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+++ "b/mcq_data.csv"
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+question_id,course_id,course_domain,course_type,question,choices,correct_answer,correct_answer_idx
+2,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,What is the worst case complexity of listing the contents of the directory? The file system implements directories as linked-lists.,"['$O(1)$', '$O(number of direntries in the directory)$', '$O(size of the file system)$', '$O(number of direntries in the file system)$', '$O(log(number of direntries in the directory))$']",$O(number of direntries in the directory)$,1
+6,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,Which of the following are correct implementation for acquire function ? Assume 0 means UNLOCKED and 1 means LOCKED. Initially l->locked = 0.,"['c \n   void acquire(struct lock *l)\n   {\n      for(;;)\n        if(xchg(&l->locked, 1) == 0)\n          return;\n   }', 'c \n   void acquire(struct lock *l)\n   {\n     if(cas(&l->locked, 0, 1) == 0)\n       return;\n   }', 'c \n   void acquire(struct lock *l)\n   {\n     for(;;)\n       if(cas(&l->locked, 1, 0) == 1)\n         return;\n   }', 'c \n   void acquire(struct lock *l)\n   {\n     if(l->locked == 0) \n       return;\n   }']","c 
+   void acquire(struct lock *l)
+   {
+      for(;;)
+        if(xchg(&l->locked, 1) == 0)
+          return;
+   }",0
+8,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,Suppose we run JOS and set a breakpoint at syscall (in lib/syscall.c). What are the Current Privilege Level (CPL) before invoking the syscall function and after executing the int 0x30 instruction?,"['0 3', '0 0', '3 0', '3 3']",3 0,2
+9,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,Given that JOS has correctly initialized the IDT and installed all the interrupt handlers. Which of the following will JOS do if the CPU with CPL = 3 tries to read the memory in data segment with DPL = 0?,"['Calling the Page Fault Handler.', 'Calling the General Protection Fault handler.', 'Shuting down the system .', 'Reading out the memory content successfully.']",Calling the General Protection Fault handler.,1
+15,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"In an x86 multiprocessor with JOS, how many Bootstrap Processors (BSP) is it possible to have at most? And how many Application Processors (AP) at most?","['BSP: 0, AP: 4', 'BSP: 1, AP: 4', 'BSP: 2, AP: 4', 'BSP: 0, AP: infinite', 'BSP: 1, AP: infinite', 'BSP: 2, AP: infinite']","BSP: 1, AP: infinite",4
+26,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,What is the worst case complexity of listing files in a directory? The file system implements directories as hash-tables.,"['$O(1)$', '$O(number of direntries in the directory)$', '$O(size of the file system)$', '$O(number of direntries in the file system)$', '$O(log(number of direntries in the directory))$']",$O(number of direntries in the directory)$,1
+30,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"Assume a 32-bit architecture with a single-level page table. Each entry has 20 bits for PPN, 12 bits for permissions, and extra 32 bits used by the OS to store the access time of the page table entry. What is the size of page table required if a process uses all of its memory? (2 pts)","['2 MB', '4 MB', '8 MB', '16 MB']",8 MB,2
+35,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"Suppose traditional inode pointer structure in ext3, i.e. 12 direct pointers, 1 singly, 1 doubly and 1 triply indirect pointer. Further suppose block size of 1kB and a 64-bit pointer. What is the maximal possible size for a single file?","['512kB', '2MB', '4MB', '10MB', '1GB', '4GB']",2MB,1
+37,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,Can there be a race condition in a multi-threaded application running on a single-core machine and multi-core machine?,"['Single-core: Yes, Multi-core: Yes', 'Single-core: Yes, Multi-core: No', 'Single-core: No,  Multi-core: Yes', 'Single-core: No,  Multi-core: No']","Single-core: Yes, Multi-core: Yes",0
+38,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"With a four-level page table, how many memory lookups are required to access data: (a) If the translation is cached in TLB (best case) and (b) If the translation is not cached in TLB (worst case)?","['1,4', '1,5', '4,4', '4,5', '0,4', '0,5']","1,5",1
+39,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"In executing interrupts, when does JOS use Task State Segment and what is it used for?","['Switching from kernel space to user space; Poping all general registers.', 'Switching between user space environments; Loading the stack and instruction register of another environment.', 'Switching from user space to kernel space; Loading the saved kernel stack registers to esp and ss registers.']",Switching from user space to kernel space; Loading the saved kernel stack registers to esp and ss registers.,2
+40,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"In JOS, suppose one Env sends a page to another Env. Is the page copied?","['Yes', 'No']",No,1
+41,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"In JOS and x86, please select all valid options for a system call.","['A system call is for handling interrupts like dividing zero error and page fault.', 'In user mode, before and after a system call instruction(such as int 0x30), the stack pointer(esp in x86) stays the same.', 'During the execution of a system call, when transfering from user mode to kernel mode, the stack pointer(esp in x86) stays the same.']","In user mode, before and after a system call instruction(such as int 0x30), the stack pointer(esp in x86) stays the same.",1
+43,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"If you write ""hello"" to a file in a JOS file system. Right after the write operation, the computer crashes. Is the content ""hello"" persisted (or written) on the disk?","['Yes', 'No']",No,1
+46,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"What is the default block size for a traditional file system, e.g. ext3/4?","['32 bits', '32 bytes', '512 bits', '512 bytes', '4096 bits', '4096 bytes']",4096 bytes,5
+47,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,Suppose a file system used only for reading immutable files in random fashion. What is the best block allocation strategy?,"['Linked-list allocation', 'Continuous allocation', 'Index allocation with B-tree', 'Index allocation with Hash-table']",Continuous allocation,1
+61,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,Which flag prevents user programs from reading and writing kernel data?,"['PTE_P', 'PTE_U', 'PTE_D', 'PTE_W']",PTE_U,1
+62,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"In JOS, after finishing the execution of a user-level page fault handler, how is the program control flow transferred back to the program? (You may get insights from the code snippet of _pagefault_upcall.)","['The control flow will be transferred to kernel first, then to Env that caused the page fault.', 'The control flow will be transferred to Env that caused the page fault directly.']",The control flow will be transferred to Env that caused the page fault directly.,1
+63,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,What data structure is used for tracking free data blocks in ext3/4 file system?,"['Linked-list', 'Bitmap', 'Heap', 'Stack']",Bitmap,1
+65,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"In JOS and x86, which register stores the system call number when invoking a system call?","['ecx', 'eip', 'eax', 'esp', 'No register is required, and the syscall number is followed by int instruction, e.g. int 0x30.']",eax,2
+70,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"In JOS, which of the following does NOT happen during the execution of a system call? (Including the period of entering kernel, executing kernel function, and exiting kernel.)","['The kernel pushes Env’s cs and eip register on the kernel stack.', 'The CPU reads the interrupt handler address from IDT.', 'The kernel executes iret to return to user mode.', ""The kernel switches from Env's page table to the kernel's page table, by loading cr3 register.""]","The kernel switches from Env's page table to the kernel's page table, by loading cr3 register.",3
+76,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"Once paging is enabled, load instruction / CR3 register / Page Table entry uses Virtual or Physical address?","['Physical / Physical / Physical', 'Physical / Physical / Virtual', 'Virtual / Physical / Physical', 'Virtual / Virtual / Virtual', 'Virtual / Virtual / Physical']",Virtual / Physical / Physical,2
+77,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"In JOS, is page fault handled by a system call?","['Yes', 'No']",No,1
+78,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,Which of the execution of an application are possible on a single-core machine?,"['Concurrent execution', 'Parallel execution', 'Both concurrent and parallel execution', 'Neither concurrent or parallel execution']",Concurrent execution,0
+86,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,"In JOS, suppose a value is passed between two Envs. What is the minimum number of executed system calls?","['1', '2', '3', '4']",2,1
+87,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,What strace tool does?,"['It prints out system calls for given program. These system calls are always called when executing the program.', 'It prints out system calls for given program. These systems calls are called only for that particular instance of the program.', 'To trace a symlink. I.e. to find where the symlink points to.', 'To remove wildcards from the string.']",It prints out system calls for given program. These systems calls are called only for that particular instance of the program.,1
+88,15005,Computer Science,bachelor,Question 4. Assume a 32-bit architecture with a four-level page table and a page size of 4KB. What is the minimum size of page table pages required to map a single page of physical memory (No huge page)?,"['4 KB', '8 KB', '16 KB', '32 KB', '64 KB']",16 KB,2
+229,15013,Physics,online,Which ones in the list below increase CT signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)?,"['Increasing matrix size', 'Increasing field of view (FOV)', 'Increasing mAs', 'Increasing scan time', 'Increasing detector quantum efficiency', 'Increasing slice thickness', 'Increasing K (maximum voltage applied across an X-ray tube)']",Increasing matrix size,0
+233,15016,Physics,online,What is true about reducing phase-encoding steps? (i.e how can we reduce phase encoding step and what is its effect),"['Increasing k-space spacing - leads to worse resolution', 'Dropping peripheral k-space lines (dropping scan percentage) – leads to smaller FOV', 'Half-Fourier acquisition – leads to worse resolution', 'Reducing phase-encoding steps leads to worse SNR']",Reducing phase-encoding steps leads to worse SNR,3
+234,15016,Physics,online,Note: Make sure you select all of the correct options—there may be more than one!,"['The Larmor equation describes the precession of the total magnetization around the static magnetic field \\(\\vec B_0\\) with a frequency \\(f=\\gamma B_0/(2π)\\) in the Lab frame', 'The Larmor equation describes the precession of the total magnetization around \\(\\vec B_0\\) with a frequency \\(f=\\gamma B_0/(2π)\\) in the rotating frame.', 'At equilibrium, all the spins are aligned along \\(\\vec B_0\\).']",The Larmor equation describes the precession of the total magnetization around the static magnetic field \(\vec B_0\) with a frequency \(f=\gamma B_0/(2π)\) in the Lab frame,0
+235,15016,Physics,online,Can we use MRI as a lie detector?,"['Yes, and it is already often used.', 'No, it is strictly impossible to distinguish different brain zones, based on MRI images.', 'Maybe, some scientists are developping it. But  at this time, the technique is not reliable.']","Maybe, some scientists are developping it. But  at this time, the technique is not reliable.",2
+236,15016,Physics,online,Integral under peak of the Fourier transform of a signal gives information about...,"['Properties of the compound', 'Concentration of the compound', 'Relaxation time of the compound']",Concentration of the compound,1
+237,15016,Physics,online,"When the RF pulse stops, protons...","['Dephase according to \\(T_2^*\\) and recover along \\(\\vec B_0\\) according to \\(T_1\\)', 'Dephase according to \\(T_1\\) and recover along \\(\\vec B_0\\) according to \\(T_2^*\\)', 'Dephase according to \\(T_1\\) and recover along \\(\\vec B_0\\) according to \\(T_2\\)', 'Dephase according to \\(T_2\\) and recover along \\(\\vec B_0\\) according to \\(T_1\\)']",Dephase according to \(T_2^*\) and recover along \(\vec B_0\) according to \(T_1\),0
+244,15016,Physics,online,What does diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) measure?,"['Motion of water molecules', 'Motion of cells', 'Motion of organelles', 'Chemical composition of tissue', 'Ratio of water to fat']",Motion of water molecules,0
+246,15013,Physics,online,Why do we put on sunscreen in Australia?,"['Because the ionizing limit is at shorter wavelength than visible light', 'Because the ionizing limit is at longer wavelength than visible light', 'Because the sunscreen absorbs all the ultraviolet radiation']",Because the ionizing limit is at shorter wavelength than visible light,0
+249,15016,Physics,online,"If a signal is undersampled, aliasing will result and cause...","['Amplitude misregistration', 'Frequency misregistration', 'Phase misregistration', 'Worse  resolution', 'High noise level']",Frequency misregistration,1
+253,15016,Physics,online,Diffusion is typically NOT restricted by...,"['Intracellular water', 'Extracellular water', 'Pus', 'Tumor cells']",Extracellular water,1
+255,15013,Physics,online,What is one of the major problem encountered with Emission Tomography?,"['Bad CNR', 'Inefficient detection of X-rays', 'Attenuation', 'High cost of exam']",Attenuation,2
+256,15013,Physics,online,Compartmental modeling and tracers studies have application in different areas such as...,"['Drug kinetics in pharmacology', 'Studies of metabolic systems', 'Analysis of ecosystem', 'Chemical reaction kinetics']",Drug kinetics in pharmacology,0
+258,15013,Physics,online,What information does a Doppler shift provide?,"['Flow', 'Cardiac output', 'Velocity', 'Speed']",Velocity,2
+262,15033,Physics,online,How many lines are there in the 1H spectrum of CHD3?,"['2', '3', '5', '7']",7,3
+263,15013,Physics,online,What does the Doppler shift measure?,"['The ratio of incident frequency to reflected frequency', 'The sum of incident frequency and reflected frequency', 'The difference between incident and reflected frequency', 'The product of incident and reflected frequency']",The difference between incident and reflected frequency,2
+264,15013,Physics,online,The size of a voxel can be calculated from:,"['Matrix size', 'Slice thickness', 'Field of view']",Matrix size,0
+266,15013,Physics,online,"In PET, how can the attenuation correction be performed?","['Preacquisition of a (known) external radioactive source to be used for attenuation', 'Utilizing CT images for attenuation correction', 'Both of the above']",Both of the above,2
+267,15016,Physics,online,The strength of the frequency-encoding gradient...,"['...is changed many times to generate k-space', '...has no influence on the final image', '...alters the bandwidth of the signal', '...alters the tissue contrast']",...alters the bandwidth of the signal,2
+268,15013,Physics,online,"During fluoroscopy, what is the principal source of the dose received by the technologist (outside the primary beam)?","['Compton electrons.', 'Photoelectrons.', 'Compton scattered photons.', 'Rayleigh scattering']",Compton scattered photons.,2
+270,15033,Physics,online,The ratio T1 / T2 = 10 was measured for a 1H resonance on a 600 MHz spectrometer. What is the value of tau c?,"['0.52 ns', '1.13 ns', '1.38 ns', '2.05 ns']",1.13 ns,1
+271,15013,Physics,online,Diagnostic ultrasound is defined as a sound with a frequency of:,"['Greater than 20 kHz', 'Greater than 0.2 MHz', 'Greater than 1 MHz', 'Less than 1 kHz']",Greater than 1 MHz,2
+273,15013,Physics,online,Why are filters placed within the X-ray tube of a CT scanner?,"['To decrease the scan time', 'To remove high energy photons from the beam', 'To remove low energy X-ray photons from the beam']",To remove low energy X-ray photons from the beam,2
+277,15016,Physics,online,Where is hydrogen magnetization measured?,"['Along the main magnetic field', 'Perpendicular to the main magnetic field']",Perpendicular to the main magnetic field,1
+278,15016,Physics,online,The magnetic moment of individual spin in induction field \(B_0\) depends on:,"['Gyromagnetic ratio', 'The surrounding spins of other molecules', 'Magnetic field', 'The temperature', 'The angular momentum of the nucleus']",Gyromagnetic ratio,0
+279,15013,Physics,online,Why should you go to the bathroom before leaving the hospital after a PET scan?,"['In order to eliminate most of the radioactive substance.', 'Doctors can check the desintegration of radioactive substance after the scan.', 'Urine analysis is necessary to a better interpretation of PET scan images']",In order to eliminate most of the radioactive substance.,0
+280,15013,Physics,online,What produces a uniform density of the radiograph called image noise?,"['Photoelectric effect', 'Filter', 'Photodisintegration', 'Rayleigh (coherent) scattering']",Rayleigh (coherent) scattering,3
+281,15013,Physics,online,"In an X-ray tube, electrons travel:","['Toward the cathode.', 'Toward the anode.', 'Within the nucleus of an atom.']",Toward the anode.,1
+282,15013,Physics,online,"Regarding the current PET/CT scanners, which of the following two statements is true?","['PET and CT are in the same gantry, and acquisition of PET and CT occurs simultaneously.', 'After the CT scan, the PET image is acquired.']","After the CT scan, the PET image is acquired.",1
+284,15013,Physics,online,What are the advantages of bio-imaging compared to tissue analysis? Make sure you select all of the correct options — there may be more than one!,"['Bioimaging allows longitudinal studies, which increases statistical power.', 'Repetitive studies are possible and allow observing the evolution in the same subject.', 'Bioimaging is non invasive.', 'The structure of tissues can be described more precisely.', 'The image acquisition is fairly fast.']","Bioimaging allows longitudinal studies, which increases statistical power.",0
+286,15033,Physics,online,How long does it take for the free induction decay of an NMR line with T2 = 0.5 s to decay to 1% of its initial amplitude?,"['2.30 s', '2.90 s', '3.20 s', '3.70 s']",2.30 s,0
+290,15013,Physics,online,Rats have a higher glucose metabolic rate (GMR) in their brain than humans. Can we conclude they are smarter ?,"['Yes, some studies tend to show that rats learn faster than humans.', 'No, some studies indicate an inverse relationship between GMR and intelligence.', 'Studies have shown that there is no correlation between GMR and intelligence']","No, some studies indicate an inverse relationship between GMR and intelligence.",1
+292,15016,Physics,online,Which element within the body is the most important regarding MRI?,"['Oxygen', 'Carbon', 'Hydrogen']",Hydrogen,2
+293,15016,Physics,online,You discover a mummy. Which imaging technique will you use?,"['MRI', 'PET scan', 'X-ray radiography']",X-ray radiography,2
+295,15013,Physics,online,Which interaction between X-ray beam and matter results in the largest patient dose?,"['Characteristic', ""Compton's scatter"", 'Bremsstrahlung', 'Photoelectric effect']",Photoelectric effect,3
+296,15016,Physics,online,What is the optimal \(TI\) to detect changes in \(T_1\)?,"['\\(TI = T_1\\)', '\\(TI = T_1/2\\)', '\\(TI = \\pi/2\\)']",\(TI = T_1\),0
+301,15013,Physics,online,"Let's consider a drug distribution rate from a compartment 1 to 2. In the simplest case, this rate is assumed to be...","['Approximately constant', 'Decreasing exponentially', 'Proportional to the mass (or concentration) of the drug in compartment 1.']",Proportional to the mass (or concentration) of the drug in compartment 1.,2
+302,15016,Physics,online,Which component of an MRI system allows to choose exactly where in the body to acquire an image?,"['Gradient magnets', 'RF pulses', 'Contrast agents']",Gradient magnets,0
+305,15016,Physics,online,"Compared with SE (spin echo), GRE (gradient echo) sequences use","['Longer \\(TR\\)', 'Shorter \\(TR\\)', 'Longer \\(TE\\)', 'Shorter \\(TE\\)']",Shorter \(TR\),1
+306,15013,Physics,online,Which of the following statements is true?,"['Is due to photoelectric absorption and Compton scatter.', 'Gives the relative number of x-rays emitted at each photon energy.', 'Depends only on the braking radiation.', 'Is produced by electron transitions between the electron shells.']",Gives the relative number of x-rays emitted at each photon energy.,1
+307,15013,Physics,online,What are the types of coincidence events?,"['True', 'Random', 'Scattered', 'Multiple']",True,0
+308,15013,Physics,online,"In a gamma camera, what is the component that ""converts"" the light signal in electronic signal?","['Dynode', 'Photocatode', 'Photomultiplier tube', 'Scintillator crystal']",Photomultiplier tube,2
+310,15013,Physics,online,What is the name of the Austrian mathematician who proved in 1917 that it was possible to reconstruct a three-dimensional object from the infinite set of all of its projections?,"['Radon', 'Tsien', 'Bracewell', 'Cormack']",Radon,0
+311,15033,Physics,online,How long (in multiples of T1) is it necessary to wait for Δn(t) to relax to 99% of Δneq??,"['2.61 T1', '4.61 T1', '5.02 T1', '7.03 T1']",4.61 T1,1
+316,15033,Physics,online,What is the NMR frequency of 1H in a 23.488 T magnetic field?,"['1000.0 Hz', '1000.0 kHz', '1000.0 MHz', '1000.0 GHz']",1000.0 MHz,2
+317,15013,Physics,online,"Which phenomena does the term ""beam hardening"" describe?","['The decrease in average photon energy of a heterogeneous X-ray beam', 'The increase in average photon energy of a homogeneous X-ray beam', 'The increase in average photon energy of a heterogeneous X-ray beam', 'None of the above']",The increase in average photon energy of a heterogeneous X-ray beam,2
+318,15013,Physics,online,"When incoming electrons interacts with bound electrons in the X-ray target, ionization of the atom can occur...","['if the absolute energy transferred exceeds the absolute binding energy of the shell involved.', 'as well as emission of alpha and beta particles.', 'and gamma ray emission too.', 'when the kinetic energy of the incoming electrons is less than the binding energy of the shell involved.']",if the absolute energy transferred exceeds the absolute binding energy of the shell involved.,0
+320,15033,Physics,online,For each of the following compounds determine which protons are magnetically equivalent:,"['benzene', 'the 2,5 protons in furan', 'F2C=C=CH2']",benzene,0
+321,15013,Physics,online,How is termed the fraction of attenuated incident photons per unit thickness of a material?,"['Linear attenuation coefficient', 'Mass absorption coefficient', 'Coefficient of scattering', 'Mean attenuation ratio']",Linear attenuation coefficient,0
+323,15033,Physics,online,Predict the total number of lines in the 1H spectrum of CH3Cl,"['0', '1', '2', '3']",1,1
+325,15013,Physics,online,How is called the reduction of intensity when an X-ray beam interacts with matter?,"['Scatter', 'Attenuation', 'Transmission', 'Differential absorption']",Attenuation,1
+328,15016,Physics,online,"In a ""90 degree impulsion"" when the RF pulse is applied...","['The excess of protons spins parallel to \\(\\vec B_0\\) disappears.', 'Proton spins precess in phase.', 'All of the above']",All of the above,2
+329,15016,Physics,online,Why using a rotating reference frame to describe motion of magnetization?,"['Because the formulas were developped historically considering rotating frame.', 'To simplify the complex motion of precessing spins.', 'It is the international standard.']",To simplify the complex motion of precessing spins.,1
+330,15016,Physics,online,Which action allows the formation of a spin echo?,"['Reversing the direction of \\(\\vec B_0\\).', 'Flipping proton direction by a radiofrequency pulse.', 'Applying a negative magnetic field gradient.']",Flipping proton direction by a radiofrequency pulse.,1
+334,15016,Physics,online,"To null the signal from a particular tissue with an IR sequence, one should choose TI based on what?","['The proton density of the tissue', 'The \\(T_1\\) value of the tissue', 'The \\(T_2\\) value of the tissue', 'The \\(T_2^*\\) value of the tissue', 'The precession frequency of the tissue']",The \(T_1\) value of the tissue,1
+336,15016,Physics,online,Which of the following imaging parameter allows fat-water phase differences in MRI?,"['TR in a spin echo (SE) sequence', 'TE in a spin echo (SE) sequence', 'TR in a gradient echo (GRE) sequence', 'TE in a gradient echo (GRE) sequence', 'TR in either SE or GRE sequence', 'TE in either SE or GRE sequence']",TE in a gradient echo (GRE) sequence,3
+338,15033,Physics,online,"Predict which of the following compounds has the highest and which the lowest 1H chemical shift: CH3Br, CH2Br2 and CHBr3. (from highest to lowest)","['CH3Br > CH2Br2 > CHBr3', 'CHBr3 > CH2Br2 > CH3Br', 'CH2Br2 > CHBr3 > CH3Br', 'They have all the same 1H chemical shift']",CHBr3 > CH2Br2 > CH3Br,1
+339,15013,Physics,online,"The three most common parameters used to measure the ""quality"" of an image are…","['The spatial resolution, the sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio.', 'The SNR, the spatial resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio.', 'The image noise, the spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio.']","The SNR, the spatial resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio.",1
+340,15013,Physics,online,X-ray detection in Emission Tomography involves...,"['A beta camera composed of PMT and scintillating crystal', 'A measure at 180 degrees simultaneously', 'An x-ray tube and a circular detector ring', 'Collimation, scintillation and amplification']","Collimation, scintillation and amplification",3
+346,15016,Physics,online,An MRI system creates an image when:,"['All the hydrogen atoms in the body precess around the same axis.', 'Hydrogens atoms align to the magnetic field.', 'After excitation, the hydrogen atoms go back to their initial position, releasing energy.']","After excitation, the hydrogen atoms go back to their initial position, releasing energy.",2
+347,15016,Physics,online,What is the name given to the relaxation process due to a transfer of energy from the nuclear spin system to neighboring molecules?,"['Spin - lattice relaxation', 'Spin - spin relaxation']",Spin - lattice relaxation,0
+348,15013,Physics,online,Which of the following is not directly ionizing radiation?,"['Positrons', '\\(\\alpha-\\)particles', 'Neutrons', 'Protons']",Neutrons,2
+349,15016,Physics,online,When  was the first MRI human scan performed?,"['1952', '1965', '1977', '1985']",1977,2
+350,15013,Physics,online,"What is the cause of the light areas seen on a radiograph (low optical density), such those corresponding to bone?","['Photoelectric effect', 'Image noise', 'Compton interactions']",Photoelectric effect,0
+356,15016,Physics,online,What is the essential and biggest component of an MRI scanner?,"['Magnet', 'Digitizer', 'Imager']",Magnet,0
+358,15016,Physics,online,When a hydrogen atom in a magnetic field absorbs radiation energy...,"['Frequency of precession of the nucleus increases.', 'The magnetic moment vector spins faster.', 'The magnetic moment vector of nucleus ""flips"" so that it now opposes the applied field.']","The magnetic moment vector of nucleus ""flips"" so that it now opposes the applied field.",2
+359,15013,Physics,online,"On a chest radiograph, lungs are mainly imaged because of differences in...","['Mass density', 'Absorption coefficient', 'Attenuation coefficient']",Mass density,0
+360,15033,Physics,online,"The following data were measured in an inversion recovery experiment: tau [s]: 2.0 , 5.0 , 10.0 , 20.0 , 100.0 with their respective signal intensities Signal(tau): -0.702 , -0.336 , 0.107 , 0.601 , 1.000. Determine the value of T1.","['10.5 s', '12.4 s', '15.6 s', '18.1 s']",12.4 s,1
+362,15013,Physics,online,How is called a digital imaging system's ability to distinguish between similar tissues?,"['Spatial resolution', 'Good SNR', 'Contrast resolution']",Contrast resolution,2
+366,15013,Physics,online,The recorded sharpness or detail of structures on the image is known as...,"['SNR', 'Contrast', 'Spatial resolution']",Spatial resolution,2
+368,15013,Physics,online,"In Doppler effect, which incident angle (in degree) results in no shift?","['180', '90', '45', '0']",90,1
+371,15013,Physics,online,How is called the difference in brightness between light and dark areas of an image?,"['Spatial resolution', 'SNR', 'Contrast']",Contrast,2
+377,15033,Physics,online,What is the NMR frequency of 13C in a 23.488 T magnetic field?,"['1000.0 MHz', '251.5 MHz', '503.0 MHz', '754.5 MHz']",251.5 MHz,1
+380,15033,Physics,online,The aromatic region of the 13C{1H} spectrum of N-methylaniline contains six lines at low temperature. How many lines might be expected at high temperature??,"['2', '4', '6', '8']",4,1
+384,15033,Physics,online,What is the NMR frequency of 1H in the Earth's magnetic field (50 micro Tesla)?,"['1.065 kHz', '2.129 kHz', '3.194 kHz', '4.258 kHz']",2.129 kHz,1
+385,15033,Physics,online,How many distinct chemical shifts would you expect to find in the 13C spectrum of 2-methylbutane?,"['1', '2', '3', '4']",4,3
+388,15016,Physics,online,"In order to obtain a signal in MRI experiment, what is the first step?","['Apply an RF pulse along \\(\\vec B_0\\)', 'Change the amplitude of \\(\\vec B_0\\)', 'Apply an RF pulse in a different direction from \\(\\vec B_0\\)', 'Apply a magnetic field gradient']",Apply an RF pulse in a different direction from \(\vec B_0\),2
+389,15013,Physics,online,Which of the following decreases the noise of the CT image?,"['Decrease in dose', 'Decrease in slice thickness', 'Increase in matrix size', 'Decrease in matrix size']",Decrease in matrix size,3
+390,15033,Physics,online,The 1H spectrum of CH2D2 contains five lines. What are their relative intensities?,"['1:2:2:2:1', '1:1:1:1:1', '1:2:3:2:1', '1:1:2:1:1']",1:2:3:2:1,2
+391,15013,Physics,online,A characteristic feature of a projection radiograph is:,"['Poor spatial resolution', 'Lengthy data acquisition', 'Tissue superimposition']",Tissue superimposition,2
+394,15013,Physics,online,What is \(K_\alpha\) transition?,"['The ionization of a K shell electron.', 'It leads to the emission of Bremsstrahlung.', 'It leads to the emission of characteristic radiation.']",It leads to the emission of characteristic radiation.,2
+395,15033,Physics,online,"Predict the total number of lines in the 1H spectrum of 1,2-dichloro-3,4-dibromobenzene","['1', '2', '3', '4']",4,3
+396,15013,Physics,online,"When X-rays interact with materials, they are able to:","['Cause substances to fluoresce.', 'Remove an electron from an atom.', 'Cause chemical changes that may lead to cells disfunctions.']",Cause substances to fluoresce.,0
+397,15013,Physics,online,Which of the following molecules are typical tracers for SPECT?,"['F-18', 'O-15', '99m-Tc', 'Tl-201', 'C-11']",99m-Tc,2
+398,15016,Physics,online,Let's consider two systems of particles  (with different gyromagnetic ratio) of spin ½ in a magnetic field \(\vec B_0\). The total population as well as temperature in each system are the same.  According to Boltzmann distribution :,"['The system with highest \\( \\gamma \\) has more down spins than the system with lowest \\( \\gamma \\).', 'The system with highest \\( \\gamma \\) has less down spins than the system with lowest \\( \\gamma \\).', 'The distribution is exactly the same : it does not depend on \\(\\gamma\\).']",The system with highest \( \gamma \) has less down spins than the system with lowest \( \gamma \).,1
+400,15033,Physics,online,NMR stands for,"['Nuclear Moment of Resonance', 'Non Magnetic Radiation', 'Nuclear Magnetic Radiation', 'Nuclear Magnetic Resonance']",Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,3
+401,15016,Physics,online,">>In spin echo sequences, what do TR and TE refer to?","['TR: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses; TE: time between the 90-degree pulse and the spin echo', 'TR: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses; TE: the spacing between the 90-degree pulse and the 180-degree pulse', 'TR: time before the 90-degree pulse and the spin echo; TE: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses', 'TR: the spacing between the 90-degree pulse and the 180-degree pulse; TE: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses']",TR: the spacing between successive 90-degree pulses; TE: time between the 90-degree pulse and the spin echo,0
+402,15016,Physics,online,What can improve SNR in MRI if it is increased?,"['Bandwidth', 'Gradient strength', 'Acquisition time']",Acquisition time,2
+403,15013,Physics,online,"In FDG PET, how is called the factor that takes into account that what one is measuring with deoxyglucose is not the real glucose molecule but an analog of glucose?","['The Lumped constant', 'The Fick constant']",The Lumped constant,0
+404,15033,Physics,online,What is the duration of a 1H 90° pulse when B1 = 1.00 mT?,"['4.12 microseconds', '5.87 microseconds', '9.82 microseconds', '12.45 microseconds']",5.87 microseconds,1
+408,15013,Physics,online,"In diagnostic X-ray systems, filters are used to ""harden"" the beam. This process is mainly due to:","['Coherent scattering.', 'Photoelectric effect.', 'Compton effect.', 'Pair production.']",Photoelectric effect.,1
+409,15013,Physics,online,What is the form of the majority of energy produced by electrons in X-rays tubes?,"['Light', 'Sound', 'X-ray energy', 'Heat']",Heat,3
+411,15016,Physics,online,Which MR imaging parameter determines how much of T1 (longitudinal) recovery occur?,"['TR', 'TE', 'Bandwidth (BW)', 'Number of excitations', 'Gradient intensity']",TR,0
+413,15013,Physics,online,Let's consider two media: the speed of sound in the two media is different and impedances of these two media are identical. A sound pulse reaches the boundary between these two media with normal incidence. Does the reflection occur?,"['Yes', 'No']",No,1
+418,15016,Physics,online,Which of the following imaging modalities is/are ionizing?,"['X-rays', 'CT (Computed tomography)', 'MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)', 'US (Ultrasounds)', 'PET (Positron emission tomography)', 'SPECT (Single photon emission computed tomography)']",X-rays,0
+421,15013,Physics,online,What is true concerning scatter radiation?,"['They reduce contrast resolution', 'They contribute to the image formation.']",They reduce contrast resolution,0
+425,15013,Physics,online,Where does the annihilation of positron and electron take place?,"['In the radionuclide emitting the positron', 'At a short distance from the radionuclide']",At a short distance from the radionuclide,1
+626,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"How does the particular dendritic conductance of CA1 pyramidal neurons influence the integration of the signals from two synapses, one close to the soma and one close to the distal dendrite, activated with a time delay?","['Both signals are integrated to generate an AP in the soma if the delay is short (up to 20 ms) and the distal synapse is activated first or very shortly after the proximal one', 'Both signals are integrated to generate an AP in the soma even when the delay is long (up to 50 ms)', 'Each of the two signals generate a separate AP in the soma except when the time delay is very short (less than 10 ms), in which case a single AP is generated', 'Both signals are integrated to generate an AP in the soma if the delay is short (up to 20 ms) and the proximal synapse is activated first or very shortly after the distal one']",Both signals are integrated to generate an AP in the soma if the delay is short (up to 20 ms) and the distal synapse is activated first or very shortly after the proximal one,0
+627,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A neuron can be considered as a dipole. Why does the amplitude of the extracellular potential fall proportionally to the square of the distance from the dipole it originates in?,"['Because the current is divided by the square of the distance to obtain the extracellular potential in the formula', 'Because as one moves further away from the dipole, current and return current cancel each other out more and more in addition to the decrease in amplitude that is proportional to the distance', 'Because the sum of all currents acting on an extracellular location is weighted by a multiple of the squared distance between compartment and the extracellular location', 'It does not fall proportionally to the square of the distance, but proportionally to the distance between the dipole and the extracellular location']","Because as one moves further away from the dipole, current and return current cancel each other out more and more in addition to the decrease in amplitude that is proportional to the distance",1
+628,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which method can be used to link a broad range of different time and spatial scales when studying the brain?,"['Patch clamp', 'PET imaging', 'Modeling and simulation', 'Long-term clinical studies']",Modeling and simulation,2
+629,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How are different regions of the hippocampus connected to each other?,"['The connections are largely reciprocal; if region A projects to region B, region B also projects to region A', 'The connections are mainly unidirectional along a stream', 'The connections allow signals to spread along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus', 'The connections keep the signals mainly in one slide of the longitudinal axis called a lamella']",The connections are mainly unidirectional along a stream,1
+630,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are fixed point attractors in nonlinear recurrent networks?,"['Specific neurons that are always activated', 'Stable patterns of activity towards which other patterns converge', 'Memory traces, if the can be learned by the network', 'Connections between neurons that get consolidated upon recall']",Stable patterns of activity towards which other patterns converge,1
+631,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the two main ions contributing to the generation of an action potential?,"['Na+ and Cl-', 'Ca2+ and Cl-', 'H+ and K+', 'Na+ and K+']",Na+ and K+,3
+632,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which important point must be considered when populating the region to model?,"['The types of cells present in the region', 'The shape of the volume to populate', 'The density of each cell type', 'The location and orientation of the cells in the volume']",The types of cells present in the region,0
+633,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What determines the firing pattern of a neuron in response to step current injections?,"['The length of its axon', 'Its expression of different voltage-gated ion channels', 'Which neurotransmitter it expresses', 'The post-synaptic domain of the cells that it targets']",Its expression of different voltage-gated ion channels,1
+634,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does simulating a neuron help to understand?,"['Dendritic integration', 'The neural code', 'The role of the biophysical make-up of a neuron', 'Potentially all of the above, depending on the type of model used']","Potentially all of the above, depending on the type of model used",3
+635,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statement about CA1 pyramidal neurons are true?,"['The KA density increases with the distance to the soma, the Ih density stays constant', 'The density of both K and non-specific ion channels increases when the distance to the soma increases', 'They receive two main independent inputs, one from the entorhinal cortex and one from the olfactory bulb that arrive at different locations', 'They receive two main inputs that both originate from the same signal in the entorhinal cortex and arrive at different locations with a time delay']",The density of both K and non-specific ion channels increases when the distance to the soma increases,1
+637,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which property of the hippocampus makes it a good model to study the nervous system?,"['The connections on the hippocampus are almost unidirectional', 'The synapses are highly plastic', 'Hippocampal neurons can be grown in culture', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+639,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is true about gamma and theta oscillations?,"['Theta oscillations are persistent, while gamma oscillations are transient', 'Both types of oscillations can be transient or persistent', 'The same receptors can activate or block a type of oscillations', 'Different receptors activate or block each type of oscillations', 'Not all types of oscillations can be observed in all hippocampal regions', 'Gamma oscillations can have a broad range of high frequencies']",Both types of oscillations can be transient or persistent,1
+641,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,>>The factors listed below influence either presynaptic or postsynaptic specificity. Which ones affect postsynaptic specificity?,"['The dynamic release properties', 'The number of receptors', 'Postsynaptic properties', 'The release probability', 'The type of receptors', 'The number of release sites']",The number of receptors,1
+642,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How are somatic and dendritic conductances related to the firing pattern of a cell?,"['Each cell type has a fixed firing pattern that results from all individual cells of the same type having the same somatic and dendritic conductances', 'Each combination of conductances generate a different firing behavior', 'Specific conductances must be at certain levels in order to generating a defined firing pattern', 'Several combinations of conductances are able to reproduce the same firing behavior']",Specific conductances must be at certain levels in order to generating a defined firing pattern,2
+643,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How does the calculation of extracellular potentials help with experimental design?,"['Mismatches between simulations and experimental data highlight mistakes in experimental data and show how experiments need to be modified in order to match the model', 'It doesn’t help experimental design, but generates data so that experiments are not necessary anymore in order to answer biological questions', 'Because the calculation of extracellular potentials allows separating the contribution of each neuron to the signal, it can inform on where to place electrodes to measure specific activities', 'All of the above']","Because the calculation of extracellular potentials allows separating the contribution of each neuron to the signal, it can inform on where to place electrodes to measure specific activities",2
+644,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What do the simple networks explaining gamma oscillations and ripples not have in common?,"['The same connectivity pattern', 'A high number of basket cells', 'Direct auto-inhibitory feedback loops acting on single basket cells', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+645,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statement concerning the firing pattern of neurons is true?,"['There is a correlation between the firing pattern and the calcium binding protein content.', 'There is an absolute correlation between the firing pattern and the calcium binding protein content of all interneurons.', 'All fast-spiking cells express the potassium channel Kv3.1', 'Basket cells are the only fast spiking cells in the hippocampu']",There is a correlation between the firing pattern and the calcium binding protein content.,0
+646,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the effect of the particular dendritic conductance of CA1 pyramidal neurons on back-propagating APs?,"['AP amplitude along the dendrites increases as the distance to the soma increases', 'AP amplitude along the dendrites decreases as the distance to the soma increases', 'AP amplitude stays constant along the dendrites over the distance to the soma', 'AP amplitude along the axon decreases as the distance to the soma increases']",AP amplitude along the dendrites decreases as the distance to the soma increases,1
+647,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How can modeling help with sparse data?,"['By identifying principles allowing to predict missing data', 'By guiding experimental design in highlighting missing data', 'By finding connections between data types and data points allowing interpolation of missing data', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+648,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,When do the synapses in CA3 need to be plastic?,"['For pattern separation', 'For memory retrieval', 'For learning', 'All of the above']",For learning,2
+649,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Which statement about hippocampal synaptic plasticity, network oscillations and neuromodulation is true?","['Network oscillations in the hippocampus endow it with cognitive functions like learning and memory', 'Neuromodulation in the hippocampus gate synaptic plasticity and enhance network oscillations', 'The oscillations observed in the hippocampus are similar to those observed in other parts of the cortex', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+650,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statements about cable theory are true?,"['The conductance for each ion stays the same all along the axon and dendrites', 'It quantifies the propagation of a signal along the axon and dendrites', 'The change in voltage over the distance is related to the change in voltage over time', 'The neuron is discretized to form several coupled compartments corresponding to parts of the axon and dendrites']",It quantifies the propagation of a signal along the axon and dendrites,1
+653,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is a massive increase in model complexity a challenge?,"['Because computational capacity has not increased enough during the last century', 'Because existing scientific codes like NEURON are not adapted to use massively parallel systems', 'Because neuron networks cannot be simulated using parallel systems', 'It is not a challenge; very large models can be simulated on normal desktop computers since desktop computers have become much faster and have large storage capabilities']",Because existing scientific codes like NEURON are not adapted to use massively parallel systems,1
+654,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about theta activity are true?,"['Theta activity can be measured using EEG', 'Theta activity are observed in the hippocampus during deep sleep', 'Theta activity is the only oscillatory activity observed in the hippocampus', 'Theta activity could be correlated to behavior']",Theta activity can be measured using EEG,0
+655,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statement about genetic metaheuristic optimization algorithms is not true?,"['They generate sets of parameter values that are used to generate and evaluate the resulting neuronal behaviour', 'The algorithms are based on biological evolution; they test the fitness of arbitrary individuals and allow the fittest to create mutated offspring', 'The algorithms find the optimal parameter values over the whole possible parameter space', 'The algorithms are recursive; they generate new sets of parameters based on the best ranking set of the previous iteration that are evaluated and ranked in turn']",The algorithms find the optimal parameter values over the whole possible parameter space,2
+656,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statement concerning electrical types is true?,"['Each morphological type can have only one electrical type', 'Each electrical type corresponds to only one morphological type', 'A specific morphological type can have different electrical types, and vice-versa', 'None of the above']","A specific morphological type can have different electrical types, and vice-versa",2
+657,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Which statement about hippocampal synaptic plasticity, network oscillations and neuromodulation is not true?","['Network oscillations in the hippocampus endow it with cognitive functions like learning and memory', 'Only one form of synaptic potentiation and depression can be studied in the hippocampus', 'Neuromodulation in the hippocampus gate synaptic plasticity and enhance network oscillations', 'The oscillations observed in the hippocampus are similar to those observed in other parts of the cortex']",Only one form of synaptic potentiation and depression can be studied in the hippocampus,1
+658,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the purpose of the Productivity Libraries?,"['Create a bibliography of all the references used for building the model', 'Allow simple use of specialized functionalities for complex workflows', 'Optimize the execution of the program for the platform used', 'Visualize the results of the simulations']",Allow simple use of specialized functionalities for complex workflows,1
+660,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is the current used to calculate the extracellular potential?,"['It is not, membrane potential is used to calculate the extracellular potential', 'Because the current generates a uniform global increase in the whole extracellular fluid, like a strong water current in a lake raise the whole surface of the water', 'Because the extracellular fluid cannot conduct electrical current', 'Because, like a strong localized water current downstream of a dam, electrical current generate a “bulge” in the voltage']","Because, like a strong localized water current downstream of a dam, electrical current generate a “bulge” in the voltage",3
+661,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How does damage to the hippocampus influence the ability to perceive time?,"['It does not influence the perception of time', 'It changes the perception of time in humans, but not animals', 'It is not known, as we have no way to study the encoding of time in the nervous system', 'It impairs the ability to recall the temporal order of events']",It impairs the ability to recall the temporal order of events,3
+663,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How does pruning happen when reconstructing the connectome?,"['Too strong connections between cells are removed', 'Synapses are removed randomly until the model matches experimental data', 'Too weak connections between cells are removed', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+664,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is cable theory about?,"['It states that the conductance for each ion stays the same all along the axon and dendrites', 'It quantifies the propagation of a signal along the axon and dendrites', 'It states that the change in voltage over the distance is related to the change in voltage over time', 'It highlights the differences between an axon and an electric cable']",It quantifies the propagation of a signal along the axon and dendrites,1
+665,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are reasons to use a model?,"['Replace experiments in a more time-efficient manner', 'Integrate data, space and time scales', 'Study a system in a data-independent way', 'Simulate complex interactions and predict a system’s behavior']","Integrate data, space and time scales",1
+666,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"According to the theory of complementary learning systems, which statements are true?","['The hippocampus is responsible for the learning process in memory, and the neocortex for memory recall', 'The neocortex is specialized in slow statistical learning of general information and the hippocampus for rapid learning of arbitrary stimuli combinations', 'The neocortex is responsible for the learning process in memory, and the hippocampus for memory recall', 'The hippocampus is specialized in slow statistical learning of general information and the neocortex for rapid learning of arbitrary stimuli combinations']",The neocortex is specialized in slow statistical learning of general information and the hippocampus for rapid learning of arbitrary stimuli combinations,1
+667,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the two possible types of models explaining the formation of spatial representations in the hippocampus?,"['Feedforward models explain the properties of place cells relying on the activity of the cells to project to', 'Feedback or recurrent models rely on negative feedback of place cells to themselves to form a representation of the environment', 'Feedforward models combine the inputs of several other cells to explain the properties of place cells', 'Feedback or recurrent models explain the properties of place cells with the dynamics of the hippocampal network']",Feedforward models combine the inputs of several other cells to explain the properties of place cells,2
+668,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements apply to data-driven models?,"['They are built based on a specific hypothesis, to answer a specific biological question', 'They might exclude important elements due to their minimalistic nature', 'They can be used to test multiple hypotheses', 'They can not identify new relationships between model variables']",They can be used to test multiple hypotheses,2
+669,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the synaptic integration properties of a CA1 pyramidal neuron?,"['It receives two main inputs at the same location on its dendrites', 'It receives two main inputs, which are synchronized before following different pathways', 'The inputs reach the pyramidal neuron with a delay between them', 'Both inputs reach the dendrites of the pyramidal neuron at the same time']","It receives two main inputs, which are synchronized before following different pathways",1
+670,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What determines the firing pattern of a neuron?,"['The length of its axon', 'Its neurotransmitter expression', 'Its expression of different sodium, potassium and calcium channels', 'The morphology of its soma']","Its expression of different sodium, potassium and calcium channels",2
+671,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statement concerning release probability isnottrue?,"['The depletion and replenishment rates of the vesicle pools affect the release probability', 'A high release probability always leads to a pronounced depression of the consequent EPSPs', 'A low release probability leads to a pronounced facilitation of the consequent EPSPs', 'When several release sites exist between two cells, not all sites release neurotransmitter in presence of an AP']",A high release probability always leads to a pronounced depression of the consequent EPSPs,1
+672,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statement about network oscillations is false?,"['They are associated with LTP in the hippocampus', 'They are only present in the hippocampus, not in other cortical regions', 'They are critical for cognitive functions like learning and memory', 'Hippocampal slices are a good basic experimental model to study network oscillations']","They are only present in the hippocampus, not in other cortical regions",1
+674,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How are different hippocampal cell types involved in modulating network oscillations?,"['All cell types contribute to all types of oscillations to the same extent', 'All cell types fire in a synchronous manner during ripple oscillations', 'Some cell types contribute more that other to specific network oscillations', 'Pyramidal cells are the only cell type which membrane potential does not go up and down in epochs during theta oscillations']",Some cell types contribute more that other to specific network oscillations,2
+675,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statement about genetic metaheuristic optimization algorithms is true?,"['The algorithms find the optimal parameter values over the whole possible parameter space', 'It generates sets of parameter values (genotypes) that are used to generate and evaluate the resulting neuronal phenotype', 'It generates a large number of random sets of parameter values that are ranked according to goodness of fit, the best fitting one is selected as the final set', 'The algorithm uses several steps and generates new sets of parameters based on the best ranking set of the previous step']",It generates sets of parameter values (genotypes) that are used to generate and evaluate the resulting neuronal phenotype,1
+678,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are neuromodulators?,"['Cell populations that initiate or block network oscillations', 'Network oscillations that regulate synaptic plasticity', 'Specific stimuli used to experimentally study network oscillations', 'Chemical brain messengers like hormones or neuropeptides that modulate network activity']",Chemical brain messengers like hormones or neuropeptides that modulate network activity,3
+679,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How is space encoded in the hippocampus?,"['Grid cells represent space in a coordinate system', 'Head direction cells encode in which cardinal direction the animal is facing', 'The activity of space cells correlates with the position and direction of the animal', 'The activity of some hippocampal cells correlate with the color of the environment of the animal']",Grid cells represent space in a coordinate system,0
+680,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,According to which properties are the more than 20 types of interneurons classified?,"['Their electrophysiological properties', 'The domain of the pyramidal cell that they target', 'Their specific molecular markers', 'Their synaptic connectivity', 'Their dendritic and axonal patterns']",Their electrophysiological properties,0
+681,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What do the simple network explaining gamma oscillations and ripples have in common?,"['The same connectivity pattern', 'A high number of basket cells', 'Direct auto-inhibitory feedback loops acting on single basket cells', 'Feedback loops between pyramidal cells and inhibitory basket cells']",Feedback loops between pyramidal cells and inhibitory basket cells,3
+682,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In 1957, the amnesia of patient H.M. after surgery highlighted the importance of the hippocampus in memory encoding. Which type of memory is encoded in the hippocampus according to actual knowledge?","['Episodic memory', 'Semantic memory', 'Procedural memory', 'All of the above']",Episodic memory,0
+683,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which integration method should be used to solve ODEs with a large time step and why?,"['Crank-Nicolson, because there the error is proportional to dt2', 'Crank-Nicolson, because there is no net error proportional to dt', 'Backward Euler, because there the error is proportional to dt2', 'Backward Euler, because there is no net error proportional to dt']","Backward Euler, because there is no net error proportional to dt",3
+685,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the main characteristics of the two possible types of models explaining the formation of cognitive maps by place cells in the hippocampus?,"['Feedforward models explain the properties of place cells relying on the activity of the cells they project to', 'Feedback or recurrent models explain the properties of place cells using external inputs and the internal dynamics of the hippocampal network', 'Feedforward models combine the inputs of several other cells to explain the properties of place cells', 'Feedback or recurrent models rely on negative feedback of place cells to themselves to form a representation of the environment']",Feedback or recurrent models explain the properties of place cells using external inputs and the internal dynamics of the hippocampal network,1
+686,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How do neuromodulators work?,"['They originate in a hippocampal region that they then regulate', 'They organize changes in the excitability and synaptic properties of cell populations', 'They originate in subcortical regions below the hippocampus and target specific cell population and synapses', 'They change the connectivity patterns of their target cells']",They organize changes in the excitability and synaptic properties of cell populations,1
+687,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statements about the hippocampus are true?,"['Its structure is well conserved among mammalian species', 'It has the same number of layers than the rest of the neocortex', 'There is one hippocampus in each temporal lobe', 'Its spherical structure makes the use of polar coordinates easy']",Its structure is well conserved among mammalian species,0
+688,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What three types of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles can be found in a single neuron?,"['Excitatory, inhibitory and mixed vesicles', 'Fast-acting, long-acting and recycled vesicles', 'Immediately releasable, readily releasable and reserve vesicles', 'Lysosomes, peroxisomes and endosomes']","Immediately releasable, readily releasable and reserve vesicles",2
+689,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"CA1 pyramidal cells have intrinsic dendritic nonlinearities. When modeled with detailed morphology and many ion channels, single cells were able to…","['Function as a recurrent network', 'Function equivalently to a two-layer artificial neural network', 'Learn by evolving towards fixed activity patterns', 'Represent simple functions, as long as they were linear']",Function equivalently to a two-layer artificial neural network,1
+690,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statements about the type of network implemented in the hippocampus are true?,"['They often have fixed point attractors, stable patterns of activity towards which other patterns converge', 'They have all-to-all and symmetrical connections', 'The connections of the CA3 area form a nonlinear recurrent network that may implement auto-associative memory', 'They do not receive external inputs, but feedback from the output of the neurons in the network']","They often have fixed point attractors, stable patterns of activity towards which other patterns converge",0
+691,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statements about the action of neuromodulators are true?,"['A specific cell can only be modulated by several different neuromodulators', 'A specific neuromodulator always has the same effect on all its target cells', 'Neuromodulators can influence a broad range of mechanisms on different time scales such as synaptic plasticity, network oscillations and neurogenesis', 'Receptors for neuromodulators are uniformly distributed across neurons in the hippocampus']",A specific cell can only be modulated by several different neuromodulators,0
+692,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What effect did a brief train of stimuli have on the efficacy of synaptic transmission of excitatory synapses in CA1?,"['An increase in transmission efficacy that lasted hours', 'A decrease in transmission efficacy that lasted hours', 'A long-term loss of synaptic connections in the perforant path to granule cell synapses', 'An increase in transmission efficacy that a few milliseconds']",An increase in transmission efficacy that lasted hours,0
+694,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the meaning of synaptic plasticity?,"['The ability of synapses to change their morphology in response to changes in their activity', 'The ability of synapses to change the type of neurotransmitter used by the postsynaptic cell in response to signals from the presynaptic cell', 'The ability of synapses to adapt to physical pressure and stress in order to maintain the necessary connections between neurons', 'The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to changes in their activity']",The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to changes in their activity,3
+695,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why was the hippocampus important in the study of plasticity?,"['Long-term potentiation was first described in the hippocampus', 'The first theories about synaptic plasticity are based on studies of the hippocampus', 'Durable long-term depression achieved through prolonged low frequency stimulation was observed in the hippocampus', 'Long-term depression requires direct feedback and is not present in a unidirectional network such as the hippocampus']",Long-term potentiation was first described in the hippocampus,0
+697,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which gold standard framework is used in this course for modeling and simulating neurons?,"['The programming language R for statistical computing', 'The computing system Wolfram Mathematica', 'The numerical simulation environment NEURON', 'All of the above']",The numerical simulation environment NEURON,2
+698,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How is the model validated during the reconstruction process?,"['The model is compared to corresponding experimental data at each step of the reconstruction', 'The validation takes place when the whole circuit has been reconstructed and can be simulated', 'Since the modeling process is data-based, there is no need for further validation with other data', 'If a reconstructed cell exhibits the right electrical type, then its morphology and connections are validated']",The model is compared to corresponding experimental data at each step of the reconstruction,0
+699,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,">>The contribution of a neuron to the extracellular potential depends on the sum of all the currents crossing its membrane. If this sum must always be zero according to the principle of conservation of charge, how can the extracellular potential be different than zero?","['Because of extracellular currents that are independent from neurons', 'Because of the influence of intracellular currents on the extracellular potential', 'Because the sum of all currents is weighted, some weights are larger for closer current sources than for sources further away', 'All of the above']","Because the sum of all currents is weighted, some weights are larger for closer current sources than for sources further away",2
+700,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which coordinate system is used to indicate a point in the hippocampus?,"['Straight axes perpendicular to each other', 'Pole and polar axis', 'Longitudinal, transverse and radial axes', 'Homogeneous coordinates using a projective plane']","Longitudinal, transverse and radial axes",2
+701,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is understanding how the brain work especially difficult?,"['Because several overlapping timescales must be considered', 'Because we do not have adapted experimental tools to study electrophysiology', 'Because the brain consists of many different elements with non-linear dynamics that interact in a complex way', 'Because the brain does not use task-specific solutions']",Because several overlapping timescales must be considered,0
+702,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the spatial distribution of KAand Ihion channels in CA1 pyramidal neurons?,"['Both ion channels show a constant density in their lateral dendrites', 'The KA density increases with the distance to the soma, the Ih density stays constant', 'The density of both ion channels decreases when the distance to the soma increases', 'The density of both ion channels increases when the distance to the soma increases']",The density of both ion channels increases when the distance to the soma increases,3
+703,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why are models getting larger and larger with time?,"['Because the number of neurons in the models has increased', 'Because the number of synapses in the models has increased', 'Because the models are more detailed', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+704,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What cannot be done in the NEURON GUI?,"['Import the 3D morphology of neurons', 'Define the architecture of the neuron network', 'Optimize the execution of the program for the platform used', 'Visualize the results of the simulations']",Optimize the execution of the program for the platform used,2
+706,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What formula is the formula used for calculating the extracellular potential based on?,"['Ohm’s law, V = IR', 'Joule heating formula, P = I2R', 'The formula for the conductance, C = q/V', 'Coulomb’s law, |F| = ke|q1q2|/r2']","Ohm’s law, V = IR",0
+707,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How are the contributions from several compartments and several neurons combined to obtain the extracellular potential at a specific location?,"['All the contributions from each compartment and each neuron are multiplied', 'All the contributions from each compartment and each neuron are added up', 'The contributions form all compartments from one neuron are added up to obtain the neuron’s contribution, and the contributions of each neuron are multiplied', 'The contributions form all compartments from one neuron are multiplied to obtain the neuron’s contribution, and the contributions of each neuron are added up']",All the contributions from each compartment and each neuron are added up,1
+708,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statements concerning autoassociative networks are true?,"['All neurons are connected to all other neurons in a symmetric manner', 'they receive external inputs and feedback from the output of their neurons', 'They can store a limited number of pattern and that number is smaller than the number of neurons in the network', 'The number of patterns that can be stored depend on the connectivity of the network and the type of response of the neurons (graded, binary, spiking neurons, …)']",they receive external inputs and feedback from the output of their neurons,1
+712,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are some properties of long-term potentiation and long-term depression?,"['They always require protein synthesis', 'They can be induced within a very short time period of one second or less', 'The changes in synaptic weight typically last for hours', 'No further change can take place while a previously induced change in synaptic weight lasts']",They can be induced within a very short time period of one second or less,1
+713,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How can extracellular simulations be used for model validation?,"['Since all parts of a detailed model come together to determine extracellular potentials, they help test the validity of how all pieces of the model are interacting', 'Extracellular potentials depend on synaptic physiology and an thus be used to validate the modeling of synaptic activity', 'Extracellular potentials are only calculated with a fully validated model and cannot be used to validate it', 'Different types of neuron morphologies will influence extracellular potentials differently, so that a biologically unrealistic network will not be validated by extracellular simulations']","Since all parts of a detailed model come together to determine extracellular potentials, they help test the validity of how all pieces of the model are interacting",0
+714,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the levels of analysis for information processing systems?,"['Molecular, cellular and whole organism', 'Computational, algorithmic and implementational', 'Top-down and bottom-up', 'Milliseconds, seconds to minutes, days to months']","Computational, algorithmic and implementational",1
+715,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What roles does the hippocampus play in memory according to standard theory?,"['Supporting late recall using patterns completed by the neocortex', 'Supporting early recall by learning in one shot and completing patterns in the neocortex', 'Directing consolidation by allowing the neocortex to integrate new memories into existing ones', 'Consolidating memories in response to neocortex-initiated replay of awake experiences during sleep']",Supporting early recall by learning in one shot and completing patterns in the neocortex,1
+717,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"According to Hebb’s postulate, where in the synapse can the metabolic change causing plasticity take place?","['In the presynaptic bouton', 'In the postsynaptic spine', 'In both the presynaptic bouton and the postsynaptic spine', 'In the presynaptic neuron’s soma']",In both the presynaptic bouton and the postsynaptic spine,2
+718,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statement concerning release probability is not true?,"['The depletion and replenishment rates of the vesicle pools affect the release probability', 'A high release probability always leads to a pronounced depression of the consequent EPSPs', 'A low release probability leads to a pronounced facilitation of the consequent EPSPs', 'When several release sites exist between two cells, not all sites release neurotransmitter in presence of an AP']",A high release probability always leads to a pronounced depression of the consequent EPSPs,1
+720,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is CoreNEURON?,"['An optimized version of the compute engine of NEURON that does not include the interactive parts of NEURON', 'A function of NEURON that allows you to extract a core sub-network of your model', 'A version of neuron for beginners that includes only the core functions', 'A massively parallel supercomputer that is used to simulate most neuronal circuits']",An optimized version of the compute engine of NEURON that does not include the interactive parts of NEURON,0
+721,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"When a back-propagating AP elicited in the soma happens simultaneously with a dendritic AP, the resulting AP has a higher amplitude. Which process is this a basis for?","['Spatial localization', 'Perception of time', 'Associative learning', 'Synapse pruning']",Associative learning,2
+722,15076,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the two types of cells in the local CA1 circuitry?,"['Inhibitory pyramidal cells and excitatory interneurons', 'Excitatory motor neurons and inhibitory interneurons', 'Excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory Purkinje cells', 'Excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons']",Excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons,3
+825,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assertions (2) about metaheuristic optimization are correct?,"['It makes few assumptions on the optimization problem', 'It guarantees to find the global optimum', 'It has the potential to make otherwise intractable problems at least approximately tractable', 'It does not depend on random numbers']",It makes few assumptions on the optimization problem,0
+826,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can be measured using a whole cell patch clamp – in conjunction with other techniques?,"['The connection profile, i.e. the number of connections a neuron has', 'The morphological profile, i.e. the 3d structure of a neuron', 'The electrophysiological profile, i.e. a recording of the voltage of the cell under different stimuli', 'The neighbor profile, the effect of the patched neuron on its neighbor', 'The molecular profile, i.e. the expression of different genes']","The morphological profile, i.e. the 3d structure of a neuron",1
+827,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In the video lecture, Idan stresses that the model of Hodgkin and Huxley was a particularly good model because:","['It replicated perfectly the action potential', 'It used relatively few variables', 'It was based on the physical properties of the axons', 'It predicted some emerging properties of the spike']",It predicted some emerging properties of the spike,3
+828,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What states of spontaneous activity are predicted by the simulations of the microcircuit in various [Ca2+]  conditions?,"['An asynchronous state in the low Ca2+ condition and a synchronous state in the high Ca2+ condition', 'A synchronous state in the low Ca2+ condition and an asynchronous state in the high Ca2+ condition', 'A stable steady state in the low Ca2+ condition and a unstable steady state in the high Ca2+ condition', 'A non-stable steady state in the low Ca2+ condition and a stable steady state in the high Ca2+ condition']",An asynchronous state in the low Ca2+ condition and a synchronous state in the high Ca2+ condition,0
+829,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is not an advantage of simulation of brain tissues over experiments with brain tissues?,"['The measurements made on virtual tissue are more valid than when experimenting on brain tissue', 'In the virtual tissue, we know all details from every neuron, thus we can get a global and deep view of the tissue', 'In the digital tissue, we can test hypotheses on the behavior of the full circuit that cannot be tested experimentally']",The measurements made on virtual tissue are more valid than when experimenting on brain tissue,0
+830,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,When developing an experiment one should record the so called minimal information for neuroscience datasets (MINDS). What does MINDS contain (3)?,"['Information about the method used (protocols, equipment and parameters used in experiments)', 'Information about the ethical background of an experiment (ethical committee discussion and approval)', 'Information on the subject (age, sex, species, strain)', 'Information on the brain location (using brain atlas parcellation or spatial coordinates/transforms)', 'Information about the funding used in the generation of the dataset']","Information about the method used (protocols, equipment and parameters used in experiments)",0
+831,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the principal structural characteristics of the synapses?,"['Synapses can be detected using light microscopy', 'Synapses contain no organelles', 'Synapses release neurotransmitters upon voltage change', 'Neurotransmitters released activate ion channels on the post-synaptic dendrite']",Synapses release neurotransmitters upon voltage change,2
+832,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does the brain region ontology from the Allen institute provide?,"['3D boundaries of brain regions', 'Descriptions of the neuron types involved', 'Relationship between sub and supra brain regions', 'List of synaptic types present in each region', 'A standard name and abbreviation']",3D boundaries of brain regions,0
+833,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What kind of connection has similar values for \(\tau_{facil}\) and \(\tau_{rec}\)?,"['A depressing synaptic connection', 'A pseudo-linear synaptic connection', 'A facilitating synaptic connection']",A pseudo-linear synaptic connection,1
+834,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the principal outcome of simulation neuroscience?,"['The construction of a computer able to speak', 'The generation of equations describing the data generated by experimental neuroscientist', 'The unification of theoretical neuroscience and experimental neuroscience']",The unification of theoretical neuroscience and experimental neuroscience,2
+836,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Multi-objective optimization may lead to non-unique solutions: solutions that are constrained on one parameter but show a large range in the other parameter. What should you do?,"['Change your search space to end up with a better set of trade-offs', 'Analyse the experimental data to decide whether this is an artefact or representation of biological diversity', 'Train the model with a more diverse set of currents']",Analyse the experimental data to decide whether this is an artefact or representation of biological diversity,1
+837,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements (2) about the elementary signals carried by the neurons are correct?,"['Neurons have two elementary signals: the spike and the action potential', 'The action potential is found in the dendrites', 'The spike is found in the axons', 'The spike last up to 1 second', 'The action potential amplitude is in the range of 100mV']",The spike is found in the axons,2
+838,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In the equation for the synaptic conductance (see below), what does the second exponential term, \(e^{-t/\tau_1} \), represent?","['The time constant of the synaptic reversal potential', 'It depends on the value of \\(g_{peak}\\)', 'The rise of the post-synaptic conductance', 'The decay of the post-synaptic conductance']",The rise of the post-synaptic conductance,2
+840,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,For a given electrical type it is...,"['…impossible to predict when the cell reacts with an action potential to a stimulus', '…always possible to predict when the cell reacts with an action potential to a stimulus', '…in most cases, it is possible to predict when the cell reacts with an action potential to a stimulus']","…in most cases, it is possible to predict when the cell reacts with an action potential to a stimulus",2
+841,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about EPSP (excitatory post synaptic potential) are incorrect?,"['The EPSP is always the same', 'The EPSP show varying latency', 'There is always a EPSP', 'The rise and decay time are constant']",The EPSP is always the same,0
+842,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is it so important to connect electrical profile to molecular profile?,"['Because we want to better understand  the relationship between some channels and some electrical behavior', 'Because we want to be able to better classify our neuron types', 'Because we want to be able to predict electrical behavior from molecular profiles that are easier to obtain', 'Because these entities are superposed (one electrical type = one molecular profile) and it is important to know what is what']",Because we want to be able to predict electrical behavior from molecular profiles that are easier to obtain,2
+843,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the goals of provenance metadata?,"['Provenance metadata help crediting all those involved in the data production and processing', 'Provenance metadata improve the quality of the data generated', 'Provenance metadata aim at boosting reproducibility (all steps involved in data production are recorded)', 'Provenance metadata improve trust in the data', 'Provenance metadata help addressing transparency issue in data generation', 'Provenance metadata aim at filtering the relevant data out of all the data generated']",Provenance metadata help crediting all those involved in the data production and processing,0
+844,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which dataset is not used to constrain neuron models?,"['Position of the membrane proteins', 'Shape of the axonal and dendritic tree', 'Electric properties of the neuron', 'Expression of different membrane proteins']",Electric properties of the neuron,2
+845,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What did Santiago Ramòn y Cajal speculate based on the structure of the nerve cells he observed?,"['That the different neuron types have different electrical properties', 'That synapses are the structure that permits to pass signal between axons and dendrites', 'That there is a signal running through these cells', 'That dendritic spines are the point of contact of axons on dendrites']",That there is a signal running through these cells,2
+846,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is it so important to connect electrical profile to a molecular profile?,"['Because we want to better understand the relationship between some channels and some electrical behavior', 'Because we want to be able to better classify  our neuron types', 'Because we want to be able to predict electrical behavior from the molecular profile that are easier to obtain', 'Because these entities are superposed (one electrical type = one molecular profile) and it is important to know what is what']",Because we want to be able to predict electrical behavior from the molecular profile that are easier to obtain,2
+847,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What causes current to be generated in the neurons?,"['The passive diffusion of ions along their concentration gradient in the cell through the membrane', 'Opening of membrane channel that allow ions to flow from outside to inside or vice-versa', 'Protein that can generate current from energy source such as the ATP', 'Depolarization of the membrane by ATP efflux pump']",Opening of membrane channel that allow ions to flow from outside to inside or vice-versa,1
+848,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What could be suggested by failure in validation of microcircuit predictions?,"['Variations in the connectivity rules between the microcircuit and the tested brain region', 'Errors in experimental data', 'Insufficiency of the principles of organization used for the reconstruction', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+849,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can lead to incomplete reconstruction of the morphology?,"['Problems with slicing', 'Problems with fixation', 'Problems with staining']",Problems with slicing,0
+850,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"The Rall’s Cable Model is based on an axial resistivity inside the dendrite, what is the source of this phenomenon in-vivo?","['The post-synaptic current is diminished by active ion channels that counteract it', 'Some post-synaptic current is loss due to dilution of the ions carrying it', 'The internal medium of the cell has some resistance', 'The post-synaptic current leaks out due to permeability of the membrane to ions']",The internal medium of the cell has some resistance,2
+851,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How should you validate your reconstruction efforts?,"['One should validate in an upward direction, i.e. against emerging properties of the system.', 'One should validate in a downward direction, e.g. if a neuron is modeled well then it follows that ion channels should have the correct properties', 'One should validate both upward and downward, i.e. against both receding and emerging properties of the system']","One should validate in an upward direction, i.e. against emerging properties of the system.",0
+852,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the electrical circuit equivalent of the Nernst potential?,"['A resistor', 'A battery', 'A conductor', 'A capacitance']",A battery,1
+853,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What parameters (2) that we use for building a realistic model of a specific neuron are almost inaccessible?,"['Electrical behavior of the neuron', 'Channel distribution in the neuron', 'Morphology of the neuron', 'Kinetic of the ion channels', 'Maximal conductance of the ion channel']",Channel distribution in the neuron,1
+854,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the main caveat of individual research?,"['It generates too many papers', 'Difficulty to reproduce experimental results', 'Every individual researcher focuses on the same topic', 'Data is never shared']",Difficulty to reproduce experimental results,1
+855,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What would be the effect on the Nernst potential if all the potassium ions lose an electron?,"['The Nernst potential would be null', 'It would be halved', 'It would be doubled', 'There would be no effect']",It would be halved,1
+856,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What kind of features can you get from morphological studies?,"['Volume of the soma', 'Number of ion channels in a dendrite', 'Dendrites horizontal extend', 'Frequency of the action potential', 'Dendrite branching angle', 'Frequency of branching']",Volume of the soma,0
+857,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can you do from the averaged features of one neuron class?,"['The averaged features can be used to clone statistically similar neurons', 'The averaged features can be used to repair the morphology of sliced neurons', 'The averaged features can be used to define rules used to synthetize new neurons', 'The averaged features can be used to statistically create new morphological classes']",The averaged features can be used to clone statistically similar neurons,0
+859,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about axons structure are correct?,"['Axons are limited to a local area', 'Axons end in only one point', 'Axons branch to form the axonal trees', 'Axonal buttons are the point where signal is transmitted to dendrites']",Axons branch to form the axonal trees,2
+860,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does the α’s and β’s that characterize the opening and closing of membrane channel depend on?,"['On time and voltage', 'On time only', 'On voltage only']",On voltage only,2
+861,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How does the response of the mesocircuit to stimulating thalamic activation differ between in-vitro-like and in-vivo-like conditions?,"['The evoked activity remained localized under in-vitro-like conditions, while it spread to the whole circuit under in-vivo-like conditions', 'The evoked activity remained localized under in-vivo-like conditions, while it spread to the whole circuit under in-vitro-like conditions', 'In-vitro-like or in-vivo-like conditions do not influence the response of the mesocircuit', 'Only in-vivo-like conditions were used during simulations']","The evoked activity remained localized under in-vivo-like conditions, while it spread to the whole circuit under in-vitro-like conditions",1
+862,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the relationship between the microcircuit predictions and experimental results concerning the minimal spatial segregation for two stimuli to be discriminated?,"['There are no microcircuit predictions on this topic', 'There are no experimental results on this topic', 'The experimental results showed a larger minimal spatial segregation', 'The experimental results showed a smaller minimal spatial segregation']",There are no experimental results on this topic,1
+863,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which ion channels are responsible for the depolarization of the cells during a spike?,"['Voltage gated sodium channels', 'Non-voltage gated sodium channels', 'Non-voltage gated potassium channels', 'Voltage gated potassium channels']",Voltage gated sodium channels,0
+864,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,There are 40 genes coding for voltage activated potassium channels. How many different potassium channel are there?,"['Exactly 40 channels. All channels are homomeric', 'Only about 35 channels as the 40 genes mentioned include some pseudogenes', 'Due to the possibility to form heteromeric channels, there are more than 40 potassium channels', 'Exactly 20 channels. Each channel is the combination of two precise subunits']","Due to the possibility to form heteromeric channels, there are more than 40 potassium channels",2
+865,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In the video on data strategies, Prof Markram identifies several properties of synapses that are useful for simulation neuroscience. Which are these?","['The 3-dimensional morphology of the synapses', 'The number of synapses per connection', 'The voltage produced by a synaptic event on the receiving hand of the neurons pair', 'The current transferred through the synapses between a pair of neurons', 'The effect of chemical compounds on the synapses']",The number of synapses per connection,1
+866,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are membrane ion channels (3)?,"['Proteins that pump ions against the gradient of concentration', 'Proteins that allow the diffusion of ions along the gradient of concentration', 'Proteins that are actively opened and closed', 'Proteins that are specific for some ions', 'Proteins that are always sensitive to voltage']",Proteins that allow the diffusion of ions along the gradient of concentration,1
+867,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What type of optimization algorithm is used by BluePyOpt?,"['Particle swarm algorithm', 'Evolutionary algorithm', 'Simulated annealing']",Evolutionary algorithm,1
+868,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What parameters (2) needed to build a realistic model of a specific neuron are currently difficult to obtain experimentally?,"['Electrical behavior of the neuron', 'Channel distribution in the neuron', 'Morphology of the neuron', 'Kinetic of the ion channels', 'Maximal conductance of the ion channel']",Channel distribution in the neuron,1
+869,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What biological phenomena (3) do genetic algorithms emulate?,"['Reproduction', 'Mutation', 'Decomposition', 'Natural selection', 'Fermentation']",Reproduction,0
+870,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does a resting potential (\(V_{rest}\)) of -70mV means?,"['That the cell is generating net electrical current', 'That at rest, with no current, the inside of the cell is 70mV higher than the outside of the cell', 'That at rest, with no current, the outside of the cell is 70mV higher than the inside of the cell', 'That the capacitance of the membrane is charged to 70mV']","That at rest, with no current, the outside of the cell is 70mV higher than the inside of the cell",2
+871,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements (3) about synaptic connections are true?,"['Facilitating synaptic connections can generate a spike when a certain threshold is reached', 'Inhibitory synaptic connections are only found on the soma', 'Chandelier cells can form synaptic connections directly targeting axons', 'Synaptic connections produce the same post-synaptic potentials in the efferent neuron', 'A spike in the afferent neuron does not always produce a release of a vesicle']",Facilitating synaptic connections can generate a spike when a certain threshold is reached,0
+872,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,On what does the synaptic reversal potential depend?,"['On the Nernst potential of the ion type(s) that will flow through the receptor once open', 'On the number of ions types that can pass through the receptor once open', 'On the strength of the neurotransmitters binding the receptor', 'On the neurotransmitter. Some generate more current once bound than others.']",On the Nernst potential of the ion type(s) that will flow through the receptor once open,0
+873,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What details are omitted in the reconstruction of the microcircuit (2)?,"['Dynamics of synaptic transmission', 'Ion channel densities', 'Gap junctions', 'Glia']",Gap junctions,2
+874,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters receptors is true?,"['Receptors are sensitive to voltage and close after the cell depolarizes', 'Receptors close upon binding of neurotransmitters', 'Receptors open when the neurotransmitters are degraded', 'Receptors are ion channels that are sensitive to neurotransmitters']",Receptors are ion channels that are sensitive to neurotransmitters,3
+875,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the result of the multi-objective optimization?,"['a model solution that is closest to experimental data', 'a set of non-dominant solutions', 'a solution that has the lowest variability']",a set of non-dominant solutions,1
+876,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the main difference between spikes and post-synaptic potentials?,"['The amplitude of the spike can vary while the PSP never does', 'Spikes are generated via ion-based current while PSP are not', 'Spikes are a digital (all or nothing signal) while PSP are analog', 'Spikes and PSP are the same phenomenon but in different location of the cell']",Spikes are a digital (all or nothing signal) while PSP are analog,2
+877,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which factors determine the electrical type of a neuron?,"['The density and location of each ion channel type', 'The kinetic properties of each ion channel type', 'The density of cholesterol in the membrane', 'The location of lipid rafts in the membrane']",The density and location of each ion channel type,0
+879,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the three metadata types?,"['Descriptive, structural and formative', 'Organizational, structural and administrative', 'Descriptive, characterizing and administrative', 'Descriptive, structural and administrative']","Descriptive, structural and administrative",3
+880,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What type of connections (1) have \(τ_{1}\) lower than \(τ_{2}\)?,"['A depressing synaptic connection', 'A pseudo-linear synaptic connection', 'A facilitating synaptic connection']",A facilitating synaptic connection,2
+881,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does IR-DIC stand for?,"['Infrared Differential Cumulative Microscopy', 'Infrared Differential Contrast Microscopy', 'Infrared Deterministic Contrast Microscopy', 'Infrared Deterministic Cumulative Microscopy']",Infrared Differential Contrast Microscopy,1
+882,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A neuron X receives input from 10 other neurons. The exact same train of spikes is injected in the 10 neurons. What do the EPSPs look like if we record in the cell body of neuron X?,"['The EPSPs look all the same', 'The EPSPs look different. They depend on the location of the connection', 'The EPSPs look different. They depend on the type of the connection', 'The EPSPs look different. They are blurred by other perturbations']",The EPSPs look different. They depend on the location of the connection,1
+883,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What characterizes a facilitating synaptic connection?,"['If a train of spike arrives from the afferent neuron, the efferent neuron will react with post-synaptic potential of increasing amplitude', 'If a train of spike arrives from the afferent neuron, the efferent neuron will react with post-synaptic potential of random amplitude', 'If a train of spike arrives from the afferent neuron, the efferent neuron will react with post-synaptic potential of decreasing amplitude', 'If a train of spike arrives from the afferent neuron, the efferent neuron will react with post-synaptic potential of a fixed amplitude']","If a train of spike arrives from the afferent neuron, the efferent neuron will react with post-synaptic potential of increasing amplitude",0
+884,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A layer 5 pyramidal neuron X is connected to another layer 5 pyramidal neuron Y. You stimulate neuron X to deliver a high frequency train of spikes. After a short pause (in the order of 500ms) you re-stimulate cell X to deliver one spike. What is the amplitude of the EPSP of cell Y?,"['EPSP amplitude is higher than the last EPSP from the first train of spikes', 'EPSP amplitude gets higher than the first EPSP from the train of spikes', 'EPSP amplitude is lower than the first EPSP from the train of spikes', 'EPSP amplitude is lower than the last EPSP from the train of spikes']",EPSP amplitude is higher than the last EPSP from the first train of spikes,0
+885,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about ions channels are incorrect?,"['Ion channels are transmembrane proteins', 'Ion channels allow the passage of all ions', 'Ion channels actively pump ions out of the cells', 'All ion channels are voltage gated', 'Calcium flows from outside inside', 'Some ion channels are calcium gated', 'Potassium flows from outside to inside']",Ion channels allow the passage of all ions,1
+886,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements are part of the suggested best laboratory practice for data capture?,"['Be creative when using vocabularies for metadata values', 'Use electronic notebooks and a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS)', 'Information about the specimen is compulsory', 'Protocols should not be included as they are standard procedure', 'Curate the data (select the high-quality data and flag data with questionable quality)']",Use electronic notebooks and a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS),1
+888,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can be measured using a whole cell patch clamp?,"['The connection profile, i.e. the number of connection a neuron has', 'The morphological profile, i.e. the 3d structure of a neuron', 'The electrophysiological profile, i.e. a recording of the voltage of the cell under different stimuli', 'The neighbor profile, the effect of the patched neuron on its neighbor', 'The molecular profile, i.e. the expression of different genes']","The morphological profile, i.e. the 3d structure of a neuron",1
+889,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What type of data are recorded when analyzing ion channels for simulation neuroscience?,"['The dynamics of their opening and closing', 'The solubility of the ion channels in an aqueous solution', 'The location of the different channels in the cell', 'The structure of the ion channels', 'The amino acids composition of each channel type', 'The amount of current that can pass through each channel type']",The dynamics of their opening and closing,0
+890,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How do neurons generate different membrane voltage profiles?,"['By the different modulator present in the surrounding of the cells', 'By the combination of different channels with different kinetics', 'By the interaction with the glial cells', 'By the combination of different neurotransmitter than generate the spike']",By the combination of different channels with different kinetics,1
+891,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about text mining are false?,"['Text mining is only possible if a text follows a precise ontology', 'Text mining can be used to fill up some atlases missing data', 'Text mining can be used to link paper to specific parameters values in a model', 'Precision of connectivity extracted from the literature is below 50%', 'It is impossible to find the connectivity of brain regions using text mining']",Text mining is only possible if a text follows a precise ontology,0
+892,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What controls the resting potential of the neurons?,"['The resting potential of the neurons is mainly the effect of calcium that leaks through open channels that are not sensitive to voltage(\\(Ca_{2p}, Ca_{ir}\\))', 'The resting potential of the neurons is mainly the effect of potassium that leaks through open channels that are not sensitive to voltage (\\(K_{2p}, K_{ir}\\))', 'The resting potential of the neurons is mainly the effect of sodium that leaks through channels that are not sensitive to voltage (\\(Na_{2p}, Na_{ir}\\))']","The resting potential of the neurons is mainly the effect of potassium that leaks through open channels that are not sensitive to voltage (\(K_{2p}, K_{ir}\))",1
+893,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What other parameter (besides the time constants \(\tau_{facil}\) and \(\tau_{rec}\)) is changing between facilitating and depressing synaptic connections?,"['None of the parameters change in relation to depressing/facilitating synapses', 'The initial \\(U_{SE}\\) in facilitating connections is larger than for depressing connections', 'The conductance of the synapse, \\(g_{syn}\\), changes between facilitating and depressing synaptic connections', 'The initial \\(U_{SE}\\) for facilitating connections is lower than for depressing connections.']",The initial \(U_{SE}\) for facilitating connections is lower than for depressing connections.,3
+894,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In the video lecture on ion channels, Prof Markram explains why we build classes of ion channels and not directly the actual individual ion channels. Why is this?","['Because they are theoretically correct', 'Because they are easier to manipulate for simulations', 'Because there is no catalogue of all possible channels']",Because there is no catalogue of all possible channels,2
+896,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements (2) correspond to metabotropic receptor-based synapses?,"['These synapses use neurotransmitters such as glutamate, GABA or glycine', 'These synapses use neurotransmitters such as monoamines and neuropeptides.', 'These synapses can act through a phenomenon called ‘diffuse’ connection, where an axon ‘sprays’ all surrounding dendrites', 'These synapses act on focused points of contact']",These synapses use neurotransmitters such as monoamines and neuropeptides.,1
+897,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is generating the fluctuation observed when recording voltage in the dendrites over time?,"['Concurrent inhibitory and excitatory synaptic potentials', 'Random fluctuation in the voltage of the dendrites', 'White noise from the recording device']",Concurrent inhibitory and excitatory synaptic potentials,0
+898,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What happens to the shape of the post-synaptic potential with increasing distance from the source?,"['It maintains its shape while the amplitude decreases', 'It changes shape by becoming narrower while decreasing its amplitude', 'Amplitude is constant but the shape changes by becoming broader', 'The amplitude decays sharply as the distance increases and the shape becomes broader']",The amplitude decays sharply as the distance increases and the shape becomes broader,3
+901,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,If a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor with a channel specific for potassium what kind of postsynaptic potential will we get?,"['An IPSP as the potassium current flows from inside to outside', 'An EPSP as the potassium current flows from outside to inside', 'An IPSP as the potassium current flows from outside to inside', 'It depends on the synaptic conductance for potassium']",An IPSP as the potassium current flows from inside to outside,0
+903,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are membrane ion channels?,"['Proteins that pump ion against the gradient of concentration', 'Proteins that distinguish neurons from other cells', 'Proteins that allow the diffusion of ions from areas with high to areas with low concentrations', 'Proteins that can be actively opened and closed', 'Proteins that allow any ion to pass through']",Proteins that allow the diffusion of ions from areas with high to areas with low concentrations,2
+904,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the principles of simulation neuroscience?,"['Iteratively reconstruct and test', 'Dense reconstruction from sparse data', 'Top-down decomposition of the brain properties', 'Reconstruct bottom-up']",Iteratively reconstruct and test,0
+905,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assertions about metaheuristic parameter optimization are correct?,"['It makes few assumptions on the optimization problem', 'It guarantees to find the global optimum', 'It has the potential to make otherwise intractable problems at least approximately tractable', 'It does not depend on random numbers']",It makes few assumptions on the optimization problem,0
+907,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the properties of synaptic facilitation?,"['It acts like a band pass filter', 'When the frequency of the presynaptic spike increases, the amplitude of the EPSP first increases and then decreases', 'It acts like a low pass filter', 'When the frequency of the presynaptic spike increases, the amplitude of the EPSP first decreases and then increases']",It acts like a band pass filter,0
+909,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Question 3: Which of the following statements about action potentials (or spikes) are true?,"['Spikes are generally found in axons', 'The spikes are in the order of 10mV', 'The spikes are lasting around 1ms', 'Spikes are generally found in dendrites']",Spikes are generally found in axons,0
+910,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the main steps to go from a lot of small data to big data?,"['Make the data discoverable', 'Standardized the metadata', 'Organized that data by scale of investigation', 'Store the data in one server', 'Make them accessible (machine readable)']",Make the data discoverable,0
+911,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements (4) about NMDA receptors are true?,"['NMDA receptors are blocked by a magnesium ion when not active', 'NMDA receptors conduct only if the membrane is already slightly depolarized (~ -30mV) and glutamate is present', 'The release of magnesium blocks of the NMDA receptors depends only on voltage', 'NMDA receptors are responsible for many intracellular effects including long term potentiation (LTP)', 'NMDA receptors are permeable to calcium and sodium']",NMDA receptors are blocked by a magnesium ion when not active,0
+912,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is the cell membrane represented as a capacitance in the electrical circuit?,"['Because the presence of many ion channels in the membrane attract all ions close by, misbalancing the ion charge and hence charging and turning the membrane in a capacitance', 'Because most of the membrane does not allow charges to flow through and behaves like a capacitance by accumulating charges.']",Because most of the membrane does not allow charges to flow through and behaves like a capacitance by accumulating charges.,1
+913,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the ‘electrical trick’ of neurons to change the potential?,"['Rapid increase of membrane capacitance', 'Rapid change in the conductance', ""Rapid grounding of the cells' body""]",Rapid change in the conductance,1
+915,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of these statements about the ontologies created by the Blue Brain project are false?,"['Synaptic ontology is based on pre/post synaptic morpho-electrical type', 'All morpho-electric types exists', 'Only the initial firing rate is considered for electrical type definition', 'Synaptic ontology considers kinetics', 'There are 205 neuron morphologies', 'Synaptic ontology is based on postsynaptic morpho-electrical type only', 'Regularity of the spike is one of the characteristics defining the electrical type of the neuron']",All morpho-electric types exists,1
+916,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In the equation for the synaptic conductance (see below), what does the first exponential term represent?","['It depends on what the synaptic battery is', 'It depends on what the value of \\(g_{peak}\\) is', 'The raise of the post-synaptic conductance', 'The decrease of the post-synaptic conductance']",The raise of the post-synaptic conductance,2
+917,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the first principle of simulation neuroscience?,"['Sparse data generation from simulation', 'Reconstruction based on complete data', 'Dense reconstruction from sparse data']",Dense reconstruction from sparse data,2
+918,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How did the authors reproduce the diversity observed in biological experiments in the microcircuit (2)?,"['By reconstructing the microcircuit based on biological data from several animals', 'By adding noise to the inputs of the microcircuit', 'By stochastically creating instantiations of the microcircuit that reflect biological distributions', 'By randomly choosing the number of each m-type and e-type neurons present in the microcircuit for each instantiation']",By reconstructing the microcircuit based on biological data from several animals,0
+919,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What did Hodgkin and Huxley use to generate a spike in their first experiment?,"['They used neurotransmitters to stimulate the dendrites', 'They raised the chloride concentration outside of the axon', 'They injected current in the axon to depolarize the cell', 'They raised the potassium concentration outside of the axon']",They injected current in the axon to depolarize the cell,2
+920,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements is true?,"['Individual synaptic potentials stay constant in amplitude along the dendrites and their shape changes while propagating from their site of origin', 'EPSPs can locally be much higher than when they reach the soma', 'Only one EPSP can be sufficient to cross the thresholds for spike initiation in the axon', 'The location of the synapse is not important for the EPSP effect on the soma/axon.']",EPSPs can locally be much higher than when they reach the soma,1
+921,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which characteristics are used by the Blue Brain to define the microcircuit ontology?,"['Minimum boundaries to create a complete microcircuit based on axonal boutons saturation', 'Morphological, electrical and morpho-electrical type density distributions', 'Relative density of axonal boutons compared to total brain count', 'Synapse type map']","Morphological, electrical and morpho-electrical type density distributions",1
+922,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the essential parts (3) of a brain atlas?,"['A morphological description of the neurons in each region', 'A coordinate space defined by a 3D template', 'A gene expression profile, defining each region', 'An ontology defining names and relationships between regions', 'A parcellation: 3D boundaries of brain regions', 'An electrical definition of neurons in each region']",A coordinate space defined by a 3D template,1
+923,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"What is the integration hierarchy, from low to high, for simulation neuroscience data?","['Ions channels are component of the synapses; synapses are component of the neurons; neurons are component of brain microcircuit', 'Ions channels are present in neurons; synapses connect neurons; connected neurons form microcircuit', 'Microcircuit are composed of connected neurons; neurons are connected by synapses; ions channels are present in neurons']",Ions channels are present in neurons; synapses connect neurons; connected neurons form microcircuit,1
+960,15002,Computer Science,master,"Using a 2-gram language model, what is the probability of""how old are you""knowing that:\( P(\text{are})= 3 \times 10^{-3} \\
+P(\text{how})= 8 \times 10^{-4} \\
+P(\text{old})= 9 \times 10^{-4} \\
+P(\text{you})= 6 \times 10^{-3} \)\( P(\text{are}|\text{old})= 4\times 10^{-3} \\
+P(\text{are}|\text{you})= 10^{-2} \\
+P(\text{how}|\text{old})= 3\times 10^{-6} \\
+P(\text{old}|\text{are})= 2\times 10^{-3} \\
+P(\text{old}|\text{how})= 5\times 10^{-3} \\
+P(\text{you}|\text{are})= 7\times 10^{-4} \)","['\\( 8 \\times 9 \\times 3 \\times 6 \\times 10^{-14} \\)', '\\( 8 \\times 3 \\times 2 \\times 10^{-15} \\)', '\\( 8 \\times 5 \\times 4 \\times 7 \\times 10^{-14} \\)', '\\( 3 \\times 2 \\times 6 \\times 10^{-14} \\)', '\\( 8 \\times 3 \\times 2 \\times 10^{-4}  / (9 \\times 3 \\times 6) \\)', '\\( 8 \\times 5 \\times 4 \\times 7 \\times 10^{-3} / (9 \\times 3 \\times 6) \\)', '\\( 3 \\times 2 \\times 6 \\times 10^{-3}  / (8 \\times 9 \\times 3) \\)']",\( 8 \times 5 \times 4 \times 7 \times 10^{-14} \),2
+962,15002,Computer Science,master,"What word could be associated to the following definition: ""Related to a selection in advance""?","['selectionally', 'preselection', 'retroselection', 'preselectional']",preselectional,3
+966,15002,Computer Science,master,Select the answer that correctly describes the differences between formal and natural languages. ,"['Formal languages are by construction explicit and non-ambiguous while natural languages are implicit and ambiguous', 'Formal languages are by construction implicit and non-ambiguous while natural languages are explicit and ambiguous', 'Formal languages are by construction explicit and ambiguous while natural languages are implicit and non-ambiguous']",Formal languages are by construction explicit and non-ambiguous while natural languages are implicit and ambiguous,0
+969,15002,Computer Science,master,"Consider the table of term frequencies for 3 documents D1, D2, and D3D1      D2      D3car740auto330insurance     037Considering the bag of words model , with TF-IDF weightning and cosine similarity metric, which document (D1, D2 or D3) is most relevant to the following query:""car insurance""","['D1', 'D2', 'D3']",D2,1
+973,15002,Computer Science,master,"For each of the sub-questions of this question (next page), tick/check the corresponding box if the presented sentence is correct
+at the corresponding level (for a human). There will be a penalty for wrong boxes ticked/checked.Some sentences is hard understand to.","['lexical', 'syntactic', 'semantic', 'pragmatic', 'none of the above is correct']",lexical,0
+976,15002,Computer Science,master,Select all true statements.A penalty will be applied for any incorrect answers.,"['The k-means algorithm always converges because at each step it minimizes the intra-class variance.', 'The k-NN algorithm is a non-hierarchical, non-overlapping clustering method.', 'The k-means algorithm always converges into a global minimum.', 'In mapping methods used for visualization, the target space is considered a sub-space of the original space.', 'In textual classification, the objects are always full length documents.', 'Non-parametric methods for classification does not involve any parameter.']",The k-means algorithm always converges because at each step it minimizes the intra-class variance.,0
+981,15002,Computer Science,master,"Consider the following lexicon \(L\):
+boy    : Adj, N
+boys   : N
+blue   : Adj, N
+drink  : N, V
+drinks : N, V
+Nice   : Adj, N
+
+When using an order-1 HMM model (using \(L\)) to tag the word sequence:""Nice boys drink blue drinks""does the tag of drink depend on the tag of nice?
+
+","['yes, because the HMM approach relies on a global maximum.', 'no, the hypotheses make the two tags independent from each other.']","no, the hypotheses make the two tags independent from each other.",1
+995,15002,Computer Science,master,"Consider the following context-free grammar \(G\) (where \(\text{S}\) is the top-level symbol):
+
+\(R_{01}: \text{S} \rightarrow \text{NP VP}\)
+\(R_{02}: \text{NP} \rightarrow \text{NP0}\)
+\(R_{03}: \text{NP} \rightarrow \text{Det NP0}\)
+\(R_{04}: \text{NP0} \rightarrow \text{N}\)
+\(R_{05}: \text{NP0} \rightarrow \text{Adj N}\)
+\(R_{06}: \text{NP0} \rightarrow \text{NP0 PNP}\)
+\(R_{07}: \text{VP} \rightarrow \text{V}\)
+\(R_{08}: \text{VP} \rightarrow \text{V NP}\)
+\(R_{09}: \text{VP} \rightarrow \text{V NP PNP}\)
+\(R_{10}: \text{PNP} \rightarrow \text{Prep NP}\)
+
+complemented by the lexicon \(L\):
+a        : Det
+blue     : Adj, N
+drink    : N, V
+drinks   : N, V
+friends  : N
+from     : Prep
+gave     : V
+letter   : N
+my       : Det
+neighbor : N
+nice     : Adj, N
+of       : Prep
+postman  : N
+ran      : V
+the      : Det
+to       : PrepIf the notation \(T(w)\) is used to refer to the rule \(T \rightarrow w\), which of the following correspond to valid derivations according to the grammar \(G\)?(Penalty for wrong ticks.)","['\\(R_{01}, R_{08}, R_{02}, R_{04}, \\text{N}(\\text{letter}), \\text{V}(\\text{ran}), R_{03}, \\text{Det}(\\text{the}), R_{04}, \\text{N}(\\text{drinks})\\)', '\\(R_{01}, R_{03}, \\text{Det}(\\text{a}), R_{05}, \\text{Adj}(\\text{blue}), \\text{N}(\\text{drink}), R_{07}, \\text{V}(\\text{ran})\\)', '\\(R_{01}, R_{02}, R_{04}, \\text{N}(\\text{friends}), R_{09}, \\text{V}(\\text{gave}), R_{02}, \\text{N}(\\text{postman})\\)']","\(R_{01}, R_{03}, \text{Det}(\text{a}), R_{05}, \text{Adj}(\text{blue}), \text{N}(\text{drink}), R_{07}, \text{V}(\text{ran})\)",1
+1009,15002,Computer Science,master,What are the outputs produced by a morphological analyzer?You will get a penalty for wrong ticks.,"['canonical representations', 'surface forms', 'association between canonical representations and surface forms', 'association between surface forms and canonical representations']",canonical representations,0
+1014,15002,Computer Science,master,"Consider the following context-free grammar \(G\) (where \(\text{S}\) is the top-level symbol):
+
+\(R_{01}: \text{S} \rightarrow \text{NP VP}\)
+\(R_{02}: \text{NP} \rightarrow \text{NP0}\)
+\(R_{03}: \text{NP} \rightarrow \text{Det NP0}\)
+\(R_{04}: \text{NP0} \rightarrow \text{N}\)
+\(R_{05}: \text{NP0} \rightarrow \text{Adj N}\)
+\(R_{06}: \text{NP0} \rightarrow \text{NP0 PNP}\)
+\(R_{07}: \text{VP} \rightarrow \text{V}\)
+\(R_{08}: \text{VP} \rightarrow \text{V NP}\)
+\(R_{09}: \text{VP} \rightarrow \text{V NP PNP}\)
+\(R_{10}: \text{PNP} \rightarrow \text{Prep NP}\)
+
+complemented by the lexicon \(L\):
+a        : Det
+blue     : Adj, N
+drink    : N, V
+drinks   : N, V
+friends  : N
+from     : Prep
+gave     : V
+letter   : N
+my       : Det
+neighbor : N
+nice     : Adj, N
+of       : Prep
+postman  : N
+ran      : V
+the      : Det
+to       : PrepIndicate which of the following statements are true for the word sequence\(W\) = ""drinks drinks drinks""?","['\\(W\\) is not syntactically acceptable according to the grammar \\(G\\).', '\\(W\\) is syntactically acceptable according to the grammar \\(G\\), but some positional constraints of English are violated.', '\\(W\\) is syntactically acceptable according to the grammar \\(G\\), but some selectional constraints of English are violated.', '\\(W\\) is syntactically acceptable according to the grammar \\(G\\), but some positional\xa0and\xa0selectional constraints of English are violated.']","\(W\) is syntactically acceptable according to the grammar \(G\), but some selectional constraints of English are violated.",2
+1016,15002,Computer Science,master,What is a good distance metric to be used when you want to compute the similarity between documents independent of their length?A penalty will be applied for any incorrect answers.,"['Cosine similarity', 'Euclidean distance', 'Manhattan distance', 'Chi-squared distance']",Cosine similarity,0
+1026,15002,Computer Science,master,"Consider the following lexicon \(L\):
+bear   : V, N
+bears  : V, N
+blue   : Adj, N
+drink  : N, V
+drinks : N, V
+Nice   : Adj, N
+
+When using an order-1 HMM model (using \(L\)) to tag the word sequence:""Nice bears drink blue drinks""does the tag of drink depend on the tag of nice?
