analysis resulted in the isolation of a new flavanol glucoside, (2S,3S)-2,3-trans-dihydromorin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (1), plus twenty-seven known compounds (2-28).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "flavanol glucoside", + "(2S,3S)-2,3-trans-dihydromorin-7-O-β-d-glucoside" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 168, + 186 + ], + [ + 188, + 236 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "18633030", + "text": "For single antagonists, we measured inhibition of receptors containing mutations in the epsilon- and delta-subunits to determine site selectivity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23473681", + "text": "We provide STD NMR data which confirms a physical interaction between LolA and the thiourea degradation product of MAC13243, with a Kd of ~150 μM.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "thiourea", + "MAC13243" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 83, + 91 + ], + [ + 115, + 123 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14676196", + "text": "Structure of human microsomal cytochrome P450 2C8.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10095983", + "text": "New aspects in the management of obesity: operation and the impact of lipase inhibitors.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23247009", + "text": "Beta-glucogallin reduces the expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory markers by inhibition of aldose reductase in murine macrophages and ocular tissues.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Beta-glucogallin", + "aldose" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 16 + ], + [ + 108, + 114 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "9015795", + "text": "The atypical neuroleptics remoxipride, clozapine, perlapine, seroquel, and melperone had low affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor (radioligand-independent dissociation constants of 30 to 90 nM).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "remoxipride", + "clozapine", + "perlapine", + "seroquel", + "melperone", + "dopamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 26, + 37 + ], + [ + 39, + 48 + ], + [ + 50, + 59 + ], + [ + 61, + 69 + ], + [ + 75, + 84 + ], + [ + 110, + 118 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23125284", + "text": "Lentiviral complementation of patient's fibroblasts with wild-type FAM36A increases the complex IV activity as well as the amount of holocomplex IV and of individual subunits.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23063069", + "text": "Determination of toxicity of complex mixtures has been proposed to be one of the most important challenges for modern toxicology.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23145773", + "text": "While none of the phenethylamides (n = 2) were active, most of the anilides (n = 0) turned out to moderately or strongly inhibit 17β-HSD2.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "phenethylamides", + "anilides" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 15, + 30 + ], + [ + 64, + 72 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14725487", + "text": "[R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol].", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "formoterol", + "eformoterol", + "R,R-formoterol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 75, + 85 + ], + [ + 87, + 98 + ], + [ + 1, + 15 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23535394", + "text": "Prokaryotic cyanobacteria are responsible for PST production in freshwater systems, while eukaryotic dinoflagellates are the main producers in marine waters.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15199474", + "text": "P2Y12, a new platelet ADP receptor, target of clopidogrel.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ADP", + "clopidogrel" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 22, + 25 + ], + [ + 46, + 57 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10403635", + "text": "Physostigmine was the most effective carbamate in sarin exposure.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Physostigmine", + "carbamate", + "sarin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 13 + ], + [ + 37, + 46 + ], + [ + 50, + 55 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17896959", + "text": "Therefore, the benzyloxyphenyl inhibitors are apparently dormant during the forward mode under normal conditions (low Na(+)(i)), but become effective during the reverse mode under pathological conditions (high Na(+)(i)).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Na(+)", + "Na(+)", + "benzyloxyphenyl" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 118, + 123 + ], + [ + 210, + 215 + ], + [ + 15, + 30 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15358979", + "text": "By contrast, no differences in receptor occupancy were detected at the level of the pituitary gland.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15736931", + "text": "Comparison of the crystal structures of UDP-Gal- and UDP-Glc-bound beta4Gal-T1 reveals that the O4 hydroxyl group in both Gal and Glc moieties forms a hydrogen bond with the side chain carboxylate group of Glu317.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "UDP-Gal", + "UDP-Glc", + "O4 hydroxyl", + "Gal", + "Glc", + "hydrogen", + "carboxylate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 40, + 47 + ], + [ + 53, + 60 + ], + [ + 96, + 107 + ], + [ + 122, + 125 + ], + [ + 130, + 133 + ], + [ + 151, + 159 + ], + [ + 185, + 196 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16835395", + "text": "ANXA1 gene deletion did not affect glucocorticoid receptor expression or the ability of dexamethasone to suppress catecholamine-induced lipolysis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "dexamethasone", + "catecholamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 88, + 101 + ], + [ + 114, + 127 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23612487", + "text": "Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a well-known signaling sphingolipid and bioactive lipid mediator.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "S1P", + "sphingolipid" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 24, + 27 + ], + [ + 55, + 67 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23614367", + "text": "Our findings indicate that endogenous overexpression of Grb10 functions as a suppressor of the IGF1-IR pathway, which may represent an important mechanism that regulates cognitive disorder in diabetes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23223345", + "text": "Although calorie restriction and weight loss increase insulin sensitivity, the effects of modifying macronutrient composition on insulin sensitivity are uncertain.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17067304", + "text": "Beginning on P62, rats were administered the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine (2.5 mg/kg) or saline twice daily (i.p.) for 28 days.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "olanzapine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 68, + 78 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23552263", + "text": "Of the tested extracts, the ethyl acetate fraction was the most potent (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50): 97 µg/mL) followed by aqueous fraction IC50: 109 µg/mL).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ethyl acetate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 28, + 41 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23153456", + "text": "Using the viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and the IFNα/β antagonist B18R we furthermore demonstrate the capability of endogenous IFN to promote IL-22-induced STAT1 activation and expression of CXCL10.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 15, + 46 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23423713", + "text": "The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of vanadium (V(5+)) on Cyp1 expression and activity in C57BL/6 mice liver and isolated hepatocytes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "vanadium", + "V(5+)" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 68, + 76 + ], + [ + 78, + 83 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16973691", + "text": "Relative myotoxic and haemodynamic effects of the beta-agonists fenoterol and clenbuterol measured in conscious unrestrained rats.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "fenoterol", + "clenbuterol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 64, + 73 + ], + [ + 78, + 89 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23339625", + "text": "3. CYP3A induction in the liver increased depending on the dose of DEX-P, whereas that in intestine showed a mild increase, but the induction level was almost constant regardless of the dose of DEX-P. 4. Administration of a single dose of DEX-P showed a temporal increase in CYP3A activity in both tissues and the induction ratios reached maximum values at 12 h after DEX-P administration.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "DEX-P", + "DEX-P", + "DEX-P", + "DEX-P" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 63, + 68 + ], + [ + 190, + 195 + ], + [ + 235, + 240 + ], + [ + 364, + 369 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23609782", + "text": "Are they safer or better tolerated?", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23416143", + "text": "These results indicate that co-administration of CNF with alcohol can alleviate alcohol induced liver damage through preventing lipid formation, protecting antioxidant system and suppressing productions of pro-inflammatory cytokines.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "alcohol", + "alcohol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 55, + 62 + ], + [ + 77, + 84 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23122096", + "text": "In all cases, oleyl chains were predominant, and high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acid chains were observed.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "oleyl", + "polyunsaturated fatty acid" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 14, + 19 + ], + [ + 65, + 91 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23305949", + "text": "Two distinct mechanisms of Topoisomerase 1-dependent mutagenesis in yeast.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23358258", + "text": "A series of xanthine derivatives in which a methylene was inserted at position 8 of xanthine scaffold was synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "xanthine", + "methylene", + "xanthine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 12, + 20 + ], + [ + 44, + 53 + ], + [ + 84, + 92 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12244038", + "text": "The human iNOS promoter contains consensus sequences for the binding of transcription factors, including interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) binding to interferon-stimulated responsive element (ISRE), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) binding to gamma-activation site (GAS), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta); therefore, we investigated the effect of gemfibrozil on the activation of these transcription factors.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "gemfibrozil" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 475, + 486 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "18708991", + "text": "The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of polymorphisms in genes encoding CYP3A5 and P-gp (ABCB1) on the steady-state plasma levels of risperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, and the active moiety, taking CYP2D6 genotype status into account.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "risperidone", + "9-hydroxyrisperidone" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 155, + 166 + ], + [ + 168, + 188 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "22890749", + "text": "Theoretical study of the decomposition of ethyl and ethyl 3-phenyl glycidate.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ethyl and ethyl 3-phenyl glycidate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 42, + 76 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17570561", + "text": "The up-regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis gene expression and VcAPX mRNA observed in non-treated grape is not enhanced in CO2-treated grapes, which presented low total decay.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "CO2", + "anthocyanin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 126, + 129 + ], + [ + 21, + 32 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23152189", + "text": "Cotreatment of cells with chemical antioxidants or the enzyme catalase blocked the TCDD-mediated acceleration of keratinocyte cornified envelope formation, an endpoint of terminal differentiation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "TCDD" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 83, + 87 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12110374", + "text": "(PGE(2)) precursor, arachidonic acid, in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the rat dopamine D(2) receptor (long isoform), also without concomitant administration of a Ca(2+)-releasing agent [Nilsson et al., Br J Pharmacol 1998;124:1651-8].", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "arachidonic acid", + "dopamine", + "Ca(2+)", + "PGE(2)" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 20, + 36 + ], + [ + 94, + 102 + ], + [ + 178, + 184 + ], + [ + 1, + 7 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23314320", + "text": "The model was parameterized using rat plasma, tissue and urine time course data from intramuscular administration, as well as human blood and urine data from intravenous and intramuscular administration; sensitivity analyses were performed.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22776694", + "text": "This component of stiffness can be inhibited when active force produced by the muscle is abolished.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23116965", + "text": "With culture time increment, the firing rate of spontaneous action potential (sAP) in NRVMs was gradually decreased until spontaneous early after-depolarization (EAD) was observed after about one week culture.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16757355", + "text": "Sorafenib inhibited the kinase activity of both C-RAF and B-RAF (wild type and V600E mutant).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Sorafenib" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23485065", + "text": "In addition, two hits recapitulated the signaling profile of the co-crystal ligand with respect to the G protein and arrestin mediated signaling.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17015640", + "text": "Moreover, licofelone inhibited COX-2 and 5-LOX protein expression in vascular lesions.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "licofelone" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 10, + 20 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14508322", + "text": "Inhibition of binding of the alpha2-receptor antagonist [3H]RX821002 to recombinant alpha2-receptors by etomidate was tested in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells in vitro.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "[3H]RX821002", + "etomidate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 56, + 68 + ], + [ + 104, + 113 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "8836655", + "text": "Epinastine (WAL 801CL) modulates the noncholinergic contraction in guinea-pig airways in vitro by a prejunctional 5-HT1-like receptor.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Epinastine", + "WAL 801CL" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ], + [ + 12, + 21 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23606523", + "text": "We have shown that this approach well predicts the longitudinal HbA1c response in a 12-week study using only information from a 1-week study where glucose and insulin concentrations were measured.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "glucose" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 147, + 154 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23397052", + "text": "CONCLUSION:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17567713", + "text": "Moreover, TRPV1 receptors and/or their variants are found in taste receptor cells and in nerve terminals throughout the oral cavity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10891536", + "text": "5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) and 5-trifluorothymidine (F3(d)Thd) are antimetabolites which are metabolized to their corresponding active forms which inhibit DNA synthesis via inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "5-Fluorouracil", + "5-FU", + "thymidylate", + "5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine", + "FdUrd", + "5-trifluorothymidine", + "F3(d)Thd" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 14 + ], + [ + 16, + 20 + ], + [ + 216, + 227 + ], + [ + 23, + 47 + ], + [ + 49, + 54 + ], + [ + 60, + 80 + ], + [ + 82, + 90 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "7944828", + "text": "5-HT and D-1997 exhibited similar maximum effects which were higher than that of quipazine.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "5-HT", + "D-1997", + "quipazine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 4 + ], + [ + 9, + 15 + ], + [ + 81, + 90 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11511086", + "text": "We wished to test whether these drugs also displayed high affinity for the related neuronal K(+) channel erg3.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "K(+)" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 92, + 96 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23567961", + "text": "This effort led to the identification of five compounds that were confirmed to be active on additional FLT3 dependent cell lines (cellular EC50 values between 35 and 700 nM), while having no significant effect on 24 other tyrosine kinases.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "tyrosine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 222, + 230 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23339678", + "text": "In experiment 2, degenerated oocytes were frequently observed in a dose-dependent manner (4.3%, 22.9%, 22.4% and 75.0%).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23100158", + "text": "These results demonstrate a potential mechanism by which β-ionone to induce apoptosis initiation in SGC-7901 cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "β-ionone" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 44, + 52 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15155769", + "text": "To redesign the specificity of rat CrAT toward its substrates, we mutated Met564.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23571107", + "text": "Together, these results underscore the requirement of neurofibromin and ERK1/2 for normal endochondral bone formation and support the notion that neurofibromin, by restraining RAS-ERK1/2 signaling, is a negative regulator of FGFR signaling in differentiating chondrocytes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "3058238", + "text": "Overall response for tamoxifen and fluoxymesterone was 11% with 61% stabilization of disease, versus 12% response rate for tamoxifen and danazol with 59% stabilization.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "tamoxifen", + "fluoxymesterone", + "tamoxifen", + "danazol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 21, + 30 + ], + [ + 35, + 50 + ], + [ + 123, + 132 + ], + [ + 137, + 144 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15944809", + "text": "In 8 Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts, veratridine (0.1 microM), an inhibitor of sodium channel inactivation, led to a marked increase in QT-interval and simultaneously recorded monophasic ventricular action potentials (MAPs) (p < 0.05) thereby mimicking LQT3.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "veratridine", + "sodium" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 41, + 52 + ], + [ + 83, + 89 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23386702", + "text": "Time-dependent inactivation of hCES1 by diclofenac-β-d-glucuronide was not observed.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "diclofenac-β-d-glucuronide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 18, + 44 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15944809", + "text": "Verapamil prevents torsade de pointes by reduction of transmural dispersion of repolarization and suppression of early afterdepolarizations in an intact heart model of LQT3.\nBACKGROUND: In long QT syndrome (LQTS), prolongation of the QT-interval is associated with sudden cardiac death resulting from potentially life-threatening polymorphic tachycardia of the torsade de pointes (TdP) type.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Verapamil" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "1977506", + "text": "In low concentrations in vitro, antihistamines have been found to inhibit immunologically stimulated mast cell mediator release, with the IC50 in the nanomolar to micromolar range, while at higher concentrations they induce histamine release.