+
+","['yes, because the HMM approach relies on a global maximum.', 'no, the hypotheses make the two tags independent from each other.']","yes, because the HMM approach relies on a global maximum.",0
+1038,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Suppose the ionic currents through the membrane are well approximated by a simple leak current. For a dendritic segment of size [mathjaxinline]dx[/mathjaxinline], the leak current is characterized by a membrane resistance [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline]. If we change the size of the segment from [mathjaxinline]dx[/mathjaxinline] to [mathjaxinline]2dx[/mathjaxinline]:","['the resitance [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline] needs to be changed from [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline] to [mathjaxinline]2R[/mathjaxinline].', 'the resitance [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline] needs to be changed from [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline] to [mathjaxinline]R/2[/mathjaxinline].', '[mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline] does not change.', 'the membrane conductance increases by a factor of 2.']",the resitance [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline] needs to be changed from [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline] to [mathjaxinline]R/2[/mathjaxinline].,1
+1039,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"1. In a natural situation, the electrical potential inside a neuron is ...the same as outside.different by 50-100 microvolt.different by 50-100 millivolt.","['the same as outside.', 'different by 50-100 microvolt.', 'different by 50-100 millivolt.']",different by 50-100 millivolt.,2
+1040,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Often the gating dynamics are formulated as
+      [mathjaxinline]\frac{dm}{dt}=\alpha_m(u)(1-m)-\beta_m(u)m[/mathjaxinline].","['[mathjaxinline]m_0\\left(u\\right) = \\beta_m\\left(u\\right)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]m_0\\left(u\\right) = \\alpha_m\\left(u\\right)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]m_0\\left(u\\right) = \\frac{\\alpha_m\\left(u\\right)}{\\beta_m\\left(u\\right)}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]m_0\\left(u\\right) = \\frac{\\alpha_m\\left(u\\right)}{\\alpha_m\\left(u\\right)+\\beta_m\\left(u\\right)}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]m_0\left(u\right) = \frac{\alpha_m\left(u\right)}{\alpha_m\left(u\right)+\beta_m\left(u\right)}[/mathjaxinline],3
+1041,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"in a 2-dimensional model such as the FizHugh-Nagumo model, the auxiliary variable [mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline] is necessary to implement a reset of the voltage after a spikein a nonlinear integrate-and-fire model, the auxiliary variable [mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline] is necessary to implement a reset of the voltage after a spikein a nonlinear integrate-and-fire model, a reset of the voltage after a spike is implemented algorithmically/explicitlyin the FizHugh-Nagumo model, a reset of the voltage after a spike is implemented algorithmically/explicitly","['in a 2-dimensional model such as the FizHugh-Nagumo model, the auxiliary variable [mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline] is necessary to implement a reset of the voltage after a spike', 'in a nonlinear integrate-and-fire model, the auxiliary variable [mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline] is necessary to implement a reset of the voltage after a spike', 'in a nonlinear integrate-and-fire model, a reset of the voltage after a spike is implemented algorithmically/explicitly', 'in the FizHugh-Nagumo model, a reset of the voltage after a spike is implemented algorithmically/explicitly']","in a 2-dimensional model such as the FizHugh-Nagumo model, the auxiliary variable [mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline] is necessary to implement a reset of the voltage after a spike",0
+1042,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Reliability of spike timing can be assessed by repeating several times the same stimulusSpike timing in vitro is more reliable under injection of constant current than with flactuating currentSpike timing in vitro is less reliable under injection of constant current than with flactuating currentFor the exact same input current, spike timing in vitro is more reliable than spike timing in vivoNothing is known about spike timing in humans in vivo","['Reliability of spike timing can be assessed by repeating several times the same stimulus', 'Spike timing in vitro is more reliable under injection of constant current than with flactuating current', 'Spike timing in vitro is less reliable under injection of constant current than with flactuating current', 'For the exact same input current, spike timing in vitro is more reliable than spike timing in vivo', 'Nothing is known about spike timing in humans in vivo']",Reliability of spike timing can be assessed by repeating several times the same stimulus,0
+1044,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In a 2-dimensional neuron model,","['by moving the u-nullcline vertically upward', 'by moving the w-nullcline vertically upward', 'as a potential change in the stability or number of the fixed point(s)', 'as a new initial condition', 'by following the flow of arrows in the appropriate phase plane diagram']",as a new initial condition,3
+1048,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"3. In an integrate-and-fire model, when the voltage hits the threshold ...","['the neuron fires a spike', 'the neuron can enter a state of refractoriness', 'the voltage is reset', 'the neuron explodes']",the neuron fires a spike,0
+1049,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The voltage across a passive membrane can be described by the equation:,"['[mathjaxinline]u(\\infty)=u_{rest}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]u(\\infty)=u_{rest}-RI_0[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]u(\\infty)=u_{rest}+\\frac{C}{\\tau}I_0[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]u(\\infty)=u_{rest}+RI_0[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]u(\\infty)=RI_0[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]u(\infty)=u_{rest}+RI_0[/mathjaxinline],3
+1051,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Set [mathjaxinline] \tau_2 = 1 [/mathjaxinline], [mathjaxinline] \tau_1 = 0 [/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline] w_0 = J_0/N [/mathjaxinline]. Consider the limit [mathjaxinline] N\to\infty [/mathjaxinline] (mean field approach). Derive a formula for the rate [mathjaxinline] \nu_0 [/mathjaxinline] as a function of the input [mathjaxinline] \overline{I} [/mathjaxinline] and select the correct answer below.","['[mathjaxinline] \\nu_0\\left(\\overline{I}\\right) = \\frac{\\overline{I} - I^{\\textrm{ext}}}{J_0}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\nu_0\\left(\\overline{I}\\right) = \\frac{\\overline{I} - I^{\\textrm{ext}}}{J_0 N}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\nu_0\\left(\\overline{I}\\right) = \\frac{\\overline{I} + I^{\\textrm{ext}}}{J_0}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline] \nu_0\left(\overline{I}\right) = \frac{\overline{I} - I^{\textrm{ext}}}{J_0}[/mathjaxinline],0
+1052,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Choose the correct reasoning for justifying your answer in Q3:,"['No matter what the weights are, the input scales with [mathjaxinline] N [/mathjaxinline]. Because every neuron is connected to every neuron, the fluctuations even scale as [mathjaxinline] N^2 [/mathjaxinline].', 'The weight scaling cancels out the dependence on [mathjaxinline] N [/mathjaxinline] in the input. The fluctuations of the input are the sum (over presynaptic neurons) of many random variables with fixed variance. By the central limit theorem, and with the weight scaling factor, the fluctuations (std) of the input thus scale as [mathjaxinline] 1/N [/mathjaxinline].', 'The weight scaling cancels out the dependence on [mathjaxinline] N [/mathjaxinline] in the input. The fluctuations of the input are the sum (over presynaptic neurons) of many random variables with fixed variance. By the central limit theorem, and with the weight scaling factor, the fluctuations (std) of the input thus scale as [mathjaxinline] 1/\\sqrt{N} [/mathjaxinline].', 'The weight scaling cancels out the dependence on [mathjaxinline] N [/mathjaxinline] in the input. The same reasoning holds for the fluctuations.']","The weight scaling cancels out the dependence on [mathjaxinline] N [/mathjaxinline] in the input. The fluctuations of the input are the sum (over presynaptic neurons) of many random variables with fixed variance. By the central limit theorem, and with the weight scaling factor, the fluctuations (std) of the input thus scale as [mathjaxinline] 1/\sqrt{N} [/mathjaxinline].",2
+1155,15127,Computer Science,master,"Assume that you have given linearly separable data for a classification task. You are using support vector machines. More precisely, you are optimizing $$ \operatorname{argmin}_{\mathbf{w}} \sum_{n=1}^{N}\left[1-y_{n} \mathbf{x}_{n}^{\top} \mathbf{w}\right]_{+}+\frac{\lambda}{2}\|\mathbf{w}\|^{2}, $$ with a very large value of $\lambda$. Recall: $[z]_{+}=\max \{0, z\}$. Assume that $\left(\tilde{\mathbf{x}}_{n}, \tilde{y}_{n}\right)$ is an essential support vector, i.e., a data point that lies exactly on the margin. What is the most likely outcome if you remove this support vector from the data and rerun the algorithm with the remaining $N-1$ data points?","['I will get exactly the same outcome and the same margin.', 'The optimal vector $\\mathbf{w}^{*}$ will change and the margin will double.', 'The optimal vector $\\mathbf{w}^{*}$ will change and the margin will decrease.', 'The optimal vector $\\mathbf{w}^{*}$ will change and the margin will increase.', 'The algorithm will not work since the data is missing an essential support vector.']",The optimal vector $\mathbf{w}^{*}$ will change and the margin will increase.,3
+1156,15127,Computer Science,master,"Assume that you get a confidence interval of size $\delta$ for some problem given $N$ iid samples. Expressed as a function of $N$, how many iid samples do you need to get a confidence interval of $\operatorname{size} \delta / 3 ?$","['$3 N$', '$N/3$', '$N^3$', '$9N$', '$\\sqrt{3 N}$', '$e^{3 N}$']",$9N$,3
+1158,15127,Computer Science,master,"Let $n$ be an integer such that $n\geq 2$ and let  $A \in \R^{n	imes n}$, and $xv \in \R^n$, consider the function $f(xv) = xv^	op A xv$ defined over $\R^n$. Which of the following is the gradient of the function $f$? ","['$2 xv^\top A$', '$2Axv$', '$A^\top xv + Axv$', '$2A^\top xv$']",$A^	op xv + Axv$,2
+1159,15127,Computer Science,master,"The KNN algorithm needs a notion of distance to assess which points are ``nearest''.
+	                Identify the distance measures that can be used in the KNN algorithm. 
+                    (a) Euclidean Distance : distance associated to the $L_2$ norm $\|xv\|_2 := \sqrt{x_1^2+\dots+x_D^2}$
+		            (b) Manhattan Distance : distance associated to the $L_1$ norm $\|xv\|_1 := |x_1|+\dots+|x_D|$
+		            (c) Distance associated to the $L_4$ norm $\|xv\|_4 := ig(|x_1|^4+\dots+|x_D|^4ig)^{1/4}$
+	                ","['only a', 'only b', 'only c', 'only a and b', 'only a and c', 'only b and c', 'a, b and c']","a, b and c",6
+1160,15127,Computer Science,master,Consider a classification problem using either SVMs or logistic regression and separable data. For logistic regression we use a small regularization term (penality on weights) in order to make the optimum welldefined. Consider a point that is correctly classified and distant from the decision boundary. Assume that we move this point slightly. What will happen to the decision boundary?,"['Small change for SVMs and small change for logistic regression.', 'No change for SVMs and large change for logistic regression.', 'No change for SVMs and no change for logistic regression.', 'No change for SVMs and a small change for logistic regression.', 'Large change for SVMs and large change for logistic regression.', 'Large change for SVMs and no change for logistic regression.', 'Small change for SVMs and no change for logistic regression.', 'Small change for SVMs and large change for logistic regression.', 'Large change for SVMs and small change for logistic regression.']",No change for SVMs and a small change for logistic regression.,3
+1161,15127,Computer Science,master,"You are given a distribution on $X, Y$, and $Z$ and you know that the joint distribution can be written in the form $p(x, y, z)=p(x) p(y \mid x) p(z \mid y)$. What conclusion can you draw? [Recall that $\perp$ means independent and $\mid \cdots$ means conditioned on $\cdots$.","['$Y \\perp Z$', '$X \\perp Y \\mid Z$', '$Y \\perp Z \\quad X$', '$X \\perp Z$', '$X \\perp Y$', '$X \\perp Z \\quad \\mid Y$']",$X \perp Z \quad \mid Y$,5
+1162,15127,Computer Science,master,"You are using a neural net with $L$ layers, $K$ nodes per layer, and ReLUs as activation functions. Your input data has components in $[-1,0]$. You initialize all your weights to be Gaussians with mean 10 and variance 0.1 and all the bias terms are set to 0. You start optimizing using SGD. What will happen?","['the gradient is 0 and so nothing happens', 'the gradient is very large and so your steps are likely too large for the algorithm to converge', 'everything is fine', 'you cannot use a neural net for features that have negative components']",the gradient is 0 and so nothing happens,0
+1163,15127,Computer Science,master,"You are given samples $\mathcal{S}=\left\{\mathbf{x}_{n}\right\}_{n=1}^{N}$, where each sample has two components, i.e., $\mathbf{x}=\left(x_{1}, x_{2}\right)$. You compute from this the corresponding kernel matrix $\mathbf{K}$ with entries $\mathbf{K}_{i, j}=\mathbf{x}_{i}^{T} \mathbf{x}_{j}$. Assume now that you transform the feature vector to $\tilde{\mathbf{x}}=\left(x_{1}^{2}, x_{2}^{2}, \sqrt{2} x_{1} x_{2}\right)$ and compute from this new feature vector the corresponding kernel matrix $\tilde{\mathbf{K}}$ with entries $\tilde{\mathbf{K}}_{i, j}=\tilde{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{T} \tilde{\mathbf{x}}_{j}$. What function does this transform correspond to? I.e., what function $f(\cdot)$ can you pick so that $\tilde{\mathbf{K}}=f(\mathbf{K})$, where the function $f(\cdot)$ is applied component-wise?","['$f(z)=e^z$', '$f(z)=z^2$', '$f(z)=1$', '$f(z)=z^3$', '$f(z)=\\log (z)$', '$f(z)=z$', '$f(z)=\\sqrt{2} z$']",$f(z)=z^2$,1
+1164,15127,Computer Science,master,(Weight initialization) The choice of weight initialization will not impact the optimization behavior of the neural network.,"['True', 'False']",False,1
+1165,15127,Computer Science,master,"Under certain conditions, maximizing the log-likelihood is equivalent to minimizing mean-squared error for linear regression. The mean-squared error can be defined as $\mathcal{L}_{m s e}(\mathbf{w}):=$ $\frac{1}{2 N} \sum_{n=1}^{N}\left(y_{n}-\widetilde{\mathbf{x}}_{n}^{\top} \mathbf{w}\right)^{2}$ and $y_{n}=\widetilde{\mathbf{x}}_{n}^{\top} \mathbf{w}+\varepsilon_{n}$ is assumed for the probabilistic model. Which of following conditions is necessary for the equivalence?","['The noise parameter $\\varepsilon_{n}$ should have a normal distribution.', 'The target variable $y_{n}$ should have a normal distribution.', 'The i.i.d. assumption on the variable $\\mathbf{w}$.', 'The conditional probability $p\\left(y_{n} \\mid \\widetilde{\\mathbf{x}}_{n}, \\mathbf{w}\\right)$ should follow a Laplacian distribution.', 'The noise parameter $\\varepsilon_{n}$ should have non-zero mean.']",The noise parameter $\varepsilon_{n}$ should have a normal distribution.,0
+1168,15127,Computer Science,master,Generative Adversarial Networks use the generator and discriminator models during training but only the discriminator for data synthesis.,"['True', 'False']",False,1
+1169,15127,Computer Science,master,Text:,"['(a)  Comparing the word feature representations from bag-of-words vs GloVe, bag-of-words typically gives lower dimensional representations.', '(b)  GloVe and word2vec are typically trained unsupervised']",(b)  GloVe and word2vec are typically trained unsupervised,1
+1170,15127,Computer Science,master,"(Text Representation Learning, GloVe) Learning GloVe word vectors is identical to approximating the observed entries of the word/context co-occurence counts by $\mathbf{W} \mathbf{Z}^{\top}$, in the least square sense, if the $f_{d n}$ weights are set to 1 for all observed entries.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+1171,15127,Computer Science,master,"Every time you open the website \href{http://thispersondoesnotexist.com}{thispersondoesnotexist.com}, you see a fake picture of a person that was sampled from the distribution learned by a GAN. Which part of the GAN is deployed on this server?","['The discriminator.', 'The generator.', 'The discriminator and the generator.', 'Only the last layer of the discriminator.']",The generator.,1
+1172,15127,Computer Science,master,"Nearest neighbor classifiers cannot be used for regression because they rely on majority voting, which is not suited for continuous labels.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+1174,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider the following joint distribution on $X$ and $Y$, where both random variables take on the values $\{0,1\}: p(X=$ $0, Y=0)=0.1, p(X=0, Y=1)=0.2, p(X=1, Y=0)=0.3, p(X=1, Y=1)=0.4$. You receive $X=1$. What is the largest probability of being correct you can achieve when predicting $Y$ in this case?","['$\\frac{1}{3}$', '$\\frac{3}{4}$', '$\\frac{1}{7}$', '$0$', '$1$', '$\\frac{2}{3}$', '$\\frac{6}{7}$', '$\\frac{4}{7}$', '$\\frac{3}{7}$', '$\\frac{1}{4}$', '$\\frac{2}{4}$']",$\frac{4}{7}$,7
+1175,15127,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements is 	extbf{incorrect} ? Training a model with $L_1$-regularization ...,"['can reduce the storage cost of the final model.', 'is used to help escaping local minima during training.', 'can reduce overfitting.', 'can be named Lasso regression when in combination with an MSE loss function and a linear model.']",is used to help escaping local minima during training.,1
+1178,15127,Computer Science,master,"The output of a 2D convolutional layer with filter size $S 	imes S$, where $S \ge 1$, always has a larger receptive field than the input to the convolution.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+1179,15127,Computer Science,master,(Backpropagation) Training via the backpropagation algorithm always learns a globally optimal neural network if there is only one hidden layer and we run an infinite number of iterations and decrease the step size appropriately over time.,"['True', 'False']",False,1
+1181,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a binary classification problem with a linear classifier $f(\mathbf{x})$ given by $$ f(\mathbf{x})= \begin{cases}1, & \mathbf{w}^{\top} \mathbf{x} \geq 0 \\ -1, & \mathbf{w}^{\top} \mathbf{x}<0\end{cases} $$ where $\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^{3}$. Suppose that the weights of the linear model are equal to $\mathbf{w}=(4,0,-3)$. For the next two questions, we would like to find a minimum-norm adversarial example. Specifically, we are interested in solving the following optimization problem, for a given $\mathbf{x}$ : $$ \min _{\boldsymbol{\delta} \in \mathbb{R}^{3}}\|\boldsymbol{\delta}\|_{2} \quad \text { subject to } \quad \mathbf{w}^{\top}(\mathbf{x}+\boldsymbol{\delta})=0 $$ This leads to the point $\mathbf{x}+\boldsymbol{\delta}$ that lies exactly at the decision boundary and the perturbation $\boldsymbol{\delta}$ is the smallest in terms of the $\ell_{2}$-norm. What is the minimum value of the optimization problem Eq. (OP) for the point $\mathbf{x}=$ $(-1,3,2) ?$","['2', '$3$', '$1$', 'Other', '$1.5$', '0', '$\\sqrt{2}$', '4']",2,0
+1182,15127,Computer Science,master,The complexity of the back-propagation algorithm for a neural net with $L$ layers and $K$ nodes per layer is,"['(a) $\\Theta\\left(K^{L}\\right)$', '(b) $\\Theta\\left(L^{K}\\right)$', '(c) $\\Theta\\left(K^{2} L^{2}\\right)$', '(d) $\\Theta\\left(K^{2} L\\right)$', '(e) $\\Theta\\left(K L^{2}\\right)$', '(f) $\\Theta(K L)$', '(g) $\\Theta(K)$', '(h) $\\Theta(L)$', '(i) $\\Theta(1)$']",(d) $\Theta\left(K^{2} L\right)$,3
+1184,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a linear regression problem with $N$ samples where the input is in $D$-dimensional space, and all output values are $y_{i} \in\{-1,+1\}$. Which of the following statements is correct?","['(a)  linear regression cannot ""work"" if $N \\gg D$', '(b)  linear regression cannot ""work"" if $N \\ll D$', '(c)  linear regression can be made to work perfectly if the data is linearly separable']",(c)  linear regression can be made to work perfectly if the data is linearly separable,2
+1185,15127,Computer Science,master,Consider a matrix factorization problem of the form $\mathbf{X}=\mathbf{W Z}^{\top}$ to obtain an item-user recommender system where $x_{i j}$ denotes the rating given by $j^{\text {th }}$ user to the $i^{\text {th }}$ item . We use Root mean square error (RMSE) to gauge the quality of the factorization obtained. Select the correct option.,"['Given a new item and a few ratings from existing users, we need to retrain the already trained recommender system from scratch to generate robust ratings for the user-item pairs containing this item.', 'Regularization terms for $\\mathbf{W}$ and $\\mathbf{Z}$ in the form of their respective Frobenius norms are added to the RMSE so that the resulting objective function becomes convex.', 'For obtaining a robust factorization of a matrix $\\mathbf{X}$ with $D$ rows and $N$ elements where $N \\ll D$, the latent dimension $\\mathrm{K}$ should lie somewhere between $D$ and $N$.', 'None of the other options are correct.']",None of the other options are correct.,3
+1187,15127,Computer Science,master,"We consider a classification problem on linearly separable data. Our dataset had an outlier---a point that is very far from the other datapoints in distance (and also far from margins in SVM but still correctly classified by the SVM classifier).
+                    We trained the SVM, logistic regression and 1-nearest-neighbour models on this dataset.
+                    We tested trained models on a test set that comes from the same distribution as training set, but doesn't have any outlier points.
+                    After that we removed the outlier and retrained our models.","['SVM', 'Logistic regression', '1-nearest-neighbors classifier', 'All of them']",Logistic regression,1
+1188,15127,Computer Science,master,"(Maximum Likelihood) Assume that $X \in\{0,1\}$ and that $p(X=0)=\frac{1}{3}$. Assume further that $Y=X+Z$ where $Z$ is a zero-mean Gaussian noise of variance 1 . We observe $Y$ and are asked to guess $X$. The maximum likelihood estimator $\hat{X}(Y)=\operatorname{argmax}_{x \in\{0,1\}} p(Y=y \mid X=x)$ minimizes the probability of error.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+1189,15127,Computer Science,master,The loss function used in logistic regression equally penalizes positive and negative deviations from the correct class label.,"['True', 'False']",False,1
+1190,15127,Computer Science,master,"In a Gaussian Mixture Model, assuming $D, K \ll N$, the number of free parameters, after marginalization of the latent variables $z_{n}$, is","['(a)  quadratic in $D$', '(b)  cubic in $D$', '(c)  linear in $N$']",(a)  quadratic in $D$,0
+1191,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider the composite function $f(x)=g(h(x))$, where all functions are $\mathbb{R}$ to $\mathbb{R}$. Which of the following is the weakest condition that guarantees that $f(x)$ is convex?","['$g(x)$ and $h(x)$ are convex and $g(x)$ and $h(x)$ are increasing', '$g(x)$ is convex and $g(x)$ is increasing', '$g(x)$ and $h(x)$ are convex and $h(x)$ is increasing', '$g(x)$ and $h(x)$ are convex and $g(x)$ is increasing', '$g(x)$ is convex and $g(x)$ and $h(x)$ are increasing', '$h(x)$ is convex and $g(x)$ and $h(x)$ are increasing', '$g(x)$ is convex and $h(x)$ is increasing']",$g(x)$ and $h(x)$ are convex and $g(x)$ is increasing,3
+1192,15127,Computer Science,master,"Recall that we say that a kernel $K: \R 	imes \R 
ightarrow \R $ is valid if there exists $k \in \mathbb{N}$ and $\Phi: \R 
ightarrow \R^k$ such that for all $(x, x') \in \R 	imes \R $, $K(x, x') =  \Phi(x)^	op \Phi(x')$. The kernel $K(x, x') = \cos(x + x')$ is a valid kernel.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+1194,15127,Computer Science,master,(Neural networks) Training only the first layer of a deep neural network using the logistic loss is equivalent to training a logistic regression over a transformed feature space.,"['True', 'False']",False,1
+1196,15127,Computer Science,master,"Our task is to classify whether an animal is a dog (class 0) or a cat (class 1) based on the following features: 
+        egin{itemize}
+	        \item $x_1$: height
+	        \item $x_2$: length of whiskers
+	        \item $x_3$: thickness of fur
+        \end{itemize}
+        We perform standard normal scaling on the training features so that they have a mean of zero and standard deviation of 1. We have trained a Logistic Regression model to determine the probability that the animal is a cat, $p(1 | \mathbf{x,w})$.
+        Our classifier learns that cats have a lower height and longer whiskers than dogs, while the thickness of fur is not relevant to the classification outcome. Which of the following is true about the weights~$\wv$ learned by the classifier?
+        ","['$w_1 < w_2 < w_3$', '$w_1 < w_3 < w_2$', '$w_2 < w_1 < w_3$', '$w_2 < w_3 < w_1$', '$w_3 < w_1 < w_2$', '$w_3 < w_2 < w_1$']",$w_1 < w_3 < w_2$,1
+1198,15127,Computer Science,master,Assume that you initialize all weights in a neural net to the same value and you do the same for the bias terms. Which of the following statements is correct.,"['(a)  This is a good idea since it treats every edge equally.', '(b)  This is a bad idea.']",(b)  This is a bad idea.,1
+1199,15127,Computer Science,master,(Convex II) Intersections of convex sets are convex.,"['True', 'False']",True,0
+1200,15127,Computer Science,master,"In principal component analysis, the left singular vectors $\mathbf{U}$ of a data matrix $\mathbf{X}$ of shape ( $d$ features, $n$ datapoints) are used to create a new data matrix $\mathbf{X}^{\prime}=\mathbf{U}^{\top} \mathbf{X}$. To achieve dimensionality reduction, we keep only certain rows of the matrix $\mathbf{X}^{\prime}$. We keep those rows that have:","['the lowest variance.', 'the highest variance.', 'smallest L2 norm.', 'L2 norm closest to 1']",the highest variance.,1
+1201,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider two fully connected networks, A and B, with a constant width for all layers, inputs and outputs.
+	Network A has depth $3L$ and width $H$, network B has depth $L$ and width $2H$.
+	Everything else is identical for the two networks and both $L$ and $H$ are large.
+	In this case, performing a single iteration of backpropagation requires fewer scalar multiplications for network A than for network B.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+1202,15127,Computer Science,master," Consider the Parametric ReLU function defined as
+            $$f(x) = \left\{egin{matrix}
+                    x  & 	extup{if}\; x > 0 \
+                    ax & 	extup{otherwise}
+                \end{matrix}
ight.$$
+            where $a \in \R$ is an arbitrary number.
+            Which of the following statements is true regarding the subgradients of $f(x)$ at $x = 0$?
+        ","['A subgradient exists even though $f(x)$ is not necessarily differentiable at $x=0$.', 'A subgradient does not exist at $x=0$.', 'If a subgradient exists, then it is not unique.', 'None of the mentioned answers.']",None of the mentioned answers.,3
+1203,15127,Computer Science,master,"In ridge regression, a large regularization parameter $\lambda$ causes overfitting whereas a small regularization parameter causes underfitting.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+1204,15127,Computer Science,master,"The following member of the exponential family represents a scalar Gaussian: $p(y)=\exp \left\{(2,-1)\left(y, y^{2}\right)^{\top}-\right.$ $\left.1-\frac{1}{2} \ln (\pi)\right\}$. What are the mean $\mu$ and the variance $\sigma^{2}$ ?","['(a) $\\mu=-1, \\sigma^{2}=0$.', '(b) $\\mu=0, \\sigma^{2}=0$.', '(c) $\\mu=1, \\sigma^{2}=0$.', '(d) $\\mu=-1, \\sigma^{2}=\\frac{1}{2}$', '(e) $\\mu=0, \\sigma^{2}=\\frac{1}{2}$.', '(f) $\\mu=1, \\sigma^{2}=\\frac{1}{2}$.', '(g) $\\mu=-1, \\sigma^{2}=1$.', '(h) $\\mu=0, \\sigma^{2}=1$.', '(i) $\\mu=1, \\sigma^{2}=1$']","(f) $\mu=1, \sigma^{2}=\frac{1}{2}$.",5
+1207,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider the loss function $L: \R^d 	o \R$, $L(\wv) = rac{eta}{2}\|\wv\|^2$, where $eta > 0$ is a constant. We run gradient descent on $L$ with a stepsize $\gamma > 0$ starting from some $\wv_0 
+eq 0$. Which of the statements below is true? ","['Gradient descent converges to the global minimum for any stepsize $\\gamma > 0$.', 'Gradient descent with stepsize $\\gamma = \x0crac{2}{\x08eta}$ produces iterates that diverge to infinity ($\\|\\wv_t\\| \to \\infty$ as $t\to \\infty$).', 'Gradient descent converges in two steps for $\\gamma = \x0crac{1}{\x08eta}$ (i.e., $\\wv_2$ is the \textbf{first} iterate attaining the global minimum of $L$).', 'Gradient descent converges to the global minimum for any stepsize in the interval $\\gamma \\in \x08ig( 0, \x0crac{2}{\x08eta}\x08ig)$.']","Gradient descent converges to the global minimum for any stepsize in the interval $\gamma \in ig( 0, rac{2}{eta}ig)$.",3
+1208,15127,Computer Science,master,"(Bayes Nets) We are given a Bayes net involving the variables $X_{1}, \cdots, X_{n}$. We determine, using our standard rules, that $X_{1} \perp X_{2} \mid X_{3}$. Assume now that you delete some edges in the original Bayes net. For the modified Bayes net, is it always true that $X_{1} \perp X_{2} \mid X_{3}$ ?","['True', 'False']",True,0
+1210,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a regression model where data $(x,y)$ is generated by input $x$ uniformly randomly sampled from $[0,1]$ and $y(x) = x^2 + \epsilon$,
+	        where $\epsilon$ is random noise with mean 0 and variance 1.
+            Two models are carried out for regression:
+            model A is a trained quadratic function $g(x; \wv) = w_2 x^2 + w_1 x + w_0$ where $\wv = (w_0, w_1, w_2)^	op\in\mathbb R^3$,
+            and model B is a constant function $h(x) = 1/2$.
+            Then compared to model B, model A has ","['higher bias, higher variance.', 'higher bias, lower variance.', 'lower bias, higher variance.', 'lower bias, lower variance.']","lower bias, higher variance.",2
+1211,15127,Computer Science,master,A model which has a high bias necessarily has a low variance.,"['True', 'False']",False,1
+1212,15127,Computer Science,master,(FastText supervised Classifier) The FastText supervised classifier can be modeled as a one-hidden-layer neural network.,"['True', 'False']",True,0
+1213,15127,Computer Science,master,What \emph{alternates} in Alternating Least Squares for Matrix Factorization for a movie recommender system?,"['recommendation steps and optimization steps', 'updates to user embeddings and updates to movie embeddings', 'expectation steps and maximization steps', 'updates based on different movie rating examples from the training set']",updates to user embeddings and updates to movie embeddings,1
+1214,15127,Computer Science,master,"Let's imagine that every pet owner in Europe sends us their dog and cat data to train our model, so we have lots of training data. Which of the following is true about the possible optimizers used to train our model? We assume that the optimal hyperparameters are used for each optimizer. 
+        ","[""Gradient descent steps are more computationally efficient, while Newton's method takes fewer steps to converge."", 'Gradient descent takes fewer steps to converge, while Newton steps are more computationally efficient.', ""Gradient descent and Newton's method take similar number of iterations to converge."", ""Overall, gradient descent and Newton's method are equal in terms of computational complexity.""]","Gradient descent steps are more computationally efficient, while Newton's method takes fewer steps to converge.",0
+1216,15127,Computer Science,master,"You are doing your ML project. It is a regression task under a square loss. Your neighbor uses linear regression and least squares. You are smarter. You are using a neural net with 10 layers and activations functions $f(x)=3 x$. You have a powerful laptop but not a supercomputer. You are betting your neighbor a beer at Satellite who will have a substantially better scores. However, at the end it will essentially be a tie, so we decide to have two beers and both pay. What is the reason for the outcome of this bet?","['Because we use exactly the same scheme.', 'Because it is almost impossible to train a network with 10 layers without a supercomputer.', 'Because I should have used more layers.', 'Because I should have used only one layer.']",Because we use exactly the same scheme.,0
+1217,15127,Computer Science,master,"Let $f:\R^D
ightarrow\R$ be an $L$-hidden layer multi-layer perceptron (MLP) such that
+                    \[
+	                    f(xv)=\sigma_{L+1}ig(\wv^	op\sigma_L(\Wm_L\sigma_{L-1}(\Wm_{L-1}\dots\sigma_1(\Wm_1xv)))ig),
+                    \]
+                    with $\wv\in\R^{M}$, $\Wm_1\in\R^{M	imes D}$ and $\Wm_\ell\in\R^{M	imes M}$ for $\ell=2,\dots, L$, and $\sigma_i$ for $i=1,\dots,L+1$ is an entry-wise activation function. For any MLP $f$ and a classification threshold $	au$ let $C_{f, 	au}$ be a binary classifier that outputs YES for a given input $xv$ if $f(xv) \leq 	au$ and NO otherwise. space{3mm}
+                    Assume $\sigma_{L+1}$ is the element-wise 	extbf{sigmoid} function and $C_{f, rac{1}{2}}$ is able to obtain a high accuracy on a given binary classification task $T$. Let $g$ be the MLP obtained by multiplying the parameters 	extbf{in the last layer} of $f$, i.e. $\wv$, by 2. Moreover, let $h$ be  the MLP obtained by replacing $\sigma_{L+1}$ with element-wise 	extbf{ReLU}. Finally, let $q$ be the MLP obtained by doing both of these actions. Which of the following is true?
+		            ReLU(x) = max\{x, 0\} \
+		            Sigmoid(x) = rac{1}{1 + e^{-x}}
+                    ","['$C_{g, \x0crac{1}{2}}$ may have an accuracy significantly lower than $C_{f, \x0crac{1}{2}}$ on $T$', '$C_{h, 0}$ may have an accuracy significantly lower than $C_{f, \x0crac{1}{2}}$ on $T$', '$C_{q, 0}$ may have an accuracy significantly lower than $C_{f, \x0crac{1}{2}}$ on $T$', '$C_{g, \x0crac{1}{2}}$, $C_{h, 0}$, and $C_{q, 0}$ have the same accuracy as  $C_{f, \x0crac{1}{2}}$ on $T$']","$C_{g, rac{1}{2}}$, $C_{h, 0}$, and $C_{q, 0}$ have the same accuracy as  $C_{f, rac{1}{2}}$ on $T$",3
+1218,15127,Computer Science,master,Binary logistic regression assumes a:,"['Linear relationship between the input variables.', 'Linear relationship between the observations.', 'Linear relationship between the input variables and the logit (inverse of sigmoid) of the probability of the event that the outcome $Y=1$.', 'Linear relationship between the input variables and the probability of the event that the outcome $Y=1$']",Linear relationship between the input variables and the logit (inverse of sigmoid) of the probability of the event that the outcome $Y=1$.,2
+1220,15127,Computer Science,master," Which NLP model architectures can differentiate between the sentences ``I have to read this book.'' and ``I have this book to read.''?
+                    (a) a convolutional model based on word2vec vectors%
+		            (b) a recurrent neural network based on GloVe word vectors%
+		            (c) a bag-of-words model based on GloVe word vectors
+                ","['only a', 'only b', 'only c', 'only a and b', 'only a and c', 'only b and c', 'a, b and c']",only a and b,3
+1221,15127,Computer Science,master,"Let $f_{\mathrm{MLP}}: \mathbb{R}^{d} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be an $L$-hidden layer multi-layer perceptron (MLP) such that $$ f_{\mathrm{MLP}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathbf{w}^{\top} \sigma\left(\mathbf{W}_{L} \sigma\left(\mathbf{W}_{L-1} \ldots \sigma\left(\mathbf{W}_{1} \mathbf{x}\right)\right)\right) $$ with $\mathbf{w} \in \mathbb{R}^{M}, \mathbf{W}_{1} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times d}$ and $\mathbf{W}_{\ell} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times M}$ for $\ell=2, \ldots, L$, and $\sigma$ is an entry-wise activation function. Also, let $f_{\mathrm{CNN}}: \mathbb{R}^{d} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be an $L^{\prime}$-hidden layer convolutional neural network (CNN) such that $$ f_{\mathrm{CNN}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathbf{w}^{\top} \sigma\left(\mathbf{w}_{L^{\prime}} \star \sigma\left(\mathbf{w}_{L^{\prime}-1} \star \ldots \sigma\left(\mathbf{w}_{1} \star \mathbf{x}\right)\right)\right) $$ with $\mathbf{w} \in \mathbb{R}^{d}, \mathbf{w}_{\ell} \in \mathbb{R}^{K}$ for $\ell=1, \ldots, L^{\prime}$ and $\star$ denoting the one-dimensional convolution operator with zero-padding, i.e., output of the convolution has the same dimensionality as the input. Regarding the weight updates in back-propagation,","['The output layer weights are not used for computing the error of the hidden layer.', 'The weight changes are not proportional to the difference between the desired and actual outputs.', 'A standard technique to initialize the weights is to set them exactly to 0.', 'The weight change is also proportional to the input to the weight layer.']",The weight change is also proportional to the input to the weight layer.,3
+1222,15127,Computer Science,master,"Let the samples $\left\{\left(y_{n}, x_{n}\right)\right\}$ come from some fixed joint distribution $p(x, y)$, where $x_{n}$ and $y_{n}$ are scalars and both have zero mean. Consider linear regression, i.e., we want to predict $Y$ from $X$ by means of $f(x)=\alpha x$ and we consider a square loss. Meaningful regression is possible","['(a)  only if $X$ ""causes"" $Y$', '(b)  as long as $Y$ and $X$ have non-zero correlation', '(c)  only if $Y$ and $X$ are positively correlated, i.e., $\\mathbb{E}[X Y]>0$', '(d)  only if $Y$ and $X$ are negatively correlated, i.e., $\\mathbb{E}[X Y]<0$']","(c)  only if $Y$ and $X$ are positively correlated, i.e., $\mathbb{E}[X Y]>0$",2
+1224,15127,Computer Science,master,"Assume we have $N$ training samples $(\xx_1, y_1), \dots, (\xx_N, y_N)$ where for each sample $i \in \{1, \dots, N\}$ we have that $\xx_i \in \R^d$ and $y_i \in \{-1, 1\}$. We want to classify the dataset using the exponential loss $L(\ww) = rac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N \exp (-y_i  \xx_i^	op \ww )$ for $\ww \in \R^d$.
+	Which of the following statements is 	extbf{true}:","['This corresponds to doing logistic regression as seen in class.', 'The loss function $L$ is non-convex in $\\ww$.', 'If I find a vector $\\ww^\\star$ such that $L(\\ww^\\star) < 1 / N$, then $\\ww^*$ linearly separates my dataset.', 'There exists a vector $\\ww^\\star$ such that $L(\\ww^\\star) = 0$.', '""None of the statements are true.']","If I find a vector $\ww^\star$ such that $L(\ww^\star) < 1 / N$, then $\ww^*$ linearly separates my dataset.",2
+1225,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Using the correct answer from the question before, we get the same expression for [mathjaxinline] E(t+1) [/mathjaxinline] but with the neuron [mathjaxinline] k [/mathjaxinline] having a different state [mathjaxinline] S_k(t+1) = -S_k(t) [/mathjaxinline] (all other neurons keep their value [mathjaxinline] S_j(t+1) = S_j(t) [/mathjaxinline] for [mathjaxinline] j \neq k [/mathjaxinline]).Which one is the right expression for the change in energy [mathjaxinline] \Delta E = E(t+1) - E(t) [/mathjaxinline] when exactly one neuron [mathjaxinline] k [/mathjaxinline] changes its state?","['[mathjaxinline] \\Delta E = 0 [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\Delta E = -2\\left(S_k(t+1) - S_k(t)\\right) w_{kk} S_k(t) = -4S_k(t+1) w_{kk} S_k(t)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\Delta E = -2\\left(S_k(t+1) - S_k(t)\\right) \\sum_j w_{kj} S_j(t) = -4S_k(t+1)h_k(t)[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline] \Delta E = -2\left(S_k(t+1) - S_k(t)\right) \sum_j w_{kj} S_j(t) = -4S_k(t+1)h_k(t)[/mathjaxinline],2
+1226,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Does this learning rule allow for both potentiation and depression?,"[""No, because there aren't any negative terms."", 'Yes, because there are also negative terms.', 'No, because the negative terms are always smaller than the positive ones.', 'Yes, only because there is the last term with the power of four.']","Yes, because there are also negative terms.",1
+1228,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Using the analogy for the sum as a random walk, the term [mathjaxinline]\begin{equation}  \Sigma_{\mu \neq 1}^{P}\Sigma_j^N \frac{1}{N} p_i^1 p_i^{\mu} p_j^1 p_j^{\mu}  
+    \end{equation}[/mathjaxinline]  can be approximated by a Gaussian random variable, [mathjaxinline]N(mean,variance)[/mathjaxinline]. Specify the mean and the variance of the Gaussian distribution.","['1', '0', '-1']",0,1
+1229,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Would you describe this learning procedure as reinforcement, supervised or unsupervised learning?","['It is supervised, since we explicitely provide the correct weights to initialize the network.', 'It is unsupervised since the network learns implicit associations present in the input without any additional teaching signal.', 'It is reinforcement learning since only weight updates only occur when a pattern is retrieved correctly.']",It is unsupervised since the network learns implicit associations present in the input without any additional teaching signal.,1
+1230,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Given the system of differential equations above, how can we find a fixpoint of the dynamics?","['We have to find the nullclines by setting the left-hand side of the differential equations to 0. Every point on the nullclines is a fixpoint.', 'We have to find the nullclines by setting the left-hand side of the differential equations to 0. Then we have to determine the intersection(s) of the two nullclines to find the fixpoint(s).', 'There is no analytical way to find the fixpoint.']",We have to find the nullclines by setting the left-hand side of the differential equations to 0. Then we have to determine the intersection(s) of the two nullclines to find the fixpoint(s).,1
+1231,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"in the regime below the bifurcation, the voltage threshold for action potential firing in response to a short pulse input is given by the stable manifold of the saddle pointin the regime below the bifurcation, the voltage threshold for action potential in response to a short pulse input exists only if [mathjaxinline]\tau_w \gg \tau_u[/mathjaxinline]","['in the regime below the bifurcation, the voltage threshold for action potential firing in response to a short pulse input is given by the stable manifold of the saddle point', 'in the regime below the bifurcation, the voltage threshold for action potential in response to a short pulse input exists only if [mathjaxinline]\\tau_w \\gg \\tau_u[/mathjaxinline]']","in the regime below the bifurcation, the voltage threshold for action potential in response to a short pulse input exists only if [mathjaxinline]\tau_w \gg \tau_u[/mathjaxinline]",1
+1234,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"A biophysical point model with 3 ion channels, each with activation and inactivation, has a total number of equations equal to","['3', '4', '6', '7', '8 or more']",7,3
+1236,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Rewrite the differential equation which describes the dynamics of [mathjaxinline] n [/mathjaxinline] in the form,"['[mathjaxinline] n_{\\infty} =  \\frac{\\beta}{\\alpha+\\beta}, \\ \\tau_n = \\frac{1}{\\alpha + \\beta}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] n_{\\infty} =  \\frac{\\alpha}{\\alpha+\\beta}, \\ \\tau_n = \\frac{\\beta}{\\alpha + \\beta}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] n_{\\infty} =  \\frac{\\alpha}{\\alpha+\\beta}, \\ \\tau_n = \\alpha + \\beta[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] n_{\\infty} =  \\frac{\\beta}{\\alpha+\\beta}, \\ \\tau_n = \\frac{\\alpha}{\\alpha + \\beta}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] n_{\\infty} =  \\frac{\\alpha}{\\alpha+\\beta}, \\ \\tau_n = \\frac{1}{\\alpha + \\beta}[/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline] n_{\infty} =  \frac{\alpha}{\alpha+\beta}, \ \tau_n = \frac{1}{\alpha + \beta}[/mathjaxinline]",4
+1238,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Assume that neuron group 1 fires at 3 Hz, then group 2 fires at 1 Hz, then again group 1 etc. How do the weights of both groups evolve according to the BCM plasticty rule defined above?","['The postsynaptic firing rate during firing of group 1 is above [mathjaxinline] \\theta [/mathjaxinline], according to Fig. 2,  the corresponding weights keep growing. The same happens for group 2. The postsynaptic neuron finally responds to input from both groups.', 'The postsynaptic firing rate during firing of group 1 is above [mathjaxinline] \\theta [/mathjaxinline], according to Fig. 2,  the corresponding weights keep growing. In contrast, the weights of group 2 keep shrinking. The postsynaptic neuron becomes selective for group 1.', 'The postsynaptic firing rate during firing of group 1 is below [mathjaxinline] \\theta [/mathjaxinline], according to Fig. 2,  the corresponding weights keep shrinking. The same happens for group 2. The postsynaptic neuron finally ignores input from both groups.']","The postsynaptic firing rate during firing of group 1 is above [mathjaxinline] \theta [/mathjaxinline], according to Fig. 2,  the corresponding weights keep growing. In contrast, the weights of group 2 keep shrinking. The postsynaptic neuron becomes selective for group 1.",1
+1239,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Assumption: In order to reduce a detailed compartmental neuron model to two dimensions we have to assume that,"['dendrites can be approximated as passive', 'the neuron model has no dendrite', 'the neuron model has at most 2 types of ion channels', 'all gating variables are fast', 'no gating variable is fast', 'gating variables fall in two groups: those that are fast and those that are slow', 'at least one of the ion channels is inactivating', 'the neuron does not generate spikes']",dendrites can be approximated as passive,0
+1241,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The above mentioned property of the energy function [mathjaxinline] H [/mathjaxinline] was proven explicitly in the exercises of this course. In an intermediate step of this proof we could write the energy change as,"['The minus sign of the energy change [mathjaxinline] \\Delta H [/mathjaxinline] itself ensures the decay of the energy function. Thus it is always decreasing, i.e. it never increases.', 'The update dynamics includes the sign-function. Thus the product in the energy change [mathjaxinline] \\Delta H [/mathjaxinline] is always positiv. The minus sign in [mathjaxinline] \\Delta H [/mathjaxinline] finally leads to a negative change in every case. Thus [mathjaxinline] H [/mathjaxinline] is always decreasing, i.e. the energy never increases.', 'The update dynamics includes the sign-function. Thus the product in the energy change [mathjaxinline] \\Delta H [/mathjaxinline] is always negativ. The minus sign in [mathjaxinline] \\Delta H [/mathjaxinline] finally leads to a positive change in every case.  Thus [mathjaxinline] H [/mathjaxinline] is strictly increasing.', 'The quantities [mathjaxinline] S_k(t+1) [/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]  \\sum_j w_{kj} S_j(t) [/mathjaxinline] are always orthogonal. Thus their product in [mathjaxinline] \\Delta H [/mathjaxinline] is 0 and accordingly we obtain [mathjaxinline] \\Delta H = 0 [/mathjaxinline]. This means that the energy is conserved: [mathjaxinline] H = const [/mathjaxinline].']","The update dynamics includes the sign-function. Thus the product in the energy change [mathjaxinline] \Delta H [/mathjaxinline] is always positiv. The minus sign in [mathjaxinline] \Delta H [/mathjaxinline] finally leads to a negative change in every case. Thus [mathjaxinline] H [/mathjaxinline] is always decreasing, i.e. the energy never increases.",1
+1242,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Suppose we have strong biased input, e.g. [mathjaxinline] h_1^{ext} = 0.8 [/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline] h_2^{ext} = 0.2 [/mathjaxinline]. In this case, the nullclines are shifted in such a way that there is only one stable, asymetric fixpoint left (see Lecture Video 5.4). For the decision making this means:","['All trajectories end up in the asymmtric fixpoint. This means the decision reflects the asymmtric bias', 'The decision for [mathjaxinline] h_1 [/mathjaxinline] or [mathjaxinline] h_2 [/mathjaxinline] occurs with 50/50-chance.', 'All trajectories end up in the asymmetric fixpoint. This means no decision is taken']",All trajectories end up in the asymmtric fixpoint. This means the decision reflects the asymmtric bias,0
+1243,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,We assume a pair-based STDP model formulated with traces:,"['For pre-before-post the decay of the STDP window is exponential with time constant [mathjaxinline]\\tau_+[/mathjaxinline].', 'For pre-before-post the decay is a double exponential with time constants [mathjaxinline]\\tau_+[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]\\tau_-[/mathjaxinline].', 'For pre-before-post the decay of the STDP window is exponential with time constant [mathjaxinline]\\tau_-[/mathjaxinline].', 'The integral over the STDP window is always positive.']",For pre-before-post the decay of the STDP window is exponential with time constant [mathjaxinline]\tau_+[/mathjaxinline].,0
+1244,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,2. A dendrite is a part of the neuron ...,"['where synapses are located', 'which collects signals from other neurons', 'along which spikes are sent to other neurons']",where synapses are located,0
+1245,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The space constant of a passive cable is:,"['[mathjaxinline]\\lambda=\\frac{r_m}{r_L}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\lambda=\\frac{r_L}{r_m}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\lambda=\\sqrt{\\frac{r_L}{r_m}}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\lambda=\\sqrt{\\frac{r_m}{r_L}}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]\lambda=\sqrt{\frac{r_m}{r_L}}[/mathjaxinline],3
+1246,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Given the above definition of the Hopfield network, what is the interpretation of [mathjaxinline] S, w \text{ and } \xi [/mathjaxinline]?","['[mathjaxinline] S [/mathjaxinline] are the patterns, [mathjaxinline] w [/mathjaxinline] the weights/connections and [mathjaxinline] \\xi [/mathjaxinline] the states of the network.', '[mathjaxinline] S [/mathjaxinline] are the states, [mathjaxinline] w [/mathjaxinline] the weights/connections and [mathjaxinline] \\xi [/mathjaxinline] the stored patterns of the network.', '[mathjaxinline] S [/mathjaxinline] are the states, [mathjaxinline] w [/mathjaxinline] the stored patterns and [mathjaxinline] \\xi [/mathjaxinline] the weights/connections of the network.']","[mathjaxinline] S [/mathjaxinline] are the states, [mathjaxinline] w [/mathjaxinline] the weights/connections and [mathjaxinline] \xi [/mathjaxinline] the stored patterns of the network.",1
+1248,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Starting from the condition [mathjaxinline] I=0 [/mathjaxinline], how does the fixed point move as [mathjaxinline] I [/mathjaxinline] is increased?","['It moves to the right along [mathjaxinline] f(u) [/mathjaxinline]', 'It moves to the left along [mathjaxinline] f(u) [/mathjaxinline]']",It moves to the right along [mathjaxinline] f(u) [/mathjaxinline],0
+1249,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A spike train is generated by a homogenous Poisson process with rate 25Hz with time steps of 0.1 ms.,"['The most likely interspike interval is 25 ms.', 'The most likely interspike interval is 40 ms.', 'The most likely interspike interval is 0.1 ms.', 'We cannot say.']",The most likely interspike interval is 0.1 ms.,2
+1251,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Consider a leaky integrate-and-fire model with diffusive noise:,"['The membrane potential distribution is always Gaussian.', 'The membrane potential distribution is Gaussian for any time-dependent input.', 'The membrane potential distribution is approximately Gaussian for any time-dependent input, as long as the mean trajectory stays ‘far’ away from the firing threshold.', 'The membrane potential distribution is Gaussian for stationary input in the absence of a threshold.', 'The membrane potential distribution is always Gaussian for constant input and fixed noise level.']","The membrane potential distribution is approximately Gaussian for any time-dependent input, as long as the mean trajectory stays ‘far’ away from the firing threshold.",2
+1252,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Consider AdEx dynamical system:,"['[mathjaxinline]u[/mathjaxinline]-nullcline moves horizontally', '[mathjaxinline]u[/mathjaxinline]-nullcline moves vertically', '[mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline]-nullcline moves horizontally', '[mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline]-nullcline moves vertically']",[mathjaxinline]u[/mathjaxinline]-nullcline moves vertically,1
+1253,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,An exponential integrate-and-fire model can be derived,"['from a 2-dimensional model (such as the FizHugh-Nagumo model) assuming that the auxiliary variable [mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline] is constant', 'from the HH model, assuming that the gating variables [mathjaxinline]h[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]n[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]m[/mathjaxinline] are constant', 'from the HH model, assuming that the gating variables [mathjaxinline]m[/mathjaxinline] is instantaneous and [mathjaxinline]h[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]n[/mathjaxinline] are constant']",from a 2-dimensional model (such as the FizHugh-Nagumo model) assuming that the auxiliary variable [mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline] is constant,0
+1399,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Assume presynaptic spike trains generated by a homogeneous Poisson process with rate [mathjaxinline] \nu_j [/mathjaxinline] . Assume
+postsynaptic spike trains generated by another, independent, Poisson process with constant rate [mathjaxinline] \nu_i [/mathjaxinline].
+The expected weight change [mathjaxinline] \left\langle \Delta w_{ij}\right\rangle [/mathjaxinline] during some time [mathjaxinline] T [/mathjaxinline], with [mathjaxinline] T \gg \tau_- [/mathjaxinline], can be expressed using the rates [mathjaxinline] \nu_i [/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline] \nu_j [/mathjaxinline]. Which of the below formulas is the correct one for such a rate formulation?","['[mathjaxinline] \\left\\langle \\Delta w_{ij}\\right\\rangle = T\\nu_i\\nu_j\\int_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty}W(s)ds[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\left\\langle \\Delta w_{ij}\\right\\rangle = T\\nu_i^2\\int_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty}W(s)ds[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\left\\langle \\Delta w_{ij}\\right\\rangle = T\\nu_i\\nu_j\\int_{0}^{T}W(s)ds[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline] \left\langle \Delta w_{ij}\right\rangle = T\nu_i\nu_j\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}W(s)ds[/mathjaxinline],0
+1401,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,If a short current pulse is injected into the dendrite:,"['the voltage at the injection site is maximal immediately after the end of the injection.', 'the voltage at the dendritic injection site is maximal a few milliseconds after the end of the injection.', 'the voltage at the soma is maximal immediately after the end of the injection.', 'the voltage at the soma is maximal a few milliseconds after the end of the injection.']",the voltage at the injection site is maximal immediately after the end of the injection.,0
+1402,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A spike train is generated by an inhomogenous Poisson process with a rate that oscillates periodically (sine wave with 1Hz frequency) between 0 and 50Hz (mean 25Hz). A first spike has been fired at a time when the rate was at its maximum. Time steps are 0.1ms.,"['The most likely interspike interval is 25 ms.', 'The most likely interspike interval is 40 ms.', 'The most likely interspike interval is 0.1 ms.', 'We cannot say.']",The most likely interspike interval is 0.1 ms.,2
+1403,15125,Computer Science,master,Which statement is false in the context of recommender systems?,"['Cold-start problem is a typical problem of user-based collaborative filtering', 'Matrix factorization can be interpreted as a combination of user-based and content-based collaborative filtering', 'In item-based collaborative filtering, the item similarities can be computed in advance', 'Content-based recommendation tends to recommend more of the same items to users']",Matrix factorization can be interpreted as a combination of user-based and content-based collaborative filtering,1
+1404,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is correct regarding Louvain algorithm?,"['It creates a hierarchy of communities with a common root', 'Clique is the only topology of nodes where the algorithm detects the same communities, independently of the starting point', 'If n cliques of the same order are connected cyclically with n-1 edges, then the algorithm will always detect the same communities, independently of the starting point', 'Modularity is always maximal for the communities found at the top level of the community hierarchy']","If n cliques of the same order are connected cyclically with n-1 edges, then the algorithm will always detect the same communities, independently of the starting point",2
+1405,15125,Computer Science,master,"Considering the transaction below, which one is false?
+Transaction IDItems Bought1Tea2Tea, Yoghurt3Tea, Yoghurt, Kebap4Kebap5Tea, Kebap","['{Yoghurt, Kebap} has 20% support', '{Tea} has the highest support', '{Yoghurt} -> {Kebab} has 50% confidence', '{Yoghurt} has the lowest support among all itemsets']",{Yoghurt} has the lowest support among all itemsets,3
+1406,15125,Computer Science,master,What is WRONG regarding the Transformer model?,"['Its computation cannot be parallelized compared to LSTMs and other sequential models.', 'It uses a self-attention mechanism to compute representations of the input and output.', 'Its complexity is quadratic to the input size.', 'It captures the semantic context of the input.']",Its computation cannot be parallelized compared to LSTMs and other sequential models.,0
+1407,15125,Computer Science,master,"If we run the Apriori algorithm on the following transaction database with minimal support count of 2, which of the itemsets will have a support count of 3?Transaction IDItemsT1{1,3,4}T2{2,3,5}T3{1,2,3,5}T4{2,5}T5{1,2,3,5}","['{1,5}', '{2,3}', '{2,5}', '{1,2}']","{2,3}",1
+1408,15125,Computer Science,master,"When computing PageRank iteratively, the computation ends when:","['The norm of the difference of rank vectors of two subsequent iterations falls below a predefined threshold', 'The difference among the eigenvalues of two subsequent iterations falls below a predefined threshold', 'All nodes of the graph have been visited at least once', 'The probability of visiting an unseen node falls below a predefined threshold']",The norm of the difference of rank vectors of two subsequent iterations falls below a predefined threshold,0
+1409,15125,Computer Science,master,"Consider the document: “Information retrieval is the task of finding the documents satisfying the information needs of the user”
+Using MLE to estimate the unigram probability model, what is P(the|Md) and P(information|Md)?","['1/16 and 1/16', '1/12 and 1/12', '1/4 and 1/8', '1/3 and 1/6']",1/4 and 1/8,2
+1410,15125,Computer Science,master,"Let the first four retrieved documents be N N R R, where N denotes a non-relevant and R a relevant document. Then the MAP (Mean Average Precision) is:","['1/2', '5/12', '3/4', '7/24']",5/12,1
+1411,15125,Computer Science,master,Which one of the following is wrong. Schema mapping is used to:,"['Overcome semantic heterogeneity', 'Reconcile different logical representations of the same domain', 'Optimize the processing of queries', 'Support schema evolution of databases']",Optimize the processing of queries,2
+1414,15125,Computer Science,master,Modularity clustering will end up always with a single community at the top level?,"['true', 'Only for dense graphs', 'Only for connected graphs', 'never']",Only for connected graphs,2
+1416,15125,Computer Science,master,The inverse document frequency of a term can increase ,"['by adding the term to a document that contains the term', 'by removing a document from the document collection that does not contain the term', 'by adding a document to the document collection that contains the term', 'by adding a document to the document collection that does not contain the term']",by adding a document to the document collection that does not contain the term,3
+1417,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is wrong regarding Ontologies?,"['We can create more than one ontology that conceptualize the same real-world entities', 'Ontologies help in the integration of data expressed in different models', 'Ontologies support domain-specific vocabularies', 'Ontologies dictate how semi-structured data are serialized']",Ontologies dictate how semi-structured data are serialized,3
+1418,15125,Computer Science,master,"In a Ranked Retrieval result, the result at position k is non-relevant and at k+1 is relevant. Which of the following is always true (P@k and R@k are the precision and recall of the result set consisting of the k top ranked documents)?","['P@k-1 > P@k+1', 'P@k-1 = P@k+1', 'R@k-1 < R@k+1', 'R@k-1 = R@k+1']",R@k-1 < R@k+1,2
+1419,15125,Computer Science,master,"We want to return, from the two posting lists below, the top-2 documents matching a
+query using Fagin’s algorithm with the aggregation function taken as the sum of the tf-idf weights. How many entries (total of both lists) are accessed in the first phase of the
+algorithm performing round-robin starting at List 1 (i.e., before performing the random
+access)?","['4', '6', '8', '10']",8,2
+1420,15125,Computer Science,master,What is true regarding Fagin's algorithm?,"['It performs a complete scan over the posting files', 'It provably returns the k documents with the largest aggregate scores', 'Posting files need to be indexed by TF-IDF weights', 'It never reads more than (kn)½ entries from a posting list']",It provably returns the k documents with the largest aggregate scores,1
+1421,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is true for Recommender Systems (RS)?,"['Matrix Factorization can predict a score for any user-item combination in the dataset.', 'The complexity of the Content-based RS depends on the number of users', ' Item-based RS need not only the ratings but also the item features', 'Matrix Factorization is typically robust to the cold-start problem.']",Matrix Factorization can predict a score for any user-item combination in the dataset.,0
+1422,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is WRONG for Ontologies?,"['Different information systems need to agree on the same ontology in order to interoperate.', 'They help in the integration of data expressed in different models.', 'They give the possibility to specify schemas for different domains.', 'They dictate how semi-structured data are serialized.']",They dictate how semi-structured data are serialized.,3
+1423,15125,Computer Science,master,Why is non-discounted cumulative gain used as evaluation metrics for recommender systems,"['because often only the top recommendations are considered by the user', 'because it is more accurate than retrieval metrics, like precision and recall', 'because it considers the predicted ratings of all items that have not been rated by the user', 'because it allows to consider the financial value of recommended items\xa0']",because often only the top recommendations are considered by the user,0
+1424,15125,Computer Science,master,What is the benefit of LDA over LSI?,"['LSI is sensitive to the ordering of the words in a document, whereas LDA is not', 'LDA has better theoretical explanation, and its empirical results are in general better than LSI’s', 'LSI is based on a model of how documents are generated, whereas LDA is not', 'LDA represents semantic dimensions (topics, concepts) as weighted combinations of terms, whereas LSI does not']","LDA has better theoretical explanation, and its empirical results are in general better than LSI’s",1
+1425,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is true?,"['High precision implies low recall', 'High precision hurts recall', 'High recall hurts precision', 'High recall implies low precisions']",High precision hurts recall,1
+1426,15125,Computer Science,master,Maintaining the order of document identifiers for vocabulary construction when partitioning the document collection is important,"['in the index merging approach for single node machines', 'in the map-reduce approach for parallel clusters', 'in both', 'in neither of the two']",in the index merging approach for single node machines,0
+1427,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is correct regarding Crowdsourcing?,"['Random Spammers give always the same answer for every question', 'It is applicable only for binary classification problems', 'Honey Pot discovers all the types of spammers but not the sloppy workers', 'The output of Majority Decision can be equal to the one of Expectation-Maximization']",The output of Majority Decision can be equal to the one of Expectation-Maximization,3
+1428,15125,Computer Science,master,"When computing PageRank iteratively, the computation ends when...","['The difference among the eigenvalues of two subsequent iterations falls below a predefined threshold', 'The norm of the difference of rank vectors of two subsequent iterations falls below a predefined threshold', 'All nodes of the graph have been visited at least once', 'The probability of visiting an unseen node falls below a predefined threshold']",The norm of the difference of rank vectors of two subsequent iterations falls below a predefined threshold,1
+1429,15125,Computer Science,master,TransE is known to have difficulties in representing symmetric relationships r. Which of the following statements is correct for a symmetric relationship and provides insight for this problem?,"['For all e1 , e2: \\( f(e_1, r, e_2) = f(e_2, r, e_1)  \\)', 'For all e1 , e2: \\( f(e_1, r, e_2) = -f(e_2, r, e_1) \\)', '\\( \\Sigma_{ e_1, e_2} f(e_1, r, e_2) + f(e_2, r, e_1) \\)\xa0is minimized if the embedding vector of r is large', '\\( \\Sigma_{ e_1, e_2} f(e_1, r, e_2) + f(e_2, r, e_1) \\) is minimized if the embedding vectors of e1and e2 are close to each other']","\( \Sigma_{ e_1, e_2} f(e_1, r, e_2) + f(e_2, r, e_1) \) is minimized if the embedding vectors of e1and e2 are close to each other",3
+1430,15125,Computer Science,master,How does LSI querying work?,"['The query vector is treated as an additional term; then cosine similarity is computed', 'The query vector is transformed by Matrix S; then cosine similarity is computed', 'The query vector is treated as an additional document; then cosine similarity is computed', 'The query vector is multiplied with an orthonormal matrix; then cosine similarity is computed']",The query vector is treated as an additional document; then cosine similarity is computed,2
+1433,15125,Computer Science,master,Suppose that an item in a leaf node N exists in every path. Which one is correct? ,"['N co-occurs with its prefix in every transaction.', 'For every node P that is a parent of N in the fp tree, confidence(P->N) = 1', 'N’s minimum possible support is equal to the number of paths.', 'The item N exists in every candidate set.']",N’s minimum possible support is equal to the number of paths.,2
+1434,15125,Computer Science,master,"In a Ranked Retrieval result, the result at position k is non-relevant and at k+1 is relevant. Which of the following is always true (P@k and R@k are the precision and recall of the result set consisting of the k top ranked documents)?","['P@k-1 > P@k+1', 'P@k-1 = P@k+1', 'R@k-1 < R@k+', 'R@k-1 = R@k+1']",R@k-1 < R@k+,2
+1435,15125,Computer Science,master,Semi-structured data,"['is always schema-less', 'always embeds schema information into the data', 'must always be hierarchically structured', 'can never be indexed']",always embeds schema information into the data,1
+1436,15125,Computer Science,master,"How many among the listed classifiers can be used to derive probability estimate of the class label? 
+1NN, kNN, Rocchio, NB, fasttext","['1', '2', '3', '4']",3,2
+1438,15125,Computer Science,master,"Given the following list of transactions: {apple,milk}, {milk, bread}, {apple, bread, milk}, {bread}, which of the following is correct?","['milk\xa0→ apple has support ½ and confidence 1', 'milk\xa0→ bread has support\xa0½ and confidence 1', 'bread\xa0→ milk has support\xa0½ and confidence 1', 'apple\xa0→ milk has support\xa0½ and confidence 1']",apple → milk has support ½ and confidence 1,3
+1439,15125,Computer Science,master,For the number of times the apriori algorithm and the FPgrowth algorithm for association rule mining are scanning the transaction database the following is true,"['fpgrowth has always strictly fewer scans than apriori', 'fpgrowth and apriori can have the same number of scans', 'apriori cannot have fewer scans than fpgrowth', 'all three above statements are false']",fpgrowth and apriori can have the same number of scans,1
+1440,15125,Computer Science,master,Which is true?,"['Reification is used to produce a more compact representation of complex RDF statements', 'Reification requires to make a statement the subject of another statement', 'Reified statements always make a statement about another statement']",Reified statements always make a statement about another statement,2
+1441,15125,Computer Science,master,"Given the following teleporting matrix (Ε) for nodes A, B and C:[0    ½    0][0     0    0][0    ½    1]and making no assumptions about the link matrix (R), which of the following is correct:(Reminder: columns are the probabilities to leave the respective node.)","['A random walker can never reach node A', 'A random walker can never leave node A', 'A random walker can always leave node C', 'A random walker can always leave node B']",A random walker can always leave node B,3
+1442,15125,Computer Science,master,Suppose that an item in a leaf node N exists in every path. Which one is correct?,"['N co-occurs with its prefix in every transaction.', 'For every node p that is a parent of N in the fp tree, confidence(p->n) = 1 c.', 'N’s minimum possible support is equal to the number of paths.', 'The item N exists in every candidate set.']",N’s minimum possible support is equal to the number of paths.,2
+1443,15125,Computer Science,master,"What is the support of the itemset {beer, chocolate} and the confidence of the rule {chocolate} → {beer} in the dataset below?TID: Items BoughtT1: milk, butter, beerT2: milk, diaper, beer, eggsT3: butter, diaper, beer, chocolate
+T4: milk, butter, diaper, beerT5: milk, butter, diaper, chocolate
+
+
+
+","['0.2/0.25', '0.4/0.5', '0.2/0.5', '0.4/0.25\n\n\n\n']",0.2/0.5,2
+1444,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following methods does not exploit statistics on the co-occurrence of words in a text?,"['Word embeddings\n\n\n', 'Transformers\n\n\n', 'Vector space retrieval\n\n\n', 'Fasttext']","Vector space retrieval
+
+
+",2
+1445,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is true regarding inverted files?,"['The space requirement for the postings file is O(nβ), where β is generally between 0.4 and 0.6', 'Varying length compression is used to reduce the size of the index file', 'Inverted files prioritize efficiency on insertion over efficiency on search', 'Storing differences among word addresses reduces the size of the postings file']",Storing differences among word addresses reduces the size of the postings file,3
+1446,15125,Computer Science,master,The loss function is minimized,"['By modifying the word embedding vectors', 'By changing the sampling strategy for negative samples', 'By carefully choosing the positive samples', 'By sampling non-frequent word-context pairs more frequently']",By modifying the word embedding vectors,0
+1447,15125,Computer Science,master,"Fundamentally, why clustering is considered an unsupervised machine learning technique?","['Number of clusters are not known.', 'The class labels are not known.', 'The features are not known.', 'The clusters can be different with different initial parameters.']",The class labels are not known.,1
+1449,15125,Computer Science,master,Which attribute gives the best split?A1PNa44b44A2PNx51y33A3PNt61j23,"['A1', 'A3', 'A2', 'All the same']",A3,1
+1450,15125,Computer Science,master,"Suppose that q is density reachable from p. The chain of points that ensure this relationship are {t,u,g,r} Which one is FALSE?","['{t,u,g,r} have to be all core points.', 'p and q will also be density-connected', 'p has to be a core point', 'q has to be a border point']",q has to be a border point,3
+1451,15125,Computer Science,master,"In User-Based Collaborative Filtering, which of the following is correct, assuming that all the ratings are positive?","['Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Cosine Similarity have different value range, but return the same similarity ranking for the users', 'If the ratings of two users have both variance equal to 0, then their Cosine Similarity is maximized', 'Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Cosine Similarity have the same value range, but can return different similarity ranking for the users', 'If the variance of the ratings of one of the users is 0, then their Cosine Similarity is not computable']","If the ratings of two users have both variance equal to 0, then their Cosine Similarity is maximized",1
+1452,15125,Computer Science,master,The term frequency of a term is normalized ,"['by the maximal frequency of all terms in the document', 'by the maximal frequency of the term in the document collection', 'by the maximal frequency of any term in the vocabulary', 'by the maximal term frequency of any document in the collection']",by the maximal frequency of all terms in the document,0
+1453,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements on Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) and Word Embeddings (WE) is false?,"['LSI is deterministic (given the dimension), whereas WE is not', 'LSI does not depend on the order of words in the document, whereas WE does', 'The dimensions of LSI can be interpreted as concepts, whereas those of WE cannot', 'LSI does take into account the frequency of words in the documents, whereas WE with negative sampling does not']","LSI does take into account the frequency of words in the documents, whereas WE with negative sampling does not",3
+1457,15125,Computer Science,master,"Tugrulcan wanted to plan his next summer vacation so he wrote “best beaches” to his favourite search engine. Little did he know, his favourite search engine was using pseudo-relevance feedback and the top-k documents that are considered relevant were about the beaches only in Turkey. What is this phenomenon called?","['Query Bias', 'Query Confounding', 'Query Drift', 'Query Malfunction']",Query Drift,2
+1458,15125,Computer Science,master,"When compressing the adjacency list of a given URL, a reference list","['Is chosen from neighboring URLs that can be reached in a small number of hops', 'May contain URLs not occurring in the adjacency list of the given URL', 'Lists all URLs not contained in the adjacency list of given URL', 'All of the above']",May contain URLs not occurring in the adjacency list of the given URL,1
+1461,15125,Computer Science,master,Data being classified as unstructured or structured depends on the:,"['Degree of abstraction', 'Level of human involvement', 'Type of physical storage', 'Amount of data ']",Degree of abstraction,0
+1462,15125,Computer Science,master,"With negative sampling a set of negative samples is created for
+","['For each word of the vocabulary', 'For each word-context pair', 'For each occurrence of a word in the text', 'For each occurrence of a word-context pair in the text', '']",For each occurrence of a word-context pair in the text,3
+1463,15125,Computer Science,master,"Suppose you have a search engine that retrieves the top 100 documents and
+achieves 90% precision and 20% recall. You modify the search engine to
+retrieve the top 200 and mysteriously, the precision stays the same. Which one
+is CORRECT?","['The recall becomes 10%', 'The number of relevant documents is 450', 'The F-score stays the same', 'This is not possible']",The number of relevant documents is 450,1
+1464,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is true for community detection in social graphs?,"['The Louvain algorithm always creates a hierarchy of communities with a common root.', 'The Louvain algorithm is efficient for small networks, while the Girvan-Newman algorithm is efficient for large networks.', 'If n cliques of the same order are connected cyclically with n edges, then the Louvain algorithm will always detect the same communities, independently of the order of processing of the nodes.', 'The result of the Girvan-Newman algorithm can depend on the order of processing of nodes whereas for the Louvain algorithm this is not the case.']","If n cliques of the same order are connected cyclically with n edges, then the Louvain algorithm will always detect the same communities, independently of the order of processing of the nodes.",2
+1465,15125,Computer Science,master,"In the χ2 statistics for a binary feature, we obtain P(χ2 | DF = 1) > 0.05. This means in this case, it is assumed:","['That the class labels depends on the feature', 'That the class label is independent of the feature', 'That the class label correlates with the feature', 'None of the above']",That the class label is independent of the feature,1
+1467,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is correct regarding the use of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) for entity recognition in text documents?,"['The cost of learning the model is quadratic in the lengths of the text.', 'The cost of predicting a word is linear in the lengths of the text preceding the word.', 'An HMM model can be built using words enhanced with morphological features as input.', 'The label of one word is predicted based on all the previous labels']",An HMM model can be built using words enhanced with morphological features as input.,2
+1468,15125,Computer Science,master,"10 itemsets out of 100 contain item A, of which 5 also contain B. The rule A -> B has:","['5% support and 10% confidence', '10% support and 50% confidence', '5% support and 50% confidence', '10% support and 10% confidence']",5% support and 50% confidence,2
+1469,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is correct regarding the use of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) for entity recognition in text documents?,"['HMMs cannot predict the label of a word that appears only in the test set', 'If the smoothing parameter λ is equal to 1, the emission probabilities for all the words in the test set will be equal', 'When computing the emission probabilities, a word can be replaced by a morphological feature (e.g., the number of uppercase first characters)', 'The label of one word is predicted based on all the previous labels']","When computing the emission probabilities, a word can be replaced by a morphological feature (e.g., the number of uppercase first characters)",2
+1470,15125,Computer Science,master,A basic statement in RDF would be expressed in the relational data model by a table,"['with one attribute', 'with two attributes', 'with three attributes', 'cannot be expressed in the relational data model']",with two attributes,1
+1471,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements is wrong regarding RDF?,"['An RDF statement would be expressed in SQL as a tuple in a table', 'Blank nodes in RDF graphs correspond to the special value NULL in SQL', 'The object value of a type statement corresponds to a table name in SQL', 'RDF graphs can be encoded as SQL databases']",Blank nodes in RDF graphs correspond to the special value NULL in SQL,1
+1472,15125,Computer Science,master,The number of non-zero entries in a column of a term-document matrix indicates:,"['how many terms of the vocabulary a document contains', 'how often a term of the vocabulary occurs in a document', 'how relevant a term is for a document ', 'none of the other responses is correct']",how many terms of the vocabulary a document contains,0
+1473,15125,Computer Science,master,If t has no Hypernym,"['It is a root concept', 'It cannot match c such as\xa0t and X', 'It is identical to the initial root concept', 'It is a basic concept']",It is a root concept,0
+1474,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is true?,"['Exploiting locality with gap encoding may increase the size of an adjacency list', 'Exploiting similarity with reference lists may increase the size of an adjacency list', 'Both of the above is true', 'None of the above is true']",Exploiting locality with gap encoding may increase the size of an adjacency list,0
+1475,15125,Computer Science,master,What is TRUE regarding Fagin's algorithm?,"['Posting files need to be indexed by TF-IDF weights', 'It performs a complete scan over the posting files', 'It never reads more than (kn)1⁄2 entries from a posting list', 'It provably returns the k documents with the largest aggregate scores']",It provably returns the k documents with the largest aggregate scores,3
+1476,15125,Computer Science,master,A false negative in sampling can only occur for itemsets with support smaller than ,"['the threshold s', 'p*s', 'p*m', 'None of the above']",None of the above,3
+1477,15125,Computer Science,master,Why is XML a document model?,"['It supports application-specific markup', 'It supports domain-specific schemas', 'It has a serialized representation', 'It uses HTML tags']",It has a serialized representation,2
+1478,15125,Computer Science,master,What is TRUE regarding the Multi-head Self-attention mechanism?,"['Its computation cannot be parallelized compared to LSTMs and other sequential models.', 'It gives the Transformer the ability to learn different aspects of the meanings of each word.', 'LSTMs have larger memory than models with self-attention.', 'Its complexity is linear to the input size.']",It gives the Transformer the ability to learn different aspects of the meanings of each word.,1
+1479,15125,Computer Science,master,"A row of matrix 𝑊 ^(𝑐) represents
+","['How relevant each word is for a dimension', 'How often a context word 𝑐 co-occurs with all words', 'A representation of word 𝑐 in concept space']",How relevant each word is for a dimension,0
+1481,15125,Computer Science,master,"Suppose you have a search engine that retrieves the top 100 documents and achieves 90% precision and 20% recall. You modify the search engine to retrieve the top 200, and mysteriously, the precision stays the same. Which one is correct?","['The recall becomes 10%', 'The number of relevant documents is 450', 'The F-score stays the same', 'This is not possible']",The number of relevant documents is 450,1
+1482,15125,Computer Science,master,A retrieval model attempts to capture,"['the interface by which a user is accessing information', 'the importance a user gives to a piece of information for a query', 'the formal correctness of a query formulation by user', 'the structure by which a document is organised']",the importance a user gives to a piece of information for a query,1
+1485,15125,Computer Science,master,"When computing HITS, the initial values","['Are set all to 1', 'Are set all to 1/n', 'Are set all to 1/sqrt(n)', 'Are chosen randomly']",Are set all to 1/sqrt(n),2
+1486,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is correct regarding schemas and ontologies?,"[' An ontology is created from constructing mappings between schemas', 'Ontologies can be used for reasoning about different schemas', 'Ontologies always require a schema', 'Semi-structured data cannot have a schema']",Ontologies can be used for reasoning about different schemas,1
+1488,15125,Computer Science,master,"Given the 2-itemsets {1,2}, {1,5}, {2,5}, {1,4}, {1,3}, when generating the 3-itemsets we will:","['Generate 5 3-itemsets after the join and 2 3-itemsets after the prune', 'Generate 6 3-itemsets after the join and 1 3-itemsets after the prune', 'Generate 4 3-itemsets after the join and 1 3-itemsets after the prune', 'Generate 4 3-itemsets after the join and 2 3-itemsets after the prune']",Generate 6 3-itemsets after the join and 1 3-itemsets after the prune,1
+1490,15125,Computer Science,master,"When indexing a document collection using an inverted file, the main space requirement is implied by","['The access structure', 'The vocabulary', 'The index file', 'The postings file']",The postings file,3
+1492,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is correct regarding prediction models?,"['A high bias is a sign of overfitting.', 'A high variance is a sign of underfitting.', 'In low data regime, complex models tend to perform better.', 'Simple models have higher bias than complex models.']",Simple models have higher bias than complex models.,3
+1493,15125,Computer Science,master,"For a user that has not done any ratings, which method can make a prediction?","['User-based collaborative RS', 'Item-based collaborative RS', 'Content-based RS', 'None of the above']",None of the above,3
+1495,15125,Computer Science,master,Which statement is correct?,"['The Viterbi algorithm works because words are independent in a sentence', 'The Viterbi algorithm works because it is applied to an HMM model that makes an independence assumption on the word dependencies in sentences', 'The Viterbi algorithm works because it makes an independence assumption on the word dependencies in sentences', 'The Viterbi algorithm works because it is applied to an HMM model that captures independence of words in a sentence']",The Viterbi algorithm works because it is applied to an HMM model that makes an independence assumption on the word dependencies in sentences,1
+1497,15125,Computer Science,master,Recall can be defined as:,"['P(relevant documents | retrieved documents)', 'P(retrieved documents relevant documents)', 'P(retrieved documents number of documents)', 'P(relevant documents number of documents)']",P(retrieved documents relevant documents),1
+1498,15125,Computer Science,master,"Which of the following is WRONG about inverted files? (Slide 24,28 Week 3)","['The space requirement for the postings file is O(n)', 'Variable length compression is used to reduce the size of the index file', 'The index file has space requirement of O(n^beta), where beta is about 1⁄2', 'Storing differences among word addresses reduces the size of the postings file']",Variable length compression is used to reduce the size of the index file,1
+1499,15125,Computer Science,master,Information extraction:,"['Necessarily requires training data.', 'Is used to identify characteristic entities in a document.', 'Is always bootstrapped by using ontologies.', 'Can be used to populate ontologies.']",Can be used to populate ontologies.,3
+1500,15125,Computer Science,master,Which statement is true?,"['Random forests tend to easily overfit', 'Decision trees are robust against small perturbations in the data', 'Random forests are hard to parallelize', 'Decision trees are linear models']",Random forests tend to easily overfit,0
+1501,15125,Computer Science,master,"In User-Based Collaborative Filtering, which of the following is TRUE?","['Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Cosine Similarity have the same value range and return the same similarity ranking for the users.', 'Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Cosine Similarity have different value ranges and can return different similarity rankings for the users', 'Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Cosine Similarity have different value ranges, but return the same similarity ranking for the users', 'Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Cosine Similarity have the same value range but can return different similarity rankings for the users']",Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Cosine Similarity have different value ranges and can return different similarity rankings for the users,1
+1502,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Even for constant firing rates, the input will fluctuate around the mean input calculated above. Assume that the weights scale as [mathjaxinline] w_0 \propto 1/N[/mathjaxinline].","['The expected input scales as [mathjaxinline] \\overline{I} - I^{\\textrm{ext}} \\propto N [/mathjaxinline]. Its fluctations as [mathjaxinline]~ \\textrm{std}\\left(I_i(t) - I^{\\textrm{ext}}\\right)\\propto N^2[/mathjaxinline]', 'The expected input scales as [mathjaxinline] \\overline{I} - I^{\\textrm{ext}} \\propto const [/mathjaxinline]. Its fluctations as [mathjaxinline]~ \\textrm{std}\\left(I_i(t) - I^{\\textrm{ext}}\\right)\\propto 1/N[/mathjaxinline]', 'The expected input scales as [mathjaxinline] \\overline{I}  - I^{\\textrm{ext}}\\propto const [/mathjaxinline]. Its fluctations as [mathjaxinline]~ \\textrm{std}\\left(I_i(t) - I^{\\textrm{ext}}\\right)\\propto 1/\\sqrt{N}[/mathjaxinline]', 'The expected input scales as [mathjaxinline] \\overline{I} - I^{\\textrm{ext}} \\propto const [/mathjaxinline]. Its fluctations as [mathjaxinline]~ \\textrm{std}\\left(I_i(t) - I^{\\textrm{ext}}\\right)\\propto const[/mathjaxinline]']",The expected input scales as [mathjaxinline] \overline{I}  - I^{\textrm{ext}}\propto const [/mathjaxinline]. Its fluctations as [mathjaxinline]~ \textrm{std}\left(I_i(t) - I^{\textrm{ext}}\right)\propto 1/\sqrt{N}[/mathjaxinline],2
+1503,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Moving through V2, V4, the posterior inferior temporal (IT) cortex and the anterior IT cortex takes one further along the ventral stream away from V1. Which of these area is likely to have neurons tuned for the most complex shapes?","['V4', 'Posterior IT', 'V2', 'Anterior IT']",Anterior IT,3
+1504,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How is an input implemented in the model?,"['An axon from the primary visual cortex was added to the microcircuit based on biological data on synapse density', 'A predetermined number of neurons in the microcircuit were activated to simulate an external input', 'A thalamic innervation was added to the microcircuit based on biological data on synapse density', 'All synapses present in one microcolumn were matched to different single neurons situated in the hypothetical input region']",A thalamic innervation was added to the microcircuit based on biological data on synapse density,2
+1505,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,In which case do you need optimization algorithm to construct a data-driven model?,"['When dealing with long-tail data', 'When the data is sparse', 'When the data used is at a higher level than the model', 'When the data used is at the same level than the model']",When the data used is at a higher level than the model,2
+1506,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What type of stimuli allows the best predictions of the response of a cell in the primary visual cortex to a broad range of stimuli?,"['Short bars', 'Natural Images', 'White noise', 'All stimuli allow equally accurate predictions']",Natural Images,1
+1507,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the order of magnitude of a large-scale dataset in neuroscience?,"['8 GB', '100 GB', '8 TB', '1 PB']",8 TB,2
+1508,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which assertions concerning the suppression signal are true?,"['It is slower than the original waves', 'It has the same speed than the original waves', 'It can only be observed with spontaneous activity', 'It is always present when waves collide']",It has the same speed than the original waves,1
+1509,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the relation between running speed and cell activity in the presence of any random visual stimulus?,"['Cell activity increases with running speed', 'Cell activity decreases with running speed', 'Depending of the running speed, the activity can be enhanced or suppressed', 'It differs between cells and can be any of the above']",It differs between cells and can be any of the above,3
+1510,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What happens when two waves collide?,"['They merge and go on as the sum of the two original waves', 'They merge and go on weaker than the sum of the two original waves', 'They merge and go on with the amplitude of the strongest of the two original waves', 'They cancel each other out']",They merge and go on weaker than the sum of the two original waves,1
+1511,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why are whole cell preps not ideal for cell type characterization in adult human brain tissue?,"['Enzymatic methods generate cellular debris that hinder cell dissociation and compromise prep quality', 'The variety of enzymes used for cell dissociation impacts the health and type of cells recovered in the final prep', 'The recovery of cells is biased towards glial cells', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+1512,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"According to the model, what causes the suppression effect when waves collide?","['The spatially restrained connectivity of inhibitory cells', 'The conductance shunting the cells in response to a high input regime', 'The model does not reproduce the suppression effect', 'The greater response of inhibitory cells than of excitatory cells to the same input']",The conductance shunting the cells in response to a high input regime,1
+1513,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the idea behind a feed-forward model for creating an elongated receptive field?,"['A cell in the primary visual cortex sums up the information over time of a cell from the LGN', 'Cells between the LGN and the visual cortex integrate and relay the information', 'A cell in the primary visual cortex sums up the information of several LGN cells', 'None of the above']",A cell in the primary visual cortex sums up the information of several LGN cells,2
+1514,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the two core ways to think about how brain function may be organized?,"['Functional specialization and functional integration', 'Functional specialization and anatomical organization', 'Functional integration and anatomical organization', 'Anatomical organization and neuronal classification']",Functional specialization and functional integration,0
+1517,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,>>Is the model of a neocortical microcircuit able to reproduce independent biological data?,"['Spontaneous activity as predicted by the model reproduces known biological activity well, but evoked activity cannot be reproduced yet', 'No, the model’s predictions did not match published results so the model must be adapted', 'The model is not implemented in a way that allows in silico experiments yet', 'Yes, the results of several independent papers have been reproduced in silico']","Yes, the results of several independent papers have been reproduced in silico",3
+1519,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How does the activity of the mouse influence the response of single neurons in V1 to their preferred stimulus?,"['The average response is weaker when the mouse is running', 'The activity of the mouse does not influence the response', 'The running speed of the mouse directly correlates to the strength of the response', 'The average response is stronger when the mouse is running']",The average response is stronger when the mouse is running,3
+1521,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How is the strength of the thalamic stimulus modulated?,"['By increasing the number of hypothetical thalamic neurons spiking', 'By increasing the frequency of spiking of the thalamic neurons', 'By increasing the number of thalamic innervation in the microcircuit', 'By increasing the number of excitatory synapses in the microcircuit']",By increasing the number of hypothetical thalamic neurons spiking,0
+1522,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the difficulties in measuring the response of a cell in order to calculate its transfer function in absence of an analytical template?,"['Eliminating noise from the measurement', 'Obtaining responses to enough different stimuli from a single cell', 'Maintaining the cell alive for a sufficient amount of time', 'Patch-clamp causes a drift of the threshold over time']",Obtaining responses to enough different stimuli from a single cell,1
+1526,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following characteristics apply to cleared brain tissue?,"['It allows the analysis of action potential propagation', 'It can be analysed by electron microscopy and two-photon microscopy', 'The brain tissue is transparent', 'It can be stained by immunohistochemistry']",It can be analysed by electron microscopy and two-photon microscopy,1
+1528,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In RNA-seq, what are intronic reads?","['Sets of transcripts that map to distant locations on the genome', 'Junk RNA sequences', 'Fragments that map to DNA sequence found between gene bounds but that do not overlap known coding sequence (exons)', 'Non coding RNA sequences']",Fragments that map to DNA sequence found between gene bounds but that do not overlap known coding sequence (exons),2
+1529,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which clustering method would you use to visually probe the possible number of clusters present in your region of interest?,"['Spectral reordering', 'k-means clustering', 'Hierarchical clustering', 'None of the above']",Spectral reordering,0
+1530,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,In which brain region are the boundaries between brain area the clearest?,"['In the frontal lobe', 'Near the hypothalamus', 'In the parietal lobe', 'Close to the early sensory areas']",Close to the early sensory areas,3
+1531,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How is the number of networks found by a matrix decomposition analysis determined?,"['It is equal to the number of tasks that have been used experimentally', 'It is computed along with the networks themselves during the matrix decomposition', 'It can be estimated in a heuristic manner', 'It can be derived from the number of neural fiber bundles']",It can be estimated in a heuristic manner,2
+1535,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How is the electrical type of the modeled neurons determined?,"['The morphological type determines the electrical type of the neuron', 'The electrical behavior was sampled for each morphological type, and assigned accordingly', 'Averaged electrical behaviors were applied to inhibitory and excitatory neuron', 'The known electrical types have been assigned in equal proportions to all neurons']","The electrical behavior was sampled for each morphological type, and assigned accordingly",1
+1541,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are some differences between the human and rodent neocortex?,"['The human neocortex is layered, whereas the rodent neocortex is not', 'The rodent neocortex does not contain any interneurons', 'Some neuron types are present in the human brain, but not in rodents', 'Human astrocytes are bigger and more complex than mouse astrocytes']","Some neuron types are present in the human brain, but not in rodents",2
+1542,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which assertion concerning the number of clusters in cluster analysis is true?,"['The number of cluster has to be fixed beforehand when using hierarchical clustering', 'The k-means algorithm only finds a solution to the clustering problem for the right amount of clusters', 'Most cluster algorithms determine the most likely number of cluster present in the data analyzed', 'In clustering, you always get a solution, independently of the pre-specified number of clusters']","In clustering, you always get a solution, independently of the pre-specified number of clusters",3
+1543,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following datasets are available via the Allen Brain Institute?,"['The Mouse Brain Atlas, which includes gene expression data mostly from in situ hybridization', 'The Human Brain Atlas, which includes gene expression data mostly from in situ hybridization', 'The Human Brain Observatory, showing the response of single cells from the human visual cortex to various stimuli', 'The Mouse Brain Observatory, showing the response of single cells from the mouse visual cortex to various stimuli']","The Mouse Brain Atlas, which includes gene expression data mostly from in situ hybridization",0
+1544,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the relationship between dendrite morphology and action potential propagation?,"['Larger dendrites enable faster APs', 'Smaller dendrites allow faster AP propagation', 'Larger dendrites slow down the propagation of APs', 'None of the above']",Larger dendrites enable faster APs,0
+1546,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements concerning macroscopic brain networks are true?,"['They are extracted from data using clustering algorithms', 'Different networks can topographically overlap each other', 'Each network is specifically activated during a single task', 'They are extracted from data using matrix decomposition algorithms']",Different networks can topographically overlap each other,1
+1547,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How is the number of synapses per connection computed based on axo-dendritic appositions in the microcircuit corrected in order to be biologically correct?,"['By randomly discarding a percentage of the connections', 'By discarding connections with a too high number of synapses', 'By discarding connections with a too low or too high number of synapses', 'It does not need to be corrected']",By discarding connections with a too low or too high number of synapses,2
+1548,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which properties differ between rodent and human neocortical microcircuits?,"['Membrane capacitance', 'Dendritic structure and number of synapses per neuron', 'Recovery from short-term depression and information transfer capacity', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+1549,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assumptions about text mining at Blue Brain and brain connectivity are true?,"['The text mining process looks for co-occurrences of brain region names, but not their relation', 'The text mining process looks for co-occurrences of brain region names and their relation', 'Only standard region names as used by Blue Brain can be recognized', 'A list of synonym of brain region names is used to recognize their mention in the literature']",The text mining process looks for co-occurrences of brain region names and their relation,1
+1550,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assertions concerning propagating waves are true?,"['A complex experimental setup is necessary to record propagating waves', 'Voltage-sensitive dyes can be used to observe propagating waves', 'Propagating waves occur only in vivo', 'Propagating waves are a kind of network activity']",Voltage-sensitive dyes can be used to observe propagating waves,1
+1552,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What types of cells or tissue other than neurons are studied in the frame of Blue Brain?,"['Glial cells', 'Vasculature', 'T lymphocytes', 'Adipocytes']",Glial cells,0
+1553,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which assumptions concerning the autoencoders presented here are true?,"['They are unsupervised algorithms', 'They are supervised algorithms', 'They search for the structures in the brain best able to discriminate between several tasks performed', 'They search for the relevant structures in the brain in general']",They are unsupervised algorithms,0
+1554,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the main advantage of light sheet microscopy over serial two-photon microscopy to image the whole brain?,"['A higher signal-to-noise ratio', 'The possibility of multicolor post-mortem labeling', 'A shorter sample preparation time', 'Cheaper reagents']",The possibility of multicolor post-mortem labeling,1
+1557,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What regions of the brain express tyrosine hydroxylase (avg log2 intensity > 8) ?,"['IRoG', 'LC', 'Subiculum', 'SNr', 'Pons', 'Corpus Callosum']",LC,1
+1559,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Receptive fields in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are typically circular. According to the feed-forward model, how is the information processed to generate the receptive fields observed in the primary visual cortex?","['The information is processed by several cells that relay the information between the LGN and the primary visual cortex', 'Receptive fields in the LGN and in the primary visual cortex are identical, thus no processing is required', 'Receptive fields in the primary visual cortex emerge through the summation of the inputs over time of an LGN cell', 'Receptive fields in the primary visual cortex emerge through the summation of the inputs of several LGN cells']",Receptive fields in the primary visual cortex emerge through the summation of the inputs of several LGN cells,3
+1564,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Array tomography is an automated imaging method being developed to study cell type specific connectivity in an efficient manner. Which images have to be aligned after acquisition with array tomography in order to see multiple stainings in a 3D image?,"['Neighboring slices along the z-axis to get a 3-dimensional image', 'Images of the same area acquired after different immunostainings in order to have the information from all stainings in one image', 'Neighboring areas in the same slice in order to get an image of the whole region of interest', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+1566,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How is the spatial distribution of the dendrites after a stroke and after rehabilitation studied?,"['With fixed brain tissue originating from animals having undergone rehabilitation or not', 'In vivo before and after rehabilitation', 'Using one-photon microscopy and a voltage-sensitive dye', 'Using two-photon microscopy with an enlarged field of view']",In vivo before and after rehabilitation,1
+1567,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assertions concerning the data used for the modeling are true?,"['It was generated using standardized methods and is thus easily organized', 'It comes from various sources, organisms and types of experiments, and needs to be classified according to several criteria', 'It can be visualized using brain atlases', 'New data can be added only if it was generated using specific methods']","It comes from various sources, organisms and types of experiments, and needs to be classified according to several criteria",1
+1570,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is long-tail data?,"['Data that is not standardized and not structured in a machine-accessible way', 'Non-printed data', 'Data that has a broad influence in a specific field of research', 'None of the above']",Data that is not standardized and not structured in a machine-accessible way,0
+1571,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,At which level does rehabilitation after a stroke have an effect?,"['At the nanometre level – it changes the plasticity of the spine', 'At the 100 micron level – it changes the orientation of the dendrites', 'At the millimetre level – it changes the functional connectivity', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+1572,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements are true concerning the mouse visual cortex?,"['Cells in parts of the dorsal stream are tuned for speed', 'Cells in the dorsal stream are more tuned for direction than cells in the ventral stream', 'In average, cells in the ventral stream have a higher image selectivity than cells in the dorsal stream', 'In average, cells in the ventral stream have a preference for higher spatial frequencies than cells in the dorsal stream']",Cells in parts of the dorsal stream are tuned for speed,0
+1573,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What differs between the ventral and dorsal pathways?,"['The dorsal pathway is located in V1, and the ventral pathway in V2', 'The dorsal pathway is located along the parietal axis of the cortex and the ventral pathway in the inferior temporal lobe', 'The dorsal pathway is involved in motion processing and the ventral pathway in object selectivity', 'The dorsal pathway is involved in color processing an the ventral pathway in orientation selectivity']",The dorsal pathway is located along the parietal axis of the cortex and the ventral pathway in the inferior temporal lobe,1
+1574,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which marker(s) enable human neuronal nuclei to be successfully separated from cell debris?,"['Glial markers', 'Cell surface markers', 'Nuclear stain NeuN', 'DNA marker DAPI']",Cell surface markers,1
+1575,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is a large issue when using text mining to extract information from long-tail data?,"['The limited computing power', 'The large variety of ways the same information can be reported', 'The amount of text that is not electronically available', 'All of the above']",The large variety of ways the same information can be reported,1
+1576,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What functional consequences does a reduced membrane capacitance have according to computational models?,"['It reduces the number of synapses needed to fire an action potential', 'It enhances the number of synapses needed to fire an action potential', 'It potentially allows single neurons to encode more information', 'It potentially allows single neurons to encode information faster']",It reduces the number of synapses needed to fire an action potential,0
+1577,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the approximate scale of the part of the brain represented by one mean field model?,"['One neuron', 'A neuron network occupying one pixel of the experimental image', 'The V1 area', 'A neuron network of 10 neurons']",A neuron network occupying one pixel of the experimental image,1
+1579,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is the dissociation of single cells a challenge when handling human brain tissue?,"['The human brain is large', 'The neuropil is very densely packed', 'There are many different cell types', 'There are more cortical layers than in other species']",The neuropil is very densely packed,1
+1580,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"What is a particularity of computational neuroscience publications, for example of Blue Brain or of the Allen Institute, for the biological field?","['All published articles are open-access', 'The article format is that of physics article and not typical biology articles', 'They are accompanied by a machine-accessible list of all measured parameters', 'The list of authors is long, reflecting large teams']","The list of authors is long, reflecting large teams",3
+1581,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What has been shown to allow faster repeated action potential firing in human neurons than in rodent neurons?,"['Different sodium channel kinetics', 'The larger dendrite to axon size ratio', 'A higher bouton concentration', 'A Thicker membrane at the cell body']",The larger dendrite to axon size ratio,1
+1582,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following is true about messenger RNA?,"['It identifies and repairs DNA breaks', 'It is not present in the brain', 'It is necessary for DNA to form', 'Many copies of the same messenger RNA can exist in the same cell']",Many copies of the same messenger RNA can exist in the same cell,3
+1584,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is a problem when using text mining to extract protein concentrations from the literature?,"['There many ways of reporting protein concentrations', 'Protein concentration values are mostly located in long-tail data', 'The text mining algorithm cannot assign units to the numerical values extracted', 'Text mining tools are efficient in extracting texual, not numerical, information']",There many ways of reporting protein concentrations,0
+1585,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which characteristics are specific to the human brain compared to the rodent brain?,"['The brain to body size ratio', 'The types of cells present in the neocortex', 'The molecular structure of the synapses', 'The size of glial cells']",The brain to body size ratio,0
+1586,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which technique can be used to obtain transcriptomic data?,"['DNA-sequencing', 'Measuring the cellular response to electrical stimuli', 'RNA-sequencing', 'Western blotting']",RNA-sequencing,2
+1588,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following techniques can be used for connectivity-based parcellation of the human brain?,"['Meta-analytic connectivity modeling', 'Axonal tracing', 'Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging', 'Resting-state functional connectivity']",Meta-analytic connectivity modeling,0
+1590,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What type of experiments provide useful information on microcircuit properties?,"['Single cell recordings', 'Multi-unit recordings', 'Paired intracellular recordings', 'Whole-cell recordings']",Paired intracellular recordings,2
+1591,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Is more neurobiologically plausible to segregate the brain into n spatially distinct areas using clustering or n spatially overlapping networks using matrix decomposition in order to infer which task was originally performed based on brain activity?,"['Segregating the brain into spatially distinct areas', 'Segregating the brain into overlapping networks', 'Segregating the brain into spatially distinct areas when the task primarily involves sensory processing and segregating the brain into overlapping networks when emotions are involved', 'Both are equally good']",Segregating the brain into overlapping networks,1
+1592,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which factor in the equation describing the current going through a synapse has a time-dependent profile?,"['The number of released neurotransmitter vesicles', 'The strength of the release site', 'The opening probability', 'The driving force']",The opening probability,2
+1593,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The default mode network…,"['is associated with the aRTPJ', 'is associated with the pRTPJ', 'is known to increase brain activity in the absence of controlled goal-directed behavior', 'is known to decrease brain activity in the absence of controlled goal-directed behavior']",is associated with the pRTPJ,1
+1594,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Do different genetically-identified types of cells have different visual responses?,"['Yes, the distribution of the preferred temporal frequency clearly differs between cell types', 'Yes, the distribution of the preferred spatial frequency clearly differs between cell types', 'No, the distributions of the spatial and temporal frequencies are the same across cell types', 'Partly; genetically-identified cell types do not have unique patterns in the distributions of their preferred frequencies, but some cell types have some of their response characteristics that stand out']","Partly; genetically-identified cell types do not have unique patterns in the distributions of their preferred frequencies, but some cell types have some of their response characteristics that stand out",3
+1597,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is a reflected wave?,"['A wave with a split centre of mass', 'A wave moving in two opposite directions from the centre of primary activity', 'A wave moving in the direction of the primary activity after bouncing off the boundary of a brain region', 'A wave moving in the direction of the primary activity after bouncing off a wave of inhibitory activity']",A wave moving in the direction of the primary activity after bouncing off the boundary of a brain region,2
+1598,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"What type of search should you use if you are looking for genes highly expressed in the cingulate gyrus, but not in the parietal lobe?","['Site search', 'Gene search', 'Differential search', 'Correlative search']",Differential search,2
+1599,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,">>Studying the mouse visual cortex, what can be observed across the different areas in response to a vertical bar moving on a screen?","['Different areas will be activated sequentially depending on the position of the vertical bar', 'Different areas will be activated depending on the color of the vertical bar', 'Activity will be observed uniquely in the area responding to vertical bars', 'Waves of activity will propagate though different areas as the vertical bar move across the screen']",Waves of activity will propagate though different areas as the vertical bar move across the screen,3
+1600,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does the value represented in a MACM-based activity map quantify?,"['The normalized number of axons connecting a specific part of the brain to the voxel of interest', 'The proportion of trials during which a specific part of the brain was co-activated with the voxel of interest', 'The likelihood that a specific part of the brain co-activates with the voxel of interest across tasks', 'The number of co-activation occurrences of a specific region of the brain with the voxel of interest during a specific task over the number of co-activation occurrences during other tasks']",The likelihood that a specific part of the brain co-activates with the voxel of interest across tasks,2
+1606,15053,Physics,online,"If \(\vec{E}=E_0 \hat{e}_x\) and \(\vec{B}=B_0 \hat{e}_y\), with \(E_0 \gt 0\) and \(B_0 \gt 0\), the ExB drift is","['Along the \\(\\hat{e}_z\\) direction for both electron and ions', 'Along the \\(\\hat{e}_z\\) direction for electron and -\\(\\hat{e}_z\\) for the ions', 'Along the -\\(\\hat{e}_z\\) direction for electron and \\(\\hat{e}_z\\) for the ions', 'Along the -\\(\\hat{e}_z\\) direction for both electron and ions']",Along the \(\hat{e}_z\) direction for both electron and ions,0
+1608,15053,Physics,online,"Consider a uniform ""MHD plasma"". Which of the following statements is correct:","['For transverse waves, \\(\\vec{k}\\) has a component that is parallel to the equilibrium \\(\\vec{B}_0\\) and the wave is of compressional type', 'For longitudinal waves, \\(\\vec{k}\\) has a component that is parallel to the equilibrium \\(\\vec{B}_0\\) and the wave is of compressional type', 'For longitudinal waves, the perturbed velocity \\(\\vec{V}_1\\) has a component that is perpendicular to the equilibrium \\(\\vec{B}_0\\) and the wave is of non-compressional type', 'For transverse waves, the perturbed velocity \\(\\vec{V}_1\\) has a component that is parallel to the equilibrium \\(\\vec{B}_0\\) and the wave is of non-compressional type']","For longitudinal waves, \(\vec{k}\) has a component that is parallel to the equilibrium \(\vec{B}_0\) and the wave is of compressional type",1
+1609,15053,Physics,online,The conservation of particle number:,"['Neglecting sources and sinks, is given by the balance between the variation of the number of particles inside a certain volume in phase space and the flux across the five-dimensional surface surrounding it', 'Taking into account  sources and sinks, is given by the balance between the variation of the number of particles inside a certain volume in phase space and the flux across the five-dimensional surface surrounding it', 'Is valid only in the three-dimensional configuration space', 'Is valid only in the three-dimensional velocity space']","Neglecting sources and sinks, is given by the balance between the variation of the number of particles inside a certain volume in phase space and the flux across the five-dimensional surface surrounding it",0
+1615,15053,Physics,online,The Boltzmann equation for plasmas:,"['Is valid only if collisions (i.e. short range forces) are present', 'Describes the evolution of the distribution function in phase space, taking into account their dynamics due to short and long range forces', 'Is different from the one for gases because of the presence of collisions, and takes into account the short range interactions due to nuclear forces', 'Can be written only for the electron species']","Describes the evolution of the distribution function in phase space, taking into account their dynamics due to short and long range forces",1
+1619,15053,Physics,online,By using a linear device:,"['One can confine all plasma particles if the strength of the magnetic field  at the end of the device exceeds a threshold value', 'A certain class of particles are not confined', 'It is impossible to confine any plasma particle because of the plasma diamagnetic properties', 'The plasma cannot be confined as it is immediately lost in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field']",A certain class of particles are not confined,1
+1620,15053,Physics,online,In a plasma:,"['The energy of the particles is so high that this state is rarely present in nature', 'There are no charged particles, because the electrons and ions attract each other', 'Charged particles (ions and electrons) move under the effect of electromagnetic fields imposed externally and that they themselves generate', 'Neutral atoms move under the effect of electromagnetic fields imposed externally and that they themselves generate']",Charged particles (ions and electrons) move under the effect of electromagnetic fields imposed externally and that they themselves generate,2
+1632,15053,Physics,online,The grad B drift is in the direction:,"['Parallel to B and the gradient of the magnetic field', 'Parallel to B and perpendicular to the gradient of the magnetic field', 'Perpendicular to B and parallel to the gradient of the magnetic field', 'Perpendicular to B and the gradient of the magnetic field']",Perpendicular to B and the gradient of the magnetic field,3
+1633,15053,Physics,online,"The result from exercise 3.5d) shows that \(B_{1y}\) satisfies the wave equation with a phase velocity along the z-axis  given by \( c_A \). From exercise 3.5a), we know   that the general solution for \(B_{1y}\) is therefore given by two arbitrary perturbations traveling to the right and to the left, respectively, at a velocity \( c_A \). What final step is needed to complete the analogy between guitar strings and the dynamics of magnetic field lines associated with  shear Alfvén waves?","['As the background field \\(\\vec{B}_0\\) is constant, the first order transverse component  \\(B_{1y} \\) entirely defines the form of the magnetic field lines. Therefore, like \\(B_{1y} \\), the magnetic field  deformations can be described as the sum of two arbitrary perturbations traveling to the right and to the left, respectively. This is the same behavior as that of a vibrating  string.', 'The magnetic field line displacement \\( \\xi \\) is given by \\(\\xi = B_{1y}/B_0  \\). Therefore, like \\(B_{1y} \\), the magnetic field  deformations can be described as the sum of two arbitrary perturbations traveling to the right and to the left, respectively. This is the same behavior as that of a vibrating  string.']","As the background field \(\vec{B}_0\) is constant, the first order transverse component  \(B_{1y} \) entirely defines the form of the magnetic field lines. Therefore, like \(B_{1y} \), the magnetic field  deformations can be described as the sum of two arbitrary perturbations traveling to the right and to the left, respectively. This is the same behavior as that of a vibrating  string.",0
+1634,15053,Physics,online,The linearization technique allows you to:,"['Study the growth rate and the saturation of the normal modes present in a plasma', 'Study the coupling between the different modes present in a plasma', 'Separate the normal modes present in the plasma, and evaluate their growth rate or frequency', 'Provide results that are always  physically meaningful']","Separate the normal modes present in the plasma, and evaluate their growth rate or frequency",2
+1638,15053,Physics,online,"One of the specific properties of isobaric surfaces in a static,  ideal MHD equilibrium is that:","['The magnetic field and current density are parallel to the pressure gradient', 'The pressure gradient is  tangential to these surfaces', 'The magnetic field and current density are tangential to these surfaces', 'The magnetic field and current density are perpendicular to these surfaces']",The magnetic field and current density are tangential to these surfaces,2
+1642,15053,Physics,online,"If you slowly increase the magnetic field, since the magnetic moment is an adiabatic invariant:","['The perpendicular velocity of the particle decreases', 'The perpendicular velocity of the particles remains approximatively the same', 'The perpendicular velocity of the particle increases', 'The particle stops']",The perpendicular velocity of the particle increases,2
+1643,15053,Physics,online,\(N_D \gg 1\) implies that:,"['One-to-one interactions are weak with respect to collective effects and the collision frequency is larger than the plasma frequency', 'One-to-one interactions are strong with respect to collective effects and the collision frequency is larger than the plasma frequency', 'One-to-one interactions are weak with respect to collective effects and the collision frequency is smaller than the plasma frequency', 'One-to-one interaction are strong with respect to collective effects and the collision frequency is smaller than the plasma frequency']",One-to-one interactions are weak with respect to collective effects and the collision frequency is smaller than the plasma frequency,2
+1645,15053,Physics,online,"When an electric field is applied to a plasma, the plasma current","['Is parallel to the electric field, independently of its direction', 'Is never in the direction of the electric field', 'Is always of the direction of the electric field, in case of B=0', 'Is parallel to the electric field, in case of electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field']","Is always of the direction of the electric field, in case of B=0",2
+1648,15053,Physics,online,"When a wave encounters a cut-off, it","['Is absorbed by the plasma', 'Is reflected', 'Has a wavenumber that tends to infinity', 'Has a frequency that tends to infinity']",Is reflected,1
+1649,15053,Physics,online,Which of the following statements about  a superparticle in the PIC method is correct?,"['A superparticle corresponds to a charged particle present in a plasma', 'A superparticle has a domain that occupies a limited portion of the phase space', 'A superparticle moves according to exactly the same laws as a charged particle in a plasma', 'A superparticle has a volume that changes in time']",A superparticle has a domain that occupies a limited portion of the phase space,1
+1652,15053,Physics,online,An ideal MHD equilibrium is always unstable:,"['When the plasma pressure increases', 'When the imaginary part of the frequency at which the perturbation \\( \\propto  exp(-i\\omega t)\\) of the equilibrium occurs is positive', 'If the variation in the potential energy of the system, d\\(W \\), is larger than zero for all physical displacements \\(\\vec{\\xi}  \\)', 'If the wall surrounding the plasma column has a finite resistivity']",When the imaginary part of the frequency at which the perturbation \( \propto  exp(-i\omega t)\) of the equilibrium occurs is positive,1
+1661,15053,Physics,online,Which one of the following statements concerning a fluid model isnotvalid?,"['A fluid model evolves quantities such as density, fluid velocity, temperature', 'A fluid model can be obtained by integrating the kinetic equation in velocity space', 'A fluid model provides a plasma description that is less accurate than a kinetic model', 'A fluid model is constituted by a set of equations that can be self-consistently closed']",A fluid model is constituted by a set of equations that can be self-consistently closed,3
+1663,15053,Physics,online,The ordinary mode is characterized by:,"['\\(\\vec{k}\\) perpendicular to \\(\\vec{B}_0\\), and  \\(\\vec{E}_1\\) parallel to \\(\\vec{B}_0\\)', 'Both \\(\\vec{k}\\) and  \\(\\vec{E}_1\\) perpendicular to \\(\\vec{B}_0\\)', '\\(\\vec{k}\\) parallel to \\(\\vec{B}_0\\), and  \\(\\vec{E}_1\\) perpendicular to \\(\\vec{B}_0\\)', '\\(\\vec{k}\\), \\(\\vec{B}_0\\), and  \\(\\vec{E}_1\\) all parallel']","\(\vec{k}\) perpendicular to \(\vec{B}_0\), and  \(\vec{E}_1\) parallel to \(\vec{B}_0\)",0
+1664,15053,Physics,online,"By integrating a distribution function \( f(\vec{r},\vec{v},t)\) over the full configuration space, one obtains:","['A function of velocity and time, which expresses the probability of finding a particle having, at a certain time, a certain velocity, independently of its position in configuration space', 'The plasma density', 'Cannot be done, as the configuration space extends over an infinite volume', 'A function of configuration space and time, which expresses the probability of finding a particle at a certain location at a certain time, independently of its velocity']","A function of velocity and time, which expresses the probability of finding a particle having, at a certain time, a certain velocity, independently of its position in configuration space",0
+1665,15053,Physics,online,"The velocity of two counter-streaming plasma beams is \(+ v_0\) and \(-v_0\), with  \(v_0\)=1 m/s. The plasma frequency is \( \omega_{pe}=1\)  s\(^{-1}\). Under which conditions  does the two-stream instability appear?","['k\\( \\lt \\) 1m\\(^{-1}\\)', 'k\\( = \\) 1m\\(^{-1}\\)', 'k\\( \\gt \\) 1m\\(^{-1}\\)', 'Independently of \\(k\\)']",k\( \lt \) 1m\(^{-1}\),0
+1675,15053,Physics,online,"For \( \omega \rightarrow \infty \) and \( k \rightarrow \infty \), the R-handed waves:","['Cannot propagate', 'Are reflected', 'Have a dispersion relation that tends to the one of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum', 'Have a phase velocity that approaches the Alfven speed']",Have a dispersion relation that tends to the one of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum,2
+1676,15053,Physics,online,"The dispersion relation is a function, \( D(\omega, \vec{k}) \)","['Whose zeros relate the frequencies and the wavenumbers of the intrinsic modes present in a plasma', 'Whose maxima relate the frequencies and the wavenumbers of the intrinsic modes present in a plasma', 'Whose minima relate the frequencies and the wavenumbers of the intrinsic modes present in a plasma', 'Whose singularities relate the frequencies and the wavenumbers of the intrinsic modes present in a plasma']",Whose zeros relate the frequencies and the wavenumbers of the intrinsic modes present in a plasma,0
+1677,15053,Physics,online,When an electron beam enters into a plasma:,"['It interacts mostly with particles whose impact parameter is smaller than \\(b_{\\pi/2}\\)', 'It interacts mostly with particles whose impact parameter is comparable to \\(b_{\\pi/2}\\)', 'It interacts mostly with particles whose impact parameter is larger than \\(b_{\\pi/2}\\)', 'It interacts with particles independent of their impact parameter']",It interacts mostly with particles whose impact parameter is larger than \(b_{\pi/2}\),2
+1682,15053,Physics,online,The slowing down of an electron beam in a plasma:,"['Is due to collective effects evaluated by averaging collisions over all possible impact parameters, and velocities of the incoming beam', 'Is only due to the collisions with the ions', 'Occurs on a time scale that corresponds to that of the ion thermalization', 'Has to be evaluated by averaging collisions over all possible impact parameters, and velocities of the incoming beam']","Has to be evaluated by averaging collisions over all possible impact parameters, and velocities of the incoming beam",3
+1683,15053,Physics,online,"We now keep the magnetic field constant during a time \(t_1 \rightarrow t_2\), which is long enough such that \( T_{\parallel} \) and  \( T_{\perp} \) become equal due to collisional heat transfer. What is the temperature \( T_{\parallel}(t_2)=T_{\perp}(t_2)= T_2 \)?","['\\( T_2= \\frac{1}{2} T_0 \\)', '\\( T_2= T_0 \\)', '\\( T_2=\\frac{5}{3}T_0 \\)', '\\( T_2=2\\cdot T_0 \\)']",\( T_2=\frac{5}{3}T_0 \),2
+1693,15053,Physics,online,Plasma can appear at temperature larger than 10'000 K because this is the temperature at which:,"['The kinetic energy of the atoms becomes larger than the interaction energy', 'The crystalline lattice structure is destroyed', 'Atoms have sufficient thermal energy to interact with photons', 'The thermal energy becomes comparable to the ionisation energy']",The thermal energy becomes comparable to the ionisation energy,3
+1699,15053,Physics,online,The resistivity of a plasma,"['Decreases with n and decreases with T', 'Is independent of n and decreases with T', 'Increases with n and  is independent of T', 'Increases with n and T']",Is independent of n and decreases with T,1
+1796,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is data curation useful?,"['It filters out data that is not from reliable sources', 'It associates data found in the literature with its context', 'It allows integration of data from different sources', 'It automatically validates parameters estimated by models']",It associates data found in the literature with its context,1
+1797,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements applies to methylome analysis?,"['Methylated cytosine residues are not affected by bisulfite treatment', 'Methylated DNA is pulled down using immunoprecipitation', 'All cytosine residues in a bisulfite-treated sequence are methylated', 'Treatment with reverse transcriptase reveal methylated residues']",Methylated cytosine residues are not affected by bisulfite treatment,0
+1798,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the CRISPR-Cas9 system used for?,"['Introducing miRNA in cells', 'Genome editing', 'Replacing a gene with another', 'Adding post-translational modifications to mature proteins']",Genome editing,1
+1801,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is gene transcription?,"['The copy of a sequence of single-stranded DNA into a double-stranded RNA sequence', 'The translation of a sequence of double-stranded DNA into a protein sequence', 'The translation of a sequence of single-stranded RNA into a protein sequence', 'The copy of a sequence of double-stranded DNA into a single-stranded RNA sequence']",The copy of a sequence of double-stranded DNA into a single-stranded RNA sequence,3