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "histamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 224, + 233 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23201124", + "text": "These substrates include the recently discovered protein phosphatase PGAM5, which we show is proteolytically processed, accumulates in cytosol during apoptosis, and sensitizes cells to death.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23307557", + "text": "Furthermore, overexpression of the acetylation-deficient mutant, K293R, induces DNA-damage response foci at telomeres, thereby leading to induction of impaired cell growth, cellular senescence and altered cell cycle distribution.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "1352051", + "text": "The actions of haloperidol, chlorpromazine, clozapine, prothipendyl and thioridazine in general were characterized by increases of the spectral power in the alpha 1 and beta range, at higher dosages also in the theta range.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "haloperidol", + "chlorpromazine", + "clozapine", + "prothipendyl", + "thioridazine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 15, + 26 + ], + [ + 28, + 42 + ], + [ + 44, + 53 + ], + [ + 55, + 67 + ], + [ + 72, + 84 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10443304", + "text": "Up to 50% of the yearly sudden deaths in patients with a normal heart might be caused by this syndrome.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17390078", + "text": "Atropine is a parasympatholytic alkaloid used as an antidote to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15465035", + "text": "The inhibitory effect of sodium nitroprusside on HIF-1 activation is not dependent on nitric oxide-soluble guanylyl cyclase pathway.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "guanylyl", + "sodium nitroprusside", + "nitric oxide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 107, + 115 + ], + [ + 25, + 45 + ], + [ + 86, + 98 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "7885191", + "text": "The channel activators avermectin and moxidectin usually retain their inhibitory potency in the Rdl subunit mutants.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "avermectin", + "moxidectin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 23, + 33 + ], + [ + 38, + 48 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "9399012", + "text": "In anaesthetized animals, these vascular effects manifest as a selective constriction of cranial arterio-venous anastomoses resulting in a redistribution of carotid arterial blood flow.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12606421", + "text": "These data demonstrate that sexual maturation of male rats is accompanied by a progressive and concerted induction of GnRH-R and gonadotropin subunit gene expression.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "GnRH" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 118, + 122 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23435910", + "text": "In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects of sinapic acid on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced chronic liver injury in rats.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "sinapic acid", + "dimethylnitrosamine", + "DMN" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 80, + 92 + ], + [ + 96, + 115 + ], + [ + 117, + 120 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16840830", + "text": "In conclusion, we have identified 2 novel missense mutations in the MEN1 gene.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10702256", + "text": "Because of the putative supportive role in photoreceptor maintenance, it is likely that constituent molecules play key roles in photoreceptor function and may be targets for inherited retinal disease.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "retinal" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 184, + 191 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16835395", + "text": "Epididymal tissue from wild-type mice responded in vitro to noradrenaline and isoprenaline with increased glycerol release, reduced IL-6 release, and increased cAMP accumulation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "noradrenaline", + "isoprenaline", + "glycerol", + "cAMP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 60, + 73 + ], + [ + 78, + 90 + ], + [ + 106, + 114 + ], + [ + 160, + 164 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23247008", + "text": "Bioinformatic analyses of several vertebrate genomes were undertaken using known ALDH2 and ALDH1B1 amino acid sequences.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "amino acid" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 99, + 109 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10933803", + "text": "Since plasma concentrations of prothrombin, factor VII, protein C, or protein S did not by themselves potentiate factor Xa generation and did not interfere with the potentiation of the reaction of factor IX, the effect is specific for factor IX and is not attributable to the Gla domain of all vitamin K-dependent proteins.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "vitamin K" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 294, + 303 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "1975995", + "text": "Statistically significant reductions in mean heart rate from minute 2 until minute 15 and in maximum heart rate (the mean of each patient's maximum heart rate after seizure changed from 152 +/- 23 to 115 +/- 24 beats/min) occurred in patients given esmolol.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "esmolol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 249, + 256 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "2083404", + "text": "Pulmonary function tests, nasal symptoms score, PNIF and serum salicylate levels were monitored following challenges with threshold doses of ASA.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "salicylate", + "ASA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 63, + 73 + ], + [ + 141, + 144 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16978033", + "text": "CP-690550, a JAK3 inhibitor is currently in phase II clinical trials.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "CP-690550" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17661345", + "text": "The effect of IL-4 and IL-13 was independent of STAT-6.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23643542", + "text": "Abilities of crude licorice to inhibit viral replication and to stimulate IFN-β were evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12513997", + "text": "These results suggest that the altered gamma-glutamyl kinase results in stabilization of the complex or has an indirect effect on gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase activity, which leads to an increase in L-proline production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "gamma-glutamyl", + "gamma-glutamyl phosphate", + "L-proline" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 39, + 53 + ], + [ + 130, + 154 + ], + [ + 205, + 214 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14871882", + "text": "The fate of L-ornithine may depend on the cellular context.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "L-ornithine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 12, + 23 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23612487", + "text": "These findings suggest that S1P activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway leading to the promotion of nuclear translocation of β-catenin in osteoblast-like cells, resulting in the upregulation of osteoptotegerin and osteoblast differentiation markers including alkaline phosphatase, probably relating to the inhibition of osteoclast formation and the mineralization, respectively.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "S1P" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 20, + 23 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "8646863", + "text": "Fluticasone propionate is a potent fluorinated corticosteroid used for the topical therapy of dermatoses and as inhalation therapy for bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Fluticasone propionate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 22 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23446230", + "text": "Cytochrome P450 epoxygenase 2J2 (CYP2J2) metabolizes arachidonic acids to form epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which possess various beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "EETs", + "arachidonic acids", + "epoxyeicosatrienoic acids" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 106, + 110 + ], + [ + 53, + 70 + ], + [ + 79, + 104 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "9094999", + "text": "Although FGF-2 strongly binds to basement membrane heparan sulfate in skin and most other tissue sites examined, FGF-7 fails to bind to basement membrane heparan sulfate in most locations.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "sulfate", + "sulfate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 59, + 66 + ], + [ + 162, + 169 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16305240", + "text": "In this work, we utilized magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy to explore how the electronic structure of the reduced B12 cofactor (i.e., the post-homolysis product Co2+ Cbl) is modulated by the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Co2+ Cbl", + "methylmalonyl-CoA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 169, + 177 + ], + [ + 206, + 223 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12112047", + "text": "Minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline, has been shown to be neuroprotective in certain adult ischemic injury/stroke and neurodegenerative disease models.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Minocycline", + "tetracycline" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 11 + ], + [ + 29, + 41 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14501155", + "text": "The 5-HT(2B/2C)-receptor antagonist SB 206553 facilitated hyperglycemia induced by clomipramine, although the 5-HT(2A)-receptor antagonist ketanserin was without effect.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "SB 206553", + "clomipramine", + "ketanserin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 36, + 45 + ], + [ + 83, + 95 + ], + [ + 139, + 149 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23333901", + "text": "Moreover, in a mouse xenograft tumor model, intratumoral injection of the system significantly reduces tumor volume, while increasing apoptosis and DNA damage without visible toxicity to liver or kidney.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23401139", + "text": "Environ.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17253779", + "text": "We previously described a novel mammalian enzyme that saturates the 13-14 double bond of all-trans-retinol to produce all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol, which then follows the same metabolic fate as that of all-trans-retinol.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "all-trans-retinol", + "all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol", + "all-trans-retinol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 89, + 106 + ], + [ + 118, + 148 + ], + [ + 204, + 221 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23402364", + "text": "The UV-vis spectrum of VP-16 was not changed by exposure of VP-16 to (·)NO in aqueous buffer.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "VP-16", + "VP-16", + "(·)NO" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 21, + 26 + ], + [ + 58, + 63 + ], + [ + 67, + 72 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23601753", + "text": "Surprisingly, however, this increased processing had only a minimal effect on autoactivation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23641685", + "text": "The predictions of the electronic origin frequency, torsional frequencies, anharmonicities and rotational band contours matched the observed spectrum.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16920841", + "text": "Similarly, CHDH activity is highest in the liver and kidney, but the regulation of its expression by diet has not been thoroughly investigated.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22717743", + "text": "Alipogene tiparvovec was well tolerated, without emerging safety concerns for 2 years.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23000445", + "text": "Wogonoside also suppressed the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p70-S6 kinase (p70S6K) by regulating the expression of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and p38 involved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Wogonoside", + "rapamycin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ], + [ + 65, + 74 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "8103526", + "text": "The findings for the R-enantiomer in this study were unexpected based on the animal studies and previous studies that demonstrated marked differences in beta blocking effects of other beta-blockers in which the R-enantiomers were less inhibitory.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23642478", + "text": "Some of these compounds were low nanomolar or subnanomolar ScCA inhibitors and showed selectivity ratios in the range of 4.91-69.86 for inhibiting the yeast enzyme over the offtarget human (h) isoforms hCA I and of 6.46-13.52 for inhibiting ScCA over hCA II.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23631499", + "text": "In conclusion, S. triloba and P. nigrum methanolic extracts have potent anti-inflammatory effects against neuroinflammation characterizing AD.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16855178", + "text": "Four graded (0.4-1.6 ml of water) CRDs were produced in conscious rats, and colorectal sensitivity and pain were assessed by measuring the abdominal withdrawal response and spinal c-Fos expression.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23017388", + "text": "Pulsatilla koreana has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "1332478", + "text": "beta 2-Adrenergic receptor density and function (agonist-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate production) was measured in myometrial samples from both groups.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "cyclic adenosine monophosphate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 65, + 95 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23182954", + "text": "In conclusion, PM(2.5) alone exposure could cause inflammation, endothelial function and ANS injuries, and ozone potentiated these effects induced by PM(2.5).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ozone" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 107, + 112 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11278845", + "text": "Using Lac repressor-operator complexes as roadblocks, we show that ATP-bound TOP2 acts as a circular clamp capable of entering DNA ends and sliding on unobstructed duplex DNA.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ATP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 67, + 70 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "22370641", + "text": "WNT6 knock-down and overexpression experiments demonstrated that WNT6 increased the resistance to apoptotic cell death induced by the anthracycline chemotherapeutics epirubicin (Epi) and doxorubicin (Dox).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "anthracycline", + "epirubicin", + "Epi", + "doxorubicin", + "Dox" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 134, + 147 + ], + [ + 166, + 176 + ], + [ + 178, + 181 + ], + [ + 187, + 198 + ], + [ + 200, + 203 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10047461", + "text": "Increased cyclin E-cdk2 protein expression was accompanied by the inhibition of DNA synthesis, with a decrease in E2F-1 expression.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "18381445", + "text": "DNA affinity protein binding assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed the dissociation of HDAC1/2 and association of CBP, leading to the histone-H3 acetylation on the Sp1 sites of p21 promoter.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17111172", + "text": "Under HAL, D(1)-RO was 14 +/- 6% and under RIS not significantly different from zero.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17333137", + "text": "CONCLUSIONS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12927775", + "text": "Aliskiren represents the first in a novel class of renin inhibitors with the potential for treatment of hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Aliskiren" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23043184", + "text": "While the individual apparent K(M) values of CYP2B4 and CYP2E1 for CPR are similar, the apparent K(M) of CYP2E1 for CPR in the presence of CYP2B4 decreased significantly, thus suggesting that CYP2B4 enhances the affinity of CYP2E1 for CPR and this may allow CYP2E1 to out-compete CYP2B4 for CPR.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16432501", + "text": "These results show that doses as low as 1 microg kg(-1) day(-1) of formoterol can elicit significant muscle hypertrophy with minimal cardiac hypertrophy and provide important information regarding the potential therapeutic use of formoterol and salmeterol for muscle wasting.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "formoterol", + "formoterol", + "salmeterol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 67, + 77 + ], + [ + 230, + 240 + ], + [ + 245, + 255 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "7948825", + "text": "Sucralfate has been demonstrated to be efficacious in healing both duodenal and gastric ulcers together with mild oesophagitis, and it is safe for both short-term use and maintenance.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Sucralfate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "1435788", + "text": "Human type 2 preprorelaxin was coexpressed in human kidney 293 cells with the candidate prohormone convertase-processing enzymes mPC1 or mPC2, both cloned from the mouse pituitary tumor AtT-20 cell line, or with the yeast kex2 alpha-mating factor-converting enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "18068977", + "text": "These results may have implications in the development of novel DPP-IV inhibitors based on the use of atorvastatin as a lead compound for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "atorvastatin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 102, + 114 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "22349823", + "text": "In contrast, the secondary mutation of the gatekeeper residue, T790M, reportedly confers inhibitor resistance on the oncogenic EGFR mutants.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "20104269", + "text": "Clinical and experimental studies showed that the reflux of bile into the stomach contributes to the induction of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach and gastric carcinogenesis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23376161", + "text": "Promoter and electromobility shift assays showed that transcriptional activation of NF-κB was significantly reduced by catalpol treatment, while AP-1 was not.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "catalpol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 117, + 125 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23402841", + "text": "The bioaccumulation of saxitoxins (STX) in the trophic chain, mainly in freshwater, are not completely known.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "saxitoxins", + "STX" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 23, + 33 + ], + [ + 35, + 38 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23307557", + "text": "Post-translational modifications of TRF2 such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, methylation and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation have been shown to play important roles in telomere function.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ADP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 116, + 119 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23580316", + "text": "No side effects were reported on liver and kidney functions.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23131798", + "text": "As far as we are aware, the compound's 1,3,5-triazine scaffold represents a new core structure for CB2 agonists.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "1,3,5-triazine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 39, + 53 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23628509", + "text": "Cyclopenta[c]phenanthrenes - Chemistry and biological activity.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Cyclopenta[c]phenanthrenes" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 26 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23564313", + "text": "Thus, the functional analysis of conventional therapies may help to improve their efficiency in the treatment of metastatic melanoma.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23580446", + "text": "In conclusion, our findings provide the rationale for testing blockers of collagen binding sites, such as revacept, and galectin-3 inhibitors in the prevention of colon cancer metastasis in animal models followed by studies in patients.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "1435788", + "text": "Prorelaxin expressed alone in 293 cells was secreted into the culture medium unprocessed.