+1802,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The main gene therapy approach to treat SMA discussed in this lecture consisted in…,"['Delivering several copies of the SMN2 gene to the patient’s neurons', 'Injecting functional SMN1 protein into the patient’s spinal cord', 'Delivering a functional copy of the SMN1 gene to the patient’s neurons', 'Editing and correcting the SMN1 gene in the patient’s cells ex vivo and transplant the transgenic cells']",Delivering a functional copy of the SMN1 gene to the patient’s neurons,2
+1805,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following disease-linked variants are easier to detect using genetic means?,"['Common variants rarely causing diseases', 'Common variants weakly implicated in common diseases', 'Rare variants with small effects', 'Rare variants causing mendelian disease']",Rare variants causing mendelian disease,3
+1806,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What choice must you make about the level of detail when modeling a microcircuit?,"['Will the neurons be connected by different types of synapse? How many?', 'How detailed will the morphology of the neurons be?', 'How many spatial dimensions will the model possess?', 'What types of neuron will be included?', 'All of the above']",All of the above,4
+1807,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,At which step of gene expression does regulation take place?,"['Before translation of mRNA into protein', 'During the protein modification process taking place after translation', 'When DNA is methylated and histones are modified before transcription', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+1808,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the main challenge associated with the data produced by next-generation sequencing methods?,"['Such large datasets cannot be analyzed without statistical methods', 'Biologists need to adopt a computational approach', 'Algorithm and model need to be developed in order able to extract useful information from the data', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+1809,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the disadvantage of genomic integration?,"['It strongly limits the size of the transgene that can be used', 'It increases the probability of an immune reaction', 'It can lead to insertional mutagenesis and activate oncogenes', 'The transgene’s expression is unstable in dividing cells']",It can lead to insertional mutagenesis and activate oncogenes,2
+1810,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can be done using modeling?,"['Infer principles governing a biological system', 'Identify experiments that would help understanding a system', 'Verify the accuracy of biological data', 'Predict the behavior of the system under certain conditions']",Infer principles governing a biological system,0
+1811,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statement about translation is true?,"['Deoxyribonucleic acids are translated to ribonucleic acid', 'Nucleic acids are translated to amino acids', 'During translation, five bits of information are translated into one bit of information', 'One gene can only be translated into one protein']",Nucleic acids are translated to amino acids,1
+1812,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following can be used to find biomarkers to identify cell types?,"['The genome', 'The epigenome', 'The transcriptome', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+1813,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is a frameshift mutation?,"['A single nucleotide deletion that results in a shift of the reading frame and the early inclusion of a STOP codon', 'A mis-sense mutation that results in a shift of the reading frame and a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein product', 'A silent mutation that does not influence the protein product', 'A mutation that results in a shift of the reading frame and can have different effects on the sequence of the protein product']",A mutation that results in a shift of the reading frame and can have different effects on the sequence of the protein product,3
+1814,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Dopa-decarboxylase is expressed in the:,"['Midbrain', 'Isocortex', 'Hypothalamus', 'Cerebellum']",Midbrain,0
+1815,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A cell's methylome can provide us with information about the following:,"['Cell function', 'Cell structure', 'Cell differentiation status', 'Protein translation']",Cell function,0
+1816,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,ChiP-seq is a technique commonly used to study histone modifications by providing information about...,"['DNA sequences to which proteins are associated', 'the structure of proteins associated with DNA', 'the expression level of genes', 'histone post-translational modifications']",DNA sequences to which proteins are associated,0
+1817,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which technique allows the mapping of histone modifications to genomic locations?,"['Spatial transcriptomics', 'Bisulfite-sequencing', 'Hi-C', 'ChIP-sequencing']",ChIP-sequencing,3
+1818,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,When is the neuroectoderm induced?,"['During gastrulation', 'During postnatal brain development', 'During neurulation', 'After neurulation']",During neurulation,2
+1819,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is a gastrula?,"['The stage of development from which the blastula develops', 'An early multicellular embryo composed of several germ layers', 'An embryonic organizer inducing the formation of the nervous system', 'A part of the uterus when embryos can implant']",An early multicellular embryo composed of several germ layers,1
+1820,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which characteristic must the experimental data have to be used for modeling?,"['It must not be sparse', 'It must measure a phenomenon at a higher scale than that of the model', 'It must all come from the same experiment', 'It must quantify a process at a smaller scale than that of the model']",It must quantify a process at a smaller scale than that of the model,3
+1821,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,GWAS analysis is used to detect which of the following?,"['Genetic variations associated with a phenotype', 'Changes in gene expression in response to genetic variation', 'Which transcription factors regulate genes', 'The tissue in which a genetic variation is important']",Genetic variations associated with a phenotype,0
+1822,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Epigenetic changes can be stably inherited between...,"['cell divisions', 'tissues', 'generations', 'genes']",cell divisions,0
+1823,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about text mining is true?,"['It makes data machine-accessible', 'It replaces manual literature reviews', 'It works only for standardized data', 'It uses machine learning to recognize which terms are proteins, brain regions or describe relationships']",It makes data machine-accessible,0
+1824,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which cell types are generated from neural crest cells?,"['Neurons of the peripheral nervous system', 'Neurons of the spinal cord', 'Neurons of the olfactory bulb', 'Melanocytes']",Neurons of the peripheral nervous system,0
+1825,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What must be considered when choosing a viral vector?,"['Is the viral capsid large enough for the transgene?', 'Does the virus trigger a strong immune response in the target population?', 'Does the virus infect the target cells?', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+1826,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Which of the following properties applies to both next-generation sequencing, and Sanger sequencing?","['Sequencing relies on a DNA amplifying step', 'Electrophoresis is needed to read out the sequence', 'The binding of clonal DNA sequences on a surface allow parallel sequencing of several sequences', 'All of the above']",Sequencing relies on a DNA amplifying step,0
+1827,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the notochord?,"['A transient embryonic structure', 'A structure producing ventralizing signaling molecules', 'The precursor of the neural tube', 'An important embryonic organizer']",A transient embryonic structure,0
+1828,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What recent technologies allowed the development of single-cell sequencing?,"['Tissue dissociation to obtain individual cells', 'Capture of single cells into individual containers', 'Development of the t-SNE algorithm', 'Barcoding of RNA molecules']",Capture of single cells into individual containers,1
+1829,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which process marks the end of embryonic symmetry?,"['The first cell division', 'Gastrulation', 'Primary neurulation', 'The start of organogenesis']",Gastrulation,1
+1830,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following mechanisms generate epigenetic changes?,"['DNA methylation', 'Alternative splicing', 'Nucleosome positioning', 'Histone acetylation']",DNA methylation,0
+1831,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Consider the epigenetic profile of monozygotic twins. What can we learn by comparing them?,"['Epigenetic marks change during cell differentiation', 'The epigenetic profile changes depending on the biological age', 'Twin A is healthy whereas twin B has a disease', 'The environment influences the epigenetic profile']",The environment influences the epigenetic profile,3
+1832,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What tools are typically used to study gene regulatory networks?,"['Computational modeling', 'Genetic knockouts', 'Patch-clamp', 'Behavioral studies']",Computational modeling,0
+1833,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How is genetic variability linked to personalized medicine?,"['It gives a target for gene therapy', 'Genetic profiles can help the diagnostic of specific diseases', 'Differential responses to treatments can be linked to genetic variants in patients', 'Personalized medicine and genetic variability are not related']",Genetic profiles can help the diagnostic of specific diseases,1
+1834,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the relationship between DNA methylation and Alzheimer’s disease?,"['Aging has a strong epigenetic basis, and is also the strongest AD risk factor', 'Many AD patients have a mutation in the gene encoding an important DNA methyltransferase', 'Previous genome-wide studies have found many methylation abnormalities in gene promoters in AD astrocytes', 'There was no link between AD and DNA methylation prior to this study']","Aging has a strong epigenetic basis, and is also the strongest AD risk factor",0
+1835,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the additional considerations when modeling the brain compared to brain areas and networks?,"['Connecting the neurons, choosing the temporal scales, adding a third dimension', 'Defining function, choosing the temporal scales, modeling energetics and the role of the vasculature', 'Defining the number of different neuron types, adding a third dimension, defining function', 'Taking brain energetics into account, modeling different types of synapse, choosing the number of dimensions']","Defining function, choosing the temporal scales, modeling energetics and the role of the vasculature",1
+1836,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following structures is not a secondary organizer?,"['The floor plate', 'The isthmus', 'The cortical hem', 'The notochord']",The notochord,3
+1837,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is genetic variability important?,"['For evolution', 'It allows the emergence of different cells types in the nervous system', 'In translational medicine, it helps determine risk factors', 'Differential gene expression results from genetic diversity']",For evolution,0
+1838,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Studying the transcriptome can provide us with information about:,"['the level of gene expression', 'post-transcriptional modifications', 'the localisation of RNA within the cell', 'post-translational modifications']",the level of gene expression,0
+1839,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does not happen during gastrulation?,"['Definition of the embryonic sheets', 'Formation of the notochord', 'Termination of the symmetry of the embryo', 'Formation of the neural plate']",Formation of the neural plate,3
+1840,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How can the adverse effects of the described SMA gene therapy be diminished?,"['By changing the viral capsid so that it infects only target cells', 'By adapting the expression level of the transgene to reach an optimal dose', 'By treating the babies later in life when the toxicity is lower', 'By using a cell-specific promoter']",By changing the viral capsid so that it infects only target cells,0
+1841,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following are true of epigentic changes?,"['They are permanent changes to the genomic sequence', 'They are inheritable changes to the genome', 'They are consistent throughout a tissue', 'They affect gene expression']",They are inheritable changes to the genome,1
+1842,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What kind of data is most useful in building a better understanding of brain disorders?,"['Genetic data', 'Behavioral data', 'Integrated data from different scales and types of experiments', 'Brain imaging data']",Integrated data from different scales and types of experiments,2
+1843,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How does ChIP-seq work?,"['Antibodies can bind specifically to histones presenting the modification of interest, allowing to isolate the associated DNA', 'The histones associated with a gene of interest can be isolated and analyzed for modifications', 'Interacting DNA regions are crosslinked', 'Bisulfite treatment lyses only DNA wrapped around unmodified histones; the DNA fragments left can be sequenced']","Antibodies can bind specifically to histones presenting the modification of interest, allowing to isolate the associated DNA",0
+1844,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are advantages of «gene-drug» transfer over conventional drugs?,"['Absence of an immune response to the drug', 'Localized expression in the affected organ', 'Easier delivery method', 'Single long-term treatment']",Localized expression in the affected organ,1
+1847,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following approaches would be best adapted to treat a multifactorial disease?,"['Editing the recessive gene responsible for the disease', 'Silencing the mutated gene causing the disease', 'Adding a healthy gene to compensate for a mutated dominant gene', 'Adding a «gene-drug» coding for a protein that reduces the symptoms of the disease']",Adding a «gene-drug» coding for a protein that reduces the symptoms of the disease,3
+1848,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What type of vector is most commonly used in gene therapy nowadays?,"['Viral vectors', 'Polymeric nanoparticles', 'Bacterial vectors', 'Electroporation']",Viral vectors,0
+1849,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the functions of gene regulatory networks?,"['Determination of cell differentiation', 'Regulation of development', 'Recognition of de novo mutations', 'Regulation of higher cognitive functions']",Determination of cell differentiation,0
+1851,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the effect of a positive feedback loop on gene expression?,"['It increases gene expression until an external transcription factor represses the gene', 'It allows the maintenance of a stable high expression level', 'It represses gene expression once a certain threshold has been reached', 'It creates a gradient of expression in space']",It allows the maintenance of a stable high expression level,1
+1852,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are alternatives to bulk RNA sequencing for transcriptome analysis?,"['Bisulfite-sequencing', 'Mass spectrometry', 'Spatial transcriptomics', 'Single-cell sequencing']",Spatial transcriptomics,2
+1853,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is analyzed using Hi-C?,"['DNA methylation', 'Gene expression level', 'Amount of post-translational modifications', 'Interactions of DNA domains']",Interactions of DNA domains,3
+1855,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the practical implications of an iterative workflow between experimental and simulation neuroscience?,"['Models and simulations depend on experimental data', 'Models and simulations can replace experiments', 'Simulations can point to useful experiments to make', 'The same data used to build a model must be used to validate it']",Models and simulations depend on experimental data,0
+1856,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does a raw fastq file obtained after sequencing typically contain?,"['The location of the sequence in the genome', 'The sequence of the read', 'A quality score for each base of the sequence', 'The relative intensity of the light signal for each position of the read']",The sequence of the read,1
+1857,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the difference between genetics and epigenetics?,"['Genetic characteristics are heritable, but not epigenetic one', 'Epigenetic characteristics vary between cell types, but genetic characteristics do not', 'Differences in epigenetics do not influence gene expression whereas genetic variability does', 'All of the above']","Epigenetic characteristics vary between cell types, but genetic characteristics do not",1
+1858,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about the nervous system are true?,"['It is the first system to be fully developed in the embryo', 'Its development is one of the first to start in the embryo', 'It is the last system to start its development in the embryo', 'Its development continues after birth']",Its development is one of the first to start in the embryo,1
+1861,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What were the adverse effects of the SMA gene therapy observed in the clinical trials?,"['Swallowing difficulties', 'Kidney failure', 'Hepatotoxicity', 'Gain of toxic function for sensory neurons']",Hepatotoxicity,2
+1862,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How does human postnatal brain development compare to mouse postnatal brain development?,"['They are the same', 'Mice are born with a more mature brain than humans, thus less happen during their postnatal development', 'Humans are born with a more mature brain, thus parts of mouse postnatal development correspond to human embryonic development', 'There is no postnatal brain development in humans']","Humans are born with a more mature brain, thus parts of mouse postnatal development correspond to human embryonic development",2
+1863,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How do the approaches of theoretical neuroscience and simulation neuroscience differ?,"['Simulation neuroscience allows for an analysis of the parameter space', 'Theoretical neuroscience use simple models with using only strictly necessary variables', 'Simulation neuroscience rely on numerical solutions to the model’s equations', 'In theoretical neuroscience, the model is not compared to biological data']",Theoretical neuroscience use simple models with using only strictly necessary variables,1
+1864,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What was the first strategy used to treat SMA using gene therapy?,"['Deliver several copies of the SMN2 gene to the patient’s neurons', 'Deliver a functional copy of the SMN1 gene to the patient’s neurons', 'Edit and correct the SMN1 gene in the patient’s cells ex vivo and transplant the transgenic cells', 'Inject functional SMN1 protein into the patient’s spinal cord']",Deliver a functional copy of the SMN1 gene to the patient’s neurons,1
+1865,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How can the AAV vector used for SMA gene therapy be administered to reach the brain?,"['Intravenously', 'Intrathecally (into the spinal cord)', 'Intraparenchymally (into the brain)', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+1866,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which gene has a similar expression profile to Prdm1?,"['Prdm2', 'Ebf1', 'Rorc', 'Pax4']",Rorc,2
+1867,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following can contain information about genes implicated in diseases?,"['The genome', 'The epigenome', 'The transcriptome', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+1868,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statement about transcription factors is not true?,"['They can regulate a gene positively or negatively', 'They can regulate different genes in different cell types', 'They can act in concert to regulate a gene', 'They have to bind a DNA sequence in close proximity of a gene']",They have to bind a DNA sequence in close proximity of a gene,3
+1869,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Non-coding RNAs are RNA molecules that:,"['do not encode proteins', 'are not transcribed from DNA', 'are exclusively transcribed from intergenic DNA', 'are degraded before they can be translated']",do not encode proteins,0
+1871,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How was the SMA gene therapy tested before being used in clinical trials?,"['By treating healthy monkeys to test for toxicity', 'By treating transgenic mice lacking the SMN1 gene and assessing survival', 'By analyzing the effects of an SMN1 gene knockout on mice', 'By verifying that the viral vector delivers transgenes to motor neurons in primates']",By treating transgenic mice lacking the SMN1 gene and assessing survival,1
+1874,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How is genetic information stored?,"['In the form of single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA)', 'In the form of proteins', 'In neural networks', 'In the form of double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)']",In the form of double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),3
+1875,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the biological basis of the different types of spinal muscular atrophy?,"['Different mutations in the coding region of the SMN1 gene', 'Different numbers of copies of the SMN2 gene', 'Mutations in different enhancers of the SMN1 gene', 'Mutations in genes encoding different transcription factors enhancing SMN2 expression']",Different numbers of copies of the SMN2 gene,1
+1876,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,When does the embryonic symmetry disappear?,"['Right after the first cell division', 'After the start of organogenesis, around E13', 'At the start of gastrulation, around E5', 'During neurulation, around E9']","At the start of gastrulation, around E5",2
+1877,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Along which axis are the forebrain, hindbrain, midbrain and spinal cord arranged?","['The rostro-caudal axis', 'The left-right axis', 'The dorso-ventral axis', 'The top-down axis']",The rostro-caudal axis,0
+1878,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,You want to model a gene regulatory network to study its dynamics. You have many datapoints and do not need details at the molecular level. Which model would you choose?,"['A single molecule model', 'A boolean network model', 'A continuous model using differential equations', 'An artificial neural network model']",A continuous model using differential equations,2
+1879,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What technique does Sanger sequencing rely on to read out the sequence of DNA?,"['Sonication', 'PCR', 'Electrophoresis', 'Patch-clamp']",Electrophoresis,2
+1880,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"What do DNA sequencing, RNA sequencing and ChIP-sequencing have in common?","['They all include a reverse transcription step', 'They all start with immunoprecipitation', 'The starting material is treated with bisulfite for all three', 'The molecule actually being sequenced is DNA for all three']",The molecule actually being sequenced is DNA for all three,3
+1881,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following descriptions of gene therapy are true?,"['Gene therapy in the delivery of nucleic acids to treat or prevent a disease', 'Gene therapy in the delivery of amino acid chains to treat or prevent a disease', 'In gene therapy, transgenes can be delivered in vivo to the patient', 'In gene therapy, transgenes can be delivered ex vivo to the patient’s cells before these are retransplanted']",Gene therapy in the delivery of nucleic acids to treat or prevent a disease,0
+1882,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"What standard minimal information about a dataset is needed in order to understand, interpret and use it?","['Subject, methods and brain location', 'Type and format of data', 'Contributors, license and access to the data', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+1884,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Identify the main classes of mutagens.,"['Physical', 'Silent', 'Chemical', 'Biological']",Physical,0
+1885,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Different gene regulatory networks…,"['Never interact with each other', 'Can interact when they regulate different processes in the same cell', 'Can influence each other across different cell types', 'Are always highly interconnected']",Can interact when they regulate different processes in the same cell,1
+1886,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What property of viruses is undesirable in viral vectors?,"['The ability to escape the immune system', 'The ability to deliver genetic material to a cell’s nucleus', 'The capacity to replicate their own genome', 'All of the above']",The capacity to replicate their own genome,2
+1887,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which characteristics of transcription factor expression contribute to the definition of  brain areas?,"['Each brain area express a highly specific transcription factor', 'The combination of several transcription factors defines an area', 'The same transcription factors are expressed in a specific region from the moment the neural tube is formed to the end of development', 'An interplay of different transcription factors over time lead to the formation of specific areas']",The combination of several transcription factors defines an area,1
+1888,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statements referring to post-mitotic cells are true?,"['They can be found in the ventricular zone of the neural tube', 'Stem cells and progenitor cells are post-mitotic', 'They are non-proliferative', 'They are differentiating or differentiated']",They are non-proliferative,2
+1889,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are important functions of gene regulation?,"['Triggers for developmental pathways', 'Adaptation of metabolism to the nutritional status of the cell', 'Response to stimuli from the environment', 'Saving energy by shutting off the expression of unneeded genes']",Triggers for developmental pathways,0
+1890,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How does transcription factor binding relate to chromatin accessibility and nucleosome occupancy?,"['It is positively correlated to both', 'It correlates positively to nucleosome occupancy and negatively to chromatin accessibility', 'It correlates negatively to nucleosome occupancy and positively to chromatin accessibility', 'It is negatively correlated to both']",It correlates negatively to nucleosome occupancy and positively to chromatin accessibility,2
+1891,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What type of question can be answered using RNA sequencing data?,"['Does a population carry a specific single nucleotide variant?', 'Does a gene have several splicing variants?', 'Is a gene differentially expressed between healthy and diseased individuals?', 'Does a mutation lead to a non-functional protein?']",Does a gene have several splicing variants?,1
+1892,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"A pre-mRNA molecule is composed of the three exons A, B and C and the two introns x and y in the order AxByC. Which of the following functional mRNAs can be made from this pre-mRNA?","['AC', 'xy', 'ABC', 'CB']",AC,0
+1893,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which genes are responsible for orchestrating the rostro-caudal segmentation of the spinal cord?,"['The Wnt gene family', 'The Hox gene family', 'The Pax gene family', 'All of the above']",The Hox gene family,1
+1894,15081,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is gene therapy?,"['The delivery of siRNA to silence a toxic gene', 'The injection of a protein to compensate for an inactive gene', 'The transfer of a gene to treat a disease', 'The retransplantation of genetically modified cells into the patient']",The delivery of siRNA to silence a toxic gene,0
+1996,15016,Physics,online,What does the MR scanner measure in order to get \(T_1\) relaxation value?,"['Signal in the longitudinal axis (z-axis, along \\(\\vec B_0\\))', 'Proton Larmor frequency', 'Signal in the transverse plane (xy-plane)']",Signal in the transverse plane (xy-plane),2
+1997,15033,Physics,online,The 1H chemical shifts of benzene and dimethylsulphoxide are 7.3 and 2.4 ppm respectively. What is the difference in the 1H NMR frequencies of the two compounds on a 750 MHz spectrometer?,"['3.675 kHz', '4.9 kHz', '2.129 kHz', '3.333 kHz']",3.675 kHz,0
+1999,15013,Physics,online,Which of the following factors decreases contrast resolution?,"['Smaller field of view', 'Smaller matrix size', 'Smaller voxel size', 'Higher mAs']",Smaller voxel size,2
+2001,15013,Physics,online,Compartment models are often used to describe the outcome of chemical reactions. What is/are the main principles/assumptions?,"['Conservation of mass', 'Homogeneity assumption', 'Closed system hypothesis']",Conservation of mass,0
+2003,15016,Physics,online,A chemical compound is detectable with NMR if...,"['Its concentration is above a certain threshold', 'The molecule is mobile', 'It contains hydrogen', 'It has a non-zero net spin']",Its concentration is above a certain threshold,0
+2004,15013,Physics,online,The probability of a Compton interaction per unit mass is _____________ the atomic number of the atom involved.,"['proportional to', 'independent of', 'inversely proportional to', 'depending on']",independent of,1
+2005,15013,Physics,online,Who did develop basic mathematical equation which made computed tomography possible?,"['Radon', 'Cormack', 'Hounsfield', 'Frank']",Cormack,1
+2010,15016,Physics,online,How looks a zone with a typical pathology on diffusion-weighted images (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images? Don't forget you can have a few hints by clicking on HINT below.,"['Dark on DWI', 'Bright on DWI', 'Bright on ADC map', 'Dark on ADC map']",Bright on DWI,1
+2011,15016,Physics,online,Why do you think NMR spectroscopy is important for biochemists?,"['It helps to detect complex molecules', 'It is the best technique to detect impurities in samples.', 'It is a useful technique for the analysis of samples']",It is a useful technique for the analysis of samples,2
+2013,15033,Physics,online,What is the NMR frequency of 15N in a 23.488 T magnetic field?,"['72.2 MHz', '101.4 MHz', '-72.2 MHz', '-101.4 MHz']",101.4 MHz,1
+2014,15033,Physics,online,"How many distinct chemical shifts would you expect to find in the 13C spectrum of 2,2-dimethylpropane?","['1', '2', '3', '4']",2,1
+2016,15013,Physics,online,When an operator reduces the SFOV (by changing physical opening of the CT gantry) for a particular body part...,"['The displayed image appears larger', 'Spatial resolution increases', 'A smaller number of detectors are activated.', 'The displayed image appears smaller.']",A smaller number of detectors are activated.,2
+2019,15016,Physics,online,"When no RF pulse is applied, the net magnetization in the x-y plane \( \mu_{xy} \)is approximately equal to:","['\\( \\mu \\cdot \\sin(60) \\)', '\\( 0 \\)', '\\(  \\mu \\cdot \\sin(30)\\)']",\( 0 \),1
+2021,15016,Physics,online,Increasing \(B_0\) _______ the \(T_1\) value of water molecules,"['Shorten', 'Increase', 'Does not influence']",Increase,1
+2022,15013,Physics,online,Most of the occupational dose received by medical technologists comes from the_________ during ___________.,"['Diagnostic X-rays, an exam', 'The X-rays generator, fluoroscopy', 'Patient, radiography', 'Patient, fluoroscopy']","Patient, fluoroscopy",3
+2023,15033,Physics,online,"Predict the total number of lines in the 1H spectrum of 1,4-dichloro-2,3-dibromobenzene","['1', '2', '3', '4']",1,0
+2025,15013,Physics,online,"When FDG is inside the cytoplasm, it undergoes phosphorylation to form FDG-6-P. This FDG-6-P then...","['...is involved in the formation of pyruvate under aerobic conditions.', '...is trapped within the cell and undergoes no further metabolism.']",...is trapped within the cell and undergoes no further metabolism.,1
+2026,15013,Physics,online,"During Compton scattering, a photon has more chance to interact with ________________ electrons.","['low absolute binding energy', 'scattered', 'high absolute binding energy']",low absolute binding energy,0
+2030,15013,Physics,online,Images are created with PET by detecting:,"['Different attenuation of positrons', 'Emission of protons from the region of interest', 'Annihilation photons', 'Two positrons simultaneously']",Annihilation photons,2
+2031,15016,Physics,online,The tissue contrast in MRI is obtained with differences in...,"['Gyromagnetic ratio', 'Spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation constants', 'Carbon and nitrogen abundance', 'Magnetic field inhomogeneity in tissues']",Spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation constants,1
+2034,15033,Physics,online,Two protons in a molecule undergo symmetrical two-site exchange. Their chemical shifts in the absence of exchange are 2.0 and 6.0 ppm. Determine the linebroadening resulting from the exchange process when the rate constant is 10^5 s^−1. The spectrometer frequency is 400 MHz.,"['31.8 Hz', '40.2 Hz', '31.8 kHz', '40.2 kHz']",40.2 Hz,1
+2038,15013,Physics,online,Which of the following involves emission of a signal from a patient?,"['CT', 'Diagnostic ultrasound', 'Projection radiography', 'Radioisotope imaging', 'Spiral CT']",Radioisotope imaging,3
+2042,15013,Physics,online,What is the goal of filterback projection?,"['It helps to automatically remove artifacts and blurring', 'It reconstructs the images from helical to axial orientation', 'It doubles the amount of scan data', 'It records data to compute the dose used for the scan']",It helps to automatically remove artifacts and blurring,0
+2044,15016,Physics,online,"When they are in a uniform magnetic field, hydrogen protons..","['Are not affected by the magnetic field', 'Line up along the field and precess around its axis.', 'Line up along the field.', 'Remain oriented mostly randomly and precess around the field axis.']",Remain oriented mostly randomly and precess around the field axis.,3
+2045,15016,Physics,online,"What do you think, can one stop an MRI magnet?","['No, it is impossible.', 'Yes, but it is  adviced only in case of emergency.', 'Yes, there is no difficulty and it takes a few seconds.']","Yes, but it is  adviced only in case of emergency.",1
+2047,15013,Physics,online,What is one of the principal advantage of PET technique in reporter gene imaging?,"['Its very high sensitivity', 'Its good spatial resolution', 'The safety for the patient', 'The high temporal resolution']",Its very high sensitivity,0
+2048,15016,Physics,online,"Why are T2-weighted images often referred to as ""water-sensitive""?","['Water molecules change the rotation speeds of the normal tissue.', 'Water molecules have very long (slow) \\(T_2\\) relaxation.', 'Water molecules have very short (fast) \\(T_2\\) relaxation', '\\(T_2\\)-weighted images are only sensitive to water-gadolinium complexes']",Water molecules have very long (slow) \(T_2\) relaxation.,1
+2049,15016,Physics,online,What does the center of K-space contain?,"['Frequency information', 'Tissue contrast', 'Temporal resolution', 'Spatial resolution']",Tissue contrast,1
+2051,15016,Physics,online,Slice-selection is performed by,"['Turning on a gradient coil prior to excitation', 'Turning on a gradient coil during excitation', 'Turning on a gradient coil prior to readout', 'Turning on a gradient coil during readout']",Turning on a gradient coil during excitation,1
+2052,15013,Physics,online,"We give the differential equation that describes the one-tissue compartment model : \( \frac{dC_T^*}{dt} = K_1 C_S^*(t)-k_3C_T^*(t)\) [Eq.1] . The case where \(C_s^*(t)\) is increased from 0 to \( \alpha\) at \( t=0\) is studied in the lecture. We are interested in the following case : \( C_s^*(t)=0 \) for \( t\) strictly smaller than \( 0\) and  \(C_s^*(t)=C_0 \cdot e^{-\lambda t} \) for \( t\geq 0\) . The initial condition is \(C_T^*(0)=0\).  What is the solution \(C_T^*(t)\) of the differential equation (Eq.1), with this new \(C_s^*(t)\) ?","['\\( \\frac{K_1 C_0}{k_3-\\lambda} (e^{-k_3 t}-e^{-\\lambda t}) \\)', '\\( \\frac{K_1 C_0}{k_3+\\lambda} (e^{-\\lambda t}-e^{-k_3 t}) \\)', '\\( \\frac{K_1 C_0}{k_3-\\lambda} (e^{-\\lambda t}-e^{-k_3 t}) \\)', '\\( \\frac{K_1 C_0}{k_3+\\lambda} (e^{-k_3 t}-e^{-\\lambda t}) \\)']",\( \frac{K_1 C_0}{k_3-\lambda} (e^{-\lambda t}-e^{-k_3 t}) \),2
+2054,15033,Physics,online,The width of an NMR line is 0.1 Hz. What is its T2?,"['0.10 s', '3.18 s', '4.52 s', '9.82 s']",3.18 s,1
+2057,15016,Physics,online,What is the main parameter to consider when digitizing a signal and its sampling frequency?,"['The maximum amplitude in the signal', 'The maximum phase shift in the signal', 'The maximum frequency in the signal', 'The desired frequency resolution', ""It doesn't matter""]",The maximum frequency in the signal,2
+2059,15013,Physics,online,The principal cause of reduced contrast in projection radiography is...,"['Scatter radiation', 'Photoelectric effect', 'Pair production', 'Collimation', 'Low kVp']",Scatter radiation,0
+2061,15013,Physics,online,Why does conventional tomography result in higher contrast resolution compared to conventional projection radiography?,"['Out of plane tissues are blurred', 'Tissues are superimposed', 'Precise beam collimation is employed', 'The X-ray beam is selectively filtered']",Out of plane tissues are blurred,0
+2063,15016,Physics,online,What are the two key differences in the magnetic properties of water and fat exploited in fMRI ?,"['chemical shift', '\\(T_1\\)', '\\(T_2\\)']",chemical shift,0
+2067,15013,Physics,online,"The fluctuation of CT numbers in an image of uniform, homogeneous material is known as...","['Linearity', 'Noise', 'Artifact', 'Partial volume effect']",Noise,1
+2071,15016,Physics,online,"In \(^1H\) NMR spectrum of ethanol, how is characterized the methyl triplet?","['Four peaks with different amplitude', 'Two peaks because there are 2 methylene protons.', 'Three peaks with 1:2:1 ratio']",Three peaks with 1:2:1 ratio,2
+2072,15013,Physics,online,How could also computed tomography be called?,"['Emission tomography', 'Transmission tomography', 'Reflected tomography', 'Temporal tomography', 'Volumetric tomography']",Transmission tomography,1
+2075,15016,Physics,online,A tumor that enhances with gadolinium contrast is bright on \(T_1\)-weighted images because...,"['Gadolinium chelates slow \\(T_1\\) recovery of water molecules by interacting with the water and changing the rotational speeds of the hydrogen atoms', 'Gadolinium has a short \\(T_1\\) value', 'The hydrogen atoms in the chelation groups of the contrast agent have a short \\(T_1\\) value', 'Gadolinium chelates speed \\(T_1\\) recovery of water molecules by interacting with the water and changing the rotational speeds of the hydrogen atoms']",Gadolinium chelates speed \(T_1\) recovery of water molecules by interacting with the water and changing the rotational speeds of the hydrogen atoms,3
+2076,15016,Physics,online,Why do you think bones and teeth are not seen on MRI?,"['There is no proton.', 'There is no water molecule.', 'None of the above answers.']",There is no water molecule.,1
+2079,15013,Physics,online,Which resolution is improved with CT over projection radiography?,"['Temporal resolution', 'Energy resolution', 'Contrast resolution', 'Spatial resolution']",Contrast resolution,2
+2080,15013,Physics,online,What is the main difference between PET and SPECT?,"['The detection ring used in PET and SPECT are different', 'PET scan begins with the administration of a radiopharmaceutical', 'PET scan requires a longer time for data collection', 'PET scan uses positron-emitting radioisotope instead of single-photon emitters']",PET scan uses positron-emitting radioisotope instead of single-photon emitters,3
+2081,15013,Physics,online,What is the major problem encountered with emission tomography?,"['Bad contrast', 'High cost of the exam', 'Attenuation']",Attenuation,2
+2083,15016,Physics,online,What does an increased bandwidth cause?,"['It increases (worsen) chemical shift artifact.', 'The SNR is lowered.', 'The echo acquisition time is longer.']",The SNR is lowered.,1
+2085,15013,Physics,online,A positron is emitted:,"['From the nucleus of the atom', 'From the electron cloud']",From the nucleus of the atom,0
+2087,15013,Physics,online,Which of the following is central to the CT process?,"['Computers', 'Gantry', 'Coils', 'Electromagnetic detectors']",Computers,0
+2091,15013,Physics,online,The probability of a Compton interaction per unit mass...,"['... increases as energy increases.', '... is independent of energy.', '... is inversely proportional to the atomic number.', 'None of the above.']",None of the above.,3
+2093,15016,Physics,online,"Comparing fat and water signals in NMR, fat signal is shifted...","['along the frequency-encoding axis', 'along the phase-encoding axis', 'along the slice-selection axis']",along the frequency-encoding axis,0
+2094,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How do the transfer functions from different cells relate to each other?,"['There are two different transfer functions, one for excitatory cells and one for inhibitory cells', 'Transfer functions differ between, but not within, cell types', 'Each cell has a specific transfer function', 'Transfer functions from real cells could not be measured up to now']",Each cell has a specific transfer function,2
+2097,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"When using patients’ brain tissue, what experimental controls are important to perform for an unbiased analysis of cellular properties?","['Never use tissue taken from the area directly affected by the disease', 'Source tissue from different patient groups and control for parameters that generalise across groups', 'Control for correlations between cellular morphology and disease parameters', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2099,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How are the problems linked to sparse data managed in modeling?,"['Models constructed based on sparse data often become invalid once new data is made available', 'Principles are inferred from sparse data and used to build algorithms', 'New experiments are made to supply missing data or test inferences', 'Only systems about which complete, well standardized datasets are available are modeled']",Principles are inferred from sparse data and used to build algorithms,1
+2101,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Soloists and choristers…,"['Are both distributed randomly across cell types', 'Do not have much to do with neuroscience', 'tend to be interneurons and pyramidal cells in the lower layers, respectively, according to the model', 'Cannot be observed during in silico simulations']","tend to be interneurons and pyramidal cells in the lower layers, respectively, according to the model",2
+2102,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does gene expression data quantify?,"['DNA', 'Messenger RNA', 'Epigenetic marks', 'Protein']",Messenger RNA,1
+2103,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"What is the difficulty in measuring the strength, or maximal conductance, of a synapse?","['The conductance cannot be measured directly, but must be computed from the current', 'There are interdependencies between other factors in the equation, like current and voltage', 'The voltage cannot really be maintained at a certain value, even by patching up the soma', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2105,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What information does in situ hybridisation give?,"['The quantity of per cell gene expression', 'Co-expression of thousands of genes', 'The localisation of gene expression', 'All of the above']",The localisation of gene expression,2
+2107,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which characteristic is not used to classify neuronal cells?,"['Molecular profile', 'Cell cycle state', 'Electrophysiology', 'Morphology']",Cell cycle state,1
+2110,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,>>Which of the following assumption about the modeling of different neurons is true?,"['Many different morphological types of pyramidal cells and interneurons are modeled', 'Obtaining the data needed for the modeling is very labor-intensive', 'The modeling is at the same level than the data and easy', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2113,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What finding concerning autistic mice was made using whole brain imaging?,"['A different positioning of the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum', 'A different parcellation of the neocortical brain areas', 'An altered firing rate of pyramidal cells', 'A reduced number of glial cells in the frontal cortex']",A different positioning of the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum,0
+2114,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements concerning the vasculature is true?,"['The vasculature is visible under wide field microscopy', 'The vasculature cannot be imaged in cleared tissue', 'The vasculature can be used to correlate in vivo wide field images to light sheet images', 'The vasculature cannot be used to correlate in vivo wide field images to light sheet images']",The vasculature is visible under wide field microscopy,0
+2115,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assumptions concerning axonal tracing are true?,"['It is performed in brain slices', 'A tracer dye typically travels along the axons of one neuron', 'It is performed in transgenic animals expressing a tracer dye in specific neuron types', 'The dye is transported by the normal axon protein machinery']",A tracer dye typically travels along the axons of one neuron,1
+2116,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the cell type specific connectivity problem about?,"['The link between cell morphology and cell function', 'How to create a connectivity matrix', 'How to understand the synaptic connectivity between all the cell types in the brain', 'How to generate a connectivity map as quickly as possible']",How to understand the synaptic connectivity between all the cell types in the brain,2
+2117,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Effective imaging must be highly automated. How can this be achieved in the context of array tomography?,"['Using highly specific antibodies', 'Using flow cells mounted on the microscope and pipetting robots to integrate and automate staining and imagining steps', 'Using high-resolution microscopes', 'Using supercomputers']",Using flow cells mounted on the microscope and pipetting robots to integrate and automate staining and imagining steps,1
+2120,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can be used to bridge light-sheet images to wide-field images and thus link single neurons to the whole brain?,"['Post-mortem labeled glial cells', 'The bone structure', 'The vasculature', 'Myelinated fibers']",The vasculature,2
+2123,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What result will you get if you perform the same mapping experiment on four different mice and compute the field sign map?,"['Four identical maps that overlay exactly', 'Four maps showing similar areas with varying orientation between mice', 'Four maps showing similar areas with constant orientation between mice', 'Four maps with highly variable areas']",Four maps showing similar areas with constant orientation between mice,2
+2125,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"The isolation of whole neurons of good quality from human brains is difficult, making the quantification of mRNA in isolated neuronal nuclei an interesting option. What differences are there when comparing the transcriptome of whole cells and nuclei?","['More genes can be detected in the nucleus', 'Intronic reads have a larger influence on the number of genes detected in the nucleus than that detected in the whole cell', 'Mitochondrial mRNA can only be detected in the nucleus', 'The cell clusters found based on whole cell and nucleus data are very similar']",Intronic reads have a larger influence on the number of genes detected in the nucleus than that detected in the whole cell,1
+2127,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which are the principles used to estimate connectivity between neurons?,"['An apposition between neurons is required for a connection', 'The number of synapses is constrained by the space available on the axon', 'Only certain types of neurons are connected', 'The number of synapses per connection is close to a number characteristic for a connection type']",An apposition between neurons is required for a connection,0
+2128,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What type of activity could be observed in a slice under high calcium concentrations?,"['As observed with the microcircuit, the activity was asynchronous', 'In contrast to the microcircuit, the activity was synchronous', 'As observed with the microcircuit, the activity was synchronous', 'Activity in a slice is synchronous independently of the calcium concentration']","As observed with the microcircuit, the activity was synchronous",2
+2129,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements apply to the Allen Brain Observatory?,"['It is based on data obtained in live mice', 'It shows the response of interneurons in V1 to grating stimuli', 'It shows the response of cells from different cell types from several brain areas to different kinds of visual stimuli', 'It is based on data obtained in humans and primates']",It is based on data obtained in live mice,0
+2130,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements does not apply to Blue Brain’s first proof of principle?,"['The model was based on well-standardized data', 'The model focused on cellular electrophysiology', 'The model reconstructed a neocortical microcircuit', 'More than 50 different neuron morphologies are used for the reconstruction']",The model focused on cellular electrophysiology,1
+2131,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the goals of the Blue Brain project?,"['To identify fundamental principles of the human brain structure', 'To identify fundamental principles of the mammalian brain function', 'To study human brain structure and function in disease', 'To use data-based reconstructions and simulations of the mammalian brain to understand its function in health']",To identify fundamental principles of the human brain structure,0
+2132,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What happens to spines at the morphological level during a stroke?,"['The surviving fraction of spines and the turnover ratio decrease', 'The surviving fraction of spines and the turnover ratio increase', 'The surviving fraction of spines increases while the spine turnover ratio decreases', 'The surviving fraction of spines decreases while the spine turnover ratio increases']",The surviving fraction of spines decreases while the spine turnover ratio increases,3
+2133,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How can you image the whole cortex of a live mouse in one shot?,"['By imaging through several cranial windows at the same time', 'It is not possible to image the whole cortex of a live mouse at once with current techniques', 'By imaging through the mouse skull after removing the soft tissue on top of it', 'By removing 75% of the skull while immobilizing the mouse']",By imaging through the mouse skull after removing the soft tissue on top of it,2
+2135,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,For which specific task is high performance computing used?,"['Data visualization and analysis', 'Model development', 'Simulation', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2136,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can you use to confirm the probable validity of the parcellation resulting from connectivity analyses?,"['Axonal tracing studies', 'The spatial cohesion of the voxels belonging to the same clusters', 'Functional associations derived from databases for comparison with literature', 'Bootstrapping']",The spatial cohesion of the voxels belonging to the same clusters,1
+2139,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How are the mean field units connected to each other in the ring of networks?,"['All types of connections take place across the whole network ring', 'All connections are local between neighbouring units', 'Excitatory connections are local and remain between neighbouring units, whereas inhibitory connections have a wide range', 'Inhibitory connections are local and remain between neighbouring units, whereas excitatory connections have a wide range']","Inhibitory connections are local and remain between neighbouring units, whereas excitatory connections have a wide range",3
+2140,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which type of model is used to simulate a propagating wave?,"['Spiking neuron models', 'Balanced models', 'Mean field models', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2141,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Blue Brain aims, among other things, at identifying principles from data to allow data-driven modeling of brain circuits. What applies to the data used for modeling?","['It is most of the time sparse data', 'Only complete datasets about a specific processes are used', 'It comes from only one mouse strain and is well-standardized', 'It comes from various sources, organisms and types of experiments, and needs to be classified according to several criteria']",It is most of the time sparse data,0
+2142,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The Allen Institute has released several datasets since 2003. Into which main data modalities can they be separated?,"['Gene mapping', 'Imaging', 'Electrophyiology', 'Decoding the brain']",Gene mapping,0
+2144,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements concerning the vasculature in an ischemic area are true?,"['The vasculature is unidirectional after a stroke', 'Rehabilitation restores the multidirectionality of the vasculature to similar levels as before the stroke', 'Rehabilitation restores the vascular density to similar levels as before the stroke', 'Rehabilitation increasess the vascular density compared to before the stroke']",The vasculature is unidirectional after a stroke,0
+2145,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statement describes the approach of the Blue Brain?,"['With the adequate time investment, complete structural and functional data of the human brain will be collected', 'The identification of principles from sparse data allows dense data-driven algorithmic reconstructions of brain circuitry', 'The development of high-throughput methods and adequate computation analysis tools will allow the collection of the whole structural and functional data of a living animal with minimal time investment', 'All of the above']",The identification of principles from sparse data allows dense data-driven algorithmic reconstructions of brain circuitry,1
+2147,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Are there redundant synapses in the reconstruction?,"['No, all synapses are unique, exactly like in the brain', 'No, all synapses are unique, in contrast to biological data', 'Yes, as many as can be expected after random pruning', 'Yes, more than can be randomly expected, as is the case in the brain']","Yes, more than can be randomly expected, as is the case in the brain",3
+2148,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can you see on a field sign map?,"['The location at which the cortex is most strongly activated with a vertically or horizontally moving bar for each pixel of the cortical image', 'The borders of the different areas in the visual cortex', 'The value of the sine of the angle between the altitude field vector and the azimuth field vector for each pixel of the cortical image', 'The direction in which the bar is moving when the activity for each pixel of the cortical image is the greatest']",The borders of the different areas in the visual cortex,1
+2150,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following method is used to study local connectivity and is not informative about the number of synapse between connected neurons?,"['Electron microscopy', 'Paired reconstruction', 'Paired recording', 'Confocal microscopy']",Paired recording,2
+2153,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Two-photon microscopy showed that functional borders can be estimated with a precision of…,"['300 microns, which is the same as the mismatch with anatomical borders', '300 microns, which is much more than the mismatch with anatomical borders', '30 microns, which is the same as the mismatch with anatomical borders', '30 microns, which is much less than the mismatch with anatomical borders']","30 microns, which is much less than the mismatch with anatomical borders",3
+2154,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,In which case do you need optimization algorithm to construct a model?,"['When the data used is at the same level than the model', 'When the data used is at a higher level than the model', 'When the model is not data-based', 'When the data is sparse']",When the data used is at a higher level than the model,1
+2155,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the origin of the living brain tissue used to study human neuronal microcircuits?,"['Tissue from healthy donors', 'Healthy tissue from diseased patients', 'Diseased tissue from epileptic patients', 'Tumor tissue from brain cancer patients']",Healthy tissue from diseased patients,1
+2156,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Humans have a larger dendrite-to-axon size ratio than rodents. What is a consequence thereof?,"['A reduced synapse density in humans', 'A reduced membrane capacitance in human neurons', 'The ability to fire faster repeated action potentials', 'None of the above']",The ability to fire faster repeated action potentials,2
+2158,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about Patch-seq are true?,"['It allows measuring the electrical behavior and the gene expression of the same cell', 'It links morphology to gene expression profile', 'The transcriptome data obtained via Patch-seq is noisier than data from dissociated nuclei', 'It computationally predicts the electrical behavior of a cell based on its gene expression profile']",It allows measuring the electrical behavior and the gene expression of the same cell,0
+2159,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is data-driven visualization a great tool for?,"['Representing results in a vulgarized manner accessible to a broad audience', 'Visually verifying the behavior of a model', 'Making sense out of complex models', 'Replacing the more abstract numerical analysis of a model’s behavior']",Representing results in a vulgarized manner accessible to a broad audience,0
+2161,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assumptions about text mining at Blue Brain and brain connectivity are true?,"['Several names for each region are recognized by the text mining process', 'The text mining process looks for co-occurrences of brain region names', 'The text mining process looks for relationship statements between brain regions', 'Results from text mining have about 50% match with experimentally verified connections between brain regions']",Several names for each region are recognized by the text mining process,0
+2162,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Cell type specific connectivity is represented in matrices. What data is currently used to build a connectivity matrix?,"['Morphological data', 'Electrophysiological data', 'Transcriptomic data', 'Proteomics data']",Morphological data,0
+2163,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following factor does not play any role in the current-based model of a synapse?,"['The total number of synapses originating from the neuron', 'The number of neurotransmitter release sites', 'The strength of each release site', 'The reversal potential of the synapse']",The total number of synapses originating from the neuron,0
+2164,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How do the dorsal and ventral stream in the mouse compare to that in the cat?,"['The streams are anatomically more connected in the cat', 'The streams are functionally more connected in the cat', 'The streams are anatomically more connected in the mouse', 'The streams are functionally more connected in the mouse']",The streams are anatomically more connected in the mouse,2
+2165,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Why is biological data important if you have principles governing a biological system, e.g., neuron connectivity?","['Because data allows deriving the principles in the first place', 'Because a mismatch between model and data indicates that the principles used are wrong or insufficient', 'Because predictions of the model have to be compared to biological data to be validated', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2166,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can be said about the variability of the responses of a cell?,"['Most cells respond with a high consistency to their preferred stimulus', 'Most cells respond about 30% of the time to their preferred stimulus', 'Some cells respond with a high consistency to their preferred stimulus', 'All cells respond about 30% of the time to their preferred stimulus']",Most cells respond about 30% of the time to their preferred stimulus,1
+2169,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can autoencoders do?,"['Like standard clustering algorithms, it can identify regions in the brain', 'Like matrix decomposition algorithms, it can identify networks in the brain', 'Both of the above', 'None of the above']",Both of the above,2
+2173,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following methods can be used for large area brain imaging?,"['Confocal microscopy', 'Serial two-photon microscopy in fixed tissue', 'Electron microscopy', 'Light sheet imaging']",Confocal microscopy,0
+2174,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following methodological concepts are located across organizational principles?,"['PCA for discovering structures in functional data', 'Autoencoders', 'Reverse inference using functional compartments assigned to mostly one type of cognitive process', 'Combination of networks derived form resting-state data and task-dependent data']",Autoencoders,1
+2175,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What difference is there between the visual cortex of the mouse and that of the cat?,"['Most of the cells in V1 are single ON of OFF subunits in the mouse', 'Cells in V1 are organized into orientation columns in the cat', 'The dorsal and ventral pathways are more interconnected in the mouse', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2176,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Another name for von Economo neurons is…?,"['Neurogliaform cells', 'Spindle neurons', 'Pacemaker neurons', 'Inhibitory neurons']",Spindle neurons,1
+2180,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which assumptions concerning flat assignments in the context of brain atlassing are true?,"['Solutions to clustering problems are flat assignments of voxels to clusters', 'Solutions to network problems are flat assignments of voxels to components', 'Flat assignments are many-to-many assignments', 'Flat assignments are one-to-one assignments (e.g., one brain location to one cluster)']",Solutions to clustering problems are flat assignments of voxels to clusters,0
+2181,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which animals have mostly been used to study the visual cortex over the last half-century?,"['Mice and rats', 'Rats and primates', 'Cats and mice', 'Cats and primates']",Cats and primates,3
+2185,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which source of tissue is most valuable for the study of human neuronal cell properties?,"['Living patient tissue', 'Post-mortem tissue', 'Human neuronal cell cultures', 'Biopsy samples']",Living patient tissue,0
+2187,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How was neuron morphology modeled in the neocortical microcircuit reconstruction?,"['Two different generic morphological types were modeled, inhibitory and excitatory cells', 'The morphology of each neuron was based on its electrophysiological properties', 'Ten types of morphologies were modeled based on reconstructions and further types were obtained via “statistical cloning”', 'More than fifty morphological types based on reconstructions were modeled']",More than fifty morphological types based on reconstructions were modeled,3
+2188,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The response of single cells to a variety of stimuli has been studied. What can be said about the variability of the responses of a cell?,"['Most cells respond with a high consistency to their preferred stimulus', 'Most cells respond about 30% of the time to their preferred stimulus', 'Some cells respond with a high consistency to their preferred stimulus', 'All cells respond about 30% of the time to their preferred stimulus']",Most cells respond about 30% of the time to their preferred stimulus,1
+2190,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can be observed when comparing field sign maps and anatomical maps of the murine visual cortex?,"['The anatomical map is different from the mean field sign map', 'The anatomical and the mean field sign map both include a large triangular area', 'The anatomical and the mean field sign map both include a series of small areas around V1', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2193,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How many unique thumbnails representing population level cell responses are in this resource?,"['9', '15', '13', '21']",13,2
+2196,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"When analyzing the response of the mouse visual cortex to moving bars, field sign maps can be computed. Which statements about field sign maps are true?","['They are based on the values on the horizontal and vertical axes at which each pixel in the brain image show the highest activity in response to a moving bar', 'Regions where the field sign is equal to zero correspond to borders of visual areas', 'Field sign map do not precisely overlay with anatomical maps', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2197,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Two distinct pathways that process different types of information were described in the visual cortex, the ventral and dorsal pathways. What would you expect cells in the dorsal, but not ventral, pathway to be tuned for?","['Speed', 'Orientation', 'Spatial frequency', 'Complex objects']",Speed,0
+2201,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can be done to avoid a blurred image due to scattering when using optical methods?,"['Use two-photon microscopy', 'Use a voltage-sensitive dye', 'Increase the time lapse between images', 'Use one-photon microscopy']",Use two-photon microscopy,0
+2203,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"When the firing frequency increases above 5 Hz, what happens to the APs in human and rodent neurons?","['Both human and rodent neurons fire slower APs', 'Both human and rodent neurons fire faster APs', 'Human neuron APs remain unchanged and rodent neuron APs become slower', 'Human neuron APs become faster and rodent neuron APs become slower']",Human neuron APs remain unchanged and rodent neuron APs become slower,2
+2205,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assertions regarding the field sign positive ribbon surrounding V1 are true?,"['It is present in anatomical maps of the murine and primate visual cortex', 'It is present in anatomical maps of the primate visual cortex', 'It is present in functional maps of the murine and primate visual cortex', 'It is present in anatomical maps of the murine visual cortex']",It is present in anatomical maps of the primate visual cortex,1
+2207,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Can you use a model and set of tools from Blue Brain to analyze a brain region you are interested in?,"['Yes, both models and tools are made accessible through the human brain project', 'No,  because models and associated tools are very specific for the brain region they were originally based on', 'Models are accessible when they are published, but the tools are limited to members of Blue Brain', 'Yes, if you have obtained authorization from the PI']","Yes, both models and tools are made accessible through the human brain project",0
+2209,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are advantages of two-photon microscopy over one-photon microscopy?,"['There is significantly less scattering', 'Several sites can be stimulated simultaneously', 'Different chromophores can be excited with one laser', 'A larger area can be imaged']",There is significantly less scattering,0
+2212,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The primate visual cortex…,"['is composed of one area that is a map of the entire visual space', 'is composed of several areas forming one map of the entire visual space', 'is composed of several areas, each forming one map of the entire visual space', 'is composed of one area including several maps of the visual space']","is composed of several areas, each forming one map of the entire visual space",2
+2213,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What information can you gain from the mean field model without simulation?,"['The attractor corresponding to self-sustained activity', 'The response of the network to inputs', 'Long-term response after adaptation', 'The speed of propagating waves']",The attractor corresponding to self-sustained activity,0
+2214,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How was the spatial location of the neurons in the microcircuit decided?,"['Based on their size, the layer their soma is in and the layers they reach', 'Randomly in the layer they are known to be', 'In a way that respect the cell density and makes the somata equidistant to each other', 'As an exact reconstruction of a fixed brain area']","Based on their size, the layer their soma is in and the layers they reach",0
+2215,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are cells further along the dorsal pathway likely to be tuned for that cells in V1 are not?,"['Speed', 'Direction', 'Color', 'Orientation']",Speed,0
+2216,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Name the 3 structures that show the strongest post-natal expression of tyrosine hydroxylase.,"['Hippocampus,Dendate gyrus,Subthalamic nucleus.', 'Hippocampus, Amygdala, Striatum.', 'Amygdala, Paratenial nucleus, Striatum.']","Hippocampus, Amygdala, Striatum.",1
+2217,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which method allows expanding the field of view of two-photon microscopy?,"['Multispot multiphoton microscopy', 'Random access microscopy', 'Temporal focusing', 'Endogenous voltage-sensitive dyes']",Multispot multiphoton microscopy,0
+2218,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assertions concerning propagating waves are true?,"['A complex experimental setup is necessary to record propagating waves', 'Propagating waves are a kind of network activity', 'Voltage-sensitive dyes can be used to observe propagating waves', 'Propagating waves occur only in vivo']",Propagating waves are a kind of network activity,1
+2222,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following signal properties is best adapted to detect and quantify a traveling wave?,"['The spatial gradient of the phase', 'The instantaneous amplitude', 'The Hillbert transform', 'The spatial gradient of the amplitude']",The spatial gradient of the phase,0
+2223,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Which quantitative values, in matrix form, are used for clustering voxels of interest based on connectivity?","['The number of axons connecting each voxel of interest to every other voxel of the brain', 'The likelihood that each voxel of interest co-activates across tasks with every other voxel of the brain', 'A Boolean matrix with value 0 if the row voxel and column voxel are not connected and value 1 if they are connected', 'The fraction of trials during which each voxel of interest co-activates  with each other voxel of the region of interest during a specific task']",The likelihood that each voxel of interest co-activates across tasks with every other voxel of the brain,1
+2226,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How is the fact that most data is sparse managed in modeling?,"['A pipeline allowing the inclusion of new data and fast adaptation of the model is used', 'Principles are inferred from sparse data and used to build algorithms', 'New experiments are made to supply missing data or test inferences', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2227,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What happens to cells in the motion processing pathway in presence of an immobile visual stimulus representing a simple object?,"['only cells tuned to a speed of zero will respond independently of the object used as a stimulus, encoding only information about the absence of movement', 'Similarly to what is observed in the pathway that processes object shapes, responses can be observed; however, they are not specific to the object and thus contain no information about its form', 'Nothing; as the pathway contains cells tuned to speed and not form, cells does not respond to an immobile stimulus', 'Exactly the same that would happen to a cell tuned to the simple object in the pathway for object selectivity, but the information is not used further by the brain']","Similarly to what is observed in the pathway that processes object shapes, responses can be observed; however, they are not specific to the object and thus contain no information about its form",1
+2228,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which approximations are made by the mean field models?,"['The dynamics of the system are markovian', 'The dynamics of the system are poissonian', 'The population activity has a Gaussian distribution', 'The mean voltage is a measure of the activity']",The dynamics of the system are markovian,0
+2231,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The cell typing problem…,"['is knowing the identity of the cells, but not that of the genes', 'is knowing the identity of the genes, but not that of the cells', 'can be solved by comparing the data for different cells by eye', 'requires computational classification methods']","is knowing the identity of the genes, but not that of the cells",1
+2234,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is neuromorphic computing?,"['Computer-assisted reconstruction of brain morphology', 'A bioinformatic method used to classify neuronal cell morphologies', 'Silicon-based computing based on the brain architecture and function', 'Software used in brain-controlled robots']",Silicon-based computing based on the brain architecture and function,2
+2235,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What kind of sample do you need to perform Light Sheet microscopy?,"['Tissue slices', 'Tissue stained with a light-excitable dye', 'A live sample', 'A transparent organ']",A transparent organ,3
+2238,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How do the transfer functions from different cells relate to each other?,"['Transfer functions differ between cell types, but all cells from one cell type have the same transfer function', 'Each cell has a different transfer function', 'Transfer functions differ between layers in V1, but all cells in one layer have the same transfer function', 'There are two different transfer functions, one for excitatory cells and one for inhibitory cells']",Each cell has a different transfer function,1
+2240,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does the NeuroCurator tool do?,"['It searches the literature  for potentially useful parameter values using text mining', 'It allows the precise annotation of parameters found in the literature', 'It helps embed parameters from the literature into computer models', 'It transforms quantitative measurements from the literature into usable parameters']",It allows the precise annotation of parameters found in the literature,1
+2241,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is a problem of actual optical techniques used to study the brain?,"['Two-photon microscopy does not allow the study of a large brain area', 'One-photon microscopy does not have a high enough resolution', 'The use of exogenous voltage-sensitive dyes allows only short-term experiments', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2244,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Which gene has been found to be duplicated in the human genome and, consequently, to drive neocortical size and spine formation?","['FOS (proto-oncogene) gene', 'SRGAP2 (SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating protein 2) gene', 'NRN1 (neuritin 1) gene', 'BDNF (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor) gene']",SRGAP2 (SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating protein 2) gene,1
+2246,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is it useful to track the source of a parameter value?,"['To be able to verify that the conditions under which it was measured are compatible with your study', 'To be able to replace it if updated information becomes available', 'To be able to check if the measurement is trustworthy', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2247,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A cell type is:,"['a phenotypic state strictly defined by the expression level of specific proteins', 'a portion of a continuous phenotypic landscape that is more likely to be occupied by a cell', 'defined by the combination of several data modalities', 'a phenotypic state from and to which a cell converts repeatedly']",a portion of a continuous phenotypic landscape that is more likely to be occupied by a cell,1
+2248,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What parameters influence the membrane capacitance of a cell?,"['Membrane lipid composition', 'Membrane thickness', 'Membrane surface area', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2250,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the problem using balanced networks of spiking neurons to represent propagating waves as observed with microscopy?,"['This type of model does not include inhibitory neurons, but inhibitory activity can be observed experimentally', 'This type of model includes inhibitory neurons, but no inhibitory activity can be observed experimentally', 'An average of the activity is measured experimentally, but every neuron is represented in this type of model', 'The activity of every single neuron is measured experimentally, but this type of model describes the average activity of a population']","An average of the activity is measured experimentally, but every neuron is represented in this type of model",2
+2251,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A cell that responds consistently to image 114 might respond to what static grating stimuli?,"['0 degrees orientation, and 0.04 cycles/degree', '90 degrees orientation, and either 0.02, 0.04 or 0.08 cycles/degree', '90 degrees orientation', '0.02, 0.04 or 0.08 cycles/degree', '0 degrees orientation']","90 degrees orientation, and either 0.02, 0.04 or 0.08 cycles/degree",1
+2252,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assumptions concerning ion channels in the literature are false?,"['Experiments were performed at varying temperatures', 'The presence of other types of ion channels on the same cell confuses the data', 'There is little literature on ion channel function', 'Different channels were characterized in different organisms']",There is little literature on ion channel function,2
+2253,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why are data and models of the rodent brain insufficient to model and study the human brain?,"['The molecular structure of synapses differs between humans and rodent', 'The rodent brain is not layered like the human brain', 'Some neuronal cell types present in humans, like interneurons, cannot be found in rodents', 'Dendrite morphology is not identical in humans and rodents']",The molecular structure of synapses differs between humans and rodent,0
+2254,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Computational tools are used to discover structures relevant for human brain function based on functional connectivity. What types of algorithms are typically used to do this?,"['Clustering algorithms', 'Sorting algorithms', 'Matrix decomposition algorithms', 'Genetic algorithms']",Clustering algorithms,0
+2256,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What enables human neurons to encode high resolution inputs coming from a large number of synapses?,"['The higher reliability of spike timing relative to high frequency stimulation', 'The larger size of human synapses', 'Human neurons have a lower AP onset rapidity', 'The stability of AP kinetics in response to high-frequency stimulation']",The higher reliability of spike timing relative to high frequency stimulation,0
+2257,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How does the model respond to the thalamic stimulation?,"['In a synchronous manner', 'In an asynchronous manner', 'It depends on the strength of the stimulus', 'It depends on the strength of the stimulus and the calcium concentration']",It depends on the strength of the stimulus and the calcium concentration,3
+2258,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is a classic receptive field in the LGN?,"['An elongated region of space that causes the activation of a neuron in presence of a stimulus of of specific color', 'A circular region of space that causes the activation of a neuron in presence of a stimulus', 'An circular region of space that causes the activation of a neuron when an object moves though it in a specific direction', 'An elongated region of space that causes the activation of a neuron when an object moves though it at a specific speed']",A circular region of space that causes the activation of a neuron in presence of a stimulus,1
+2260,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What information is optimally provided to define a neuroscience dataset?,"['The location in the brain from which the data originates', 'The equipment and parameters used in the experiments', 'An URL to access the data', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2267,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Input frequencies of 1000 Hz…,"['Can be tracked by human and rodent neurons', 'Elicit spiking at 1000 Hz in human neurons', 'Is the maximum that can be tracked by human neurons', 'None of the above']",None of the above,3
+2271,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which assertion concerning the number of clusters in cluster analysis is true?,"['Most cluster algorithms determine the most likely number of cluster present in the data analyzed', 'The k-means algorithm only finds a solution to the clustering problem for the right amount of clusters', 'The number of cluster has to be fixed beforehand when using hierarchical clustering', 'In clustering, you always get a solution, independently of the prespecified number of clusters']","In clustering, you always get a solution, independently of the prespecified number of clusters",3
+2273,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,>>In which of the following aspects do cells in the mouse V1 area differ from those in the cat or primate V1 areas?,"['Most of their receptive fields are single ON or OFF subunits', 'They are tuned for orientation and direction', 'They are tuned only for orientation', 'They are not organized into orientation columns']",Most of their receptive fields are single ON or OFF subunits,0
+2274,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A morphological feature shown to be significantly different between human and rodent neurons is…,"['Cell body size', 'Dendritic length and segmentation', 'Cortical thickness', 'Cortical layers']",Dendritic length and segmentation,1
+2275,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What has long been the difficulty with single cell gene expression analysis?,"['Isolating single cells', 'labelling the cells for purification', 'Preserving messenger RNA before sequencing', 'Amplifying the messenger molecules']",Amplifying the messenger molecules,3
+2276,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What difference is observed between nuclear and cytoplasmic mRNA expression profiles?,"['The number of mRNA sequences detected in the nucleus and the cytoplasm is the same', 'Gene expression in the nucleus happens in bursts over time', 'There is a smoother distribution of mRNA numbers in the cytoplasm than in the nucleus', 'The majority of mRNA transcripts are shuttled from the nucleus to the cytoplasm']",Gene expression in the nucleus happens in bursts over time,1
+2277,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Where does the suppression effect come from according to the model?,"['The spatially restrained connectivity of inhibitory cells', 'The conductance shunting the cells in response to a high input regime', 'The greater response of inhibitory cells than of excitatory cells to the same input', 'The frequency of the input signal']",The conductance shunting the cells in response to a high input regime,1
+2278,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How well can decoders infer information on the original stimulus based on the activity of cells in the ventral and dorsal streams?,"['Very well based on ventral stream cells, but poorly based on dorsal stream cells', 'Very well based on dorsal stream cells, but poorly based on ventral stream cells', 'Reasonably well for cells in both streams', 'Poorly based on cells in both streams, but better based on ventral stream cells']","Poorly based on cells in both streams, but better based on ventral stream cells",3
+2279,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What distinguishes the human brain from animal models used in research?,"['Brain size and cognitive capability', 'Exposure to increased social demands', 'Microcircuit properties and behavioural repertoire', 'Brain areas and morphology']",Brain size and cognitive capability,0
+2281,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What heuristics can be used to approximate a reasonable number of clusters in a dataset?,"['The consistency of brain segregation solutions across solutions for different cluster numbers', 'The statistical significance of solutions for different cluster numbers', 'The intercluster distance compared to the intracluster distance', 'The mutual information between clusters']",The consistency of brain segregation solutions across solutions for different cluster numbers,0
+2282,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"How do the components of macroscopical brain networks derived from task-independent data (i.e, RSFC) relate to those derived from task-dependent data (i.e., MACM)?","['It depends on the seed brain region; for some, they are very similar, whereas they differ for other regions', 'It depends on the task; the more complex the task, the more different the networks are from resting-state networks', 'The overall pattern is similar', 'Very little overlap can be observed between networks derived from task-dependent and task-independent data']",The overall pattern is similar,2
+2283,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which message does the image illustrate?,"['A cognitive process is not characterized uniquely by brain regions or a fixed network', 'Brain regions can be involved in several different networks during different cognitive processes', 'Brain regions in a network dynamically recombine to realize a cognitive process', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2285,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How does the activity of a mouse influence the response of single neurons in V1 to their preferred stimulus?,"['The average response is stronger when the mouse is running', 'The activity of the mouse does not influence the response', 'The running speed of the mouse directly correlates to the strength of the response', 'The average response is weaker when the mouse is running']",The average response is stronger when the mouse is running,0
+2286,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What happens to cells in the dorsal pathway in presence of an immobile visual stimulus representing a simple object?,"['Nothing; as the dorsal pathway contains cells tuned to speed and not form, cells does not respond to an immobile stimulus', 'Exactly the same that would happen to a cell tuned to the simple object in the ventral pathway, but the information is not used further by the brain', 'Similarly to what is observed in the ventral pathway, responses can be observed; however, they are not specific to the object and thus contain no information about its form', 'only cells tuned to a speed of zero will respond independently of the object used as a stimulus, encoding only information about the absence of movement']","Similarly to what is observed in the ventral pathway, responses can be observed; however, they are not specific to the object and thus contain no information about its form",2
+2345,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"The etch stop by B implantation in Si, using B concentrations above 1020atoms/cm3, is a technique used to create thin membranes from Si wafers. Which of the following is a disadvantage of this process?","['The technique requires the application of a positive potential to the wafer that produces holes at the Si/solution interface', 'Very high B concentrations are not compatible with standard CMOS devices and they may compromise the crystal quality', 'The SiO', 'The silicon crystal orientation has a significant influence on the implantation profile']",Very high B concentrations are not compatible with standard CMOS devices and they may compromise the crystal quality,1
+2346,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,PECVD is the method of choice when diamond is deposited. Why?,"['It adheres only on pyrex substrates which cannot be used in LPCVD', 'Other CVD methods are too expensive because a lot of precursor is wasted', 'In PECVD, high pressure and high temperature are needed, which supports the diamond carbon allotype over graphite', 'Plasma is necessary for the activation of the reagents']",Plasma is necessary for the activation of the reagents,3
+2347,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the reason for the color change in SiO2thin films with different thicknesses on silicon?,"['Refractive index change of SiO', 'Interference of the light reflected from the thin film’s lower and upper boundaries', 'Optical absorption spectrum of the thin film varies with different thickness', 'Reflectivity of the thin film changes with the thickness for different wavelengths']",Interference of the light reflected from the thin film’s lower and upper boundaries,1
+2348,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Why is supercritical point drying used after HF etching of a SOI wafer?,"['To remove any organic residues remaining on the wafer surface after etching', 'To completely remove HF molecules on the surface in order to prevent any hazardous consequences during wafer handling', 'To prevent collapse of free-standing Si structures on the wafer surface by capillary forces', 'To provide a smooth wafer surface for proceeding to next fabrication steps']",To prevent collapse of free-standing Si structures on the wafer surface by capillary forces,2
+2349,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which is the origin of shear stress in a CVD reactor?,"['Slow flowing gases cause local pressure variations', 'Low Reynolds number', 'Gas flows at variable velocities in the boundary layer close to the substrate', 'Drop in gas density at the interface between the boundary layer and the region outside']",Gas flows at variable velocities in the boundary layer close to the substrate,2
+2350,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can be done in RF plasma etching to decrease the etching rate on the RF electrode side where the wafer is placed?,"['The pressure inside the chamber must be decreased', 'The frequency of the RF voltage can be decreased', 'The RF electrode area can be chosen larger in size than the electrode on the opposite side', 'The gas flow rate must be reduced']",The RF electrode area can be chosen larger in size than the electrode on the opposite side,2
+2351,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which of the following is true related to the pulsed deep dry etching process of Si (Bosch process)?,"['C', 'A loading effect is observed when there is a wide mask opening and a narrow mask opening on the same wafer', 'The etching rate can be increased by adding Ar in between etching and passivation steps', 'SF']",A loading effect is observed when there is a wide mask opening and a narrow mask opening on the same wafer,1
+2352,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"1. In UV-lithography we typically use a photomask, which is made of a transparent glass plate coated with a structured chromium film. What is the process flow to fabricate such a mask, assuming that the chromium and resist layer are already added on the glass plate?","['Development, laser writing, etching, resist stripping, dehydration', 'Laser writing, development, etching, resist stripping, dehydration', 'Development, etching, resist stripping, laser writing, dehydration']","Laser writing, development, etching, resist stripping, dehydration",1
+2353,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following steps is essential in a supercritical point drying cycle?,"['HF is replaced by a diluted H', 'Water is replaced by a concentrated acetone solution', 'HF is emptied and filled back three times to ensure good etching before drying', 'CO']",CO,3
+2354,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In thermal scanning probe lithography, which of the following statements are true?","['An atomic force microscopy tip is heated and scanned over the substrate to remove or modify a material.', 'Tip wear limits the lifetime of the probes.', 'An atomic force microscope tip is scanned over a hot substrate to modify a resist.', 'The tip apex size limits the maximum achievable resolution.']",An atomic force microscopy tip is heated and scanned over the substrate to remove or modify a material.,0
+2355,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"1. Electron beam proximity effect depends on both forward- and back-scattered electrons. Assuming a rectangular pattern, how should the dose be modulated?","['The dose required to fully clear or cross-link the resist', 'The dose at which patterns of 50% density have the nominal dimensions', 'The dose at which both high-density and low-density structures present an equal delta to the target critical dimension']",The dose at which patterns of 50% density have the nominal dimensions,1
+2356,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The Van der Pauw 4-point probe measurement is a suitable method for electrical resistivity investigation when we measure a conductive thin film whose…,"['thickness is known', 'width is known', 'length is known', 'square number is known']",thickness is known,0
+2357,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In surface micro-machining, a thin Si membrane can be fabricated by removing a SiO2sacrificial layer beneath a Si functional layer. Which of the following is true for this process?","['The SiO', 'The polySi layer is naturally water-permeable, therefore there is no need of access holes on the polySi to remove the SiO', 'Wet etching of SiO', 'A polySi layer is deposited in the form of a thin film on top of a patterned SiO']",A polySi layer is deposited in the form of a thin film on top of a patterned SiO,3
+2358,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"1. For a given photolithography equipment, what can be done to increase the resolution?","['Decrease the thickness of the photoresist', 'Increase the thickness of the photoresist', 'Decrease the distance between the photomask and the resist', 'Increase the distance between the photomask and the resist', 'Use a lower contrast photoresist', 'Use a higher contrast photoresist']",Decrease the thickness of the photoresist,0
+2359,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which one is a useful step for fabricating a thin Si membrane by wet etching starting from a monolithic Si substrate?,"['Dipping before etching the wafer in a concentrated acetone solution', 'Placing the Si wafer in a KOH anisotropic bath', 'Immersing the Si wafer in Piranha solution', 'Instead of taking pure Si, take a wafer which is completely doped with boron at a concentration above 10']",Placing the Si wafer in a KOH anisotropic bath,1
+2360,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statement is true for the simplified mass transfer equation?,"['The annihilation term -n ̇ is only non-zero at y= ∞', 'Close to the surface, but not exactly at the surface, the gas density depends linearly on the distance from the surface y', 'It is based on the assumption that there is no or little diffusion close to the surface', 'It can still correctly describe non-equilibrium phenomena']","Close to the surface, but not exactly at the surface, the gas density depends linearly on the distance from the surface y",1
+2362,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are advantages of an AFM over an optical profilometer?,"['AFM can be used to measure the thickness of transparent structures', 'Enables highly parallel and fast topography mapping in several-square-centimeter area', 'Dynamic 3D measurements are possible', 'High lateral resolution below the optical diffraction limit']",AFM can be used to measure the thickness of transparent structures,0
+2363,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the main advantage of Ion Beam Etching (IBE) to a plasma-based etching process?,"['In sensitive processes with an ion energy below 100 eV, a high ion flux is provided to maintain the etch rate', 'The pulsed deep dry etching process of Si (Bosch process) is only possible by using IBE', 'The wall reactor heating supplies a good attraction between ions and the wafer, which increases the etching rate', 'The angle of incidence of the ion beam onto the sample can be varied and etching profiles with different angles with respect to the surface can be fabricated']",The angle of incidence of the ion beam onto the sample can be varied and etching profiles with different angles with respect to the surface can be fabricated,3
+2364,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is limiting the thickness of SiO2layers deposited by thermal oxidation?,"['The reaction rate at the surface of the substrate', 'The reaction is reversible and finds its equilibrium after a while', 'Oxygen diffuses slowly though previously oxidized silicon', 'After a while, all oxygen in the reactor is consumed']",Oxygen diffuses slowly though previously oxidized silicon,2
+2365,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which parameter has to be varied when a deposition of polycrystalline silicon instead of amorphous silicon is targeted?,"['Chamber pressure', 'Reactor temperature', 'Precursor gases', 'Substrate material']",Reactor temperature,1
+2366,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following signals can be detected in a scanning electron microscope with integrated EDX module?,"['Primary electron', 'Secondary electron', 'Ion', 'Backscattered electron', 'X-rays / photons']",Secondary electron,1
+2367,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Packaging is an important part of modern MEMS microphones as they are often exposed to adverse environment. A MEMS microphone package contains the MEMS microphone die itself as well as the ASIC die. What other functions does the package fulfill?,"['The package protects the 2 dies', 'The package affects the acoustic performance', 'The package is under vacuum', 'The package provides electromagnetic shielding']",The package protects the 2 dies,0
+2369,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which of the following statements related to sputtering techniques are correct?,"['Sputtering allows for the deposition of metal, compounds, and refractory materials', 'Sputtered thin films usually have a poor adhesion', 'Sputtering shows better step coverage than evaporation', 'Sputtering heats up material in a crucible using an electron beam']","Sputtering allows for the deposition of metal, compounds, and refractory materials",0
+2370,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators are the key element of modern GHz-range ladder filters that are used today in smartphones etc. They are basically…,"['…high-pass filters', '…low-pass filters', '…band-pass filters']",…band-pass filters,2
+2371,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which of the following statements about BAW are correct?,"['Solidly Mounted Resonators (SMR) are unreleased resonators located over a Bragg mirror', 'Chemical vapor deposition is normally used to deposit piezoelectric materials for SMR', 'Ion beam trimming is needed in order to adjust the resonance frequency']",Solidly Mounted Resonators (SMR) are unreleased resonators located over a Bragg mirror,0
+2372,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In ALD, how can single atomic layer thickness be achieved?","['By using very little precursor gas', 'By using a reaction which stops once all reactive sites on the surface are consumed', 'By using a reaction which stops once the product density is too high', 'By using a reaction which has a limited reaction rate due to low precursor concentration']",By using a reaction which stops once all reactive sites on the surface are consumed,1
+2373,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which are the assumptions made to obtain the simplified mass transfer equation?,"['No advection far from substrate and no gas density variation in the horizontal direction', 'No advection far from substrate and no gas density variation in the vertical direction', 'No advection close to substrate and no gas density variation in the horizontal direction', 'No advection close to substrate and no gas density variation in the vertical direction']",No advection close to substrate and no gas density variation in the horizontal direction,2
+2374,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is correct in saying about the deposition rate of a thin film?,"['A lower gas flowrate increases the film deposition rate', 'As the activation energy of the reaction decreases, the deposition rate decreases', 'Local variations in the gas concentration occur less at lower pressure, in which case more uniform deposition rates can be achieved', 'If gas pressure is increased at constant temperature, a deposition which is in the reaction controlled regime can never shift to the mass-controlled regime']","Local variations in the gas concentration occur less at lower pressure, in which case more uniform deposition rates can be achieved",2
+2375,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following propositions about sputtering are correct?,"['Sputtering has better step coverage than evaporation due to higher operating pressure', 'Sputtering can be used to deposit metals, alloys, refractory oxides and nitrides', 'Sputtering can be used to deposit polymers', 'The stress of deposited film by sputtering can be controlled by tuning the substrate temperature', 'At fixed process parameters, sputtering yield is constant independently of the material']",Sputtering has better step coverage than evaporation due to higher operating pressure,0
+2376,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which is a critical advantage of plasma-enhanced CVD?,"['The deposition is always in the mass-controlled regime', 'Thin films can be selectively deposited on the substrates surface', 'Wafer throughput increases', 'Activation energy is reduced which enables increased growth rates']",Activation energy is reduced which enables increased growth rates,3
+2377,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is supercritical point drying essential after HF etching of a SOI wafer?,"['To remove any organic residues remaining on the wafer after Piranha surface cleaning', 'To provide a good hydrophobicity for the next fabrication steps', 'To prevent free-standing Si structures collapsing on the wafer by capillary forces', 'To completely remove F atoms on the surface in order to prevent any hazardous consequences during wafer handling']",To prevent free-standing Si structures collapsing on the wafer by capillary forces,2
+2378,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following is a limitation of IBE?,"['Long etching processes are quite instable as the operation pressure is too high', 'Etching processes that consume or generate a significant quantity of gas are not possible', 'Ions tend to have a lot of collisions during their trajectory, which reduces the etching quality', 'Because of the low operation pressure, sputtered material accumulates on the sample surface']",Etching processes that consume or generate a significant quantity of gas are not possible,1
+2379,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"1. In a standard DC sputtering tool using an Ar plasma, you plan to deposit a thin film using a chamber pressure of 400 Pa. However, it is not possible to initiate the plasma under these conditions because the voltage provided by the power supply is too low. What would be the most suitable practical solution?","['Increase the gas pressure in order to decrease the breakdown voltage', 'Decrease the gas pressure in order to decrease the breakdown voltage', 'Increase the distance between the target and the substrate', 'Decrease the distance between the target and the substrate']",Decrease the gas pressure in order to decrease the breakdown voltage,1
+2380,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which is a key advantage of CVD as a thin film deposition method?,"['All CVD processes operate at low temperatures, which are not harmful to substrates', 'Conformal material deposition across all surfaces of the substrate', 'Precursors used in CVD are rarely toxic or corrosive', 'Efficient consumption of the gas in a uniformly heated reactor']",Conformal material deposition across all surfaces of the substrate,1
+2381,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the reason why a mask with arbitrary shape cannot be replicated accurately into the substrate by anisotropic wet etching of the bulk of the substrate?,"['Underneath the mask, there is an opening which is etched at an angle of 45° with respect to the mask itself', 'A V-shaped structure appears under the mask because the etch rate in the (111) direction is faster than the etch rate in (110) direction', 'Etching stops only when the etchant arrives at (111) planes, which finally results in an inverted-roof rectangular structure when observed from the top', 'Using a mask with random curved structures results in different etching speeds, with deeper holes etched where the radius of curvature of the mask is higher']","Etching stops only when the etchant arrives at (111) planes, which finally results in an inverted-roof rectangular structure when observed from the top",2
+2382,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Assuming that a Si wafer is immersed in a wet anisotropic etchant, which of the following is correct regarding the Si anisotropic etching process?","['A Si atom in a (111) plane has 3 backbonds and 3 dangling bonds', 'A Si atom in a (100) plane has 2 backbonds and 2 dangling bonds', 'The etch rate for Si atoms in (100) and (111) planes are temperature-independent', 'A Si atom in a (111) plane has a higher etching rate than a Si atom in a (100) plane']",A Si atom in a (100) plane has 2 backbonds and 2 dangling bonds,1
+2383,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"When, in the Bosch process the pressure of the etching gas is chosen too high, it happens that initially vertical etched structures get a more and more tapered and less steep profile when etching deeper in the substrate. What is the main reason behind this?","['The overexcited etching gas causes the amount of atoms per volume to decrease gradually', 'The excessive etching gas turns into deposition mode and it starts piling up on the bottom of the structures', 'The reduced amount of removal of reaction products from the bottom of the structure due to the low mean free path of reaction products in the gas', 'The polymerization gas accumulates in the bottom as a result of the increase of pressure in the etching gas and a decrease of pressure in the polymerization gas']",The reduced amount of removal of reaction products from the bottom of the structure due to the low mean free path of reaction products in the gas,2
+2384,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which of the following equipment allows depositing a SiO2thin film?,"['I. RF sputtering – II. DC sputtering – III. RF magnetron sputtering – IV. DC magnetron sputtering', 'I. DC magnetron sputtering – II. DC sputtering – III. RF magnetron sputtering – IV. RF sputtering', 'I. RF sputtering – II. DC magnetron sputtering – III. RF magnetron sputtering – IV. DC sputtering', 'I. RF magnetron sputtering – II. RF sputtering – III. DC magnetron sputtering – IV. DC sputtering']",I. RF magnetron sputtering – II. RF sputtering – III. DC magnetron sputtering – IV. DC sputtering,3
+2385,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following is a commonly used application of HF etching?,"['To make the wafer surface more hydrophilic especially for possible PDMS molding processes', 'To remove the residual organics from the wafer surface and to improve adhesion of the surface', 'To form free standing structures', 'To thermally and mechanically stabilize the structures on the wafer']",To form free standing structures,2
+2386,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"1. In a typical lithography process flow, the photoresist is locally exposed to UV light through a mask and is then developed. While the resist serves as etch mask for a subsequent etching step, the developed parts give access to the substrate below for the pattern transfer.  During the development step, by which mechanism is the resist removed?","['The resist is evaporated', 'The resist is dissolved', 'The resist is sublimated', 'The resist is delaminated']",The resist is dissolved,1
+2387,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of these equipments can be used for directional physical etching?,"['A batch reactor', 'A diode reactor', 'A plug flow reactor', 'An atomic layer chemical vapor deposition system']",A diode reactor,1
+2474,15064,Physics,online,"Use Ito's Lemma by defining an appropriate function [mathjaxinline]f,[/mathjaxinline] to find the equation of motion for [mathjaxinline]\left\langle X(t)^{2}\right\rangle[/mathjaxinline] for the Ornstein Uhlenbeck process (that you already calculated in the lecture 1 exercises)","['[mathjaxinline]\\frac{d}{d t}\\left\\langle X^{2}(t)\\right\\rangle=-\\frac{2}{\\tau}\\left\\langle X^{2}(t)\\right\\rangle+c[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{d}{d t}\\left\\langle X^{2}(t)\\right\\rangle=-\\frac{2}{\\tau}\\left\\langle X^{2}(t)\\right\\rangle+\\frac{c}{\\tau ^2}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{d}{d t}\\left\\langle X^{2}(t)\\right\\rangle=-\\frac{1}{\\tau}\\left\\langle X^{2}(t)\\right\\rangle+\\frac{c}{2}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{d}{d t}\\left\\langle X^{2}(t)\\right\\rangle=-\\frac{1}{\\tau ^2}\\left\\langle X^{2}(t)\\right\\rangle+\\frac{c}{\\tau}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]\frac{d}{d t}\left\langle X^{2}(t)\right\rangle=-\frac{2}{\tau}\left\langle X^{2}(t)\right\rangle+c[/mathjaxinline],0
+2480,15064,Physics,online,"(c) Define total current [mathjaxinline]j_{tot}=j_{grav}+j_D[/mathjaxinline], find the steady state solution for [mathjaxinline]j_{tot}[/mathjaxinline] and derive the diffusion constant D. This corresponds to Einstein’s derivation.","['[mathjaxinline]D=\\frac{m g}{k_{B} T}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]D=\\frac{m \\gamma}{k_{B} T}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]D=\\frac{k_{B} T}{m g}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]D=\\frac{k_{B} T}{m \\gamma}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]D=\frac{k_{B} T}{m \gamma}[/mathjaxinline],3
+2482,15064,Physics,online,"Let us next assume a non-trivial damping force and apply the generalized FDT. Assume we study the velocity fluctuation spectrum of a mass on a spring with spring constant [mathjaxinline]k[/mathjaxinline]. The associated damping is given by the material induced, intrinsic damping force [mathjaxinline]F_{D}(\omega)= i k \phi(\omega) x(\omega) .[/mathjaxinline] This means that if an external sinusiodal force is applied to the oscillator, position [mathjaxinline]x(t)[/mathjaxinline] lags behind the force by angle [mathjaxinline]\phi(\omega),[/mathjaxinline] which is in general dependent on the frequency of excitation. (Zener proposed that in solids this angle obeys: [mathjaxinline]\phi(\omega)=\frac{\Delta \omega \tau}{1+(\omega \tau)^{2}}[/mathjaxinline] where [mathjaxinline]\tau[/mathjaxinline] is some characteristic damping time intrinsic to the material). Use the generalized fluctuation dissipation theorem to find the form of the fluctuation spectrum [mathjaxinline]S_{v v}(\omega)[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]S_{x x}(\omega).[/mathjaxinline]","['[mathjaxinline]S_{x x}(\\omega)=\\frac{4 k T k_B \\phi(\\omega)}{\\omega\\left(\\left(k-m \\omega^{2}\\right)^{2}-(k \\phi(\\omega))^{2}\\right)}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{x x}(\\omega)=\\frac{4 k T k_B }{\\omega \\phi(\\omega) \\left(\\left(k-m \\omega^{2}\\right)^{2}+k ^{2}\\right)}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{x x}(\\omega)=\\frac{4 k T k_B \\phi(\\omega)}{\\left(k-m \\omega^{2}\\right)^{2}-(k \\phi(\\omega))^{2}} [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{x x}(\\omega)=\\frac{4 k T k_B }{\\left(k-m \\phi(\\omega) \\omega^{2}\\right)^{2}+(k \\phi(\\omega))^{2}}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]S_{x x}(\omega)=\frac{4 k T k_B \phi(\omega)}{\omega\left(\left(k-m \omega^{2}\right)^{2}-(k \phi(\omega))^{2}\right)}[/mathjaxinline],0
+2491,15064,Physics,online,"The unnormalized coherent states (or ""Bargmann states"") [mathjaxinline]\| \alpha\rangle=\sum \frac{\alpha^{n}}{\sqrt{n !}}|n\rangle[/mathjaxinline] are also used on this aspect of the subject. Find out the correct expression for such states.","['[mathjaxinline]\\left.\\left.\\hat{a} \\| \\alpha\\right\\rangle=\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial \\alpha} \\| \\alpha\\right\\rangle[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\left.\\left.\\hat{a}^{\\dagger} \\| \\alpha\\right\\rangle=\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial \\alpha^{\\dagger}} \\| \\alpha\\right\\rangle[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\left.\\left.\\hat{a} \\| \\alpha\\right\\rangle=\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial \\alpha^{\\dagger}} \\| \\alpha\\right\\rangle[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\left.\\left.\\hat{a}^{\\dagger} \\| \\alpha\\right\\rangle=\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial \\alpha} \\| \\alpha\\right\\rangle[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]\left.\left.\hat{a}^{\dagger} \| \alpha\right\rangle=\frac{\partial}{\partial \alpha} \| \alpha\right\rangle[/mathjaxinline],3
+2492,15064,Physics,online,"(b) Statistical mechanics predicts: [mathjaxinline]n(x)=n\left(x_{0}\right) e^{-\frac{V\left(x-x_{0}\right)}{k_{B} T}}=n\left(x_{0}\right) e^{-\frac{m g\left(x-x_{0}\right)}{k_{B} T}}[/mathjaxinline], what is the diffusive current [mathjaxinline]j_D (x)[/mathjaxinline] in this case?","['[mathjaxinline]j_{D}(x)=-D \\frac{m g}{k_{B} T} n(x)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]j_{D}(x)=-\\frac{m g}{D k_{B} T} n(x)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]j_{D}(x)=D \\frac{m g}{k_{B} T} n(x)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]j_{D}(x)=\\frac{m g}{D k_{B} T} n(x)[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]j_{D}(x)=D \frac{m g}{k_{B} T} n(x)[/mathjaxinline],2
+2499,15064,Physics,online,Calculate the spectrum of velocity fluctuations [mathjaxinline]S_{v v}(\omega)[/mathjaxinline] of a harmonic oscillator of mass [mathjaxinline]m[/mathjaxinline] and velocity proportional damping [mathjaxinline]\gamma[/mathjaxinline] (i.e. [mathjaxinline] F_{D}(t)=\gamma v(t)[/mathjaxinline]). Here the adopted Fourier transform notation is [mathjaxinline]f(\omega)=\int f(t) e^{-i \omega t} dt[/mathjaxinline].,"['[mathjaxinline]S_{v v}(\\omega) = \\frac{4 k_B T \\gamma}{\\gamma^2 + m \\omega^2 - m \\omega_0^2}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{v v}(\\omega) = \\frac{4 k_B T \\gamma}{\\gamma^2 +(m \\omega-\\frac{m \\omega_0^2}{\\omega})^2}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{v v}(\\omega) = \\frac{4 k_B T \\gamma}{\\gamma^2 + (m \\omega - m \\omega_0)^2}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{v v}(\\omega) = \\frac{4 k_B T \\gamma^2}{\\gamma^2 +(m \\omega - m \\omega_0)^2}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]S_{v v}(\omega) = \frac{4 k_B T \gamma}{\gamma^2 +(m \omega-\frac{m \omega_0^2}{\omega})^2}[/mathjaxinline],1
+2501,15064,Physics,online,"(c) Assuming that the position and the random Langevin force are statistically independent, i.e. [mathjaxinline]\left\langle F_{L}(t) x(t)\right\rangle=\left\langle F_{L}(t)\right\rangle\langle x(t)\rangle[/mathjaxinline]. For long times [mathjaxinline]t \gg m / \alpha,[/mathjaxinline] we assume that the system will reach thermodynamic equilibrium.","['[mathjaxinline]k_B T-\\alpha \\left\\langle x v \\right\\rangle[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]2 k_B T-\\alpha \\left\\langle v \\right\\rangle[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{1}{2} k_B T-\\alpha \\left\\langle x v \\right\\rangle[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]k_B T-\\alpha \\left\\langle v^2 \\right\\rangle[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]k_B T-\alpha \left\langle x v \right\rangle[/mathjaxinline],0
+2503,15064,Physics,online,"Obtain an expression for the escape rate [mathjaxinline]r[/mathjaxinline], which is defined as the ratio of the probability current [mathjaxinline]J[/mathjaxinline] and the absolute probability [mathjaxinline]p[/mathjaxinline] to find the particle inside the well, i.e. [mathjaxinline]J=p r[/mathjaxinline].","['[mathjaxinline]r = \\frac{D}{\\left( \\int_{x_{min}}^{A} e^{ \\phi (x)}\\, dx \\right) \\left( \\int_{x_1}^{x_2} e^{- \\phi (x)}\\, dx \\right) }[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]r = \\frac{D}{\\left( \\int_{x_{min}}^{A} e^{ \\phi (x) /2}\\, dx \\right) \\left( \\int_{x_1}^{x_2} e^{ \\phi (x)}\\, dx \\right) }[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]r = \\frac{D^2}{\\left( \\int_{x_{min}}^{A} e^{ \\phi (x)/2}\\, dx \\right) \\left( \\int_{x_1}^{x_2} e^{- \\phi (x)}\\, dx \\right) }[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]r = \\frac{D^2}{\\left( \\int_{x_{min}}^{A} e^{ \\phi (x)}\\, dx \\right) \\left( \\int_{x_1}^{x_2} e^{ \\phi (x)}\\, dx \\right) }[/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline]r = \frac{D}{\left( \int_{x_{min}}^{A} e^{ \phi (x)}\, dx \right) \left( \int_{x_1}^{x_2} e^{- \phi (x)}\, dx \right) }[/mathjaxinline]",0
+2504,15064,Physics,online,"For a stochastic process [mathjaxinline]X(t),[/mathjaxinline] how is the Fourier transform of the auto-correlation","['[mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\\tau)=\\int S_{X X}(\\omega) e^{i \\omega \\tau} \\frac{d \\omega}{2 \\pi}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\\tau)=\\int S_{X X}(\\omega) e^{-i \\omega^2 \\tau^2} \\frac{d \\omega}{2 \\pi}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\\tau)=\\int S_{X X}(\\omega) e^{-i \\omega \\tau} \\frac{d \\omega}{2 \\pi}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\\tau)=\\int |S_{X X}(\\omega)| e^{-i \\omega \\tau} \\frac{d \\omega}{2 \\pi}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\tau)=\int S_{X X}(\omega) e^{-i \omega \tau} \frac{d \omega}{2 \pi}[/mathjaxinline],2
+2508,15064,Physics,online,"First, assume that the particle is strongly damped and solve the simplified 1-D Fokker Planck equation with a constant probability current [mathjaxinline]J[/mathjaxinline]. With [mathjaxinline]\Phi(x)=V(x) / k_{B} T,[/mathjaxinline] what is the expression of [mathjaxinline]J(x)[/mathjaxinline]?","['[mathjaxinline]J(x, t)=-D e^{-\\Phi(x)} \\frac{d}{d x}\\left[e^{+\\Phi(x)} P(x, t)\\right][/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]J(x, t)=-D^2 e^{-\\Phi(x)} \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x} P(x, t)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]J(x, t)=-D e^{-\\Phi(x)} \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x} P(x, t)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]J(x, t)=-D^2 e^{-\\Phi(x)} \\frac{d}{d x}\\left[e^{+\\Phi(x)} P(x, t)\\right][/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline]J(x, t)=-D e^{-\Phi(x)} \frac{d}{d x}\left[e^{+\Phi(x)} P(x, t)\right][/mathjaxinline]",0
+2511,15064,Physics,online,"Starting from the equation of motion, one can derive a driven equation of motion for each [mathjaxinline]n[/mathjaxinline], such that","['[mathjaxinline]P_{n}(t)=P_{0}(t)\\frac{e^{-n}(g t)^{n}}{n !} [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]P_{n}(t)=\\frac{(g t)^{n}}{e^{n}}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]P_{n}(t)=P_{0}(t)\\frac{g^{n}}{n !}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]P_{n}(t)=\\frac{e^{-g t}(g t)^{n}}{n !}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]P_{n}(t)=\frac{e^{-g t}(g t)^{n}}{n !}[/mathjaxinline],3
+2514,15064,Physics,online,"By taking the moments of the Master equation, derive the deterministic rate equation of the evolution of the mean number of molecules (mono-mers), i.e., [mathjaxinline]\frac{d}{d t}\langle n\rangle= ?[/mathjaxinline]","['[mathjaxinline]\\frac{d}{d t}\\langle n\\rangle=K_{+} \\langle n-1 \\rangle -K_{-}\\langle n\\rangle-2 K_{D}\\langle n(n-1)\\rangle[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{d}{d t}\\langle n\\rangle=K_{+} -K_{-}\\langle n\\rangle- K_{D}\\langle n(n-1)\\rangle- K_{D}\\langle n(n+1)\\rangle[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{d}{d t}\\langle n\\rangle=K_{+}-K_{-}\\langle n\\rangle-2 K_{D}\\langle n(n-1)\\rangle[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{d}{d t}\\langle n\\rangle=K_{+} \\langle n-1 \\rangle -K_{-}\\langle n\\rangle- K_{D}\\langle n(n-1)\\rangle- K_{D}\\langle n(n+1)\\rangle[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]\frac{d}{d t}\langle n\rangle=K_{+}-K_{-}\langle n\rangle-2 K_{D}\langle n(n-1)\rangle[/mathjaxinline],2
+2526,15064,Physics,online,"(e) Assume now that the particle carries a charge [mathjaxinline]q,[/mathjaxinline] and is in a homogeneous electric field [mathjaxinline]E[/mathjaxinline]. Calculate the particle's mean equilibrium velocity [mathjaxinline]\langle v\rangle_{e q}[/mathjaxinline] at long times. Derive from this the expression for the mobility, defined by [mathjaxinline]\mu=\langle v\rangle_{e q} / E .[/mathjaxinline] What is the relation between  the diffusion constant and the mobility?","['[mathjaxinline]\\mu= \\frac{q}{\\alpha}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\mu = \\frac{k_B T}{\\alpha}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\mu = \\frac{\\alpha}{q}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\mu =\\frac{\\alpha}{k_B T}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]\mu= \frac{q}{\alpha}[/mathjaxinline],0
+2527,15064,Physics,online,"Expand the right-hand side of the recursion relation of p(nΔ,(k+1)τ). Divide the equation by time increment τ and take the limit τ→0,choose the correct diffusion equation:","['[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial p(n \\Delta, k \\tau)}{\\partial t}=\\frac{\\Delta^{2}}{\\tau} \\frac{\\partial^{2}}{\\partial x^{2}} p(n \\Delta, k \\tau)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial p(n \\Delta, k \\tau)}{\\partial t}=\\frac{\\Delta^{2}}{ \\tau} \\frac{\\partial^{2}}{\\partial x^{2}} p(n \\Delta, k \\tau)+\\frac{(q-p) \\cdot \\Delta}{\\tau} \\cdot \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x} p(n \\Delta, k \\tau)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial p(n \\Delta, k \\tau)}{\\partial t}=\\frac{\\Delta^{2}}{2 \\tau} \\frac{\\partial^{2}}{\\partial x^{2}} p(n \\Delta, k \\tau)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial p(n \\Delta, k \\tau)}{\\partial t}=\\frac{\\Delta^{2}}{2 \\tau} \\frac{\\partial^{2}}{\\partial x^{2}} p(n \\Delta, k \\tau)+\\frac{(q-p) \\cdot \\Delta}{\\tau} \\cdot \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x} p(n \\Delta, k \\tau)[/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline]\frac{\partial p(n \Delta, k \tau)}{\partial t}=\frac{\Delta^{2}}{2 \tau} \frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x^{2}} p(n \Delta, k \tau)+\frac{(q-p) \cdot \Delta}{\tau} \cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial x} p(n \Delta, k \tau)[/mathjaxinline]",3
+2528,15064,Physics,online,"Assuming that the dimer formation rate [mathjaxinline]K_{D}\langle n(n-1)\rangle[/mathjaxinline] is small compare to both the influx [mathjaxinline]K_{+}[/mathjaxinline] and the loss [mathjaxinline]K_{-}\langle n\rangle[/mathjaxinline] of monomers, what should be the value of [mathjaxinline]K_{-} / K_{+}[/mathjaxinline] in order to keep the fluctuations in the monomer number below, e.g. [mathjaxinline]10 \%[/mathjaxinline] ?","['[mathjaxinline]K_{-} / K_{+}<0.001[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]K_{-} / K_{+}<0.1[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]K_{-} / K_{+}<0.01[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]K_{-} / K_{+}<1[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]K_{-} / K_{+}<0.01[/mathjaxinline],2
+2531,15064,Physics,online,"Boundary conditions of the Fokker Planck equation: What will happen if the probability current [mathjaxinline]J[/mathjaxinline] vanishes at the boundaries at [mathjaxinline]x=x_{\min }[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]x=x_{\max }?[/mathjaxinline] Find the property of probability distribution [mathjaxinline]P(x, t)[/mathjaxinline]","['[mathjaxinline]\\int_{x_{\\min }}^{x_{\\max }} P(x, t) d x= 0 [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\int_{x_{\\min }}^{x_{\\max }} P(x, t) d x=\\text {const }[/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline]\int_{x_{\min }}^{x_{\max }} P(x, t) d x=\text {const }[/mathjaxinline]",1
+2534,15064,Physics,online,Use the local Taylor expansion (to second order) in the potential [mathjaxinline]V(x) \left( \Phi(x)=V(x) / k_{B} T \right)[/mathjaxinline]. Extend the integration limits [mathjaxinline](0 . . A) to \pm \infty.[/mathjaxinline] Find out the value for integral:,"['[mathjaxinline]\\int_{x_ {\\min} }^{A} e^{ \\cdots } d x = e^{\\frac{V(x_{max} )}{k_{B} T}} \\cdot \\sqrt{\\frac{2 k_{B} T \\pi}{ \\left| V^{\\prime \\prime}\\left(x_{\\max }\\right) \\right| }}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\int_{x_ {\\min} }^{A} e^{ \\cdots } d x = e^{\\frac{V(x_{max} )}{2 k_{B} T}} \\cdot \\sqrt{\\frac{4 k_{B} T \\pi}{ \\left| V^{\\prime \\prime}\\left(x_{\\max }\\right) \\right| }}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]\int_{x_ {\min} }^{A} e^{ \cdots } d x = e^{\frac{V(x_{max} )}{k_{B} T}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{2 k_{B} T \pi}{ \left| V^{\prime \prime}\left(x_{\max }\right) \right| }}[/mathjaxinline],0
+2636,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is TRUE for Recommender Systems (RS)?,"['The complexity of the Content-based RS depends on the number of users', 'Item-based RS need not only the ratings but also the item features', 'Matrix Factorization is typically robust to the cold-start problem.', 'Matrix Factorization can predict a score for any user-item combination in the dataset.']",Matrix Factorization can predict a score for any user-item combination in the dataset.,3
+2637,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following properties is part of the RDF Schema Language?,"['Description', 'Type', 'Predicate', 'Domain']",Domain,3
+2639,15125,Computer Science,master,"Suppose that q is density reachable from p. The chain of points that ensure this relationship are {t,u,g,r}. Which of the following is always true?","['p is density reachable from q', 'q and p are density-connected', 'p is a border point', 'q is a core point']",q and p are density-connected,1
+2640,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is an advantage of Vector Space Retrieval model?,"['No theoretical justification is needed why the model works', 'Produces provably correct query results', 'Enables ranking of query results according to cosine similarity function', 'Allows to retrieve documents that do not contain any of the query terms']",Enables ranking of query results according to cosine similarity function,2
+2641,15125,Computer Science,master,"In classification, which of the following is true regarding class imbalance?","['Classes should have the same distribution in the validation set and in the full dataset.', 'Oversampling the larger class can reduce the impact of the skewed distribution.', 'Oversampling rare classes in the testing set can reduce the impact of skewed distribution.', 'The leave-one-out methodology produces the same class distribution in the training and the testing set.']",Classes should have the same distribution in the validation set and in the full dataset.,0
+2642,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is correct regarding crowdsourcing?,"['Uniform spammers randomly select answers.', 'The accuracy of majority voting is never equal to the one of Expectation Maximization.', 'Honey pots can detect uniform spammers, random spammers and sloppy workers.', 'Majority Decision and Expectation Maximization both give less weight to spammers’ answers.']","Honey pots can detect uniform spammers, random spammers and sloppy workers.",2
+2647,15125,Computer Science,master," When using bootstrapping in Random Forests, the number of different data items used to construct a single tree is:","['Smaller than the size of the training data set with high probability', 'Of order square root of the size of the training set with high probability', 'The same as the size of the training data set', 'Depends on the outcome of the sampling process, and can be both smaller or larger than the training set']",Smaller than the size of the training data set with high probability,0
+2648,15125,Computer Science,master,"To constrain an object of an RDF statement from being of an atomic type (e.g., String), one has to use the following RDF/RDFS property:","['rdf:type', 'rdfs:range', 'rdfs:domain', 'rdfs:subClassOf']",rdfs:range,1
+2651,15125,Computer Science,master,Assume we run the Louvain algorithm to find communities in the following graph. Let ΔQ(𝑖 → 𝐴) and ΔQ(𝑖 → 𝐵) denote the modularity gain of joining node 𝑖 to community 𝐴 and 𝐵 respectively. Which is true?,"['ΔQ(𝑖→𝐴)>ΔQ(𝑖→𝐵)', 'ΔQ(𝑖→𝐴)=ΔQ(𝑖→𝐵)', 'ΔQ(𝑖→𝐴)<ΔQ(𝑖→𝐵)', 'All options are possible.']",ΔQ(𝑖→𝐴)<ΔQ(𝑖→𝐵),2
+2653,15125,Computer Science,master,Full-text retrieval refers to the fact that,"['the document text is grammatically fully analyzed for indexing', 'queries can be formulated as texts', 'all words of a text are considered as potential index terms', 'grammatical variations of a word are considered as the same index terms', '']",all words of a text are considered as potential index terms,2
+2654,15125,Computer Science,master,"Assume in top-1 retrieval recommendation 1 is (2, 3, 1) and recommendation 2 is (2, 1, 3)
+","['RMSE(rec 1) < RMSE(rec 2) and DCG(rec 1) > DCG(rec 2)', 'RMSE(rec 1) = RMSE(rec 2) and DCG(rec 1) > DCG(rec 2)', 'RMSE(rec 1) < RMSE(rec 2) and DCG(rec 1) = DCG(rec 2)', 'RMSE(rec 1) = RMSE(rec 2) and DCG(rec 1) = DCG(rec 2)']",RMSE(rec 1) < RMSE(rec 2) and DCG(rec 1) = DCG(rec 2),2
+2657,15125,Computer Science,master,What is a correct pruning strategy for decision tree induction?,"['Apply Maximum Description Length principle', 'Stop partitioning a node when either positive or negative samples dominate the samples of the other class', 'Choose the model that maximizes L(M) + L(M|D)', 'Remove attributes with lowest information gain']",Stop partitioning a node when either positive or negative samples dominate the samples of the other class,1
+2658,15125,Computer Science,master,In the first pass over the database of the FP Growth algorithm,"['Frequent itemsets are extracted', 'A tree structure is constructed', 'The frequency of items is computed', 'Prefixes among itemsets are determined']",The frequency of items is computed,2
+2659,15125,Computer Science,master,Which statement is false in the context of Word Embeddings?,"['Word embeddings can capture syntactic relationships among words', 'Negative samples are context words that are not part of the vocabulary of the document collection', 'Word embedding vectors can be used as document representation', 'GloVe is based on the observation that ratios of probabilities better able to distinguish relevant words from irrelevant words', 'Using the negative sampling technique, causes each training sample to update only a small percentage of the weights']",Negative samples are context words that are not part of the vocabulary of the document collection,1
+2660,15125,Computer Science,master,"In a FP tree, the leaf nodes are the ones with:","['Lowest confidence', 'Lowest support', 'Least in the alphabetical order', 'None of the above']",Lowest support,1
+2661,15125,Computer Science,master,The number of parameters of the fasttext classifier and the simple self-attention classifier,"['Are the same', 'Fasttext has more', 'Self-attention has more']",Are the same,0
+2662,15125,Computer Science,master,"Your input is ""Distributed Information Systems"". Your model tries to predict ""Distributed"" and ""Systems"" by leveraging the fact that these words are in the neighborhood of ""Information"". This model can be:","['Bag of Words', 'Word Embeddings', 'LDA', 'kNN']",Word Embeddings,1
+2663,15125,Computer Science,master,"Considering the transaction below, which one is WRONG?