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23590882", + "text": "GLR3.3 interacted poorly with itself or the other two GLRs.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23401474", + "text": "Formal interaction was excluded if the 90% confidence interval (CI) for the silexan over placebo ratios for phenotyping metrics (primary: AUC0-t) was within a 0.70-1.43 range.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23301897", + "text": "The structures of the new compounds (1-8) were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17510308", + "text": "METHODS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23419638", + "text": "Overall, although most anthocyanidins had no effects on AhR-CYP1A1 signaling, pelargonidin can bind to and activate the AhR and AhR-dependent gene expression, and pelargonidin and delphinidin inhibit the CYP1A1 catalytic activity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "anthocyanidins", + "pelargonidin", + "pelargonidin", + "delphinidin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 21, + 35 + ], + [ + 76, + 88 + ], + [ + 161, + 173 + ], + [ + 178, + 189 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10200320", + "text": "Mechanisms leading to down-regulation of activated microglia and astrocytes are poorly understood, in spite of the potentially detrimental role of activated glia in neurodegeneration.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16978033", + "text": "Immunotherapy for De Novo renal transplantation: what's in the pipeline?\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17075268", + "text": "Dexamethasone suppresses histamine synthesis by repressing both transcription and activity of HDC in allergic rats.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Dexamethasone", + "histamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 13 + ], + [ + 25, + 34 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23536521", + "text": "These findings are likely to be related to immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of this compound.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23411172", + "text": "These results suggest that apple polyphenols would be an effective factor for the development of immunomodulatory agents with suppressive effects of antigen presentation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "polyphenols" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 32, + 43 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15285788", + "text": "Furthermore we observed that 9,11-epoxy MF is a chemically reactive metabolite.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "9,11-epoxy MF" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 29, + 42 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23641685", + "text": "The HMP radical was generated in reactions of HCHO with HO2.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "HMP", + "HCHO", + "HO2" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 2, + 5 + ], + [ + 44, + 48 + ], + [ + 54, + 57 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17429625", + "text": "METHODS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23531031", + "text": "Conclusions: This study supplies a new potential strategy for the treatment of ATC by modifying gene expression with the aim of inducing responsiveness towards radioiodine therapy.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "radioiodine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 157, + 168 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23572528", + "text": "We examined the specificity and initial sites of recruitment of Arf-dependent adaptors (AP-1 and GGAs) in response to the Golgi or endosomal localization of specific cargo proteins (furin, mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) and M6PR lacking a C-terminal domain M6PRΔC).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "mannose-6-phosphate", + "C" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 189, + 208 + ], + [ + 244, + 245 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16855178", + "text": "ATB-429-induced antinociception was reversed by glibenclamide, a ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channel inhibitor.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "K(+)", + "K", + "ATP", + "ATB-429", + "glibenclamide", + "ATP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 79, + 83 + ], + [ + 85, + 86 + ], + [ + 87, + 90 + ], + [ + 0, + 7 + ], + [ + 48, + 61 + ], + [ + 65, + 68 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23253172", + "text": "nuclei- specific changes in AA and which stress response hormones are involved remains to be determined.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "9890894", + "text": "The assembly and activation of oligomeric complexes of FGF, the transmembrane receptor kinase (FGFR), and heparan sulfate transmit intracellular signals regulating growth and function of cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "sulfate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 114, + 121 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "13129570", + "text": "Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology at AMPA and kainate preferring glutamate receptors of 4-heteroarylmethylidene glutamate analogues.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "AMPA", + "kainate", + "glutamate", + "4-heteroarylmethylidene glutamate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 39, + 43 + ], + [ + 48, + 55 + ], + [ + 67, + 76 + ], + [ + 90, + 123 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23277230", + "text": "The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of fisetin in both in vitro and in vivo.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "fisetin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 67, + 74 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23334864", + "text": "However, to date, the effect of iron overload on osteoblasts remains poorly understood.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "iron" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 32, + 36 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23628791", + "text": "Consistent with studies demonstrating that LRRK2 plays a role in the phosphorylation of p38, our results similarly demonstrate a decrease in p38 activation in LRRK2 knock-down cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22580612", + "text": "Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a heterodimeric protein formed by two subunits that is aberrantly overexpressed in human breast cancer and other cancers.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15736931", + "text": "This alternate conformation now causes a steric hindrance to the O4 hydroxyl group of the Gal moiety of UDP-Gal, probably causing the dissociation of UDP-Gal and the reduced k(cat) of the Gal-T reaction.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "O4 hydroxyl", + "Gal", + "UDP-Gal", + "UDP-Gal", + "Gal" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 65, + 76 + ], + [ + 90, + 93 + ], + [ + 104, + 111 + ], + [ + 150, + 157 + ], + [ + 188, + 191 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23152189", + "text": "TCDD decreased the expression of the glucose transporter, SLC2A1, and most of the glycolytic transcripts, followed by decreases in glycolytic intermediates, including pyruvate.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "TCDD", + "glucose", + "pyruvate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 4 + ], + [ + 37, + 44 + ], + [ + 167, + 175 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23528251", + "text": "The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible link between CAR and HIFα. Phenobarbital (PB), a typical CAR activator, increased the gene expression of HIF-target genes in the livers of mice, including erythropoietin, heme oxygenase-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-a. PB induced an accumulation of nuclear HIF-1α and an increase in the HIF-responsive element-mediated transactivation in HepG2 cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Phenobarbital" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 86, + 99 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "9466983", + "text": "In contrast, two low molecular weight heparins currently considered as clinical replacements for unfractionated heparin are much poorer inhibitors.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22288603", + "text": "Preliminary investigation of a number of plant extracts for allelopathic activity using seed germination inhibition bioassay showed a promising activity of the water extract of the aerial parts of Mikania scandens.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23429912", + "text": "In mice, in utero exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin (TCDD) reduces the number of dorsolateral prostatic buds resulting in a smaller dorsolateral prostate and prevents formation of ventral buds culminating in ventral prostate agenesis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin", + "TCDD" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 30, + 66 + ], + [ + 68, + 72 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23571107", + "text": "The Ras-GTPase activity of neurofibromin restrains ERK-dependent FGFR signaling during endochondral bone formation.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10462128", + "text": "The possible mechanisms underlying venlafaxines improved clinical AD action and the potential for further enhancement of this SNRIs clinical effects are discussed.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "venlafaxines" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 35, + 47 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23023136", + "text": "Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) is an environmental pollutant and potent toxicant to humans.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Arsenic trioxide", + "As(2)O(3)" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 16 + ], + [ + 18, + 27 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23199882", + "text": "To prevent PCO, a rational approach would be to inhibit both the proliferation and the migration of LECs using nontoxic xenobiotics.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "1663395", + "text": "TSH and cAMP also increase the levels of the specific mRNA for TPO in thyroid cells from different species.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "cAMP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 8, + 12 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23643933", + "text": "The TSA-induced uc002mbe.2 expression was positively correlated with the apoptotic effect of TSA in HCC cells.