+
+|Transaction ID |Items Bought|
+|--|--|
+|1|Tea|
+|2|Tea, Yoghurt|
+|3|Tea, Yoghurt, Kebap|
+|4 |Kebap |
+|5|Tea, Kebap|","['{Yoghurt} -> {Kebab} has 50% confidence', '{Yoghurt, Kebap} has 20% support', '{Tea} has the highest support', '{Yoghurt} has the lowest support among all itemsets']",{Yoghurt} has the lowest support among all itemsets,3
+2664,15125,Computer Science,master,"Which is an appropriate method for fighting skewed distributions of class labels in
+classification?","['Include an over-proportional number of samples from the larger class', 'Use leave-one-out cross validation', 'Construct the validation set such that the class label distribution approximately matches the global distribution of the class labels', 'Generate artificial data points for the most frequent classes']",Construct the validation set such that the class label distribution approximately matches the global distribution of the class labels,2
+2665,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements is correct concerning the use of Pearson’s Correlation for user-based collaborative filtering?,"['It measures whether different users have similar preferences for the same items', 'It measures how much a user’s ratings deviate from the average ratings', 'It measures how well the recommendations match the user’s preferences', 'It measures whether a user has similar preferences for different items']",It measures whether different users have similar preferences for the same items,0
+2667,15125,Computer Science,master,"When representing the adjacency list of a Web page in a connectivity server by using a reference list from another Web page, the reference list is searched only in a neighboring window of the Web page's URL, because:","['Subsequent URLs in an adjacency list have typically small differences', 'Typically many URLs in a web page are similar to each other', 'Often many URLs among two pages with similar URL are similar', 'Most extra nodes are found in the neighboring window']",Often many URLs among two pages with similar URL are similar,2
+2668,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following are part of the RDF schema language?,"['The «\xa0type\xa0» statement for RDF resources?', 'The «\xa0domain\xa0» statement for RDF properties?', 'The «\xa0subject\xa0» statement for RDF statements?']",The « domain » statement for RDF properties?,1
+2669,15125,Computer Science,master,If retrieval system A has a higher precision at k than system B ,"['the top k documents of A will have higher similarity values than the top k documents of B', 'the top k documents of A will contain more relevant documents than the top k documents of B', 'A will recall more documents above a given similarity threshold than B', 'the top k relevant documents in A will have higher similarity values than in B', '']",the top k documents of A will contain more relevant documents than the top k documents of B,1
+2670,15125,Computer Science,master,A page that points to all other pages but is not pointed by any other page would have...,"['Zero hub', 'Nonzero pagerank', 'Nonzero authority', 'None of the above']",Nonzero pagerank,1
+2672,15125,Computer Science,master,Dude said “I like bowling”. With how many statements can we express this sentence using ​ RDF Reification?,"['We cannot', '1', '3', '5']",5,3
+2673,15125,Computer Science,master,"Regarding communities, which of the following is true?","['Modularity is a measure of how communities are connected together', 'Agglomerative algorithms recursively decompose communities into sub-communities', 'Divisive algorithms are based on modularity', 'Girvan-Newman works by removing edges with the highest betweenness measure']",Girvan-Newman works by removing edges with the highest betweenness measure,3
+2674,15125,Computer Science,master,"Consider the following set of frequent 3-itemsets: {1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 4}, {1, 2, 5}, {1, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 5}, {3, 4, 5}. Which one is not a candidate 4-itemset?","['{1,2,4,5}', '{1,3,4,5} ', '{2,3,4,5}', '{1,2,3,4}']","{1,3,4,5} ",1
+2675,15125,Computer Science,master,If for the χ2 statistics for a binary feature we obtain P(χ2 | DF = 1) < 0.05 this means,"['That the two features are correlated.', 'That the class label is independent of the feature', 'That the class label correlates with the feature', 'None of the above']",That the class label correlates with the feature,2
+2676,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is true in the context of inverted files?,"['Index merging compresses an inverted file index on disk and reduces the storage cost', 'The trie structure used for index construction is also used as a data access structure to terms in the vocabulary', 'The finer the addressing granularity used in documents, the smaller the posting file becomes', 'Inverted files are optimized for supporting search on dynamic text collections']",The trie structure used for index construction is also used as a data access structure to terms in the vocabulary,1
+2677,15125,Computer Science,master,"Regarding Label Propagation, which of the following is false?","['The labels are inferred using the labels that are known apriori', 'It can be interpreted as a random walk model', '\xa0Propagation of labels through high degree nodes are penalized by low abandoning probability', 'Injection probability should be higher when labels are obtained from experts than by crowdworkers']", Propagation of labels through high degree nodes are penalized by low abandoning probability,2
+2679,15125,Computer Science,master,The type statement in RDF would be expressed in the relational data model by a table,"['with one attribute', 'with two attributes', 'with three attributes', 'cannot be expressed in the relational data model']",with one attribute,0
+2680,15125,Computer Science,master,"Given graph 1→2, 1→3, 2→3, 3→2, switching from Page Rank to Teleporting PageRank will have an influence on the value(s) of:","['All the nodes', 'Node 1', 'Node 2 and 3', 'No nodes. The values will stay unchanged.']",All the nodes,0
+2681,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is correct regarding schemas and ontologies?,"['An ontology is created from constructing mappings between schemas', 'Ontologies can be used for reasoning about different schemas', 'Ontologies always require a schema', 'Semi-structured data cannot have a schema']",Ontologies can be used for reasoning about different schemas,1
+2682,15125,Computer Science,master,"Given the graph 1→2, 1→3, 2→3, 3→2, switching from Page Rank to Teleporting PageRank will have an influence on the value(s) of...","['All nodes', 'Node 1', 'Nodes 2 and 3', 'No nodes; the values will stay unchanged']",All nodes,0
+2683,15125,Computer Science,master,"The number of term vactors in the matrix K_s, used for LSI","['is smaller than the number of rows in the matrix M', 'is the same as the number of the rows in the matrix M', 'is larger than the number of rows in the matrix M']",is the same as the number of the rows in the matrix M,1
+2684,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is true regarding the random forest classification algorithm?,"['It is not suitable for parallelization.', 'It uses only a subset of features for learning in each weak learner.', 'We compute a prediction by randomly selecting the decision of one weak learner.', 'It produces a human interpretable model.']",It uses only a subset of features for learning in each weak learner.,1
+2685,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following properties is part of the RDF Schema Language?,"['Type', 'Predicate', 'Description', 'Domain']",Domain,3
+2686,15125,Computer Science,master,"If rule {A,B} -> {C} has confidence c1 and rule {A} -> {C} has confidence c2, then ","['c2 >= c1', 'c1 > c2 and c2 > c1 are both possible', 'c1 >= c2']",c1 > c2 and c2 > c1 are both possible,1
+2688,15125,Computer Science,master,Item-based collaborative filtering addresses better the cold-start problem because,"['usually there are fewer items than users', 'it uses ratings from items with similar content', 'item similarities can be pre-computed', 'none of the above']",none of the above,3
+2690,15125,Computer Science,master,"How does matrix factorization address the issue of missing ratings?
+","['It uses regularization of the rating matrix', 'It performs gradient descent only for existing ratings', 'It sets missing ratings to zero', 'It maps ratings into a lower-dimensional space']",It performs gradient descent only for existing ratings,1
+2691,15125,Computer Science,master,"When constructing a word embedding, negative samples are","['word - context word combinations that are not occurring in the document collection', 'context words that are not part of the vocabulary of the document collection', 'all less frequent words that do not occur in the context of a given word', 'only words that never appear as context word']",word - context word combinations that are not occurring in the document collection,0
+2692,15125,Computer Science,master,Can documents which do not contain any keywords of the original query receive a positive similarity coefficient after relevance feedback?,"['No', 'Yes, independent of the values β and γ', 'Yes,but only if β>0', 'Yes,but only if γ>0']","Yes,but only if β>0",2
+2694,15125,Computer Science,master,"Consider the following document
+d = “information retrieval and search”","['P(information search | Md) > P(information | Md)', 'P(information search | Md) = P(information | Md)', 'P(information search | Md) < P(information | Md)']",P(information search | Md) < P(information | Md),2
+2695,15125,Computer Science,master,When using matrix factorization for information extraction the entries of the matrix are obtained,"['from text', 'from a knowledge base', 'from both text and a knowledge base', 'from a knowledge base represented as text']",from both text and a knowledge base,2
+2696,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following tasks would typically not be solved by clustering?,"['Community detection in social networks', 'Discretization of continuous features', 'Spam detection in an email system', 'Detection of latent topics in a document collection']",Spam detection in an email system,2
+2698,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is ​true ​for a density based cluster C:,"['Any two points in C must be density reachable. Each point belongs to one, and only one cluster', 'Any two points in C must be density reachable. Border points may belong to more than one cluster', 'Any two points in C must be density connected. Border points may belong to more than one cluster', 'Any two points in C must be density connected. Each point belongs to one, and only one cluster']",Any two points in C must be density connected. Border points may belong to more than one cluster,2
+2699,15125,Computer Science,master,"Given a document collection, if we change the ordering of the words in the documents, which of the following will not change?","['Singular values in Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI)', 'The entities extracted using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM)', 'The embedding vectors produced by Word2vec', 'All the previous will change']",Singular values in Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI),0
+2700,15125,Computer Science,master,"Regarding data models, which of the following is true?","['Ontologies are used to map two schemas in order to overcome semantic heterogeneity', 'Graph representation of an RDF statement facilitates exchange and storage', 'RDF is a standardized model for encoding ontologies', 'XML does not facilitate introducing new terms which are domain specific']",RDF is a standardized model for encoding ontologies,2
+2701,15125,Computer Science,master,The entries of a term-document matrix indicate,"['how many relevant terms a document contains', 'how frequent a term is in a given document', 'how relevant a term is for a given document', 'which terms occur in a document collection', '']",how relevant a term is for a given document,2
+2702,15125,Computer Science,master,Dude said “I like bowling”. With how many statements can we express this sentence using ​RDF Reification?,"['We cannot', '1', '3', '5']",5,3
+2705,15125,Computer Science,master,"Regarding TF-IDF, which of the following is true?","['The TF-IDF weight is the ratio between TF and IDF', 'The IDF term decrease the impact of stop-words', 'Frequent terms obtain low TF score', 'The TF term is computed over the whole document collection']",The IDF term decrease the impact of stop-words,1
+2706,15125,Computer Science,master,"From which data samples the embeddings are learnt?
+","['Known embeddings for (w,c) pairs', 'Frequency of occurrences of (w,c) pairs in the document collection', 'Approximate probabilities of occurrences of (w,c) pairs', 'Presence or absence of (w,c) pairs in the document collection']","Presence or absence of (w,c) pairs in the document collection",3
+2709,15125,Computer Science,master,"Thang, Jeremie and Tugrulcan have built their own search engines. For a query Q, they got precision scores of 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 respectively. Their F1 scores (calculated by same parameters) are same. Whose search engine has a higher recall on Q?","['Thang', 'Jeremie', 'Tugrulcan', 'We need more information']",Thang,0
+2711,15125,Computer Science,master,"Let the Boolean query be represented by {(1, 0, -1), (0, -1, 1)}  and the document by (1, 0, 1). The document ","['matches the query because it matches the first query vector', 'matches the query because it matches the second query vector', 'does not match the query because it does not match the first query vector', 'does not match the query because it does not match the second query vector']",matches the query because it matches the second query vector,1
+2712,15125,Computer Science,master,"Which of the following functions is not equal to the three others?
+","['𝑓(𝑤,𝑐)', '𝑓_𝜃 (𝑤,𝑐)', '𝒇(𝒘,𝒄)', 'σ(𝒄∙𝒘)']","𝑓(𝑤,𝑐)",0
+2713,15125,Computer Science,master,"In general, what is true regarding Fagin's algorithm?","['It performs a complete scan over the posting files', 'It provably returns the k documents with the largest aggregate scores', 'Posting files need to be indexed by the TF-IDF weights', 'It never reads more than (kn)½ entries from a posting list']",It provably returns the k documents with the largest aggregate scores,1
+2714,15125,Computer Science,master,What is a correct pruning strategy for decision tree induction? ,"['Apply Maximum Description Length principle', 'Stop partitioning a node when either positive or negative samples dominate the samples of the other class.', 'Choose the model that maximizes L(M) + L(M|D)\xa0', 'Remove attributes with lowest information gain.\xa0']",Stop partitioning a node when either positive or negative samples dominate the samples of the other class.,1
+2715,15125,Computer Science,master,"Regarding features engineering, which of the following is wrong?","['Supervised discretization can merge any two intervals of the same variable', 'Classifiers can be sensitive to the absolute scale of the variables', 'Features filtering consider single variables, whereas wrapping considers features combinations', 'Standardisation can produce arbitrarily large values whereas scaling does not']",Supervised discretization can merge any two intervals of the same variable,0
+2716,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements is correct in the context of  information extraction?,"['A confidence measure that prunes too permissive patterns discovered with bootstrapping can help reducing semantic drift', 'The bootstrapping technique requires a dataset where statements are labelled', 'Distant supervision typically uses low-complexity features only, due to the lack of training data', 'For supervised learning, sentences in which NER has detected no entities are used as negative samples']",A confidence measure that prunes too permissive patterns discovered with bootstrapping can help reducing semantic drift,0
+2717,15125,Computer Science,master,"Given the 2-itemsets {1,2}, {1,5}, {2,5}, {1,4}, {1,3}, when generating the 3-itemsets we
+will","['Generate 5 3-itemsets after the join and 2 3-itemsets after the prune', 'Generate 6 3-itemsets after the join and 1 3-itemsets after the prune', 'Generate 4 3-itemsets after the join and 1 3-itemsets after the prune', 'Generate 4 3-itemsets after the join and 2 3-itemsets after the prune']",Generate 6 3-itemsets after the join and 1 3-itemsets after the prune,1
+2718,15125,Computer Science,master,Which year Rocchio published his work on relevance feedback?,"['1965', '1975', '1985', '1995']",1965,0
+2719,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is true when comparing Vector Space Model (VSM) and Probabilistic Language Model (PLM)?,"['Both VSM and PLM require parameter tuning', 'Both VSM and PLM use collection frequency in the model', 'Both VSM and PLM take into account multiple term occurrences', 'Both VSM and PLM are based on a generative language model']",Both VSM and PLM take into account multiple term occurrences,2
+2723,15125,Computer Science,master,In vector space retrieval each row of the matrix M corresponds to,"['A document', 'A concept', 'A query', 'A term']",A term,3
+2724,15125,Computer Science,master,"The most important difference between Glove and skipgram is
+","['That Glove considers the complete context of a word', 'That Glove computes a global frequency for word-context pair occurrences', 'That Glove uses a squared error loss function', 'That Glove does not differentiate words and context words', '']",That Glove computes a global frequency for word-context pair occurrences,1
+2725,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is correct regarding prediction models?,"['Training error being less than test error means overfitting', 'Training error being less than test error means underfitting', 'Complex models tend to overfit, unless we feed them with more data', 'Simple models have lower bias than complex models']","Complex models tend to overfit, unless we feed them with more data",2
+2726,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is TRUE when comparing Vector Space Model (VSM) and Probabilistic Language Model (PLM)? (Slide 73 Week 2),"['Both VSM and PLM require parameter tuning', 'Both VSM and PLM use collection frequency in the model', 'Both VSM and PLM take into account multiple term occurrences', 'Both VSM and PLM are based on a generative language model']",Both VSM and PLM take into account multiple term occurrences,2
+2727,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is TRUE regarding community detection?,"['The high betweenness of an edge indicates that the communities are well connected by that edge', 'The Girvan-Newman algorithm attempts to maximize the overall betweenness measure of a community graph', 'The high modularity of a community indicates a large difference between the number of edges of the community and the number of edges of a null model', 'The Louvain algorithm attempts to minimize the overall modularity measure of a community graph']",The high modularity of a community indicates a large difference between the number of edges of the community and the number of edges of a null model,2
+2728,15125,Computer Science,master,A query transformed into the concept space of LSI has,"['s components (number of singular values)', 'm components (size of vocabulary)', 'n components (number of documents)']",s components (number of singular values),0
+2729,15125,Computer Science,master,Applying SVD to a term-document matrix M. Each concept is represented in K,"['as a singular value', 'as a linear combination of terms of the vocabulary', 'as a linear combination of documents in the document collection', 'as a least squares approximation of the matrix M']",as a linear combination of terms of the vocabulary,1
+2730,15125,Computer Science,master,An HMM model would not be an appropriate approach to identify,"['Named Entities', 'Part-of-Speech tags', 'Concepts', 'Word n-grams']",Word n-grams,3
+2732,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is NOT an (instance-level) ontology?,"['Wordnet', 'WikiData', 'Schema.org', 'Google Knowledge Graph']",Schema.org,2
+2733,15125,Computer Science,master,"Given the following teleporting matrix (Ε) for nodes A, B and C:
+[0 1⁄2 0]
+[0 0 0]
+[0 1⁄2 1]
+and making no assumptions about the link matrix (R), which of the following is correct:","['A random walker can never reach node A', 'A random walker can never leave node A', 'A random walker can always leave node C', 'A random walker can always leave node B']",A random walker can always leave node B,3
+2735,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"4. If a channel is open, ions can ...flow from the surround into the cell.flow from inside the cell into the surrounding liquid.","['flow from the surround into the cell.', 'flow from inside the cell into the surrounding liquid.']",flow from the surround into the cell.,0
+2738,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"We want to change the feature matrix $\mathbf{X}$ ($N\times f$) to account for the bias term; how do we obtain a new matrix $\mathbf{\Tilde{X}}$, such that $\mathbf{y} = \mathbf{Xw} + \mathbf{b} = \mathbf{\Tilde{X}\Tilde{w}}$? Note: N stands for number of individuals, and f number of features. $\mathbf{\Tilde{w}}$ is changed accordingly to the answer.  (One or multiple answers)","[""We can add a row of 1's to the top of matrix $\\mathbf{X}$"", ""We can add a column of 0's to the left of matrix $\\mathbf{X}$"", ""We can add a row of 0's to the bottom of matrix $\\mathbf{X}$"", ""We can add a column of 1's to the right of matrix $\\mathbf{X}$""]",We can add a column of 1's to the right of matrix $\mathbf{X}$,3
+2740,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"How do you compute the output Y of a linear regression using Python and the scientific package Numpy? Recall that W is the weight matrix with dimensionality (number of features x 1), b is the bias with dimensionality (1 x 1) and X is the input matrix with dimensionality (number of samples x number of features). Notation of matrix dimensions: (Rows $\times$ Columns) (One answer)","['\\texttt{import numpy as np} \\\\\n\t\t\\texttt{Y = X.T.dot(W) + b}', '\\texttt{import numpy as np} \\\\\n\t\t\\texttt{Y = X.dot(W) + b}', '\\texttt{import numpy as np} \\\\\n\t\t\\texttt{Y = W.dot(X) + b}', '\\texttt{import numpy as np} \\\\\n\t\t\\texttt{Y = (W +b).dot(X)}']","\texttt{import numpy as np} \\
+		\texttt{Y = X.dot(W) + b}",1
+2741,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"Suppose your training set for two-class classification in one dimension ($d=1$ ; $x_i\in R$) contains three sample points: point $x_1 = 3$ with label $y_1 = 1$, point $x_2 = 1$ with label $y_2 = 1$, and point $x_3 = -1$ with label $y_3 = -1$. What are the values of w and b given by a hard-margin SVM?","['$w=1$, $b=1$', '$w=0$, $b=1$', '$w=1$, $b=0$', '$w=\\infty$, $b=0$']","$w=1$, $b=0$",2
+2743,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,What is our final goal in machine learning? (One answer),"[' Generalize ', ' Underfit', ' Overfit ', ' Megafit ']", Generalize ,0
+2744,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"What is the mean squared error of $f$ for a sample, where $\textbf{x}$ is an input, $y$ a target and $f(\textbf{x},W)$ the mapping function  ? 
+(One answer)","[' $||y - f(\\textbf{x},W)||^2 $ ', ' $||y - f(\\textbf{x},W)|| $', ' $-\\log(P(y=i | \\textbf{x})) = -\\log(\\frac{e^{\\textbf{f}_i(\\textbf{x},W)}}{\\sum_j e^{\\textbf{f}_j(\\textbf{x},W)}})$ ', ' $P(y=i |\\textbf{x}) = \\frac{e^{\\textbf{f}_i(\\textbf{x},W)}}{\\sum_j e^{\\textbf{f}_j(\\textbf{x},W)}}$ ']"," $||y - f(\textbf{x},W)||^2 $ ",0
+2747,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"A model predicts $\mathbf{\hat{y}} = [1, 0, 1, 1, 1]$. The ground truths are $\mathbf{y} = [1, 0, 0, 1, 1]$.
+
+What is the accuracy?","['0.5', '0.75', '0.8', '0.875']",0.8,2
+2748,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,K-Means:,"['always converges to the same solution, no matter the initialization', 'always converges, but not always to the same solution', ""doesn't always converge"", 'can never converge']","always converges, but not always to the same solution",1
+2749,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,Regularization term:,"['a term in the activation function to read the impact of features in our model', 'a constraint in the loss function, to maximize the amplitude of weights and help increase degeneracy', 'a constraint in the loss function, to minimize the amplitude of weights and help reduce degeneracy', 'an added hand-chosen term in the feature space to regularize the model output']","a constraint in the loss function, to minimize the amplitude of weights and help reduce degeneracy",2
+2750,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,The k-means algorithm for clustering is guaranteed to converge to a local optimum.,"['TRUE', 'FALSE']",TRUE,0
+2751,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,What is the algorithm to perform optimization with gradient descent? Actions between Start loop and End loop are performed multiple times. (One answer),"['1 Start loop, 2 Initialize weights, 3 Compute gradients, 4 Update weights, 5 End loop', '1 Initialize weights,  2 Compute gradients, 3 Start loop, 4 Update weights, 5 End loop', '1 Initialize weights,  2 Start loop, 3 Update weights, 4 End loop, 5 Compute gradients ', '1 Initialize weights, 2 Start loop, 3 Compute gradients, 4 Update weights, 5 End Loop']","1 Initialize weights, 2 Start loop, 3 Compute gradients, 4 Update weights, 5 End Loop",3
+2753,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,The training loss of the 1-nearest neighbor classifier is always zero.,"['TRUE', 'FALSE']",TRUE,0
+2754,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,The test loss of the 1-nearest neighbor classifier is always zero.,"['TRUE', 'FALSE']",FALSE,1
+2755,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,The test loss of logistic regression is always zero.,"['TRUE', 'FALSE']",FALSE,1
+2756,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"You are using a fully-connected neural net with 2 input units, 1 hidden layers of 10 units, and an output layer of 1 unit, with ReLU activations.
+    \\
+    How many trainable parameters does your network have?","['13', '33', '30', '41', '21']",41,3
+2759,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"You want to build a convolutional neural network to distinguish between types of cars in images. Your friend Alice, a biologist, has been working on a network to classify wildlife, which she calls WildNet. She spent several weeks training that network, and made it accessible to you. What can you do with it?","['Nothing, wildlife is not the same as cars.', ""I can't reuse any of the weights of any layer, but I can take inspiration from the architecture of WildNet."", 'I can freeze the last few layers, and then remove the early layers and replace it with my own re-learned layers. That way, I can make use of the generic features learned by WildNet.', 'I can freeze the early layers, and then remove the last layers and replace it with my own re-learned layers. That way, I can make use of the generic features learned by WildNet.', 'I can use WildNet right away for my task, without modifying anything.']","I can freeze the early layers, and then remove the last layers and replace it with my own re-learned layers. That way, I can make use of the generic features learned by WildNet.",3
+2760,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"Whenever I want to use Z-Score standardization (also known as normalization), I should use the mean and standard deviation of the training set to normalize my training, validation, and test set.","['TRUE', 'FALSE']",TRUE,0
+2761,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"For logistic regression, what is the dimensionality of the weight matrix (ignoring bias)? Notation of matrix dimensions: (Rows $\times$ Columns) (One answer!!!!)","['(number of training samples $\\times$ number of classes)', '(number of features $\\times$ number of classes)', '(number of training samples $\\times$ number of features)', '(number of features $\\times$ number of training epochs)']",(number of features $\times$ number of classes),1
+2762,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"Heidi is working on some linear regression problem to predict the price of goat milk. When training her model, she gets a loss of 0. Which of the statements below \textbf{must then be true}?","['We must have $y^{(i)} = 0 \\ \\ \\forall \\ i \\in \\{1, ..., N\\}$', 'The weights $\\mathbf{w}$ must all be 0 so that $\\hat{y}^{(i)} = \\mathbf{w}^T \\boldsymbol{x}^{(i)} = 0.$', 'Our training set can be fit perfectly by a hyperplane (e.g., fit perfectly by a straight line if our data is 2-dimensional).', 'Gradient descent is stuck at a local minima and fails to find the true global minimum.']","Our training set can be fit perfectly by a hyperplane (e.g., fit perfectly by a straight line if our data is 2-dimensional).",2
+2764,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"What is the mean squared error of $f$ for a sample, where $\textbf{x}$ is an input, $y$ a target and $f(\textbf{x},W)$ the mapping function  ? 
+	(One answer)","[' $||y - f(\\textbf{x},W)||^2 $ ', ' $||y - f(\\textbf{x},W)|| $', ' $-\\log(P(y=i | \\textbf{x})) = -\\log(\\frac{e^{\\textbf{f}_i(\\textbf{x},W)}}{\\sum_j e^{\\textbf{f}_j(\\textbf{x},W)}})$ ', ' $P(y=i |\\textbf{x}) = \\frac{e^{\\textbf{f}_i(\\textbf{x},W)}}{\\sum_j e^{\\textbf{f}_j(\\textbf{x},W)}}$ ']"," $||y - f(\textbf{x},W)||^2 $ ",0
+2765,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"In Support Vector Machines (SVM), we want to maximize the margin","['TRUE', 'FALSE']",TRUE,0
+2766,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,Dan has been working with decision trees. His friend Eve recommends using random forests instead. What is most likely to happen?,"['Accuracy will increase, interpretability will increase', 'Accuracy will increase, interpretability will decrease', 'Accuracy will decrease, interpretability will increase', 'Accuracy will decrease, interpretability will decrease']","Accuracy will increase, interpretability will decrease",1
+2769,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,One-hot encoding:,"['encode a state or category, with a group of bits whose unique representation is with a single high (1) and others low (0).  ', 'encode continuous values into a unique temperature representation between 0 and 1.', 'encode a state or category, with a group of bits whose unique representation is with a single low (0) and others high (1).', 'encode continuous values into unique multi-dimensional temperature representations between 0 and 1 ']","encode a state or category, with a group of bits whose unique representation is with a single high (1) and others low (0).  ",0
+2771,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,How to computationally think? Pick the correct order of the 5 pillars seen in class. (One answer),"['1 Action, 2 Learning, 3 Perception, 4 Sensing, 5 Communication', '1 Learning,  2 Sensing, 3 Perception, 4 Action, 5 Communication', '1 Perception,  2 Communication, 3 Learning, 4 Action, 5 Sensing ', '1 Sensing, 2 Perception, 3 Learning, 4 Communication, 5 Action']","1 Sensing, 2 Perception, 3 Learning, 4 Communication, 5 Action",3
+2772,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,Feature degeneracy:,"['when a set of variables in the feature space are not linearly independent', 'when a set of variables in the feature space create chaotic results', 'when a set of variables in the feature space have low impact on the output space', 'when a point in output space can be obtained by one and only one set of variables in the feature space.']",when a set of variables in the feature space are not linearly independent,0
+2773,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,You write a Python code to optimize the weights of your linear regression with 10 features \textbf{using gradient descent} for 500 epochs. What is the minimum number of for-loops you need to perform your optimization?,"['Two for-loops, one to iterate over the weights and the other to iterate over the epochs', 'Only one for-loop to iterate over the epochs.', 'Only one for-loop to iterate over the weights.', 'No for-loop is really necessary. Everything can be vectorized']",Only one for-loop to iterate over the epochs.,1
+2774,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"The feature ``deck structure type'' can have the following values: 
+    Cast-in-place Concrete,
+    Concrete Precast Panel,
+    Open Grating,
+    Closed Grating,
+    Steel plate,
+    Corrugated Steel,
+    Aluminum and
+    Timber.
+	For logistic regression, what is the best encoding for these values? (One or multiple answers)","['assign an integer to each option', 'one-hot encoding', 'polynomial encoding', 'logistic regression does not require an encoding']",one-hot encoding,1
+2777,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,Categorical Cross-Entropy loss:,"['Minimizing the distance between the predicted point and the true point', 'Maximizing the probability of the correct class', 'Minimizing the score of false classes when they are close, or bigger than, the score of the true class', 'Maximizing the accuracy']",Maximizing the probability of the correct class,1
+2778,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"Fill the missing line of code: (one answer)\\
+ \hspace*{.5cm} \#code missing\\
+ \hspace*{.5cm} np.mean(np.random.randn(1000))\\","['import np', 'import numpy', 'import numpy as np', 'import np.mean\\\\\n\t\timport np.random']",import numpy as np,2
+2781,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,How do you split your data? (One or multiple answers),"['60\\% of the oldest bridges into training, the next 20\\% into validation and the newest 20\\% of bridges into the test set', 'randomly sample with a $60\\%:20\\%:20\\%$ split for training, validation and test set', 'use steel bridges for training and concrete bridges for the test set', 'use long bridges for training and short bridges for the test set']","randomly sample with a $60\%:20\%:20\%$ split for training, validation and test set",1
+2782,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,The training loss of logistic regression is always zero.,"['TRUE', 'FALSE']",FALSE,1
+2784,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider these two convolutional layers:
+
+    Layer A: Uses kernel of size $3 \times 3$, has $K$ output channels, and is applied to a 3-channel image of height $H$ and width $W$.
+
+    Layer B: Uses kernel of size $3 \times 3$, has $K$ output channels, and is applied to a 1-channel image of height $4H$ and width $4W$.
+
+    Let $a$ be the number of trainable parameters of layer A, and $b$ be the number of trainable parameters of layer B. Which statement is true?","['$a < b < 2a$', '$2a < b$', 'b$ < a < 2b$', '$2b < a$']",$2b < a$,3
+2786,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"What is the output of the following block of Python code? (one answer) \\
+\verb|my_string = `computational'| \\
+\verb|print(my_string[1])|\\
+\verb|print(my_string[3:5])|
+\vspace{0.25cm}","['c\\\\mpu', 'c\\\\mp', 'o\\\\put', 'o\\\\pu']",o\\pu,3
+2789,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,Polynomial features:,"['categorical values or names in the target space $y$', 'multiple name variables added to the feature space $\\mathbf{X}$ ', 'polynomial combinations of weights $\\mathbf{w}$ added into the output prediction space $\\hat{y}$', 'polynomial expressions of available variables added to the input space $\\mathbf{X}$']",polynomial expressions of available variables added to the input space $\mathbf{X}$,3
+2790,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,Hinge loss:,"['Minimizing the distance between the predicted point and the true point', 'Maximizing the probability of the correct class', 'Minimizing the score of false classes when they are close, or bigger than, the score of the true class', 'Maximizing the accuracy']","Minimizing the score of false classes when they are close, or bigger than, the score of the true class",2
+2793,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,The output of the sigmoid function is never greater than one.,"['TRUE', 'FALSE']",TRUE,0
+2794,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"You are using a 3-layer fully-connected neural net with \textbf{ReLU activations}. Your input data has components in [0, 1]. \textbf{You initialize all your weights to -10}, and set all the bias terms to 0. You start optimizing using SGD. What will likely happen?","['The gradient is 0 so nothing happens', ""The gradient is very large so the model can't converge"", 'Training is fine, but our neural net does only as well as a linear model', 'Everything is fine']",The gradient is 0 so nothing happens,0
+2795,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"You are working on a dataset with lots of outliers, and want to perform a regression task. Everything else being equal, and assuming that you do not do any pre-processing, which loss function will be less affected by these outliers?","['$\\mathcal{L}(y, \\hat{y})= (y - \\hat{y})^2$ (MSE)', '$\\mathcal{L}(y, \\hat{y})= |y - \\hat{y}|$ (MAE)']","$\mathcal{L}(y, \hat{y})= |y - \hat{y}|$ (MAE)",1
+2798,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"If x is input variables and y are output predictions, what is the most useful setup to predict optimal traffic lights control well in advance: 
+(one answer)","['  x: \\{weather, time, date, accidents, constructions, bus timetable\\}\\\\  y: \\{vehicle density, pedestrian density, bike density\\} ', '  x: \\{pedestrian density, bike density\\}\\\\  y: \\{vehicle density\\} ', '  x: \\{vehicle density, pedestrian density, bike density\\}\\\\  y: \\{bus timetable\\}  ', '  x: \\{weather, time, date, pedestrian density, bike density \\}\\\\  y: \\{vehicle density, accidents, constructions,\\}  ']","  x: \{weather, time, date, accidents, constructions, bus timetable\}\\  y: \{vehicle density, pedestrian density, bike density\} ",0
+2799,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"For logistic regression, what is the best encoding for the feature ``span'' which is the length of the bridge in meters? (One answer!!!!!!)","['round to full meters', 'find appropriate bins and use one-hot encoding', 'find appropriate bins and use polynomial encoding', 'logistic regression does not require an encoding']",find appropriate bins and use one-hot encoding,1
+2800,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,A model you trained seems to be overfitting. You decide to significantly increase the strength of the regularization. This will always improve the test error.,"['TRUE', 'FALSE']",FALSE,1
+2801,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"You are using a 3-layer fully-connected neural, and you are using \textbf{$f(x) = 2x$ as your activation function} . Your input data has components in [0, 1]. \textbf{You initialize your weights using Kaiming (He) initialization}, and set all the bias terms to 0. You start optimizing using SGD. What will likely happen?","['The gradient is 0 so nothing happens', ""The gradient is very large so the model can't converge"", 'Training is fine, but our neural net does only as well as a linear model', 'Everything is fine']","Training is fine, but our neural net does only as well as a linear model",2
+2802,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"What is a good representation for scores when classifying these three target classes: Car, Bike and Bus, in the context of logistic regression. (One or multiple answers)","['{Car: $(0,1,0)$,} {Bike: $(1,0,0)$,} {Bus: $(0,0,1)$}', '{Car: $(0,1)$,} {Bike: $(1,0)$,} {Bus: $(1,1)$}', '{Car: $1$,} {Bike: $2$,} {Bus: $3$}', '{Car: $(0,1)$,} {Bike: $(1,0)$,} {Bus: $(0.5,0.5)$}']","{Car: $(0,1,0)$,} {Bike: $(1,0,0)$,} {Bus: $(0,0,1)$}",0
+2804,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"What is an appropriate loss function for classification, where $\textbf{x}$ is an input, $y$ a target and $f(\textbf{x},W)$ the mapping function  ? (One answer)","[' $||y - f(\\textbf{x},W)||^2 $ ', ' $||y - f(\\textbf{x},W)|| $', ' $-\\log(P(y=i | \\textbf{x})) = -\\log(\\frac{e^{\\textbf{f}_i(\\textbf{x},W)}}{\\sum_j e^{\\textbf{f}_j(\\textbf{x},W)}})$ ', ' $\\min(0, |y|, |$\\textbf{x}$|, |f|)$ ']"," $-\log(P(y=i | \textbf{x})) = -\log(\frac{e^{\textbf{f}_i(\textbf{x},W)}}{\sum_j e^{\textbf{f}_j(\textbf{x},W)}})$ ",2
+2805,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,$L_1$ regularization often results in sparser solutions than $L_2$ regularization.,"['TRUE', 'FALSE']",TRUE,0
+2807,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"Alice has been working on a classification problem, and has been using the binary cross-entropy loss function, defined as: $\mathcal{L}_{\text{BCE}}(\mathbf{y}, \mathbf{\hat{y}})=- \frac{1}{N}\sum^{N}_{i=1} y^{(i)} \log(\hat{y}^{(i)}) + (1-y^{(i)}) \log(1- \hat{y}^{(i)})$.\\
+
+    Despite trying many models, she hasn't been able to reduce the training loss. Her friend Frank suggests using a new loss function he invented, which he proudly calls the ""Frank Loss"", defined as: $\mathcal{L}_{\text{Frank}}(\mathbf{y}, \mathbf{\hat{y}})= -e^{-1} + \mathcal{L}_{\text{BCE}}(\mathbf{y}, \mathbf{\hat{y}})$.
+    After switching to the Frank loss, Alice notices that the training loss is immediately lower! How will that affect the training accuracy?","['The training accuracy will increase.', 'The training accuracy will decrease.', 'The training accuracy will stay the same.', 'It is impossible to say without more information.']",The training accuracy will stay the same.,2
+2810,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,Mean Square Error loss:,"['Minimizing the distance between the predicted point and the true point', 'Maximizing the probability of the correct class', 'Minimizing the score of false classes when they are close, or bigger than, the score of the true class', 'Maximizing the accuracy']",Minimizing the distance between the predicted point and the true point,0
+2811,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"You need to debug your Stochastic Gradient Descent update for a classification of three bridge types.
+	Manually compute the model output for the feature vector $x=(1, 0, 0, 0, 0)$ and $W$ contains only zeros. The model is logistic regression, \textit{i.e.}, $\textrm{softmax}(Wx)$. 
+	Remember:
+	\begin{equation}
+	    \textrm{softmax}_i(s) = \frac{e^{s_i}}{\sum_k e^{s_k}}
+	\end{equation}
+	(One answer!!!!!!)","['$(0, 0, 0)$', '$(\\frac{1}{3}, \\frac{1}{3}, \\frac{1}{3})$', '$(0, 0, 0, 0, 0)$', '$(\\frac{1}{5}, \\frac{1}{5}, \\frac{1}{5}, \\frac{1}{5}, \\frac{1}{5})$']","$(\frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{3})$",1
+2813,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the following PyTorch code:
+
+    class ThreeLayerNet (nn.Module):
+        def __init__():
+            super().__init__()
+        
+        def forward(x):
+            x = nn.Linear(100, 10)(x)
+            x = nn.ReLU()(x)
+            x = nn.Linear(10, 200)(x)
+            x = nn.ReLU()(x)
+            x = nn.Linear(200, 1)(x)
+            return x
+
+
+    Suppose that inputs are 100-dimensional, and outputs are 1-dimensional. What will happen if we try to train this network?","['There will be an error because we are re-using the variable x throughout the forward() method.', 'There will be an error because the second layer has more neurons than the first. The number of neurons must never increase from one layer to the next.', 'The model will not train properly. The performance will be the same at the beginning of the first epoch and at the end of the last epoch.', 'Everything is fine.']",The model will not train properly. The performance will be the same at the beginning of the first epoch and at the end of the last epoch.,2
+2817,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"You are using a 3-layer fully-connected neural net with \textbf{ReLU activations}. Your input data has components in [0, 1]. \textbf{You initialize your weights by sampling from $\mathcal{N}(-10, 0.1)$ (Gaussians of mean -10 and variance 0.1)}, and set all the bias terms to 0. You start optimizing using SGD. What will likely happen?","['The gradient is 0 so nothing happens', ""The gradient is very large so the model can't converge"", 'Training is fine, but our neural net does only as well as a linear model', 'Everything is fine']",The gradient is 0 so nothing happens,0
+2818,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,Increasing the depth of a decision tree cannot increase its training error.,"['TRUE', 'FALSE']",TRUE,0
+2826,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"For logistic regression, how many score functions do you need to predict? (One or multiple answers)","['number of training samples', 'number of bridge types', 'number of test samples', 'number of features']",number of bridge types,1
+2827,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"For logistic regression, which type of activation function do you use? (One or multiple answers)","['sigmoid', 'softmax', 'tanh', 'softplus']",softmax,1
+2829,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,We saw in class that we can quickly decrease the spatial size of the representation using pooling layers. Is there another way to do this without pooling?,"['Yes, by increasing the amount of padding.', 'Yes, by increasing the stride.', 'Yes, by increasing the number of filters.', 'No, pooling is necessary.']","Yes, by increasing the stride.",1
+2830,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"The \textbf{parameters} (weights \textbf{W}) are learned with ...
+(One answer)","[' training ', '  validation ', ' test ', ' all the data together ']", training ,0
+2831,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"The \textbf{hyperparameters} are learned with ...
+(One answer)","[' training ', '  validation ', ' test ', ' all the data together ']",  validation ,1
+2832,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"We report the final performance (e.g., accuracy) on the ...
+(One answer)","[' training ', '  validation ', ' test ', ' all the data together ']", test ,2
+2833,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"Applying logarithmic scaling is useless if we use Z-Score standardization (also known as normalization) afterwards, as the standardization will undo the effects of the scaling.","['TRUE', 'FALSE']",FALSE,1
+2834,15041,Computer Science,bachelor,"When using linear regression, what can cause numerical instabilities? (One or multiple answers)","['learning rate too small', 'degeneracies in the features', 'too much training data', 'too little training data']",degeneracies in the features,1
+2835,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,In the defintion of the energy [mathjaxinline] E(t) [/mathjaxinline] (second equation) terms are summed over all pre- and post- synaptic neurons [mathjaxinline] i [/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline] j [/mathjaxinline]. We can rewrite that sum such that the contribution of neuron [mathjaxinline] k [/mathjaxinline] to the total energy [mathjaxinline] E [/mathjaxinline] appears explicitly. How does it look like after this?,"['[mathjaxinline] E(t) = \\sum_{i\\neq k}^N \\sum_{j \\neq k}^N w_{ij} S_i (t)S_j(t) [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] E(t) = -\\sum_i^N w_{ik} S_i S_k [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]  E(t) = -2S_k(t)\\sum_j^N w_{kj} S_j(t) -\\sum_{i\\neq k}^N \\sum_{j \\neq k}^N w_{ij} S_i (t)S_j(t) [/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]  E(t) = -2S_k(t)\sum_j^N w_{kj} S_j(t) -\sum_{i\neq k}^N \sum_{j \neq k}^N w_{ij} S_i (t)S_j(t) [/mathjaxinline],2
+2859,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which of the following propositions about ion assisted deposition (IAD) and ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) are correct?,"['The IAD technique cannot be used prior to deposition for substrate cleaning', 'The IBAD technique cannot be used during deposition for improving film adhesion', 'The IBAD technique can be used during deposition for improving film thickness uniformity', 'The IBAD technique generates ions in the evaporation chamber']",The IBAD technique can be used during deposition for improving film thickness uniformity,2
+2860,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In a so-called lift-off process, a gold film is deposited by PVD on a patterned resist layer. Which of the following proposition is correct?","['An e-beam evaporator should be used because the boiling point of gold is too high for a resistive-heating evaporator', 'Sputtering is better suited than thermal evaporation for an application such as lift-off', 'An evaporator with a large source-substrate distance should be used for line of sight deposition', 'Using a rotating planetary system is required in order to have good step coverage']",An evaporator with a large source-substrate distance should be used for line of sight deposition,2
+2861,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Al re-deposition during polyimide etching occurs when an Al mask is used which results with ‘grass’ generation at the bottom of the substrate. How can this problem be solved?,"['A thin Si', 'A higher mean free path of the sputtered material reaction products by a low plasma pressure', 'An erodible mask can be used on top of the Al mask', 'The wafer can be placed in an oxygen plasma chamber to remove this layer']",A higher mean free path of the sputtered material reaction products by a low plasma pressure,1
+2862,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is the oxide thickness toxin a thermal oxidation process initially proportional to the time and later proportional to the square root of time?,"['Initially, the diffusion of silicon to the SiO', 'As the process runs, more and more metal contaminants hinder oxygen availability at the substrate surface', 'The temperature at the substrate surface gets lower when the SiO', 'Initially, the diffusion of oxygen to the silicon surface is rapid, but later takes longer when the SiO']","Initially, the diffusion of oxygen to the silicon surface is rapid, but later takes longer when the SiO",3
+2863,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following is true for surface-machined microstructures?,"['The only method to investigate tensile stress is to use ring-crossbar test structures', 'While cooling down to room temperature after the release of the sacrificial layer, stress may develop due to the different thermal dilation between the film and the substrate', 'In simple beam test structures, the compressive stress is less visible than tensile stress as the test structures remain perfectly flat, until they eventually break', 'Stress can only be compressive, not tensile']","While cooling down to room temperature after the release of the sacrificial layer, stress may develop due to the different thermal dilation between the film and the substrate",1
+2864,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"1. If polyimide etching is performed using an Al mask, there might be ‘grass’ at the bottom because of Al re-deposition. How can this problem be solved?","['A thin Si', 'An erodible mask can be used instead', 'After the grass formation, the wafer can be placed in an oxygen plasma chamber to remove this layer', 'The plasma can be used at a lower pressure, resulting in a higher mean free path of the sputtered material reaction products']","The plasma can be used at a lower pressure, resulting in a higher mean free path of the sputtered material reaction products",3
+2865,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Which of the following statements about photolithography and electron-beam lithography, is/are correct?","['UV photolithography can be used to expose a full wafer through a photomask', 'Electron-beam lithography can be used to expose a full wafer through an electron-mask', 'Photolithography can be used without a photomask as a serial writing method', 'Electron-beam lithography can be used without an electron-mask as a serial beam writing method', 'Photolithography can generate smaller features than electron-beam writing', 'Electron-beam writing can generate smaller features than UV photolithography']",UV photolithography can be used to expose a full wafer through a photomask,0
+2867,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following is a correct statement for an Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching system?,"['There are two RF power sources: one for generation of the plasma and one for stabilizing the temperature inside the chamber', 'The electrical impedance of an ICP source is an inductor in series with a small resistor', 'The plasma can only be activated when the pressure is set to an extremely high value', 'A high voltage on the working electrode is needed, so that the plasma potential is kept at high values']",The electrical impedance of an ICP source is an inductor in series with a small resistor,1
+2868,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"1. Device reliability is important when fabricating microsystems for commercial use, where long lifetime is required. Unfortunately, some reliability issues cannot be directly determined once the fabrication process is finished. Which of the following failure is not a long-term failure mode, but can be rather detected already during or shortly after the fabrication of a device?","['Slow diffusion of mobile charge carriers to sensitive areas of the device', 'Delamination due to stress originating from moving parts', 'Fatigue due to repeated use of the device', 'Particle contamination']",Particle contamination,3
+2869,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. What are the limitations or drawbacks of white light interferometric measurements?,"['The lateral scanning of the surface profile makes this kind of measurement slow.', 'The sample surface needs to be sufficiently reflective.', 'Only rigid samples can be measured.', 'Steep slopes on the sample surface cannot be measured.']",The sample surface needs to be sufficiently reflective.,1
+2870,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which of the following is true for an RF plasma assuming that the top electrode is connected to the ground and the bottom electrode is connected to the RF source?,"['After a couple of RF oscillations, electrons tend to charge the top electrode', 'Due to the loss of electrons to the walls, the bulk of the plasma becomes slightly negative', 'After accumulation of electrons on the lower electrode, the remaining electrons in the plasma are pushed away and an ion sheath is formed near the electrode', 'The current passing through the ion sheath is proportional to the square of the thickness of the ion sheath']","After accumulation of electrons on the lower electrode, the remaining electrons in the plasma are pushed away and an ion sheath is formed near the electrode",2
+2871,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the advantage of sputtering over evaporation?,"['Higher film purity can be achieved with sputtering', 'With sputtering the substrate is less prone to damage', 'Sputtering eases the deposition of refractory materials such as HfC', 'Stencil lithography is better suited for use in a sputter tool']",Sputtering eases the deposition of refractory materials such as HfC,2
+2872,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which of the following techniques are part of the family of physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques?,"['Evaporation', 'Wet oxidation', 'Atomic layer deposition', 'Sputtering', 'Molecular beam epitaxy', 'Vapor phase epitaxy', 'Pulsed laser deposition']",Evaporation,0
+2873,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. What is the meaning of a self-limiting reaction?,"['A reaction which stops once the precursor is consumed', 'A reaction which stops once all reactive sites on the surface are consumed', 'A reaction which stops once the product density is too high', 'A reaction which has a limited reaction rate due to low precursor concentration']",A reaction which stops once all reactive sites on the surface are consumed,1
+2874,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) often faces the issue that the stamp adheres to the resist and cannot be detached. What measure can be taken to assist detaching the stamp from the resist after the imprint replication step?,"['Oxygen plasma of the stamp or mold', 'Silanization of the stamp or mold', 'UV curing of the resist', 'Hard bake of the resist']",Silanization of the stamp or mold,1
+2875,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which of the following is a correct statement for an Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching system?,"['The electrical impedance of an ICP source is a capacitor in series with a small resistor', 'There are two RF power sources: one for generation of the plasma and one for generating the surface voltage bias', 'A high voltage on the working electrode is needed, so that the plasma potential is kept at high values', 'The plasma can only be activated when the pressure is set to an extremely high value']",There are two RF power sources: one for generation of the plasma and one for generating the surface voltage bias,1
+2876,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"1. If the plasma ions that impinge on the target have kinetic energy in the range of 10 eV - 10 keV, then the ions will…","['…be mainly reflected and adsorbed by the target', '…eject atoms from the target as well as secondary electrons and ions', '…cause surface migration and surface damage, such as topography changes on the target', '…create deep implantation and compound formation in the target']",…eject atoms from the target as well as secondary electrons and ions,1
+2877,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following is true for a dry etching equipment?,"['A scrubber gas treatment is necessary to adjust Ar flow in the chamber', 'A load chamber is utilized to load the desired gas for the etching process', 'An electrostatic chuck can be used to clamp the wafer by electrostatic forces', 'Optical end point detection is used to monitor the stability of the fixation of the wafer on the electrostatic chuck']",An electrostatic chuck can be used to clamp the wafer by electrostatic forces,2
+2878,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the advantage of performing microfabrication processes in a cleanroom environment?,"['Precise temperature control provides maximum comfort for operators', 'Downward laminar flow of filtered air reduces the risk of dust particles contamination on the wafers', 'A governing organization takes care of the maintenance of the tools and machines which enables operators to focus on their process flow', 'Because of the downward laminar flow, cleanroom operators are automatically protected from dangerous fumes']",Downward laminar flow of filtered air reduces the risk of dust particles contamination on the wafers,1
+2880,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. What is the main advantage of a buffered HF (BHF) over a pure HF bath for the Pyrex etching process?,"['The Cr layer is not required for depositing the photoresist mask on the Pyrex substrate', 'One can completely avoid mask underetching effects', 'The etching rate is significantly enhanced, yielding a higher throughput', 'A Au layer is not required in preparing the mask']",A Au layer is not required in preparing the mask,3
+2881,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following is true for an RF plasma assuming that the top electrode is connected to the ground and the bottom electrode is connected to the RF source?,"['Due to the loss of electrons to the walls, the bulk of the plasma becomes slightly negative', 'After a couple of RF oscillations, electrons tend to charge the top electrode', 'After accumulation of electrons on the top electrode, the remaining electrons in the plasma are also pulled to the top and, after a while, an ion sheath is formed near the top electrode', 'The current passing through the ion sheath is inversely proportional to the square of the thickness of the ion sheath']",The current passing through the ion sheath is inversely proportional to the square of the thickness of the ion sheath,3
+2882,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the advantages of thermal scanning probe lithography over e-beam lithography?,"['Fast patterning over large areas.', 'Samples that can be damaged by high-energy electrons can be used.', 'Closed-loop lithography allows rapid prototyping of novel structures.', 'Thermal scanning probe lithography does not require vacuum.']",Samples that can be damaged by high-energy electrons can be used.,1
+2883,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which is a key disadvantage of CVD as a thin film deposition method?,"['Conformal material deposition across all surfaces of the substrate', 'CVD processes operate at high temperatures, which can be harmful to substrates', 'Materials for reactor construction are not readily available', 'High wafer throughput is not possible']","CVD processes operate at high temperatures, which can be harmful to substrates",1
+2884,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the practical solution to improve imaging of non-conductive samples in scanning electron microscopy?,"['Working distance adjustment', 'Conductive thin film coating connected to the ground', 'Brightness and contrast adjustment', 'Increase of the energy of primary electrons']",Conductive thin film coating connected to the ground,1
+2885,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. In EBL the electron beam can be shaped and deflected by electrostatic and electromagnetic forces. The electrostatic forces are used for:,"['Beam shaping', 'Beam blanking', 'Scanning of the beam inside the field write area', 'Electron extraction from the gun']",Beam blanking,1
+2886,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"The signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and sensitivity of capacitive accelerometers have been greatly enhanced over the past 20 years, mostly by...","['…highly doping the Si', '…using combs', '…implementing thin gaps', '…packaging them in vacuum']",…using combs,1
+2887,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following physical phenomenon and/or equations are used to calculate the spectrum for thin film thickness fitting when using a reflectometer or transmittometer?,"['Fresnel equations', 'Stoney equation', 'Interference', 'Polarization']",Fresnel equations,0
+2888,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following is true for the mask material selection of a Si in an HNA bath?,"['One has to dip the wafer first in a concentrated acetone solution which is followed by dipping in a HNO', 'For very deep etching, a Au or Si', 'Wet etching of SiO', 'Photoresists can be used as masking material, as they withstand strong oxidizing agents like HNO']","For very deep etching, a Au or Si",1
+2889,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"1. As the pressure in a CVD reactor is reduced well below 1 atmosphere, which of these statements is correct?","['Gas phase reactions become more and more important', 'The wafers can be stacked in vertical direction, so the throughput increases', 'There are more fluctuations in gas pressure, which result in less uniformly deposited films', 'Diffusional gas transport becomes less important']","The wafers can be stacked in vertical direction, so the throughput increases",1
+2890,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which of the following is true for the mask material selection for the etching of Si in an HNA bath?,"['One has to dip the wafer first in a pure HF bath, after which one dips it in a HNO', 'For very deep etching, a Au or Si', 'Photoresists can be used as masking material, as they tolerate strong oxidizing agents like HNO', 'Wet etching of SiO']","For very deep etching, a Au or Si",1
+2893,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. So-called shadowing effects are causing problems when aiming for smooth and uniform film thickness on a substrate. How do modern thin film deposition tools based on thermal or e-beam evaporation avoid issue related to shadowing?,"['The gas pressure inside the evaporation chamber', 'The amount of heat supplied to the evaporant', 'The mean free path of the atoms in the chamber', 'The distance between the source and the substrate']",The amount of heat supplied to the evaporant,1
+2894,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the purpose of the SiO2layer in the thermo-mechanical micro-actuator?,"['To create an electrically insulating layer below the chromium tracks', 'To give distinct colors to wafers with different thicknesses', 'To form the structural material of the thermo-mechanical micro-actuator', 'To oxidize the surface of the silicon wafer']",To create an electrically insulating layer below the chromium tracks,0
+2895,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Sometimes, in Cl plasma etching, a corrosion phenomenon is observed in Al etching under the form of chlorine-containing residues remaining on the film sidewalls. Which of the following is a correct approach to avoid this problem?","['Immersing the wafer in a PGMEA developer', 'Gently blowing the wafer surface with nitrogen gun to create AlN gas', 'Dipping before etching the wafer in diluted acetone solution', 'Exposing the etched structure to a fluorine plasma immediately after the Cl plasma']",Exposing the etched structure to a fluorine plasma immediately after the Cl plasma,3
+2896,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is the thermo-mechanical micro-actuator bending after the KOH release before actually applying any current for joule heating? Because of…,"['…the electrical current going through the chromium track', '…the capillary forces created by the liquid KOH during the release step', '…the difference in residual stress between the chromium and SiO', '…the repulsive electrostatic force between the cantilever and the silicon substrate']",…the difference in residual stress between the chromium and SiO,2
+2897,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Which of the following is true for the current-voltage characteristic of a n-doped Si wafer that is put into a diluted HF solution, whereby one electrode is attached to the n-doped Si and the other electrode is placed in the diluted HF solution?","['A negative voltage applied to the wafer transfers electrons to the interface and hence Si etching occurs', 'At large positive voltage values, electrical breakdown of the semiconductor occurs', 'A positive voltage applied to the wafer causes the accumulation of electrons in the liquid at the wafer-HF bath interface', 'Because of electro-polishing during negative voltage values, n-doped Si looks dark']","At large positive voltage values, electrical breakdown of the semiconductor occurs",1
+2898,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. What is the main advantage of Ion Beam Etching (IBE) to a plasma-based etching process?,"['The power consumption is extremely low', 'The pulsed deep dry etching process of Si (Bosch process) is only possible by using IBE', 'The angle of incidence of the ion beam onto the sample can be varied and etching profiles with different angles with respect to the surface can be fabricated', 'High-aspect ratio structures can only be fabricated by IBE']",The angle of incidence of the ion beam onto the sample can be varied and etching profiles with different angles with respect to the surface can be fabricated,2
+2900,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which parameter determines the maximum evaporation rate in a PVD system based on thermal evaporation ?,"['The condensation rate of the evaporant', 'The equilibrium vapor pressure of the evaporant', 'The boiling point of the evaporant', 'The mean free path in the evaporation chamber']",The equilibrium vapor pressure of the evaporant,1
+2901,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In a CF4plasma to which hydrogen gas is added due to which the side walls of an etched hole can be protected from etching by deposition of a fluorocarbon polymeric layer, how can the selectivity of dry etching be decreased?","['By increasing the H', 'By decreasing the monomer concentration', 'By increasing the pressure', 'By decreasing the temperature']",By decreasing the monomer concentration,1
+2903,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Resolution in EBL is limited by forward scattering of the electrons in the resist. Which of the following measures favor higher resolution?,"['Apply higher electron-beam accelerating voltage', 'Apply lower electron-beam accelerating voltage', 'Use a thicker resist layer', 'Use a thinner resist layer']",Apply higher electron-beam accelerating voltage,0
+2904,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which of the following statements about MEMS capacitive comb drive accelerometer are correct?,"['Combs provide larger capacitive readout', 'The key parameter for the sensitivity of capacitive accelerometer is combs gap (g), which should be minimized as much as possible', 'Accelerometer needs hermetic encapsulation']",Combs provide larger capacitive readout,0
+2905,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which are the assumptions made to obtain the simplified mass transfer equation?,"['No advection and also no gas density variation in the horizontal direction', 'No advection and also no gas density variation in the vertical direction', 'Nonzero advection and also no gas density variation in the horizontal direction', 'Nonzero advection and also no gas density variation in the vertical direction']",No advection and also no gas density variation in the horizontal direction,0
+2906,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the purpose of the chromium layer in the thermo-mechanical micro-actuator?,"['To give a metallic appearance to the wafer', 'To be electrically conductive', 'To have a different thermal expansion coefficient compared to SiO', 'To ensure a good adhesion of the photoresist']",To be electrically conductive,1
+2907,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"1. The etch stop by B implantation in Si, using B concentrations above 1020atoms/cm3, is a technique used to create thin membranes from Si wafers. What is a disadvantage of this process?","['The SiO', 'Very high B concentrations are not compatible with standard CMOS devices and they may compromise the crystal quality', 'The silicon crystal orientation has a high influence on the implantation profile and hence it creates its proper B distribution', 'The technique requires the application of a positive potential to the wafer that produces holes at the Si/solution interface']",Very high B concentrations are not compatible with standard CMOS devices and they may compromise the crystal quality,1
+2908,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The variation of which parameter is key when a deposition of polycrystalline silicon instead of amorphous silicon is targeted?,"['Chamber pressure', 'Precursor gases', 'Reactor temperature', 'Substrate material']",Reactor temperature,2
+2909,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"1. Both CVD and PVD are deposition techniques, which may induce extrinsic and intrinsic stress inside or at the interface of the deposited thin films. What kind of stress do you expect in a SiO2film deposited on a silicon wafer by CVD? Hint: CTE of SiO2is smaller than that of Si.","['No stress because CVD deposition is conformal', 'Compressive extrinsic stress', 'Tensile intrinsic stress', 'Tensile extrinsic stress']",Compressive extrinsic stress,1
+2910,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Capacitive microphones contain two membranes for acoustic transduction. Which of the following statements are correct?,"['Both membranes are movable', 'Both membranes have holes', 'Both membranes need to be metallic']",Both membranes have holes,1
+2911,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which one is a useful step for fabricating a thin Si membrane by wet etching starting from a monolithic Si substrate?,"['Dipping before etching the wafer in a concentrated isopropyl alcohol solution', 'Immersing the Si wafer in a KOH anisotropic bath and implanting B atoms to control the etching depth', 'Placing the Si wafer in a concentrated Piranha solution', 'Instead of taking pure Si, take a wafer which is completely doped with Boron at a concentration above 10']",Immersing the Si wafer in a KOH anisotropic bath and implanting B atoms to control the etching depth,1
+2912,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following must be performed to convert an isotropic CF4etching process to a purely anisotropic etching process?,"['Increasing the monomer concentration', 'Adding 10% H', 'Increasing the process temperature', 'Adding 10% O']",Adding 10% H,1
+2913,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Choose the correct order of PVD techniques that have the following characteristics:I. This technique is suitable for the deposition of insulating materialII. With this technique, the plasma extends to the entire chamberIII. High purity films can be obtained using this techniqueIV. With this technique the target wear is uniform","['I. RF sputtering – II. DC sputtering – III. RF magnetron sputtering – IV. DC magnetron sputtering', 'I. DC magnetron sputtering – II. DC sputtering – III. Resistive heating evaporation – IV. RF sputtering', 'I. E-beam evaporation – II. DC magnetron sputtering – III. DC sputtering – IV. DC sputtering', 'I. RF magnetron sputtering – II. RF sputtering – III. E-beam evaporation – IV. DC sputtering']",I. RF magnetron sputtering – II. RF sputtering – III. E-beam evaporation – IV. DC sputtering,3
+2914,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following is true for a cryogenic deep dry Si etching process?,"['There is no grass generation observed even with too much oxygen', 'The chuck temperature does not have a significant influence on the etching profile', 'The loading effect is eliminated for this process', 'Etching and passivation steps are done simultaneously']",Etching and passivation steps are done simultaneously,3
+2915,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"We know by now that sputtering has better step coverage than evaporation. Related to this fact, which of the following explanations are correct?","['The pressure in the sputtering chamber is higher than in the evaporation chamber during the deposition', 'The deposition rate of sputtering is higher, which implies a better step coverage', 'The incidence angle of sputtered atoms is random', 'Co-sputtering from multiple targets enables good step coverage']",The pressure in the sputtering chamber is higher than in the evaporation chamber during the deposition,0
+2916,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Why is the oxide thickness toxin  a thermal oxidation process proportional to the square root of time?,"['Less oxygen is available at the substrate surface due to metal contaminants', 'The temperature at the substrate surface gets lower when the SiO', 'Diffusion of silicon to the SiO', 'Diffusion of oxygen to the silicon surface takes longer when the SiO']",Diffusion of oxygen to the silicon surface takes longer when the SiO,3
+2917,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"After the deposition of a gold thin film onto a glass wafer by using an e-beam evaporator, the subsequent tape pull-test is not successful (i.e. the gold delaminates). What could you do to overcome this problem and improve the adhesion of the gold layer?","['Deposit a Cr adhesion layer before the gold film deposition', 'Add a Pt adhesion layer before the gold evaporation', 'Use a planetary substrate holder', 'Use a sputter tool instead of a thermal evaporator to deposit the gold film']",Deposit a Cr adhesion layer before the gold film deposition,0
+2918,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can be correctly said about the laminar regime of the boundary layer?,"['Inertial forces are much larger than viscous forces', 'The gas flow is more likely to be laminar in a smaller reactor', 'The mean free path of gas molecules is shorter than in the turbulent regime', 'Inertial forces become progressively more important than viscous forces when the flow advances along the substrate']",The gas flow is more likely to be laminar in a smaller reactor,1
+2919,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. What can be correctly said about the turbulent regime of the boundary layer?,"['Viscous forces are much larger than inertial forces', 'The gas flow is more likely to be turbulent in a larger reactor', 'The mean free path of gas molecules is longer than in the laminar regime', 'Viscous forces become progressively more important than inertial forces when the flow advances along the substrate']",The gas flow is more likely to be turbulent in a larger reactor,1
+2920,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Why does scanning electron microscopy exhibit a higher spatial resolution than optical microscopy?,"['Larger wavelength of electrons compared to photons', 'Smaller wavelength of electrons compared to photons', 'Electron is travelling in vacuum', 'Lower energy of electrons compared to photons']",Smaller wavelength of electrons compared to photons,1
+2921,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which of the following list is the most important feature of a ‘total cleanroom’?,"['Precise temperature control', 'Downward laminar flow of filtered air to ensure that the wafers are only exposed to clean air', 'Regulated, fixed humidity', 'A smog-free environment guaranteed']",Downward laminar flow of filtered air to ensure that the wafers are only exposed to clean air,1
+2922,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Out of the following statements which are true and which are false?The shapes exposed through a mask will be better than those exposed via direct laser writing. Indeed, shape corrections can be applied when fabricating the mask.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+2923,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"As the pressure in a CVD reactor is reduced well below 1 atmosphere, which of these statements is correct?","['Diffusional gas transport becomes more important', 'Gas phase reactions become less and less important', 'There are more fluctuations in gas pressure, which result in more uniformly deposited films', 'High wafer throughput is not possible']",Diffusional gas transport becomes more important,0
+2924,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In UV-lithography we typically use a photomask, which is made of a transparent glass plate coated with a structured chromium film. What is the process flow to fabricate such a mask, assuming that the chromium and resist layer are already added on the glass plate?","['Development, laser writing, etching, resist stripping, dehydration', 'Laser writing, development, etching, resist stripping, dehydration', 'Development, etching, resist stripping, laser writing, dehydration']","Laser writing, development, etching, resist stripping, dehydration",1
+2925,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements are true when comparing an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a mechanical surface profilometer?,"['AFM allows to achieve higher lateral resolution due to the tip apex, which is extremely sharp in comparison to the tip of a mechanical surface profilometer.', 'Both techniques require scanning a mechanical probe over the surface to be measured.', 'Both AFM and mechanical surface profilometer are affected by the convolution between the tip shape and surface features.', 'AFM allows scanning of surfaces that have structures in the z-range from 1 nm to 1 mm in contrast to a mechanical surface profilometer which may be used in the z-range from a few Angstroms to a few hundreds of nanometers.']","AFM allows to achieve higher lateral resolution due to the tip apex, which is extremely sharp in comparison to the tip of a mechanical surface profilometer.",0
+2926,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1.After depositing a thin film you realize that no film was formed on the substrate because the deposited atoms desorbed from the substrate surface. What could you do to overcome this problem? Think generic.,"['Increase the substrate temperature', 'Increase the sputtering rate', 'Use evaporation instead of sputtering', 'Use magnetron sputtering']",Increase the sputtering rate,1
+2927,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which one is an adequate bath for anisotropic Si wet etching?,"['A 50% diluted HF bath', 'An alkaline organic bath like EDP', 'A KOH bath with over 95% of KOH concentration in water', 'A high concentration H']",An alkaline organic bath like EDP,1
+2928,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Consider the thermo-mechanical micro-actuator case study: what is the critical step to ensure the chromium tracks are well aligned with the SiO2cantilevers?,"['The chromium deposition', 'The first photolithography', 'The second photolithography', 'The SiO']",The second photolithography,2
+2929,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,In which case is direct laser writing a better-suited lithographic method than mask-based photolithography?,"['The design has been optimized and will now be replicated many times.', 'Test exposure of different shapes are required for the target pattern.', 'The structures need to be fabricated only once or twice.', 'A resolution of 5 microns is required, but the wafer should not be damaged by touching the wafer.']",Test exposure of different shapes are required for the target pattern.,1
+2930,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements are true considering the properties of electron guns?,"['The purpose of a suppressor in an electron gun is to limit the emission of electrons to the tip apex region.', 'The tip of Schottky field emitters are coated with ZrO', 'The more anodes in an electron gun, the better the resolution.']",The purpose of a suppressor in an electron gun is to limit the emission of electrons to the tip apex region.,0
+2931,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Device reliability is important when fabricating devices for commercial use, where long lifetime is required. However, reliability issues cannot always be determined immediately after fabrication. Which of the following failure modes that are originating from the fabrication can be detected during or shortly after the fabrication of a device?","['Corrosion due to environmental humidity', 'Strain-induced stress causing failure by temperature variations', 'Particle contamination', 'Fatigue due to cyclic loading of a device']",Particle contamination,2
+2932,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which of the following statements regarding inspection and metrology are true?,"['The inspection and metrology should be minimized because they are time consuming and costly.', 'The inspection and metrology are conducted in order to evaluate the processes’ performance and to make sure that they are properly conducted.', 'The inspection and metrology can only be done at the end of the process flow to check the MEMS’ performance.', 'Some inspection and metrology methods are invasive, therefore possible effects on the device under study must be taken into consideration.']",The inspection and metrology are conducted in order to evaluate the processes’ performance and to make sure that they are properly conducted.,1
+2933,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,1. Which of the following must be performed to convert an isotropic CF4etching process to a purely anisotropic etching process?,"['Adding O', 'Increasing the bias voltage', 'Adding 10% H', 'Increasing the chamber pressure']",Adding 10% H,2
+2934,15047,Life Sciences Engineering,online,You investigate MEMS devices by means of the following 7 metrology methods. Which of them have a low risk of damaging the specimen surface?,"['Non-contact mode atomic force microscopy', 'Focused ion beam imaging', 'Optical microscopy in BF / DF / DIC mode', 'Mechanical surface profilometry on soft material', 'Scanning electron microscopy on soft material', 'Spectroscopic ellipsometry', 'White light interferometric surface profilometry']",Non-contact mode atomic force microscopy,0
+2936,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Dissociated nuclei provide a less biased sampling of cell types from human brain. Why?,"['Nuclei provide the same information as whole-cell mRNA data', 'Nuclei contain a diverse set of gene transcripts that can be used to discriminate between cell types', 'There are transcripts in the nucleus which are not shuttled out to the cytoplasm', 'Nuclei are easier to dissociate']",Nuclei contain a diverse set of gene transcripts that can be used to discriminate between cell types,1
+2937,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What generates the specific electrical behavior of a neuron?,"['The different cytoplasmic enzymes regulating calcium concentration', 'The different ion channels expressed at its surface', 'The number of synapses on its soma', 'The type of neurotransmitter it produces']",The different ion channels expressed at its surface,1
+2938,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the three main imaging problems?,"['Non-specific staining, background noise, image registration', 'Stitching, registration and alignment', 'Misalignment, synapse identification, data quantification', 'File size, computer power, data storage']","Stitching, registration and alignment",1
+2941,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What caused the stereotypical explode-recover-dynamics of the microcircuit?,"['The number of synapses per connection', 'The number of basket cells', 'The underestimated maximal conductance of the synapses', 'The synaptic sensitivity to extracellular calcium concentrations']",The synaptic sensitivity to extracellular calcium concentrations,3
+2942,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What anatomical evidence is there of distinct functional pathways in the mouse visual cortex?,"['The retinotopy of the higher visual areas', 'The very similar structural organization of the mouse visual cortex and the primate visual cortex', 'The connectivity between areas in the visual cortex', 'There is no anatomical evidence']",The connectivity between areas in the visual cortex,2
+2943,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What characteristic of myelinated fibers is an advantage in two-photon microscopy?,"['They can be detected without labeling due to a high autofluorescence', 'They can be detected without labeling because they enhance the back-scattering signal', 'They naturally express a detectable red fluorescent protein', 'None of the above']",They can be detected without labeling because they enhance the back-scattering signal,1
+2944,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"What type of structure, or components, are linked to function in functional integration?","['Brain areas defined by their cyto-architecture', 'Brain areas defined by their connectivity patterns', 'Macroscopic brain networks derived from functional data', 'Microscopic brain networks derived from anatomical data']",Macroscopic brain networks derived from functional data,2
+2946,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assumptions concerning synapses are true?,"['Not all synapses have the same strength', 'Synapses can be depressing or facilitating', 'The behavior of a synapse depends on the neurons connected through it', 'Synapses all function with the same speed']",Not all synapses have the same strength,0
+2947,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which morphological feature was shown to be significantly different between human and rodent neurons?,"['Cell body size', 'Number of cortical layers', 'Dendritic length and segmentation', 'None of the above']",Dendritic length and segmentation,2
+2948,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What approach is commonly used to study cell morphology?,"['Single-cell recordings', 'Biocytin labelling and cellular structure reconstruction', 'Localization of neuronal subtypes', 'Fluorescent labelling']",Biocytin labelling and cellular structure reconstruction,1
+2950,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assertions concerning the murine visual cortex are true?,"['The retinotopic organisation extends into areas neighbouring the visual cortex', 'The retinotopic organisation does not fill all the known visual cortex', 'The borders of functional areas match those of anatomical visual areas exactly', 'The borders of functional visual areas do not match those of anatomical visual areas']",The retinotopic organisation extends into areas neighbouring the visual cortex,0
+2952,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the idea behind functional segregation into distinct cortical areas?,"['The existence of specific cytoarchitectures corresponding to specific patches in the brain', 'The existence of specific receptor architectures specific for specific brain areas', 'The fact that different areas of the brain are activated by distinct types of stimulus', 'The existence of a unique set of input and output connections for each cortical area']",The existence of a unique set of input and output connections for each cortical area,3
+2953,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What did the standardized study of synaptic dynamics lead to?,"['A parameterized model of short-term plasticity', 'An algorithm to detect synapses in microscopy images', 'The synapse density in each cortical layer', 'The discovery that a single neuron can form synapses with very different short-term dynamics']",A parameterized model of short-term plasticity,0
+2957,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What makes diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) different from both resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) and meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM)?,"['dMRI focuses on white matter, whereas RSFC and MACM focus on grey matter', 'dMRI focuses on the resting brain, whereas RSFC and MACM are task-dependent', 'dMRI is a structural approach, whereas RSFC and MACM are functional approaches', 'None of the above']","dMRI focuses on white matter, whereas RSFC and MACM focus on grey matter",0
+2958,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What could you use in situ hybridisation of Snap25 for?,"['Neuronal density counting', 'Cell type classification', 'Localization of cholinergic neurons', 'None of the above']",Neuronal density counting,0
+2960,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the anterior and posterior temporoparietal junction is more linked to sensory input processing?,"['They are both strongly linked to sensory input processing', 'None of them seems to play any direct role in sensory input processing', 'The anterior part of the temporoparietal junction', 'The posterior part of the temporoparietal junction']",The anterior part of the temporoparietal junction,2
+2961,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the advantage of applying the same cell profiling technique across brain areas and species?,"['Enables the identification of highly conserved cell types across brain areas and/or species', 'Provides information on cell type diversity throughout brain areas of a single species and between species', 'Allows for tighter control of variables', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2962,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the building blocks needed to recreate a neuron’s electrical behavior?,"['Its connectivity pattern and layer location', 'Its morphology and connectivity pattern', 'Its morphology and ion channel type density', 'Its ion channel type density and layer location']",Its morphology and ion channel type density,2
+2963,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Dopa-decarboxylase is expressed in:,"['VTA', 'SNr', 'Substantia Nigra compacta part', 'Dorsal Raphe Nucleus', 'DTN']",VTA,0
+2964,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,All gene expression atlases contain an image viewer. Which of the following information can not be visualized with the viewers of mouse gene expression atlases?,"['The metadata', 'The original image of each single section', 'A synced view of the corresponding reference atlas', 'None of the above']",None of the above,3
+2965,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements are principles used to estimate connectivity between neurons?,"['The number of synapses per connection is close to a number characteristic for a connection type', 'An apposition between neurons is required for a connection', 'There are no connections with less than two or more than fifteen synapses', 'The number of synapses is constrained by the space available on the axon']",The number of synapses per connection is close to a number characteristic for a connection type,0
+2966,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the impact of including intronic sequence counts in RNA-seq analysis?,"['It interferes with the identification of genes', 'It increases the number of junk sequences detected', 'It reduces the number of reliably detected genes in whole cell preps', 'It increases the number of genes detected in the nuclei']",It increases the number of genes detected in the nuclei,3
+2967,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about membrane capacitance are false?,"['A membrane capacitance of 0.5 μF/cm2 is a physical constant of most living cells', 'The membrane capacitance is formed by the phospholipids bilayers of the cell membrane', 'Mammalian neurons have a membrane capacitance that is half that of most other cells', 'Mouse and human neurons have a different membrane capacitance']",A membrane capacitance of 0.5 μF/cm2 is a physical constant of most living cells,0
+2972,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What technical difficulty arises when attempting to place the functional connectivity in the context of structural connectivity?,"['The anatomical structure of the brain spans several orders of magnitude', 'Structural connectivity can only be studied in fixed tissue', 'There is no specific technical difficulty', 'Functional connectivity cannot be studied with optical methods']",The anatomical structure of the brain spans several orders of magnitude,0
+2973,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is needed in order to validate the behavior of a computationally reconstructed neocortical microcircuit?,"['A larger microcircuit reconstructing a whole brain area', 'Simulations of the data used to reconstruct it', 'Independent biological datasets on the behavior of such a microcircuit to compare the model’s predictions to', 'More data on synaptic physiology to reduce the generalization steps and obtain a more accurate model']",Independent biological datasets on the behavior of such a microcircuit to compare the model’s predictions to,2
+2975,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the cell type specific connectivity problem about?,"['The link between cell morphology and electrophysiology', 'How each neuronal cell type in the brain is connected to every other type through synapses', 'How the type of synapse forming a connection influences the electric type of the postsynaptic neuron', 'How the type of synapse forming a connection influences the electric type of the presynaptic neuron']",How each neuronal cell type in the brain is connected to every other type through synapses,1
+2976,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What kind of algorithms are typically used to find notions of coherent macroscopical networks in the brain?,"['Clustering algorithms', 'Sorting algorithms', 'Genetic algorithms', 'Matrix decomposition algorithms']",Matrix decomposition algorithms,3
+2977,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What heuristics can be used to approximate a reasonable number of clusters in a dataset?,"['The consistency of brain segregation solutions across solutions for different cluster numbers', 'The inter-cluster distance compared to the intra-cluster distance', 'The mutual information between clusters', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+2978,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What characterizes VENs?,"['Have only been identified in large-brain social mammals', 'Sit in very specific regions of layer 5 of the cortex', 'Are 3-4x the volume of surrounding pyramidal cells', 'Signature genetic markers include FEZF2, CTIP2 and GABRQ', 'All of the above']",All of the above,4
+2979,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What further experimental studies need to be done to improve the accuracy of the model?,"['Patch-clamp studies in slices of monkey V1', 'Fluorescent labelling of inhibitory cells', 'Patch-clamp studies of fluorescently marked inhibitory cells', 'Patch-clamp studies of fluorescently marked excitatory cells']",Patch-clamp studies of fluorescently marked inhibitory cells,2
+2981,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How many connectivity maps do you compute when analyzing a specific brain region?,"['One, corresponding to your region of interest', 'As many as the number of voxels contained in your region of interest', 'As many as there are areas connected to your region of interest', 'as many as there are axons starting in your region of interest']",As many as the number of voxels contained in your region of interest,1
+2983,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can only be detected using real-time measurements of action potentials as opposed to averaged measurements?,"['Synchronous activity', 'Excitatory activity', 'Inhibitory activity', 'Spontaneous activity']",Spontaneous activity,3
+2984,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What mRNAs are detected exclusively in the cytoplasm?,"['Mitochondrial-encoded mRNAs', 'Calcium channel subunits mRNAs', 'RNA splicing mRNAs', 'non coding RNA']",Mitochondrial-encoded mRNAs,0
+2985,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The four areas forming the field sign positive ribbon around V1…,"['each have a visual field coverage similar to that of V1', 'have a visual field coverage complementing that of V1 when put together', 'have a visual field coverage similar to that of V1 when put together', 'all have the same visual field coverage that does not overlap with that of V1']",have a visual field coverage similar to that of V1 when put together,2
+2986,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What important property of the neuron model is present with conductance inputs and absent when using current inputs?,"['Increasing the input frequency increases the output frequency up to a maximum, then decreases it', 'The output frequency saturates at a low input frequency', 'The output frequency is always positively correlated to the input frequency', 'None of the above']","Increasing the input frequency increases the output frequency up to a maximum, then decreases it",0
+2987,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,For which of these characteristic was the reconstruction based on data from another level?,"['The electrical profiles', 'The morphological types', 'The cell densities', 'None of the above']",None of the above,3
+2988,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assertions concerning the idea that the cortex contains a series of maps are true?,"['It was discovered fairly recently in the early twenty-first century', 'It was popularised in the early to mid-twentieth century', 'The first maps were of the visual and auditory cortex', 'The first maps were of the motor and somatosensory functions']",It was popularised in the early to mid-twentieth century,1
+2991,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What information does in situ hybridization give about gene expression?,"['The quantity of per cell gene expression', 'Co-expression of thousands of genes', 'The localization of gene expression', 'All of the above']",The localization of gene expression,2
+2993,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the advantages of using mice to study the visual system as opposed to primates and cats?,"['Genetic tools allowing the identification of different cell types are available', 'Being nocturnal animals, they have a more developed visual cortex', 'Genetic tools allowing the manipulation of different cell types are available', 'Mice are easy to breed']",Genetic tools allowing the identification of different cell types are available,0
+2994,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the short-term goal of using data mining to find parameter values in the literature?,"['Develop a fully automated process to discover and annotate parameters', 'Automatically annotate specified parameters', 'Help provide a context for parameter values used in modeling', 'Accelerate the review of the literature by suggesting potential parameters']",Accelerate the review of the literature by suggesting potential parameters,3
+2996,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which characteristics can be used to classify neuronal cells?,"['Gene expression', 'Cell cycle state', 'Electrical behavior', 'Morphological features']",Gene expression,0
+2997,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Hierarchical clustering…,"['Can be performed top-down or bottom-up', 'Is intrinsically an agglomerative clustering method', 'Is based on randomly assigned cluster centers', 'Computes clusters that contain the solutions for 1, 2, …, n partitions']",Can be performed top-down or bottom-up,0
+3000,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following characteristics apply to cleared brain tissue?,"['It can be stained by immunohistochemistry', 'It allows the analysis of action potential propagation', 'It can be analysed by electron microscopy', 'The fluorescence is preserved for up to six weeks']",It can be stained by immunohistochemistry,0
+3004,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assumptions concerning forward and reverse inference are true?,"['Forward inference assumes the existence of a cognitive process and asks what the probability is that a brain region is involved in that process', 'Reverse inference assumes the existence of a cognitive process and asks what the probability is that a brain region is involved in that process', 'Forward inference assumes the existence of a brain region and asks what the probability is that this brain region is involved in a specific cognitive process', 'Reverse inference departs from observed functional activity ina brain region and asks what the probability is that this brain region is involved in a specific cognitive process']",Forward inference assumes the existence of a cognitive process and asks what the probability is that a brain region is involved in that process,0
+3006,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the advantage of crossing reporter mice to Emx1-IRES-cre mice for fluorescent imaging?,"['The 5th layer is highlighted by specific expression of the reporter', 'The reporter is expressed only by bipolar cells', 'The reporter is expressed throughout the cortical layers', 'The visual cortex is highlighted by specific expression of the reporter']",The reporter is expressed throughout the cortical layers,2
+3010,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What makes dMRI different from both RSFC and MACM?,"['dMRI focuses on white matter, whereas RSFC and MACM focus on grey matter', 'dMRI is a structural approach, whereas RSFC and MACM are functional approaches', 'dMRI focuses on the resting brain, whereas RSFC and MACM are task-dependent', 'dMRI focuses on grey matter, whereas RSFC and MACM focus on white matter']","dMRI focuses on white matter, whereas RSFC and MACM focus on grey matter",0
+3012,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Human neurons have a much faster time constant of recovery than rodent neurons. This has an impact on…,"['The synaptic resolution', 'The amount of information transferred between neurons', 'The rate at which information can be transferred', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+3014,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Studies in the mouse can map a receptive field to only about 50% of the cells, in contrast to cat and primate studies. What does this fact point to?","['The murine visual system widely differs from that of primates and cats', 'The tools used with mice are not as efficient in identifying receptive fields as those used with cats and primates', 'The tools used with mice allow the visualization and study of each single cell, whereas those used with primates and cats largely ignore inactive cells', 'The stimuli used in the murine studies do not allow for the identification of all types of receptive fields']","The tools used with mice allow the visualization and study of each single cell, whereas those used with primates and cats largely ignore inactive cells",2
+3015,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assertions concerning the primary visual cortex is true?,"['Some cells are direction selective', 'Cells are tuned for orientated bars', 'A map of orientation preference can be observed across the visual cortex', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+3016,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the channelome project?,"['The systematic study of ion channels cloned in appropriate cell lines using standardized experiments', 'The systematic mapping of ion channels to cell types', 'The classification of all genes encoding ion channels in the mammalian genome', 'The study of links between diseases and mutations in ion channel genes']",The systematic study of ion channels cloned in appropriate cell lines using standardized experiments,0
+3019,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The amount of information obtained by whole brain imaging for the human brain is similar to…,"['The complete works of William Shakespear', 'The printed collection of the Library of congress', 'All US academic research libraries', 'All world-wide academic research libraries']",All US academic research libraries,2
+3025,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assumptions concerning spike triplets are true?,"['The order and frequency of spike triplets are well preserved according to biological data', 'The model can reproduce the biological pattern of spike triplets', 'The model predicts that spike triplets are not influenced by the calcium concentration', 'Although predicted by the model, spike triplets could hitherto not be observed experimentally']",The order and frequency of spike triplets are well preserved according to biological data,0
+3026,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,In the primary visual cortex…,"['Most cells will respond only to orientations within a narrow bandwidth', 'Most cells are not tuned to a specific orientation and will respond only to all orientations', 'A cell will either be tuned to a specific orientation or respond equally to all orientations', 'Most cells are weakly tuned to a rather broad orientation bandwidth']",Most cells are weakly tuned to a rather broad orientation bandwidth,3
+3027,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How is the parameter Nrel in the current equation determined?,"['It is directly determined by counting the number of release sites for each connection type', 'It is a combination of the counted number of released sites and a constant release probability', 'It is computed based on a model that estimates the release probability based on the number of release site and the facilitating or depressing nature of the synapse', 'Nrel is the probability of release of a vesicle and was measured experimentally for each connection type']",It is computed based on a model that estimates the release probability based on the number of release site and the facilitating or depressing nature of the synapse,2
+3029,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,You can use this template as a guide to the simple editor markdown and OLX markup to use for multiple,"['It can be used to visually estimate the number of clusters present in the data', 'For n voxels of interest, solutions for 1, 2,… n clusters will be computed in the process', 'It is not a semi-quantitative method', 'It takes the voxel location in the brain into consideration']",It can be used to visually estimate the number of clusters present in the data,0
+3031,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is an important characteristic of the dataset used for the first reconstruction?,"['It was generated in live animals', 'It was well standardized', 'It was extracted from the literature', 'It covered the whole rat brain']",It was well standardized,1
+3032,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How do the results of a supercomputer algorithm detecting axo-dendritic appositions with a distance smaller than 3 μm compare to experimental results on the connection probability?,"['The results are very close', 'The algorithm detects fewer synapses than the number observed experimentally, resulting is a too low connection probability', 'The algorithm detects more synapses than the number observed experimentally, resulting is a too high connection probability', 'The connection probability is too high with a distance of 3 μm, but accurate with a larger distance']","The algorithm detects more synapses than the number observed experimentally, resulting is a too high connection probability",2
+3033,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does random access microscopy allow detecting that cannot be measured using standard two-photon microscopy?,"['Slow processes such as changes in calcium concentrations', 'Fast processes such as action potentials', 'Molecular processes such as vesicle release', 'Exogenous dyes emitting in the infrared spectrum']",Fast processes such as action potentials,1
+3133,15016,Physics,online,Spatial localization in MRI primarily relies on...,"['Distance to the receiving coil', 'Distance from the transmission coil', 'Varying magnetic field across the patient', 'Varying amplitude of RF pulse']",Varying magnetic field across the patient,2
+3135,15016,Physics,online,How to distinguish different frequencies in a signal?,"['Using the known \\(T_1\\) value', 'With Fourier series', 'With Fourier transform', 'With Radon transform']",With Fourier transform,2
+3137,15033,Physics,online,"The unsymmetrical two-site exchange A - B has an equilibrium constant K = 0.01. Under slow exchange conditions, the linewidth of a nucleus in species A is 1.0 Hz. What is the linewidth of the corresponding nucleus in species B?","['1 Hz', '10 Hz', '100 Hz', '1000 Hz']",100 Hz,2
+3139,15033,Physics,online,How many distinct chemical shifts would you expect to find in the 13C spectrum of pentane?,"['1', '2', '3', '4']",3,2
+3143,15016,Physics,online,The diffusion weighting in diffusion-weighted images is created by means of...,"['Two balanced gradients spaced in time', 'Triphasic flow compensation gradients', 'An inversion pulse', 'Two inversion pulses']",Two balanced gradients spaced in time,0
+3144,15013,Physics,online,"In SPECT, why is beam collimation employed?","['To improve contrast resolution.', 'To have better spatial resolution.', 'Because otherwise the formation of image would be impossible.', 'To limit patient exposure.']",Because otherwise the formation of image would be impossible.,2
+3146,15013,Physics,online,What is the principle advantage of CT imaging over other X-ray imaging?,"['Faster throughput', 'Improved spatial resolution', 'Decreased patient dose', 'Improved contrast resolution']",Improved contrast resolution,3
+3147,15033,Physics,online,What are the most common nuclei used in NMR?,"['1H', '3H', '98Tc', '12C', '13C']",1H,0
+3148,15013,Physics,online,One method to improve the SNR after data acquisition is to apply a __________ to the image.,"['high pass filter', 'band-pass filter', 'low pass filter']",low pass filter,2
+3149,15013,Physics,online,What is the optimal measurement time \(t_{m}\) if a signal \(S\) is given in function of time and the tissue property \(k\)?,"['\\(t_{m} = \\frac{2}{k}\\)', '\\(t_{m} = \\frac{1}{k}\\)', '\\(t_{m} = \\frac{1}{2k}\\)']",\(t_{m} = \frac{1}{2k}\),2
+3150,15013,Physics,online,"When one starts thinking, it is observed that the blood flow in the brain increases. If we consider that the metabolic rate of glucose (glucose consumption) stays (almost) constant, what happens to the glucose concentration coming out of the brain?","['It increases', 'It decreases', 'It does not change']",It increases,0
+3151,15013,Physics,online,Which of the factors below may affect refraction of ultrasound with normal incidence?,"['Propagation speeds in the media', 'US frequencies', 'Attenuation coefficients', 'None of the above']",None of the above,3
+3152,15033,Physics,online,"Which nuclide are you not able ""to see"" by NMR?","['2H', '12C', '17O', '235U']",12C,1
+3155,15013,Physics,online,Refraction only occurs if there is :,"['Normal incidence and different impedances', 'Oblique incidence and identical impedances', 'Normal incidence and different propagation speeds', 'Oblique incidence and different propagation speeds']",Oblique incidence and different propagation speeds,3
+3156,15016,Physics,online,Which of the following is/are true concerning \(T_2\) and \(T_2^*\)?,"['\\(T_2\\) is caused by atomic/molecular interactions', '\\(T_2^*\\) is the result of the combination of main magnetic field inhomogeneities and atomic/molecular interactions.', '\\(T_2\\) represents the combination of static magnetic field inhomogeneity and varying molecular magnetic field inhomogeneities.']",\(T_2\) is caused by atomic/molecular interactions,0
+3157,15013,Physics,online,"What does the term ""projection"" refer to, when considering CT?","['A data set representing X-ray attenuation in the patient', 'The way the X-ray beam is projected on the patient', 'The mathematics of image reconstruction']",A data set representing X-ray attenuation in the patient,0
+3158,15013,Physics,online,"In Compton interactions, the majority of the incoming photon energy is retained by...","['The electron removed from the atom', 'The scattered X-ray', 'The K-shell electron']",The scattered X-ray,1
+3159,15013,Physics,online,The number of Compton interactions in one gram of calcium compared to one gram of carbon ...,"['... is approximately doubled', '... is approximately the same', '... is approximately divided by two', '... depends on the photon energy']",... is approximately the same,1
+3162,15033,Physics,online,"Predict which of the ortho, meta, and para protons in methoxybenzene has the highest and which the lowest 1H chemical shift (from highest to lowest)","['meta > para > ortho', 'ortho > para > meta', 'ortho > meta > para', 'para > meta > ortho']",meta > para > ortho,0
+3163,15016,Physics,online,"In inversion recovery pulse sequence, what is the pulse added before the conventional spin echo?","['A 90-degree pulse', 'A 180-degree pulse', 'A 270-degree pulse']",A 180-degree pulse,1
+3174,15013,Physics,online,What is the mathematical technique that involves the estimation of an unknown value from values on either side of?,"['Filtering', 'Interpolation', 'Convolution', 'Summation']",Interpolation,1
+3175,15016,Physics,online,"What does ""aliasing"" refers to?","['The inadequate sampling resolution that leads to frequency or phase misregistration.', 'Frequency misregistration related to gyromagnetic differences.', 'K-space undersampling.', 'Blurred image due to patient motion.']",The inadequate sampling resolution that leads to frequency or phase misregistration.,0
+3176,15013,Physics,online,The scintillation crystals in PET scanners are commonly made of:,"['bismuth germanate (BGO)', 'lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO)', 'gadolinium silicate (GSO)', 'sodium iodide', 'all of the above', 'only a few of the above']",all of the above,4
+3177,15016,Physics,online,Note: Make sure you select all of the correct options—there may be more than one!,"['The echo can be recorded much more quickly in a GRE sequence', 'Chemical shifts are cancelled at the center of the GRE as they are in SE sequences', 'A spin echo is produced by two successive RF pulses whereas gradient echo is produced by one single RF pulse and a gradient reversal.']",The echo can be recorded much more quickly in a GRE sequence,0
+3178,15016,Physics,online,For what time should be applied the tranverse (xy-plane) constant magnetic field \(\vec B_1\) in order to have a flip of the magnetiztion of 90° ?,"['\\(\\frac{2\\pi}{\\gamma B_1}\\)', '\\(\\frac{\\pi}{2\\gamma B_1}\\)', '\\(\\frac{\\gamma B_1}{2\\pi}\\)', '\\(\\frac{\\pi}{\\gamma B_1}\\)']",\(\frac{\pi}{2\gamma B_1}\),1
+3180,15033,Physics,online,"Predict the total number of lines in the 1H spectrum of 1,1-dichlorocyclopropane","['0', '1', '2', '3']",1,1
+3181,15013,Physics,online,Which one of the following has the greatest amount of attenuation?,"['Bone', 'Water', 'Muscle', 'Fat']",Bone,0
+3182,15013,Physics,online,"What is called ""radiation""?","['When energy is emitted and transferred through matter.', 'When energy is emitted and transferred through light or particles.', 'When energy is emitted but not transferred through light.']",When energy is emitted and transferred through light or particles.,1
+3184,15016,Physics,online,"Diffusion MRI has become a very helpful clinical tool, e.g. for diagnosis of stroke. It uses the fact that some cell structures hinder the diffusion of water protons in a non-isotropic way, i.e. forcing them to preferably diffuse in a specific direction.","['At the time when diffusion-weighted imaging was discovered, gradient-echo was not yet invented.', 'The spin-echo sequence refocuses phase differences which are due to external magnetic field inhomogeneities.', 'The spin-echo sequence is faster which is important because the whole volume needs to be imaged many times.', ""We don't use spin-echo but gradient-echo sequences.""]",The spin-echo sequence refocuses phase differences which are due to external magnetic field inhomogeneities.,1
+3185,15016,Physics,online,What does an MRI system use to convert mathematical data into a picture?,"['RF pulse converter', 'Fourier transform', 'Electron precession equations', 'Laplace transform']",Fourier transform,1
+3190,15033,Physics,online,Why is it not possible to record a signal of 12C in NMR?,"['Carbon 12 is not an isotope of carbon', 'Spin = 0', 'Spin = -1', 'Spin = 1/2']",Spin = 0,1
+3191,15016,Physics,online,Within-slice signal localization in MRI is performed with,"['Tomography', 'Iterative reconstruction', 'Fourier transform', 'Selective excitation', 'Radon transform']",Fourier transform,2
+3197,15016,Physics,online,When is the phase-encoding gradient turned on?,"['During excitation', 'During slice-selection', 'During frequency-encoding', 'Prior to readout', 'During readout']",Prior to readout,3
+3200,15013,Physics,online,After annihilation of a positron by an electron...,"['...both the electron and positron lose energy and are attenuated.', '...two 511-keV photons traveling in opposite directions are released.', '...two photons are released at 90 degrees to each other.', 'None of the above.']",...two 511-keV photons traveling in opposite directions are released.,1
+3201,15013,Physics,online,"At cellular level, PET technique can be used to...","['...image gene expression.', '...measure a lot of different biochemical transformations.', '...measure different kind of enzymatic reaction.']",...image gene expression.,0
+3206,15013,Physics,online,Which three steps are involved in the formation of CT?,"['Image reconstruction, electron beam manipulation and microwave attenuation', 'Image display, anatomical border construction and microwave display of structures', 'Data acquisition, image reconstruction, and image display', 'None of the above']","Data acquisition, image reconstruction, and image display",2
+3208,15016,Physics,online,Natural frequency of precession and Larmor frequency are...,"['Different names for the same frequency', 'Two different frequencies']",Different names for the same frequency,0
+3209,15013,Physics,online,What is the effect of increased image noise?,"['Increased contrast resolution', 'Decreased contrast resolution', 'Improved image quality']",Decreased contrast resolution,1
+3210,15013,Physics,online,How is called a change in the direction of the x-ray with no change in its energy?,"['Rayleigh (coherent) scattering', 'Photodisintegration', 'Compton effect']",Rayleigh (coherent) scattering,0
+3211,15016,Physics,online,What is the difference of \(T_2^*\) compared to \(T_2\)?,"['An extra 90° pulse', 'Spin-lattice interactions', 'Dependence on the homogeneities of the main magnetic field', 'A longer TE']",Dependence on the homogeneities of the main magnetic field,2
+3213,15016,Physics,online,With which type of MRI imaging sequence are \(T_2^*\) effects mainly reversed?,"['Spin echo sequence', 'Gradient echo sequence']",Spin echo sequence,0
+3215,15013,Physics,online,"After image reconstruction, Computed Tomography (CT) results in...","['An analog image', 'A linear image', 'A digital image', 'An image in time', 'A curvilinear image']",A digital image,2
+3217,15016,Physics,online,In what manner does the Fourier transform analyze signals? The samples over time are separated...,"['into amplitudes and reported by their phase', 'into frequencies and reported by their amplitudes', 'into amplitudes and reported by their frequencies', 'into phases and reported by their amplitudes']",into frequencies and reported by their amplitudes,1
+3219,15016,Physics,online,Protons in different molecules differ in all of the following ways except...,"['Relaxation time \\(T_1\\)', 'Relaxation time \\(T_2\\)', 'Gyromagnetic ratio', 'Precession frequency']",Gyromagnetic ratio,2
+3220,15033,Physics,online,1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded for two isomers of C3H2Cl6. Both 13C spectra contain peaks at three distinct chemical shifts. Isomer 1 has one distinct 1H chemical shift and isomer 2 has two. Deduce the structures of the two compounds.,"['1: C(Cl3)-CH2-C(Cl3) and 2: C(Cl3)-CHCl-CH(Cl2)', '1: C(Cl3)-CHCl-CH(Cl2) and 2: C(Cl3)-C(Cl2)-CH2(Cl)', '1: C(Cl3)-C(Cl2)-CH2(Cl) and 2:C(Cl3)-CHCl-CH(Cl2)', '1: C(Cl3)=C=C(Cl3) and 2: C(Cl3)-CH2-C(Cl3)']",1: C(Cl3)-C(Cl2)-CH2(Cl) and 2:C(Cl3)-CHCl-CH(Cl2),2
+3222,15016,Physics,online,What is a RF pulse?,"['A radio wave applied for a small amount of time', 'A magnetic field gradient', 'A magnetic field oscillating at radiofrequency']",A magnetic field oscillating at radiofrequency,2
+3226,15016,Physics,online,Which of the following sentences is (are) correct ?,"['The chemical shift of the reference compound is equal to 0', 'The chemical shift of the reference compound is equal to 1', 'The chemical shift increases with increasing electronegativity', 'The chemical shift decreases with increasing electronegativity', 'There is no strict correlation between electronegativity and chemical shift.']",The chemical shift of the reference compound is equal to 0,0
+3230,15033,Physics,online,A nuclide has a NMR frequency of 76 MHz in a 17.6 Tesla magnetic field. Identify the nuclide,"['1H', '13C', '14N', '15N']",15N,3
+3331,15127,Computer Science,master,"Which of the following functions reaches a global maximum on the set $I$? (Note that $[.,.]$ and $(.,.)$ denote closed and open intervals respectively)
+                    $f_1(x) = -x^4$, $I = [-5,5]$
+		            $f_2(x) = rccos(x)$, $I = (-1,1)$
+		            $f_3(x) = x \exp(-x)$, $I = (-\infty, 0)$
+		            $f_4(x) = \sin(\cos(x))\sin(x)$, $I= \R_+$","['$f_1, f_2, f_3, f_4', '$f_1, f_4$', '$f_1, f_3, f_4$', '$f_1, f_2, f_4$']","$f_1, f_4$",1
+3333,15127,Computer Science,master,Consider a classification problem on linearly separable data. We train an SVM model and a logistic regression model. For logistic regression (LR) we add a small regularization term (penalty on weights) in order to make the optimum well-defined. Each model gives us a margin. Consider a datapoint $\mathbf{x}_{0}$ that is correctly classified and strictly outside both margins Which one of the following statements is incorrect ?,"['There exists a direction in which we can slightly move $\\mathbf{x}_{0}$ without changing the LR decision boundary after retraining.', ""$\\mathbf{x}_{0}$ isn't a support vector"", 'There exists a direction in which we can arbitrarily move $\\mathbf{x}_{0}$ without changing the SVM decision boundary after retraining.', 'If we remove $\\mathbf{x}_{0}$ from the dataset and retrain, this will change the LR decision boundary.', 'If we remove $\\mathbf{x}_{0}$ from the dataset and retrain, this will not change the SVM decision boundary.']",There exists a direction in which we can slightly move $\mathbf{x}_{0}$ without changing the LR decision boundary after retraining.,0
+3334,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a learning algorithm that has the property that it depends only very weakly on the input data. E.g., this could be SGD where we choose a very small step size and only run for very few iterations. To go to the extreme, you can imagine a learning algorithm that always outputs the same model irrespective of the training set. Presumably such a learning algorithm will not give us good results. Why is that?","['(a)  Such a learning algorithm typically has a much larger generalization error than training error.', '(b)  Such a learning algorithm typically has a large bias.', '(c)  Such a learning algorithm is prone to overfitting.']",(b)  Such a learning algorithm typically has a large bias.,1
+3336,15127,Computer Science,master,"We consider a classification problem on linearly separable data. Our dataset had an outlier---a point that is very far from the other datapoints in distance (and also far from margins in SVM but still correctly classified by the SVM classifier).
+                    We trained the SVM, logistic regression and 1-nearest-neighbour models on this dataset.
+                    We tested trained models on a test set that comes from the same distribution as training set, but doesn't have any outlier points.
+                    For any vector $v \in \R^D$ let $\|v\|_2 := \sqrt{v_1^2 + \dots + v_D^2}$ denote the Euclidean norm. The hard-margin SVM problem for linearly separable points in $\R^D$ is to minimize  the Euclidean norm $\| \wv \|_2$ under some constraints.
+	                What are the additional constraints for this optimization problem? ","['$y_n \\ww^\top x_n \\geq 1 ~ \x0corall n \\in \\{1,\\cdots,N\\}$', '$\\ww^\top x_n \\geq 1 ~ \x0corall n \\in\\{1,\\cdots,N\\}$', '$y_n + \\ww^\top x_n \\geq 1 ~ \x0corall n \\in \\{1,\\cdots,N\\}$', '$\x0crac{y_n}{\\ww^\top x_n }\\geq 1 ~\x0corall n \\in \\{1,\\cdots,N\\}$']","$y_n \ww^	op x_n \geq 1 ~ orall n \in \{1,\cdots,N\}$",0
+3337,15127,Computer Science,master,Fitting a Gaussian Mixture Model with a single Gaussian ($K=1$) will converge after one step of Expectation-Maximization.,"['True', 'False']",True,0
+3338,15127,Computer Science,master,"Assume that we have a data matrix $\mathbf{X}$ of dimension $D \times N$ as usual. Suppose that its SVD is of the from $\mathbf{X}=\mathbf{U S V}^{\top}$, where $\mathbf{S}$ is a diagonal matrix with $s_{1}=N$ and $s_{2}=s_{3}=\cdots=s_{D}=1$. Assume that we want to compress the data from $D$ to 1 dimensions via a linear transform represented by a $1 \times D$ matrix $\mathbf{C}$ and reconstruct then via $D \times 1$ matrix $R$. Let $\hat{\mathbf{X}}=\mathbf{R} \mathbf{C X}$ be the reconstruction. What is the smallest value we can achieve for $\|\mathbf{X}-\hat{\mathbf{X}}\|_{F}^{2}$ ?","['(a) $D$', '(b) $D-1$', '(c) $N-D$', '(d) $N-D+1$', '(e) $N-D-1$', '(f) $N-1$', '(g) $N$']",(b) $D-1$,1
+3339,15127,Computer Science,master,"The primal formulation of the soft-margin SVM is NOT equivalent to $\ell_2$ adversarial training for a linear model trained with the hinge loss ($\ell(z) = \max\{0, 1 - z\}$).","['True', 'False']",True,0
+3341,15127,Computer Science,master,"[Gradient for convolutional neural nets] Let $f(x, y, z, u, v, w)=3 x y z u v w+x^{2} y^{2} w^{2}-7 x z^{5}+3 y v w^{4}$. What is $$ \left.\left[\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial u}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial v}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial w}\right]\right|_{x=y=z=u=v=w=1} ? $$","['(a) $-4$', '(b) $-3$', '(c) $-2$', '(d) $-1$', '(e) $ 0$', '(f) $ 1$', '(g) $ 2$', '(h) $ 3$', '(i) $ 4$']",(e) $ 0$,4
+3342,15127,Computer Science,master,"Let $\xv, \wv, \deltav \in \R^d$, $y \in \{-1, 1\}$, and $arepsilon \in \R_{>0}$ be an arbitrary positive value. Which of the following is NOT true in general:","['$\x07rgmax_{\\|\\deltav\\|_2 \\leq \x0barepsilon} \\log_2(1 + \\exp(-y \\wv^\top (\\xv + \\deltav))) = \x07rgmax_{\\|\\deltav\\|_2 \\leq \x0barepsilon} \\exp(-y \\wv^\top (\\xv + \\deltav ))$ ', '$\x07rgmax_{\\|\\deltav\\|_2 \\leq \x0barepsilon} \\log_2(1 + \\exp(-y \\wv^\top (\\xv + \\deltav))) = \x07rgmin_{\\|\\deltav\\|_2 \\leq \x0barepsilon} y \\wv^\top (\\xv + \\deltav )$', '$\x07rgmax_{\\|\\deltav\\|_2 \\leq \x0barepsilon} \\log_2(1 + \\exp(-y \\wv^\top (\\xv + \\deltav))) = \x07rgmax_{\\|\\deltav\\|_2 \\leq \x0barepsilon} 1 - \tanh(y \\wv^\top (\\xv + \\deltav))$ \\ where $\tanh(z) = \x0crac{e^z - e^{-z}}{e^z + e^{-z}}$', '$\x07rgmax_{\\|\\deltav\\|_2 \\leq \x0barepsilon} \\log_2(1 + \\exp(-y \\wv^\top (\\xv + \\deltav))) = \x07rgmax_{\\|\\deltav\\|_2 \\leq \x0barepsilon} \\mathbf{1}_{y \\wv^\top (\\xv + \\deltav) \\leq 0}$']",$rgmax_{\|\deltav\|_2 \leq arepsilon} \log_2(1 + \exp(-y \wv^	op (\xv + \deltav))) = rgmax_{\|\deltav\|_2 \leq arepsilon} \mathbf{1}_{y \wv^	op (\xv + \deltav) \leq 0}$,3
+3343,15127,Computer Science,master,"You have data with lots of outliers. Everything else being equal, and assuming that you do not do any pre-processing, what cost function will be less effected by these outliers?","['(a) $(y-f(x))^{2}(\\mathrm{MSE})$', '(b) $|y-f(x)|(\\mathrm{MAE})$']",(b) $|y-f(x)|(\mathrm{MAE})$,1
+3344,15127,Computer Science,master," Consider a binary classification task as in Figure~\AMCref{fig:lr_data}, which consists of 14 two-dimensional linearly separable samples (circles corresponds to label $y=1$ and pluses corresponds to label $y=0$). We would like to predict the label $y=1$ of a sample $(x_1, x_2)$ when the following holds true
+                        \[
+                        \prob(y=1|x_1, x_2, w_1, w_2) = rac{1}{1+\exp(-w_1x_1 -w_2x_2)} > 0.5
+                        \]
+                    where $w_1$ and $w_2$ are parameters of the model.
+                    If we obtain the $(w_1, w_2)$ by optimizing the following objective
+                        $$
+                            - \sum_{n=1}^N\log \prob(y_n| x_{n1}, x_{n2}, w_1, w_2) + rac{C}{2} w_2^2
+                        $$
+                        where $C$ is very large, then the decision boundary will be close to which of the following lines? 
+        ","['$x_1 + x_2 = 0$', '$x_1 - x_2 = 0$', '$x_1 = 0$', '$x_2 = 0$']",$x_1 = 0$,2
+3345,15127,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements is true about nearest neighbor classifiers:,"['Nearest neighbors can be slow to find in high-dimensional spaces. ', 'Nearest neighbor classifiers do not need to store the training data.', 'Nearest neighbor classifiers can only work with the Euclidean distance.', 'None of the other answers.']",Nearest neighbors can be slow to find in high-dimensional spaces. ,0
+3347,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider the function $f: \R	o \R$, $f(x) = \lvert x - 2023 
vert$. A subgradient of $f$ at $x = 2023$ exists 	extbf{and} is unique.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+3349,15127,Computer Science,master,(Linear or Logistic Regression) Suppose you are given a dataset of tissue images from patients with and without a certain disease. You are supposed to train a model that predicts the probability that a patient has the disease. It is preferable to use logistic regression over linear regression.,"['True', 'False']",True,0
+3350,15127,Computer Science,master,"(SGD \& Matrix Factorization) For optimizing a matrix factorization problem in the recommender systems setting, as the number of observed entries increases, the computational cost of full gradient steps increases, while the cost of an SGD step remains the same.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+3352,15127,Computer Science,master,Identify the correct statement.,"['None of the other options are correct.', 'After training, and when the size of the vocabulary is large, a Skip-gram model would have higher space requirements than a GloVe model. We assume both models have the same number of dimensions (features), vocabulary, and are trained on the same corpus.', 'Language models can be trained using either a multi-class(number of classes equal to the vocabulary size) classifier or a binary classifier to generate text.', 'Language Models are useless for classification tasks in Natural Language Processing as they are only suited for text generation.']",Language models can be trained using either a multi-class(number of classes equal to the vocabulary size) classifier or a binary classifier to generate text.,2
+3353,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a binary classification problem with classifier $f(\mathbf{x})$ given by $$ f(\mathbf{x})= \begin{cases}1, & g(\mathbf{x}) \geq 0 \\ -1, & g(\mathbf{x})<0\end{cases} $$ and $\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^{6}$. Consider a specific pair $(\mathbf{x}, y=1)$ and assume that $g(\mathbf{x})=8$. In particular this means that this point is classified correctly by $f$. Assume further that we have computed the gradient of $g$ at $\mathbf{x}$ to be $\nabla_{\mathbf{x}} g(\mathbf{x})=(+1,-2,+3,-4,+5,-6)$. You are allowed to make one step in order to (hopefully) find an adversarial example. In the following four questions, assume $\epsilon=1$. Which offset $\delta$ with $\|\delta\|_{1} \leq 1$ yields the smallest value for $g(\mathbf{x}+\delta)$, assuming that $g$ is (locally) linear?","['$(0,0,0,0,0,1)$', '$(+1,-1,+1,-1,+1,-1)$', '$(+1,-2,+3,-4,+5,-6)$', '$(+1,+1,+1,+1,+1,+1)$', '$(-1,+2,-3,+4,-5,+6)$', '$(0,0,0,0,0,1)$', '$(-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1)$', '$(-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1)$']","$(0,0,0,0,0,1)$",0
+3355,15127,Computer Science,master,You are performing classification in $d$ dimensions (where $d$ is very large) using a $k$-nearest neighbor classifier. You have $N$ training samples and get an acceptable performance. Your boss hands you a similar classification task but in $2 d$ dimensions. How many training samples will you need to get a comparable performance? Make an educated guess.,"['$2 N$', '$e^N$', '$N^2$', '$\\sqrt{d}$', '$e^d$', '$\\sqrt{N}$', '$\\log (N)$', '$d^2$', '$\\log (d)$']",$N^2$,2
+3356,15127,Computer Science,master,"Antonyms, such as ""hot"" and ""cold"", have very different context words.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+3357,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a linear model $\hat{y} = xv ^	op \wv$ with the squared loss under an $\ell_\infty$-bounded adversarial perturbation. For a single point $(xv, y)$, it corresponds to the following objective:
+                    egin{align}
+                        \max_{	ilde{xv}:\ \|xv-	ilde{xv}\|_\infty\leq \epsilon} \left(y - 	ilde{xv} ^	op \wv 
ight)^{2},
+                        	ag{OP}\AMClabel{eq:opt_adv_regression}
+                    \end{align}
+                    where $\|xv-	ilde{xv}\|_\infty\leq \epsilon$ denotes the $\ell_\infty$-norm, i.e.  $|x_i - 	ilde{x}_i| \leq arepsilon$ for every $i$.
+                    \
+                    Assume that $\wv = (3, -2)^	op$, $xv = (-1, 2)^	op$, $y=2$. What is the optimal $	ilde{xv}^\star$ that maximizes the objective in Eq.~(\AMCref{eq:opt_adv_regression})?
+	                ","['$(-1-\x0barepsilon, 2-\x0barepsilon)^\top$', '$(-1-\x0barepsilon, 2)^\top$', '$(-1+\x0barepsilon, 2)^\top$', '$(-1+\x0barepsilon, 2+\x0barepsilon)^\top$', 'Other']",Other,4
+3358,15127,Computer Science,master,"Let $f:\R^D
ightarrow\R$ be an $L$-hidden layer multi-layer perceptron (MLP) such that
+                    \[
+	                    f(xv)=\sigma_{L+1}ig(\wv^	op\sigma_L(\Wm_L\sigma_{L-1}(\Wm_{L-1}\dots\sigma_1(\Wm_1xv)))ig),
+                    \]
+                    with $\wv\in\R^{M}$, $\Wm_1\in\R^{M	imes D}$ and $\Wm_\ell\in\R^{M	imes M}$ for $\ell=2,\dots, L$, and $\sigma_i$ for $i=1,\dots,L+1$ is an entry-wise activation function. For any MLP $f$ and a classification threshold $	au$ let $C_{f, 	au}$ be a binary classifier that outputs YES for a given input $xv$ if $f(xv) \leq 	au$ and NO otherwise. space{3mm}
+                    Which of the following techniques do \emph{not} improve the generalization performance in deep learning?
+                    ","['Data augmentation', 'L2 regularization', 'Dropout', 'Tuning the optimizer', 'None. All techniques here improve generalization.']",None. All techniques here improve generalization.,4
+3359,15127,Computer Science,master,What is the gradient of $\mathbf{x}^{\top} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{x}$ with respect to all entries of $\mathbf{W}$ (written as a matrix)?,"['(a) $\\mathbf{W} \\mathbf{x}$', '(b) $\\mathbf{W}^{\\top} \\mathbf{x}$', '(c) $\\square\\left(\\mathbf{W}+\\mathbf{W}^{\\top}\\right) \\mathbf{x}$.', '(d) $\\mathbf{W}$', '(e) $\\mathbf{x} \\mathbf{x}^{\\top}$.', '(f) $\\mathbf{x}^{\\top} \\mathbf{x}$', '(g) $\\mathbf{W} \\mathbf{W}^{\\top}$.']",(e) $\mathbf{x} \mathbf{x}^{\top}$.,4
+3363,15127,Computer Science,master,"Given a matrix $\Xm$ of shape $D	imes N$ with a singular value decomposition (SVD), $X=USV^	op$, suppose $\Xm$ has rank $K$ and  $\Am=\Xm\Xm^	op$.
+        Which one of the following statements is 	extbf{false}?","['The eigenvalues of A are the singular values of X', 'A is positive semi-definite, i.e all eigenvalues of A are non-negative', 'The eigendecomposition of A is also a singular value decomposition (SVD) of A', 'A vector $v$ that can be expressed as a linear combination of the last $D-K$ columns of $U$,  i.e $x=\\sum_{i=K+1}^{D} w_{i}u_{i}$ (where $u_{i}$ is the $i$-th column of $U$\n\t\t), lies in the null space of $X^\top$']",The eigenvalues of A are the singular values of X,0
+3365,15127,Computer Science,master,"Assume we have $N$ training samples $(\xx_1, y_1), \dots, (\xx_N, y_N)$ where for each sample $i \in \{1, \dots, N\}$ we have that $\xx_i \in \R^d$ and $y_i \in \R$. For $\lambda \geq 0$, we consider the following loss:
+        L_{\lambda}(\ww) = rac{1}{N} \sum_{i = 1}^N (y_i - \xx_i^	op \ww)^2 + \lambda \Vert \ww \Vert_2, and let $C_\lambda = \min_{\ww \in \R^d} L_{\lambda}(\ww)$ denote the optimal loss value.
+	Which of the following statements is 	extbf{true}:","['For $\\lambda = 0$, the loss $L_{0}$ is convex and has a unique minimizer.', '$C_\\lambda$ is a non-increasing function of $\\lambda$.', '$C_\\lambda$ is a non-decreasing function of $\\lambda$.', 'None of the statements are true.']",$C_\lambda$ is a non-decreasing function of $\lambda$.,2
+3366,15127,Computer Science,master,"In the setting of EM, where $x_{n}$ is the data and $z_{n}$ is the latent variable, what quantity is called the posterior?","['(a) $\\square p\\left(\\mathbf{x}_{n} \\mid z_{n}, \\boldsymbol{\\theta}\\right)$', '(b) $\\square p\\left(\\mathbf{x}_{n}, z_{n} \\mid \\boldsymbol{\\theta}\\right)$', '(c) $\\square p\\left(z_{n} \\mid \\mathbf{x}_{n}, \\boldsymbol{\\theta}\\right)$']","(c) $\square p\left(z_{n} \mid \mathbf{x}_{n}, \boldsymbol{\theta}\right)$",2
+3367,15127,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements is correct?,"['(a) A neural net with one hidden layer and an arbitrary number of hidden nodes with sigmoid activation functions can approximate any ""suffiently smooth"" function.', '(b) A neural net with one hidden layer and an arbitrary number of hidden nodes with sigmoid activation functions can approximate any ""suffiently smooth"" function on a bounded domain.', '(c) On a bounded domain, neural nets can approximate any ""sufficiently smooth"" function ""in average"" but not ""pointwise"".']","(c) On a bounded domain, neural nets can approximate any ""sufficiently smooth"" function ""in average"" but not ""pointwise"".",2
+3368,15127,Computer Science,master,Which statement about 	extit{black-box} adversarial attacks is true:,"['They require access to the gradients of the model being attacked. ', 'They are highly specific and cannot be transferred from a model which is similar to the one being attacked.', 'They cannot be implemented via gradient-free (e.g., grid search or random search) optimization methods.', 'They can be implemented using gradient approximation via a finite difference formula.']",They can be implemented using gradient approximation via a finite difference formula.,3
+3369,15127,Computer Science,master,"Assume we are doing linear regression with Mean-Squared Loss and L2-regularization on four one-dimensional data points. Our prediction model can be written as $f(x) = ax + b$ and the optimization problem can be written as $$a^\star, b^\star = {	extup{argmin}}_{a,b} \sum_{n=1}^4 [y_n - f(x_n)]^2 + \lambda a^2.$$
+	                Assume that our data points are $Y = [1, 3, 2, 4]$ and $X = [-2, -1, 0, 3]$. For example $y_1 = 1$ and $x_1 = -2$.  What is the optimal value for the bias, $b^\star$? ","['2', '2.5', '3', 'Depends on the value of $\\lambda$', 'None of the above answers']",2,0
+3370,15127,Computer Science,master,"Let $f_{\mathrm{MLP}}: \mathbb{R}^{d} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be an $L$-hidden layer multi-layer perceptron (MLP) such that $$ f_{\mathrm{MLP}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathbf{w}^{\top} \sigma\left(\mathbf{W}_{L} \sigma\left(\mathbf{W}_{L-1} \ldots \sigma\left(\mathbf{W}_{1} \mathbf{x}\right)\right)\right) $$ with $\mathbf{w} \in \mathbb{R}^{M}, \mathbf{W}_{1} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times d}$ and $\mathbf{W}_{\ell} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times M}$ for $\ell=2, \ldots, L$, and $\sigma$ is an entry-wise activation function. Also, let $f_{\mathrm{CNN}}: \mathbb{R}^{d} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be an $L^{\prime}$-hidden layer convolutional neural network (CNN) such that $$ f_{\mathrm{CNN}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathbf{w}^{\top} \sigma\left(\mathbf{w}_{L^{\prime}} \star \sigma\left(\mathbf{w}_{L^{\prime}-1} \star \ldots \sigma\left(\mathbf{w}_{1} \star \mathbf{x}\right)\right)\right) $$ with $\mathbf{w} \in \mathbb{R}^{d}, \mathbf{w}_{\ell} \in \mathbb{R}^{K}$ for $\ell=1, \ldots, L^{\prime}$ and $\star$ denoting the one-dimensional convolution operator with zero-padding, i.e., output of the convolution has the same dimensionality as the input. For each CNN neural network of the above form, there exists an MLP of the form $f_{\mathrm{MLP}}$ that can approximate $f_{\mathrm{CNN}}$ arbitrarily well, if","['$L=L^{\\prime}$ and $M=d$', '$L>L^{\\prime}$ and $M>K$', 'another necessary condition different from these three.', '$\\sigma$ is a sigmoidal activation function.']",$L=L^{\prime}$ and $M=d$,0
+3371,15127,Computer Science,master,You are in $D$-dimensional space and use a KNN classifier with $k=1$. You are given $N$ samples and by running experiments you see that for most random inputs $\mathbf{x}$ you find a nearest sample at distance roughly $\delta$. You would like to decrease this distance to $\delta / 2$. How many samples will you likely need? Give an educated guess.,"['$2^D N$', '$N^D$', '$2 D$', '$\\log (D) N$', '$N^2$', '$D^2$', '$2 N$', '$D N$']",$2^D N$,0
+3372,15127,Computer Science,master,Consider the function $f(x)=-x^{2}$. Which of the following statements are true regarding subgradients of $f(x)$ at $x=0$ ?,"['A subgradient does not exist as $f(x)$ is differentiable at $x=0$.', 'A subgradient exists but is not unique.', 'A subgradient exists and is unique.', 'A subgradient does not exist even though $f(x)$ is differentiable at $x=0$.']",A subgradient does not exist even though $f(x)$ is differentiable at $x=0$.,3
+3373,15127,Computer Science,master,"What is the derivative of $\boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{W}$ with respect to $\boldsymbol{W}_{i, j}$, where $\boldsymbol{W}$ is an $n \times n$ matrix.","['$W_{i, j}$', 'add to the $n \\times n$ all-zero matrix the $j$-th row of $\\boldsymbol{W}$ and the $i$-th column of $\\boldsymbol{W}$', 'the vector of length $n$ equal to the sum of the $j$-th row of $\\boldsymbol{W}$ and the $i$-th column of $\\boldsymbol{W}$', '$\\boldsymbol{W}+\\boldsymbol{W}^{\\top}$', '$\\boldsymbol{W}_{i, j}^{2}$']",add to the $n \times n$ all-zero matrix the $j$-th row of $\boldsymbol{W}$ and the $i$-th column of $\boldsymbol{W}$,1
+3374,15127,Computer Science,master,"K-means can be equivalently written as the following Matrix Factorization $$ \begin{aligned} & \min _{\mathbf{z}, \boldsymbol{\mu}} \mathcal{L}(\mathbf{z}, \boldsymbol{\mu})=\left\|\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{M} \mathbf{Z}^{\top}\right\|_{\text {Frob }}^{2} \\ & \text { s.t. } \boldsymbol{\mu}_{k} \in \mathbb{R}^{D}, \\ & z_{n k} \in \mathbb{R}, \sum_{k=1}^{K} z_{n k}=1 . \end{aligned} $$","['(a) yes', '(b) no']",(b) no,1
+3375,15127,Computer Science,master,"Recall that we say that a kernel $K: \R 	imes \R 
ightarrow \R $ is
+		valid if there exists $k \in \mathbb{N}$ and $\Phi: \R 
ightarrow \R^k$
+		such that for all $(x, x') \in \R 	imes \R $, $K(x, x') =  \Phi(x)^	op \Phi(x')$. The kernel $K(x, x') = \cos(x + x')$ is a valid kernel.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+3376,15127,Computer Science,master,(Adversarial perturbations for linear models) Suppose you are given a linear classifier with the logistic loss. Is it true that generating the optimal adversarial perturbations by maximizing the loss under the $\ell_{2}$-norm constraint on the perturbation is an NP-hard optimization problem?,"['True', 'False']",False,1
+3377,15127,Computer Science,master,Consider a linear regression problem with $N$ datapoints and $D$ features. Finding the optimal parameters by running grid search while trying $P$ values for each feature has approximately the same computational complexity as running:,"['$P$ iterations of Gradient Descent or $N P$ iterations of Stochastic Gradient Descent.', '$N P^{D}$ iterations of Gradient Descent or $P^{D}$ iterations of Stochastic Gradient Descent.', '$P^{D}$ iterations of Gradient Descent or $N P^{D}$ iterations of Stochastic Gradient Descent.', '$P$ iterations of Gradient Descent or $N P D$ iterations of Stochastic Gradient Descent.']",$P^{D}$ iterations of Gradient Descent or $N P^{D}$ iterations of Stochastic Gradient Descent.,2
+3379,15127,Computer Science,master,"In principal component analysis, the left singular vectors $\mathbf{U}$ of a data matrix $\mathbf{X}$ of shape ( $d$ features, $n$ datapoints) are used to create a new data matrix $\mathbf{X}^{\prime}=\mathbf{U}^{\top} \mathbf{X}$. Which property always holds for the matrix $\mathbf{X}^{\prime}$ ?","['$\\mathbf{X}^{\\prime}$ is a square matrix.', 'The mean of any row $\\mathbf{X}_{i}^{\\prime}$ is 0 .', '$\\mathbf{X}^{\\prime}$ has only positive values.', 'For any two rows $i, j(i \\neq j)$ from $\\mathbf{X}^{\\prime}$, the dot product between the rows $\\mathbf{X}_{i}^{\\prime}$ and $\\mathbf{X}_{j}^{\\prime}$ is 0 .']","For any two rows $i, j(i \neq j)$ from $\mathbf{X}^{\prime}$, the dot product between the rows $\mathbf{X}_{i}^{\prime}$ and $\mathbf{X}_{j}^{\prime}$ is 0 .",3
+3380,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a binary classification problem with a linear classifier $f(\mathbf{x})$ given by $$ f(\mathbf{x})= \begin{cases}1, & \mathbf{w}^{\top} \mathbf{x} \geq 0 \\ -1, & \mathbf{w}^{\top} \mathbf{x}<0\end{cases} $$ where $\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^{3}$. Suppose that the weights of the linear model are equal to $\mathbf{w}=(4,0,-3)$. For the next two questions, we would like to find a minimum-norm adversarial example. Specifically, we are interested in solving the following optimization problem, for a given $\mathbf{x}$ : $$ \min _{\boldsymbol{\delta} \in \mathbb{R}^{3}}\|\boldsymbol{\delta}\|_{2} \quad \text { subject to } \quad \mathbf{w}^{\top}(\mathbf{x}+\boldsymbol{\delta})=0 $$ This leads to the point $\mathbf{x}+\boldsymbol{\delta}$ that lies exactly at the decision boundary and the perturbation $\boldsymbol{\delta}$ is the smallest in terms of the $\ell_{2}$-norm. What is the optimum $\delta^{\star}$ that minimizes the objective in Eq. (OP) for the point $\mathbf{x}=$ $(-1,3,2) ?$","['$(1,-1,0)$', '$(0,-1,1)$', '$(-2,0,0)$', '$(1.2,0,1.6)$', 'Other', '$(0,2,0)$', '$(-1.2,0,1.6)$']",Other,4
+3381,15127,Computer Science,master,"(Linear Regression) You are given samples $\mathcal{S}=\left\{\left(\mathbf{x}_{n}, y_{n}\right)\right\}_{n=1}^{N}$ where $\mathbf{x}_{n} \in \mathbb{R}^{D}$ and $y_{n}$ are scalar values. You are solving linear regression using normal equations. You will always find the optimal weights with 0 training error in case of $N \leq D$.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+3385,15127,Computer Science,master,"Which of the following transformations to the data matrix $\mathbf{X}$ will affect the principal components obtained through PCA?
+        ","['Adding an extra feature that is constant across all data points.', 'Multiplying one of the features of $\\mathbf{X}$ by a constant.', 'Adding a constant value to all elements of $\\mathbf{X}$.', 'None of the other options.']",Multiplying one of the features of $\mathbf{X}$ by a constant.,1
+3390,15127,Computer Science,master,(Robustness) The $l_{1}$ loss is less sensitive to outliers than $l_{2}$.,"['True', 'False']",True,0
+3393,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a binary classification problem with classifier $f(\mathbf{x})$ given by $$ f(\mathbf{x})= \begin{cases}1, & g(\mathbf{x}) \geq 0 \\ -1, & g(\mathbf{x})<0\end{cases} $$ and $\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^{6}$. Consider a specific pair $(\mathbf{x}, y=1)$ and assume that $g(\mathbf{x})=8$. In particular this means that this point is classified correctly by $f$. Assume further that we have computed the gradient of $g$ at $\mathbf{x}$ to be $\nabla_{\mathbf{x}} g(\mathbf{x})=(+1,-2,+3,-4,+5,-6)$. You are allowed to make one step in order to (hopefully) find an adversarial example. In the following four questions, assume $\epsilon=1$. Which offset $\delta$ with $\|\delta\|_{\infty} \leq 1$ yields the smallest value for $g(\mathbf{x}+\delta)$, assuming that $g$ is (locally) linear?","['$(+1,-2,+3,-4,+5,-6)$', '$-(0,0,0,0,0,1)$', '$(0,0,0,0,0,1)$', '$(-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1)$', '$(+1,+1,+1,+1,+1,+1)$', '$(-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1)$', '$(+1,-1,+1,-1,+1,-1)$', '$(-1,+2,-3,+4,-5,+6)$']","$(-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1)$",5
+3396,15127,Computer Science,master,"A neural network has been trained for multi-class classification using cross-entropy but has not necessarily achieved a global or local minimum on the training set.
+	The output of the neural network is $\mathbf{z}=[z_1,\ldots,z_d]^	op$ obtained from the penultimate values $\mathbf{x}=[x_1,\ldots,x_d]^	op$ via softmax $z_k=rac{\exp(x_k)}{\sum_{i}\exp(x_i)}$ that can be interpreted as a probability distribution over the $d$ possible classes.
+	The cross-entropy is given by $H(\mathbf{y},\mathbf{z})=-\sum_{i=1}^{d} y_i \ln{z_i}$ where $\mathbf{y}$ is one-hot encoded meaning the entity corresponding to the true class is 1 and other entities are 0.
+
+	We now modify the neural network, either by scaling $\mathbf{x} \mapsto lpha \mathbf{x}$ where $lpha \in \R_{>0}$ or through a shift $\mathbf{x} \mapsto \mathbf{x} + b\mathbf{1}$ where $b \in \R$.
+	The modified $\mathbf{x}$ values are fed into the softmax to obtain the final output and the network / parameters are otherwise unchanged.
+	How do these transformations affect the training accuracy of the network? ","['One transformation has no effect, the other one decreases the accuracy in some cases (but never increases it).', 'One transformation has no effect, the other sometimes increases and sometimes decreases the accuracy.', 'Neither transformation affects the accuracy.', 'Both transformations decrease the accuracy in some cases (but never increase it).', 'Both transformations sometimes increase and sometimes decrease the accuracy.']",Neither transformation affects the accuracy.,2
+3397,15127,Computer Science,master,"Assume that we have a convolutional neural net with $L$ layers, $K$ nodes per layer, and where each node is connected to $k$ nodes in a previous layer. We ignore in the sequel the question of how we deal with the points at the boundary and assume that $k<<<K$ (much, much, much smaller). How does the complexity of the back-propagation algorithm scale in these parameters?","['$\\Theta\\left(L k^K\\right)$', '$\\Theta\\left(L k^K\\right)$', '$\\Theta\\left(L K^k\\right)$', '$\\Theta(L K k)$', '$\\Theta\\left(L^k K\\right)$']",$\Theta(L K k)$,3
+3399,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a neural net with $K$ nodes per hidden layer. In a standard such net we have $K^{2}$ parameters/weights (ignoring the bias terms) per layer. Consider a convolutional net where the data is laid out in a one-dimensional fashion and the filter/kernel has $M$ non-zero terms. Ignoring the bias terms, how many parameters are there per layer?","['(a) $K^{2}$', '(b) $M^{2}$', '(c) $K M$', '(d) $K$', '(e) $M$', '(f) $1$']",(e) $M$,4
+3400,15127,Computer Science,master,"For $\theta>0$, consider the following probability distribution defined for $y \geq 0$, $$ p(y)=e^{\left(-y^{3}\right) \theta-A(\theta)}, \quad A(\theta)=-\frac{1}{3} \log (\theta)+c $$ where $c$ is an appropriate constant. What is $\mathbb{E}_{Y \sim p}\left[Y^{3}\right]$, expressed as a function of $\theta$ ?","['$\\theta^3$', '$y$', '$A(\\theta)$', '$c$', '$1$', '$\\frac{1}{3 \\theta}$']",$\frac{1}{3 \theta}$,5
+3401,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider the logistic regression loss $L: \R^d 	o \R$ for a binary classification task with data $\left( \xv_i, y_i
ight) \in \R^d 	imes \{0, 1\}$ for  $i \in \left\{ 1, \ldots N
ight\}$:
+	    egin{equation*}
+		    L(\wv) = rac{1}{N} \sum_{i = 1}^N igg(\log\left(1 + e^{\xv_i^	op\wv} 
ight) - y_i\xv_i^	op\wv igg).
+	    \end{equation*}
+	    Which of the following is a gradient of the loss $L$?","['\nabla L(\\wv) = \x0crac{1}{N}  \\sum_{i = 1}^N \\; \\xv_i \x08igg(  y_i - \x0crac{e^{\\xv_i^\top\\wv}}{1 + e^{\\xv_i^\top\\wv}}\x08igg) $', '\nabla L(\\wv) = \x0crac{1}{N}  \\sum_{i = 1}^N \\; \\xv_i \x08igg( \x0crac{1}{1 + e^{-\\xv_i^\top\\wv}} - y_i\x08igg) $', '\nabla L(\\wv) = \x0crac{1}{N}  \\sum_{i = 1}^N \\; \x08igg( \x0crac{e^{\\xv_i^\top\\wv}}{1 + e^{\\xv_i^\top\\wv}} -  y_i\\xv_i \x08igg)$', '\nabla L(\\wv) =  \x0crac{1}{N}  \\sum_{i = 1}^N \\; \x08igg( \\xv_i \x0crac{e^{\\xv_i^\top\\wv}}{1 + e^{\\xv_i^\top\\wv}} - y_i\\xv_i^\top\\wv\x08igg)$']","
+abla L(\wv) = rac{1}{N}  \sum_{i = 1}^N \; \xv_i igg( rac{1}{1 + e^{-\xv_i^	op\wv}} - y_iigg) $",1
+3403,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"We consider a neuron that fires stochastically. Its firing rate is described by a Poisson process of rate [mathjaxinline] \rho [/mathjaxinline]. In other words, in every small time interval [mathjaxinline] \Delta t [/mathjaxinline], the probability that the neuron fires is given by [mathjaxinline] \rho \Delta t [/mathjaxinline].","['[mathjaxinline](1-\\rho) e^{-\\rho t}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] 1- e^{-\\frac{t}{\\rho}}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\rho e^{-\\frac{t}{\\rho}}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]e^{-\\rho t}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\rho e^{-\\rho t}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\rho [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{1}{\\rho} e^{-\\frac{t}{\\rho}}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]1-e^{-\\rho t}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]\rho e^{-\rho t}[/mathjaxinline],4
+3404,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Often the gating dynamics is formulated as 
+      [mathjaxinline] \frac{dm}{dt} = \alpha_m(u)(1-m) - \beta_m(u)m [/mathjaxinline].
+      Think of several identical ion channels. May we interpret [mathjaxinline]\alpha_m(u)
+      [/mathjaxinline] ...","['as the probability that a channel transits from close to open?', 'as the probability per unit time that a channel transits from close to open?', 'as the rate at which channels transits from closed to open?', 'as the probability that a channel is open?']",as the probability per unit time that a channel transits from close to open?,1
+3405,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A typical neuron in the brain makes connections,"['to 6-20 neighbors', 'to 100-200 neurons nearby', 'to more than 1000 neurons nearby', 'to more than 1000 neurons nearby or far away.']",to more than 1000 neurons nearby or far away.,3
+3406,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,BPAP,"['is an acronym for Back-Propagating Action Potential.', 'exists in a passive dendrite.', 'travels from the dendritic hotspot to the soma.', 'travels from the soma along the dendrite.', 'has the same duration as the somatic action potential.']",is an acronym for Back-Propagating Action Potential.,0
+3408,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Let's say we found several (stable and/or unstable) fixed points with the method above. Select all correct statements about the interpretation of these fixed points below (several correct answers possible):,"['If initialized exactly at a fixed point [mathjaxinline] (\\overline{I}^{\\text{*}},\\nu_0^{\\text{*}}) [/mathjaxinline] and in absence of any noise, the system will always stay there.', 'Found fixed points are always stable. Otherwise they would not be fixed points.', 'The number and stability of the fixed points is independent of the external current [mathjaxinline] I^{\\textrm{ext}} [/mathjaxinline].', 'An arbitrariliy small pertubation is sufficient to push the system out of an unstable fixed point.', 'If the system is initialized at a stable fixed point, the system relaxes back to the stable fixed point after a small pertubation.']","If initialized exactly at a fixed point [mathjaxinline] (\overline{I}^{\text{*}},\nu_0^{\text{*}}) [/mathjaxinline] and in absence of any noise, the system will always stay there.",0
+3409,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The case of strong unbiased input corresponds to the case at the beginning of the exercise (assuming [mathjaxinline] b [/mathjaxinline] being sufficiently large). In this case the middle fixpoint is a saddle point. This means the following for the decision making:,"['The saddle point is stable for trajectories starting on the stable manifold. Since every trajectory crosses this minfold at some point, all trajectories converge to the middle fixpoint. This means no decision is taken.', 'Since the saddle point is unstable, trajectories are pushed away from it and the system is ""forced"" to make a decision. If the decision goes towards [mathjaxinline] h_1 [/mathjaxinline] or [mathjaxinline] h_2 [/mathjaxinline] is a random event with 50/50 probabilites.', 'Since the saddle point is unstable the system is ""forced"" to make a decision. The decision itself depends on the initial conditions of the trajectory and on possible noise. Only trajectories starting on the stable manifold of the saddle point converge to the middle fixpoint (no decision), however in real systems this will never really happen.']","Since the saddle point is unstable the system is ""forced"" to make a decision. The decision itself depends on the initial conditions of the trajectory and on possible noise. Only trajectories starting on the stable manifold of the saddle point converge to the middle fixpoint (no decision), however in real systems this will never really happen.",2
+3412,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Suppose we have a network of 4 neurons. Each neuron is described by a firing rate [mathjaxinline] \nu=g(h) > 0 [/mathjaxinline]. The network is in a homogeneous state, so that all neurons always have the firing rate: [mathjaxinline]\nu_1=\nu_2 = \nu_3 =\nu_4=\nu [/mathjaxinline]. The initial state of all weights is [mathjaxinline] w=0.0001[/mathjaxinline].","['[mathjaxinline] \\frac{dw_{42}}{dt}=-a_0 \\nu +a_2 \\nu^2 -a_4 \\nu^4 [/mathjaxinline].', '[mathjaxinline] w_{42}=-\\frac{a_0}{2} \\nu^2 +\\frac{a_2}{3} \\nu^3 -\\frac{a_4}{5} \\nu^5 [/mathjaxinline].', '[mathjaxinline] w_{42}=-a_0 \\nu t +a_2 \\nu^2 t -a_4 \\nu^4 t [/mathjaxinline].']",[mathjaxinline] \frac{dw_{42}}{dt}=-a_0 \nu +a_2 \nu^2 -a_4 \nu^4 [/mathjaxinline].,0
+3415,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,An isolated deterministic leaky integrate-and-fire neuron driven by a constant current can have a broad ISIA deterministic leaky integrate-and-fire embedded into a randomly connected network of integrate-and-fire can have a broad ISIAn isolated deterministic Hodgkin-Huxley model as in week 2 driven by a constant current can have a broad ISI,"['An isolated deterministic leaky integrate-and-fire neuron driven by a constant current can have a broad ISI', 'A deterministic leaky integrate-and-fire embedded into a randomly connected network of integrate-and-fire can have a broad ISI', 'An isolated deterministic Hodgkin-Huxley model as in week 2 driven by a constant current can have a broad ISI']",A deterministic leaky integrate-and-fire embedded into a randomly connected network of integrate-and-fire can have a broad ISI,1
+3416,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"A spike train starts at time [mathjaxinline]t=0[/mathjaxinline] and we have observed a first spike at time [mathjaxinline]t_1[/mathjaxinline]. We are interested in the probability that the [mathjaxinline]n[/mathjaxinline]-th spike occurs around time [mathjaxinline]t_n=t_1 + s[/mathjaxinline], if the first spike occurs at time [mathjaxinline]t_1[/mathjaxinline]. With this definition of spike labels, calculate the probability density [mathjaxinline]P(t_3|t_1)[/mathjaxinline] that the third spike occurs arround time [mathjaxinline]t_3[/mathjaxinline] given that the first spike occurs at time [mathjaxinline]t_1[/mathjaxinline]?","['[mathjaxinline] \\int_{t_1}^{t_3} P(t_3|t_2)  \\ dt_2 [/mathjaxinline].', '[mathjaxinline] \\int_{t_1}^{t_3} \\rho(t_3|t_2) P(t_2|t_1) \\ dt_2 [/mathjaxinline].', ""[mathjaxinline] \\int_{t_2}^{t_3} P(t_3|t') P(t_2|t_1) \\ dt' [/mathjaxinline]."", '[mathjaxinline] \\int_{t_1}^{t_3} P(t_3|t_2) P(t_2|t_1) \\ dt_2 [/mathjaxinline].', '[mathjaxinline] P(t_3|t_2) P(t_2|t_1) [/mathjaxinline].', '[mathjaxinline] \\int_{t_1}^{t_3} \\rho(t_3|t_2) \\rho(t_2|t_1) \\ dt_2 [/mathjaxinline].']",[mathjaxinline] \int_{t_1}^{t_3} P(t_3|t_2) P(t_2|t_1) \ dt_2 [/mathjaxinline].,3
+3417,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,2. What happens to the absolute value of the reversal potential if you change the temperature from 37 to 18.5 degree celsius?It does not change.It increases a little bit.It decreases a little bit.It increases by a factor 2.It decreases by a factor 1/2.,"['It does not change.', 'It increases a little bit.', 'It decreases a little bit.', 'It increases by a factor 2.', 'It decreases by a factor 1/2.']",It decreases a little bit.,2
+3418,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Consider (u,w) coordinate system:","['on the u-nullcline, arrows are always vertical', 'on the u-nullcline, arrows point always vertically upward', 'on the u-nullcline, arrows are always horizontal', 'on the u-nullcline, arrows point always to the left', 'on the u-nullcline, arrows point always to the right']","on the u-nullcline, arrows are always vertical",0
+3419,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Using this property of balanced patterns we can simplify the rewritten dynamics after the change of variable (correct answer from previous question). What is the result after simplification?,"['[mathjaxinline] \\sigma_i(t+1) =  \\frac{1}{2} \\left[ \\text{sign}\\left( \\sum_{j=1}^N w_{ij} \\sigma_j(t) \\right) +1  \\right] [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\sigma_i(t+1) = \\text{sign}\\left( 2\\sum_{j=1}^N w_{ij} \\sigma_j(t) \\right) +1 [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\sigma_i(t+1) = \\frac{1}{2} \\text{sign}\\left( \\sum_{j=1}^N w_{ij} \\sigma_j(t) \\right) [/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline] \sigma_i(t+1) =  \frac{1}{2} \left[ \text{sign}\left( \sum_{j=1}^N w_{ij} \sigma_j(t) \right) +1  \right] [/mathjaxinline],0
+3420,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Assume that neuron group 1 fires at 3 Hz, then group 2 fires at 2.5 Hz, then again group 1 etc. How do the weights of both groups evolve according to the BCM plasticty rule defined above?","['The postsynaptic firing rate during firing of group 1 is above [mathjaxinline] \\theta [/mathjaxinline], according to Fig. 2,  the corresponding weights keep growing. The same happens for group 2. The postsynaptic neuron finally responds to input from both groups.', 'The postsynaptic firing rate during firing of group 1 is above [mathjaxinline] \\theta [/mathjaxinline], according to Fig. 2,  the corresponding weights keep growing. In contrast, the weights of group 2 keep shrinking. The postsynaptic neuron becomes selective for group 1.', 'The postsynaptic firing rate during firing of group 1 is below [mathjaxinline] \\theta [/mathjaxinline], according to Fig. 2,  the corresponding weights keep shrinking. The same happens for group 2. The postsynaptic neuron finally ignores input from both groups.']","The postsynaptic firing rate during firing of group 1 is above [mathjaxinline] \theta [/mathjaxinline], according to Fig. 2,  the corresponding weights keep growing. The same happens for group 2. The postsynaptic neuron finally responds to input from both groups.",0
+3421,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Now consider aPoisson neuronwith a firing rate proportional to current: [mathjaxinline]\rho(t) = k I(t)[/mathjaxinline]. Which of the following options are correct? (note that there may be more than one correct answer),"['The timing of the first spike determines the intensity of the stimulus exactly.', 'One cannot specify the intensity of the stimulus with the timing of the first spike of a poisson neuron because the spikes are stochastic.', 'One can average the number of spikes over some time to approximate the firing rate [mathjaxinline] \\nu [/mathjaxinline].']",One cannot specify the intensity of the stimulus with the timing of the first spike of a poisson neuron because the spikes are stochastic.,1
+3422,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Suppose you store a single pattern [mathjaxinline] \xi [/mathjaxinline] in the network. We know that this pattern will be a (stable) fixed point of the dynamics. If we initialize the state of the network with this pattern, what do we expect (multiple correct answers possible)?","['Without further action, the network stays at the fixed point.', 'Any small pertubation, i.e. state flip of one or several unit(s) with respect to [mathjaxinline] \\xi [/mathjaxinline], will lead to bigger pertubations, i.e. even more flipped units.', 'For arbitrarily big pertubations, i.e. arbitrary number of flips, the network converges back to the fixed point and the pattern [mathjaxinline] \\xi [/mathjaxinline] is restored.', 'For small pertubations (maximum number of flips depending on the number of neurons [mathjaxinline] N [/mathjaxinline] in the network), the pattern [mathjaxinline] \\xi [/mathjaxinline] is restored.']","Without further action, the network stays at the fixed point.",0
+3423,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The population activity:,"['Is a firing rate', 'Is a fast variable on the time scale of milliseconds', 'Is proportional to the number of spikes\ncounted across a population in a short time window', 'Is defined as the number of spikes\ncounted across a population in a short time window']",Is a firing rate,0
+3424,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Let us compute the interspike interval [mathjaxinline] T [/mathjaxinline] for constant input [mathjaxinline] I_0 \ge I_{min} [/mathjaxinline].,"['[mathjaxinline]T=\\tau \\ln \\left( \\frac{RI}{RI- \\left( \\theta -U_{rest} \\right) } \\right)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]T=\\tau \\ln \\left( \\frac{I}{I- R \\left( \\theta -U_{rest} \\right) } \\right)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]T=\\tau \\ln \\left( \\frac{RI - \\left( \\theta -U_{rest} \\right)}{RI} \\right)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]T=\\tau \\ln \\left( \\frac{1}{RI-\\left(\\theta -U_{rest}\\right)} \\right)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]T=\\tau \\ln \\left( \\frac{1}{1-\\left( U_{rest}-\\theta \\right)} \\right)[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]T=\tau \ln \left( \frac{RI}{RI- \left( \theta -U_{rest} \right) } \right)[/mathjaxinline],0
+3425,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Keeping in mind that [mathjaxinline]\tau = 1, \tau_x=20 [/mathjaxinline] and thanks to the ""separation of time scales"" technique, one may conclude that... (note that there may be more than one correct option)","['the dynamics of variable [mathjaxinline]h[/mathjaxinline] is much faster than that of variable [mathjaxinline]x[/mathjaxinline].', 'the dynamics of variable [mathjaxinline]x[/mathjaxinline] is much faster than that of variable [mathjaxinline]h[/mathjaxinline].', '[mathjaxinline]x(t)[/mathjaxinline] can be approximated by [mathjaxinline]\\frac{2.8}{1+9g(h(t))}[/mathjaxinline].', 'in the regime for which [mathjaxinline] g(h)=2h-0.6 [/mathjaxinline], the reduced equation is [mathjaxinline] \\tau_x \\frac{dx}{dt} = 2.8 - x -9x [\\frac{3.6x}{6x-1}-0.6] [/mathjaxinline].', 'the system of two equations can be reduced to one:  [mathjaxinline]\\tau \\frac{dh}{dt} = -h + 8.4 g(h) [/mathjaxinline].', 'in the regime for which [mathjaxinline] g(h)=2h-0.6 [/mathjaxinline], the reduced equation is [mathjaxinline] \\tau_x \\frac{dx}{dt} = 2.8 - x -9x [\\frac{1.8x}{6x-1}] [/mathjaxinline].']",the dynamics of variable [mathjaxinline]h[/mathjaxinline] is much faster than that of variable [mathjaxinline]x[/mathjaxinline].,0
+3426,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Indicate correct choices:,"['A leaky integrate-and-fire model with escape noise can be interpreted as a generative model of a spike train.', 'For a leaky  integrate-and-fire model with escape noise we can (numerically) calculate the likelihood that observed experimental data could have been generated by the model.', 'Suppose we inject a time-dependent current into a real neuron and observe the resulting spike train. We the inject the same time-dependent current  into a nonlinear integrate-and-fire model with exponential escape noise with parameter theta. For each choice of theta we  can then calculate the likelihood that the model could have generated the observed spike train.']",A leaky integrate-and-fire model with escape noise can be interpreted as a generative model of a spike train.,0
+3427,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Now keeping the learned weights of the ""Swiss Cross"" Hopfield network fixed, we present a pattern [mathjaxinline] S_i(t=0) [/mathjaxinline] and let it evolve according to[mathjaxinline] 
+    \begin{equation}
+    S_i(t+1) = sgn\left(\sum_j w_{ij}S_j(t)\right)
+    \end{equation}
+    [/mathjaxinline]where [mathjaxinline] sgn(\dots) [/mathjaxinline] is the sign-function. Suppose the initial state is again the swiss cross above but with one bit (neuron) flipped. Will the dynamics correct, i.e. flip, it?","['Yes', 'No']",Yes,0
+3428,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Suppose that each neuron receives spike input from all other neurons. Spike arrival at time [mathjaxinline] t = 0 [/mathjaxinline] evokes a response [mathjaxinline] w_0\left[\text{exp}(-t/\tau_2) - \text{exp}(-t/\tau_1)\right] = w_0\alpha(t) [/mathjaxinline] in the postsynaptic neuron. Here we defined the postsynaptic response (or postsynaptic potential) [mathjaxinline] \alpha(t) [/mathjaxinline] with [mathjaxinline] 0 \lt \tau_1 \lt \tau_2 [/mathjaxinline].,"['[mathjaxinline] \\begin{equation} I_i(t_0) = I^{\\textrm{ext}} + \\sum_j \\sum_{f, t_j^f \\lt t_0} \\alpha(t-t_j^f) \\end{equation} [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\begin{equation} I_i(t_0) = w_0\\sum_j \\sum_{f, t_j^f \\lt t_0} \\alpha(t-t_j^f) \\end{equation} [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\begin{equation} I_i(t_0) = I^{\\textrm{ext}} + w_0\\sum_j \\sum_{f, t_j^f \\lt t_0} \\alpha(t-t_j^f) \\end{equation} [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\begin{equation} I_i(t_0) = I^{\\textrm{ext}} + w_0\\sum_j \\sum_{f, t_j^f \\lt t_0} \\delta(t-t_j^f) \\end{equation} [/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline] \begin{equation} I_i(t_0) = I^{\textrm{ext}} + w_0\sum_j \sum_{f, t_j^f \lt t_0} \alpha(t-t_j^f) \end{equation} [/mathjaxinline]",2
+3531,15064,Physics,online,[mathjaxinline]\frac{\mu}{D}= ?[/mathjaxinline],"['[mathjaxinline] \\mu D=\\frac{q}{k_{B} T}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\mu D = k_{B} T[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\mu}{D}=k_{B} T[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\mu}{D}=\\frac{q}{k_{B} T}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]\frac{\mu}{D}=\frac{q}{k_{B} T}[/mathjaxinline],3
+3538,15064,Physics,online,"Write the master equation yourself, and use it to derive an equation of motion for the generating function [mathjaxinline]G(z, t)= \sum_{n} z^{n} P(n, t)[/mathjaxinline]. What's the correct expression for [mathjaxinline]\partial_t P(n, t)[/mathjaxinline]?","['[mathjaxinline]\\partial_t P(n, t)=\\alpha \\cdot P(n-1,t)+ \\beta \\cdot P(n+1,t)-(\\alpha+\\beta) \\cdot P(n,t)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\partial_t P(n, t)=\\alpha \\cdot P(n+1,t)+ \\beta \\cdot P(n-1,t)-\\frac{1}{2}(\\alpha+\\beta) \\cdot P(n,t)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\partial_t P(n, t)=\\beta \\cdot P(n-1,t)+ \\alpha \\cdot P(n+1,t)-\\frac{1}{2}(\\alpha+\\beta) \\cdot P(n,t)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\partial_t P(n, t)=\\beta \\cdot P(n+1,t)+ \\alpha \\cdot P(n-1,t)-(\\alpha+\\beta) \\cdot P(n,t)[/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline]\partial_t P(n, t)=\beta \cdot P(n+1,t)+ \alpha \cdot P(n-1,t)-(\alpha+\beta) \cdot P(n,t)[/mathjaxinline]",3
+3542,15064,Physics,online,"Next find the most probable maximum step size [mathjaxinline]\bar{y}_{n},[/mathjaxinline] and derive an integral equation for the probability distribution [mathjaxinline]P(y)[/mathjaxinline].","['[mathjaxinline]\\int_{\\bar{y}_{n}}^{\\infty} P(y) d y=\\frac{1}{n}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\bar{y}_{n}} P(y) d y=\\frac{1}{n}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\int_{\\bar{y}_{n}}^{\\infty} P(y) d y=1[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\bar{y}_{n}} P(y) d y=1[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]\int_{\bar{y}_{n}}^{\infty} P(y) d y=\frac{1}{n}[/mathjaxinline],0
+3543,15064,Physics,online,"(d) Returning to the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process [mathjaxinline](A(X, t)=-1 / \tau \cdot X[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]D(X, t)=c,[/mathjaxinline] calculate the twosided spectral density of fluctuations [mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\omega)[/mathjaxinline] as well as the one-sided spectral density, [mathjaxinline]S_{X X}^{\text {single }}(\omega)[/mathjaxinline]","['[mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\\omega)=\\frac{c \\tau }{2 \\pi} \\frac{ \\tau}{1+(\\omega \\tau)^{2}}, S_{x x}^{\\text {single}}(\\omega)=\\frac{\\left\\langle X^{2}(0)\\right\\rangle}{\\pi} \\frac{2 \\tau}{1+i \\omega \\tau}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\\omega)=\\frac{c \\tau }{ \\pi} \\frac{ \\tau}{1+(\\omega \\tau)^{2}}, S_{x x}^{\\text {single}}(\\omega)=\\frac{\\left\\langle X^{2}(0)\\right\\rangle}{\\pi} \\frac{4 \\tau}{1+i \\omega \\tau}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\\omega)=\\frac{c \\tau }{\\pi} \\frac{ \\tau}{(1+(\\omega \\tau)^{2})^2}, S_{x x}^{\\text {single}}(\\omega)=\\frac{\\left\\langle X^{2}(0)\\right\\rangle}{ \\pi} \\frac{2 \\tau}{1+ (\\omega \\tau)^2}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\\omega)=\\frac{c \\tau }{ \\pi} \\frac{2 \\tau}{(1+(\\omega \\tau)^{2})^2}, S_{x x}^{\\text {single}}(\\omega)=\\frac{\\left\\langle X^{2}(0)\\right\\rangle}{ \\pi} \\frac{4 \\tau}{1+(\\omega \\tau)^2}[/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\omega)=\frac{c \tau }{2 \pi} \frac{ \tau}{1+(\omega \tau)^{2}}, S_{x x}^{\text {single}}(\omega)=\frac{\left\langle X^{2}(0)\right\rangle}{\pi} \frac{2 \tau}{1+i \omega \tau}[/mathjaxinline]",0
+3546,15064,Physics,online,Finally we can use the results and arrive at the Kramers escape rate!,"['[mathjaxinline]\\int_{x_{1}}^{x_{2}} e^{\\cdots} d x = e^{-\\frac{V\\left(x_{min} \\right)}{2 k_{B} T}}  \\sqrt{\\frac{4 K_{B} T \\pi}{V^{\\prime \\prime} \\left(x_{\\min }\\right)}}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\int_{x_{1}}^{x_{2}} e^{\\cdots} d x = e^{-\\frac{V\\left(x_{min} \\right)}{k_{B} T}}  \\sqrt{\\frac{2 K_{B} T \\pi}{V^{\\prime \\prime} \\left(x_{\\min }\\right)}}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]\int_{x_{1}}^{x_{2}} e^{\cdots} d x = e^{-\frac{V\left(x_{min} \right)}{k_{B} T}}  \sqrt{\frac{2 K_{B} T \pi}{V^{\prime \prime} \left(x_{\min }\right)}}[/mathjaxinline],1
+3548,15064,Physics,online,Next assume the case where probability current [mathjaxinline]J[/mathjaxinline] is constant but non-zero. Derive the stationary probability distribution [mathjaxinline]P(x)[/mathjaxinline] for this case. Assume that the problem is solved on a finite interval [mathjaxinline]J\left(x_{\min }\right)=J\left(x_{\max }\right)=J .[/mathjaxinline] What do the boundary conditions now imply?,"['[mathjaxinline]P(x)=P(0) e^{-\\Phi(x)}-\\frac{J}{D} \\int_{0}^{x} e^{-\\left(\\Phi(x)-\\Phi\\left(x^{\\prime}\\right)\\right)^2} d x^{\\prime} [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]P(x)=P(0) e^{-\\Phi(x)}- \\frac{J}{D^2} \\int_{0}^{x} e^{-\\left(\\Phi(x) \\Phi\\left(x^{\\prime}\\right)\\right)} d x^{\\prime} [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]P(x)=P(0) e^{-\\Phi(x)}-\\frac{J}{D} \\int_{0}^{x} e^{-\\left(\\Phi(x)-\\Phi\\left(x^{\\prime}\\right)\\right)} d x^{\\prime} [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]P(x)=P(0) e^{-\\Phi(x)}- \\frac{J}{2D} \\int_{0}^{x} e^{-\\left(\\Phi(x)-\\Phi\\left(x^{\\prime}\\right)\\right)^2} d x^{\\prime} [/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]P(x)=P(0) e^{-\Phi(x)}-\frac{J}{D} \int_{0}^{x} e^{-\left(\Phi(x)-\Phi\left(x^{\prime}\right)\right)} d x^{\prime} [/mathjaxinline],2
+3550,15064,Physics,online,"For the fully asymmetric case [mathjaxinline]\beta=0[/mathjaxinline], what do we get for [mathjaxinline]P\left(n_{2}, t\right)?[/mathjaxinline] Derive its expression in the case [mathjaxinline]n_{2} \geq n_{1}[/mathjaxinline] and  [mathjaxinline]n_{2} < n_{1}[/mathjaxinline].","['[mathjaxinline]e^{(\\beta/z+ \\alpha\\cdot z-\\alpha-\\beta) t} \\frac{(\\alpha t)^{n_{2}-n_{1}}}{\\left(n_{2}-n_{1}\\right) !}[/mathjaxinline], for [mathjaxinline]n_{2} \\geq n_{1}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]e^{(\\beta/z+ \\alpha\\cdot z-\\alpha-\\beta) t} \\frac{(\\alpha t)^{n_{2}}}{\\left(n_{2}\\right) !}[/mathjaxinline], for [mathjaxinline]n_{2} \\geq n_{1}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]e^{-\\alpha t} \\frac{(\\alpha t)^{n_{2}}}{\\left(n_{2}\\right) !}[/mathjaxinline], for [mathjaxinline]n_{2} \\geq n_{1}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]e^{-\\alpha t} \\frac{(\\alpha t)^{n_{2}-n_{1}}}{\\left(n_{2}-n_{1}\\right) !}[/mathjaxinline], for [mathjaxinline]n_{2} \\geq n_{1}[/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline]e^{-\alpha t} \frac{(\alpha t)^{n_{2}-n_{1}}}{\left(n_{2}-n_{1}\right) !}[/mathjaxinline], for [mathjaxinline]n_{2} \geq n_{1}[/mathjaxinline]",3
+3551,15064,Physics,online,"As outlined above we are treating the problem without reflecting or absorbing boundary conditions, but assume the current to be nonzero even on our boundaries. As such we can neglect the time dependence of [mathjaxinline]P(x, t)[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]J(x, t)[/mathjaxinline] since the solution will become stationary in this case. Why does it become stationary? Obtain an expression for the current by integrating over the interval [mathjaxinline]x=x_{\min } \ldots A .[/mathjaxinline] Find an expression for [mathjaxinline]J:[/mathjaxinline]","['[mathjaxinline]J=D \\cdot e^{V\\left(x_{\\min }\\right) / k_{B} T} P\\left(x_{\\min }, t\\right) /\\left(\\int_{x_{\\min }}^{A} e^{V(x) / k_{B} T} d x\\right)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]J=D \\cdot e^{V\\left(x_{\\min }\\right) / 2 k_{B} T} P\\left(x_{\\min }, t\\right) /\\left(\\int_{x_{\\min }}^{A} e^{V(x) / k_{B} T} d x\\right)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]J=D \\cdot e^{-V\\left(x_{\\min }\\right) / k_{B} T} P\\left(x_{\\min }, t\\right) /\\left(\\int_{x_{\\min }}^{A} e^{V(x) / k_{B} T} d x\\right)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]J=D \\cdot e^{-V\\left(x_{\\min }\\right) / 2 k_{B} T} P\\left(x_{\\min }, t\\right) /\\left(\\int_{x_{\\min }}^{A} e^{V(x) / k_{B} T} d x\\right)[/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline]J=D \cdot e^{V\left(x_{\min }\right) / k_{B} T} P\left(x_{\min }, t\right) /\left(\int_{x_{\min }}^{A} e^{V(x) / k_{B} T} d x\right)[/mathjaxinline]",0
+3553,15064,Physics,online,"We consider an oscillating electromagnetic field that exhibits phase fluctuations, which model, for example, the output of a realistic RF signal generator or a laser. Assume that the field is given by [mathjaxinline]E(t)=E_{0} e^{-i \omega_{0} t+i \phi(t)},[/mathjaxinline] where the phase [mathjaxinline]\phi(t)[/mathjaxinline] is a Wiener process with diffusion constant [mathjaxinline]D[/mathjaxinline]","['[mathjaxinline]\\left\\langle e^{i \\phi\\left(t_{1}\\right)-i \\phi\\left(t_{2}\\right)}\\right\\rangle=e^{-\\frac{1}{2} D^2\\left|t_{1}-t_{2}\\right|}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\left\\langle e^{i \\phi\\left(t_{1}\\right)-i \\phi\\left(t_{2}\\right)}\\right\\rangle=e^{-\\frac{1}{2} D\\left|t_{1}-t_{2}\\right|^2}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\left\\langle e^{i \\phi\\left(t_{1}\\right)-i \\phi\\left(t_{2}\\right)}\\right\\rangle=e^{-\\frac{1}{2} D^2\\left|t_{1}-t_{2}\\right|^2}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\left\\langle e^{i \\phi\\left(t_{1}\\right)-i \\phi\\left(t_{2}\\right)}\\right\\rangle=e^{-\\frac{1}{2} D\\left|t_{1}-t_{2}\\right|}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]\left\langle e^{i \phi\left(t_{1}\right)-i \phi\left(t_{2}\right)}\right\rangle=e^{-\frac{1}{2} D\left|t_{1}-t_{2}\right|}[/mathjaxinline],3
+3558,15064,Physics,online,Calculate the spectrum of position fluctuations [mathjaxinline]S_{x x}(\omega)[/mathjaxinline],"['[mathjaxinline]S_{x x}(\\omega)=\\frac{4 k_B T \\gamma^{2}}{m^{2}\\left(\\omega_{0}^{2}+\\omega^{2}\\right)^{2}+(\\gamma \\omega)^{2}}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{x x}(\\omega)=\\frac{4 k_B T \\gamma}{m^{2}\\left(\\omega_{0}^{2}+\\omega^{2}\\right)^{2}+(\\gamma \\omega)^{2}}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{x x}(\\omega)=\\frac{4 k_B T \\gamma^{2}}{m^{2}\\left(\\omega_{0}^{2}-\\omega^{2}\\right)^{2}+(\\gamma \\omega)^{2}}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{x x}(\\omega)=\\frac{4 k_B T \\gamma}{m^{2}\\left(\\omega_{0}^{2}-\\omega^{2}\\right)^{2}+(\\gamma \\omega)^{2}}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]S_{x x}(\omega)=\frac{4 k_B T \gamma}{m^{2}\left(\omega_{0}^{2}-\omega^{2}\right)^{2}+(\gamma \omega)^{2}}[/mathjaxinline],3
+3559,15064,Physics,online,"Assuming that the average energy stored in the capacitor (given by [mathjaxinline]\frac{\left\langle Q^{2}\right\rangle}{2 C}[/mathjaxinline] ) equals [mathjaxinline]k_{B} T / 2,[/mathjaxinline] or using the method of your choice, calculate the spectrum of the charge fluctuations [mathjaxinline]S_{Q Q}(\omega)[/mathjaxinline] and show that it is a Lorentzian with damping rate [mathjaxinline]\gamma =\frac{R}{L}[/mathjaxinline] and resonance frequency [mathjaxinline]\omega_{R}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{L C}}.[/mathjaxinline]","['[mathjaxinline]S_{Q Q}(\\omega)=\\frac{ k_B T \\gamma /L}{({\\omega_R}^2- {\\omega}^2)^2+ \\omega^2 \\gamma^2}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{Q Q}(\\omega)=\\frac{2 k_B T \\gamma /L}{({\\omega_R}^2- {\\omega}^2)^2+ \\omega^2 \\gamma^2}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{Q Q}(\\omega)=\\frac{ k_B T L\\gamma }{({\\omega_R}^2- {\\omega}^2)^2+ \\omega^2 \\gamma^2}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{Q Q}(\\omega)=\\frac{2 k_B T L \\gamma }{({\\omega_R}^2- {\\omega}^2)^2+ \\omega^2 \\gamma^2}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]S_{Q Q}(\omega)=\frac{2 k_B T \gamma /L}{({\omega_R}^2- {\omega}^2)^2+ \omega^2 \gamma^2}[/mathjaxinline],1
+3561,15064,Physics,online,"Derive the steady state solution of the Master equation, i.e. [mathjaxinline]P_{n}^{s}(t)=P_{n}^{s}=?[/mathjaxinline]","['[mathjaxinline]P_{n}^{s}=n_{0}^{s} \\left(g-r \\right)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]P_{n}^{s}=P_{0}^{s}\\left(\\frac{g}{r}\\right)^{n}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]P_{n}^{s}=n_{0}^{s} \\left(g+r \\right)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]P_{n}^{s}=n_{0}^{s} P_{0}^{s}\\left(\\frac{g_0}{r_1}\\right)[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]P_{n}^{s}=P_{0}^{s}\left(\frac{g}{r}\right)^{n}[/mathjaxinline],1
+3562,15064,Physics,online,"(b) For a symmetric autocorrelation function [mathjaxinline]C(\tau)=C(-\tau),[/mathjaxinline] what is the nature of the two-sided spectrum [mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\omega),[/mathjaxinline] as defined by [mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\omega)=\int C(\tau) e^{-i \omega \tau} d \tau?[/mathjaxinline]","['[mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\\omega)[/mathjaxinline] is complex, continuous and an odd function, i.e. [mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\\omega)=-S_{X X}(-\\omega)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\\omega)[/mathjaxinline] is complex, non-negative and an even function, i.e. [mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\\omega)=S_{X X}(-\\omega)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\\omega)[/mathjaxinline] is real, non-negative and an even function, i.e. [mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\\omega)=S_{X X}(-\\omega)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\\omega)[/mathjaxinline] is real, continuous and an odd function, i.e. [mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\\omega)=-S_{X X}(-\\omega)[/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\omega)[/mathjaxinline] is real, non-negative and an even function, i.e. [mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\omega)=S_{X X}(-\omega)[/mathjaxinline]",2
+3563,15064,Physics,online,Derive the master equation for the number of monomers [mathjaxinline](n)[/mathjaxinline],"['[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial p_{n}(t)}{\\partial t}=K_{+} p_{n-1}(t)+K_{-}(n+1) p_{n+1}(t) -\\left[K_{+}+K_{-} n+K_{D} n(n-1)\\right] p_{n}(t)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial p_{n}(t)}{\\partial t}=K_{+} p_{n-1}(t)+K_{-}(n+1) p_{n+1}(t) \n       \\\\ +K_{D}(n+2)(n+1) p_{n+2}(t) -\\left[K_{+}+K_{-} n+K_{D} n(n-1)\\right] p_{n}(t)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial p_{n}(t)}{\\partial t}=K_{+} p_{n-1}(t)+K_{-}(n+1) p_{n+1}(t) +K_{D}(n+2)(n+1) p_{n+2}(t)\n        \\\\ -K_{D}(n-2)(n-1) p_{n-2}(t) -\\left[K_{+}+K_{-} n+K_{D} n(n-1)\\right] p_{n}(t)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial p_{n}(t)}{\\partial t}=K_{+} p_{n-1}(t)+K_{-}(n+1) p_{n+1}(t) [/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline]\frac{\partial p_{n}(t)}{\partial t}=K_{+} p_{n-1}(t)+K_{-}(n+1) p_{n+1}(t) 
+       \\ +K_{D}(n+2)(n+1) p_{n+2}(t) -\left[K_{+}+K_{-} n+K_{D} n(n-1)\right] p_{n}(t)[/mathjaxinline]",1
+3565,15064,Physics,online,"In this exercise the two force hypothesis underlying the Langevin equation, a systematic component and a fluctuating component will be understood in terms of a simple model based on a Markov jump process. Assume a 1-dimensional discrete random walk in velocity space over a finite interval [mathjaxinline]\left(v_{-N}=-A, v_{N}=A\right)[/mathjaxinline] where [mathjaxinline]\Delta=A / N[/mathjaxinline] denotes the discrete stepsize. Next assume that the transition probability (per unit time) to the velocity [mathjaxinline]v_{n \pm 1}[/mathjaxinline] is given by [mathjaxinline]W_{\pm}\left(v_{n}\right)=B \cdot(1 \mp v / A)[/mathjaxinline] where [mathjaxinline]B[/mathjaxinline] is a constant.","['[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial P\\left(v_{n}, t\\right)}{\\partial t}=\\frac{1}{2}[P\\left(v_{n+1}, t\\right) W_{+}\\left(v_{n+1}\\right)+P\\left(v_{n-1,} t\\right) W_-\\left(v_{n-1}\\right)]-P\\left(v_{n}, t\\right) W_{+}\\left(v_{n}\\right)-P\\left(v_{n}, t\\right) W_-\\left(v_{n}\\right) \\\\\n(-N \\leqslant n \\leqslant N)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial P\\left(v_{n}, t\\right)}{\\partial t}=P\\left(v_{n+1}, t\\right) W_{+}\\left(v_{n+1}\\right)+P\\left(v_{n-1,} t\\right) W_-\\left(v_{n-1}\\right)-P\\left(v_{n}, t\\right) W_{+}\\left(v_{n}\\right)-P\\left(v_{n}, t\\right) W_-\\left(v_{n}\\right) \\\\\n(-N \\leqslant n \\leqslant N)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial P\\left(v_{n}, t\\right)}{\\partial t}=P\\left(v_{n-1}, t\\right) W_{+}\\left(v_{n-1}\\right)+P\\left(v_{n+1,} t\\right) W_-\\left(v_{n+1}\\right)-P\\left(v_{n}, t\\right) W_{+}\\left(v_{n}\\right)-P\\left(v_{n}, t\\right) W_-\\left(v_{n}\\right) \\\\\n(-N \\leqslant n \\leqslant N)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial P\\left(v_{n}, t\\right)}{\\partial t}=P\\left(v_{n-1}, t\\right) W_{+}\\left(v_{n-1}\\right)+P\\left(v_{n+1,} t\\right) W_-\\left(v_{n+1}\\right)+P\\left(v_{n}, t\\right) W_{+}\\left(v_{n}\\right)+P\\left(v_{n}, t\\right) W_-\\left(v_{n}\\right) \\\\\n(-N \\leqslant n \\leqslant N)[/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline]\frac{\partial P\left(v_{n}, t\right)}{\partial t}=P\left(v_{n-1}, t\right) W_{+}\left(v_{n-1}\right)+P\left(v_{n+1,} t\right) W_-\left(v_{n+1}\right)-P\left(v_{n}, t\right) W_{+}\left(v_{n}\right)-P\left(v_{n}, t\right) W_-\left(v_{n}\right) \\
+(-N \leqslant n \leqslant N)[/mathjaxinline]",2
+3566,15064,Physics,online,"Return to the previous equations of motion for [mathjaxinline]\frac{\partial p_{n}(t)}{\partial t}[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]\frac{\partial}{\partial t} G(z, t)[/mathjaxinline], under what conditions (expressed as relations between [mathjaxinline]K_{+}, K_{-}[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]K_{D}[/mathjaxinline] ) do the relative fluctuations in the monomer number [mathjaxinline]n[/mathjaxinline] become small? (hint: fluctuations are small in macroscopic limit, when average particle numbers are large)","['[mathjaxinline]K_{+} / K_{-} \\ll 1, K_{+} / K_{D} \\ll 1[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]K_{+} / K_{-} \\gg 1, K_{+} / K_{D} \\gg 1[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]K_{+} / K_{-} \\ \\approx 1, K_{+} / K_{D} \\ \\approx 1[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]K_{+} / K_{-} \\ll 1, K_{+} / K_{D} \\gg 1[/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline]K_{+} / K_{-} \gg 1, K_{+} / K_{D} \gg 1[/mathjaxinline]",1
+3569,15064,Physics,online,"Express the master equation with transition rates [mathjaxinline]g_{n}[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]r_{n}[/mathjaxinline].