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "TSA", + "TSA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 4, + 7 + ], + [ + 93, + 96 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23247009", + "text": "Aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes the reduction of toxic lipid aldehydes to their alcohol products and mediates inflammatory signals triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Aldose", + "aldehydes", + "alcohol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 6 + ], + [ + 61, + 70 + ], + [ + 80, + 87 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "9928259", + "text": "Local application of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, fluvoxamine and citalopram, prolonged the clearance of exogenously administered serotonin (5-HT) in both the dentate gyrus and CA3 region of the dorsal hippocampus, as measured using in vivo chronoamperometry.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "serotonin", + "5-HT", + "serotonin", + "fluvoxamine", + "citalopram" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 142, + 151 + ], + [ + 153, + 157 + ], + [ + 31, + 40 + ], + [ + 62, + 73 + ], + [ + 78, + 88 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "2855105", + "text": "Loperamide is a peripheral opiate agonist able to inhibit ACTH secretion.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Loperamide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10999950", + "text": "Previously, we showed that the human kappa-opioid receptor (hkor) stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells underwent down-regulation after prolonged U50,488H treatment.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "U50,488H" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 162, + 170 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10694244", + "text": "4.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23542147", + "text": "Lastly, the anti-inflammatory activities of the plant extracts in vivo were evaluated by testing spleen index and NF-κB related protein expression in LPS-stimulated CD1 mice.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16547651", + "text": "AHAS gene variants that confer tolerance to AHAS inhibitors have been discovered in plants through selection or mutagenesis.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23017392", + "text": "The investigated parameters had a significant effect on the quality of the dried sour cherries.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "1975995", + "text": "Each patient acted as his or her own control (total number of ECT procedures, 160).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "18633030", + "text": "We constructed isobolograms for 90% inhibition.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17408310", + "text": "Cisapride was found to bind the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) potassium channel, which provides a plausible mechanism for QTc interval prolongation/arrhythmia.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Cisapride", + "potassium" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ], + [ + 72, + 81 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23534412", + "text": "In rat PRP, C3 reduced ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ADP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 23, + 26 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23609782", + "text": "Laquinimod has lower efficacy than BG-12 but appears safe and could find a place as a first-line agent.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "BG-12" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 34, + 39 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "15121646", + "text": "The affinity of ziprasidone for these receptors in vivo in patients was examined in a positron emission tomography (PET) study.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ziprasidone" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 16, + 27 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "22982445", + "text": "Moreover, LTD4-induced increases in CysLT(1)R and NF-κB p65 in the brain were also attenuated by pranlukast.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "pranlukast" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 86, + 96 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11009561", + "text": "The BH(4) treatment was associated with a 2-fold increase in eNOS activity as well as a 70% reduction in endothelial O(2)(-) production compared with those in fructose-fed rats.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "BH(4)", + "O(2)(-)", + "fructose" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 4, + 9 + ], + [ + 117, + 124 + ], + [ + 159, + 167 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23523949", + "text": "Protective effect of crocin on diazinon induced cardiotoxicity in rats in subchronic exposure.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "crocin", + "diazinon" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 21, + 27 + ], + [ + 31, + 39 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23644411", + "text": "To gain insight into the mode of action of the steroidal glycosides, nitric oxide (NO) production, and expression of genes for transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β) and its receptors were evaluated.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "steroidal glycosides", + "nitric oxide", + "NO" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 47, + 67 + ], + [ + 69, + 81 + ], + [ + 83, + 85 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23330847", + "text": "Nanoparticles composed of conjugated fluorescent polymers (Pdots) have recently been shown to have high brightness and no blinking.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23584857", + "text": "Increase of Txnip was not limited to the hypothalamus, with exaggerated expression in white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, and liver also demonstrated in torpid mice.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23313633", + "text": "Mathematical modeling using Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas suggested a non-Fickian diffusion as the mechanism of insulin release.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23578584", + "text": "Significance of the transient receptor potential canonical 2 (TRPC2) channel in the regulation of rat thyroid FRTL-5 cell proliferation, migration, adhesion and invasion.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12392782", + "text": "We found that inhibitors of both these pathways suppressed neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent fashion.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17378584", + "text": "These findings indicate that the conformation of the synthetic active site, modulated by this residue, may be coupled to specificity and provide new insights into the origins of selectivity without editing.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23375813", + "text": "It suggested that there was 12.4% (w/w) of 3'-R/S-hydroxyvoacamine in the alkaloid enriched fraction of T. divaricata stem.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "3'-R/S-hydroxyvoacamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 41, + 64 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23479389", + "text": "[6]-Gingerol derived from Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) was identified as a novel angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, with an IC50 value of 8.173 µM.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15082029", + "text": "In both WT and KO mice, increasing the dose of figrastim or pegfilgrastim resulted in a proportional increase in the AUC.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "14507899", + "text": "A single subretinal injection of saline solution containing fluorescent beads caused a histologically evident retinal detachment and distributed the microbeads to almost all the subretinal space.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23489521", + "text": "There seems little justification in using long acting insulin analogues in women with gestational diabetes or type 2 diabetes where the risk of hypoglycaemia is low.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "16686685", + "text": "The role of late I and antiarrhythmic drugs in EAD formation and termination in Purkinje fibers.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15932636", + "text": "These results confirm the important role of the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway in DEC's mechanism of action in vivo and show that in addition to its effects on the 5-lipoxygenase pathway, it targets the cyclooxygenase pathway and COX-1.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "arachidonic acid" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 48, + 64 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23434647", + "text": "Western blot was performed to evaluate the activity status of signaling molecules in the process of ovarian cancer cell migration.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23022324", + "text": "The changes in cytoskeletal gene expression are likely responsible for the inhibitory effects of NaAsO(2) on neurite outgrowth.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "NaAsO(2)" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 94, + 102 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23551329", + "text": "In PFC, DEX caused activation of AKT, augmentation of pro-survival Bcl-2 protein and enhanced Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio, as well Bcl-2 translocation to mitochondria.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "DEX" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 7, + 10 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10670413", + "text": "The inhibitory effect of PGE1 or sulprostone was prevented by pretreatment with pertussis toxin [islet activating protein (IAP)] or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), and the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine blocked the action of PMA.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "PGE1", + "sulprostone", + "phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate", + "PMA", + "chelerythrine", + "PMA" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 25, + 29 + ], + [ + 33, + 44 + ], + [ + 132, + 163 + ], + [ + 165, + 168 + ], + [ + 212, + 225 + ], + [ + 248, + 251 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23500545", + "text": "The 25- and the 27-cholesterol hydroxylases, present in almost all tissues, are possible candidates.