+    For the rest of the exercise, we assume constant rates [mathjaxinline]g_{n}=g, r_{n}=r[/mathjaxinline]","['[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t} P_{n}(t)=g_{n-1} P_{n-1}(t)+r_{n+1} P_{n+1}(t)-\\left(g_{n}+r_{n}\\right) P_{n}(t)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t} P_{n}(t)=\\left(g_{n}+r_{n}\\right)- P_{n}(t)g_{n-1} P_{n-1}(t)+r_{n+1} P_{n+1}(t)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t} P_{n}(t)=g_{n+1} P_{n+1}(t)+r_{n-1} P_{n-1}(t)-\\left(g_{n}-r_{n}\\right) P_{n}(t)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t} P_{n}(t)=\\left(g_{n}-r_{n}\\right)+ P_{n}(t)g_{n+1} P_{n+1}(t)+r_{n-1} P_{n-1}(t)[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]\frac{\partial}{\partial t} P_{n}(t)=g_{n-1} P_{n-1}(t)+r_{n+1} P_{n+1}(t)-\left(g_{n}+r_{n}\right) P_{n}(t)[/mathjaxinline],0
+3570,15064,Physics,online,"Spectral densities are an often encountered and essential concept in both Engineering and Physics. However, their definition can differ as they can be one- or two-sided spectral densities. This exercise is intended to clarify the difference and use of both notations. In Physics the definition of spectral densities one often encounters is two-sided (extending over both negative and positive Fourier frequencies): [mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\omega)=\left\langle|\tilde{X}(\omega)|^{2}\right\rangle=\lim _{T \rightarrow \infty}\left\langle\left|\frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_{-T / 2}^{T / 2} X(t) e^{i \omega t} d t\right|^{2}\right\rangle .[/mathjaxinline] The Wiener-Khinchin theorem (see previous problem) then implies that [mathjaxinline]S_{X X}(\omega)= \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} C_{X X}(\tau) e^{i \omega \tau} d \tau[/mathjaxinline] where [mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\tau)=\langle X(t) X(t+\tau)\rangle[/mathjaxinline]","['[mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\\tau)[/mathjaxinline] is asymmetric, [mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\\tau)=-C_{X X}(-\\tau)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\\tau)[/mathjaxinline] is symmetric, [mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\\tau)=C_{X X}(-\\tau)[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\\tau)[/mathjaxinline] is normalized, [mathjaxinline]\\lim _{T \\rightarrow \\infty} \\int_{-T / 2}^{T / 2} | C_{X X}(-\\tau)| ^2  d \\tau =1[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\\tau)[/mathjaxinline] is real, [mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\\tau)^*=C_{X X}(\\tau)[/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\tau)[/mathjaxinline] is symmetric, [mathjaxinline]C_{X X}(\tau)=C_{X X}(-\tau)[/mathjaxinline]",1
+3571,15064,Physics,online,What is the average occupation [mathjaxinline]\langle\hat{n}\rangle=\left\langle\hat{a}^{\dagger} \hat{a}\right\rangle[/mathjaxinline] of the coherent state?,"['[mathjaxinline]\\langle\\hat{n}\\rangle=\\alpha^{2}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\langle\\hat{n}\\rangle={\\alpha^{\\dagger}}^{2}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\langle\\hat{n}\\rangle=|\\alpha|^{2}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\langle\\hat{n}\\rangle=|\\alpha|^{2}/2[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]\langle\hat{n}\rangle=|\alpha|^{2}[/mathjaxinline],2
+3619,15125,Computer Science,master,"In general, what is true regarding Fagin's algorithm?","['It performs a complete scan over the posting files', 'It provably returns the k documents with the largest aggregate scores', 'Posting files need to be indexed by the TF-IDF weights', 'It never reads more than (k n)1⁄2 entries from a posting list']",It provably returns the k documents with the largest aggregate scores,1
+3621,15125,Computer Science,master,The relevance determined using the random walker model corresponds to,"['The number of steps a random walker needs to reach a page', 'The probability that the random walker visits the page in the long term', 'The number of incoming links a random walker can use to visit the page', 'The probability that the random walker will visit once the page']",The probability that the random walker visits the page in the long term,1
+3623,15125,Computer Science,master,"When constructing a word embedding, what is true regarding negative samples?","['They are words that do not appear as context words', 'They are selected among words which are not stop words', 'Their frequency is decreased down to its logarithm', 'They are oversampled if less frequent']",They are oversampled if less frequent,3
+3624,15125,Computer Science,master,"When using bootstrapping in Random Forests, the number of different data items used to construct a single tree is:","['smaller than the size of the training data set, with high probability', 'of order square root of the size of the training set, with high probability', 'the same as the size of the training data set', 'subject to the outcome of the sampling process, and can be both smaller or larger than the training set']","smaller than the size of the training data set, with high probability",0
+3625,15125,Computer Science,master,"If the first column of matrix L is (0,1,1,1) and all other entries are 0 then the authority values","['(0, 1, 1, 1)', '(0, 1/sqrt(3), 1/sqrt(3), 1/sqrt(3))', '(1, 1/sqrt(3), 1/sqrt(3), 1/sqrt(3))', '(1, 0, 0, 0)']","(0, 1/sqrt(3), 1/sqrt(3), 1/sqrt(3))",1
+3626,15125,Computer Science,master,If the top 100 documents contain 50 relevant documents ,"['the precision of the system at 50 is 0.25', 'the precision of the system at 100 is 0.5', 'the recall of the system is 0.5', 'All of the above']",the precision of the system at 100 is 0.5,1
+3627,15125,Computer Science,master,A posting indicates,"['The frequency of a term in the vocabulary', 'The frequency of a term in a document', 'The occurrence of a term in a document', 'The list of terms occurring in a document']",The occurrence of a term in a document,2
+3629,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is ​true ​for a density based cluster C?,"['Any two points in C must be density reachable. Each point belongs to one, and only one cluster', 'Any two points in C must be density reachable. Border points may belong to more than one cluster', 'Any two points in C must be density connected. Border points may belong to more than one cluster', 'Any two points in C must be density connected. Each point belongs to one, and only one cluster']",Any two points in C must be density connected. Border points may belong to more than one cluster,2
+3630,15125,Computer Science,master,What is WRONG regarding the Transformer model?,"['It uses a self-attention mechanism to compute representations of the input and output.', 'Its computation cannot be parallelized compared to LSTMs and other sequential models.', 'Its complexity is quadratic to the input size.', 'It captures the semantic context of the input.']",Its computation cannot be parallelized compared to LSTMs and other sequential models.,1
+3631,15125,Computer Science,master,Information extraction:,"['Necessarily requires training data.', 'Can be used to populate ontologies.', 'Is used to identify characteristic entities in a document.', 'Is always bootstrapped by using ontologies.']",Can be used to populate ontologies.,1
+3633,15125,Computer Science,master,Data being classified as unstructured or structured depends on the:,"['Degree of abstraction', 'Level of human involvement', 'Type of physical storage', 'Amount of data']",Degree of abstraction,0
+3635,15125,Computer Science,master,Which statement about Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is true?,"['The original matrix M can be reconstructed from the matrices K and D computed by the SVD', 'SVD, after eliminating the largest singular values, can be interpreted as a least square approximation to the original matrix', 'The singular values can be computed from the Eigenvalues of the original matrix M', 'SVD can be computed by constructing Eigenvectors of matrices derived from the original matrix M']",SVD can be computed by constructing Eigenvectors of matrices derived from the original matrix M,3
+3636,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements about index merging (when constructing inverted files) is correct?,"['While merging two partial indices on disk, the inverted lists of a term are concatenated without sorting', 'Index merging is used when the vocabulary does no longer fit into the main memory', 'The size of the final merged index file is O (n log2 (n) M )), where M is the size of the available memory', 'While merging two partial indices on disk, the vocabularies are concatenated without sorting']","While merging two partial indices on disk, the inverted lists of a term are concatenated without sorting",0
+3637,15125,Computer Science,master,"With matrix factorization one estimates ratings of unrated items
+","['By retrieving the corresponding item from a user vector', 'By retrieving the corresponding item from an item vector', 'By computing the product of a user and an item vector', 'By looking up the rating in an approximation of the original rating matrix']",By computing the product of a user and an item vector,2
+3638,15125,Computer Science,master,An ontology ,"['helps to separate layout issues from the structural representation of data', 'provides a common syntactic framework to represent standardized domain models', 'can be used as a mediation framework for integrating semantically heterogeneous databases']",can be used as a mediation framework for integrating semantically heterogeneous databases,2
+3640,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements on Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) and Word Embeddings (WE) is false?,"['The dimensions of LSI can be interpreted as concepts, whereas those of WE cannot', 'LSI does not depend on the order of words in the document, whereas WE does', 'LSI is deterministic (given the dimension), whereas WE is not', 'LSI does take into account the frequency of words in the documents, whereas WE with negative sampling does not']","LSI does take into account the frequency of words in the documents, whereas WE with negative sampling does not",3
+3641,15125,Computer Science,master,The number of non-zero entries in a column of a term-document matrix indicates:,"['how many terms of the vocabulary a document contains', 'how often a term of the vocabulary occurs in a document', 'how relevant a term is for a document', 'none of the other responses is correct']",none of the other responses is correct,3
+3642,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements on Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) and Word Embeddings (WE) is incorrect,"['LSI is deterministic (given the dimension), whereas WE is not', 'LSI does not take into account the order of words in the document, whereas WE does', 'The dimensions of LSI can be interpreted as concepts, whereas those of WE cannot', 'LSI does take into account the frequency of words in the documents, whereas WE does not.']","LSI does take into account the frequency of words in the documents, whereas WE does not.",3
+3643,15125,Computer Science,master,"Suppose that in a given FP Tree, an item in a leaf node N exists in every path. Which of the following is true?","['N co-occurs with its prefixes in every transaction', '{N}’s minimum possible support is equal to the number of paths', 'For every node P that is a parent of N in the FP tree, confidence(P->N) = 1', 'The item N exists in every candidate set']",{N}’s minimum possible support is equal to the number of paths,1
+3644,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements regarding topic models is false?,"['Topic models map documents to dense vectors', 'In LDA, topics are modeled as distributions over documents', 'LDA assumes that each document is generated from a mixture of topics with a probability distribution', 'Topics can serve as features for document classification']","In LDA, topics are modeled as distributions over documents",1
+3645,15125,Computer Science,master,"With Fagin’s algorithm, once k documents have been identified that occur in all of the lists","['These are the top-k documents', 'The top-k documents are among the documents seen so far', 'The search has to continue in round-robin till the top-k documents are identified', 'Other documents have to be searched to complete the top-k list']",The top-k documents are among the documents seen so far,1
+3646,15125,Computer Science,master,Modularity of a social network always:,"['Increases with the number of communities', 'Increases when an edge is added between two members of the same community', 'Decreases when new nodes are added to the social network that form their own communities', 'Decreases if an edge is removed']",Increases when an edge is added between two members of the same community,1
+3647,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is wrong regarding Ontologies?,"['We can create more than one ontology that conceptualizes the same real-world entities', 'Ontologies help in the integration of data expressed in different models', 'Ontologies dictate how semi-structured data are serialized', 'Ontologies support domain-specific vocabularies']",Ontologies dictate how semi-structured data are serialized,2
+3648,15125,Computer Science,master,"In User-Based Collaborative Filtering, which of the following is correct?","['Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Cosine Similarity have different value ranges, but return the same similarity ranking for the users', 'Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Cosine Similarity have different value ranges and can return different similarity ranking for the users', 'Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Cosine Similarity have the same value range, but can return different similarity ranking for the users', 'Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Cosine Similarity have the same value range and return the same similarity ranking for the users.']",Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Cosine Similarity have different value ranges and can return different similarity ranking for the users,1
+3649,15125,Computer Science,master,"10 itemsets out of 100 contain item A, of which 5 also contain B. The rule B -> A has:","['unknown support and 50% confidence', 'unknown support and unknown confidence', '5% support and 50% confidence', '5% support and unknown confidence']",5% support and unknown confidence,3
+3650,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements is correct concerning the use of Pearson’s Correlation for user- based collaborative filtering?,"['It measures whether different users have similar preferences for the same items', 'It measures how much a user’s ratings deviate from the average ratings I', 't measures how well the recommendations match the user’s preferences', 'It measures whether a user has similar preferences for different items']",It measures whether different users have similar preferences for the same items,0
+3651,15125,Computer Science,master,"After the join step, the number of k+1-itemsets ","['is equal to the number of frequent k-itemsets', 'can be equal, lower or higher than the number of frequent k-itemsets', 'is always higher than the number of frequent k-itemsets', 'is always lower than the number of frequent k-itemsets']","can be equal, lower or higher than the number of frequent k-itemsets",1
+3653,15125,Computer Science,master,Which is true about the use of entropy in decision tree induction?,"['The entropy of the set of class labels of the samples from the training set at the leaf level is always 0', 'We split on the attribute that has the highest entropy', 'The entropy of the set of class labels of the samples from the training set at the leaf level can be 1', 'We split on the attribute that has the lowest entropy']",The entropy of the set of class labels of the samples from the training set at the leaf level can be 1,2
+3655,15125,Computer Science,master,Which statement is false about clustering?,"['K-means fails to give good results if the points have non-convex shapes', 'In K-means, bad initialization can lead to poor convergence speed', 'DBSCAN is a deterministic algorithm', 'DBSCAN algorithm is robust to outliers', 'Density-based clustering fails to discover non-convex clusters']",DBSCAN is a deterministic algorithm,2
+3656,15125,Computer Science,master,Modularity clustering will end up always with the same community structure?,"['True', 'Only for connected graphs', 'Only for cliques', 'False']",False,3
+3659,15125,Computer Science,master,"For his awesome research, Tugrulcan is going to use the Pagerank with teleportation and HITS algorithm, not on a network of webpages but on the retweet network of Twitter! The retweet network is a directed graph, where nodes are users and an edge going out from a user A and to a user B means that ""User A retweeted User B"". Which one is FALSE about a Twitter bot that retweeted other users frequently but got never retweeted by other users or by itself?","['It will have a non-zero hub value.', 'It will have an authority value of zero.', 'It will have a pagerank of zero.', 'Its authority value will be equal to the hub value of a user who never retweets other users.']",It will have a pagerank of zero.,2
+3664,15125,Computer Science,master,When searching for an entity 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤 that has a given relationship 𝑟 with a given entity 𝑒,"['We search for 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤 that have a similar embedding vector to 𝑒', 'We search for 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤 that have a similar embedding vector to 𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑 which has relationship 𝑟 with 𝑒', 'We search for pairs (𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤, 𝑒) that have similar embedding to (𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑, 𝑒)', 'We search for pairs (𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤, 𝑒) that have similar embedding to (𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑, 𝑒) for 𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑 which has relationship 𝑟 with 𝑒']","We search for pairs (𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤, 𝑒) that have similar embedding to (𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑, 𝑒)",2
+3666,15125,Computer Science,master,A page that points to all other pages but is not pointed by any other page would have:,"['Nonzero authority', 'Zero hub', 'Nonzero PageRank', 'None of the above']",Nonzero PageRank,2
+3667,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following graph analysis techniques do you believe would be most appropriate to identify communities on a social graph?,"['Cliques', 'Random Walks', 'Shortest Paths', 'Association rules']",Cliques,0
+3668,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements regarding distant supervision is correct?,"['Distant supervision may suffer from semantic drift', 'Distant supervision may help to detect complex rules to identify relationships', 'Distant supervision starts out with hand-written patterns to avoid the use of labeled data', 'Distant supervision requires manually labeled training data to train a classifier']",Distant supervision may help to detect complex rules to identify relationships,1
+3669,15125,Computer Science,master,Consider a random jump matrix with entries 1/3 in the first column and 0 otherwise. It means,"['A random walker can always leave node 1 even without outgoing edges', 'A random walker can always reach node 1, even without incoming edges', 'A random walker can always leave node 2, even without outgoing edges', 'None of the above']",A random walker can always leave node 1 even without outgoing edges,0
+3670,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements is correct in the context of information extraction?,"['A  confidence measure that prunes too permissive patterns discovered with bootstrapping can help reducing semantic drift', 'The bootstrapping technique requires a dataset where statements are labelled', 'Distant supervision typically uses low-complexity features only, due to the lack of training data', 'For supervised learning, sentences in which NER has detected no entities are used as negative samples']",A  confidence measure that prunes too permissive patterns discovered with bootstrapping can help reducing semantic drift,0
+3671,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following models for generating vector representations for text require to precompute the frequency of co-occurrence of words from the vocabulary in the document collection,"['LSI', 'CBOW', 'Fasttext', 'Glove']",Glove,3
+3672,15125,Computer Science,master,For which document classifier the training cost is low and inference is expensive?,"['for none', 'for kNN', 'for NB', 'for fasttext']",for kNN,1
+3673,15125,Computer Science,master,When using matrix factorization for information extraction the entries of the matrix are obtained:,"['from both text and a knowledge base', 'from text', 'from a knowledge base represented as text', 'from a knowledge base']",from both text and a knowledge base,0
+3674,15125,Computer Science,master,The SMART algorithm for query relevance feedback modifies...,"['The original document weight vectors', 'The original query weight vectors', 'The result document weight vectors', 'The keywords of the original user query']",The original query weight vectors,1
+3675,15125,Computer Science,master,Detecting unusual behaviours in network logs is typically done by using,"['local rule discovery', 'predictive modelling', 'descriptive modelling', 'exploratory data analysis', 'all of these methods can be applied']",all of these methods can be applied,4
+3676,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements regarding random forest classifiers is false?,"['Feature bagging has the effect that individual decision trees of a random forest classifier are smaller than a standard decision tree on the same data', 'Using bootstrapping while training random forests guarantees that all the training data is used during the training phase', 'Training a random forest classifier can be easily parallelized', 'Majority voting is an effective way of learning a new classifier based on the predictions of many weak classifiers']",Using bootstrapping while training random forests guarantees that all the training data is used during the training phase,1
+3678,15125,Computer Science,master,A word embedding for given corpus,"['depends only on the dimension d', 'depends on the dimension d and number of iterations in gradient descent', 'depends on the dimension d, number of iterations and chosen negative samples', 'there are further factors on which it depends', '']",there are further factors on which it depends,3
+3679,15125,Computer Science,master,Modularity of a social network always:,"['Ιncreases with the number of communities', 'Increases when an edge is added between two members of the same community', 'Decreases when new nodes are added to the social network that form their own communities', 'Decreases if an edge is removed']",Increases when an edge is added between two members of the same community,1
+3681,15125,Computer Science,master,Which is true?,"['Distant supervision requires rules for bootstrapping', 'Classifiers produced with distant supervision are more precise than rules', 'Distant supervision can help to detect rules']",Distant supervision can help to detect rules,2
+3682,15125,Computer Science,master,"In Ranked Retrieval, the result at position k is non-relevant and at k+1 is relevant. Which of the following is always true?
+Hint: P@k and R@k are the precision and recall of the result set consisting of the k top-ranked documents.","['P@k-1>P@k+1', 'R@k-1=R@k+1', 'R@k-1<R@k+1', 'P@k-1=P@k+1']",R@k-1<R@k+1,2
+3683,15125,Computer Science,master,"When representing the adjacency list of a Web page in a connectivity server by using a reference list from another Web page, the reference list is searched only in a neighbouring window of the Web page's URL, because:","['subsequent URLs in an adjacency list have typically small differences typically many URLs in a web page are similar to each other', 'often many URLs among two pages with similar URL are similar', 'most extra nodes are found in the neighbouring window.']",often many URLs among two pages with similar URL are similar,1
+3684,15125,Computer Science,master,"Regarding the Expectation-Maximization algorithm, which one of the following false?","['Assigning equal weights to workers initially decreases the convergence time', 'The label with the highest probability is assigned as the new label', 'It distinguishes experts from normal workers', 'In E step the labels change, in M step the weights of the workers change']",Assigning equal weights to workers initially decreases the convergence time,0
+3685,15125,Computer Science,master,Using a trie in index construction,"['Helps to quickly find words that have been seen before', 'Helps to quickly decide whether a word has not seen before', 'Helps to maintain the lexicographic order of words seen in the documents', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+3686,15125,Computer Science,master,"For an item that has not received any ratings, which method can make a prediction?","['User-based collaborative RS', 'Item-based collaborative RS', 'Content-based RS', 'None of the above']",Content-based RS,2
+3688,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is wrong about inverted files?,"['The space requirement for the postings file is O(n)', 'Variable length compression is used to reduce the size of the index file', 'The index file has space requirement of O(nβ), where β is about ½', 'Storing differences among word addresses reduces the size of the postings file']",Variable length compression is used to reduce the size of the index file,1
+3690,15125,Computer Science,master,Why don’t we simply use singular value decomposition (SVD) to build a recommender system?,"['Because we do not have access to the ratings of all items provided by all users.\n\n\n', 'Because it has been shown empirically that SVD does not provide accurate\xa0recommendations\n\n\n', 'Because it has been proven theoretically that SVD does not provide accurate\xa0recommendations\n\n\n', 'Both b and c are correct.']","Because we do not have access to the ratings of all items provided by all users.
+
+
+",0
+3692,15125,Computer Science,master,The SMART algorithm for query relevance feedback modifies? (Slide 11 Week 3),"['The original document weight vectors', 'The original query weight vectors', 'The result document weight vectors', 'The keywords of the original user query']",The original query weight vectors,1
+3693,15125,Computer Science,master,Recall can be defined as:,"['P(relevant documents | retrieved documents)', 'P(retrieved documents | relevant documents)', 'P(retrieved documents | number of documents)', 'P(relevant documents | number of documents)']",P(retrieved documents | relevant documents),1
+3694,15125,Computer Science,master,Which is true?,"['Hand-written patterns are in general more precise than classifiers', 'Hand-written patterns cannot exploit syntactic features', 'Supervised classifiers do not require any human input', 'Supervised classifiers can only detect typed statements']",Hand-written patterns are in general more precise than classifiers,0
+3695,15125,Computer Science,master,"Suppose that in a given FP Tree, an item in a leaf node N exists in every path. Which of the following is TRUE?","['N co-occurs with its prefixes in every transaction', 'For every node P that is a parent of N in the FP tree, confidence (P->N) = 1', '{N}’s minimum possible support is equal to the number of paths', 'The item N exists in every candidate set']",{N}’s minimum possible support is equal to the number of paths,2
+3696,15125,Computer Science,master,"When constructing a word embedding, what is TRUE regarding negative samples?","['They are oversampled if less frequent', 'Their frequency is decreased down to its logarithm', 'They are words that do not appear as context words', 'They are selected among words that are not stop-words']",They are oversampled if less frequent,0
+3698,15125,Computer Science,master,"In Ranked Retrieval, the result at position k is non-relevant and at k+1 is relevant. Which of the following is always true?Hint: P@k and R@k are the precision and recall of the result set consisting of the k top ranked documents.","['P@k-1>P@k+1', 'P@k-1=P@k+1', 'R@k-1<R@k+1', 'R@k-1=R@k+1']",R@k-1<R@k+1,2
+3699,15125,Computer Science,master,"Given the distribution of positive and negative samples for attributes A1 and A2, which is the best attribute for splitting?
+
+|A1|P|N|
+|---|---|---|
+|a|7|0|
+|b|1|4|
+
+|A2|P|N|
+|--|--|--|
+|x|5|1|
+|y|3|3|","['A1', 'A2', 'They are the same', 'There is not enough information to answer the question']",A1,0
+3700,15125,Computer Science,master,"Suppose that for points p, q, and t in metric space, the following hold:p is density-reachable from q t is density-reachable from qp is density-reachable from tWhich of the following statements is false?","['t is a core point', 'p is a border point', 'p and q are density-connected', 'q is a core point ']",p is a border point,1
+3701,15125,Computer Science,master,"If for the χ2 statistics for a binary feature, we obtain P(χ2 |DF = 1) < 0.05, this means:","['That the class labels depends on the feature', 'That the class label is independent of the feature', 'That the class label correlates with the feature', 'No conclusion can be drawn']",That the class labels depends on the feature,0
+3702,15125,Computer Science,master,"Fasttext speeds up learning by
+","['Considering subwords of words', 'By selecting the most frequent phrases in the text as tokens', 'By selecting the most frequent subwords in the text as tokens', 'By pre-computing frequencies of n-grams', '']",By selecting the most frequent subwords in the text as tokens,2
+3703,15125,Computer Science,master,Which is a correct pruning strategy for decision tree induction?,"['Apply Maximum Description Length principle.', 'Stop partitioning a node when the number of positive and negative samples are equal.', 'Remove attributes with lowest information gain.', 'Build the full tree, then replace subtrees with leaf nodes labelled with the majority class, if classification accuracy does not change.']","Build the full tree, then replace subtrees with leaf nodes labelled with the majority class, if classification accuracy does not change.",3
+3705,15125,Computer Science,master,"Given 3 users with ratings
+u1: 1, 3
+u2: 2, 4
+u3: 1, 4","['Sim_corr(u1, u2) >  Sim_corr(u1, u3)', 'Sim_corr(u1, u2) = Sim_corr(u1, u3)', 'Sim_corr(u1, u2) < Sim_corr(u1, u3)']","Sim_corr(u1, u2) = Sim_corr(u1, u3)",1
+3706,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is false regarding K-means and DBSCAN?,"['K-means does not handle outliers, while DBSCAN does', 'K-means takes the number of clusters as parameter, while DBSCAN does not take any parameter', 'K-means does many iterations, while DBSCAN does not', 'Both are unsupervised']","K-means takes the number of clusters as parameter, while DBSCAN does not take any parameter",1
+3707,15125,Computer Science,master,"In the physical representation of an inverted file, the size of the index file is typically in the order of (where n is the number of documents):","['O(log(n))', 'O(sqrt(n))', 'O(n)', 'O(n2)']",O(sqrt(n)),1
+3709,15125,Computer Science,master,"We want to return, from the two posting lists below, the top-2 documents matching a query using Fagin’s algorithm with the aggregation function taken as the sum of the tf-idf weights. How many entries (total of both lists) are accessed in the first phase of the algorithm performing round robin starting at List 1 (i.e., before performing the random access)?List 1List 2documenttf-idfdocumenttf-idfd30.8d10.8d20.6d30.6d10.5d40.5d40.4d20.4","['2', '4', '6', '8']",6,2
+3711,15125,Computer Science,master,"When constructing a word embedding, negative samples are:","['Word - context word combinations that are not occurring in the document collection', 'Context words that are not part of the vocabulary of the document collection', 'All less frequent words that do not occur in the context of a given word', 'Only words that never appear as context word']",Word - context word combinations that are not occurring in the document collection,0
+3712,15125,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements about index merging (when constructing inverted files) is correct?,"['While merging two partial indices on disk, the inverted lists of a term are concatenated without sorting', 'Index merging is used when the vocabulary does no longer fit into the main memory', 'The size of the final merged index file is O(nlog2(n)*M), where M is the size of the available memory', 'While merging two partial indices on disk, the vocabularies are concatenated without sorting']","While merging two partial indices on disk, the inverted lists of a term are concatenated without sorting",0
+3715,15125,Computer Science,master," When applying Fagin’s algorithm for a query with three different terms for finding the k top documents, the algorithm will scan","['2 different lists', '3 different lists', 'k different lists', 't depends how many rounds are taken']",3 different lists,1
+3718,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"The eigenvalues calculated above determine the stability of the fixed point [mathjaxinline](u,w)=(0,0)[/mathjaxinline] in the system. The eigenvalues may be real or complex numbers depending on the parameters. One can show that the fixed points of the system is stable if and only if the real part of both eigenvalues are negative. By taking into account such a hint, analyze the stability of the system in the following situations.","['If [mathjaxinline]\\alpha>1[/mathjaxinline] the fixed point is stable and if [mathjaxinline]\\alpha \\lt 1[/mathjaxinline] it is unstable.', 'If [mathjaxinline]\\alpha \\lt 1[/mathjaxinline] the fixed point is stable and if [mathjaxinline]\\alpha > 1[/mathjaxinline] it is unstable.', 'If [mathjaxinline]\\alpha \\lt -1[/mathjaxinline] the fixed point is stable and if [mathjaxinline]\\alpha > -1[/mathjaxinline] it is unstable.', 'the fixed point is always stable', 'the fixed point is always unstable because [mathjaxinline]\\text{sign}(\\lambda_{+}.\\lambda_{-})\\lt 0.[/mathjaxinline]']",the fixed point is always unstable because [mathjaxinline]\text{sign}(\lambda_{+}.\lambda_{-})\lt 0.[/mathjaxinline],4
+3784,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In the case of weak symmetric external input [mathjaxinline] h_1^{ext} = h_2^{ext} = b [/mathjaxinline] (assuming [mathjaxinline] b [/mathjaxinline] being sufficiently small), the middle fixpoint becomes stable and the only one. This can be interpreted as","['The trajectories converge to the middle fixpoint. This corresponds to a decision with 50/50 probabilities.', 'The trajectories converge to the middle fixpoint. This means no decision is taken.', 'The trajectories will not converge at all. This means no decision is taken.']",The trajectories converge to the middle fixpoint. This means no decision is taken.,1
+3789,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"We now have two expressions for the rate [mathjaxinline] \nu_0 [/mathjaxinline], depending on the input [mathjaxinline] \overline{I} [/mathjaxinline]: The gain function [mathjaxinline] g\left(\overline{I}\right) [/mathjaxinline] and the expression found in Q5. We obtain (a) fixed point(s) of the mean-field system by finding (a) self-consistent solution(s) of these two equations. This can be done by:","['Taking the derivative of the two functions [mathjaxinline] g\\left(\\overline{I}\\right) [/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline] \\nu_0\\left(\\overline{I}\\right)[/mathjaxinline] (taken from Q5) with respect to [mathjaxinline] \\overline{I} [/mathjaxinline], setting the derivatives to zero and solving for [mathjaxinline] \\overline{I} [/mathjaxinline].', 'Finding the intersection(s) [mathjaxinline] (\\overline{I}^{\\text{*}},\\nu_0^{\\text{*}}) [/mathjaxinline] between the two functions, i.e. solving [mathjaxinline] g\\left(\\overline{I}\\right) = \\nu_0\\left(\\overline{I}\\right)[/mathjaxinline] (the latter taken from Q5)', 'A numerical analysis only, since the given [mathjaxinline] g\\left(\\overline{I}\\right) [/mathjaxinline] is non-linear.']","Finding the intersection(s) [mathjaxinline] (\overline{I}^{\text{*}},\nu_0^{\text{*}}) [/mathjaxinline] between the two functions, i.e. solving [mathjaxinline] g\left(\overline{I}\right) = \nu_0\left(\overline{I}\right)[/mathjaxinline] (the latter taken from Q5)",1
+3797,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In a typical crystal in nature, each atom interacts","['with 6-20 atoms nearby', 'with 100-200 atoms nearby', 'with more than 1000 atoms nearby', 'with more than 1000 atoms nearby or far away.']",with 6-20 atoms nearby,0
+3798,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The AdEx model can be described with the following dynamical system:,"['constant', 'linear, slope [mathjaxinline]a[/mathjaxinline]', 'linear, slope 1', 'linear + quadratic', 'linear + exponential']","linear, slope [mathjaxinline]a[/mathjaxinline]",1
+3808,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Dendritic calcium spikes,"['can be induced by weak dendritic stimulation.', 'can be induced by strong dendritic stimulation.', 'can be induced by weak dendritic stimulation combined with a BPAP.', 'can only be induced by weak dendritic stimulation combined with a BPAP.', 'travels from the dendritic hotspot to the soma.', 'travels from the soma along the dendrite.']",can be induced by strong dendritic stimulation.,1
+3809,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The receptive field of a somatosensory neuron refers to,"['The region of body surface to which it is sensitive', 'The set of all stimulus features to which it is sensitive']",The region of body surface to which it is sensitive,0
+3811,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The receptive field of an auditory neuron refers to,"['The set of all stimulus features to which it is sensitive', 'The range of frequencies to which it is sensitive']",The set of all stimulus features to which it is sensitive,0
+3850,15127,Computer Science,master,"Let $f_{\mathrm{MLP}}: \mathbb{R}^{d} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be an $L$-hidden layer multi-layer perceptron (MLP) such that $$ f_{\mathrm{MLP}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathbf{w}^{\top} \sigma\left(\mathbf{W}_{L} \sigma\left(\mathbf{W}_{L-1} \ldots \sigma\left(\mathbf{W}_{1} \mathbf{x}\right)\right)\right) $$ with $\mathbf{w} \in \mathbb{R}^{M}, \mathbf{W}_{1} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times d}$ and $\mathbf{W}_{\ell} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times M}$ for $\ell=2, \ldots, L$, and $\sigma$ is an entry-wise activation function. Also, let $f_{\mathrm{CNN}}: \mathbb{R}^{d} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be an $L^{\prime}$-hidden layer convolutional neural network (CNN) such that $$ f_{\mathrm{CNN}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathbf{w}^{\top} \sigma\left(\mathbf{w}_{L^{\prime}} \star \sigma\left(\mathbf{w}_{L^{\prime}-1} \star \ldots \sigma\left(\mathbf{w}_{1} \star \mathbf{x}\right)\right)\right) $$ with $\mathbf{w} \in \mathbb{R}^{d}, \mathbf{w}_{\ell} \in \mathbb{R}^{K}$ for $\ell=1, \ldots, L^{\prime}$ and $\star$ denoting the one-dimensional convolution operator with zero-padding, i.e., output of the convolution has the same dimensionality as the input. Let's assume $\sigma$ is a tanh activation function. Thus, by flipping the signs of all of the weights leading in and out of a hidden neuron, the input-output mapping function represented by the network is unchanged. Besides, interchanging the values of all of the weights (i.e., by permuting the ordering of the hidden neurons within the layer) also leaves the network input-output mapping function unchanged. Suppose that, given the training data, SGD can find a solution with zero training loss, and the (absolute value) weights of such solution are non-zero and all unique. Choose the largest lower bound on the number of solutions (with zero training loss) achievable by $f_{\mathrm{MLP}}$ with $L=1$ and $M$ hidden units on this dataset.","['$M! 2^M$', '$1$', '$2^M$', '$M !$']",$M! 2^M$,0
+3851,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a linear regression problem with $N$ samples $\left\{\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{n}, y_{n}\right)\right\}_{n=1}^{N}$, where each input $\boldsymbol{x}_{n}$ is a $D$-dimensional vector $\{-1,+1\}^{D}$, and all output values are $y_{i} \in \mathbb{R}$. Which of the following statements is correct?","['Linear regression always ""works"" very well for $N \\ll D$', 'A linear regressor works very well if the data is linearly separable.', 'Linear regression always ""works"" very well for $D \\ll N$', 'None of the above.']",None of the above.,3
+3852,15127,Computer Science,master,"We apply a Gaussian Mixture Model made of $K$ isotropic Gaussians (invariant to rotation around its center) to $N$ vectors of dimension $D$. What is the number of \emph{free} parameters of this model?
+        ","['$KD + 2K - 1 - 1$', '$KD + 2K - 1 + N - 1$', '$KD + KD^2 - 1$', '$2KD - 1$', '$2KD + N - 1$', '$NKD + NKD^2$', '$NKD + NKD^2 + N$', '$2NKD$', '$2NKD + N$', '$KD + K - 1$', '$KD + K + N$', '$NKD$', '$NKD + N$']",$KD + 2K - 1 - 1$,0
+3854,15127,Computer Science,master,"Recall that the hard-margin SVM problem corresponds to:
+	$$ \underset{\substack{\ww \in \R^d, \ orall i:\ y_i \ww^	op \xx_i \geq 1}}{\min} \Vert \ww \Vert_2.$$
+	Now consider the $2$-dimensional classification dataset corresponding to the $3$ following datapoints: $\xx_1 = (-1, 2)$, $\xx_2 = (1, 2)$, $\xx_3 = (0, -2)$ and  $y_1 = y_2 = 1$, $y_3 = -1$.
+	Which of the following statements is 	extbf{true}:
+        ","['Our dataset is not linearly separable and hence it does not make sense to consider the hard-margin problem.', 'There exists a unique $\\ww^\\star$ which linearly separates our dataset.', 'The unique vector which solves the hard-margin problem for our dataset is $\\ww^\\star = (0, 1)$.', 'None of the other statements are true.']",None of the other statements are true.,3
+3856,15127,Computer Science,master,"Let $\mathcal{R}_{p}(f, \varepsilon)$ be the $\ell_{p}$ adversarial risk of a classifier $f: \mathbb{R}^{d} \rightarrow\{ \pm 1\}$, i.e., $$ \mathcal{R}_{p}(f, \varepsilon)=\mathbb{E}_{(\mathbf{x}, y) \sim \mathcal{D}}\left[\max _{\tilde{\mathbf{x}}:\|\mathbf{x}-\tilde{\mathbf{x}}\|_{p} \leq \varepsilon} \mathbb{1}_{\{f(\tilde{\mathbf{x}}) \neq y\}}\right], $$ for $p=1,2, \infty$. Which of the following relationships between the adversarial risks is true?","['$\\mathcal{R}_{2}(f, \\varepsilon) \\leq \\mathcal{R}_{1}(f, 2 \\varepsilon)$', '$\\mathcal{R}_{\\infty}(f, \\varepsilon) \\leq \\mathcal{R}_{2}(f, \\sqrt{d} \\varepsilon)$', '$\\mathcal{R}_{\\infty}(f, \\varepsilon) \\leq \\mathcal{R}_{1}(f, \\varepsilon)$', '$\\mathcal{R}_{\\infty}(f, \\varepsilon) \\leq \\mathcal{R}_{2}(f, \\varepsilon / d)$']","$\mathcal{R}_{\infty}(f, \varepsilon) \leq \mathcal{R}_{2}(f, \sqrt{d} \varepsilon)$",1
+3859,15127,Computer Science,master,"(Stochastic Gradient Descent) One iteration of standard SGD for SVM, logistic regression and ridge regression costs roughly $\mathcal{O}(D)$, where $D$ is the dimension of a data point.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+3861,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider $K$-means clustering in $D$-dimensional real space and assume that $K$ is known. We have $N$ samples. We have seen in class that this corresponds to solving the following optimization problem: $$ \begin{aligned} \min _{\mathbf{z}, \boldsymbol{\mu}} \mathcal{L}(\mathbf{z}, \boldsymbol{\mu}) & =\sum_{n=1}^{N} \sum_{k=1}^{K} z_{n k}\left\|\mathbf{x}_{n}-\boldsymbol{\mu}_{k}\right\|_{2}^{2} \\ \text { where } \mathbf{z}_{n} & =\left[z_{n 1}, z_{n 2}, \ldots, z_{n K}\right]^{\top} \\ \mathbf{z} & =\left[\mathbf{z}_{1}, \mathbf{z}_{2}, \ldots, \mathbf{z}_{N}\right]^{\top} \\ \boldsymbol{\mu} & =\left[\boldsymbol{\mu}_{1}, \boldsymbol{\mu}_{2}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{\mu}_{K}\right]^{\top} \end{aligned} $$ What extra conditions do we need to render this formulation correct?","['$$', '\\text { s.t. } \\boldsymbol{\\mu}_{k} \\in \\mathbb{R}^{N}, z_{n k} \\in[0,1], \\sum_{n=1}^{N} z_{n k}=1', '$$', '$$', '\\text { s.t. } \\boldsymbol{\\mu}_{k} \\in \\mathbb{R}^{D}, z_{n k} \\in\\{0,1\\}, \\sum_{k=1}^{K} z_{n k}=1', '$$', '$$', '\\text { s.t. } \\boldsymbol{\\mu}_{k} \\in \\mathbb{R}^{N}, z_{n k} \\in\\{0,1\\}, \\sum_{n=1}^{N} z_{n k}=0', '$$', '$$', '\\text { s.t. } \\boldsymbol{\\mu}_{k} \\in \\mathbb{R}^{D}, z_{n k} \\in\\{-1,1\\}, \\sum_{k=1}^{K} z_{n k}=0', '$$', '$$', '\\text { s.t. } z_{n k} \\in \\mathbb{R}^{D}, \\boldsymbol{\\mu}_{k} \\in\\{-1,1\\}, \\sum_{k=1}^{K} z_{n k}=1', '$$', '$$', '\\text { s.t. } z_{n k} \\in \\mathbb{R}^{D}, \\boldsymbol{\\mu}_{k} \\in\\{0,1\\}, \\sum_{k=1}^{K} z_{n k}=1', '$$', '$$', '\\text { s.t. } z_{n k} \\in \\mathbb{R}^{D}, \\boldsymbol{\\mu}_{k} \\in\\{0,1\\}, \\sum_{k=1}^{K} \\boldsymbol{\\mu}=1', '$$', '$$', '\\text { s.t. } z_{n k} \\in \\mathbb{R}^{K}, \\boldsymbol{\\mu}_{k} \\in\\{-1,1\\}, \\sum_{k=1}^{K} z_{n k}=0', '$$', '$$', '\\text { s.t. } \\boldsymbol{\\mu}_{k} \\in \\mathbb{R}^{K}, z_{n k} \\in[0,1], \\sum_{n=1}^{N} z_{n k}=0', '$$']",$$,0
+3862,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider two fully connected networks, A and B, with a constant width for all layers, inputs and outputs. Network A has depth $3L$ and width $H$, network B has depth $L$ and width $2H$. Everything else is identical for the two networks and both $L$ and $H$ are large. In this case, performing a single iteration of backpropagation requires fewer scalar multiplications for network A than for network B.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+3863,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a binary classification problem with classifier $f(\mathbf{x})$ given by $$ f(\mathbf{x})= \begin{cases}1, & g(\mathbf{x}) \geq 0 \\ -1, & g(\mathbf{x})<0\end{cases} $$ and $\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^{6}$. Consider a specific pair $(\mathbf{x}, y=1)$ and assume that $g(\mathbf{x})=8$. In particular this means that this point is classified correctly by $f$. Assume further that we have computed the gradient of $g$ at $\mathbf{x}$ to be $\nabla_{\mathbf{x}} g(\mathbf{x})=(+1,-2,+3,-4,+5,-6)$. You are allowed to make one step in order to (hopefully) find an adversarial example. In the following four questions, assume $\epsilon=1$. What is the value of $g(\mathbf{x}+\delta)$ for this $\ell_{\infty}$-optimal choice assuming that $g$ is (locally) linear?","['$-5$', '$-2$', '$-7$', '$+7$', '$4$', '$0$', '$+13$', '$2$', '$-4$', '$-13$']",$-13$,9
+3864,15127,Computer Science,master,"You are given a Bayes net involving the random variables $X, Y$, and $Z$ of the form $X \rightarrow Y \leftarrow Z$. What conclusions can you draw? [Recall that $\perp$ means independent and $\mid \cdots$ means conditioned on $\cdots$. .","['$X \\perp Y \\mid Z$', '$X \\perp Z$', '$X \\perp Z \\mid Y$', '$X \\perp Y$', '$Y \\perp Z \\mid X$', '$Y \\perp Z$']",$X \perp Z$,1
+3865,15127,Computer Science,master,You are doing your ML project. It is a regression task under a square loss. Your neighbor uses linear regression and least squares. You are smarter. You are using a neural net with 10 layers and activations functions $f(x)=3 x$. You have a powerful laptop but not a supercomputer. You are betting your neighbor a beer at Satellite who will have a substantially better scores. What will happen? Who will pay?,"['I will pay.', 'It will essentially be a tie, so we decide to have two beers and both pay.', 'My neighbor will pay.']","It will essentially be a tie, so we decide to have two beers and both pay.",1
+3866,15127,Computer Science,master,"(Stochastic Gradient Descent, cont) SGD in typical machine learning problems requires fewer parameter updates to converge than full gradient descent.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+3869,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a movie recommendation system which minimizes the following objective
+        rac{1}{2} \sum_{(d,n)\in\Omega} [x_{dn} - (\mathbf{W} \mathbf{Z}^	op)_{dn}]^2 + rac{\lambda_w}{2} 
+orm{\mathbf{W}}_	ext{Frob}^2 + rac{\lambda_z}{2} 
+orm{\mathbf{Z}}_	ext{Frob}^2
+        where $\mathbf{W}\in \R^{D	imes K}$ and $\mathbf{Z}\in \R^{N	imes K}$.
+	    Suppose movies are divided into genre A and genre B (i.e., $\mathbf{W}_A\in \R^{D_A	imes K}, \mathbf{W}_B\in \R^{D_B	imes K}, \mathbf{W}=[\mathbf{W}_A; \mathbf{W}_B]$, with $D_A\!+\!D_B=D$) and users are divided into group 1 and group 2  (i.e., $\mathbf{Z}_1\in \R^{N_1	imes K}, \mathbf{Z}_2\in \R^{N_2	imes K}, \mathbf{Z}=[\mathbf{Z}_1; \mathbf{Z}_2]$, with $N_1\!+\!N_2=N$). In addition, group 1 users only rate genre A movies while group 2 users only rate genre B movies. Then instead of training a large recommendation system with $(\mathbf{W}, \mathbf{Z})$, one may train two smaller recommendation systems with parameters $(\mathbf{W_A}, \mathbf{Z_1})$ and $(\mathbf{W_B}, \mathbf{Z_2})$ separately. If SGD is used to solve the minimization problems and all conditions remain the same (e.g., hyperparameters, sampling order, initialization, etc), then which of the following statements is true about the two training methods?","['Feature vectors obtained in both cases remain the same. ', 'Feature vectors obtained in both cases are different.', 'Feature vectors obtained in both cases can be either same or different, depending on the sparsity of rating matrix.', 'Feature vectors obtained in both cases can be either same or different, depending on if ratings in two groups and genres are evenly distributed.']",Feature vectors obtained in both cases remain the same. ,0
+3870,15127,Computer Science,master,(SVD) The set of singular values of any rectangular matrix $\mathbf{X}$ is equal to the set of eigenvalues for the square matrix $\mathbf{X X}^{\top}$.,"['True', 'False']",False,1
+3871,15127,Computer Science,master,"(Infinite Data) Assume that your training data $\mathcal{S}=\left\{\left(\mathbf{x}_{n}, y_{n}\right)\right\}$ is iid and comes from a fixed distribution $\mathcal{D}$ that is unknown but is known to have bounded support. Assume that your family of models contains a finite number of elements and that you choose the best such element according to the training data. You then evaluate the risk for this chosen model. Call this the training risk. As $|\mathcal{S}|$ tends to infinity, this training risk converges to the true (according to the distribution $\mathcal{D}$ ) risk of the best model in this family.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+3875,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a binary classification problem with classifier $f(\mathbf{x})$ given by $$ f(\mathbf{x})= \begin{cases}1, & g(\mathbf{x}) \geq 0 \\ -1, & g(\mathbf{x})<0\end{cases} $$ and $\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^{6}$. Consider a specific pair $(\mathbf{x}, y=1)$ and assume that $g(\mathbf{x})=8$. In particular this means that this point is classified correctly by $f$. Assume further that we have computed the gradient of $g$ at $\mathbf{x}$ to be $\nabla_{\mathbf{x}} g(\mathbf{x})=(+1,-2,+3,-4,+5,-6)$. You are allowed to make one step in order to (hopefully) find an adversarial example. In the following four questions, assume $\epsilon=1$. What is the value of $g(\mathbf{x}+\delta)$ for this $\ell_{1}$-optimal choice assuming that $g$ is (locally) linear?","['$+13$', '$-4$', '$-5$', '$-7$', '$2$', '$4$', '$-13$', '$-2$', '$+7$', '$0$']",$2$,4
+3877,15127,Computer Science,master,"We define a simplified Gaussian Mixture Model consisting of 2 equally likely Gaussians, i.e. $K=2$ and $\pi_1 = \pi_2 = 0.5$, and covariance matrices of the form $\mathbf{\Sigma}_i = \sigma_i \mathbf{I}_{D	imes D}$ for $i\in \{1, 2\}$ with $\mathbf{I}_{D	imes D}$ the identity matrix of size $D$. The dataset consists of only 2 points $\xv_1$ and $\xv_2$ that are distinct ($\xv_1 
+ot= \xv_2$). We initialize the model at some finite $oldsymbol{\mu}_1^{(0)}, oldsymbol{\mu}_2^{(0)}$ and $\sigma_1^{(0)}, \sigma_2^{(0)}$. We fit the model by the EM method on these parameters (keeping $\pi_1$ and $\pi_2$ fixed to 0.5). After $T	o \infty$ steps, select the true statement among the following: ","['$\\sigma_1^{(T)}$ and $\\sigma_2^{(T)}$ converge to 0 for any initializations. ', '$\\sigma_1^{(T)}$ and $\\sigma_2^{(T)}$ diverge to $\\infty$ for any initializations.', '$\\sigma_1^{(T)}$ and $\\sigma_2^{(T)}$ converge to 0 for some but not all the initializations.', '$\\sigma_1^{(T)}$ and $\\sigma_2^{(T)}$ diverge to $\\infty$ for some but not all the initializations.']",$\sigma_1^{(T)}$ and $\sigma_2^{(T)}$ converge to 0 for some but not all the initializations.,2
+3879,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a linear model $\hat{y} = xv ^	op \wv$ with the squared loss under an $\ell_\infty$-bounded adversarial perturbation. For a single point $(xv, y)$, it corresponds to the following objective:
+                    egin{align}
+                        \max_{	ilde{xv}:\ \|xv-	ilde{xv}\|_\infty\leq \epsilon} \left(y - 	ilde{xv} ^	op \wv 
ight)^{2},
+                        	ag{OP}\AMClabel{eq:opt_adv_regression}
+                    \end{align}
+                    where $\|xv-	ilde{xv}\|_\infty\leq \epsilon$ denotes the $\ell_\infty$-norm, i.e.  $|x_i - 	ilde{x}_i| \leq arepsilon$ for every $i$.
+                    \
+                    Assume that $\wv = (3, -2)^	op$, $xv = (-1, 2)^	op$, $y=2$. What is the maximum value of the optimization problem in Eq.~(\AMCref{eq:opt_adv_regression})?
+	                ","['$(5+9\x0barepsilon)^2$', '$(3+10\x0barepsilon)^2$', '$(10-\x0barepsilon)^2$', 'Other', '$(9+5\x0barepsilon)^2$']",$(9+5arepsilon)^2$,4
+3882,15127,Computer Science,master,(Generalized Linear Models) Deep neural networks with logistic loss for binary classification are generalized linear models.,"['True', 'False']",False,1
+3884,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a 2D convolutional layer with a kernel size of $3 	imes 3$, 10 input channels and 10 output channels.
+	The input to the convolution is a tensor $\xm \in \R^{N 	imes C 	imes H 	imes W}$ with batch size $N=1$, number of channels $C=10$, height $H=10$ and width $W=10$.
+	We use a zero padding of 1 on each side and obtain an output $\Ym$ of the same shape as $\xm$.
+
+	If we flatten the input and output into vectors $\xv,\yv \in \R^{CHW}$ respectively, we can compute $\yv=\Am\xv$ for a matrix $\Am$ that depends on the original convolutional weights.
+	What is the sparsity $\zeta$ of the $\Am$, assuming the original convolutional weights contain no zeros?
+	Note that the sparsity of a matrix is defined as the fraction (or percentage) of its elements that are zeros. ","['$\\zeta \\le 90.0\\%$ ', '$90.0\\% < \\zeta \\le 91.5\\%$', '$91.5\\% < \\zeta \\le 93.0\\%$', '$93.0\\% < \\zeta \\le 94.5\\%$', '$94.5\\% < \\zeta \\le 96.0\\%$', '$\\zeta > 96.0\\%$']",$91.5\% < \zeta \le 93.0\%$,2
+3885,15127,Computer Science,master,"Let us assume that a kernel $K: \mathcal{X} \times \mathcal{X} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is said to be valid if there exists $k \in \mathbb{N}$ and $\Phi: \mathcal{X} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{k}$ such that for all $\left(x, x^{\prime}\right) \in \mathcal{X} \times \mathcal{X}, K\left(x, x^{\prime}\right)=\Phi(x)^{\top} \Phi\left(x^{\prime}\right)$ Which one of the following kernels is not valid ?","['$\\mathcal{X}=\\mathbb{N}, K\\left(x, x^{\\prime}\\right)=2$', '$\\mathcal{X}=\\mathbb{R}^{d}, K\\left(x, x^{\\prime}\\right)=\\left(x^{\\top} x^{\\prime}\\right)^{2}$', '$\\mathcal{X}=\\mathbb{R}, K\\left(x, x^{\\prime}\\right)=\\cos \\left(x-x^{\\prime}\\right)$', 'All of the proposed kernels are in fact valid.', '$\\mathcal{X}=\\mathbb{Q}, K\\left(x, x^{\\prime}\\right)=2^{x+x^{\\prime}}$', '$\\mathcal{X}=\\mathbb{R}^{d}, K\\left(x, x^{\\prime}\\right)=x^{\\top} A x^{\\prime}$, where $A$ is a $d \\times d$ symmetric positive semi-definite matrix.']",All of the proposed kernels are in fact valid.,3
+3888,15127,Computer Science,master," Consider a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) which successfully produces images of goats. Which of the following statements is false?
+                    ","['The discriminator can be used to classify images as goat vs non-goat.', 'The generator aims to learn the distribution of goat images.', 'After the training, the discriminator loss should ideally reach a constant value.', 'The generator can produce unseen images of goats.']",The discriminator can be used to classify images as goat vs non-goat.,0
+3889,15127,Computer Science,master,Which of the following probability distributions are members of the exponential family:,"['Cauchy distribution: $p(y|y_0,\\gamma) = \x0crac{1}{\\pi \\gamma [1 + (\x0crac{y-y_0}{\\gamma})^2]}$.', 'Poisson distribution: $p(y|\\mu) = \x0crac{e^{-y}}{y!}\\mu^y$.', 'Uniform distribution over $[0,\\eta], \\eta>0$: $p(y|\\eta) = \x0crac{1}{\\eta} 1_{y \\in [0,\\eta]}$.']","Uniform distribution over $[0,\eta], \eta>0$: $p(y|\eta) = rac{1}{\eta} 1_{y \in [0,\eta]}$.",2
+3891,15127,Computer Science,master,How does the bias-variance decomposition of a ridge regression estimator compare with that of the ordinary least-squares estimator in general? ,"['Ridge has a larger bias, and larger variance.', 'Ridge has a larger bias, and smaller variance.', 'Ridge has a smaller bias, and larger variance.', 'Ridge has a smaller bias, and smaller variance.']","Ridge has a larger bias, and smaller variance.",1
+3892,15127,Computer Science,master,"(Alternating Least Squares \& Matrix Factorization) For optimizing a matrix factorization problem in the recommender systems setting, as the number of observed entries increases but all $K, N, D$ are kept constant, the computational cost of the matrix inversion in Alternating Least-Squares increases.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+3895,15127,Computer Science,master,"(Convex III) Let $f, g: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be two convex functions. Then $h=f \circ g$ is always convex.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+3896,15127,Computer Science,master,"Which of the following is true for Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) but not Diffusion Models:
+        ","['They can generate new data from input noise.', 'They use two different models during training.', 'They use a simple L2 loss function.', 'They gradually remove noise from inputs using a Markov chain.']",They use two different models during training.,1
+3898,15127,Computer Science,master,"(Support Vector Machines) Reminder: The hard-margin problem for linearly separable points in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ is $$ \min _{\mathbf{w} \in \mathbb{R}^{d} \text { s.t. } \forall i, y_{i} \mathbf{w}^{\top} \mathbf{x}_{i} \geq 1}\|\mathbf{w}\| $$ Let $m>1$ be a fixed number. Then there exists $\lambda>0$ such that for every sample $S$ of $m$ examples which are linearly separable, the hard-SVM and the soft-SVM (with parameter $\lambda$ ) solutions will return exactly the same weight vector.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+3899,15127,Computer Science,master,Mark the true statements.,"['(a)  Logistic loss is typically preferred over $L_{2}$ loss (least squares loss) in classification tasks.', '(b)  In terms of feature selection, $L_{2}$ regularization is often preferred since it comes up with sparse solutions.']",(a)  Logistic loss is typically preferred over $L_{2}$ loss (least squares loss) in classification tasks.,0
+3900,15127,Computer Science,master,What is the gradient of $\boldsymbol{x}^{\top} \boldsymbol{W}^{\top} \boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{x}$ with respect to $\boldsymbol{x}$ (written as a vector)?,"['$2 \\boldsymbol{W}^{\\top} \\boldsymbol{x}$', '$2 \\boldsymbol{W}^{\\top} \\boldsymbol{W} \\boldsymbol{x}$', '$2 \\boldsymbol{W} \\boldsymbol{W}^{\\top} \\boldsymbol{x}$', '$2 \\boldsymbol{W}$', '$2 \\boldsymbol{W} \\boldsymbol{x}$']",$2 \boldsymbol{W}^{\top} \boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{x}$,1
+3901,15127,Computer Science,master,(Minima) Convex functions over a convex set have a unique global minimum.,"['True', 'False']",False,1
+3902,15127,Computer Science,master,"We consider a classification problem on linearly separable data. Our dataset had an outlier---a point that is very far from the other datapoints in distance (and also far from margins in SVM but still correctly classified by the SVM classifier).
+                    We trained the SVM, logistic regression and 1-nearest-neighbour models on this dataset.
+                    We tested trained models on a test set that comes from the same distribution as training set, but doesn't have any outlier points.
+                    Consider the $K$-fold cross validation on a linear regression model with a sufficiently large amount of training data. When $K$ is large, the computational complexity of the $K$-fold cross validation with respect to $K$ is of order ","['$\\mathcal{O}(K)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(K(K-1))$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(1)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(1/K)$']",$\mathcal{O}(K)$.,0
+3903,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider the following joint distribution on $X$ and $Y$, where $X \in\{-1,0,1\}$ and $Y \in\{0,1\}: p(X=-1, Y=0)=0.05$, $p(X=-1, Y=1)=0.05, p(X=0, Y=0)=0.1, p(X=0, Y=1)=0.1, p(X=1, Y=0)=0.3, p(X=1, Y=1)=$ 0.4. You learn that $X \geq 0$. What is the largest probability of being correct you can achieve when predicting $Y$ in this case?","['$\\frac{5}{9}$', '$1$', '$\\frac{2}{3}$', '$\\frac{1}{4}$', '$\\frac{1}{2}$', '$\\frac{1}{7}$', '$\\frac{1}{3}$', '$\\frac{6}{7}$', '$0$', '$\\frac{4}{7}$', '$\\frac{3}{7}$']",$\frac{5}{9}$,0
+3904,15127,Computer Science,master,"Let $\Ym = \xm\Wm + v$, where $\xm,\Wm,\Ym \in \R^{k 	imes k}$ and $v \in R^{1 	imes k}$, represent a linear layer of width $k$ operating on a batch of $k$ inputs where the addition is broadcasted as in Numpy or PyTorch.
+	The network is trained with respect to a loss function $L(\Ym)$ that only depends on $\Wm$ and $v$ through $\Ym$.
+	Given $\delta_{\Ym}=rac{\partial L}{\partial \Ym}$, how can we compute $\delta_{\Wm}=rac{\partial L}{\partial \Wm}$ and $\delta_{v}=rac{\partial L}{\partial v}$?
+	Let $\mathbf{1}_{1,k} = [1, 1, \ldots, 1]$ with shape $1 	imes k$. ","['$\\delta_{\\Wm}=\\xm \\delta_{\\Ym},\\quad \\delta_{\x08v}=\\mathbf{1}_{1,k} \\delta_{\\Ym}$ ', '$\\delta_{\\Wm}=\\delta_{\\Ym} \\xm,\\quad \\delta_{\x08v}=\\mathbf{1}_{1,k} \\delta_{\\Ym}$', '$\\delta_{\\Wm}=\\xm^\top \\delta_{\\Ym},\\quad \\delta_{\x08v}=\\mathbf{1}_{1,k} \\delta_{\\Ym}$', '$\\delta_{\\Wm}=\\delta_{\\Ym} \\xm^\top,\\quad \\delta_{\x08v}=\\mathbf{1}_{1,k} \\delta_{\\Ym}$', '$\\delta_{\\Wm}=\\xm \\delta_{\\Ym},\\quad \\delta_{\x08v}=\\mathbf{1}_{1,k} \\delta_{\\Ym}^\top$', '$\\delta_{\\Wm}=\\delta_{\\Ym} \\xm,\\quad \\delta_{\x08v}=\\mathbf{1}_{1,k} \\delta_{\\Ym}^\top$', '$\\delta_{\\Wm}=\\xm^\top \\delta_{\\Ym},\\quad \\delta_{\x08v}=\\mathbf{1}_{1,k} \\delta_{\\Ym}^\top$', '$\\delta_{\\Wm}=\\delta_{\\Ym} \\xm^\top,\\quad \\delta_{\x08v}=\\mathbf{1}_{1,k} \\delta_{\\Ym}^\top$']","$\delta_{\Wm}=\xm^	op \delta_{\Ym},\quad \delta_{v}=\mathbf{1}_{1,k} \delta_{\Ym}$",2
+3905,15127,Computer Science,master,Which statement is true for linear regression?,"['A linear regression model can be expressd as an inner product between feature vectors and a weight vector.', ""Linear regression, when using 'usual' loss functions, works fine when the dataset contains many outliers."", 'A good fit with linear regression implies a causal relationship between inputs and outputs.']",A linear regression model can be expressd as an inner product between feature vectors and a weight vector.,0
+3906,15127,Computer Science,master,What is the gradient of $\mathbf{x}^{\top} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{x}$ with respect to $\mathbf{x}$ (written as a vector)?,"['(a) $\\mathbf{W} \\mathbf{x}$', '(b) $\\mathbf{W}^{\\top} \\mathbf{x}$', '(c) $\\square\\left(\\mathbf{W}+\\mathbf{W}^{\\top}\\right) \\mathbf{x}$', '(d) $\\mathbf{W}$', '(e) $\\mathbf{x x}^{\\top}$.', '(f) $\\mathbf{x}^{\\top} \\mathbf{x}$', '(g) $\\mathbf{W} \\mathbf{W}^{\\top}$.']",(c) $\square\left(\mathbf{W}+\mathbf{W}^{\top}\right) \mathbf{x}$,2
+3907,15127,Computer Science,master,(Convex I) Unions of convex sets are convex.,"['True', 'False']",False,1
+3910,15127,Computer Science,master,(Nearest Neighbor) The training error of the 1-nearest neighbor classifier is zero.,"['True', 'False']",True,0
+3912,15127,Computer Science,master,"Consider a linear regression model on a dataset which we split into a training set and a test set. After training, our model gives a mean-squared error of 0.1 on the training set and a mean-squared error of 5.3 on the test set. Recall that the mean-squared error (MSE) is given by:
+	                $$MSE_{	extbf{w}}(	extbf{y}, 	extbf{X}) = rac{1}{2N} \sum_{n=1}^N (y_n - 	extbf{x}_n^	op	extbf{w})^2$$
+	                Which of the following statements is 	extbf{correct} ? ","['Retraining the model with feature augmentation (e.g. adding polynomial features) will increase the training MSE.', 'Using cross-validation can help decrease the training MSE of this very model.', 'Retraining while discarding some training samples will likely reduce the gap between the train MSE and the test MSE.', 'Ridge regression can help reduce the gap between the training MSE and the test MSE.']",Ridge regression can help reduce the gap between the training MSE and the test MSE.,3
+3914,15127,Computer Science,master,Assume that you want to implement the sigmoid function: $\sigma(x)=e^{x} /\left(e^{x}+1\right)$. You know that your computer can handle numbers with very small absolute value but might overflow when dealing with numbers that have a very large absolute value. Let $f_{1}(x)=e^{x} /\left(e^{x}+1\right)$ and $f_{2}(x)=1 /\left(e^{-x}+1\right)$. Which of the following implementations is best?,"['$f_1(x)$', '$f_2(x)$', '$f_1(x)$ if $x>0$ and $f_2(x)$ otherwise', '$f_2(x)$ if $x>0$ and $f_1(x)$ otherwise']",$f_2(x)$ if $x>0$ and $f_1(x)$ otherwise,3
+3915,15127,Computer Science,master,"Is it true that $K$-means can be equivalently written as the following matrix factorization problem? Here $\boldsymbol{X}$ denotes the $N \times D$ data matrix. The $\boldsymbol{\mu}_{k}$ denote columns of $\boldsymbol{M}$, rows of $\boldsymbol{Z}$, and $L(\boldsymbol{z}, \boldsymbol{\mu})=\left\|\boldsymbol{X}^{\top}-\boldsymbol{M} \boldsymbol{Z}^{\top}\right\|_{\text {Frob }}^{2}$. $$ \begin{aligned} & \min _{\boldsymbol{z}, \boldsymbol{\mu}} L(\boldsymbol{z}, \boldsymbol{\mu}) \\ & \text { s.t. } \boldsymbol{\mu}_{k} \in \mathbb{R}^{D}, \\ & z_{n k} \in\{0,1\}, \sum_{k=1}^{K} z_{n k}=1 . \end{aligned} $$","['yes', 'no']",yes,0
+3916,15127,Computer Science,master,"(Text Representation Learning, word2vec) An SGD step for learning GloVe word vectors is computationally equally expensive to an SGD step in word2vec, however only GloVe requires memory the size of the co-occurence matrix.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+3917,15127,Computer Science,master,"You are given two distributions over $\mathbb{R}$ : Uniform on the interval $[a, b]$ and Gaussian with mean $\mu$ and variance $\sigma^{2}$. Their respective probability density functions are $$ p_{\mathcal{U}}(y \mid a, b):=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \frac{1}{b-a}, & \text { for } a \leq y \leq b, \\ 0 & \text { otherwise } \end{array} \quad p_{\mathcal{G}}\left(y \mid \mu, \sigma^{2}\right):=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi \sigma^{2}}} \exp \left(-\frac{(y-\mu)^{2}}{2 \sigma^{2}}\right)\right. $$ Which one(s) belong to the exponential family?","['Only Uniform.', 'Both of them.', 'Only Gaussian.', 'None of them.']",Only Gaussian.,2
+3918,15127,Computer Science,master,"Which statement is true for the Mean Squared Error (MSE) loss MSE( $\mathbf{x}, y):=\left(f_{\mathbf{w}}(\mathbf{x})-y\right)^{2}$, with $f_{\mathrm{w}}$ a model parametrized by the weights $\mathbf{w}$ ?","['MSE is not necessarily convex with respect to the weights of the model $\\mathbf{w}$.', 'MSE is more robust to outliers than Mean Absolute Error (MAE).', 'For any ML task you are trying to solve, minimizing MSE will provably yield the best model.']",MSE is not necessarily convex with respect to the weights of the model $\mathbf{w}$.,0
+3920,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Synaptic inputs can be approximated by an exponential current,"['[mathjaxinline]u(t)=u_{rest}+\\frac{Rq}{\\tau_s-\\tau} \\left[ \\exp \\left(-\\frac{t-t_f}{\\tau} \\right) - \\exp \\left( -\\frac{t-t_f}{\\tau_s} \\right) \\right][/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]u(t)=u_{rest}+\\frac{Rq}{\\tau-\\tau_s} \\left[ \\exp \\left(-\\frac{t-t_f}{\\tau} \\right) - \\exp \\left( -\\frac{t-t_f}{\\tau_s} \\right) \\right][/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]u(t)=u_{rest}+\\frac{Rq}{\\tau} \\left[ \\exp \\left(-\\frac{t-t_f}{\\tau} \\right) - \\exp \\left( -\\frac{t-t_f}{\\tau_s} \\right) \\right][/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]u(t)=u_{rest}+\\frac{Rq}{\\tau} \\left[ \\exp \\left(-\\frac{t-t_f}{\\tau_s} \\right) - \\exp \\left( -\\frac{t-t_f}{\\tau} \\right) \\right][/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]u(t)=u_{rest}+\\frac{Rq}{\\tau_s} \\left[ \\exp \\left(-\\frac{t-t_f}{\\tau} \\right) - \\exp \\left( -\\frac{t-t_f}{\\tau_s} \\right) \\right][/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]u(t)=u_{rest}+\\frac{Rq}{\\tau_s} \\left[ \\exp \\left(-\\frac{t-t_f}{\\tau_s} \\right) - \\exp \\left( -\\frac{t-t_f}{\\tau} \\right) \\right][/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]u(t)=u_{rest}+\frac{Rq}{\tau-\tau_s} \left[ \exp \left(-\frac{t-t_f}{\tau} \right) - \exp \left( -\frac{t-t_f}{\tau_s} \right) \right][/mathjaxinline],1
+3921,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Let [mathjaxinline]E=- \frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j} w_{ij}S_iS_j[/mathjaxinline] be the energy of the Hopfield model [mathjaxinline]i,j[/mathjaxinline]
+    and","['The energy picture requires random patterns with prob = 0.5', 'The energy picture requires symmetric weights', 'It follows from the energy picture of the Hopfield model that the\nonly fixed points are those where the overlap is exactly one', 'In each step, the value of a Lyapunov function decreases or stays constant', 'Under deterministic dynamics the above energy is a Lyapunov function']",The energy picture requires symmetric weights,1
+3924,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"To do the actual proof, we use again the correct answer from before and take into account the specific update dynamic of the asynchronous Hopfield network (first equation). Specifically, we have[mathjaxinline] S_k(t+1) = \text{sign}\left(h_k(t)\right) [/mathjaxinline].for the changing neuron [mathjaxinline] k [/mathjaxinline]. Select the correct reasoning out of the options below to complete the proof:","['The minus sign of the energy change [mathjaxinline] \\Delta E [/mathjaxinline] itself ensures the decay of the energy function, no matter what update dynamic we choose.', 'The update dynamics includes the sign-function. Thus the product in the energy change [mathjaxinline] \\Delta E [/mathjaxinline] is always positiv. The minus sign in [mathjaxinline] \\Delta E [/mathjaxinline] finally leads to negative change in every case.', 'The product in [mathjaxinline] \\Delta E [/mathjaxinline] is always zero. Thus the energy function will decay very slowly.']",The update dynamics includes the sign-function. Thus the product in the energy change [mathjaxinline] \Delta E [/mathjaxinline] is always positiv. The minus sign in [mathjaxinline] \Delta E [/mathjaxinline] finally leads to negative change in every case.,1
+3925,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Suppose that in some brain area we have a group of 500 neurons. All neurons have identical parameters and they all receive the same input. Input is given by sensory stimulation and passes through 2 preliminary neuronal processing steps before it arrives at our group of 500 neurons. Within the group, neurons are not connected to each other. Imagine the brain as a model network containing 100,000 nonlinear integrate-and-fire neurons, so that we know exactly how each neuron functions.","['A and B and C are expected to find the same result.', 'A and B are expected to find the same result, but that of C is expected to be different.', 'B and C are expected to find the same result, but that of A is expected to be different.', 'None of the above three options is correct.']",A and B and C are expected to find the same result.,0
+3926,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Calculate the weight change for a pair of pre/post spikes in the two case [mathjaxinline]\Delta t < 0[/mathjaxinline].,"['[mathjaxinline] \\Delta w (\\Delta t < 0) = \\frac{a_+}{\\tau_+} \\ e^{-|\\Delta t|/\\tau_+}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\Delta w (\\Delta t < 0) = \\frac{a_+}{\\tau_+} \\ e^{|\\Delta t|/\\tau_+}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\Delta w (\\Delta t < 0) = \\frac{a_-}{\\tau_-} \\ e^{-|\\Delta t|/\\tau_-}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline] \Delta w (\Delta t < 0) = \frac{a_+}{\tau_+} \ e^{-|\Delta t|/\tau_+}[/mathjaxinline],0
+3927,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Alan works in voltage-clamp mode where he keeps the voltage constant at the value [mathjaxinline]u(t) = V_0[/mathjaxinline] for [mathjaxinline]t \geq 0[/mathjaxinline]. How does the variable [mathjaxinline]n(t)[/mathjaxinline] evolve over time, for all [mathjaxinline]t \geq 0[/mathjaxinline], if it is fixed at [mathjaxinline]n_0[/mathjaxinline] at  [mathjaxinline]t=0[/mathjaxinline]?","['[mathjaxinline] [n_0-n_{\\infty}(V_0)] exp(-\\frac{t}{\\tau_n}) [/mathjaxinline].', '[mathjaxinline] n_0 [1 - exp(-\\frac{t}{\\tau_n})] [/mathjaxinline].', '[mathjaxinline] n_{\\infty}(V_0) + n_0 exp(-\\frac{t}{\\tau_n}) [/mathjaxinline].', '[mathjaxinline] n_{\\infty}(V_0) + [n_0-n_{\\infty}(V_0)] exp(-\\frac{t}{\\tau_n}) [/mathjaxinline].', '[mathjaxinline] n_{\\infty}(V_0) [1 - exp(-\\frac{t}{\\tau_n})] + n_0 [/mathjaxinline].']",[mathjaxinline] n_{\infty}(V_0) + [n_0-n_{\infty}(V_0)] exp(-\frac{t}{\tau_n}) [/mathjaxinline].,3
+3929,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Again select the correct statements about the dynamics of the overlap, but this time with [mathjaxinline] g(x) = tanh(x)[/mathjaxinline] (multiple correct answers possible).","['Starting with a positive overlap, the dynamics will converge to [mathjaxinline]m=1[/mathjaxinline].', 'Starting with any overlap [mathjaxinline]m[/mathjaxinline], the dynamics will  end up at [mathjaxinline] m = 0 [/mathjaxinline].', 'Starting from a negative overlap the dynamics will converge to [mathjaxinline]m=-1[/mathjaxinline].', 'If we introduce an extra parameter [mathjaxinline]\\beta[/mathjaxinline] in [mathjaxinline]g(m) = \\tanh(\\beta m)[/mathjaxinline], then, for [mathjaxinline]\\beta \\to \\infty [/mathjaxinline], we are back to the sign function.', 'For [mathjaxinline] \\beta > 1 [/mathjaxinline] and non-zero initial overlap, the overlap will converge to one of two stable fixed points, depending on the sign of the initial overlap.']","Starting with any overlap [mathjaxinline]m[/mathjaxinline], the dynamics will  end up at [mathjaxinline] m = 0 [/mathjaxinline].",1
+3931,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In order to quantitatively analyze the stability of the fixed point, one can rewrite the system of equations in the form [mathjaxinline]\frac{d}{dt}y=Ay+b[/mathjaxinline] where [mathjaxinline]A[/mathjaxinline] is a matrix,","['The only fixed point of the system is stable and the eigenvalues are [mathjaxinline]-1,-0.5[/mathjaxinline].', 'Since one of the eigenvalues  [mathjaxinline]\\frac{-1.5\\pm  \\sqrt{33.85}}{2}[/mathjaxinline] is positive, the fixed point is considered as unstable point.', 'Since the real part of both eigenvalues [mathjaxinline]\\frac{-1.5\\pm  i \\sqrt{33.85}}{2}[/mathjaxinline] are negative, the fixed point is stable.', 'The only fixed point of the system is unstable because the eigenvalues are both positive: [mathjaxinline]1,0.5[/mathjaxinline].']","The only fixed point of the system is stable and the eigenvalues are [mathjaxinline]-1,-0.5[/mathjaxinline].",0
+3932,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Assume [mathjaxinline] a_0=a_2 [/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline] 0 < a_4 << a_2 [/mathjaxinline]. Will the weight grow or decay? Always? Approach a fixed point or not?,"['It will always grow: the quadratic term is dominating the dynamics.', 'It will always approach one of the two fixed points.', 'It depends on the initial condition on the weight only.', 'It depends on the value of the rate only, since we assumed the neural population to be in a homogeneous state.', 'It depends on the value of both the weight and the rate, since weight and rate dynamics are coupled.']","It depends on the value of the rate only, since we assumed the neural population to be in a homogeneous state.",3
+3933,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In a 2-dimensional neuron model,","['by moving the u-nullcline vertically upward (a slight deformation of the nullcline is possible)', 'by moving the u-nullcline vertically upward (any deformation of the nullcline is excluded)', 'by moving the w-nullcline vertically upward', 'as a potential change in the stability or number of the fixed point(s)', 'as a new initial condition', 'by following the flow of arrows in the appropriate phase plane diagram']",by moving the u-nullcline vertically upward (a slight deformation of the nullcline is possible),0
+3936,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In the probabilistic state update (second equation), the function [mathjaxinline] g [/mathjaxinline] maps the input potential [mathjaxinline] h [/mathjaxinline] onto a probability. What properties should [mathjaxinline] g [/mathjaxinline] have? (2 correct)","['[mathjaxinline] g: \\mathbb{R} \\to [0,1] [/mathjaxinline]', 'Monotonically decreasing', 'Monotonically increasing', 'Symmetric with respect to the point [mathjaxinline] g(0) = 0.5 [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] g\\to\\infty [/mathjaxinline] for [mathjaxinline] h\\to\\infty [/mathjaxinline]']","[mathjaxinline] g: \mathbb{R} \to [0,1] [/mathjaxinline]",0
+3937,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"4. In vivo, a typical cortical neuron exhibits ...","['a rare output spikes', 'regular firing activity', 'a fluctuating membrane potential']",a rare output spikes,0
+3938,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What happens after the driving current is removed? (note that more than one option may be correct.),"['At the moment the current is switched off, the [mathjaxinline]u[/mathjaxinline]-nullcline will instantaneously return to its original position.', 'The fixed point of the system does not change when the current is switched off.', 'The fixed point of the system will return back to its original position, i.e., [mathjaxinline](u,w)=(-1,0)[/mathjaxinline].', 'If [mathjaxinline] I_0 [/mathjaxinline] is large enough, the system emits an action potential.', 'The system always emits an action potential no matter how large [mathjaxinline]I_0 [/mathjaxinline] is.', 'The [mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline]-nullcline is shifted to the left once the current is switched off.']","At the moment the current is switched off, the [mathjaxinline]u[/mathjaxinline]-nullcline will instantaneously return to its original position.",0
+3939,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Based on your result in the previous question, calculate the expected value of the input [mathjaxinline] \overline{I} = \left\langle I_i(t)\right\rangle_{i,t} [/mathjaxinline] assuming that all neurons fire independently with the same constant frequency [mathjaxinline] \nu_0 [/mathjaxinline].","['[mathjaxinline] \\begin{equation} \\overline{I} = I^{\\textrm{ext}} + w_0 N^2 \\nu_0\\int_0^{\\infty} \\alpha\\left(s\\right)ds \\end{equation} [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\begin{equation} \\overline{I} = I^{\\textrm{ext}} + w_0 N \\nu_0\\int_0^{\\infty} \\alpha\\left(s\\right)ds \\end{equation} [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\begin{equation} \\overline{I} = I^{\\textrm{ext}} + w_0 \\nu_0^2 \\end{equation} [/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline] \begin{equation} \overline{I} = I^{\textrm{ext}} + w_0 N \nu_0\int_0^{\infty} \alpha\left(s\right)ds \end{equation} [/mathjaxinline],1
+3941,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"If [mathjaxinline]\beta > \alpha [/mathjaxinline], then","['If [mathjaxinline]\\alpha \\lt 1[/mathjaxinline] the fixed point is always stable and if [mathjaxinline]\\alpha > 1[/mathjaxinline] it is always unstable.', 'If [mathjaxinline]\\alpha > 1[/mathjaxinline] the fixed point is stable and if [mathjaxinline]\\alpha \\lt 1[/mathjaxinline] it is unstable.', 'If [mathjaxinline]\\alpha \\leq 1[/mathjaxinline] the fixed point is always stable.', 'the solution may be cycles (closed curves) if [mathjaxinline]\\alpha = 1[/mathjaxinline].', 'the fixed point is always unstable because [mathjaxinline]\\text{sign}(\\lambda_{+}.\\lambda_{-})\\lt 0.[/mathjaxinline]', 'the fixed point is always stable.']",If [mathjaxinline]\alpha \lt 1[/mathjaxinline] the fixed point is always stable and if [mathjaxinline]\alpha > 1[/mathjaxinline] it is always unstable.,0
+3942,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Find graphically the value of stationary  activity [mathjaxinline]A(t) = A_0[/mathjaxinline] in the 
+  asynchronous state. 
+
+You may assume that N is large ( [mathjaxinline]N \rightarrow \infty[/mathjaxinline]).","['The fixed point of the activity is given by the intersection between the curve [mathjaxinline]f=g(h_0)[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]\n      g(h_0) = \\frac{h_0 + RI^{\\textrm{ext}}(t)}{RJ_0}[/mathjaxinline].', 'The fixed point of the activity is given by the intersection between the curve [mathjaxinline]f=g(h_0)[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]\n      g(h_0) = \\frac{h_0 - RI^{\\textrm{ext}}(t)}{RJ_0}[/mathjaxinline].', 'The fixed point of the activity is given by the intersection between the curve [mathjaxinline]f=g(h_0)[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]\n      g(h_0) = \\frac{-h_0 - RI^{\\textrm{ext}}(t)}{RJ_0}[/mathjaxinline].']","The fixed point of the activity is given by the intersection between the curve [mathjaxinline]f=g(h_0)[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]
+      g(h_0) = \frac{h_0 - RI^{\textrm{ext}}(t)}{RJ_0}[/mathjaxinline].",1
+3943,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"We first focus on the arrows drawn into the phase plane, see Fig. 2. These arrows are used to illustrate the ""direction"" of the dynamics at a given state, i.e. at a given value for [mathjaxinline] h_1 [/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline] h_2 [/mathjaxinline].Given a certain point in the phase plane, i.e. values for [mathjaxinline] h_1, h_2 [/mathjaxinline] and all parameters, how can we infer the direction of the arrow at this point in the phase plane from the differential equations?","['By setting the left-hand side of the differential equations to zero and solving for [mathjaxinline] h_1 [/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline] h_2 [/mathjaxinline].', 'By setting the temporal derivative of the right-hand side of the differential equations to zero and then solving for [mathjaxinline] h_1 [/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline] h_2 [/mathjaxinline].', 'By evaluating the right-hand side of the differential equations. The result is (proportional to) a ""velocity"" in [mathjaxinline] h_1- [/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline] h_2-[/mathjaxinline]direction, which gives the ""direction"" of the dynamics.']","By evaluating the right-hand side of the differential equations. The result is (proportional to) a ""velocity"" in [mathjaxinline] h_1- [/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline] h_2-[/mathjaxinline]direction, which gives the ""direction"" of the dynamics.",2
+3944,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the probability to observe an interspike interval smaller than [mathjaxinline] 20 \ ms [/mathjaxinline]?,"['[mathjaxinline](1-\\rho) e^{-20\\rho}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] 1- e^{-\\frac{20}{\\rho}}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\rho e^{-\\frac{20}{\\rho}}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]e^{-20 \\rho }[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\rho e^{-20 \\rho }[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\rho [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\frac{1}{\\rho} e^{-\\frac{20}{\\rho}}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]1- e^{-20\\rho}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline]1- e^{-20\rho}[/mathjaxinline],7
+3946,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"A sufficient condition to replace two gating variables [mathjaxinline]r[/mathjaxinline], [mathjaxinline]s[/mathjaxinline] by a single gating variable [mathjaxinline]w[/mathjaxinline] is","['both [mathjaxinline]r[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]s[/mathjaxinline]  have the same time constant (as a function of [mathjaxinline]u[/mathjaxinline])', 'both [mathjaxinline]r[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]s[/mathjaxinline]  have the same time activation function', 'both [mathjaxinline]r[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]s[/mathjaxinline]  have the same time constant (as a function of [mathjaxinline]u[/mathjaxinline]) AND the same activation function', 'both [mathjaxinline]r[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]s[/mathjaxinline]  have the same time constant (as a function of [mathjaxinline]u[/mathjaxinline]) AND the activation functions that are identical after some additive rescaling', 'both [mathjaxinline]r[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]s[/mathjaxinline]  have the same time constant (as a function of [mathjaxinline]u[/mathjaxinline]) AND the activation functions that are identical after some multiplicative rescaling']",both [mathjaxinline]r[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]s[/mathjaxinline]  have the same time constant (as a function of [mathjaxinline]u[/mathjaxinline]) AND the same activation function,2
+3947,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Consider (u,w) coordinate system:","['on the w-nullcline, arrows are always vertical', 'on the w-nullcline, arrows point always vertically upward', 'on the w-nullcline, arrows are always horizontal', 'on the w-nullcline, arrows point always to the left', 'on the w-nullcline, arrows point always to the right', 'on the w-nullcline, arrows can point in an arbitrary direction']","on the w-nullcline, arrows are always horizontal",2
+3948,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Assume that the patterns [mathjaxinline] p^{\mu} [/mathjaxinline] have the property [mathjaxinline] \sum_{i=1}^N p_i^{\mu} = 0 ~~ \forall \mu[/mathjaxinline]. Which of the following interpretations of this property is correct:,"['The patterns are balanced: The mean of each pixel across patterns is zero', 'All pixels of all patterns are equal to zero.', 'Half of the patterns only show positiv, the other half only negative pixels', 'All patterns are balanced: Each pattern has the same number of active and inactive pixels.']",All patterns are balanced: Each pattern has the same number of active and inactive pixels.,3
+3949,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Which of the following statements are correct regarding the biological interpretation of the following parameters and variables [mathjaxinline]g_{ion}, E_{ion}, [/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]n(t)[/mathjaxinline]? (note that there may be more than one correct option)","['[mathjaxinline]g_{ion}[/mathjaxinline] is the maximum conductance of the channel and [mathjaxinline]E_{ion}[/mathjaxinline] is the resting potential of the neuron.', '[mathjaxinline]n(t)[/mathjaxinline] is the probability that a channel is open at time [mathjaxinline]t[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]g_{ion}[/mathjaxinline] is the momentary conductance of the channel.', '[mathjaxinline] g_{ion} [/mathjaxinline] is the maximum conductance of the channel while [mathjaxinline]n(t)[/mathjaxinline] is indicative of the fraction of open channels at time [mathjaxinline]t[/mathjaxinline].', '[mathjaxinline] 1-n(t) [/mathjaxinline] determines the fraction of channels which are open at time [mathjaxinline] t [/mathjaxinline].', '[mathjaxinline] E_{ion}[/mathjaxinline] is the reversal potential of the channel which is not necessarily the same as the resting potential of the neuron.']",[mathjaxinline] g_{ion} [/mathjaxinline] is the maximum conductance of the channel while [mathjaxinline]n(t)[/mathjaxinline] is indicative of the fraction of open channels at time [mathjaxinline]t[/mathjaxinline].,2
+4050,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What makes the data used in the Allen Mouse brain atlas remarkable compared to most other ISH datasets?,"['The thickness of the brain sections', 'The high standardization of the whole experimental procedure', 'The choice of the genes that were studied', 'The strain of the mice used in the experiments']",The high standardization of the whole experimental procedure,1
+4054,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What would be the best tool used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms in a sequenced DNA fragment for which the consensus sequence is known?,"['A clustering algorithm', 'de novo sequence alignment', 'Statistical modeling', 'Reference-based sequence alignment']",Reference-based sequence alignment,3
+4057,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why are there DNA fragments of different sizes during Sanger sequencing?,"['Because nucleotides preventing further elongation are added in small quantity to the PCR mix', 'Because the sequence to be analyzed is fragmented through sonication before sequencing', 'Because different genes being analyzed together have different sizes', 'Because different sets of primers binding at different locations on the DNA sequence are used to start the PCR']",Because nucleotides preventing further elongation are added in small quantity to the PCR mix,0
+4059,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following are the most common causes of genomic variation?,"['Defects in DNA repair mechanisms', 'Defects in protein folding', 'Exposure to mutagens', 'Changes in chromatin structure']",Defects in DNA repair mechanisms,0
+4065,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is an important downside of single-cell transcriptomics compared to spatial transcriptomics?,"['More RNA molecules are needed', 'Data analysis is very time-consuming', 'It relies on sequencing', 'The location of the cell in the organ is lost']",The location of the cell in the organ is lost,3
+4070,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Whole-exome sequencing generates the sequences of..,"['all of the protein-coding genes in the genome', 'all of the regulatory elements in the genome', 'all of the currently expressed genes in the genome', 'all of the intergenic regions in the genome']",all of the protein-coding genes in the genome,0
+4071,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"If you wanted to model the behavior of all the ion channels present on a cell, which model would take the most computing power to run a simulation?","['Hodgkin-Huxley model of the currents produced by different ion channel populations', 'Hidden Markov model modeling the probabilistic opening and closing of channels', 'Atom-scale model of ion channels structure and function', 'They all require the same computing power']",Atom-scale model of ion channels structure and function,2
+4072,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the principle behind polymerase chain reaction?,"['The enzyme DNA polymerase emits different light signals when adding different nucleotides during DNA synthesis', 'One of the two DNA strands can be used as a template to translate DNA into RNA', 'One of the two DNA strands can be used as a template to copy and amplify a DNA sequence', 'The enzyme DNA polymerase cleaves only T nucleotides']",One of the two DNA strands can be used as a template to copy and amplify a DNA sequence,2
+4073,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What tool can be used to identify the hitherto unknown genomic sequence of a species?,"['A clustering algorithm', 'de novo sequence alignment', 'Statistical modeling', 'Reference-based sequence alignment']",de novo sequence alignment,1
+4079,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does an ontology provide?,"['Spatial coordinates for all the concerned entities in an organism', 'Gene names and specific IDs', 'Information about the relationships between the concerned entities', 'A controlled vocabulary for protein nomenclature']",Information about the relationships between the concerned entities,2
+4084,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which technique allows to map methylation in the genome?,"['Spatial transcriptomics', 'Bisulfite-sequencing', 'Hi-C', 'Chain-termination sequencing']",Bisulfite-sequencing,1
+4091,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The transcriptome is highly variable between the cells in an individual. Which of the following are the main factors known to contribute to this variability?,"['The stage of the cell cycle', 'The number of genes present in the cell', 'The circadian rhythm', 'The size of the organism']",The stage of the cell cycle,0
+4099,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What kind of experiment was used to generate the data of the Allen Mouse Brain atlas?,"['in situ hybridization data', 'RNA sequencing data', 'Electron microscopy imaging data', 'Flow cytometry data']",in situ hybridization data,0
+4105,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the basis of the Hodgkin-Huxley model?,"['a cellular compartment is represented as an electrical circuit with different ionic conductances a capacitance corresponding to the membrane, creating a voltage difference across the membrane', 'Each ion channel is represented as a small electrical circuit that has a varying resistance depending on the current applied to the plasma membrane', 'Probabilistic equations determine the opened or closed state of each ion channel, allowing the computation of the current flowing through the membrane', 'Reaction-diffusion equation model the movement of ions across the plasma membrane, allowing the computation of the different ionic concentrations and the derivation of the voltage difference']","a cellular compartment is represented as an electrical circuit with different ionic conductances a capacitance corresponding to the membrane, creating a voltage difference across the membrane",0
+4107,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following changes in AD versus healthy brain tissue would the study NOT be able to identify?,"['Changes in the methylation status of astrocytes', 'Changes in the methylation status of CpH sites in neurons', 'Changes in the methylation status of neurons', 'Changes in histone modifications in neurons']",Changes in the methylation status of astrocytes,0
+4108,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Genome sequencing can provide information on...,"['the potential genetic basis of diseases', 'the causes of genetic mutations in the population', 'the level of genetic diversity within a population', 'the effect of genetic diversity on gene expression']",the potential genetic basis of diseases,0
+4111,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which nucleotide is methylated in human DNA?,"['Adenosine', 'Thymine', 'Cytosine', 'Guanine']",Cytosine,2
+4113,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which factors determine the optimal level of abstraction of a model?,"['The performance on the model with different amounts of detail', 'The experimental limitations in data quantification', 'The most large-scale behavior the model can reproduce', 'The biological question the model is aimed to study']",The performance on the model with different amounts of detail,0
+4114,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Researchers often measure mRNA levels as a way of inferring the levels of the proteins they encode. One of the limitations of this method is:,"['mRNA levels do not necessarily correlate with protein levels', 'Not all classes of RNA molecules encode proteins', 'The mRNA of secreted proteins will not be detected', 'mRNA does not encode proteins']",mRNA levels do not necessarily correlate with protein levels,0
+4116,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is differential gene expression NOT useful for?,"['Finding biomarkers specific to certain cell types', 'Measuring the frequency of a gene variant in a population', 'Determining the sequence of a gene', 'Comparing gene expression at different developmental stages']",Measuring the frequency of a gene variant in a population,1
+4117,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which property is common to all big data sets?,"['The organism the data is collected from', 'The experimental context in which the data is collected', 'The cellular property that is analyzed', 'None of the above']",None of the above,3
+4120,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Epigenetics helps explain how cells containing the same genome can...,"['express different genes', 'carry different mutations', 'maintain their identity during development', 'contain the same genes']",express different genes,0
+4121,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which part of simulation neuroscience requires a specialized infrastructure in terms of software and hardware?,"['Simulation and visualization', 'Data and model analysis', 'Experimental data storage and model building', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+4122,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following steps are exactly the same for RNA and DNA sequencing?,"['Amplification', 'Data analysis', 'Sequencing', 'Reverse transcription']",Amplification,0
+4123,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The transcriptome contains...,"['All RNA transcripts', 'Only coding RNA transcripts', 'Only non-coding RNA transcripts', 'Amino acid sequences']",All RNA transcripts,0
+4127,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What information can one find using the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas?,"['The interaction partners of a specific gene product', 'The sets of genes that show a spatially correlated expression', 'The different epigenetic landscapes of distinct brain regions', 'The locations in the brain at which a specific gene is highly or lowly expressed']",The sets of genes that show a spatially correlated expression,1
+4128,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the main challenge from large datasets?,"['Developing ways to generate them', 'Extracting useful biological meaning from them', 'Storing the data', 'Publishing the datasets']",Extracting useful biological meaning from them,1
+4129,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How is beta-secretase (BACE1) linked to Alzheimer's disease?,"['Mutations in the BACE1-coding region is associated to reduce APP levels', 'BACE1 is needed to cleave APP and generate pathogenic Abeta peptides', 'BACE1 methylates the promoter of the tau-coding gene', 'BACE1 knock-out in mice causes a deterioration of memory and cognitive function']",BACE1 is needed to cleave APP and generate pathogenic Abeta peptides,1
+4131,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What kind of data can be part of big data?,"['Data stored in large organized databanks', 'Data published in printed articles', 'Molecular data', 'Electrophysiological data']",Data stored in large organized databanks,0
+4138,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the principle behind the polymerase chain reaction?,"['One of the two DNA strands can be used as a template to translate DNA into RNA', 'One of the two DNA strands can be used as a template to copy and amplify a DNA sequence', 'The enzyme DNA polymerase emits different light signals when adding different nucleotides during DNA synthesis', 'The enzyme DNA polymerase cleaves only T nucleotides']",One of the two DNA strands can be used as a template to copy and amplify a DNA sequence,1
+4141,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The transcriptome of the tissues of the nervous system tend to be more complex those of other tissues due to...,"['a greater number of genes being present in the genome of nervous tissue', 'a greater number of genes being expressed in nervous tissue', 'a higher level of post-transcriptional modifications', 'the high rate of cell divisions in nervous tissue']",a greater number of genes being expressed in nervous tissue,1
+4144,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does bisulfite treatment do to a DNA molecule?,"['Crosslink it to the associated proteins', 'Cleave it after a CCC triplet', 'Convert unmethylated C residues to U residues', 'Act as a cofactor to DNA polymerase during DNA synthesis']",Convert unmethylated C residues to U residues,2
+4147,15046,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How does enhancer DNA methylation with increasing pathology correlate with mRNA changes of the target genes?,"['They do not correlate', 'When pathology and methylation increase, gene expression also increases', 'When pathology increases and methylation decreases, gene expression increases', 'When pathology increases and methylation decreases, gene expression decreases']","When pathology increases and methylation decreases, gene expression increases",2
+4150,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,Consider the classes below and tick the correct answer. class A class B extends A class C[-T],"['C[C[B]] <: C[C[A]]', 'C[C[A]] <: C[C[B]]', 'None of the other answers is correct.']",C[C[B]] <: C[C[A]],0
+4153,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"How many time is call compute printed when running the following code? def compute(n: Int) = \t printf(""call compute"") \t n + 1 LazyList.from(0).drop(2).take(3).map(compute)","['0', '1', '2', '3', '5']",0,0
+4155,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"A multiset is an unordered collection where elements can appear multiple times. We will represent a multiset of Char elements as a function from Char to Int: the function returns 0 for any Char argument that is not in the multiset, and the (positive) number of times it appears otherwise: type Multiset = Char => Int What should replace ??? so that the following function computes the underlying set of the m multiset, formed from its distinct elements? For example, the underlying set of the multiset M = {'a', 'a', 'c', 'd', 'd'} is S = {'a', 'c', 'd'}. type Set = Char => Boolean def multisetToSet(m: Multiset): Set = ???","['(x: Int) => m(x) > 0', 'x => m(x) > 0', '(x: Char) => m(x)', '(x: Char) => m(x) == 0', 'm(x) > 0', 'm(x)']",x => m(x) > 0,1
+4160,15011,Computer Science,master,"Consider an array $A[1,\ldots, n]$ consisting of the $n$ distinct numbers $1,2, \ldots, n$. We are further guaranteed that $A$ is almost sorted in the following sense: $A[i] \neq i$ for at most $\sqrt{n}$ values of $i$.  What are tight asymptotic worst-case running times for Insertion Sort and Merge Sort on such instances?","['It is $\\Theta(n + \\sqrt{n}\\log n)$ for Merge Sort and $\\Theta(n)$ for Insertion Sort.', 'It is $\\Theta(n \\log n)$ for Merge Sort and $\\Theta(n^2)$ for Insertion Sort.', 'It is $\\Theta(n + \\sqrt{n}\\log n)$ for Merge Sort and $\\Theta(n^{3/2})$ for Insertion Sort.', 'It is $\\Theta(n + \\sqrt{n}\\log n)$ for Merge Sort and $\\Theta(n^2)$ for Insertion Sort.', 'It is $\\Theta(n \\log n)$ for Merge Sort and $\\Theta(n)$ for Insertion Sort.', 'It is $\\Theta(n \\log n)$  for Merge Sort and $\\Theta(n^{3/2})$ for Insertion Sort.']",It is $\Theta(n \log n)$  for Merge Sort and $\Theta(n^{3/2})$ for Insertion Sort.,5
+4161,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,Is “type-directed programming” a language mechanism that infers types from values?,"['Yes', 'No']",No,1
+4163,15011,Computer Science,master,"Let $G = (V,E)$ be an undirected graph $G = (V,E)$ with positive vertex-weights $w : V \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_+$. In class, we analyzed the following linear programming relaxation of the vertex cover problem: \begin{align*} \textrm{minimize} \ \ \sum_{v\in V} w(v) & \cdot x_v \\ x_u + x_v & \geq 1 \qquad \mbox{for every $\{u,v\} \in E$} \\ x_v & \geq 0 \qquad \mbox{for every $v\in V$} \end{align*} In particular, we showed that  simple threshold rounding yields a vertex cover that it at most twice as expensive as the weight of an optimal solution to the linear program. In this problem we are going to analyze two alternative algorithms for the vertex cover problem: \begin{description}\itemsep5mm \item[Algorithm A:] \ \\[-5mm] \begin{enumerate} \item[1] Solve the linear program to obtain an optimal extreme point solution $x^*$. \item[2] Output the vertex cover $\{v\in V: x^*_v > 0\}$. \end{enumerate} \item[Algorithm B:]\ \\[-5mm] \begin{enumerate} \item[1] Solve the linear program to obtain an optimal solution (but not necessarily an extreme point) $x'$. \item[2] Output the vertex cover $\{v\in V: x'_v > 0 \}$. \end{enumerate} \end{description} It is not hard to show that both algorithms output feasible solutions, but what are the solution guarantees? Let OPT be the weight of an optimal solution to the linear programming relaxation. Then:","['Both algorithms may output solutions that are strictly heavier than $2\\cdot OPT$.', 'Algorithm B may output solutions that are strictly heavier than $2\\cdot OPT$ whereas Algorithm A is guaranteed to output a solution of weight at most $2 \\cdot OPT$.', 'Both algorithms are guaranteed to output solutions whose weight is at most $2\\cdot OPT$.', 'Algorithm A may output solutions that are strictly heavier than $2\\cdot OPT$ whereas Algorithm B is guaranteed to output a solution of weight at most $2 \\cdot OPT$.']",Both algorithms are guaranteed to output solutions whose weight is at most $2\cdot OPT$.,2
+4164,15011,Computer Science,master,"In this question we are interested in the linear programming relaxation of the  knapsack problem where each item $i =1,2, \ldots, n$  has  weight $w(i)$,  size $s(i)$, and  profit $p(i)$. Our knapsack can carry at most items of total weight $W$ and of total size $S$. The goal is to select a subset of items that respects these capacity constraints and maximizes the profit. By associating a variable $x_i$ with each item $i$, we get the following linear programming relaxation: {\small \begin{align*} \textrm{maximize} \ \ \sum_{i=1}^n  p(i) & \cdot x_i\\ \sum_{i=1}^n  w(i) \cdot x_i & \leq W  \\ \sum_{i=1}^n  s(i) \cdot x_i & \leq S  \\ 0 \leq x_i & \leq 1 \qquad \mbox{for every $i= 1, \ldots, n$} \end{align*} } What is the dual linear program of this relaxation?","['The dual is the following linear program with variables $\\alpha, \\beta, z_1, z_2, \\ldots, z_n$: {\\small  \\begin{align*} \\textrm{minimize} \\ \\ W \\cdot \\alpha + S \\cdot \\beta + \\sum_{i} z_i \\cdot p(i) \\\\ w(i) \\cdot \\alpha + s(i) \\cdot \\beta + z_i & \\geq 1 \\qquad \\mbox{for every $i= 1, \\ldots, n$} \\\\ \\alpha, \\beta  & \\geq 0 \\\\ z_i & \\geq 0 \\qquad \\quad \\mbox{for every $i= 1, \\ldots, n$} \\end{align*} }', 'The dual is the following linear program with variables $\\alpha, \\beta, z_1, z_2, \\ldots, z_n$: {\\small  \\begin{align*} \\textrm{minimize} \\ \\ W \\cdot \\alpha + S \\cdot \\beta + \\sum_{i} z_i \\\\ w(i) \\cdot \\alpha + s(i) \\cdot \\beta + z_i & \\geq p(i) \\qquad \\mbox{for every $i= 1, \\ldots, n$} \\\\ \\alpha, \\beta  & \\geq 0 \\\\ z_i & \\geq 0 \\qquad \\quad \\mbox{for every $i= 1, \\ldots, n$} \\end{align*} }', 'The dual is the following linear program with variables $\\alpha, \\beta, z_1, z_2, \\ldots, z_n$: {\\small \\begin{align*} \\textrm{minimize} \\ \\ \\sum_{i} z_i \\cdot (w(i) + s(i)) \\\\ W \\cdot \\alpha + S \\cdot \\beta + z_i & \\geq p(i) \\qquad \\mbox{for every $i= 1, \\ldots, n$} \\\\ \\alpha, \\beta  & \\geq 0 \\\\ z_i & \\geq 0 \\qquad \\quad \\mbox{for every $i= 1, \\ldots, n$} \\end{align*} }', 'The dual is the following linear program with variables $\\alpha, \\beta$: {\\small  \\begin{align*} \\textrm{minimize} \\ \\ W \\cdot \\alpha + S \\cdot \\beta  \\\\ w(i) \\cdot \\alpha + s(i) \\cdot \\beta  & \\geq p(i) \\qquad \\mbox{for every $i= 1, \\ldots, n$} \\\\ \\alpha, \\beta  & \\geq 0 \\\\ \\end{align*} }']","The dual is the following linear program with variables $\alpha, \beta, z_1, z_2, \ldots, z_n$: {\small  \begin{align*} \textrm{minimize} \ \ W \cdot \alpha + S \cdot \beta + \sum_{i} z_i \\ w(i) \cdot \alpha + s(i) \cdot \beta + z_i & \geq p(i) \qquad \mbox{for every $i= 1, \ldots, n$} \\ \alpha, \beta  & \geq 0 \\ z_i & \geq 0 \qquad \quad \mbox{for every $i= 1, \ldots, n$} \end{align*} }",1
+4166,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"A monad M is a parametric type M[T] with two operations, flatMap and unit: extension [T, U](m: M[T]) def flatMap(f: T => M[U]): M[U] def unit[T](x: T): M[T] To qualify as a monad, a type has to satisfy the three following laws for all m: M[T], x: T, f: T => M[U] and g: U => M[V]: (Associativity) m.flatMap(f).flatMap(g) === m.flatMap(f(_).flatMap(g)) (Left unit) unit(x).flatMap(f) === f(x) (Right unit) m.flatMap(unit) === m Is Set with its usual flatMap method and unit(x) = Set() a monad?","['Yes', 'No']",No,1
+4167,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"Given the following lemmas, holding for all types A, x: A, b1: Bool, b2: Bool, p: A => Bool, xs: List[A] and ys: List[A]: (ForallNil) nil.forall(p) === True (ForallCons) (x :: xs).forall(p) === p(x) && xs.forall(p) (ExistsNil) nil.exists(p) === False (ExistsCons) (x :: xs).exists(p) === p(x) || xs.exists(p) (NegFalse) !False === True (NegOr) !(b1 || b2) === !b1 && !b2 (NegAnd) !(b1 && b2) === !b1 || !b2 (NegInvolutive) !!b1 === b1 Let us prove the following lemma for all l: List[A] and all p: A => Bool: (ListNegExists) !l.exists(x => !p(x)) === l.forall(p) We prove it by induction on l. Induction step: let l = x :: xs. Therefore, we need to prove: !(x :: xs).exists(x => !p(x)) === (x :: xs).forall(p) Our inductions hypothesis is that for xs: (IH) !xs.exists(x => !p(x)) === xs.forall(p) Starting from the left hand-side (!(x :: xs).exists(x => !p(x))), what exact se- quence of lemmas should we apply to get the right hand-side ((x :: xs).forall(p))?","['ExistsCons, NegFalse, IH, NegAnd, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, NegOr, Neginvolutive, IH, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, IH, NegInvolutive, NegAnd, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, Neginvolutive, IH, NegOr, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, NegAnd, NegInvolutive, IH, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, NegFalse, IH, NegOr, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, IH, NegAnd, NegFalse, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, NegInvolutive, NegOr, IH, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, NegInvolutive, IH, NegAnd, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, NegFalse, NegOr, IH, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, NegFalse, NegAnd, IH, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, IH, NegOr, NegFalse, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, NegOr, NegFalse, IH, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, NegAnd, NegFalse, IH, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, NegInvolutiye, NegAnd, IH, ForallCons', 'ExistsCons, IH, NegFalse, NegOr ForallCons']","ExistsCons, NegOr, Neginvolutive, IH, ForallCons",1
+4190,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,Do the functions first and second return the same output for every possible input? def first(x: List[Int]): Int = x.head + first(x.tail) def second(x: List[Int]): Int = x.foldLeft(0)(_ + _),"['Yes', 'No']",No,1
+4191,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"Given the following data structure: enum IntSet: \t case Empty \t case NonEmpty(x: Int, l: IntSet, r: IntSet) And the following lemmas, holding for all x: Int, xs: List[Int], ys: List[Int], l: IntSet and r: IntSet: (SizeNil) nil.size === 0 (SizeCons) (x :: xs).size === xs.size + 1 (ConcatSize) (xs ++ ys).size === xs.size + ys.size (TreeSizeEmpty) Empty.treeSize === 0 (TreeSizeNonEmpty) NonEmpty(x, l, r).treeSize === l.treeSize + r.treeSize + 1 (ToListEmpty) Empty.toList === nil (ToListNonEmpty) NonEmpty(x, l, r).toList === l.toList ++ (x :: r.toList) Let us prove the following lemma for all s: IntSet: (ToListSize) s.toList.size === s.treeSize We prove it by induction on s. Base case: s is Empty. Therefore, we need to prove: Empty.toList.size === Empty.treeSize Starting from the left hand-side (Empty.toList.size), what exact sequence of lemmas should we apply to get the right hand-side (Empty.treeSize)?","['SizeNil, ToListEmpty, TreeSizeEmpty', 'ToListEmpty, TreeSizeEmpty, SizeNil', 'SizeNil, TreeSizeEmpty, ToListEmpty', 'TreeSizeEmpty, SizeNil, TreeSizeEmpty', 'ToListEmpty, SizeNil, TreeSizeEmpty', 'TreeSizeEmpty, ToListEmpty, SizeNil']","ToListEmpty, SizeNil, TreeSizeEmpty",4
+4193,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"Which operation does the following function implement? extension [U](l: List[U]) def secret[T](t: T)(f: (T, U) => T): T = \t var res = t \t l.foreach(u => res = f(res, u)) \t res","['reduceLeft', 'reduceRight', 'foldLeft', 'foldRight']",foldLeft,2
+4194,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"What should replace ??? so that natAdd computes n1 + n2 and is tail recursive: sealed abstract class Nat case class Zero() extends Nat case class Succ(v: Nat) extends Nat def natAdd(n1: Nat, n2: Nat): Nat = n2 match \t case Zero() => n1 \t case Succ(n) => ???","['Succ(natAdd(n1, n))', 'natAdd(Succ(n2), n)', 'Succ(natAdd(n2, n))', 'natAdd(Succ(n1), n2)', 'natAdd(Succ(n1), n)', 'Succ(natAdd(n1, n2))']","natAdd(Succ(n1), n)",4
+4195,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,Identify the infinite sequence that lazyList represents. What is the value of the last line? def fun(s: LazyList[Int]): LazyList[Int] = \t s.head #:: fun(s.tail.filter(x => x % s.head != 0)) val lazyList = fun(LazyList.from(2)) lazyList.drop(2).take(3).sum - 20,"['-3', '-2', '-1', '0', '1', '2', '3']",3,6
+4200,15011,Computer Science,master,"Let $E$ be a finite ground set and let $\mathcal{I}$ be a family of ground sets. Which of the following definitions of $\mathcal{I}$ guarantees that $M = (E, \mathcal{I})$ is a matroid? \begin{enumerate} \item $E$ is the edges of an undirected bipartite graph and $\mathcal{I} = \{X \subseteq E : \mbox{$X$ is an acyclic edge set}\}$. \item $E$ is the edges of an undirected graph and $\mathcal{I} = \{X \subseteq E : \mbox{$X$ is an acyclic edge set}\}$. \item $E$ is the edges of an undirected bipartite graph and $\mathcal{I} = \{X \subseteq E : \mbox{$X$ is a matching}\}$. \item $E$ is the edges of an undirected  graph and $\mathcal{I} = \{X \subseteq E : \mbox{$X$ is a matching}\}$. \item $E = \{1, 2, \ldots, n\}$ is the set of indices of  vectors $v_1, \ldots, v_n \in \mathbb{R}^d$ and \\$\mathcal{I} = \{X \subseteq E : \mbox{the vectors $\{v_i : i \in X\}$ are linearly \emph{dependent}}\}$. \item $E = \{1, 2, \ldots, n\}$ is the set of indices of  vectors $v_1, \ldots, v_n \in \mathbb{R}^d$ and \\$\mathcal{I} = \{X \subseteq E : \mbox{the vectors $\{v_i : i \in X\}$ are linearly \emph{independent}}\}$. \end{enumerate} The definitions of $\mathcal{I}$ that guarantees that $M = (E, \mathcal{I})$ is a matroid are:","['(a), (c),  (f)', '(a),  (b), (c), (d), (f)', '(a),  (b), (c), (f)', '(a),  (b), (e)', '(a), (c), (d), (f)', '(a),  (b), (c), (d), (e)', '(a), (c), (d), (e)', '(a),  (f)', '(a),  (b), (c), (e)', '(a),  (b), (f)', '(a), (c),  (e)', '(a),  (e)']","(a),  (b), (f)",9
+4209,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,Church booleans are a representation of booleans in the lambda calculus. The Church encoding of true and false are functions of two parameters: Church encoding of tru: t => f => t Church encoding of fls: t => f => f What should replace ??? so that the following function computes not(b and c)? b => c => b ??? (not b),"['(not b)', '(not c)', 'tru', 'fls']",(not c),1
+4217,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,Church booleans are a representation of booleans in the lambda calculus. The Church encoding of true and false are functions of two parameters: Church encoding of tru: t => f => t Church encoding of fls: t => f => f Which of the following functions implements not b?,"['b => b tru fls', 'fls', 'b => b fls tru', 'b => fls => tru', 'b => b fls fls']",b => b fls tru,2
+4219,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,To which expression is the following for-loop translated? for x <- xs if x > 5; y <- ys yield x + y,"['xs.flatMap(x => ys.map(y => x + y)).withFilter(x => x > 5)', 'xs.withFilter(x => x > 5).map(x => ys.flatMap(y => x + y))', 'xs.withFilter(x => x > 5).flatMap(x => ys.map(y => x + y))', 'xs.map(x => ys.flatMap(y => x + y)).withFilter(x => x > 5)']",xs.withFilter(x => x > 5).flatMap(x => ys.map(y => x + y)),2
+4225,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,Church booleans are a representation of booleans in the lambda calculus. The Church encoding of true and false are functions of two parameters: Church encoding of tru: t => f => t Church encoding of fls: t => f => f What does the following function implement? b => c => b c fls,"['not(b and c)', 'b or c', 'not b', 'not(b xor c)', 'b and c', 'not c']",b and c,4
+4226,15053,Physics,online,The sausage instability for the Z-pinch:,"['Corresponds to a perturbation that grows with time under which the plasma starts to bend', 'Corresponds to an axial perturbation that grows with time under which the plasma is compressed and rarefied', 'Corresponds to a perturbation that always decreases with time', 'Corresponds to a purely azimuthal perturbation that grows with time under which the plasma is compressed and rarefied']",Corresponds to an axial perturbation that grows with time under which the plasma is compressed and rarefied,1
+4229,15053,Physics,online,"The cross section estimated as \( \pi \cdot b^2_{\pi/2} \), is:","['Much larger than the one due to small angle deflection collisions', 'Comparable to the one due to small angle deflection collisions', 'Much smaller than the one due to small angle deflection collisions', 'Larger or smaller than the one due to small angle deflection collisions, depending on the plasma density']",Much smaller than the one due to small angle deflection collisions,2
+4233,15053,Physics,online,"We have a symmetric distribution function in velocity space, \(f({\vec{v}})=f(v)\). Which of these quantities vanishes, necessarily?","['Density', 'Fluid velocity', 'Temperature', 'All of the above']",Fluid velocity,1
+4237,15053,Physics,online,The PIC method:,"['Discretizes time, configuration space, and velocity space on a grid', 'Follows the dynamics of  individual  plasma particles', 'Can be used to solve the Vlasov equation', 'Can be used to solve the Vlasov equation only in the electrostatic limit']",Can be used to solve the Vlasov equation,2
+4243,15053,Physics,online,The Larmor radius can be increased by:,"['Increasing the strength of the magnetic field and the perpendicular velocity of the gyrating particle', 'Decreasing the strength of the magnetic field and increasing the perpendicular velocity of the gyrating particle', 'Increasing the strength of the magnetic field and decreasing the perpendicular velocity of the gyrating particle', 'Decreasing the strength of the magnetic field and the perpendicular velocity of the gyrating particle']",Decreasing the strength of the magnetic field and increasing the perpendicular velocity of the gyrating particle,1
+4244,15053,Physics,online,"In the MHD momentum equation, the motion of the fluid is driven by","['The electric field, the magnetic field and the plasma pressure', 'The electric field and the plasma pressure', 'The electric field and the magnetic field', 'The magnetic field and the plasma pressure']",The magnetic field and the plasma pressure,3
+4245,15053,Physics,online,The left-handed waves are characterized by:,"['\\(\\vec{k}\\) perpendicular to \\(\\vec{B}_0\\), and \\(\\vec{E}_1\\) parallel to \\(\\vec{B}_0\\)', 'Both \\(\\vec{k}\\) and \\(\\vec{E}_1\\) perpendicular to\\(\\vec{B}_0\\)', '\\(\\vec{k}\\) parallel to \\(\\vec{B}_0\\), and \\(\\vec{E}_1\\) perpendicular to \\(\\vec{B}_0\\)', '\\(\\vec{k}\\), \\(\\vec{B}_0\\), and \\(\\vec{E}_1\\) all parallel']","\(\vec{k}\) parallel to \(\vec{B}_0\), and \(\vec{E}_1\) perpendicular to \(\vec{B}_0\)",2
+4247,15053,Physics,online,What follows from the condition \(  \vec{j}\times \vec{B}=\nabla p=0  \) for a force free equilibrium?,"['\\(  \\vec{j}=0\\).  There are no currents in a force free equilibrium', '\\(  \\vec{j}\\) is everywhere perpendicular to \\( \\vec{B}\\) and  can be written as \\(  \\vec{j}= \\eta(\\vec{x})\\vec{R}\\times\\vec{B}   \\), where \\( \\eta(\\vec{x}) \\)  is an arbitrary function of space and  \\( \\vec{R} \\) is the curvature radius of the magnetic field', '\\(  \\vec{j}\\) is everywhere parallel to \\( \\vec{B}\\) and  can be written as \\(  \\vec{j}= \\eta(\\vec{x})\\vec{B}   \\), where \\( \\eta(\\vec{x}) \\)  is an arbitrary function of space']","\(  \vec{j}\) is everywhere parallel to \( \vec{B}\) and  can be written as \(  \vec{j}= \eta(\vec{x})\vec{B}   \), where \( \eta(\vec{x}) \)  is an arbitrary function of space",2
+4248,15053,Physics,online,"You have \(\vec{B}=B_0 \hat{e}_z\), with \(B_0 \gt 0 \). In the (x,y) plane","['Both electrons and ions move clockwise', 'The electrons move clockwise, while the ions move counterclockwise', 'The electrons move counterclockwise, while the ions move clockwise', 'Both electrons and ions move counterclockwise']","The electrons move counterclockwise, while the ions move clockwise",2
+4249,15053,Physics,online,For the equilibrium of the Z-pinch:,"['We have an axial magnetic field and an axial current', 'We have an axial magnetic field and an azimuthal current', 'We have an azimuthal magnetic field and an azimuthal current', 'We have an azimuthal magnetic field and an axial current']",We have an azimuthal magnetic field and an axial current,3
+4252,15053,Physics,online,Which one of the following drifts does not depend on the charge of the particle:,"['ExB drift', 'Grad-B drift', 'Curvature drift', 'Gravitational drift']",ExB drift,0
+4254,15053,Physics,online,"To be more quantitative now, calculate the expression for the ExB drift and check the correct answer below:","['\\( \\vec{v}_{E\\times B}=\\frac{r}{2B_z}\\frac{\\partial B_z}{ \\partial t} \\hat{e}_\\theta \\)', '\\( \\vec{v}_{E\\times B}=2rB_z\\frac{\\partial B_z}{ \\partial t} \\hat{e}_\\theta \\)', '\\( \\vec{v}_{E\\times B}=-\\frac{r}{2B_z}\\frac{\\partial B_z}{ \\partial t} \\hat{e}_\\theta \\)', '\\( \\vec{v}_{E\\times B}=-2rB_z\\frac{\\partial B_z}{ \\partial t} \\hat{e}_\\theta \\)', '\\( \\vec{v}_{E\\times B}=\\frac{r}{2B_z}\\frac{\\partial B_z}{ \\partial t} \\hat{e}_r \\)', '\\( \\vec{v}_{E\\times B}=2rB_z\\frac{\\partial B_z}{ \\partial t} \\hat{e}_r \\)', '\\( \\vec{v}_{E\\times B}=-\\frac{r}{2B_z}\\frac{\\partial B_z}{ \\partial t} \\hat{e}_r \\)', '\\( \\vec{v}_{E\\times B}=-2rB_z\\frac{\\partial B_z}{ \\partial t} \\hat{e}_r \\)']",\( \vec{v}_{E\times B}=-\frac{r}{2B_z}\frac{\partial B_z}{ \partial t} \hat{e}_r \),6
+4256,15053,Physics,online,We will now first determine the effect of the varying magnetic field on the size of the plasma cross-section. We assume that  the plasma motion  is mainly given by the  ExB drift.,"['The ExB drift is directed along \\( \\hat{e}_\\theta \\). The cross-section  therefore does not change', 'The ExB drift is directed along \\( -\\hat{e}_\\theta \\). The cross-section therefore does not change', 'The ExB drift is directed radially outwards and the plasma cross-section increases', 'The ExB drift is directed radially inwards and the plasma gets compressed']",The ExB drift is directed radially inwards and the plasma gets compressed,3
+4258,15053,Physics,online,"If \(\vec{k}\), \(\vec{B}_0\), \(\vec{E}_1\) are all parallel, the solution of the dispersion relation describes","['The plasma waves', 'The right-handed waves', 'The left-handed waves', 'The ordinary mode']",The plasma waves,0
+4259,15053,Physics,online,"The following quantity is conserved by Vlasov's equation, but not by Boltzmann's equation:","['Total number of particles', 'Total momentum', 'Total energy', 'Entropy']",Entropy,3
+4270,15053,Physics,online,A purely toroidal magnetic field:,"['Eliminates the plasma losses at the end of the field line, and therefore perfectly confines the particles of a plasma', 'Cannot be created because the divergence of the magnetic field would be not be zero', 'Is not sufficient to confine a plasma, as the curvature and gradient drifts induce a charge accumulation that in turn creates and ExB drift that leads to the global loss of the plasma confinement', 'Is used in tokamaks and stellarators']","Is not sufficient to confine a plasma, as the curvature and gradient drifts induce a charge accumulation that in turn creates and ExB drift that leads to the global loss of the plasma confinement",2
+4277,15053,Physics,online,"In order to derive the MHD model, which one of the following hypotheses isnotmade?","['Small Debye length with respect to the typical spatial scales', 'Negligible electron inertia', 'Frequencies in the electromagnetic wave range', 'Small Larmor radius with respect to the typical spatial scales']",Frequencies in the electromagnetic wave range,2
+4278,15053,Physics,online,We have the following distribution function \( f=\frac{n_0}{2} (\delta(v-v_0)+\delta(v+v_0)) \). The fluid velocity associated with this distribution function is:,"['-\\(v_0\\)', '\\(0 \\)', '\\(v_0 \\)', 'None of the above']",\(0 \),1
+4282,15053,Physics,online,The linearization of the Vlasov equation requires that:,"['There are no particles for which \\( \\omega=\\vec{k} \\cdot \\vec{v} \\)', 'The equilibrium distribution function is independent of the velocity', 'The equilibrium magnetic field is zero', 'The perturbation of the distribution function is much smaller than the equilibrium distribution function']",The perturbation of the distribution function is much smaller than the equilibrium distribution function,3
+4284,15053,Physics,online,Over a distances that is larger than the Debye length:,"['A plasma is quasi-neutral', 'The effect of an external charge is enhanced', 'The ion density is larger than the electron density', 'The electron density is larger than the ion density']",A plasma is quasi-neutral,0
+4285,15053,Physics,online,"With respect to the Boltzmann equation, the Vlasov equation:","['Admits many more solutions as thermalization processes are not taken into account', 'Admits fewer stationary solutions, as it conserves the entropy of the plasma', 'Does not admit the Maxwellian distribution function as a stationary solution', 'None of the above']",Admits many more solutions as thermalization processes are not taken into account,0
+4287,15053,Physics,online,We first want to find a relation between \(B_{1y}  \) and \(l(z-c_At)\). Which of the expressions below is correct? (Keep in mind the meaning of the first derivative of a curve and the fact that the magnetic field is everywhere tangent to the field lines),"[""\\(B_{1y}=1/l'\\)"", ""\\(B_{1y}=\\mu_0B_0^2l'\\)"", ""\\(B_{1y}=B_0l'\\)"", ""\\(B_{1y}=V_{1y}l'\\)""]",\(B_{1y}=B_0l'\),2
+4288,15053,Physics,online,"Based on the result in exercise 3.1c), what can you say about the effect of collisions on the Langmuir waves?","['The wave is damped and it oscillates  faster than without collisions', 'The wave is damped and it oscillates  more slowly than without collisions', 'The wave is amplified and it oscillates faster than without collisions', 'The wave is amplified and it oscillates  more slowly  than without collisions']",The wave is damped and it oscillates  more slowly than without collisions,1
+4290,15053,Physics,online,"In a plasma, events occur in the following order:","['Ion thermalization, then electron thermalization, and, finally, electron and ion temperature equalization', 'Electron and ion separate thermalizations, approximately at the same time, then electron and ion temperature equalization', 'Electron thermalization, then ion thermalization, and, finally, electron and ion temperature equalization', 'Electron and ion thermalization, and the ion and electron temperature equalization, all approximately on the same time scale']","Electron thermalization, then ion thermalization, and, finally, electron and ion temperature equalization",2
+4301,15053,Physics,online,For an ionized gas to be a plasma:,"['It is sufficient that its size is larger than the Debye length', 'Its size has to be larger than the Debye length and \\(N_D \\gg \\) 1', 'Its size has to be larger than the Debye length and \\(N_D \\ll \\) 1', 'It is sufficient that  \\(N_D \\ll \\) 1']",Its size has to be larger than the Debye length and \(N_D \gg \) 1,1
+4302,15053,Physics,online,The dispersion relation of the fast wave mode is:,"['\\( \\omega^2\\approx k^2c_A^2 \\)', '\\( \\omega^2\\approx k^2c_s^2 \\)', '\\( \\omega^2\\approx k^2c_A^2\\sin^2\\theta \\)', '\\( \\omega^2 =  k^2(c_s/c_A)^2 \\)']",\( \omega^2\approx k^2c_A^2 \),0
+4303,15053,Physics,online,"We next explore how the temperature of the plasma is influenced by the variation of the magnetic field. As you will see later in this MOOC,  plasma temperature is related to the average square velocity of the particles. In a plasma, the particle velocities parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field can differ. Therefore, we define","['There is no component of the Lorentz force along \\( \\hat{e}_z \\). Therefore, \\( v_{\\parallel } \\) and hence \\( T_{\\parallel } \\) remain unchanged. \\( v_{\\perp}\\) and \\( T_{\\perp } \\) increase to keep the magnetic moment constant', '\\( v_{\\perp}\\) and \\( T_{\\perp } \\) increase to keep the magnetic moment constant. At the same time,  \\( v_{\\parallel } \\) and hence \\( T_{\\parallel } \\) decrease such that the kinetic  energy of the particles is conserved']","There is no component of the Lorentz force along \( \hat{e}_z \). Therefore, \( v_{\parallel } \) and hence \( T_{\parallel } \) remain unchanged. \( v_{\perp}\) and \( T_{\perp } \) increase to keep the magnetic moment constant",0
+4306,15053,Physics,online,"Why can we conclude from  the relation between \(V_L\), \(V_R\), and \(l\) which we have just derived that the plasma particles perfectly follow the perturbations of the magnetic field lines?","[""While the magnetic field perturbation travels to the right, the magnetic field lines move vertically with a velocity \\(  -c_Al' \\). This equals the vertical velocity of the plasma we have just derived"", 'As we have assumed that \\(B_{1y}  \\) has only a contribution traveling to the right, the same is true for \\(V_{1y}  \\), and the plasma particles therefore perfectly follow the transverse displacment of the  magnetic field lines']","While the magnetic field perturbation travels to the right, the magnetic field lines move vertically with a velocity \(  -c_Al' \). This equals the vertical velocity of the plasma we have just derived",0
+4309,15053,Physics,online,The whistler waves are characterized by frequencies that are:,"['Smaller than the electron plasma frequency, the electron cyclotron frequency, and the ion cyclotron frequency', 'Smaller than the electron plasma frequency and the electron cyclotron frequency, and larger than the ion cyclotron frequency', 'Smaller than the electron plasma frequency and larger than the electron cyclotron frequency and the ion cyclotron frequency', 'Larger than the electron plasma frequency, the electron cyclotron frequency, and the ion cyclotron frequency']","Smaller than the electron plasma frequency and the electron cyclotron frequency, and larger than the ion cyclotron frequency",1
+4310,15053,Physics,online,The electron Debye length:,"['Increases with both \\(n\\) and \\(T_e\\)', 'Decreases with \\(n\\) and increases with \\(T_e\\)', 'Increases with \\(n\\) and decreases with \\(T_e\\)', 'Decreases with both \\(n\\) and \\(T_e\\)']",Decreases with \(n\) and increases with \(T_e\),1
+4319,15053,Physics,online,The plasma frequency:,"['Increases with \\(n\\) and decreases with \\(T_e\\)', 'Increases with \\(n\\) and it is independent of \\(T_e\\)', 'Increases with both \\(n\\) and \\(T_e\\)', 'Decreases with both \\(n\\) and \\(T_e\\)']",Increases with \(n\) and it is independent of \(T_e\),1
+4324,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following methods can be used to study the spatial and temporal scales of neuronal functionality?,"['Electron microscopy in conjunction with voltage sensitive dyes', 'One-photon microscopy in conjunction with voltage sensitive dyes', 'Two-photon microscopy in conjunction with voltage sensitive dyes', 'Multi electrode arrays']",One-photon microscopy in conjunction with voltage sensitive dyes,1
+4328,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What evidence is there that suggests the presence of two distinct processing pathways in the mouse visual cortex?,"['Anatomical evidence in the form of a cortical structure identical to that of the cat', 'Anatomical evidence in the form of distinct clusters of interconnected regions', 'Functional evidence in the form of a preferential tuning for speed or a higher image selectivity depending on the brain area', 'There is no evidence up to now']",Anatomical evidence in the form of distinct clusters of interconnected regions,1
+4330,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How do the firing of excitatory and inhibitory neurons relate to each other?,"['Their firing patterns are very similar', 'Inhibitory neurons fire more often than excitatory neurons', 'Inhibitory neurons fire less than often excitatory neurons', 'Inhibitory neurons fire in an asynchronous manner, while excitatory neurons are often synchronized']",Inhibitory neurons fire more often than excitatory neurons,1
+4331,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the difficulty in using fluorescent retrograde tracers to study brain areas?,"['Sizing up how many different areas there are', 'Drawing the borders of the different areas', 'Locating the areas in the cortex', 'Finding locations with corresponding retinotopy']",Drawing the borders of the different areas,1
+4336,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is it important to pay attention to the terminology used in one’s publications?,"['Because a inadequate terminology may lead to misunderstandings', 'Because consistent vocabulary simplifies the finding of information about specific regions and concepts', 'Because a standardized nomenclature makes referencing easier', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+4337,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assumptions about connections in the ring of mean field networks are true?,"['Inhibitory connections have a wide range, whereas excitatory connections are local', 'Excitatory connections have a wide range', 'Inhibitory connections are local', 'Both type of connections have a wide range']",Excitatory connections have a wide range,1
+4338,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the two functional pathways out of V1 called?,"['The left and right pathway, corresponding to both halves of the visual field', 'The dorsal and ventral pathway, corresponding to the two anatomical regions of the brain they are located in', 'The  “where” and “what” pathway, corresponding to motion processing and object selectivity, respectively', 'The “color” and “form” pathways, corresponding to the characteristics they process']","The dorsal and ventral pathway, corresponding to the two anatomical regions of the brain they are located in",1
+4339,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,For which of the following tasks is high performance computing used?,"['Software development', 'Model development', 'Simulation', 'Image processing']",Software development,0
+4341,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following information is not used in microcircuit reconstruction?,"['Neuron morphology', 'Connectivity', 'Synaptic physiology', 'None of the above']",None of the above,3
+4343,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A microcircuit has been reconstructed based on neuronal and synaptic anatomy and physiology. What more is needed in order to validate the reconstructed microcircuit’s behavior?,"['More data on synaptic physiology to reduce the generalization steps', 'Independent biological datasets on the behavior of such a microcircuit to compare to the model’s predictions', 'A larger model composed of several microcolumns connected together', 'Simulations of the response of the model to specific inputs to characterize its behavior']",Independent biological datasets on the behavior of such a microcircuit to compare to the model’s predictions,1
+4344,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,At which level could the effects of rehabilitation after a stroke be studied using optical methods?,"['At the nanometre level – it changes the plasticity of the spine', 'At the 100 micron level – it changes the orientation of the dendrites', 'At the millimetre level – it changes the functional connectivity', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+4347,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does the comparison of whole cell vs. nuclei transcriptomic data show?,"['Similar genes can be detected with both methods', 'The number of genes detected by both methods is the same', 'The same genes can be detected in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm', 'Differential gene expression is consistent with the spatial segregation of cell functions.']",Similar genes can be detected with both methods,0
+4348,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,>>What can be observed in the visual cortex in response to a vertical bar moving on a screen?,"['Activity will be observed uniquely in the area responding to vertical bars', 'Different areas will be activated depending on the color of the vertical bar', 'Waves of activity will propagate though different areas as the vertical bar move across the screen', 'Different areas will be activated sequentially depending on the position of the vertical bar']",Waves of activity will propagate though different areas as the vertical bar move across the screen,2
+4350,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"How do the components of macroscopical brain networks derived from task-independent data (i.e, RSFC) relate to those derived from task-dependent data (i.e., MACM)?","['They differ widely', 'It depends on the seed brain region; for some, they are very similar, whereas they differ for other regions', 'It depends on the task; the more complex the task, the more different the networks are from resting-state networks', 'They are similar in several ways']",They are similar in several ways,3
+4351,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How does the volumetric density of inhibitory synapses in the constrained reconstruction compare to the same parameter measured by electron microscopy?,"['They match pretty well with a few small discrepancies', 'They match perfectly', 'The density in the reconstruction is higher than the experimentally measured density', 'The density in the reconstruction is lower than the experimentally measured density']",They match pretty well with a few small discrepancies,0
+4352,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the difference between the “on” receptive field and the “off” receptive fields?,"['cells  that are responsive are ""on"", cells that are unresponsive are ""off"".', 'cells are responsive when a white spot is displayed in the location depicted in the “on” receptive field and in the “off” receptive field they are responsive when a black spot is in the indicated location.', 'the stimulus is on when light and off when dark.']",cells are responsive when a white spot is displayed in the location depicted in the “on” receptive field and in the “off” receptive field they are responsive when a black spot is in the indicated location.,1
+4356,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which parameters are similar between rodent and human neocortical microcircuits?,"['Membrane capacitance', 'Firing rate', 'Single action potentials', 'Single excitatory post-synaptic potentials']",Single action potentials,2
+4357,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which information is optimally included in the metadata of neuroscience datasets?,"['The subjects and the methods', 'The data category and format', 'The contributing authors and their affiliations', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+4358,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following building blocks were used to construct a model reproducing propagating waves observed experimentally?,"['Transfer functions', 'Current-based neuron models', 'A network of networks', 'Mean-field neuron models']",Transfer functions,0
+4360,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the disadvantage of Micro Electrode Arrays?,"['A low signal-to-noise ratio', 'Neurons cannot be stimulated', 'A poor resolution', 'Deep brain areas cannot be reached']",A poor resolution,2
+4363,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Human neurons have a much faster time constant of recovery than rodent neurons. This has an impact on…,"['the age of the cells', 'the amount of information transferred between neurons', 'the number of synapses a neuron can establish', 'the rate at which information can be transferred']",the amount of information transferred between neurons,1
+4364,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is a difficulty in placing the functional connectivity in the context of a structural connectivity?,"['Methods used for functional study are not compatible with optical methods', 'Structural connectivity can only be studied in fixed tissue', 'The anatomical structure of the brain spans several orders of magnitude', 'All of the above']",The anatomical structure of the brain spans several orders of magnitude,2
+4365,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assumptions concerning quantitative data on local connections are true?,"['Paired recordings generate sparse data on the presence or absence of connections between two neurons', 'Thanks to electron microscopy, full connectivity patterns of large volumes could be clarified in recent years', 'Paired reconstructions allow quantifying the number of connections between two neurons', 'The small volume encompassed by a microcircuit can be studied easily with electron microscopy']",Paired recordings generate sparse data on the presence or absence of connections between two neurons,0
+4366,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A neocortical microcircuit was computationally reconstructed. How does the data used for the reconstruction relate to the modeled processes?,"['The data was at the same level on a biological scale than the modeled processes', 'The data was at a lower level on a biological scale than the modeled processes', 'All the data was at a higher level on a biological scale than the modeled processes, so that principles were used to fill the gaps', 'Part of the data was at a higher level on a biological scale than the modeled processes, so that principles were used to fill the gaps']","Part of the data was at a higher level on a biological scale than the modeled processes, so that principles were used to fill the gaps",3
+4367,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which tool can be used to extract key parameters from the literature and annotate them?,"['KnowledgeSpace', 'VoxelBrain API', 'NeuroCurator', 'Autoencoders']",NeuroCurator,2
+4369,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Human synapses have a more complex molecular structure. This gives rise to...,"['bigger synapses', 'more action potentials', 'highly integrated circuits with increased processing capacity', 'improved memory']",highly integrated circuits with increased processing capacity,2
+4370,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is there no visible propagating wave in the image (above) generated during an experiment with an awake monkey?,"['Because propagating waves do not occur in awake animals', 'Because propagating waves occur only in rodents', 'There is a visible propagating wave in the image above', 'Because of the high signal-to-noise ratio in awake animals, propagating waves are not visible in averaged results']","Because of the high signal-to-noise ratio in awake animals, propagating waves are not visible in averaged results",3
+4372,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assumptions concerning resting-state-derived networks are true?,"['Several networks can topographically overlap each other', 'Each specific task will activate a different network that can be derived from resting-state data', 'All components of the network will be used each time the network is activated', 'Components of a network combine dynamically to perform a specific task']",Several networks can topographically overlap each other,0
+4375,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Computational models based on electrophysiological data show that…,"['human neurons have increased firing rates than rodent cells', 'human neurons have half the membrane capacitance of mouse neurons', 'human neurons have double the membrane capacitance of mouse neurons', 'not all data can be fit into mathematical models']",human neurons have half the membrane capacitance of mouse neurons,1
+4378,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which statement best describes the approach of the Blue Brain?,"['With the adequate time investment, complete structural and functional data of living animals will be collected', 'The development of high-throughput methods will allow the collection of the whole structural and functional data of a living animal', 'The identification of principles from sparse data allow dense data-driven algorithmic reconstructions of brain circuitry', 'None of the above']",The identification of principles from sparse data allow dense data-driven algorithmic reconstructions of brain circuitry,2
+4381,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Shotgun connectomics could be used to address the scale of the cell type specific connectivity problem. Why?,"['It generates more data than multi-patch electrophysiology in the same amount of time', 'It provides an intermediate scale alternative to the two techniques currently available', 'It generates as much data as mm3 connectomics in less time', 'Could be more efficient in the long term for measuring connectivity']",It provides an intermediate scale alternative to the two techniques currently available,1
+4382,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How can the functionality be studied post-mortem?,"['By inducing depolarization in cleared bain tissue', 'By measuring the Ca2+ concentration in the cells of interest', 'By imaging early gene expression, which is related to neuronal activity', 'None of the above']","By imaging early gene expression, which is related to neuronal activity",2
+4383,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statement about orientation tuning in the primary visual cortex are true?,"['Most cells will respond only to orientations within a narrow bandwidth', 'Most cells are weakly tuned to a rather broad orientation bandwidth', 'A cell will either be tuned to one very specific orientation or respond equally to all orientations', 'Most cells are not tuned to a specific orientation and will respond equally to all orientations']",Most cells are weakly tuned to a rather broad orientation bandwidth,1
+4384,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the disadvantages of array tomography?,"['Computationally intensive', 'Relies on using specialised antibodies', 'Requires specialised equipment and processes', 'It is a fixed imaging technique']",Computationally intensive,0
+4387,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is the multi-modal approach to cell type characterization important?,"['Transcriptomic types only indicate putative cell types', 'Electrophysiological data is enough to define cell types', 'Morphology is unique to each cell type', 'Functional properties are unambiguous between cell types']",Transcriptomic types only indicate putative cell types,0
+4388,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is a transfer function in the context of mean field neuron models?,"['A formal description of the response of a neuron population in function of its input', 'A formal description of the response of a neuron in function of its input', 'A function describing how a signal is transferred from one neuron to another', 'A formal description of how an a signal from one neuron is transferred to a population']",A formal description of the response of a neuron population in function of its input,0
+4390,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What was Blue Brain’s first proof of principle?,"['A single neuron model', 'A collection of ion channel models', 'A connectivity-based parcellation of the rat brain', 'A neocortical microcircuit reconstruction']",A neocortical microcircuit reconstruction,3
+4393,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which layers display a wider diversity of cell types in human temporal cortex?,"['Layer I', 'Layer II/III', 'Layer IV', 'Layer V']",Layer I,0
+4394,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following types of model are studied by Blue Brain?,"['Subcellular neurons and tissue blocks', 'Multi-compartment neurons, micro- and mesocircuits', 'Point neurons and point neuron networks', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+4395,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How does the type of stimuli used change the measured receptive field of the cells?,"['The estimation of the receptive field can be completely different between a white noise and a natural image stimulus', 'The shape of the receptive field does not change, but the temporal course of the response varies between stimuli', 'The general properties of the receptive field remain unchanged, but small variations in the shape, temporal course or visible active subunits can be observed', 'All properties of the receptive field remain unchanged']","The general properties of the receptive field remain unchanged, but small variations in the shape, temporal course or visible active subunits can be observed",2
+4398,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements apply to data-driven visualization?,"['It allows to analyze quantitative experimental results in a graphical manner', 'It is a way of representing results in a vulgarized manner accessible to a broad audience', 'It allows the display the results of simulations in a way similar to that used with experimental data', 'It replaces the more abstract numerical analysis of a model’s behavior by an intuitive, visual analysis']",It is a way of representing results in a vulgarized manner accessible to a broad audience,1
+4399,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Considering the multiple scales of neuroscience, from sub-cellular to whole brain, how do the scale of the data relate to the scale of the model in data-driven modeling?","['The data and the model have to be at the same level', 'The model has to be at a lower level than the data', 'The model has to be at a higher level than the data', 'The model should be at the same or at a lower level than the data']",The model should be at the same or at a lower level than the data,3
+4400,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are typical characteristics from a classic receptive field in the primary visual cortex?,"['A circular form', 'An elongated form', 'Tuning for direction', 'Tuning for complex shapes']",An elongated form,1
+4401,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which parameters are similar between rodent and human neocortical microcircuits?,"['Single excitatory post-synaptic potentials', 'Dendritic structure', 'Recovery from short-term depression', 'Single action potentials']",Single excitatory post-synaptic potentials,0
+4404,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is needed in order to validate the reconstructed microcircuit’s behavior?,"['More data on synaptic physiology to reduce the generalization steps', 'Biological datasets on the behavior of such a microcircuit to compare the model’s predictions to', 'A larger model composed of several microcolumns connected together', 'A larger microcircuit reconstructing a whole brain area']",Biological datasets on the behavior of such a microcircuit to compare the model’s predictions to,1
+4407,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Measurements of functional connectivity can be used to identify components in the human brain. What can these components be?,"['Cell types', 'Brain regions', 'Brain networks', 'Surface markers']",Brain regions,1
+4409,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which assertions concerning Light Sheet imaging are true?,"['It allows the simultaneous imaging of multiple immunohistochemistry stainings', 'It allows the making of videos of the activity over several minutes', 'It is based on electron microscopy', 'It can be used to image human brain tissue']",It allows the simultaneous imaging of multiple immunohistochemistry stainings,0
+4410,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Which property is similar between human and mouse neurons, as shown by electrophysiological recordings?","['Membrane thickness', 'Membrane capacitance', 'Epileptic activity', 'Spontaneous synaptic inputs']",Spontaneous synaptic inputs,3
+4411,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following model quantities is inferred and not directly derived from experimental data?,"['Overall neuron density', 'Density of each morphological type per layer', 'Ratios of inhibitory to excitatory neurons per layer', 'All of the above']",Density of each morphological type per layer,1
+4416,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which type of algorithm are most adequate for performing connectivity-based parcellation?,"['Sorting algorithms', 'Genetic algorithms', 'Clustering algorithms', 'Matrix decomposition algorithms']",Clustering algorithms,2
+4421,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Under which conditions can propagating waves be observed?,"['In vivo using voltage sensitive dyes', 'In brain slices', 'In rodents', 'In monkeys']",In vivo using voltage sensitive dyes,0
+4422,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is a transfer function?,"['A sigmoid function', 'A function describing how a signal is transferred from one neuron to another', 'A formal description of how an action potential travels along an axon', 'A formal description of the response of a neuron in function of its input']",A formal description of the response of a neuron in function of its input,3
+4423,15043,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How were functional maps valid for reverse inference obtained?,"['By looking across several cognitive labels for the group of regions that most often reflect a specific cognitive process happening', 'By combining clustering and matrix decomposition to assign a region to a cognitive process', 'by using linear autoencoders to discover the structures underlying a specific cognitive process', 'No such maps could be obtained at this time']",By looking across several cognitive labels for the group of regions that most often reflect a specific cognitive process happening,0
+4424,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How do the authors of the study reduce the risk of major inaccuracies in simulations of the microcircuit’s emergent behavior compared to experimental data (2)?,"['By performing validation tests at early stages of the reconstruction', 'By fitting  the parameters of the microcircuit to a large dataset', 'By comparing the microcircuit’s behaviour to strictly controlled experimental data generated exactly like the data used for the reconstruction', 'By validating the microcircuit’s anatomy and physiology using many independent data']",By performing validation tests at early stages of the reconstruction,0
+4425,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the essential parts of a brain atlas?,"['A morphological description of the neurons in each region', 'A coordinate space defined by a 3D template', 'A gene expression profile, defining each region', 'An ontology defining names of and relationships between regions', 'The parcellation: 3D boundaries of brain regions', 'An electrical definition of neurons in each region']",A coordinate space defined by a 3D template,1
+4426,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How does the W3C provenance standard (W3C PROV) apply to neuroscience datasets?,"['Entity refers to the who (who performed the experiment or what transformed the data), activity refers to how (what was done on the dataset/how was the data transformed) and agent refers to the datasets themselves', 'Entity refers to the dataset itself, activity refers to how (what was done on the dataset/how was the data transformed) and the agent refers to who/what (who perform the experiment/what transformed the data)', 'Entity refers to the dataset itself, activity refers to who (who perform the experiment/what transformed the data) and agent refers to how (what was done on the dataset/how was the data transformed)']","Entity refers to the dataset itself, activity refers to how (what was done on the dataset/how was the data transformed) and the agent refers to who/what (who perform the experiment/what transformed the data)",1
+4427,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the main reason behind the need for workflows in the effort to reconstruct brain tissue?,"['Because there are too many pieces to put together', 'Because supercomputers need workflows', 'Because it allows to automate the testing and validation process']",Because it allows to automate the testing and validation process,2
+4428,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following are common errors (3) that we need to check when using a morphology to constrain a neuron model?,"['Infinite diameter', 'Z jumps', 'Dangling branches (not connected at all)', 'Sharp angle/reverse order reconstruction']",Z jumps,1
+4429,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What characterizes a depressing synaptic connection?,"['If a train of spike arrives from the afferent neuron, the efferent neuron will react with post-synaptic potential of increasing amplitude', 'If a train of spike arrives from the afferent neuron, the efferent neuron will react with post-synaptic potential of random amplitude', 'If a train of spike arrives from the afferent neuron, the efferent neuron will react with post-synaptic potential of decreasing amplitude', 'If a train of spike arrives from the afferent neuron, the efferent neuron will react with post-synaptic potential of a fixed amplitude']","If a train of spike arrives from the afferent neuron, the efferent neuron will react with post-synaptic potential of decreasing amplitude",2
+4430,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What proportion of the synapses in the microcircuit are intrinsic?,"['50% are intrinsic and 50% are formed by afferent fibers', '80% are intrinsic and 20% are formed by afferent fibers', 'All synapses modelled in the microcircuit are intrinsic', '20% are intrinsic and 80% are formed by afferent fibers']",20% are intrinsic and 80% are formed by afferent fibers,3
+4432,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is simulation neuroscience needed?,"['To bypass the measurement of all elements involved in the brain for all ages, species, strains and diseases', 'To understand how all elements of the brain interact with each other’s', 'To predict what is the result of a change in some of the components composing the brain', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+4433,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What kind of tools do ontologies provide?,"['A way to describe the origin of entities', 'A way to define the usage of entities', 'A way to describe relationship between entities', 'An exhaustive list of ways to describe a set of named entities or concepts', 'A controlled vocabulary for referencing a set of named entities or concepts', 'A way to define the characteristic properties of entities']",A way to describe relationship between entities,2
+4434,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What characterizes the process of releasing neurotransmitters (2)?,"['Neurotransmitters are packaged in vesicles called quanta', 'All synapses have the same number of release sites (N)', 'One quantum generates a miniature end plate potential, which is the smallest amount of stimulation that one neuron can send to another neuron', 'The probability of one site releasing a vesicle upon stimulation is always 1']",Neurotransmitters are packaged in vesicles called quanta,0
+4435,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What should you always consider (3) when using optimization (and specifically metaheuristic optimization)?,"['Not to overfit the model', 'That the model is created for a specific case and cannot be generalized', 'That the optimized model is context dependent', 'That the solution may not be unique', 'That the model may be degenerated']",Not to overfit the model,0
+4437,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the main challenge concerning neuroscience data?,"['Neuroscience data covers different scales of investigation from subcellular resolution to whole brain scale', 'Neuroscience data is difficult to store due to great amounts of data generated by brain scans', 'Neuroscience data is heterogenous as it is generated by many people following many different protocols', 'Neuroscience data is complex. The brain is, after all, a system that is very difficult to understand']",Neuroscience data is heterogenous as it is generated by many people following many different protocols,2
+4439,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What would be the effect on the Nernst potential if all the potassium ions acquired one more proton?,"['The Nernst potential would be null', 'It would be halved', 'It would be doubled', 'There would be no effect']",It would be halved,1
+4440,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What kind of parameters (2) can you extract using eFEL?,"['Shape of action potential', 'Expression of different membrane proteins', 'Density of specific ion channels', 'Firing rate of action potential']",Shape of action potential,0
+4441,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What would be the effect on the sodium Nernst potential if the sodium concentration inside the axon was raised 10-fold?,"['The Nernst potential would be null', 'It would be raised 10-fold also', 'It would be decreased by 10-fold', 'There would be no effect']",It would be raised 10-fold also,1
+4442,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Overfitting your model is a genuine problem in optimization and limits generalization of your model. What can you do to increase generalizability of your model to fit different types of new input?,"['Constrain the model for the parameter that shows largest range', 'Simplify the model', 'Train the model using step currents']",Train the model using step currents,2
+4443,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is understanding the brain a big data problem that requires simulations?,"['Because brain cells express around 10’000 genes', 'Because there are more than 2000 cell types in the brain', 'Because there are more than 800 brain regions', 'Because all the above interact in extremely complex ways']",Because all the above interact in extremely complex ways,3
+4444,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is part of the minimal information for neuroscience datasets (MINDS)?,"['Information about the method used (protocols, equipment and parameters used in experiments)', 'Information about the consent procedures of an experiment (ethical committee discussion and approval)', 'Information on the subject (age, sex, species, strain)', 'Information on the brain location (using brain atlas parcellation or spatial coordinates/transforms)', 'Information about the funding used in the generation of the dataset']","Information about the method used (protocols, equipment and parameters used in experiments)",0
+4448,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which smart tricks did Hodgkin and Huxley use to measure the underlying mechanisms that enable the spikes?,"['A current clamp keeping the current running in the axon constant', 'A space clamp that renders the full axon iso-potential', 'A voltage clamp to force the two side of the membrane to have a fixes voltage difference', 'A conductance clamp to fix the current passing through the membrane']",A space clamp that renders the full axon iso-potential,1
+4449,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are possible problems (2) with metaheuristic optimization algorithms?,"['They make many assumptions on the optimization problem', 'There is no guarantee to find the global optimum', 'They have the potential to create intractable problems', 'They depend on random numbers']",There is no guarantee to find the global optimum,1
+4450,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following synapse response types exist?,"['Inhibitory', 'Pseudo-linear', 'Depressing', 'Linear']",Inhibitory,0
+4451,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,In the equation for total current (below) what does \(E_{rest}\) represent?,"['The resting potential of the axon', 'The resting potential of the synaptic cleft', 'The average resting potential of the axon and dendrite', 'The resting potential of the dendrite']",The resting potential of the dendrite,3
+4452,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"The Hodgkin–Huxley model of the action potentials used one channel for potassium and one for sodium, so why are more channels needed in neuron simulations?","['Because different ion channels (and ions) allow to model delayed firing neurons', 'Because different ion channels (and ions) with different properties allow for more firing patterns', 'Because different ion channels allow to model bursting neurons', 'Because different ion channels create a more refined simulation']",Because different ion channels (and ions) with different properties allow for more firing patterns,1
+4453,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the characteristics of synaptic depression?,"['The average postsynaptic depolarization does not saturate', 'The stationary amplitude of the EPSPs decays inversely to the frequency of the spike train', 'The stationary amplitude of the EPSPs decay is linearly dependent on the frequency of train', 'The average postsynaptic depolarization saturates at high frequency']",The stationary amplitude of the EPSPs decays inversely to the frequency of the spike train,1
+4455,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What ions provides the late outward current?,"['Sodium ions', 'A combination of potassium and chloride ions', 'Potassium ions', 'A combination of sodium and potassium ions']",Potassium ions,2
+4456,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements (4) are true?,"['Synaptic potentials do not attenuate in amplitude from the injection point to the soma', 'Synaptic potentials can locally reach 10-20mV', 'The propagation speed of the synaptic potential is constant at 0.1m/s', 'To simulate the propagation of EPSPs, an analytical solution is used', 'The post-synaptic current leaks out due to passive ion currents through the membrane', 'Rall’s cable model states that the propagation of EPSPs can be approximated by a 1-dimensional passive cable', 'inhibitory conductances can control the amount of positive charge that reaches the soma by shunting and/or by subtracting from excitatory currents']",Synaptic potentials can locally reach 10-20mV,1
+4457,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following is an in vivo finding  reproduced by the microcircuit?,"['Thalamic bursts down-regulate cortical theta and nociceptive behavior', 'Vibrissa motor cortex activity suppresses contralateral whisking behavior', 'Diverse couplings of neurons to the population activity in sensory cortex', 'All of the above']",Diverse couplings of neurons to the population activity in sensory cortex,2
+4460,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,\[ \frac{dn}{dt}=α_n (1-n)-β_n n \],"['Alpha and beta are voltage dependent rate functions representing the closing and opening of potassium channels respectively', 'Alpha and beta are time dependent rate functions representing the closing and opening of potassium channels respectively', 'Alpha and beta are voltage dependent constant representing the opening and closing of potassium channels respectively', 'Alpha and beta are time dependent rate functions representing the closing and opening of potassium channels respectively']",Alpha and beta are voltage dependent constant representing the opening and closing of potassium channels respectively,2
+4462,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What kind of relationship is there between morphological types and electrical types?,"['One to one relationship, i.e. each morphological type has a different electrical behavior', 'One to many relationship, i.e. each morphological type has different electrical subtypes that do not overlap with the electrical subtypes of other morphologies', 'Many to one relationship, each electrical type has different morphological subtypes that do not overlap with the morphological subtypes of other electrical types', 'Many to many relationship, different morphological types have different electrical types with overlap in both directions']","Many to many relationship, different morphological types have different electrical types with overlap in both directions",3
+4463,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What kind of information should we always look for when looking at the axon?,"['Whether it was reconstructed', 'Whether it was stained', 'Whether it is complete', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+4464,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following hierarchical order (from small to large) for the integration of data for simulation neuroscience is correct?,"['Ions channels are component of the synapses; synapses are component of the neurons; neurons are component of brain microcircuit', 'Ions channels are present in neurons; synapses connect neurons; connected neurons form microcircuit', 'Microcircuit are composed of connected neurons; neurons are connected by synapses; ions channels are present in neurons']",Ions channels are present in neurons; synapses connect neurons; connected neurons form microcircuit,1
+4465,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are some of the caveats of simulation neuroscience?,"['Critical data may be missing', 'Supercomputer are needed', 'Biological data often contains mistakes', 'Needs knowledge across many disciplines', 'Comparison with real data is tedious', 'Building all the components takes a lot of time']",Critical data may be missing,0
+4467,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How do IPSP generated by inhibitory synapses control the amount of positive charge that reaches the soma/axon region (2)?,"['By injecting negative charges', 'By locally activating pump that pump out the ion carrying the EPSP', 'By shunting the dendritic membrane', 'By increasing the axial resistivity of the dendrite']",By injecting negative charges,0
+4472,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"\[ I_m=C*  \frac{dV}{dt} + g_{Na} (V,t)*(V_m-E_{Na})+g_K (V,t)*(V_m-E_K)\] \[+g_L*(V_m-E_L)\]","['\\(g_L\\) relies on voltage independent sodium channels', '\\(g_L\\) relies on voltage independent potassium channels', '\\(g_L\\) relies on voltage independent chloride channels']",\(g_L\) relies on voltage independent sodium channels,0
+4474,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"From the 55 morphological types and the 11 electrical types, how many electro-morphological types exist?","['55 morpho-electrotypes', '11 morpho-electrotypes', '207 morpho-electrotypes', 'We do not know', '605 morpho-electrotypes']",207 morpho-electrotypes,2
+4476,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the main difficulty in obtaining cell density data?,"['The staining of the cell is extremely difficult', 'The definition of the layers is unclear', 'The counting of cells is very unreliable']",The counting of cells is very unreliable,2
+4477,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is the membrane conductance of the Hodgkin and Huxley model voltage and time dependent (2)?,"['Because the Nernst equation dictates that the conductance must be dependent on voltage and time', 'Because the ions channels open and close based on voltage', 'Because the opening and closing of membrane channels is not instantaneous', 'Because the membrane accumulates charges and forms a capacitance that releases voltage in a time dependent manner.']",Because the ions channels open and close based on voltage,1
+4479,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What kind of techniques are not used to record data about whole single neurons?,"['Patch clamp recording', 'Paired recording', 'Staining with antibody', 'Biophysical screening']",Paired recording,1
+4480,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is optimization needed in the simulation of neurons using Hodgkin and Huxley multi-compartment model?,"['Because there are many differential equations', 'Because the number of compartments is high', 'Because numerous parameters are unknown']",Because numerous parameters are unknown,2
+4482,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the reasons (2) that the activation of some synapses causes a more negative polarization of the dendrite (IPSP)?,"['Because the synapse associated battery generates an inward positive current', 'Because the synapse associated battery generates an inward negative current', 'Because the synapse associated battery generates a positive negative current', 'Because the synapse associated battery generates a positive outward current']",Because the synapse associated battery generates an inward negative current,1
+4483,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Check the correct statements.,"['An ontology defines knowledge graph entities and relations types', 'Entities in a knowledge graph can be categorised by types and linked through relations defined in an ontology', 'Entities in a knowledge graph can be categorised by types and relations defined in an ontology', 'Entities in a knowledge graph can be categorised by relations defined in an ontology', 'http://schema.org is a neuroscience specific ontology', 'The Neuroscience Information Framework (https://neuinfo.org) is a neuroscience specific ontology']",An ontology defines knowledge graph entities and relations types,0
+4484,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following assertions about transmitting information based on random systems or on organized systems is true?,"['In random systems, because relationships exist between different parts of information you do not need to measure everything to transmit the full information', 'In organized systems, measurement of every part of the information is necessary', 'Both random and organized system are equivalent, principles and algorithms are used to rebuild transmitted information', 'In organized systems, because relationships exist between different parts of information you do not need to measure everything to transmit the full information']","In organized systems, because relationships exist between different parts of information you do not need to measure everything to transmit the full information",3
+4485,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why was the variability between reconstructions based on data from different animals higher than between instantiations of the average microcircuit?,"['Because the level of Ca2+ at the transition between states varied between reconstructions', 'Because the animals on which the data is based were analyzed at different ages', 'Because the total number of L6_SBC neurons varied greatly between the animals', 'Because different algorithms were used to configure the NEURON models in the average microcircuit']",Because the level of Ca2+ at the transition between states varied between reconstructions,0
+4486,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the systematic order for naming a neuron in our framework?,"['Projection profile, location of the neuron, electrical type, morphological type, molecular profile and eventually gene expression profile', 'Location of the neuron, electrical type, morphological type, molecular profile, gene expression profile and eventually projection profile', 'Location of the neuron, morphological type, electrical type, molecular profile, gene expression profile and eventually projection profile', 'Location of the neuron, molecular profile morphological type, electrical type, gene expression profile and eventually projection profile']","Location of the neuron, morphological type, electrical type, molecular profile, gene expression profile and eventually projection profile",2
+4487,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,On what does the synapse type depend?,"['On the afferent neuron type only', 'On the efferent neuron type only', 'On both the afferent and efferent neuron type']",On both the afferent and efferent neuron type,2
+4488,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements (3) about NMDA receptors are true?,"['NMDA receptors are blocked when not active by a lithium ion', 'NMDA receptors conduct only if the membrane is already slightly depolarized (~-30mV) and glutamate is present', 'NMDA receptors are slower than AMPA receptors', 'NMDA receptors are responsible for many intracellular effects including long term potentiation (LTP)', 'NMDA is permeable to sodium but not calcium']",NMDA receptors conduct only if the membrane is already slightly depolarized (~-30mV) and glutamate is present,1
+4489,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"\[ I_m=C*\frac{dV}{dt} + g_{Na}(V,t)*(V_m-E_{Na}) + g_K (V,t)*(V_m-E_K) \]","['Because the presence of many ion channels in the membrane attracts all ion close by the membrane that becomes a capacitance', 'Because the membrane has also other channels such as calcium channels that can act as a capacitance', 'Because the membrane is mostly composed of parts without channels that can accumulate ions and act as a capacitance']",Because the membrane is mostly composed of parts without channels that can accumulate ions and act as a capacitance,2
+4490,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the three main ions involved in generating electrical currents in neurons?,"['\\(K^+/Li^+/F^-\\)', '\\(Na^+/Ca^{2+}/K^+\\)', '\\(K^+/Ca^(2+)/Br^-\\)', '\\(K^+/Cl^-/Ca^(2+)\\)', '\\(Cl^-/K^+/Na^+\\)']",\(Cl^-/K^+/Na^+\),4
+4491,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What information can be included in descriptive metadata?,"['Right of access to the data', 'Authors of the data', 'Title and abstract describing the data', 'Keywords about the data', 'Structure of the data']",Authors of the data,1
+4493,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What characterizes a shunting inhibitory synapse?,"['It generates a normal IPSP', 'It generates a long lasting IPSP', 'It reduces the local input resistance and decreases EPSP amplitude']",It reduces the local input resistance and decreases EPSP amplitude,2
+4494,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What ion supports the fast-early inward current?,"['A combination of chloride and calcium ions', 'Sodium ions', 'Potassium ions', 'A combination of sodium and potassium ions']",Sodium ions,1
+4495,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements (2) correspond to ionotropic receptor-based synapses?,"['These synapses are based on G-protein coupled receptors', 'Theses synapses are based on ion channels, opening on binding of neurotransmitters.', 'These synapses produce ‘fast’ effect (in the order of milliseconds’)', 'These synapses do not change postsynaptic membrane polarity', 'These synapses affect postsynaptic metabolism', 'These synapses produce effects lasting up to minutes']","Theses synapses are based on ion channels, opening on binding of neurotransmitters.",1
+4496,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements (3) about synaptic potential are true?,"['Synaptic potentials do not attenuate in amplitude from the injection point to the soma', 'Synaptic potentials can locally reach 10-20mV', 'The propagation speed of the synaptic potential is constant at 0.1m/s', 'To simulate the propagation of EPSPs, an analytical solution is used', 'The post-synaptic current leaks out due to membrane passive ions channels', 'Rall’s cable model state that the propagation of EPSP can be approximated by a 1-dimensional passive cable']",Synaptic potentials can locally reach 10-20mV,1
+4497,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What signifies the relationship between the molecular profile and the electrical profile of neurons?,"['These are two distinct entities: each electrical type can be combined with numerous molecular profiles and molecular profiles show a variety of electrical profiles.', 'It is possible to define a relationship between some electrical behaviors of neurons and the presence or absence of some specific proteins']",It is possible to define a relationship between some electrical behaviors of neurons and the presence or absence of some specific proteins,1
+4498,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is measured by experimental neuroscience?,"['The micro-components of the cells', 'Higher order properties such as behavior', 'Everything from micro-components of the cells to higher order properties such as behavior', 'Only properties measurable by radiology techniques']",Everything from micro-components of the cells to higher order properties such as behavior,2
+4499,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does the brain region ontology from the Allen institute provide?,"['3D boundary of brain regions', 'Descriptions of the neuron types involved', 'Relationship to sub and supra brain regions', 'List of synaptic types present in each region', 'A standard name and abbreviation']",3D boundary of brain regions,0
+4503,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements (3) about neuron structure are incorrect?,"['Neurons are composed of dendrites, axon and cell body', 'Axon present protrusions called axonic spines', 'Axons are receptive devices', 'Dendrites are receptive devices', 'Some nerve cells do not have dendritic spines', 'Axon branches to form the axonal trees', 'Axonal boutons are the point where signal is from dendrite to the axon']",Axon present protrusions called axonic spines,1
+4504,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which part of the synapses is involved in short term facilitation and depression?,"['The synaptic cleft', 'The afferent neuron', 'The efferent neuron membrane', 'The efferent neuron receptor']",The afferent neuron,1
+4505,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why do projects like the Blue Brain Project use text mining?,"['Because literature contains valuable yet unstructured knowledge', 'Because it allows to correct the errors present in literature', 'Because text mining serves as a good validation of an artificial brain', 'Because there are thousands of new papers per days']",Because literature contains valuable yet unstructured knowledge,0
+4506,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the main approaches to study the brain?,"['Observe via experiments', 'Hypothesize by creating theories', 'Unify the knowledge by simulation', 'All the above']",All the above,3
+4508,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What do you need for a whole cell patch clamp?,"['An agarose gel', 'A microscope', 'PCR primers', 'A glass micropipette']",A microscope,1
+4509,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the third principle of simulation neuroscience?,"['Start and restart always from scratch', 'Iteratively reconstruct and test', 'Obtain preexisting models and improve them']",Iteratively reconstruct and test,1
+4510,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about morphological studies are incorrect?,"['The name of the different morphological classes were only recently defined', 'Morphologies are often incomplete due to the usage of brain slices', 'Features extracted from the morphological studies can be used to classify cells', 'Local morphology always covers the full neuron', 'Classification are based on global morphology of the cells', 'Morphological studies are only possible on complete neurons']",The name of the different morphological classes were only recently defined,0
+4511,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What mechanism of the voltage clamp allowed Hodgkin and Huxley to measure the currents underlying a spike?,"['The voltage clamp allowed them to fix the voltage and by directly recording the conductance of the membrane they could calculate the current using Ohm’s law', 'The voltage clamp allowed them to simulate a spike and they recorded the concomitant current', 'To maintain the voltage constant during the clamp they needed to inject current to counteract exactly the current flowing through the membrane.']",To maintain the voltage constant during the clamp they needed to inject current to counteract exactly the current flowing through the membrane.,2
+4512,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What would be the effect on the resting potential of the cell if the sodium concentration outside the axon was divided by 10? (Consider all conductance as positive),"['The resting potential would be null', 'The resting potential would increase', 'The resting potential would decrease', 'There would be no effect']",The resting potential would decrease,2
+4513,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the scope of the 4 equations of Hodgkin and Huxley?,"['The equations (with some modification to incorporate additional membrane current) enable to replicate all spiking activity in cortical neurons', 'The equations work for nerves cells of arthropods only', 'The equations (with some modification to incorporate additional membrane current) enable to replicate all spiking activity in nerve cells of all types', 'The equations are valid for both the squid giant axon and some other nerve cells']",The equations (with some modification to incorporate additional membrane current) enable to replicate all spiking activity in nerve cells of all types,2
+4515,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements (3) are true?,"['All synaptic communication is not based on electrical signals but based on exchange of chemical compounds', 'Some synapses produce IPSPs that decrease the probability of the neuron to fire an action potential', 'A synapse is a structure permitting the connection of nerves cells', 'Some synapses produce EPSP that reduce the probability of the neuron to fire an action potential', 'A synapse is a point of transfer of information between neurons']",Some synapses produce IPSPs that decrease the probability of the neuron to fire an action potential,1
+4516,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,The size of the somatic/axonal EPSP depends mainly on what?,"['The location on the dendrite of the inhibitory synapse', 'On the size of the dendrite', 'On the expression of ion channels along the dendrite', 'The location on the dendrite of the excitatory synapse']",The location on the dendrite of the excitatory synapse,3
+4517,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about hyperpolarization are true?,"['Hyperpolarization occurs upon the opening of voltage gated potassium channel (\\(K_v\\))', 'Hyperpolarization is what stops the spiking and brings back the neuron towards its resting potential', 'Hyperpolarization occurs upon the opening of sodium activated potassium channels (\\(K_{Na}\\))', 'Hyperpolarization can occur without any spike occurring.']",Hyperpolarization occurs upon the opening of voltage gated potassium channel (\(K_v\)),0
+4518,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What did the voltage clamps reveal about the membrane current (2)?,"['That it is voltage but not time dependent', 'That it is composed of a fast (inactivating) outward current and a slower late inward current', 'By a concomitant manipulation of the ions, the voltage clamp revealed that the early current is carried by Na+ and the late current by K+ ions', 'That it is composed of a fast (inactivating) inward current and a slower late outward current']","By a concomitant manipulation of the ions, the voltage clamp revealed that the early current is carried by Na+ and the late current by K+ ions",2
+4519,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How were the dimensions of the microcircuit defined?,"['The height is based on axon density and the radius is derived from experimental data on microcolumn width in the barrel cortex', 'The height is derived from experimental data on layer thickness and the radius is defined by saturated dendrite density at the center', 'The height is derived from experimental data on layer thickness and the radius from experimental data on microcolumn width in the barrel cortex', 'The height is based on the axon density and the radius is defined by saturated dendrite density at the center']",The height is derived from experimental data on layer thickness and the radius is defined by saturated dendrite density at the center,1
+4520,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is the synaptic conductance depending on time (2)?,"['Because the neurotransmitter receptors are sensitive to the depolarization and close after a voltage change', 'Because neurotransmitter receptors desensitize after binding neurotransmitter.', 'Because neurotransmitters are re-uptaken gradually after their release and stop stimulating the opening of ion channels']",Because neurotransmitter receptors desensitize after binding neurotransmitter.,1
+4521,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the molecular profile of a neuron based on?,"['The DNA rearrangement', 'The concentration of the different ions', 'The expression of specific genes']",The expression of specific genes,2
+4624,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements are correct?,"['IR-DIC requires stained tissue', 'IR-DIC allow to get very high depth view into the tissue', 'IR-DIC requires polarized light', 'IR-DIC generates a lot of optical noise']",IR-DIC allow to get very high depth view into the tissue,1
+4625,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the main advantage of connecting the electrical profile to the molecular profile?,"['Because we want to better understand the connection between some channels and electrical behavior', 'Because we want to be able to better classify neuron types', 'Because we want to be able to predict electrical behavior from molecular profiles that are easier to obtain', 'Because these entities are superposed (one electrical type = one molecular profile) and it is important to know what is what']",Because we want to be able to predict electrical behavior from molecular profiles that are easier to obtain,2
+4627,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following options (4) can you choose when you do not know all parameters for your neuron model?,"['Infer the parameters from other (related) and more easily measurable properties', 'Guess the parameters', 'Wait for the parameters values to be experimentally found', 'Simplify the model', 'Parameter optimization']",Infer the parameters from other (related) and more easily measurable properties,0
+4629,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What kind of relationship is there between morphological types and electrical types?,"['One to one relationship, i.e. each morphological type can show different electrical behavior', 'One to many relationship, i.e. each morphological type has different electrical subtypes that do not overlap with the electrical subtypes of other morphologies', 'Many to one relationship, each electrical type has different morphological subtypes that do not overlap with the morphological subtypes of other electrical types.', 'Many to many relationship, different morphological types can show different electrical types with overlap in both directions']","Many to many relationship, different morphological types can show different electrical types with overlap in both directions",3
+4630,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What was the main advantage of the squid giant axon for Hodgkin and Huxley?,"['It is very long and hence easy to isolate', 'Its thickness allows to fit an electrode in it', 'It is easily excitable', 'Its action potentials are slower', 'Its spikes have a higher amplitude']",Its thickness allows to fit an electrode in it,1
+4631,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How did Hodgkin and Huxley generate a spike in the first experiment described in the video?,"['They used neurotransmitters to stimulate the dendrites', 'They raised the chloride concentration in the axon', 'They injected current in the axon to depolarize the cell', 'They raised the sodium concentration outside of the axon']",They injected current in the axon to depolarize the cell,2
+4632,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A layer 5 pyramidal neuron X is connected to a layer 5 pyramidal neuron Y and a layer 5 pyramidal neuron Z. Y’s response to a train of spike in X is different than Z’s response. What can explain the difference?,"['The probability of release of the synapses connecting X to Y and the synapse connecting X to Z are different', 'Neuron Y or Z does not undergo synaptic depression', 'The number of synapses connecting X to Y and X to Z is not the same', 'The connection to Y or Z is a pseudo-linear synaptic connection']",The probability of release of the synapses connecting X to Y and the synapse connecting X to Z are different,0
+4634,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How is Rall’s Cable Model used in simulation?,"['The model cannot be used for simulation as it does not incorporate the dimension y and z of the dendrite', 'An analytical solution is used to predict the potential at each time and spatial point', 'By segmentation of the space part of the equation, converting the dendrite into multiple discrete segments of small length']","By segmentation of the space part of the equation, converting the dendrite into multiple discrete segments of small length",2
+4636,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are emergent properties of the microcircuit?,"['Properties of the microcircuit hitherto unobserved experimentally', 'Properties of the data used to reconstruct the microcircuit', 'Properties of the microcircuit not specified by the data used for its reconstruction', 'Properties discovered experimentally by validating microcircuit predictions']",Properties of the microcircuit not specified by the data used for its reconstruction,2
+4638,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about knowledge graphs are correct?,"['A knowledge graph is made of a collection of text documents', 'A knowledge graph is made of entities described with their attributes and connected through relations', 'A knowledge graph is made of a collection of data identifiers', 'Used to decribe a neuroscience experiment, a knowledge graph can represent as entities a subject, a cell, the scientists preforming the experiment and the generated datasets (e.g. neuron morphologies, electrophysiology recordings)']",A knowledge graph is made of entities described with their attributes and connected through relations,1
+4639,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,On what did the Allen Institute based their ontologies for brain regions?,"['Anatomical boundaries', 'Markers or neuron morphologies', 'Dendrite densities', 'Gene expression patterns', 'Electrophysiological recordings']",Anatomical boundaries,0
+4640,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What can you do with in-silico immunohistochemistry?,"['By staining your virtual tissue, you can compare the distribution between in-silico and real tissue', 'In silico staining allows you to better classify different neurons', 'In silico-staining allows you to obtain knowledge on the composition of a cortical layer', 'By staining your virtual tissue, you can understand which ion channel is responsible for the electrical behavior of your neurons']","By staining your virtual tissue, you can compare the distribution between in-silico and real tissue",0
+4641,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about neuronal structures are false?,"['Axons conduct signals away from the cell body', 'Axons are receptive devices', 'Dendrites are receptive devices', 'All nerve cells are spiny nerve cells']",Axons are receptive devices,1
+4643,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,eFEL is able to extract features from electrical traces generated....,"['in vivo', 'in vivo or in vitro', 'in vitro']",in vivo or in vitro,1
+4645,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the expectation of a reconstruction bottom-up?,"['If you model sufficient components, it should behave right', 'If you tweak it enough, it should behave right', 'If your ions channels are built right, it should behave right', 'If you build it right, it will automatically behave correct']","If you build it right, it will automatically behave correct",3
+4647,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the caveats of research on synaptic connections?,"['It is impossible to obtain detailed characterization of each connection type', 'It is impossible to record post-synaptic signal due to interference', 'Axo-dendritic connections can only be verified via electron microscopy', 'Axo-dendritic connections are so rare that it is nearly impossible to find them']",It is impossible to obtain detailed characterization of each connection type,0
+4649,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"If the Nernst potential represents a battery, what is the electrical circuit equivalent of an ion channel ?","['A resistor', 'A transistor', 'A capacitor', 'A diode']",A resistor,0
+4650,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What directionality and tempo of the current did Hodgkin and Huxley in their voltage clamp experiment record? (inward = from outside to inside/ outward =from inside to outside),"['They recorded a late inward current', 'They recorded a late outward current', 'They recorded an early inward current', 'They recorded an early outward current']",They recorded a late outward current,1
+4651,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"What other parameter (besides the \(τ_{aus}\) )
+is different between facilitating and depressing synaptic connections?","['None of the parameters', '\\(U_{SE}\\), the release probability, is higher in facilitating connections', 'The conductance of the synapse, \\(g_{syn}\\) is different', '\\(U_{SE}\\), the release probability, is lower in facilitating connections']","\(U_{SE}\), the release probability, is lower in facilitating connections",3
+4653,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Rall’s Cable Model postulates that the change in potential depends on space and time. Why is the change in potential due to a post-synaptic potential not constant at the location of ‘injection’ over time?,"['The change in potential due to the post-synaptic current is counteracted by the opening of ion channels.', 'The post-synaptic potential is only a transient input as the neurotransmitters get rapidly degraded. It will decay due to the activation of pumps transporting ions to outside generating a counteracting current and bringing potential back to rest.', 'The post-synaptic potential is only a transient input as the neurotransmitters get rapidly degraded. It will decay due to current coming from the leakage of ions trough passive ion channels in the membrane']",The post-synaptic potential is only a transient input as the neurotransmitters get rapidly degraded. It will decay due to current coming from the leakage of ions trough passive ion channels in the membrane,2
+4654,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements (2) about the speed of propagation of the post-synaptic potential is true?,"['The propagation speed is a constant', 'The propagation speed is first faster and then comes to a constant', 'The propagation speed is in the order of 0.1m/s', 'The propagation speed is in the order of 1m/s', 'The propagation speed is in the order of 1cm/s']",The propagation speed is first faster and then comes to a constant,1
+4656,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How do IPSPs generated by inhibitory synapses control the amount of positive charge that reaches the soma/axon region?,"['By locally activating pumps that pump out the ion carrying the EPSP', 'By shunting the dendritic membrane', 'By increasing the axial resistivity of the dendrite']",By shunting the dendritic membrane,1
+4657,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"\[ I_m=C*  \frac{dV}{dt}+g_{Na} (V,t)*(V_m-E_{Na})+g_K (V,t)*(V_m-E_K)+g_L*(V_m-E_L) \]","['Because the presence of many ion channels in the membrane attracts all ions near the membrane, which then becomes a capacitance', 'Because the membrane also contains other channels such as calcium channels that can act as a capacitance', 'Because the membrane is mostly composed of parts without channels that can accumulate ions and act as a capacitance']",Because the membrane is mostly composed of parts without channels that can accumulate ions and act as a capacitance,2
+4658,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What kind of kinetics parameters can be obtained with automated electrophysiology?,"['The activation kinetics of heterodimeric channels', 'The deactivation kinetics of homomeric channels', 'The recovery kinetics of heterodimeric channels', 'The inactivation kinetics of homomeric channels']",The deactivation kinetics of homomeric channels,1
+4660,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,\[g_K=\overline{g_K}*n^4\],"['A ratio of potassium to sodium channels in the axon', 'The proportion of potassium ion channels that are open', 'A constant related to the Nernst potential of potassium', 'The proportion of potassium ion channels that are closed']",The proportion of potassium ion channels that are open,1
+4661,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Santiago Ramòn y Cajal was a great scientist that draw many neurons. From all his drawings, he got an intuition. What was his intuition?","['That the nerves cells must transmit some signal', 'That the nerves cells have electrical properties', 'That the nerves cells membranes is full of ions channels', 'That the denditric spines contains synapses']",That the nerves cells must transmit some signal,0
+4663,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following are part of the minimal information for neuroscience datasets (MINDS)?,"['Information about the method used (protocols, equipment and parameters used in experiments)', 'Information about the ethics and consent procedure (ethical committee discussion and approval)', 'Information on the subject (age, sex, species, strain)', 'Information on the brain location (using brain atlas parcellation or spatial coordinates/transforms)', 'Information about the funding used in the generation of the dataset']","Information about the method used (protocols, equipment and parameters used in experiments)",0
+4664,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What directionality and tempo of the currents (2) did Hodgkin and Huxley record in their voltage clamp experiment? (inward = from outside to inside / outward = from inside to outside),"['They recorded a late inward current carried by sodium ions', 'They recorded a late outward current carried by potassium ions', 'They recorded an early inward current carried by potassium ions', 'They recorded an early outward current carried by sodium ions', 'They recorded a late inward current carried by potassium ions', 'They recorded a late outward current carried by sodium ions', 'They recorded an early inward current carried by sodium ions', 'They recorded an early outward current carried by potassium ions']",They recorded a late outward current carried by potassium ions,1
+4666,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about synaptic connections are correct?,"['It is enough to say that one neuron is connected to another neuron', 'Connection between two neurons is generally done in one single spot', 'The location of the connection does not matter', 'It is extremely difficult to characterize connections between neurons']",It is extremely difficult to characterize connections between neurons,3
+4667,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the basic principle of Rall’s Cable Model?,"['The flow of current generated by a PSP in the dendrite diminishes with time', 'The flow of current generated by a PSP in the dendrite is propagated with opening and closing of ions channels', 'The flow of current generated by a PSP in the dendrite can be described as current in a 1-dimensional passive cable', 'The flow of current generated by a PSP in the dendrite is time independent']",The flow of current generated by a PSP in the dendrite can be described as current in a 1-dimensional passive cable,2
+4668,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Do spikes change with change in the electrical types of neurons?,"['Yes, every electrical type has a different spike', 'No, the spike is a universal elementary unit']","No, the spike is a universal elementary unit",1
+4669,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Given the following experiment description, which of the statements below are correct: "" An experiment was conducted by a scientist involving a mouse subject from which a brain slices was obtained, then single neuron morphologies reconstructed and single neuron electrophysiology recordings obtained.""","['The experiment involves the following entities: a ""mouse"" of type Subject, ""brain slices"" of type entity, ""neuron morphologies"" and ""neuron electrophysiology recordings"" of type Entity', 'The experiment involves a ""scientist"" of type Person,', 'The experiment description involves the following set of activities: ""Experiment"" and ""neuron morphologies reconstruction"" of type Activity', 'An Entity refers to what was used and generated by the scientist during the activities', 'The entity ""mouse"" -> derived from -> ""neuron morphologies""']","The experiment involves the following entities: a ""mouse"" of type Subject, ""brain slices"" of type entity, ""neuron morphologies"" and ""neuron electrophysiology recordings"" of type Entity",0
+4670,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the principles (3) of simulation neuroscience?,"['Iteratively reconstruct and test', 'Top-down decomposition of the brain properties', 'Dense reconstruction from sparse data', 'Reconstruct bottom-up']",Iteratively reconstruct and test,0
+4671,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What should you take out of the iterative reconstruction and testing?,"['New knowledge when you succeed', 'New understanding when you succeed', 'New knowledge when you fail', 'New understanding when you fail']",New understanding when you succeed,1
+4672,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,\[ g_{Na}=\overline{g_{Na}}*m^3*h \],"['Because the sodium current is an inward current', 'Because there are two kinds of sodium channels involved in the sodium current', 'Because the sodium current is two staged: first activate and then inactivate', 'Because the channels carrying the sodium current also depend on the current itself (h) and not only on the voltage (m)']",Because the sodium current is two staged: first activate and then inactivate,2
+4674,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,\[ E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF}*ln\ Q\],"['a constant', 'the ion concentration outside cell divided by the ion concentration inside the cell ([ionout]/[ionin])', 'the ion concentration inside cell divided by the ion concentration outside cell ([ionin]/[ionout])']",the ion concentration outside cell divided by the ion concentration inside the cell ([ionout]/[ionin]),1
+4675,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the main caveats when studying synaptic rules?,"['The experiments needed to understand whether a synapse is excitatory/inhibitory are very difficult and modify the dynamic behavior of the synapses', 'The synaptic type is determined by characteristics of the pre- and postsynaptic neurons, which can both be from many different categories, hence there is a tremendous amount of data needed', 'Each neuron receives so many different inputs that it is extremely challenging to understand what a specific synapse does', 'Most experiments are done by injecting only one or two spikes in the presynaptic neurons, when the dynamics of the synapse can only be understood when injecting a train of spikes']",The experiments needed to understand whether a synapse is excitatory/inhibitory are very difficult and modify the dynamic behavior of the synapses,0
+4676,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Knowledge Graphs can be used as part of many use cases. Which of the following knowledge graphs' use cases are correct.,"['A knowlege graph can be used as a data integration layer to curate and link research data from many sources and of different formats', 'A knowlege graph can be used to write a scientific paper quickly', 'A knowlege graph can be used as a black box to answer any scientific question', 'A knowlege graph can be used to publish research data at web scale', 'The semantic and context captured within a knowlege graph can be used to build dataset recommendation engine']",A knowlege graph can be used as a data integration layer to curate and link research data from many sources and of different formats,0
+4678,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why are simulations so important in engineering?,"['Because they are more reproducible than experimental data', 'Because they allow to bypass costly and often unfeasible run tests']",Because they allow to bypass costly and often unfeasible run tests,1
+4682,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements (2) about chemical synapses are true?,"['Some synapses are located between dendritic spines and axonal boutons', 'The axon and the dendrite are fused at a chemical synapse', 'Some synapses are not between dendritic spines and axon but directly between the dendrites and the axon', 'The dendritic spines contain vesicles with neurotransmitters.']",Some synapses are located between dendritic spines and axonal boutons,0
+4685,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Where is most of the data generated in neuroscience found?,"['In organized and accessible big data', 'In the numerous (~150k per year) publications', 'In the unpublished and dark data']",In the numerous (~150k per year) publications,1
+4686,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What is the second principle of simulation neuroscience?,"['One should validate in an upward direction, i.e. validate the emerging properties of the system', 'One should validate in a downward direction, e.g. if a neuron is modeled well then its ions channel should have the correct properties', 'One should validate both upward and downward, i.e. validate both receding and emerging properties of the system']","One should validate in an upward direction, i.e. validate the emerging properties of the system",0
+4687,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Neuroshapes (https://incf.github.io/neuroshapes) is a neuroscience specific knowledge graph schema. Which of the following statements are correct.,"['Neuroshapes defines a set of provenance based schemas and ontologies for describing in a knowledge graph neuroscience datasets', 'Provenance description in Neuroshapes captures every single event occuring during an experiment', 'Provenance description in Neuroshapes captures the key scientific and technical activities, protocols and agents involved in the generation of neuroscience datasets', 'Provenance description in Neuroshapes does not support data reuse, integration and interoperability', 'Provenance description in Neuroshapes supports data reuse, integration and interoperability', 'Neuroshapaes defines MINDS (Minimal Information about a Neuroscience DataSet) a common schema for representing and publishing Neuroscience datasets']",Neuroshapes defines a set of provenance based schemas and ontologies for describing in a knowledge graph neuroscience datasets,0
+4688,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A layer 5 pyramidal neuron X is connected to a layer 5 pyramidal neuron Y. What happens to the EPSP if you stimulate a neuron to produce a train of spikes?,"['You see an increase in the EPSP', 'You see a decline in the amplitude of the EPSP', 'You see a growing delay in the response (the EPSPs, are slower than the train of spike)', 'You see a stable EPSP']",You see a decline in the amplitude of the EPSP,1
+4693,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements about the caveats of single neuron data are true?,"['It is impossible to obtain data about homomeric channels', 'Ion channel data needs a lot of standardization', 'Classification of neuronal type is perfect', 'Better classification would require single cell transcriptome']",Ion channel data needs a lot of standardization,1
+4694,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,\[ E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF}*ln\ Q\],"['the elementary charge', 'the atmospheric pressure', 'the concentration of an ion outside of the cell', 'the ion charge']",the ion charge,3
+4695,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following are part of the neuronal cells?,"['Axonal spines', 'Dendrites', 'Myelin sheath', 'Cell body', 'Dendritic spines', 'Axon']",Dendrites,1
+4696,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What does the Tsodyks and Makram model describe in equation (2)?,"['The process that leads to short-term facilitation', 'The rise of post-synaptic potential', 'The process that leads to long-term facilitation', 'The process that leads to short-term depression']",The process that leads to short-term facilitation,0
+4697,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"You are recording the potential in a dendrite and see, upon a stimulation, an EPSP followed by multiple other secondary EPSPs. What kind of synaptic release did you record?","['Synchronous-evoked release', 'Spontaneous release', 'Asynchronous-evoked release']",Asynchronous-evoked release,2
+4698,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,How are the electrical types of neurons characterized using a whole cell patch-clamp experiment?,"['By hyperpolarizing the membrane', 'By using multiple patterns of electrical stimuli', 'By using ramping electrical current', 'By using step-like electrical current']",By using multiple patterns of electrical stimuli,1
+4699,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is administrative metadata important?,"['Because it allows control over who accesses which data and hence help to keep privacy', 'Because it contains the indication on how to integrate compound-objects', 'Because it contains documents such as the ethical commission approval.', 'Because it helps to manage a resource, to know when it was created, accessed and whether it needs to be moved to storage']",Because it allows control over who accesses which data and hence help to keep privacy,0
+4702,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following are part of theory development in Neuroscience?,"['Outliers neuroscience: generating hypotheses about the functioning of the brain of exceptional scientists', 'Computational neuroscience: creating minimal model that fit specific experimental data', 'Psycho-history: predicting History from behavioral data', 'Informatics neuroscience: looking at trend and patterns in the data']",Computational neuroscience: creating minimal model that fit specific experimental data,1
+4703,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,In the equation of Tsodyks and Makram which of the two Taus below represent the time constant of recovery from depression?,"['\\(τ_{2}\\)', 'A combination of both', 'None of them, it’s \\(U1\\) that represents recovery from depression', '\\(τ_{1}\\)']",\(τ_{1}\),3
+4704,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What predictions are made using the microcircuit?,"['All input and output synapses for all neuron types', 'Total length of dendrites and local axons', 'Cellular composition of the microcircuit', 'All of the above']",All of the above,3
+4705,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is the membrane conductance voltage and time dependent?,"['Because the Nernst equation dictates that the conductance is be dependent on voltage and time', 'Because the ions channels open and close based on voltage', 'Because the opening and closing of membrane channels is not instantaneous', 'Because the membrane accumulates charges and forms a capacitance that releases voltage in a time dependent manner.']",Because the ions channels open and close based on voltage,1
+4707,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Assuming a normal resting membrane potential, if a neurotransmitter binds a receptor specific for potassium what kind of post synaptic potential will we get?","['An IPSP as the potassium flows from inside outside', 'An EPSP as the potassium flows from outside inside', 'An IPSP as the potassium flows from outside inside', 'It depends on the synaptic conductance for potassium']",An IPSP as the potassium flows from inside outside,0
+4708,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following neurotransmitters (3) are both metabotropic and ionotropic?,"['Glutamate', 'Noradrenaline', 'GABA', 'Serotonin', 'Dopamine', 'Acetylcholine']",Glutamate,0
+4709,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which is the best approach to study the brain?,"['Team science efforts such as large scale brain mapping', 'Simulation provides the most relevant information', 'Individual research is providing the most valuable data', 'All approaches are extremely valuable and form a global approach to study the brain']",All approaches are extremely valuable and form a global approach to study the brain,3
+4710,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"What is the integration hierarchy from low to high, of data for simulation neuroscience?","['Ion channels are a component of the synapses; synapses are a component of the neurons; neurons are a component of brain microcircuit', 'Ion channels are present in neurons; synapses connect neurons; connected neurons form microcircuit', 'Microcircuits are composed of connected neurons; neurons are connected by synapses; ion channels are present in neurons']",Ion channels are present in neurons; synapses connect neurons; connected neurons form microcircuit,1
+4711,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Why is calcium needed for synaptic transmission?,"['Calcium is needed for the response to neurotransmitters. It is the ion used by the receptors to create an EPSP', 'Calcium is needed because most receptors use calcium as ion-block when not stimulated by neurotransmitters', 'Calcium is needed for the fusion of neurotransmitters-containing vesicles with the membrane and release of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft', 'Calcium is needed because most neurotransmitters need to be chelated by calcium to function']",Calcium is needed for the fusion of neurotransmitters-containing vesicles with the membrane and release of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft,2
+4712,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"In the circuit equivalent of the synapse, the synaptic battery voltage depends on what?","['On the Nernst potential of the ion types that will flow through the receptor once it is open', 'On the number of ions types that can pass through the receptor once open.', 'On the strength of the neurotransmitters binding the receptor.', 'On the neurotransmitter. Some generate more current once bound than others.']",On the Nernst potential of the ion types that will flow through the receptor once it is open,0
+4715,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What are the two types of elementary signals potential that neurons carry?,"['The action potentials in the dendrites', 'The action potentials in the axons', 'The synaptic potentials in the axons', 'The synaptic potentials in the dendrites']",The action potentials in the axons,1
+4717,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,What advantages (3) do scoring procedures such as the one proposed by Druckmann et al. (2007) have over simple least square distance based procedures?,"['They account for variability in the experimental data and penalize the model according to experimental variability', 'They can focus on reproduction of some features rather than perfect reproduction of the experimental data', 'They do not sum the features', 'The distance is expressed in meaningful unit']",They account for variability in the experimental data and penalize the model according to experimental variability,0
+4719,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements (6) correspond to metabotropic receptors?,"['These are based on G-protein coupled receptors', 'These open ion channels directly upon binding of neurotransmitters.', 'These synapses produce ‘fast’ effect (in the order of milliseconds’)', 'These receptors do not always change postsynaptic membrane polarity', 'These receptors affect postsynaptic metabolism', 'These receptors may produce effects lasting up to minutes', 'These receptors use neurotransmitters such as monoamines and neuropeptides.', 'These receptors can act through a phenomenon called ‘diffuse’ connection, where an axon releases neurotransmitter to all surrounding dendrites', 'These receptors act on a focused point of contact between axon and dendrites']",These are based on G-protein coupled receptors,0
+4720,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"How was the mesocircuit, used to study the spatio-temporal response to stimulating thalamic activation, constructed?","['A microcircuit was used to study the spatio-temporal response to stimulating thalamic activation', 'By expanding the microcircuit ten fold', 'With six microcircuits surrounding a central microcircuit', 'With ten microcircuits in a row']",With six microcircuits surrounding a central microcircuit,2
+4721,15058,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Which of the following statements does not apply to ontology?,"['Ontologies can provide tools for organizing data', 'Ontology is the study of what exists or is real', 'Ontology can provide tools for expressing knowledge', 'An ontology is a formal representation of knowledge about a specific set of entities or concepts', 'Ontology should be defined by each scientist for each study']",Ontology should be defined by each scientist for each study,4
+4926,15002,Computer Science,master,"You have been publishing a daily column for the Gazette over the last few years and have recently reached a milestone --- your 1000th column! Realizing you'd like to go skiing more often, you decide it might be easier to automate your job by training a story generation system on the columns you've already written. Then, whenever your editor pitches you a title for a column topic, you'll just be able to give the title to your story generation system, produce the text body of the column, and publish it to the website!
+The outputs of which decoding algorithm would not be changed by increasing the temperature hyperparameter of the softmax calculation? Assume the seed of your random number generator remains the same.","['Argmax decoding', 'Beam search decoding', 'Top-k sampling', 'Top-p sampling']",Argmax decoding,0
+4939,15002,Computer Science,master,"Select the correct canonical representation(s) of the English verb ""to dance"" conjugated at the third person singular indicative present. You will get a penalty for wrong ticks.","['dance+V+3+S+Ind+Pres', 'dances+V+3+S+Ind+Pres', 'dancing+N+3+S+Ind+Pres', 'dancing+V+3+S+Ind+Pres', 'danc+V+3+S+IndPres', 'dances+N+P']",dance+V+3+S+Ind+Pres,0
+4941,15002,Computer Science,master,"If we keep the same graphical description for the transducer, but change the ""padding convention"" by complementing strings by empty characters only on the left when necessary, would the new transducer recognize the same string associations?","['Yes', 'No']",No,1
+4952,15002,Computer Science,master,Select all sentences that are true.You will get a penalty for wrong ticks.,"['PoS tagging aims to resolve morpho-syntactic ambiguities associated with words', 'PoS tagging aims to suppress lexical variability of words', 'Lemmatization reduces word forms into their surface forms', 'PoS tagging becomes easy if lemmatization has already been performed on the words', ""PoS tagging is an easy task, because it's unambiguous""]",PoS tagging aims to resolve morpho-syntactic ambiguities associated with words,0
+4954,15002,Computer Science,master,"Following are token counts that appear in 3 documents (D1, D2, and D3):
+D1 – tablet: 7; memory: 5; app: 8; sluggish: 7
+D2 – memory: 5; app: 3
+D3 – tablet: 3; sluggish: 3
+Based on the cosine similarity, which 2 documents are the most similar?
+","['D1 and D2', 'D1 and D3', 'D2 and D3']",D1 and D3,1
+4955,15002,Computer Science,master,"Mark as True or False:One of the main differences between CRF and HMM models when determining the probability of a tag sequence given a word sequence is that CRF is a deterministic model that makes much stronger assumptions than HMM, which is a generative model.","['true', 'false']",false,1
+4961,15002,Computer Science,master,"Using a 4-gram character model, comparing ""banana"" and ""ananas""...","['is the same as comparing ""aaabnn"" to ""aaanns""', 'is the same as comparing P(bana) to P(anas)', 'is the same as comparing P(bana) to P(anan)', 'is the same as comparing P(ban)/P(an) to P(nas)/P(na)', 'None of the others']",is the same as comparing P(bana) to P(anas),1
+4963,15002,Computer Science,master,"A query \(q\) has been submitted to two distinct Information Retrieval engines operating on the same document collection containing 1'000 documents, with 50 documents being truly relevant for \(q\).The following result lists have been produced by the two IR engines, \(S_1\) and \(S_2\) respectively:
+
+\(S_1\text{:}\)
+\(d_1\)
+\(d_2\text{ (*)}\)
+\(d_3\text{ (*)}\)
+\(d_4\)
+\(d_5\text{ (*)}\)
+
+\(S_2\text{:}\)
+\(d^\prime_1\text{ (*)}\)
+\(d^\prime_2\text{ (*)}\)
+\(d^\prime_3\)
+\(d^\prime_4\)
+\(d^\prime_5\)
+
+In these result lists, the stars \(\text{(*)}\) identify the truly relevant documents.
+By convention, we consider that any non retrieved document has been retrieved at rank 6.If Average Precision is used as evaluation metric, which of the two IR engines is performing better for the query \(q\)?","['\\(S_1\\)', '\\(S_2\\)', 'Both engines perform equally.', 'This evaluation metric cannot be computed.']",\(S_2\),1
+4974,15002,Computer Science,master,"For each of the sub-questions of this question (next page), tick/check the corresponding box if the presented sentence is correct
+at the corresponding level (for a human). There will be a penalty for wrong boxes ticked/checked.The duke were also presented with a book
+commemorated his visit’s mother.","['lexical', 'syntactic', 'semantic', 'pragmatic', 'none of the above is correct']",lexical,0
+4985,15002,Computer Science,master,"Select the likelihood of the following word to belong to a given language L if a language identification system that uses 3-grams of characters is used. bubbleConsider the following probabilities when doing the computation:\( P(\text{bu|L})= 6 \times 10^{-2} \)\( P(\text{b|ub,L})= 4 \times 10^{-2} \)\( P(\text{bub|L})= 2 \times 10^{-2} \)\( P(\text{b|bub,L})= 7 \times 10^{-2} \)\( P(\text{l|ubb,L})= 1 \times 10^{-4} \)\( P(\text{l|bb,L})= 3 \times 10^{-4} \)\( P(\text{e|bbl,L})= 8 \times 10^{-3} \)\( P(\text{e|bl,L})= 5 \times 10^{-3} \)","['\\( 2\xa0\\times\xa04\xa0\\times 3\xa0\\times 5\xa0\\times 10^{-11}\xa0 \\)', '\\( 2\xa0\\times\xa07\xa0\\times 1\xa0\\times 5\xa0\\times 10^{-11}\xa0 \\)', '\\( 6 \\times\xa04\xa0\\times 3\xa0\\times 8\xa0\\times 10^{-11}\xa0 \\)', '\\( 6\xa0\\times\xa07\xa0\\times 1 \\times 8 \\times 10^{-11}\xa0 \\)']",\( 2 \times 4 \times 3 \times 5 \times 10^{-11}  \),0
+4995,15002,Computer Science,master,"Consider the following CF grammar \(G_1\)
+
+\( R_1: \text{S} \rightarrow \text{NP VP} \)
+\( R_2: \text{S} \rightarrow \text{NP VP PNP} \)
+\( R_3: \text{PNP} \rightarrow \text{Prep NP} \)
+\( R_4: \text{NP} \rightarrow \text{N} \)
+\( R_5: \text{NP} \rightarrow \text{Det N} \)
+\( R_6: \text{NP} \rightarrow \text{Det N PNP} \)
+\( R_7: \text{VP} \rightarrow \text{V} \)
+\( R_8: \text{VP} \rightarrow \text{V NP} \)
+(where \(\text{Det}\), \(\text{N}\), \(\text{Prep}\) and \(\text{V}\) are the only pre-terminals), complemented by an adequate lexicon \(L_1\).Assume that the grammar \(G_1\) has been associated with a valid choice of probabilistic coefficients, but then needs to be converted into an equivalent SCFG in extended Chomsky Normal form.Is it possible to derive the stochastic coefficients of the grammar resulting from the conversion from the ones of \(G_1\)?","['Yes', 'No', 'It depends on how the conversion has been done.']",Yes,0
+5000,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Imagine we are injecting a step current in a neuron that receives no other input. In this exercise we investigate how the time of the first spike [mathjaxinline] T [/mathjaxinline] codes for the amplitude of the step current [mathjaxinline] I_0 [/mathjaxinline].,"['[mathjaxinline]\\frac{\\theta - u_{rest}}{RI_0}[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\tau \\ln (1-\\frac{RI_0}{\\theta - u_{rest}})[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] -\\tau \\ln (1-\\frac{\\theta - u_{rest}}{RI_0})[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]-\\tau \\ln (\\frac{\\theta - u_{rest}}{RI_0})[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline]\\tau \\ln (\\frac{RI_0}{\\theta - u_{rest}})[/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] \\tau \\frac{\\theta - u_{rest}}{RI_0}[/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline] -\tau \ln (1-\frac{\theta - u_{rest}}{RI_0})[/mathjaxinline],2
+5001,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"2. Neurons and cells:Neurons are special cells because they are surronded by a membrane.Neurons are, just like other cells, surronded by a membrane.All cells have a membrane.","['Neurons are special cells because they are surronded by a membrane.', 'Neurons are, just like other cells, surronded by a membrane.', 'All cells have a membrane.']","Neurons are, just like other cells, surronded by a membrane.",1
+5002,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,You simulate a network of 5000 neurons and 10000 neurons. In both networks you have randomly selected 500 input connections for each neuron. You observe that the population activity fluctuates around a stationary value.,"['The connectivity in the first network is 10%.', 'The connectivity in the second network is 10%.', 'Since there are twice as many neurons, the value of the stationary population activity increases by a factor of 2 when you compare the network of 10000 neurons with that of 5000 neurons.', 'The value of the average input into one neuron increases by a factor of 2 when you compare the network of 10000 neurons with that of 5000 neurons.']",The connectivity in the first network is 10%.,0
+5004,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"As mentioned before, we assume that only pattern 3 has significant overlap with the initial state [mathjaxinline] m^{\mu\neq 3}(t) = 0 [/mathjaxinline]. With this in mind, how can the input potential [mathjaxinline] h_i(t_0) [/mathjaxinline] be simplified","['[mathjaxinline] h_i(t_0) = \\sum_i^N p_i^3 m^3(t_0) [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] h_i(t_0) = 1 [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] h_i(t_0) = p_i^3 m^3(t_0) [/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline] h_i(t_0) = p_i^3 m^3(t_0) [/mathjaxinline],2
+5005,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,A linear (=passive) membrane has a potential given by [mathjaxinline]u(t) = \sum\limits_{f} \int dt' f(t-t') \delta(t'-t_k^f) + a[/mathjaxinline],"['The filter [mathjaxinline]f[/mathjaxinline] is exponential with time constant [mathjaxinline]\\tau[/mathjaxinline].', 'The constant [mathjaxinline]a[/mathjaxinline] is equal to the time constant [mathjaxinline]\\tau[/mathjaxinline].', 'The constant [mathjaxinline]a[/mathjaxinline] is equal to [mathjaxinline]u_{rest}[/mathjaxinline].', 'The amplitude of the filter [mathjaxinline]f[/mathjaxinline] is [mathjaxinline]q[/mathjaxinline].', 'The amplitude of the filter [mathjaxinline]f[/mathjaxinline] is [mathjaxinline]u_{rest}[/mathjaxinline].']",The filter [mathjaxinline]f[/mathjaxinline] is exponential with time constant [mathjaxinline]\tau[/mathjaxinline].,0
+5008,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Auto-associativememory is involved,"[""if you think of an owl when you think of the word 'bird'"", 'if partial information helps you to recall a complicated concept', 'if a cue helps you to recall a memory.']",if partial information helps you to recall a complicated concept,1
+5010,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Classification by closest prototype,"['needs a similarity measure', 'needs a distance measure', 'needs a method to find the maximum or the minimum.']",needs a similarity measure,0
+5011,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,2. Which of the followings can be correct if [mathjaxinline]u(t)=[50 - 12 e^{-t/17ms}]mV[/mathjaxinline] is a solution of the differential equation above?,"['A step current is switched on at time t=17 ms', 'A step current is switched on at time t=0 ms', 'The resting potential is 12 mV', 'The resting potential is 38 mV', 'The step current leads to a voltage step of 50 mV', 'The step current leads to a voltage step of 12 mV', 'A dirac-delta pulse current occurs at time t=0 ms', 'The resting potential is 50 mV']",A step current is switched on at time t=0 ms,1
+5012,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Is it a local rule? Why?,"['No, because it involves firing rates, instead of the spike trains.', 'No, because it requires to compute several terms.', 'No, because it requires averaging over the spike train in order to extract the firing rate.', 'Yes, because the weight update depends only on the activity of the pre- and post-synaptic neuron.']","Yes, because the weight update depends only on the activity of the pre- and post-synaptic neuron.",3
+5013,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"Assume the weights are  [mathjaxinline]w_{ik}=\frac{w_0}{K} [/mathjaxinline] and the network activity is constant:  [mathjaxinline]A(t) = A_0 [/mathjaxinline].