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "cholesterol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 19, + 30 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23600432", + "text": "Focusing on direct inhibitors, several patents disclosing FLAP antagonists are also subject of this review.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "15866288", + "text": "Results show that in placebo-treated eyes, UVB evoked the appearance of u-PA activity in cornea and tear fluid in early stages of irradiation, and u-PA levels increased during irradiation.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "19549602", + "text": "Thus, amitriptyline acts as a TrkA and TrkB agonist and possesses marked neurotrophic activity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "amitriptyline" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 6, + 19 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10617684", + "text": "The IC(50) value for UDB of peak I(Na) for WT was 29 +/- 4 microM (n = 20) and for DeltaKPQ was 11", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "6687626", + "text": "The precursor also includes the neurophysin molecule with which the hormone is associated in the neurosecretory granules of the hypothalamo-pituitary tract.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23403203", + "text": "Moreover, co-treatment with antofine and a specific PKCβ inhibitor prevented endocytosis of gap junctions, downregulation of Cx43, and inhibition of GJIC.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "antofine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 25, + 33 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12392782", + "text": "Cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors protect against mononuclear phagocyte neurotoxicity.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23291559", + "text": "Here, we have determined the molecular mechanism of this male-specific activation of the Kcnk1 gene and characterized KCNK1 as a phenobarbital-inducible antihyperplasia factor.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "phenobarbital" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 129, + 142 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "19568704", + "text": "CONCLUSIONS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23337256", + "text": "However, recent clinical studies have shown that a single low-dose injection of ketamine, an N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, has rapid antidepressant effects that are observed within hours and are long lasting.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ketamine", + "N-methyl d-aspartate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 80, + 88 + ], + [ + 93, + 113 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23327877", + "text": "Compound 6 stimulated OATP1B3-mediated estradiol 17β-glucuronide uptake by increasing the apparent affinity of OATP1B3 for its substrate.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "estradiol 17β-glucuronide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 38, + 63 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23411259", + "text": "Further studies are needed to identify the active compounds and their mechanisms.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23230273", + "text": "Here we show that the nuclear cap binding complex (CBC) directs recruitment of transcription elongation factors and establishes proper histone marks during active transcription.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23454835", + "text": "Most cells exhibited a large G2 nucleus whereas numbers of true mitotic cells were reduced relative to control.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "11009561", + "text": "Oral administration of tetrahydrobiopterin prevents endothelial dysfunction and vascular oxidative stress in the aortas of insulin-resistant rats.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "tetrahydrobiopterin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 23, + 42 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16441928", + "text": "We assessed the efficacy and tolerance of olive as compared with standard soybean oil-based ILE during intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22776694", + "text": "Passive stiffness, on the other hand, is thought to stem from non-muscle component of the airway wall, especially the collagen/elastin fibrous network of the extracellular matrix within which the muscle cells are embedded.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23163726", + "text": "These have been divided into four different subgroups on the basis of sequence similarity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23139413", + "text": "These results provide evidence for the emerging paradigm of domain coupling facilitated by long range interactions at distant sites on the same receptor.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12047490", + "text": "RESULTS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23301897", + "text": "The Mosher ester method was employed to determine the absolute configurations of 5-7, and the absolute configuration of the 9,10-diol unit of compound 8 was established by a dimolybdenum tetraacetate", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "diol", + "dimolybdenum tetraacetate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 129, + 133 + ], + [ + 174, + 199 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "8819507", + "text": "The order of potency for full (F) or partial (P) agonists causing relaxation was guanabenz (P) >", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "guanabenz" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 81, + 90 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23411172", + "text": "The uptake of OVA was not inhibited by AP treatment, and the gene expression of membrane-associated RING-CH ubiquitin E3 ligase, MARCH1, was up-regulated by AP treatment.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10398211", + "text": "NBF was significantly increased in diabetic rats supplemented with cilazapril diet, and nerve conduction velocity and amplitudes of the CMAP were also improved after 4 weeks on this diet.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "cilazapril" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 67, + 77 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11089538", + "text": "IGFBP-rP1 and IGFBP-rP2 are likely to negatively regulate growth, because they seem to increase during senescence of the prostate epithelium and in response to growth inhibitors (TGF-beta1 and atRA).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "19228178", + "text": "Pharmacology of ramelteon, a selective MT1/MT2 receptor agonist: a novel therapeutic drug for sleep disorders.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "ramelteon" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 16, + 25 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16291873", + "text": "We used mutagenesis of these residues, combined with an investigation of hERG block by close analogs of clofilium and ibutilide, to assess how specific alterations in drug structure affected potency and binding interactions.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "clofilium", + "ibutilide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 104, + 113 + ], + [ + 118, + 127 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23374869", + "text": "Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by phthalide analogues.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "monoamine", + "phthalide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 14, + 23 + ], + [ + 35, + 44 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "16851960", + "text": "A theoretical study.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17333137", + "text": "In rats, rolipram antagonized both phencyclidine hydrochloride- and D-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and inhibited conditioned avoidance responding (CAR).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "rolipram", + "phencyclidine hydrochloride", + "D-amphetamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 9, + 17 + ], + [ + 35, + 62 + ], + [ + 68, + 81 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23344956", + "text": "However, the link between the clinical severity of PMD and the cellular response induced by mutant PLP1 remains largely unknown.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23380568", + "text": "METHODS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "12560076", + "text": "Racemization of serine is catalyzed by serine racemase, a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme expressed mainly in brain and liver.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "serine", + "serine", + "pyridoxal 5'-phosphate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 16, + 22 + ], + [ + 39, + 45 + ], + [ + 58, + 80 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "1977506", + "text": "Furthermore, the receptor specificity of many of these agents has been focused such that terfenadine, astemizole, loratadine and cetirizine are devoid of anticholinergic activity and exhibit little alpha-antagonistic or anti-serotonin activity of clinical relevance.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "terfenadine", + "astemizole", + "loratadine", + "cetirizine", + "serotonin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 89, + 100 + ], + [ + 102, + 112 + ], + [ + 114, + 124 + ], + [ + 129, + 139 + ], + [ + 225, + 234 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23601990", + "text": "A series of phosphorylated flavonoids were synthesized and investigated in vitro as inhibitors of pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CEase) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "cholesterol", + "phosphorylated flavonoids" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 109, + 120 + ], + [ + 12, + 37 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "9079657", + "text": "(IC50 approximately 20-40 microM).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10398211", + "text": "When applied locally to the sciatic nerve, the dose-response curve of angiotensin II was more potent in experimental diabetic neuropathy (EDN) than control rats.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "angiotensin II" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 70, + 84 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10434156", + "text": "[Psychopharmacological profile of venlafaxine].\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "venlafaxine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 34, + 45 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23377618", + "text": "Furthermore, the EC50 value (2.7mM) for acetaminophen on the 3D cultures was similar to in vivo toxicity.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "acetaminophen" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 40, + 53 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10950934", + "text": "DDAH2 expression predominates in highly vascularized tissues that express the endothelial NOS isoform and in immune tissues that can express iNOS.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "10047461", + "text": "These results suggest that the megabase DNA fragmentation is induced as a consequence of inhibition of thymidylate synthase by Tomudex and kilobase DNA fragmentation may correlate with the reduction of p27(kip1) expression and the increase in cyclin E and cdk2 kinase activities.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "thymidylate", + "Tomudex" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 103, + 114 + ], + [ + 127, + 134 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17652426", + "text": "These data demonstrate that type II collagen proteolysis is an important determinant for the skeletal outgrowth through modulation of chondrocyte survival and cartilagenous growth.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "14600253", + "text": "= 5.4 pmol/mg/min, K(m) = 34 microM, and K(d) = 0.0069 microl/mg/min; in the presence of p-aminohippurate, the parameters were: V(max)", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "p-aminohippurate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 89, + 105 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10839989", + "text": "As compared with N(5)-methyl H(4)biopterin, N(5)-formyl H(4)biopterin bound with twice the capacity but stimulated nitric oxide synthase to a lesser extent.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "N(5)-methyl H(4)biopterin", + "N(5)-formyl H(4)biopterin", + "nitric oxide" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 17, + 42 + ], + [ + 44, + 69 + ], + [ + 115, + 127 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10947967", + "text": "In contrast, 2, 4-dioxo-5-acetamido-6-phenylhexanoic acid, which is a competitive inhibitor with respect to ascorbate, exhibits a low degree of stereospecificity in binding to the ascorbate sites of both PAM and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "2, 4-dioxo-5-acetamido-6-phenylhexanoic acid", + "ascorbate", + "ascorbate", + "dopamine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 13, + 57 + ], + [ + 108, + 117 + ], + [ + 180, + 189 + ], + [ + 212, + 220 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14508322", + "text": "In vivo, loss and recovery of the righting reflex required similar times after intraperitoneal injection of etomidate in wild-type and in alpha2A-receptor-deficient mice, indicating that the hypnotic effect of etomidate in mice does not require the alpha2A-receptor subtype.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "etomidate", + "etomidate" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 108, + 117 + ], + [ + 210, + 219 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "12093311", + "text": "METHODS:", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "7929150", + "text": "Catalytic properties of mouse carbonic anhydrase V.\nA cDNA encoding the mouse carbonic anhydrase V gene was isolated by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction from BALB/c mouse liver mRNA.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "14737100", + "text": "The predilection of p95ErbB2 to heterodimerize with ErbB3 provides an explanation for its regulation by HRG, an ErbB3 ligand.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17497253", + "text": "The mutations lead to a gain of function of the affected current (IKr, IKs, and IK1).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23542147", + "text": "Subsequently, the inhibition of NF-κB downstream gene expression (IL-8 and ICAM-1) by the plant extracts was assessed via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17600786", + "text": "Alcohol sidechains maintain a high water solubility; a dansyl monomer was constructed as a fluorescence label.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Alcohol", + "dansyl" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 7 + ], + [ + 55, + 61 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "20531964", + "text": "Clinical trials are in progress to examine additional roles for everolimus in renal cancer, alone and in combination with other agents.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "everolimus" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 64, + 74 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "1375507", + "text": "These results suggest that prostacyclin may play a role in downregulating tissue factor expression in monocytes, at least in part via elevation of intracellular levels of cyclic AMP.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "prostacyclin", + "cyclic AMP" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 27, + 39 + ], + [ + 171, + 181 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23085095", + "text": "CYP3A activity and protein levels in liver microsomes were also not affected by 7-day AC pretreatment at 0.125mg/kg.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23583884", + "text": "Further, TCDD exposure could induce phosphorylation- and ubiquitination-dependent degradation of IкBα, and the translocation of NF-κB p65 from the cytosol to the nucleus in this microglial cell line.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "TCDD" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 8, + 12 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23563356", + "text": "Gene expression studies showed that mice lacking lrp5 have increased expression of tph1, the rate limiting enzyme for the production of serotonin in the gut.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "serotonin" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 135, + 144 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "8667211", + "text": "Relying on these findings, as well as on our clinical observations, we studied in vitro and in vivo the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on CA I and CA II.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17210712", + "text": "The successful use of the arginine-depleting enzyme arginine deiminase (ADI) to treat ASS-deficient tumors has opened up new possibilities for effective cancer therapy.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "arginine", + "arginine" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 26, + 34 + ], + [ + 52, + 60 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23357567", + "text": "This process is strongly impacted by inverse correlations among yields.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "18686730", + "text": "Formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Formoterol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 10 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23423570", + "text": "Treating diabetic rats with dapsone, an agent known to inhibit neutrophil function, was associated with improved healing.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "dapsone" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 28, + 35 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "11562773", + "text": "Using DNA sequence and known structure of uPA we have modeled 3D structures of uPAs for several different species.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "14692707", + "text": "Serum carvedilol concentration and its relation to change in plasma brain natriuretic peptide level in the treatment of heart failure: a preliminary study.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "carvedilol" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 6, + 16 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "14871882", + "text": "In conclusion, the OAT gene was expressed more in female rat proximal tubules than in male.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "17284757", + "text": "The prevalence of the variant T/- allele was 48%.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23643730", + "text": "Take together, our results demonstrated that juglone might induce the apoptosis in LNCaP cell via down-regulation of AR expression.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "juglone" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 45, + 52 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23631499", + "text": "The third and fourth subgroups were, respectively, treated orally with the S. triloba extract at a dose of 750 and 375 mg/kg b.w. daily for 3 months.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23643933", + "text": "The global expression of lncRNAs and coding genes was analyzed with the Human LncRNA Array V2.0 after 24h treatment.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23292797", + "text": "This finding is true regardless of subtype of G(i) (e.g., G(i2), G(o), and G(z)) tested.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "22872607", + "text": "AKRs expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes from smokers: The role of body mass index.\n", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "23374869", + "text": "Among the nineteen homologues evaluated, the lowest IC(50)", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [], + "offsets": [] + }, + { + "pmid": "19228178", + "text": "Ramelteon has demonstrated sleep-promoting effects in clinical trials, and coupled with its favorable safety profile and lack of abuse potential or dependence, this chronohypnotic provides an important treatment option for insomnia.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "Ramelteon" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 0, + 9 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "23506741", + "text": "In the present study, we aimed at examining the effect of 1-ethyl-5-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, a synthetic small molecular compound also named Fc11a-2, for the treatment of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in mice via targeting NLRP3 inflammasome.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "1-ethyl-5-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole", + "Fc11a-2", + "sulfate", + "sodium" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 58, + 104 + ], + [ + 154, + 161 + ], + [ + 192, + 199 + ], + [ + 200, + 206 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "10340919", + "text": "Thus our data suggest that the COX-2 preference of meloxicam observed in vitro may not result in clinical advantages when the higher dose of 15 mg is needed.", + "type": "CHEMICAL", + "entities": [ + "meloxicam" + ], + "offsets": [ + [ + 51, + 60 + ] + ] + }, + { + "pmid": "17593236", + "text": ">or=7.5% and