+
+
+Give an intuitive or mathematical argument for the following relationship:[mathjaxinline]
+\begin{equation}
+I_i \approx w_0 A_0 \int_0^\infty \alpha(s) ds
+\end{equation} 
+    [/mathjaxinline]","[""Assume a population of N = 10'000 neurons. Each neuron receives N input. Each neuron draws N samples from the population. Because we have a homogenous network, all of these samples are statistically the same. We expect the sample mean to equal the population mean."", ""Assume a population of N = 10'000 neurons. Each neuron receives input from K of them. Each neuron draws K samples from the population. Because we have a homogenous network, all of these samples are statistically the same. We expect the sample mean to equal the population mean.""]","Assume a population of N = 10'000 neurons. Each neuron receives input from K of them. Each neuron draws K samples from the population. Because we have a homogenous network, all of these samples are statistically the same. We expect the sample mean to equal the population mean.",1
+5014,15052,Life Sciences Engineering,online,"The escape rate of a neuron model has units one over time.The stochastic intensity of a point process has units one over time.For large voltages, the escape rate of a neuron model always saturates
+     at some finite value.After a step in the membrane potential, the mean waiting time until a spike is fired is proportional to the escape rate.After a step in the membrane potential, the mean waiting time until a spike is fired is equal  to the inverse of the escape rate.The stochastic intensity of a leaky integrate-and-fire model with reset  only depends on the external input current but not on the time of the last reset.The stochastic intensity of a leaky integrate-and-fire model with reset  depends on the external input current AND on the time of the last reset.","['The escape rate of a neuron model has units one over time.', 'The stochastic intensity of a point process has units one over time.', 'For large voltages, the escape rate of a neuron model always saturates\n     at some finite value.', 'After a step in the membrane potential, the mean waiting time until a spike is fired is proportional to the escape rate.', 'After a step in the membrane potential, the mean waiting time until a spike is fired is equal  to the inverse of the escape rate.', 'The stochastic intensity of a leaky integrate-and-fire model with reset  only depends on the external input current but not on the time of the last reset.', 'The stochastic intensity of a leaky integrate-and-fire model with reset  depends on the external input current AND on the time of the last reset.']",The escape rate of a neuron model has units one over time.,0
+5015,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Choose the right definition of the overlap of a pattern [mathjaxinline] m^{\mu}(t) [/mathjaxinline] in a Hopfield network:,"['[mathjaxinline] m^{\\mu}(t) = \\frac{1}{N}\\sum_{\\mu}^N p_i^{\\mu}S_i(t) [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] m^{\\mu}(t) = \\frac{1}{N}\\sum_i^N p_i^{\\mu}S_i(t) [/mathjaxinline]', '[mathjaxinline] m^{\\mu}(t) = \\frac{1}{N}\\Pi_i^N p_i^{\\mu}S_i(t) [/mathjaxinline]']",[mathjaxinline] m^{\mu}(t) = \frac{1}{N}\sum_i^N p_i^{\mu}S_i(t) [/mathjaxinline],1
+5016,15100,Life Sciences Engineering,online,Is this a Hebbian rule? Why?,"['No, because of the negative term [mathjaxinline] - a_4 \\left(\\nu_i^{post} \\right)^4 [/mathjaxinline].', 'Yes, because the second term increases the connections between neurons that spike together.', 'No, because the second term has positive sign.', 'Yes, because the first term can be interpreted like a threshold.']","Yes, because the second term increases the connections between neurons that spike together.",1
+5160,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"A multiset is an unordered collection where elements can appear multiple times. We will represent a multiset of Char elements as a function from Char to Int: the function returns 0 for any Char argument that is not in the multiset, and the (positive) number of times it appears otherwise: type Multiset = Char => Int Assuming that elements of multisets are only lowercase letters of the English alpha- bet, what does the secret function compute? def diff(a: Multiset, b: Multiset): Multiset = \t x => Math.abs(a(x) - b(x)) def secret(a: Multiset, b: Multiset) = \t (’a’ to ’z’).map(x => diff(a, b)(x)).sum == 0","['Checks if b is a subset of a', 'Checks if a and b are disjoint', 'Checks if a is a subset of b', 'Checks if a and b are equal', 'Checks if a and b are empty', 'Checks if a is empty']",Checks if a and b are equal,3
+5169,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"Does the following code compile? given Ordering[Int] with \t def compare(x: Int, y: Int): Int = y - x given Ordering[Int] with \t def compare(x: Int, y: Int): Int = x - y List(1, 2, 3).sorted","['Yes', 'No']",No,1
+5170,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,Does the following code compile? val x = 12 def foo(x: List[Int]): Int = x match \t case Nil => 0 \t case x :: xs => x,"['Yes', 'No']",Yes,0
+5183,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"What should be the type of value ? // list: List[String] list.foldLeft(value)((x, y) => x + y.length)","['List[Int]', 'Int', 'List[String]', 'List[Char]']",Int,1
+5187,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"A multiset is an unordered collection where elements can appear multiple times. We will represent a multiset of Char elements as a function from Char to Int: the function returns 0 for any Char argument that is not in the multiset, and the (positive) number of times it appears otherwise: type Multiset = Char => Int The filter operation on a multiset m returns the subset of m for which p holds. What should replace ??? so that the filter function is correct? def filter(m: Multiset, p: Char => Boolean): Multiset = ???","['x => if m(x) then p(x) else 0', 'x => m(x) && p(x)', 'x => if !m(x) then p(x) else 0', 'x => if p(x) then m(x) else 0']",x => if p(x) then m(x) else 0,3
+5189,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"A monad M is a parametric type M[T] with two operations, flatMap and unit: extension [T, U](m: M[T]) def flatMap(f: T => M[U]): M[U] def unit[T](x: T): M[T] To qualify as a monad, a type has to satisfy the three following laws for all m: M[T], x: T, f: T => M[U] and g: U => M[V]: (Associativity) m.flatMap(f).flatMap(g) === m.flatMap(f(_).flatMap(g)) (Left unit) unit(x).flatMap(f) === f(x) (Right unit) m.flatMap(unit) === m Is List with its usual flatMap method and unit(x) = List(x) a monad?","['Yes', 'No']",Yes,0
+5197,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"What should replace ??? so that the function pairwiseDiffs computes the pairwise differences between elements of xs and elements of ys? def pairwiseDiffs(xs: List[Int], ys: List[Int]): List[Int] = ???","['xs.flatMap(x => ys.map(y => x - y))', 'for x <- xs yield for y <- ys yield x - y', 'xs.map(x => x - ys.sum)', 'for y <- ys; x <- xs yield y - x', 'xs.map(x => ys.flatMap(y => x - y))', 'xs.map(x => ys.map(y => x - y).flatten)']",xs.flatMap(x => ys.map(y => x - y)),0
+5207,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"Does the following code compile? given Ordering[Int] with \t def compare(x: Int, y: Int): Int = 0 List(1, 2, 3).sorted","['Yes', 'No']",Yes,0
+5214,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"Given the following data structure: enum IntSet: \t case Empty \t case NonEmpty(x: Int, l: IntSet, r: IntSet) And the following lemmas, holding for all x: Int, xs: List[Int], ys: List[Int], l: IntSet and r: IntSet: (SizeNil) nil.size === 0 (SizeCons) (x :: xs).size === xs.size + 1 (ConcatSize) (xs ++ ys).size === xs.size + ys.size (TreeSizeEmpty) Empty.treeSize === 0 (TreeSizeNonEmpty) NonEmpty(x, l, r).treeSize === l.treeSize + r.treeSize + 1 (ToListEmpty) Empty.toList === nil (ToListNonEmpty) NonEmpty(x, l, r).toList === l.toList ++ (x :: r.toList) Let us prove the following lemma for all s: IntSet: (ToListSize) s.toList.size === s.treeSize We prove it by induction on s. Induction step: let s = NonEmpty(x', l', r'). Therefore, we need to prove: NonEmpty(x', l', r').toList.size === NonEmpty(x', l', r').treeSize We have two inductions hypothesis for l' and r': (IHL) l’.toList.size === l’.treeSize (IHR) r’.toList.size === r’.treeSize Starting from the left hand-side (NonEmpty(x', l', r').toList.size), what exact sequence of lemmas should we apply to get the right hand-side (NonEmpty(x', l', r').treeSize)?","['ToListNonEmpty, ConcatSize, IHR, IHL, SizeCons, TreeSizeNonEmpty', 'ToListNonEmpty, IHR, ConcatSize, IHL, SizeCons, TreeSizeNonEmpty', 'ToListNonEmpty, IHR, IHL, ConcatSize, SizeCons, TreeSizeNonEmpty', 'ToListNonEmpty, ConcatSize, IHR, IHL, TreeSizeNonEmpty, SizeCons', 'ToListNonEmpty, IHR, ConcatSize, IHL, TreeSizeNonEmpty, SizeCons', 'ToListNonEmpty, ConcatSize, SizeCons, IHR, IHL, TreeSizeNonEmpty', 'ConcatSize, IHR, IHL, ToListNonEmpty, TreeSizeNonEmpty, SizeCons', 'ConcatSize, IHR, IHL, ToListNonEmpty, SizeCons, TreeSizeNonEmpty', 'ConcatSize, IHR, IHL, TreeSizeNonEmpty, SizeCons', 'ConcatSize, TreeSizeNonEmpty, IHR, IHL, SizeCons', 'ConcatSize, IHR, TreeSizeNonEmpty, IHL, SizeCons', 'ConcatSize TreeSizeNonEmpty, IHL, SizeCons,IHR', 'SizeCons, ConcatSize, IHR, IHL, TreeSizeNonEmpty', 'SizeCons, IHR, ConcatSize, IHL, TreeSizeNonEmpty', 'SizeCons, ConcatSize, TreeSizeNonEmpty, ToListNonEmpty', 'SizeCons, IHR, IHL, ConcatSize, TreeSizeNonEmpty, ToListNonEmpty']","ToListNonEmpty, ConcatSize, SizeCons, IHR, IHL, TreeSizeNonEmpty",5
+5216,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the program below. Tick the correct answer. def fun(x: List[Int]) = if x.isEmpty then None else Some(x) val lists = List(List(1, 2, 3), List(), List(4, 5, 6)) for \t l <- lists \t v1 <- fun(l) \t v2 <- fun(v1) yield v2","['This program does not compile.', 'This program compiles and the last statement has type List[Int].', 'This program compiles and the last statement has type List[List[Int]].', 'This program compiles and the last statement has type List[Option[List[Int]]].', 'This program compiles and the last statement has type List[List[Option[Int]]].', 'This program compiles and the last statement has type List[Option[Int]].', 'This program compiles and the last statement has type List[Some[Int]].', 'This program compiles and the last statement has type Some[List[Int]].', 'This program compiles and the last statement has type Option[List[Int]].']",This program compiles and the last statement has type List[List[Int]].,2
+5219,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,"Given the following lemmas, holding for all types A, x: A, b1: Bool, b2: Bool, p: A => Bool, xs: List[A] and ys: List[A]: (ForallNil) nil.forall(p) === True (ForallCons) (x :: xs).forall(p) === p(x) && xs.forall(p) (ExistsNil) nil.exists(p) === False (ExistsCons) (x :: xs).exists(p) === p(x) || xs.exists(p) (NegFalse) !False === True (NegOr) !(b1 || b2) === !b1 && !b2 (NegAnd) !(b1 && b2) === !b1 || !b2 (NegInvolutive) !!b1 === b1 Let us prove the following lemma for all l: List[A] and all p: A => Bool: (ListNegExists) !l.exists(x => !p(x)) === l.forall(p) We prove it by induction on l. Base case: l is Nil. Therefore, we need to prove: !Nil.exists(x => !p(x)) === Nil.forall(p) Starting from the left hand-side (!Nil.exists(x => !p(x))), what exact sequence of lemmas should we apply to get the right hand-side (Nil.forall(p))?","['NegInvolutive, ForallNil, ExistsNil', 'ForallNil, NegFalse, ExistsNil', 'NegFalse, ExistsNil, ForallNil', 'NegFalse, ForallNil, ExistsNil', 'ExistsNil, NegInvolutive, ForallNil', 'ExistsNil, NegFalse, ForallNil', 'ForallNil, NegInvolutive, ExistsNil', 'NegInvolutive, ExistsNil, ForallNil']","ExistsNil, NegFalse, ForallNil",5
+5229,15006,Computer Science,bachelor,Church booleans are a representation of booleans in the lambda calculus. The Church encoding of true and false are functions of two parameters: Church encoding of tru: t => f => t Church encoding of fls: t => f => f What does the following function implement? b => c => b (not c) c,"['not c', 'b xor c', 'b or c', 'b and c', 'not(b and c)']",b xor c,1
+5640,0,Computer Science,master,The little Fermat theorem states that for a prime $n$ and any $b\in \mathbb{Z}_n ^\star$ we have\dots,"['$b^{n-1}\\mod n = 1$.', '$b^{n-1}\\mod n = n$.', '$b^{n}\\mod n = 1$.', '$b^{n-1}\\mod n = b$.']",$b^{n-1}\mod n = 1$.,0
+5641,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion concerning \emph{Bluetooth}.,"['Under reasonable assumptions, pairing is secure if the PIN has high entropy.', 'Under reasonable assumptions, pairing is secure if run through a private channel.', 'Secure pairing with a dummy device requires the user to select a strong PIN.', 'Dummy devices share the same long term key with all paired devices.']",Secure pairing with a dummy device requires the user to select a strong PIN.,2
+5642,0,Computer Science,master,The Diffie-Hellman protocol is \dots,"['a key agreement protocol.', 'a signature scheme.', 'a hash function.', 'an encryption scheme.']",a key agreement protocol.,0
+5643,0,Computer Science,master,The drawback of perfect secrecy is that\ldots,"['it dates from 1948', 'the key has to be as long as the message to encrypt', 'it is not feasible on current computers', 'it is not perfectly secret']",the key has to be as long as the message to encrypt,1
+5644,0,Computer Science,master,The number of permutations on a set of $n$ elements,"['is always greater than $2^n$', 'is approximately $n(\\log n - 1)$', 'can be approximated using the Stirling formula', 'is independent of the size of the set']",can be approximated using the Stirling formula,2
+5645,0,Computer Science,master,Pick the \textit{correct} assertion. Kasiski test can be used to \dots,"['distinguish good students in cryptography classes.', 'break a cipher that provides perfect secrecy.', 'break the ROT13 cipher.', 'break the Vigen\\`ere cipher.']",break the Vigen\`ere cipher.,3
+5646,0,Computer Science,master,Select \emph{incorrect} statement. Complexity analysis of an attack consideres,"['time complexity.', 'memory complexity.', 'probability of success.', 'difficulty to understand a corresponding journal paper.']",difficulty to understand a corresponding journal paper.,3
+5647,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of these is \emph{not} a stream cipher?,"['IDEA', 'RC4', 'A5/1', 'E0']",IDEA,0
+5648,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{correct} assertion regarding GSM.,"['In GSM, the communication is always encrypted.', 'The integrity of GSM messages is well protected.', 'GSM uses the GSME cipher to encrypt messages.', 'In GSM, the phone is authenticated to the network.']","In GSM, the phone is authenticated to the network.",3
+5649,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{wrong} assertion concerning 3G.,"['In 3G, the network is authenticated to the phone.', 'The integrity of 3G messages is well protected.', 'In 3G, there is a counter to protect against replay attacks.', '3G uses f8 for encryption.']","In 3G, the network is authenticated to the phone.",0
+5650,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion. The ElGamal cryptosystem\dots,"['is based on the Discrete Logarithm problem.', 'produces randomized ciphertexts.', 'produces ciphertexts as long as the plaintexts.', 'encrypts messages with limited length.']",produces ciphertexts as long as the plaintexts.,2
+5651,0,Computer Science,master,The Enigma cipher \ldots,"['\\ldots never existed.', '\\ldots was invented by Kasiski.', '\\ldots does not respect the Kerckhoffs principle.', '\\ldots is less secure than the Vernam cipher.']",\ldots is less secure than the Vernam cipher.,3
+5652,0,Computer Science,master,"For $\ell$-bit numbers, the tightest complexity to find the inverse of an integer modulo another ...","['$\\mathcal{O}(\\ell)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\ell^2)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\ell^3)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\ell^4)$.']",$\mathcal{O}(\ell^2)$.,1
+5653,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{correct} assertion.,"['Forward secrecy means that an email should still be encrypted when we forward it to someone else.', 'Forward secrecy means that the communication will remain secure even when the long term secrets keys are disclosed.', 'Semi-static Diffie-Hellman provides forward secrecy.', 'Static Diffie-Hellman provides forward secrecy.']",Forward secrecy means that the communication will remain secure even when the long term secrets keys are disclosed.,1
+5654,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement.,"['Cryptographic primitives used in Bluetooth are provably secure.', 'In WEP, authentication is done with the pre-shared keys.', 'The security of Bluetooth 2.0 pairing is based on PIN.', 'Due to memory limitations, dummy devices can share the same key with everyone.']",Cryptographic primitives used in Bluetooth are provably secure.,0
+5655,0,Computer Science,master,$\mathbb{Z}_n^*$ ...,"['is a multiplicative group of cardinality $\\varphi{(n)}$.', 'is a field of cardinality $\\varphi{(n)}$.', 'is a ring.', 'contains 0 as an element.']",is a multiplicative group of cardinality $\varphi{(n)}$.,0
+5656,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion about a Carmichael number $n$?,"['$n$ is a composite.', '$n-1$ is always prime.', '$n$ often passes the Fermat test.', 'The knowledge of the factorization of $n$ helps to factorize $n-1$.']",$n-1$ is always prime.,1
+5657,0,Computer Science,master,The Davis-Meyer scheme is used to \ldots,"['build a signature using a hash function.', 'build a compression function using an encryption scheme.', 'build a public-key cryptosystem using a block cipher.', 'build a block cipher using a stream cipher.']",build a compression function using an encryption scheme.,1
+5658,0,Computer Science,master,Why do block ciphers use modes of operation?,"['it is necessary for the decryption to work.', 'to be provably secure.', 'to use keys of any size.', 'to encrypt messages of any size.']",to encrypt messages of any size.,3
+5659,0,Computer Science,master,"If we pick independent random numbers in $\{1, 2, \dots, N\}$ with uniform distribution, $\theta \sqrt{N}$ times, we get at least one number twice with probability\dots","['$e^{\\theta ^2}$', '$1-e^{\\theta ^2}$', '$e^{-\\theta ^2 /2}$', '$1-e^{-\\theta ^2 /2}$']",$1-e^{-\theta ^2 /2}$,3
+5660,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion.,"['$\\Big(\\frac{b}{p}\\Big) \\in \\left\\{ -1,0,1\\right\\}$.', '$\\Big(\\frac{ab}{n}\\Big) = \\Big(\\frac{a}{n}\\Big)\\Big(\\frac{b}{n}\\Big)$ for any $n$.', '$\\Big(\\frac{a}{n}\\Big)= \\Big(\\frac{a \\mod n}{n}\\Big)$ for $n$ odd.', ""$\\Big(\\frac{a}{n}\\Big)={\\Big(\\frac{a}{p_1}\\Big)}^{\\alpha_1} \\times \\dots \\times {\\Big(\\frac{a}{p_r}\\Big)}^{\\alpha_r}$, where $n=p_1^{\\alpha_1} \\times \\dots \\times p_r^{\\alpha_r}$, where $p_i$'s are distinct odd primes.""]",$\Big(\frac{ab}{n}\Big) = \Big(\frac{a}{n}\Big)\Big(\frac{b}{n}\Big)$ for any $n$.,1
+5661,0,Computer Science,master,What is the order of 4 in $\mathbf{Z}_{17}$?,"['$1$', '$18$', '$9$', '$17$']",$17$,3
+5662,0,Computer Science,master,"In practice, what is the typical size of an RSA modulus?","['64 bits', '256 bits', '1024 bits', '8192 bits']",1024 bits,2
+5663,0,Computer Science,master,"For two $\ell$-bit numbers, the \textbf{tightest} complexity to compute their multiplication is","['$\\mathcal{O}(\\ell)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\sqrt{\\ell})$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\ell^2)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\ell^2 \\log{\\ell})$.']",$\mathcal{O}(\ell^2)$.,2
+5664,0,Computer Science,master,The one-time pad is\dots,"['A perfectly binding commitment scheme.', 'A statistically (but not perfectly) binding commitment scheme.', 'A computationally (but not statistically) binding commitment scheme.', 'Not a commitment scheme.']",Not a commitment scheme.,3
+5666,0,Computer Science,master,The exponent $\lambda(21)$ of $\mathbb{Z}_{21}^*$ is ...,"['21.', '12.', '6.', '3.']",6.,2
+5667,0,Computer Science,master,Assume Alice and Bob are exchanging messages that are encrypted with the Vernam cipher. Their communication therefore necessarily has \dots,"['confidentiality only.', 'confidentiality and integrity.', 'confidentiality, integrity and authenticity.', 'none of the mentioned properties.']",confidentiality only.,0
+5668,0,Computer Science,master,"You are given a hash function $h$ based on the Merkle-Damg{\aa}rd scheme. Which of the following attacks is the most difficult, \emph{a priori}?","['first preimage attack', 'collision search', 'second preimage attack', 'collision search on the compression function']",first preimage attack,0
+5669,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following attacks makes sense for a MAC:,"['Chosen message attack.', 'Chosen ciphertext attack.', 'Ciphertext only attack.', 'Decryption attack.']",Chosen message attack.,0
+5670,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion regarding the Vigen\`ere cipher \dots,"['the frequency analysis is used to recover the key.', 'the Kasiski test is used to recover the length of the key.', ""it respects Kerckhoff's principle."", 'it provides perfect secrecy in all circumstances.']",it provides perfect secrecy in all circumstances.,3
+5671,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{correct} assertion.,"['The ring $\\mathbb{Z}_{162}$ is isomorphic to the ring $\\mathbb{Z}_{18}\\times\\mathbb{Z}_{9}$.', 'The Chinese Remainder Theorem can be used to speed up the decryption algorithm of the RSA cryptosystem.', 'For any two odd, distinct primes $p,q$ and $x\\in\\mathbb{Z}_{pq}^*$, if the Jacobi symbol $\\left( {x \\over pq} \\right) = 1$, then we necessarily have $\\left( {x \\over p} \\right) = 1$.', 'For any composite $n$, computing a Jacobi symbol $\\left( {a \\over n} \\right)$ is as hard as factoring $n$.']",The Chinese Remainder Theorem can be used to speed up the decryption algorithm of the RSA cryptosystem.,1
+5672,0,Computer Science,master,The exponent of $\mathbb{Z}_{143}^\star$ is\dots,"['$1$.', '$60$.', '$120$.', '$142$.']",$60$.,1
+5673,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement.,"['The identity element of $E_{a,b}$ is the point at infinity.', 'If a point is singular on an Elliptic curve, we can draw a tangent to this point.', '$P=(x_p,y_p)$ and $Q=(x_p,-y_p)$ are the inverse of each other on an Elliptic curve of equation $y^2=x^3+ax+b$.', 'Elliptic curve cryptography is useful in public-key cryptography.']","If a point is singular on an Elliptic curve, we can draw a tangent to this point.",1
+5674,0,Computer Science,master,Diffie-Hellman refers to \ldots,"['a signature scheme.', 'a public-key cryptosystem.', 'a key-agreement protocol.', 'the inventors of the RSA cryptosystem.']",a key-agreement protocol.,2
+5675,0,Computer Science,master,If timeliness is ensured by a communication channel then the channel also provides\ldots,"['liveliness.', 'privacy.', 'freshness.', 'confidentiality.']",liveliness.,0
+5676,0,Computer Science,master,Consider the Rabin cryptosystem using a modulus $N=pq$ where $p$ and $q$ are both $\ell$-bit primes. What is the tightest complexity of the encryption algorithm?,"['$O(\\ell)$', '$O(\\ell^2)$', '$O(\\ell^3)$', '$O(\\ell^4)$']",$O(\ell^2)$,1
+5677,0,Computer Science,master,Let $n$ be an integer. Tick the \emph{true} assertion about the Miller-Rabin Primality Test.,"['If the algorithms outputs $prime$, then $n$ is definitely a prime.', 'If the algorithms outputs $composite$, then $n$ is definitely \\emph{not} a prime.', 'The test can be used to factorize $n$ if it is composite.', 'The test always outputs $prime$ if $n$ is a Carmichael number.']","If the algorithms outputs $composite$, then $n$ is definitely \emph{not} a prime.",1
+5678,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement.,"['The non-deterministic encryption can encrypt one plaintext into many ciphertexts.', 'The non-deterministic encryption always provides perfect secrecy.', 'Plain RSA encryption is deterministic.', 'ElGamal encryption is non-deterministic.']",The non-deterministic encryption always provides perfect secrecy.,1
+5679,0,Computer Science,master,Which mode of operation is similar to a stream cipher?,"['ECB', 'OFB', 'CFB', 'CBC']",OFB,1
+5680,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assertion.,"['The CTR mode of operation transforms a block cipher into a stream cipher.', 'In the CTR mode of operation, the initial counter can be reused.', 'In the CTR mode of operation, the $i$-th value of the counter is encrypted and the result is XORed to the $i$-th plaintext block.', 'In the CTR mode of operation, the decryption follows the same algorithm as the encryption.']","In the CTR mode of operation, the initial counter can be reused.",1
+5681,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement.,"['The Discrete Logarithm can be solved in polynomial time on a quantum computer.', 'The ElGamal cryptosystem is based on the Discrete Logarithm problem.', 'The Computational Diffie-Hellman problem reduces to the Discrete Logarithm problem.', 'The Discrete Logarithm is hard to compute for the additive group $\\mathbf{Z}_{n}$.']",The Discrete Logarithm is hard to compute for the additive group $\mathbf{Z}_{n}$.,3
+5682,0,Computer Science,master,"In Bluetooth, the link key $K_{link}$ is ...","['used to generate an epheremal key $K_{init}$.', 'not used to generate the encryption key.', 'used to authenticate devices.', 'the input to the pairing protocol.']",used to authenticate devices.,2
+5683,0,Computer Science,master,Let $n=pq$ where $p$ and $q$ are prime numbers. We have:,"['$\\varphi (n) = n-1$', '$\\varphi (n) = pq$', '$\\varphi (n) = p + q$', '$\\varphi (n) = (p-1) (q-1)$']",$\varphi (n) = (p-1) (q-1)$,3
+5684,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement regarding the Shannon Encryption Model.,"['Key and Message are independent random variables with given distributions.', 'Adversary is limited to seeing only the random variable $Y=C_K(X)$.', 'The adversary may know the distribution of the plaintexts.', 'It satisfies the correctness property such that $\\Pr[C_K^ {-1}(C_K(X))=X]=\\frac{1}{2}$.']",It satisfies the correctness property such that $\Pr[C_K^ {-1}(C_K(X))=X]=\frac{1}{2}$.,3
+5685,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following elements belongs to $\mathbb{Z}_{78}^*$?,"['46', '35', '21', '65']",35,1
+5686,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion. Perfect secrecy \dots,"['is equivalent to the statistical independence of the plaintext and the ciphertext (when seen as random variables).', 'implies that the number of possible keys must be at least as large as number of possible plaintexts.', 'can only be achieved when the plaintexts are uniformly distributed.', 'is achieved when we use generalized Vernam cipher in the group $(\\mathbb{Z}_{2016},+)$.']",can only be achieved when the plaintexts are uniformly distributed.,2
+5687,0,Computer Science,master,The Davies-Meyer construction is,"['a method of iterating a hash function to obtain a compression function.', 'a method of iterating a compression function to obtain a hash function.', 'a method of constructing a compression function from a block cipher.', 'a method of constructing a block cipher function from a hash function.']",a method of constructing a compression function from a block cipher.,2
+5688,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement. Moore's Law ...,"['is partly a reason why some existing cryptosystems are insecure.', 'was stated by the founder of Intel.', 'assumes the number of transistors per CPU increases exponentially fast with time.', 'implies that the heat generated by transistors of CPU doubles every 18 months.']",implies that the heat generated by transistors of CPU doubles every 18 months.,3
+5689,0,Computer Science,master,Using a salt in a password authentication protocol\dots,"['adds more spice in the protocol.', 'avoids single-target and multi-target bruteforce attacks.', '\\textbf{requires} the salt to be encrypted in the database.', 'avoids multi-target but not single-target bruteforce attacks.']",avoids multi-target but not single-target bruteforce attacks.,3
+5690,0,Computer Science,master,The elements of $\mathbf{Z}_{14}^*$ are,"['$\\{ 0, 1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13\\}$', '$\\{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13\\}$', '$\\{ 1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13\\}$', '$\\{ 1, 2, 3, 9, 11 \\}$']","$\{ 1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13\}$",2
+5691,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement. ECDSA,"['is a shortcut for Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm.', 'uses a field of finite cardinality.', 'is defined by parameters $a$, $b$ which define the Elliptic curve equation.', 'is insecure if the Elliptic curve equation is known to the attacker.']",is insecure if the Elliptic curve equation is known to the attacker.,3
+5692,0,Computer Science,master,Stream ciphers\dots,"['\\dots are intended to be implemented in software.', '\\dots are more secure than block ciphers, in general.', '\\dots use a key to encrypt and a \\emph{different} key to decrypt.', '\\dots are based on the Vernam cipher.']",\dots are based on the Vernam cipher.,3
+5693,0,Computer Science,master,"If we have a $n$-bit key, the attack phase with time-memory tradeoff will roughly have\dots","['a time complexity of $1$ (constant).', 'a time complexity of $2^{\\frac{2}{3}n}$', 'a time complexity of $2^{\\frac{n}{2}}$', 'a time complexity of $2^{n}$']",a time complexity of $2^{\frac{2}{3}n}$,1
+5694,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement.,"['RSA can be accelerated by using CRT (Chinese Remainder Theorem).', 'An isomorphism is defined as a bijective homomorphism.', 'The CRT states $\\mathbb{Z}_{mn} \\equiv \\mathbb{Z}_{m} \\cup \\mathbb{Z}_{n}$.', 'The CRT implies $\\varphi(mn)=\\varphi(m)\\varphi(n)$ for $\\mathsf{gcd}(m,n)=1$.']",The CRT states $\mathbb{Z}_{mn} \equiv \mathbb{Z}_{m} \cup \mathbb{Z}_{n}$.,2
+5695,0,Computer Science,master,What is the advantage of using a salt in a password authentication protocol?,"['It protects against online attacks.', 'It avoids multi-target bruteforce attacks from the database.', 'It avoids single-target exhaustive search attacks from the database.', 'It makes the protocol more spicy.']",It avoids multi-target bruteforce attacks from the database.,1
+5696,0,Computer Science,master,Exhaustive search on 128 bits is done within ...,"['a month.', 'a year.', 'the lifespan of a giant turtle.', 'more than the lifespan of our universe.']",more than the lifespan of our universe.,3
+5697,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of these is the least memory consuming attack?,"['Exhaustive search.', 'Dictionnary attack.', 'Time-memory tradeoff.', 'Time-memory tradeoff with a rainbow table.']",Exhaustive search.,0
+5698,0,Computer Science,master,"Given $n=pq$ with $p,q$ being two odd, distinct primes, the problem of computing $\varphi(n)$ is equivalent to\ldots","['computing square roots in $\\mathbb{Z}_n^*$.', 'computing exponentials in $\\mathbb{Z}_n^*$.', 'computing discrete logarithm in $(\\mathbb{Z}_n,+)$.', 'computing modular inverses in $\\mathbb{Z}_n^*$.']",computing square roots in $\mathbb{Z}_n^*$.,0
+5699,0,Computer Science,master,Select \emph{incorrect} statement. The birthday paradox,"['implies that in class of $23$ students we have two student with same birthday with approximately $50\\%$ probability.', 'can be used to find collisions in hash function.', 'implies that in a list of $\\Theta\\sqrt{N}$ random numbers from $\\mathbb{Z}_N$ we have at least one number twice with probability $1- e^{-{\\Theta^2\\over 2}}$.', 'implies that majority of people is born at full moon.']",implies that majority of people is born at full moon.,3
+5700,0,Computer Science,master,PKCS\#1.5 is based on\dots,"['Diffie-Hellman.', 'RSA.', 'ElGamal.', 'DES.']",RSA.,1
+5701,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider a hash-based commitment scheme defined as $\mathrm{Commit}(x;r)=H(r\|x),(x,r)$ for a hash function $H$. Which security property of the commitment scheme is violated if $H$ is \textit{not} collision resistant. \ldots","['Resistance against second-preimage attack.', 'Resistance against key-recovery attack.', 'Hiding property.', 'Binding property.']",Binding property.,3
+5702,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assumption.,"['In GSM, the network chooses which encryption algorithm should be use.', 'In GSM, the subscriber integrity key $K_i$ is securely stored in the SIM card.', 'In GSM, the mobile phone has to authenticate to the network.', 'In GSM, the network has to authenticate to the phone.']","In GSM, the network has to authenticate to the phone.",3
+5703,0,Computer Science,master,Select \emph{incorrect} statement. The complexity analysis usually considers,"['worst case complexity of the attack.', 'average case of the attack.', 'best case complexity of the attack.', 'none of the above.']",best case complexity of the attack.,2
+5705,0,Computer Science,master,Which scheme is the most secure?,"['DES.', 'Two-key triple DES.', 'Three-key triple DES.', 'Double DES.']",Three-key triple DES.,2
+5706,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion concerning WPA-TKIP.,"['WPA-TKIP uses a fixed RC4 key.', 'WPA-TKIP avoids replay attacks using a counter.', 'WPA-TKIP provides much more confidentiality than WEP.', ""WPA-TKIP doesn't protect well the integrity of the messages.""]",WPA-TKIP uses a fixed RC4 key.,0
+5707,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion.,"['$\\epsilon$-universal hash functions can be used universally, i.e., in any cryptographic application.', '$\\epsilon$-universal hash functions are families of functions.', 'An $\\epsilon$-XOR-universal hash function $h_k$, for given $x,y$, $x \\neq y$ satisfies that for any $a$ $\\Pr[h_k(x)\\oplus h_k(y) = a] \\leq \\epsilon$ over a random $k$.', '$\\epsilon$-universal hash functions are used in WC-MAC.']","$\epsilon$-universal hash functions can be used universally, i.e., in any cryptographic application.",0
+5708,0,Computer Science,master,Suppose we have the binary plaintext $0011$ and we encrypt it with the Vernam cipher and the binary key $0101$. The ciphertext is\dots,"['$0110$.', '$1000$.', '$0111$.', '$0001$.']",$0110$.,0
+5709,0,Computer Science,master,The Generic Collision Search Algorithm is based on ...,"['the Dictionary Attack.', 'Birthday Paradox.', 'the simulation of quantum state on a standard machine.', ""Murphy's Law.""]",Birthday Paradox.,1
+5710,0,Computer Science,master,Let $n=pq$ with $p$ and $q$ distinct odd primes. Tick the \emph{true} assertion.,"['For any $x \\in \\mathbb{Z}_n^*$, we have $x^{(p-1)(q-1)} \\equiv 1 \\pmod{n}$.', 'For any $x \\in \\mathbb{Z}_n^*$, we have $x^{p+q} \\equiv 1 \\pmod{n}$.', 'For any $x \\in \\mathbb{Z}_n^*$, we have $x^{pq+1} \\equiv 1 \\pmod{n}$.', 'For any $x \\in \\mathbb{Z}_n^*$, we have $x^{pq-1} \\equiv 1 \\pmod{n}$.']","For any $x \in \mathbb{Z}_n^*$, we have $x^{(p-1)(q-1)} \equiv 1 \pmod{n}$.",0
+5711,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{correct} assertion. In ElGamal $\ldots$,"['the encryption algorithm is deterministic.', 'the key recovery problem is equivalent to the Computational Diffie Hellman problem.', 'the size of the ciphertext is always bigger than the size of the corresponding plaintext.', 'the decryption problem can be hard even if the discrete logarithm is easy to compute in the underlying group.']",the size of the ciphertext is always bigger than the size of the corresponding plaintext.,2
+5712,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $E_{a,b}(\mathrm{GF}(p))$ be non-singular elliptic curve with prime order, with $p$ a 256-bit prime and let $P,Q,R \in E_{a,b}(\mathrm{GF}(p)) \backslash \{\mathcal{O}\}$ such that $R=aP$ for an integer $a > 0$. Tick the \textit{correct} assertion.","['It is hard to subtract $P$ from $Q$.', 'The point at infinity $\\mathcal{O}$ does not have any inverse point.', 'Given $P$ and $R$, it is hard to recover $a$.', 'To compute the point $P+Q$, we just have to compute $(x_P+x_Q \\bmod{p}, y_P+y_Q \\bmod{p})$.']","Given $P$ and $R$, it is hard to recover $a$.",2
+5714,0,Computer Science,master,One-time pad ...,"['never uses a key $K$ which is picked from a uniform distribution.', 'pads the message at least once before encryption.', 'allows an efficient key management.', 'uses an invertible group operation such as ``$\\oplus$"" for encryption.']","uses an invertible group operation such as ``$\oplus$"" for encryption.",3
+5715,0,Computer Science,master,Why is it not recommended to use plain RSA in practice?,"['because of quantum computers.', 'because of the length of the public keys.', 'because of the trapdoor one-wayness of the RSA function.', 'because of the homomorphic property of the RSA function.']",because of the homomorphic property of the RSA function.,3
+5716,0,Computer Science,master,The multiplication of two quadratic residues ...,"['is not a quadratic residue.', 'is always a quadratic residue.', 'can be either a quadratic residue or not.', 'is non-invertible.']",is always a quadratic residue.,1
+5717,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{correct} assertion.,"['The WEP protocol is secure.', 'The Signal protocol ensures forward secrecy.', 'The pairing protocol of Bluetooth 2.0 is secure against passive attacks even if the PIN has 2 digits.', 'Both 2$^{\\mathrm{nd}}$ and 3$^{\\mathrm{rd}}$ generation of mobile network (2G and 3G) have good network authentication.']",The Signal protocol ensures forward secrecy.,1
+5718,0,Computer Science,master,The Merkle-D{\aa}mgard construction is,"['a method which iterates a hash function to obtain a compression function.', 'a method which iterates a compression function to obtain a hash function.', 'a method which constructs a compression function from a block cipher.', 'a method which constructs a block cipher function from a hash function.']",a method which iterates a compression function to obtain a hash function.,1
+5719,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion.,"['We can establish secure communication with the help of a secure third party.', 'Unless the manufacturer of our hardware is honest, our communication is not secure.', 'Clients either have to update their certificate revocation lists regularly or use OCSP to securely validate certificates.', 'In a network of $n$ users, we need to have $\\approx n^2$ pre-shared symmetric keys to use Kerberos.']","In a network of $n$ users, we need to have $\approx n^2$ pre-shared symmetric keys to use Kerberos.",3
+5720,0,Computer Science,master,The Fermat Test outputs `maybe prime' with probability which may be high given though $n$ is composite when ...,"['$n$ is an even composite.', '$n$ is a Fermat number.', '$n$ is the multiplication of two primes.', '$n$ is a Carmichael number.']",$n$ is a Carmichael number.,3
+5721,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of these is \emph{not} a skeleton used to design block ciphers?,"['a Feistel scheme', 'a Subsitution-permutation network', 'a Merkle-Damg{\\aa}rd construction', 'a Lay-Massey Scheme']",a Merkle-Damg{\aa}rd construction,2
+5722,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{minimal} requirements on a channel for performing a Diffie-Hellman key exchange securely. The channel must\dots,"['be authenticated, confidential and protect the integrity.', 'protect the integrity.', 'be confidential.', 'be authenticated and protect the integrity.']",be authenticated and protect the integrity.,3
+5723,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion.,"['In a public key certificate, the secret key of the Certificate Authority is used to sign the certificates.', 'In Kerberos, the authentication server shares a key only with the client.', 'In a semi-authenticated channel, only one participant authenticates to the other.', 'The certified revocation list is released by a Certificate Authority with the aim of blacklisting compromised certificates.']","In a semi-authenticated channel, only one participant authenticates to the other.",2
+5724,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion. In order to ensure message sequentiality \ldots,"['the participants can acknowledge the receipt of every message.', 'we can use TLS.', 'the messages that are sent contain an authenticated sequence number.', 'we make sure the participants finish with the same last message.']",we make sure the participants finish with the same last message.,3
+5725,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider the plain Rabin cryptosystem with modulus $n=pq$ with two large primes $p,q$. Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion.","['The encryption algorithm has lower complexity than the decryption algorithm.', 'The decryption problem is equivalent to the problem of computing square roots in $\\mathbb{Z}_n^*$.', 'Without using any redundancy in the messages, for every ciphertexts we can have up to 3 possible plaintexts.', 'The key recovery problem is equivalent to the problem of factoring $n$.']","Without using any redundancy in the messages, for every ciphertexts we can have up to 3 possible plaintexts.",2
+5726,0,Computer Science,master,What should the minimal length of the output of a hash function be to provide security against \emph{collision attacks} of $2^{256}?$,"['$2^{256}$ bits.', '$2^{512}$ bits.', '$256$ bits.', '$512$ bits.']",$512$ bits.,3
+5727,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{correct} statement.,"['$\\mathbb{Z}_{pq}$ is a field, for $p,q$ primes.', '$\\mathbb{Z}_{p^q}$ is a field, for $p$ prime $q$ integer.', '$GF(pq)$ is a field, for $p,q$ primes.', '$GF(p^q)$ is a field, for $p$ prime $q$ integer.']","$GF(p^q)$ is a field, for $p$ prime $q$ integer.",3
+5728,0,Computer Science,master,Let $G$ be a group generated by $g$. What is the discrete logarithm problem?,"['find $y$ such that $g^x=y$ for a given $x$.', 'find $x$ such that $g^x=y$ for a given $y$.', 'find $x,y$ such that $g^x=y$.', ""find $x,x'$ such that $g^x=g^{x'}$ and $x\\ne x'$.""]",find $x$ such that $g^x=y$ for a given $y$.,1
+5729,0,Computer Science,master,Bluetooth is \dots,"['a long-range wireless technology.', 'first introduced by vikings.', '\\emph{not} designed to transmit data.', 'a short-range wireless technology.']",a short-range wireless technology.,3
+5730,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \emph{false} answer. In a group, the operation\dots","['is commutative', 'is associative.', 'has a neutral element.', 'associates an inverse to each value.']",is commutative,0
+5732,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion.,"['Termination fairness can be ensured using a Keep-in-Touch Protocol.', 'Termination fairness might be critical when signing a contract over the internet.', 'When timeliness is guaranteed, termination fairness is trivial.', 'A synchronization 2-party protocol sending no more than 2 messages can achieve termination fairness.']",A synchronization 2-party protocol sending no more than 2 messages can achieve termination fairness.,3
+5733,0,Computer Science,master,"In a bruteforce attack on $N$ keys, when the distribution $D$ of the keys is \emph{known} and when \emph{all keys have a non-zero probability to occur},\dots","['the best strategy is to try each key uniformly at random.', 'the best strategy is to sort each key by decreasing order of likelihood and try them.', 'the \\emph{worst} case complexity depends on the distribution $D$.', 'the \\emph{expected} complexity when using the \\emph{best strategy} is $(N+1)/2$ for all distributions $D$.']",the best strategy is to sort each key by decreasing order of likelihood and try them.,1
+5734,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider a public-key cryptosystem. Let $K_p$, $K_s$, $X$, and $Y$ be respectively the public key, private key, plaintext and ciphertext. Which assertion is \emph{always true}?","['$Enc_{K_p}(Dec_{K_s}(X))=X$', '$Enc_{K_s}(Dec_{K_p}(Y))=Y$', '$Dec_{K_p}(Enc_{K_s}(Y))=Y$', '$Dec_{K_s}(Enc_{K_p}(X))=X$']",$Dec_{K_s}(Enc_{K_p}(X))=X$,3
+5735,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement. Euler Theorem,"['is a generalization of Little Fermat Theorem.', 'states that any $x \\in \\{0, \\dots, N-1 \\}$ and any $k$, we have $x^{k\\varphi(N)+1}=x \\pmod N$, where $N=pq$ for $p$,$q$ distinct primes.', 'gives the basis for polynomial time factoring.', 'allows us to prove that RSA decryption works.']",gives the basis for polynomial time factoring.,2
+5736,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{correct} assertion.,"['In a finite field $K$, every element has exactly two square roots.', 'In a finite field $K$, 1 has exactly one square roots and it is 1.', 'The set of quadratic residues in $\\mathbb{Z}_n$ is a field.', 'An element can have more than two square roots in $\\mathbb{Z}_n$.']",An element can have more than two square roots in $\mathbb{Z}_n$.,3
+5737,0,Computer Science,master,Let $p$ be a prime number and $n$ be an integer. What is the order of $\mathrm{GF}(p^n)$?,"['$p^n$', '$p^n-1$', '$p^{n-1}$', '$1-p^n$']",$p^n$,0
+5738,0,Computer Science,master,"The Murphy Law states that if there is a single security hole in an exposed cryptosystem, then\dots","['hope for the best', 'nobody will look for it', 'nobody will find it', 'someone will ultimately find it']",someone will ultimately find it,3
+5739,0,Computer Science,master,Under which condition is an element $x\in \mathbb{Z}_n$ invertible?,"['$\\mathsf{gcd}(x,\\varphi (n)) = 1$.', '$\\mathsf{gcd}(x,n-1) = 1$.', '$\\mathsf{gcd}(x,n) = 1$.', '$\\mathsf{gcd}(x,n) \\ne 1$.']","$\mathsf{gcd}(x,n) = 1$.",2
+5740,0,Computer Science,master,"In order to achieve a collision resistance equivalent to a $128$ bit key search, the size of the digest must be at least $\ldots$","['$128$ bits.', '$2^{256}$ bits.', '$256$ bits.', '$2^{128}$ bits.']",$256$ bits.,2
+5741,0,Computer Science,master,My Bluetooth device has the PIN 0000. Then\dots,"['the PIN will be hard to guess.', 'the pairing is \\textbf{not} vulnerable to a sniffing attack.', 'the protocol will never be secure.', 'if I do the pairing in a bunker while I am alone, the protocol is secure.']","if I do the pairing in a bunker while I am alone, the protocol is secure.",3
+5742,0,Computer Science,master,"If Alice receives a message proven to be coming from Bob, we say that the message is\dots","['confidential', 'fresh', 'authenticated', 'correct']",authenticated,2
+5744,0,Computer Science,master,Which cryptographic primitive(s) is (are) used in S/Key - OTP ?,"['Only encryption and a hash function', 'Only encryption and a MAC algorithm', 'Only a hash function', 'Only a MAC']",Only a hash function,2
+5745,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $(e,N)$ be the public parameters of the RSA cryptosystem. What is the advantage of taking a \emph{small} value for $e$?","['The complexity of the parameters generation is smaller.', 'The complexity of the encryption step is smaller.', 'The complexity of the decryption step is smaller.', 'The whole system is stronger against several attacks.']",The complexity of the encryption step is smaller.,1
+5746,0,Computer Science,master,The output feedback (OFB) mode of operation \dots,"['requires its nonce to be public and constant to be secure.', 'requires its nonce IV to be constant but secret to be secure.', 'requires its nonce to be new for every plaintext to be secure.', ""doesn't require any nonce.""]",requires its nonce to be new for every plaintext to be secure.,2
+5747,0,Computer Science,master,The probability that a random $\ell$-bit number is prime is roughly ...,"['$\\frac{1}{\\ell \\ln2}\\cdot$', '$\\frac{1}{\\ln2}\\cdot$', '$\\frac{\\ell}{ \\ln{\\ell}}\\cdot$', '$\\frac{1}{2^{\\ell}}\\cdot$']",$\frac{1}{\ell \ln2}\cdot$,0
+5748,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following operation is not part of AES?,"['AddRoundKey', 'SubBytes', 'MixColumns', 'MulRoundKey']",MulRoundKey,3
+5749,0,Computer Science,master,Given that an adversary mounts a known plaintext attack \ldots,"['he can select messages of its choice and ask for encryption of them.', 'he knows pairs of (plaintext, ciphertext).', 'he can observe transmitted ciphertexts and force the receiver to decrypt them.', 'he only sees ciphertexts in transit.']","he knows pairs of (plaintext, ciphertext).",1
+5750,0,Computer Science,master,Let $p$ and $q$ be two distinct prime numbers and let $x \in \mathbf{Z}_{pq}^*$. Which of the following assertion is always true in $\mathbf{Z}_{pq}^*$?,"['$x^{p} = 1$', '$x^{q} = 1$', '$x^{pq} = 1$', '$x^{(p-1)(q-1)} = 1$']",$x^{(p-1)(q-1)} = 1$,3
+5751,0,Computer Science,master,Let $h$ be a cryptographic hash function based on the Merkle-Damg{\aa}rd scheme. The Merkle-Damg{\aa}rd Theorem states that\dots,"['\\dots $h$ is collision-resistant.', '\\dots $h$ is resistant to a first preimage attack.', '\\dots if the compression function is collision-resistant, then $h$ is collision-resistant.', '\\dots if $h$ is collision-resistant, then the compression function is collision-resistant.']","\dots if the compression function is collision-resistant, then $h$ is collision-resistant.",2
+5752,0,Computer Science,master,$\mathbb{Z}_{37}^*$ denotes ...,"['a field.', 'an additive group.', 'a multiplicative group.', 'a ring.']",a multiplicative group.,2
+5753,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} statement.,"['The Legendre Symbol is the generalization of the Jacobi Symbol.', 'The complexity to compute $\\left ( \\frac{a}{n} \\right )$ is $\\mathcal{O}(\\ell^2)$, where $\\ell$ is the length of $a$ and $n$.', 'If $\\left ( \\frac{a}{n} \\right )=1$, then $a$ is a quadratic residue in $\\mathbb{Z}_n^*$.', 'For all $a$ and $b$ ($b$ odd) $\\left ( \\frac{a}{b} \\right )=0$ if and only if $b$ divides $a$.']","The complexity to compute $\left ( \frac{a}{n} \right )$ is $\mathcal{O}(\ell^2)$, where $\ell$ is the length of $a$ and $n$.",1
+5754,0,Computer Science,master,Visual cryptography is a nice visual application of \ldots,"['\\ldots the Vigen\\`ere cipher.', '\\ldots the Vernam cipher.', '\\ldots the Caesar cipher.', '\\ldots ROT13.']",\ldots the Vernam cipher.,1
+5755,0,Computer Science,master,What is $(\frac{9}{43})$?,"['1', '-1', '0', '.209']",1,0
+5757,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement.,"['The order of an element is always multiple of the order of its group.', 'An ideal $I$ of commutative ring $R$ is a subgroup closed under multiplication by all elements of $R$.', 'Given a prime $p$, we have $a^{p} = a$ for every $a \\in \\mathbb{Z}_p$.', 'Any element of order $\\varphi(n)$ is a generator of $\\mathbb{Z}_n^*$.']",The order of an element is always multiple of the order of its group.,0
+5758,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{correct} assertion.,"['The information one can obtain from two ciphertexts from the Vernam cipher using the same key is irrelevant.', 'Given any plaintext space, the Vernam cipher is perfectly secure for any key distribution.', 'Given any plaintext space, the Caesar cipher is perfectly secure for some key distributions.', 'The Vernam cipher is perfectly secure for any plaintext distribution.']",The Vernam cipher is perfectly secure for any plaintext distribution.,3
+5759,0,Computer Science,master,The blockcipher AES \ldots,"['is based on a Feistel scheme.', 'can have a variable block size.', 'should replace DES, as it is more secure than DES.', 'has a round function that consists of the following operations: Expansion, AddBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns.']","should replace DES, as it is more secure than DES.",2
+5760,0,Computer Science,master,The composition of a simple substitution cipher with itself corresponds to \ldots,"['\\ldots a Vigen\\`ere cipher with a key of length 2.', '\\ldots the identity.', '\\ldots another simple substitution cipher.', '\\ldots the Caesar cipher.']",\ldots another simple substitution cipher.,2
+5761,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of these is a closed set?,"['$\\mathbb{Z}$ with the addition.', '$\\mathbb{Z}^\\star$ with the addition.', '$\\mathbb{Z}^\\star$ with the substaction.', '$\\mathbb{Z}-\\{0\\}$ with the division.']",$\mathbb{Z}$ with the addition.,0
+5762,0,Computer Science,master,What is the encryption of the plaintext $1100\ 1011$ under the Vernam cipher using the key $1011\ 0110$?,"['$0111\\ 1101$', '$1000\\ 0011$', '$0111\\ 1001$', '$0101\\ 1101$']",$0111\ 1101$,0
+5763,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assertion.,"['ECDSA uses elliptic curves.', 'PKCS\\#1v1.5 uses plain RSA as an internal routine.', 'An ECDSA signature consists in the message and a pair of elements in $\\mathbb{Z}_n$.', 'Subtraction is hard to perform on an elliptic curve.']",Subtraction is hard to perform on an elliptic curve.,3
+5764,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{correct} statement. The Plain RSA Signature scheme,"['has modulus $N=p^2$.', 'has public modulus $e$ to be selected so that $\\text{gcd} (e, \\varphi(N)) > 1$.', 'allows us to pick a fixed public key exponent like $e=3$ or $e=2^{16}+1$.', 'has a secret modulus $d$ to be selected so that $e+d = 0 \\pmod{\\varphi(N)}$.']",allows us to pick a fixed public key exponent like $e=3$ or $e=2^{16}+1$.,2
+5765,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is an element of $\mathbb{Z}_{60}^*$?,"['49', '30', '26', '21']",49,0
+5766,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following algorithms is \emph{not} a hash function?,"['SHA-1', 'MD5', 'RC4', 'MD4']",RC4,2
+5767,0,Computer Science,master,Pick the \textit{true} statement regarding the Discrete Logarithm Problem.,"['It is computed efficiently if the order of the group is known.', 'It is hard to compute on any group.', 'It seems to be hard for some instances of elliptic curves.', 'It requires a fresh generator $g$ as reusing the generator always breaks the cryptosystem.']",It seems to be hard for some instances of elliptic curves.,2
+5768,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{correct} answer.,"['The dictionary attack needs no precomputation.', 'The dictionary attack has a memory complexity of order 1.', 'The multi-target dictionary attack needs no precomputation.', 'The success probability of the dictionary attack depends on the size of the dictionary.']",The success probability of the dictionary attack depends on the size of the dictionary.,3
+5769,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $H:\{0,1\}^* \rightarrow \{0,1\}^n$ be a hash function and $x_1,x_2\in\{0,1\}^{2n}$ two random different messages. In cryptography, we usually assume that the probability of collision, i.e. $\Pr[H(x_1)=H(x_2)]$, is close to \ldots","['$2^{-\\frac{n}{2}}$.', '$2^{-n}$.', '$2^{-2n}$.', '$0$.']",$2^{-n}$.,1
+5770,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \emph{false} assertion. Given a ring $R$, $R^\star$ is\ldots","['a group.', 'the set of invertible elements in $R$.', '$R-\\{0\\}$.', 'the set of units.']",$R-\{0\}$.,2
+5771,0,Computer Science,master,What is the result of the encryption of \texttt{CRYPTO} using ROT13?,"['\\texttt{SERGEV}', '\\texttt{FUBSWR}', '\\texttt{PELCGB}', '\\texttt{YNULPK}']",\texttt{PELCGB},2
+5772,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement. Bluetooth is,"['a short-range wireless technology.', 'designed both for data and voice transmission.', 'a standard for RFID tags.', 'able to transmit 1Mbit/sec in 10m distance.']",a standard for RFID tags.,2
+5773,0,Computer Science,master,Which cipher is AES?,"['SAFER', 'BLOWFISH', 'RIJNDAEL', 'RC5']",RIJNDAEL,2
+5774,0,Computer Science,master,"In the GSM infrastructure, which of the following entity contains Ki?","['MS (Mobile Station)', 'VLR (Visitor Location Register)', 'SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)', 'TGS (Ticket Granting Server)']",SIM (Subscriber Identity Module),2
+5775,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following algorithms is a stream cipher?,"['FOX', 'IDEA', 'RC4', 'AES']",RC4,2
+5776,0,Computer Science,master,Select \emph{correct} statement. The brute force attack,"[""is always applicable after few years according to Moore's law."", 'should always perform better than any dedicated attack.', 'should have exponential complexity for a good cipher.', 'refers to an attack of an adversary against the holder of secret key.']",should have exponential complexity for a good cipher.,2
+5777,0,Computer Science,master,Consider a public key cryptosystem. The channel used to transmit the public key has to be\dots,"['\\dots encrypted.', '\\dots authenticated.', '\\dots confidential.', '\\dots authenticated and confidential.']",\dots authenticated.,1
+5778,0,Computer Science,master,KEM/DEM refers to\dots,"['an encryption scheme.', 'a digital signature scheme.', 'a commitment scheme.', 'a hash function.']",an encryption scheme.,0
+5779,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion. In order to use the OFB mode of operation for blockciphers securely, the initialization vector (IV) \ldots","['must be unique for every plaintext.', 'can be chosen randomly and sent in clear with the ciphertext.', 'can be a counter.', 'can be set to a constant.']",can be set to a constant.,3
+5780,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement.,"['The cardinality of $E_{a,b}(\\mathsf{GF}(q))$ is bounded by $q+1+2\\sqrt{q}$.', '$E_{a,b}$ is non-singular if $4a^3+27b^2 \\neq 0$ over a finite field of characteristic $p>3$.', 'In $(\\mathsf{GF}(2^k))$, we have $\\mathsf{Tr}(a+b)=\\mathsf{Tr}(a)+\\mathsf{Tr}(b)$.', 'Two Elliptic curves cannot have the same $j$-invariant.']",Two Elliptic curves cannot have the same $j$-invariant.,3
+5781,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion.,"['Using elliptic curves, it is possible to obtain a secure 3-party Diffie-Hellman key-exchange.', 'Cryptographic primitives based on elliptic curves are popular because in general, they require smaller primes than other public-key cryptosystems to be secure.', 'A non-singular elliptic curve $E_{a,b}(\\mathrm{GF}(p^k))$, with $p>3$ a prime and $k$ a positive integer forms a field.', 'Standardized random curves over prime fields are believed to be secure.']","A non-singular elliptic curve $E_{a,b}(\mathrm{GF}(p^k))$, with $p>3$ a prime and $k$ a positive integer forms a field.",2
+5782,0,Computer Science,master,Select \emph{incorrect} statement. The brute force technique against a cipher with key $256$ bits is,"['impossible even if we can compute without burning an energy.', 'impossible since the number of possible keys is too high $2^{256} \\approx 10^{77}$.', ""impossible in future even if we consider Moore's law."", 'feasible using all clusters at EPFL.']",feasible using all clusters at EPFL.,3
+5783,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{weakest} algorithm.,"['A5/4', 'A5/2', 'A5/3', 'A5/1']",A5/2,1
+5784,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion.,"['Plain CBCMAC resists forgery attacks.', 'GCM is a blockcipher mode of operation that provides both confidentiality and authenticity for messages.', 'A message authentication scheme that resists a chosen message forgery attack will also resist a known message forgery attack.', 'HMAC is a message authentication code based on a hash function.']",Plain CBCMAC resists forgery attacks.,0
+5785,0,Computer Science,master,The Moore law,"['implies the key size is doubled every every 18 months to preserve confidentiality', 'says that CPU speed doubles every 18 months', 'has no relevance for cryptography since it only considers speed of computation', 'states that anything that can go wrong will']",says that CPU speed doubles every 18 months,1
+5786,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement. The Bluetooth project aims for,"['low complexity.', 'low power.', 'low cost.', 'low security.']",low security.,3
+5787,0,Computer Science,master,The CRT states,"['$\\mathbb{Z}_{mn} \\equiv \\mathbb{Z}_{m} \\cup \\mathbb{Z}_{n}$', '$\\mathbb{Z}_{mn} \\equiv \\mathbb{Z}_{m} \\setminus \\mathbb{Z}_{n}$', '$\\mathbb{Z}_{mn} \\equiv \\mathbb{Z}_{m} \\cap \\mathbb{Z}_{n}$', '$\\mathbb{Z}_{mn} \\equiv \\mathbb{Z}_{m} \\times \\mathbb{Z}_{n}$']",$\mathbb{Z}_{mn} \equiv \mathbb{Z}_{m} \times \mathbb{Z}_{n}$,3
+5788,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion. The ambiguity issue in the decryption algorithm of the Rabin cryptosystem can be solved by\dots,"['encrypting the message twice.', 'encrypting the message appended to itself.', 'appending some integrity checks to the message before encryption.', 'ensuring that the other possible plaintexts make no sense.']",encrypting the message twice.,0
+5789,0,Computer Science,master,"What is the order of $2^{124}$ in $(\mathbb{Z}_{2^{128}},+)$?","['8.', '$\\varphi(2^{128})$.', '124.', '16.']",16.,3
+5790,0,Computer Science,master,"A constant initialization vector (IV), i.e., same for every plaintext, can be used in the ...","['CTR mode.', 'CBC mode.', 'OFB mode.', 'ECB mode.']",CBC mode.,1
+5791,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement. Problems in Bluetooth includes:,"['integrity protection is void.', 'messages can be erased in radio channel.', 'privacy protection is weak.', 'the key of E0 cipher can be recovered within a few seconds.']",the key of E0 cipher can be recovered within a few seconds.,3
+5792,0,Computer Science,master,"For $p$ prime and an arbitrary odd $n$, the symbol $\left( {p \over n} \right)$ denotes","['a binomial coefficient.', 'the Legendre symbol.', 'the Jacobi symbol.', 'a fraction.']",the Jacobi symbol.,2
+5793,0,Computer Science,master,Which problem in communication is \emph{not} treated by cryptography?,"['confidentiality', 'integrity', 'authenthication', 'data transmission']",data transmission,3
+5794,0,Computer Science,master,Two-Key Triple-DES is attacked by an algorithm based on ...,"['Birthday Paradox.', 'AES.', 'the Meet-in-the-Middle Attack.', 'the Factoring.']",the Meet-in-the-Middle Attack.,2
+5795,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion.,"['RSA-PSS is a signature scheme.', 'RSA-OAEP is an encryption scheme.', 'The RSA based encryption scheme of the standard PKCS \\#1 v1.5 is vulnerable to a side channel attack.', 'The RSA based scheme ISO/IEC 9796 is an encryption scheme.']",The RSA based scheme ISO/IEC 9796 is an encryption scheme.,3
+5796,0,Computer Science,master,"What are the complexities for the single-target dictionary attacks, when there are $N$ keys?","['Preprocessing: $N$, Memory: $N$, Time: 1', 'Preprocessing: $N$, Memory: $1$, Time: $N$', 'Preprocessing: $1$, Memory: $N$, Time: $N$', 'Preprocessing: $0$, Memory: $1$, Time: $\\sqrt{N}$']","Preprocessing: $N$, Memory: $N$, Time: 1",0
+5797,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion. The Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol \ldots,"['allows two participants to set up a key so that they can communicate securely.', 'requires the hardness of the Discrete Logarithm problem.', 'uses ElGamal encryption in order to establish the key.', 'is easy to break when working on the group $\\mathbf{Z}_{n}$.']",uses ElGamal encryption in order to establish the key.,2
+5798,0,Computer Science,master,In a first-preimage attack \dots,"[""you are given a hash function $h$ and you have to find two messages $m\\neq m'$ such that $h(m) = h(m')$."", 'you are given a hash function $h$ and and a message $m$ and you have to have to find an $x$ such that $h(m)=x$.', ""you are given a hash function $h$ and a message $m$ and you have to find $m'\\neq m$ such that $h(m) = h(m')$."", 'you are given a hash function $h$ and a value $x$ and you have to have to find an $m$ such that $h(m)=x$.']",you are given a hash function $h$ and a value $x$ and you have to have to find an $m$ such that $h(m)=x$.,3
+5799,0,Computer Science,master,Let $a$ and $b$ be two integers of at most $\ell$ digits. What is the complexity of the \emph{extended} Euclidean algorithm?,"['$O(\\ell)$', '$O(\\ell^3)$', '$O(\\ell^2)$', '$O(2^\\ell)$']",$O(\ell^2)$,2
+5800,0,Computer Science,master,Which of these components was not part of the Enigma machine?,"['A reflector', 'A pseudo-random number generator', 'A Rotor', 'A plugboard with a wire connection']",A pseudo-random number generator,1
+5801,0,Computer Science,master,Consider password-based access control. Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion.,"['Double hashing the password can help avoid the problems related to low-entropy passwords.', 'Salt can be used to thwart multi-target attacks.', 'Increasing the delay between authentication attempts can protect from online attacks.', 'Blocking the access after 10 unsuccessful authentication attempts can protect from online attacks.']",Double hashing the password can help avoid the problems related to low-entropy passwords.,0
+5802,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion.,"['The ElGamal encryption is non-deterministic.', 'An ElGamal ciphertext is longer than an ElGamal plaintext.', 'The security of ElGamal is based on the factorization problem.', 'ElGamal uses public and private keys.']",The security of ElGamal is based on the factorization problem.,2
+5803,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement. In ElGamal signature,"['public parameters are a prime number $p$ and a generator $g$ of $\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$.', 'the public key is $K_p = y = g^x$, where $x$ is the secret key.', 'verification checks whether $y^rr^s=g^{H(M)}$ for signature $\\sigma=(r, s)$ of the message $M$ and the hash function $H$.', 'requires a secure channel to transfer the signature.']",requires a secure channel to transfer the signature.,3
+5804,0,Computer Science,master,You are given the task of choosing the parameters of a hash function. What value of the output will you recommend in order to be minimal and secure against second preimage attacks?,"['40 bits', '80 bits', '160 bits', '320 bits']",160 bits,2
+5805,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} answer about the CTR mode of operation.,"['The CTR mode turns a block cipher into a stream cipher.', 'The initial clock value should always start at 0 for the encryption of two successive plaintexts.', 'Encryption and decryption are identical algorithms.', 'It can be used with any secure block cipher.']",The initial clock value should always start at 0 for the encryption of two successive plaintexts.,1
+5807,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion.,"['A signature scheme may provide message recovery.', ""We don't like to use Plain RSA in practice because of its short key-length."", 'In the Rabin cryptosystem, ambiguity in the decryption is prevented by adding redundancy in the plaintext.', 'A trapdoor function is easy to compute in one direction, yet believed to be difficult to compute in the opposite direction without the trapdoor.']",We don't like to use Plain RSA in practice because of its short key-length.,1
+5808,0,Computer Science,master,$\mathrm{GF}(2^k)$ is represented by the set of\dots,"['polynomials of degree at most $k-1$ with binary coefficients.', 'polynomials of degree at most $k-1$ with coefficients in $\\mathbb{Z}_k$.', 'polynomials of degree at most $2^k$ with coefficients in $\\mathbb{Z}$.', 'polynomials of degree at most $2$ with coefficients in $\\mathbb{Z}_k$.']",polynomials of degree at most $k-1$ with binary coefficients.,0
+5809,0,Computer Science,master,Thick the \emph{incorrect} assertion.,"['The goal of SAS-based cryptography is to reduce the length of the string that has to be authenticated.', 'One way to authenticate a SAS is to use your phone.', 'One can obtain a secure channel from a narrowband authenticated channel using SAS-based cryptography.', 'SAS-based cryptography always requires the SAS to be collision-resistant.']",SAS-based cryptography always requires the SAS to be collision-resistant.,3
+5810,0,Computer Science,master,According to the Kerckhoffs Principle:,"['The internal design of a cryptosystem should be public.', 'The internal design of a cryptosystem should \\emph{not} be public.', 'If there is a single security hole in a cryptosystem, somebody will discover it.', 'The security of the cryptosystem should \\emph{not} rely on the secrecy of the cryptosystem itself.']",The security of the cryptosystem should \emph{not} rely on the secrecy of the cryptosystem itself.,3
+5811,0,Computer Science,master,KEM \dots,"['stands for Keyless Encryption Mechanism.', 'is a Korean encryption mechanism.', 'is a symmetric-key algorithm.', 'is a public-key algorithm.']",is a public-key algorithm.,3
+5812,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion. Two-keys triple DES\dots,"['is more secure than double encryption.', 'is less secure than AES.', 'is as secure as a block cipher using a key twice longer.', 'is vulnerable to a certain variant of a meet-in-the-middle attacks.']",is as secure as a block cipher using a key twice longer.,2
+5813,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \emph{false} assertion. Let $X$ be the plaintext, $Y$ be the ciphertext and $K$ be the key.","['The scheme is perfectly secure iff $X$ is independent of $Y$.', 'The scheme is perfectly secure iff for all $x,y$ $ \\Pr[Y=y] \\neq 0 \\Rightarrow \\Pr [X=x | Y =y ] = \\Pr[X=x]\\;.$', 'It is possible to achieve perfect secrecy with $K$ smaller than $X$.', 'Perfect secrecy is too expensive for most of the applications.']",It is possible to achieve perfect secrecy with $K$ smaller than $X$.,2
+5814,0,Computer Science,master,Which key size is not supported by AES?,"['256 bits', '192 bits', '128 bits', '64 bits']",64 bits,3
+5815,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement about Bluetooth.,"['Bluetooth brings various markets together, such as computing and communication.', 'Pairing leads to a long-term key.', 'The discovery protocol uses E0 cipher to ensure privacy.', 'Packets in authentication mode are easily malleable.']",The discovery protocol uses E0 cipher to ensure privacy.,2
+5816,0,Computer Science,master,The block size of AES is of\dots,"['128 bits.', '256 bits.', '512 bits.', '64 bits.']",128 bits.,0
+5817,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following provides no authentication.,"['CBC-MAC.', 'CCM.', 'The one-time pad.', 'HMAC.']",The one-time pad.,2
+5818,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{true} statement regarding $\mathbb{Z}_p^*$, where $p$ is an arbitrary prime number.","['It is a group of prime order when $p>3$.', 'It has $\\varphi(p-1)$ generators.', 'For any $x \\in \\mathbb{Z}_p^*$ we have $x^{p}=1 \\pmod p$', 'It is isomorphic to $\\mathbb{Z}_n^*$ for all $n >0$.']",It has $\varphi(p-1)$ generators.,1
+5819,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement regarding the DES round function.,"['There is an expansion operation $E$ from 32 to 48 bits.', 'A round key is XORed to an internal register.', 'There are $8$ identical S-boxes (substitution boxes) of size $6 \\times 4$.', 'There is a permutation $P$ on 32-bits.']",There are $8$ identical S-boxes (substitution boxes) of size $6 \times 4$.,2
+5821,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following ciphers is based on arithmetics over the finite field $\mathrm{GF}(2^8)$?,"['AES', 'DES', 'A5/1', 'RC4']",AES,0
+5823,0,Computer Science,master,You are given the task to select the size of the prime numbers in order to generate an RSA modulus. Which value would you recommend taking in account both security and efficiency?,"['80 bits', '160 bits', '1024 bits', '2048 bits']",1024 bits,2
+5824,0,Computer Science,master,Ensuring the information integrity means that\dots,"['\\dots the information should not leak to any unexpected party.', '\\dots the information must be protected against any malicious modification.', '\\dots the information should make clear who the author of it is.', '\\dots DES is secure.']",\dots the information must be protected against any malicious modification.,1
+5826,0,Computer Science,master,"Given an odd prime $p$, for any $a \in \mathbb{Z}_p$ the equation","['$x^2 - a = 0$ always has a solution.', '$x^2 - a = 0$ has exactly two solutions.', '$x^2 - a = 0$ has at most two solutions.', '$x^2 - a = 0$ may have four solutions.']",$x^2 - a = 0$ has at most two solutions.,2
+5827,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement regarding 3G.,"['Confidentiality is preserved.', 'Message integrity is preserved.', 'Network is authenticated.', 'It is secure against replay attacks.']",Network is authenticated.,2
+5829,0,Computer Science,master,Let $n$ be an RSA modulus. Tick the \emph{false} assertion.,"['The knowledge of $\\lambda(n)$ allows to factorize $n$.', 'The knowledge of $\\lambda(n)$ allows to recover the RSA secret exponent.', 'The knowledge of $\\lambda(n)$ allows to decrypt any ciphertext encrypted with the public exponent.', 'The knowledge of $\\lambda(n)$ allows to factorize $\\lambda(n)$.']",The knowledge of $\lambda(n)$ allows to factorize $\lambda(n)$.,3
+5830,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of the following notions is not in the fundamental trilogy of cryptography?,"['authentication', 'confidentiality', 'integrity', 'privacy']",privacy,3
+5831,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider a mobile station (MS) with a SIM card associated to a home network (HN). The MS tries to connect to a visited network (VN). In the GSM authentication, who knows the key $K_i$?","['SIM only.', 'SIM and HN.', 'SIM, MS and HN.', 'SIM, MS, VN and HN.']",SIM and HN.,1
+5832,0,Computer Science,master,Select \emph{incorrect} statement. Brithday paradox,"['is a brute force technique.', 'can be implemented with constant memory using Rho ($\\rho$) method.', 'is used to recover the secret key of AES in $2^{64}$ computations.', 'can be implemented using a table of size $\\Theta\\sqrt{N}$']",is used to recover the secret key of AES in $2^{64}$ computations.,2
+5833,0,Computer Science,master,Select \emph{incorrect} statement.,"['The high entropy of password is ensured by hashing the password before storing.', 'A random salt provides some level of protection against dictionary attack.', 'A password of length $8$ characters should contain non-alphanumerical characters in order to be non-recoverable by brute force.', 'A special purpose device can recover $56$ bit passwords in a matter of minutes.']",The high entropy of password is ensured by hashing the password before storing.,0
+5834,0,Computer Science,master,Which one is a stream cipher?,"['RSA', 'MD5', 'AES', 'RC4']",RC4,3
+5835,0,Computer Science,master,The Kerckhoffs principle says:,"['security should not rely on the secrecy of the key.', 'the speed of CPUs doubles every 18 months', 'cryptosystems must be published.', 'security should not rely on the secrecy of the cryptosystem itself.']",security should not rely on the secrecy of the cryptosystem itself.,3
+5836,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{correct} assertion. The Vernam cipher provides \dots,"['authenticity.', 'integrity.', 'confidentiality.', 'none of the mentioned properties.']",confidentiality.,2
+5837,0,Computer Science,master,"Given a generic hash function $h$, which of the following attacks has the lowest complexity?","['first preimage attack', 'collision search', 'second preimage attack', 'multi-collision search']",collision search,1
+5838,0,Computer Science,master,What is the average complexity of exhaustive search when the key is distributed uniformly at random over $N$ keys?,"['$\\log N$', '$2^N$', '$\\frac{N+1}{2}$', '$\\sqrt{N}$']",$\frac{N+1}{2}$,2
+5839,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of the following encryption method is a simple substitution cipher?,"['Vigen\\`ere cipher', 'the Vernam cipher.', 'the Caesar cipher.', 'Enigma']",the Caesar cipher.,2
+5840,0,Computer Science,master,What is the main reason for not using the Vernam cipher?,"['The encryption step is too costly.', 'This cipher does not guarantee the integrity.', 'Generation of randomness and the exchange of keys are too costly.', 'This cipher violates the Kerckhoffs principle.']",Generation of randomness and the exchange of keys are too costly.,2
+5841,0,Computer Science,master,Select \emph{incorrect} statement. Generic attacks on DES include,"['time memory tradeof against 2 key Triple DES.', 'collision attack against 3 key Triple DES.', 'meet in the middle attack against 3 key Triple DES.', 'known plaintext attack by Van Oorschot-Wiener agains 2 key Triple DES.']",collision attack against 3 key Triple DES.,1
+5842,0,Computer Science,master,AES\dots,"['\\dots has a variable key length \\emph{and} a variable block length.', '\\dots has a variable key length \\emph{and} a fixed block length.', '\\dots has a fixed key length \\emph{and} a variable block length.', '\\dots has a fixed key length \\emph{and} a fixed block length.']",\dots has a variable key length \emph{and} a fixed block length.,1
+5843,0,Computer Science,master,Select \emph{incorrect} statement. The Extended Euclid algorithm,"['is used in the encryption algorithm of the ElGamal cryptosystem.', ""can be used to compute gcd's."", 'can be used to compute inverses.', 'has polynomial complexity.']",is used in the encryption algorithm of the ElGamal cryptosystem.,0
+5844,0,Computer Science,master,"Because of Moore's law, we have to\dots","['double the size of the symmetric keys we use every 18 months.', 'increase the size of the symmetric keys we use by 1 bit every 18 months.', 'change an AES key every 18 months.', 'stop using AES by 2012.']",increase the size of the symmetric keys we use by 1 bit every 18 months.,1
+5845,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion about Bluetooth.,"['The Bluetooth Pairing does not rely on any public key algorithm.', 'When connecting a dummy device to a normal device, the normal device generates the link key.', 'The range of the encryption keys used goes from 8 to 128 bits.', 'After the pairing protocol, two bluetooth devices share a common secret key.']","When connecting a dummy device to a normal device, the normal device generates the link key.",1
+5846,0,Computer Science,master,"Given that $100000000003$ is prime, what is the cardinality of $\mathbf{Z}_{200000000006}^*$?","['$2$', '$100000000002$', '$100000000003$', '$200000000006$']",$100000000002$,1
+5847,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement. Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman is,"['based on the difficulty of factoring the polynomial of EC.', 'based on the difficulty of computing the discrete logarithm in EC.', 'used in Bluetooth 2.1.', 'used for epassports.']",based on the difficulty of factoring the polynomial of EC.,0
+5849,0,Computer Science,master,In which attack scenario does the adversary ask for the decryption of selected messages?,"['Known plaintext attack', 'Chosen plaintext attack', 'Ciphertext only attack', 'Chosen ciphertext attack']",Chosen ciphertext attack,3
+5850,0,Computer Science,master,An element of the finite field $\mathrm{GF}(2^8)$ is usually represented by\dots,"['\\dots one hexadecimal digit.', '\\dots eight bytes.', '\\dots two hexadecimal digits.', '\\dots an irreducible polynomial of degree 8.']",\dots two hexadecimal digits.,2
+5851,0,Computer Science,master,"The number of prime numbers in $\{2,3,\dots ,N\}$ when $N$ increases towards the infinity tends to\dots","['$\\log N$.', '$N/2$.', '$\\sqrt{N}$.', '$\\frac{N}{\\log N}$.']",$\frac{N}{\log N}$.,3
+5852,0,Computer Science,master,Generating public parameters for the ElGamal cryptosystem of about $s$ bits requires a complexity in the order of magnitude,"['$s^2$', '$s^3$', '$s^4$', '$s^5$']",$s^4$,2
+5853,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following cryptographic primitives does \emph{not} use a key?,"['A hash function', 'A block cipher', 'A Message Authentication Code (MAC)', 'A stream cipher']",A hash function,0
+5854,0,Computer Science,master,"To protect against the insecurity of a Bluetooth headset, the best strategy is to\dots","['put it in a metalic bag.', 'Use random 64-bit PINs.', 'switch it off when it is not being used.', 'never leave it unattended.']",never leave it unattended.,3
+5855,0,Computer Science,master,LFSRs are used within \ldots,"['IDEA', 'A5/1', 'AES', 'SAFER']",A5/1,1
+5856,0,Computer Science,master,Consider $GF(8)$ defined as $\mathbb{Z}_2[X]/(P(X))$ with $P(x) = X^3 + X + 1$. Compute $X^2 \times (X + 1)$ in $\mathbb{Z}_2[X]/(P(X))$,"['$X^2+X+1$.', '$X^2 + 1$.', '$X^2$.', '$X+1$.']",$X^2+X+1$.,0
+5857,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following algorithms seen in the course has cubic asymptotic complexity in the bit length of the operands?,"['Multiplication', 'Euclidean divison', 'Extended Euclidean algorithm', 'Exponentiation']",Exponentiation,3
+5858,0,Computer Science,master,Let $n$ be a positive integer. An element $x \in \mathbb{Z}_n$ is \emph{always} invertible when \dots,"['$x$ and $n$ are coprime.', '$x$ and $\\varphi(n)$ are coprime.', '$x$ is even.', '$n$ is prime.']",$x$ and $n$ are coprime.,0
+5859,0,Computer Science,master,Which of these attacks applies to the Diffie-Hellman key exchange when the channel cannot be authenticated?,"['Meet-in-the-middle attack', 'Birthday Paradox', 'Attack on low exponents', 'Man-in-the-middle attack']",Man-in-the-middle attack,3
+5861,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} statement. The Caesar Cipher ...,"[""relies on Kerchkoffs's Principles."", ""is broken due to Moore's Law."", 'is insecure due to the Kasiski Test.', 'is equivalent to the Vigen{\\`e}re Cipher with a key of length 1.']",is equivalent to the Vigen{\`e}re Cipher with a key of length 1.,3
+5862,0,Computer Science,master,"Which of the following is an acceptable commitment scheme, i.e., one that verifies the hiding and binding property (for a well chosen primitive and suitable $x$ and $r$):","['$Commit(x;r) = Enc_r(x)$, where $Enc_r$ is a symmetric encryption scheme with key $r$.', '$Commit(x;r) = H(x)$, where $H$ is a hash function.', '$Commit(x;r) = x \\oplus r$, where $\\oplus$ is the bitwise xor operation.', '$Commit(x;r) = H(r\\|x)$, where $H$ is a hash function and $\\|$ denotes the concatenation.']","$Commit(x;r) = H(r\|x)$, where $H$ is a hash function and $\|$ denotes the concatenation.",3
+5863,0,Computer Science,master,The security of RSA is based on the factorization problem. Which of these assumptions will kill RSA?,"['We have a cluster with $2^{10}$ computers, each with the last INTEL Xeon 3.73GHz Dual-Core processor.', 'We have a cluster with $2^{10}$ computers, each with the 16GB of DDR3 RAM.', 'We have the last Apple XServe with 4TB of hard disk.', 'We have a quantum computer.']",We have a quantum computer.,3
+5864,0,Computer Science,master,What is the complexity of generating an RSA modulus of length $2\ell$?,"['$O(\\ell)$', '$O(\\ell^2)$', '$O(\\ell^4)$', '$O(\\ell^8)$']",$O(\ell^4)$,2
+5865,0,Computer Science,master,"In a strong adversarial model against a Message Authentication Code (MAC), the adversary can \ldots","['get samples of authenticated messages.', 'get samples of encrypted messages.', 'request the authentication of several messages.', 'request the encryption of several messages.']",request the authentication of several messages.,2
+5866,0,Computer Science,master,The Enigma cipher \ldots,"['is as secure as the Vernam cipher.', 'is less secure than the Vernam cipher.', 'is more secure than the Vernam cipher.', 'is not a cipher.']",is less secure than the Vernam cipher.,1
+5867,0,Computer Science,master,Let $f$ be any hash function with output domain size $N$.,"['One can find a collision in $f$ in $\\mathcal{O}(\\sqrt{N})$ using almost no memory.', 'One can find a preimage in $f$ in $\\mathcal{O}(\\sqrt{N})$ using $\\sqrt{N}$ memory.', 'One can find a second preimage in $f$ in $\\mathcal{O}(\\sqrt{N})$ using $\\sqrt{N}$ memory.', 'The best collision attack against $f$ runs in time $\\mathcal{O}(N)$.']",One can find a collision in $f$ in $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{N})$ using almost no memory.,0
+5868,0,Computer Science,master,The problems with WEP with 128 bit key originate from,"['RC4 being too slow.', 'an encryption mode weakening RC4.', 'having a short secret key for RC4.', 'usage of stream cipher RC4 instead of a CRC32.']",an encryption mode weakening RC4.,1
+5869,0,Computer Science,master,An involution is,"['a permutation p such that $p(p(x)) = x$ for some $x$', 'a permutation p such that $p(p(x)) = x$ for every $x$', 'any permutation which is not a transposition', 'a non injective function']",a permutation p such that $p(p(x)) = x$ for every $x$,1
+5870,0,Computer Science,master,A 128-bit key ...,"['has 128 decimal digits.', 'is too long for any practical application.', 'provides reasonable security for at least four decades.', 'adresses $n^2$ problem for $n=2^{64}$.']",provides reasonable security for at least four decades.,2
+5871,0,Computer Science,master,Consider a hash function $H$ with $n$ output bits. Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion.,"['Due to birthday paradox, an output collision of $H$ can be found much faster than with running time $2^n$.', 'It is possible to find an output collision of $H$ with $O(2^{\\frac{n}{2}})$ memory and $O(2^{\\frac{n}{2}})$ running time.', 'It is possible to find an output collision of $H$ with $O(1)$ memory and $O(2^{\\frac{n}{2}})$ running time.', 'It is possible to find an output collision of $H$ with $O(2^{\\frac{n}{2}})$ memory and $O(1)$ running time.']",It is possible to find an output collision of $H$ with $O(2^{\frac{n}{2}})$ memory and $O(1)$ running time.,3
+5872,0,Computer Science,master,Which one is \emph{not} a security requirement on hash functions,"['onewayness', 'bijectivity', 'pseudo-randomness', 'collision resistance']",bijectivity,1
+5873,0,Computer Science,master,Enigma,"['was a predecessor of a Turing machine model - a basis of Von Neumann architecture', 'achieves perfect security as was required due to military application', 'follows the Kerkhoffs principle', 'has approximately $2^{256}$ possible keys']",follows the Kerkhoffs principle,2
+5874,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion. In RSA with public key $(e,N)$ and private key $(d,N)$ \ldots","['we can recover $d$ if we can compute square root modulo $N$ efficiently.', '$e=3$ can be a valid choice of the public key-exponent.', 'to decrypt a ciphertext $c$, we compute $c^d \\bmod{N}$.', 'we must have that $\\gcd(e,d) = 1$ to be able to decrypt unambiguously.']","we must have that $\gcd(e,d) = 1$ to be able to decrypt unambiguously.",3
+5875,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion concerning WEP,"['In WEP, encryption is based on RC4.', 'In WEP, IVs repeat themselves too often.', 'In WEP, encryption is based on a block cipher.', 'WPA-TKIP was designed as a quick fix for WEP.']","In WEP, encryption is based on a block cipher.",2
+5876,0,Computer Science,master,Ciphertext stealing ...,"['results in the expansion of the plaintext.', 'prevents the expansion of the ciphertext.', 'requires an additional secret key.', 'steals ciphertext which results in lack of encrypted data.']",prevents the expansion of the ciphertext.,1
+5878,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the non-commutative group.,"['$\\mathbb{Z}_n^*$.', '$S_n$, the set of all permutations over the set $\\left\\{1,2,\\dots,n \\right\\}$.', '$E_{a,b}(K)$, an elliptic curve over a field $K$.', '$\\mathsf{GF}(2^k)^* $ .']","$S_n$, the set of all permutations over the set $\left\{1,2,\dots,n \right\}$.",1
+5879,0,Computer Science,master,Let $n$ be an integer. Which of the following is \emph{not} a group in the general case?,"['$(\\mathbf{R},+)$', '$(\\mathbf{Q}\\setminus \\{0\\},\\times)$', '$(\\mathbf{Z}_n,+ \\pmod{n})$', '$(\\mathbf{Z}_n,\\times \\pmod{n})$']","$(\mathbf{Z}_n,\times \pmod{n})$",3
+5881,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} statement.,"['If $x \\in \\mathbb{Z}_n^*$ has an order of $m$, then $x^i \\equiv x^{i \\pmod{m}} \\pmod{n} $ for all $i\\in \\mathbb{Z}$.', 'For all $x \\in \\mathbb{Z}_n$, we have $x^{\\varphi(n)}\\equiv 1 \\pmod{n}$.', 'For all $n \\geq 2$, $\\mathbb{Z}_n^*$ has order of $n-1$.', 'For all $n \\geq 2$ and all $x \\in \\mathbb{Z}_n$, $x$ is invertible if and only if $x$ divides $n$.']","If $x \in \mathbb{Z}_n^*$ has an order of $m$, then $x^i \equiv x^{i \pmod{m}} \pmod{n} $ for all $i\in \mathbb{Z}$.",0
+5882,0,Computer Science,master,What is $\varphi(48)$?,"['$47$', '$16$', '$24$', '$30$']",$16$,1
+5883,0,Computer Science,master,A5/1 is \dots,"['a stream cipher.', 'a block cipher.', 'a hash function.', 'a MAC.']",a stream cipher.,0
+5884,0,Computer Science,master,Index of coincidence is,"['approximately 0.065 for English language', 'close to 1 for any text in European language', 'approximately 3.80 for random string', 'close to 0 for any string']",approximately 0.065 for English language,0
+5885,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the true assertion.,"['A dictionary attack requires less memory than a time-memory tradeoff.', 'Double-DES succumbs under a Meet-in-the-Middle attack.', 'AES is the ancestor of DES.', 'IDEA has the same round functions as DES.']",Double-DES succumbs under a Meet-in-the-Middle attack.,1
+5886,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} statement.,"['In $\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$, there are $\\varphi(p)$ generators.', '$(\\mathsf{GF}(7)^*, \\times)$ is isomorphic to ($\\mathbb{Z}_7,+$).', 'The probability that $N$ is prime is $\\frac{1}{N\\ln N}$.', 'For any prime power $p^k$, there exists a finite field of cardinality $p^k$.']","For any prime power $p^k$, there exists a finite field of cardinality $p^k$.",3
+5887,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{correct} assertion.,"['MD5 is using a compression function based on the Davies-Meyer scheme.', 'The Keccak hash function is based on the Merkle-Damg{\\aa}rd construction.', 'Plain CBCMAC is resistant to forgery attacks.', 'GCM is an efficient MAC based on the CBC mode.']",MD5 is using a compression function based on the Davies-Meyer scheme.,0
+5888,0,Computer Science,master,"Given an RSA public key, the difficulty of recovering the corresponding private key is based on\dots","['nothing.', 'the discrete logarithm problem.', 'the Diffie-Hellman problem.', 'the factorization problem.']",the factorization problem.,3
+5889,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement. Factoring,"['is a hard problem.', ""can be solved in polynomial time on a standard computer using Shor's algorithm."", 'is an easy problem if we have a fast algorithm for computing an order of an element.', 'is an easy problem if we have a fast algorithm for computing $\\varphi(n)$.']",can be solved in polynomial time on a standard computer using Shor's algorithm.,1
+5890,0,Computer Science,master,The Time-Memory Tradeoff Attack ...,"['is useful for finding a preimage within complexity $O\\big(\\big({\\frac{2}{3}}\\big)^N\\big).$', 'is useful for finding a preimage within complexity $O(N^{\\frac{2}{3}}).$', 'is a dedicated method which works only on SHA1.', 'can be combined with birthday paradox to find the order of the group in RSA efficiently.']",is useful for finding a preimage within complexity $O(N^{\frac{2}{3}}).$,1
+5891,0,Computer Science,master,Which of these plaintexts can be the result of the decryption of \texttt{SERGEV} using a simple subsitution cipher?,"['\\texttt{VERNAM}', '\\texttt{ENIGMA}', '\\texttt{TURING}', '\\texttt{CAESAR}']",\texttt{CAESAR},3
+5892,0,Computer Science,master,"``In any finite group, the order of an element is a factor of the order of the group"" is stated by","['the Lagrange Theorem.', 'the Chinese Remainder Theorem.', ""the Fermat's Little Theorem."", 'the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.']",the Lagrange Theorem.,0
+5893,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $f: \mathbb{Z}_{m n} \rightarrow \mathbb{Z}_m \times \mathbb{Z}_n$ be defined by $f (x) = (x \bmod m,x \bmod n)$. Then $f$ is a ring isomorphism between $\mathbb{Z}_{180}$ and:","['$\\mathbb{Z}_{2} \\times \\mathbb{Z}_{90}$.', '$\\mathbb{Z}_{4} \\times \\mathbb{Z}_{45}$.', '$\\mathbb{Z}_{10} \\times \\mathbb{Z}_{18}$.', '$\\mathbb{Z}_{6} \\times \\mathbb{Z}_{30}$.']",$\mathbb{Z}_{4} \times \mathbb{Z}_{45}$.,1
+5894,0,Computer Science,master,In GSM (2G)\dots,"['the encryption key of A5 is hard-coded in the SIM card.', 'the phone does \\textbf{not} need to authenticate to the network.', 'the integrity of messages is protected.', 'the network does \\textbf{not} need to authenticate to the phone.']",the network does \textbf{not} need to authenticate to the phone.,3
+5895,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion. In a typical (secure) TLS session \ldots,"['the client authenticates himself to the server.', 'the client and the server securely establish a symmetric key.', 'the client first sends the list of accepted cipher suites.', 'the client is sure that he is communicating with an authentic server.']",the client authenticates himself to the server.,0
+5897,0,Computer Science,master,Consider the Vernam Cipher. Let P=0010 1011 and K=1110 0110 and what is C=P $\oplus$ K?,"['0011 0010', '1100 0111', '1100 1101', '1101 0111']",1100 1101,2
+5898,0,Computer Science,master,A Carmichael number $n$ ...,"['is a prime number.', ""will always pass Fermat's test for any $0 < b < n$."", 'verifies that $\\forall b$, $\\mathsf{gcd}(b,n)=1$ implies that $b^{n-1} \\equiv 1 \\ \\pmod n $.', 'will be considered as a prime by the Miller-Rabin algorithm.']","verifies that $\forall b$, $\mathsf{gcd}(b,n)=1$ implies that $b^{n-1} \equiv 1 \ \pmod n $.",2
+5899,0,Computer Science,master,The CBCMAC is \ldots,"['insecure.', 'insecure only when using AES.', 'secure only when using AES.', 'secure.']",insecure.,0
+5900,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $X$ denote the random variable associated to the plaintexts and $Y$ the random variable associated to the corresponding ciphertexts. If a cryptosystem achieves perfect secrecy, then we have that \dots","['$\\Pr [X=x|Y=y] = \\Pr[Y=y]$.', '$\\Pr [X=x|Y=y] = \\Pr[X=x]$.', '$\\Pr [X=x|Y=y] = \\Pr[X=x,Y=y]$.', '$\\Pr [X=x] = \\Pr[Y=y]$.']",$\Pr [X=x|Y=y] = \Pr[X=x]$.,1
+5901,0,Computer Science,master,Forward secrecy implies that \dots,"['the cipher is perfectly secure.', 'even if a long term key is disclosed, the communication remains private.', 'the secrecy of a message depends on the security of the next message.', 'when an adversary forwards an encrypted message to an decryption oracle, the message remains secret.']","even if a long term key is disclosed, the communication remains private.",1
+5902,0,Computer Science,master,Let $\oplus$ denote the exclusive-or ($\mathsf{XOR}$) operation. Tick the \emph{false} assertion.,"['$0\\oplus 0 = 0$', '$0\\oplus 1 = 1$', '$1\\oplus 0 = 1$', '$1\\oplus 1 = 1$']",$1\oplus 1 = 1$,3
+5903,0,Computer Science,master,Which symmetric key primitive is used in WPA2 encryption?,"['RC4 CBC Mode', 'KASUMI ECB Mode', 'MD5 OFB Mode', 'AES CCM Mode']",AES CCM Mode,3
+5904,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{wrong} assertion.,"['If $\\Big(\\frac{b}{n}\\Big)=+$1 for $b \\in \\mathbb{Z}_n^* $, then $b$ is a quadratic residue.', 'If $\\Big(\\frac{b}{p}\\Big)=+$1 for $b \\in \\mathbb{Z}_p^* $, then $b$ is a quadratic residue, where $p$ is prime.', 'If $b$ is a quadratic residue for $b \\in \\mathbb{Z}_n^* $, then $\\Big(\\frac{b}{n}\\Big)=+1$.', 'If $b$ is a quadratic residue for $b \\in \\mathbb{Z}_p^* $, then $\\Big(\\frac{b}{p}\\Big)=+1$, where $p$ is prime.']","If $\Big(\frac{b}{n}\Big)=+$1 for $b \in \mathbb{Z}_n^* $, then $b$ is a quadratic residue.",0
+5905,0,Computer Science,master,Choose the \emph{incorrect} statement,"['The cardinality of an elliptic curve can be bounded using Hasse theorem.', 'Elliptic curves are defined over a finite field.', 'Elliptic curves are defined over an Abelian group.', 'Points on elliptic curves satisfy a cubic polynomial equation.']",Elliptic curves are defined over an Abelian group.,2
+5906,0,Computer Science,master,Let $n$ be an integer. What is the cardinality of $\mathbf{Z}^*_n$?,"['$n$', '$n-1$', '$\\varphi(n)$', '$\\varphi(n-1)$']",$\varphi(n)$,2
+5907,0,Computer Science,master,"During a Bluetooth pairing with a dummy device, \ldots","['the link key is forced to be the unit key.', 'the link key and unit key are totaly differents.', 'there is no key.', 'the unit key is forced to be the link key.']",the link key is forced to be the unit key.,0
+5908,0,Computer Science,master,Let $n$ be any positive integer. Three of the following assertions are equivalent. Tick the remaining one.,"['$\\mathbb{Z}_n$ is a field.', '$\\varphi(n)=n-1 $, where $\\varphi$ denotes the Euler totient function.', '$n$ is a prime power.', 'Any element $x \\in \\mathbb{Z}_n \\backslash \\{0\\}$ is invertible.']",$n$ is a prime power.,2
+5909,0,Computer Science,master,Birthday attacks \dots,"['are used to break Google Calendars.', 'can be used to find collisions in hash functions.', 'are equivalent to exhaustive search.', 'imply that a majority of people is born in Spring.']",can be used to find collisions in hash functions.,1
+5910,0,Computer Science,master,"During a Bluetooth pairing with a dummy device, we assume that \ldots","['the PIN is transmitted securely.', 'the device can use GSM communication.', 'the pairing is made in a bunker.', 'the telephony operator is able to authenticate the device.']",the pairing is made in a bunker.,2
+5911,0,Computer Science,master,What is the worst-case complexity of an exhaustive key search attack against a block cipher having a 64-bit key and 128-bit blocks?,"['$2^{128}$', '$2^{64}$', '$2^{96}$', '$2^{127}$']",$2^{64}$,1
+5912,0,Computer Science,master,What is the number of secret bits in a WEP key?,"['64 or 128 bits.', '40 or 104 bits.', '64 or 128 bytes.', '40 or 104 bytes.']",40 or 104 bits.,1
+5913,0,Computer Science,master,What is the \textbf{minimal} requirement to make the Vigen\`ere cipher perfectly secure.,"['Vigen\\`ere is always perfectly secure.', 'Changing the key after each encryption is enough.', 'Having a key that has the same length as the plaintext is enough.', 'We need to use a uniformly distributed fresh key at each encryption that has the same length as the plaintext.']",We need to use a uniformly distributed fresh key at each encryption that has the same length as the plaintext.,3
+5914,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion. In a multiplicative cyclic group $G$ of order $m > 1$ with neutral element $e_G$ \ldots,"['$\\lambda = m$, where $\\lambda$ is the exponent of $G$.', 'the order of every element $x \\in G$ is $m$.', 'there exists $g \\in G$ that generates the whole group.', 'for any $x \\in G$, we have that $x^m = e_{G}$.']",the order of every element $x \in G$ is $m$.,1
+5915,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of the following notions means that ``the information must be protected against any malicious modification''?,"['privacy.', 'integrity.', 'confidentiality.', 'reliability.']",integrity.,1
+5916,0,Computer Science,master,The entropy $H(X)$ of random variable $X$ is,"['always strictly greater than $0$', 'strictly less than $0$ if and only if $X$ is constant', 'always between $0$ and $1$; it is $0$ or $1$ only for a deterministic process', 'equal to $1$ for a flip of an unbiased coin']",equal to $1$ for a flip of an unbiased coin,3
+5917,0,Computer Science,master,Confidentiality means that:,"['the message can be read by anyone.', 'information should not leak to any unexpected party.', 'the message should make clear who the author is.', 'the information must be protected against any malicious modification.']",information should not leak to any unexpected party.,1
+5918,0,Computer Science,master,MAC stands for,"['Message Access Control', 'Mutually Authenticated Code', 'Message Authentication Code', 'the name of the Scotish inventor']",Message Authentication Code,2
+5919,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following acronyms does not designate a mode of operation?,"['CBC', 'CTR', 'CRC', 'ECB']",CRC,2
+5920,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider a MAC defined by $\mathsf{MAC}: \{0,1\}^* \times \{0,1\}^k \mapsto \{0,1\}^n$. The complexity of a generic key recovery attacks against $\mathsf{MAC}$ is \ldots","['$2^{k/2}$', '$2^k$', '$2^{n/2}$', '$2^n$']",$2^k$,1
+5922,0,Computer Science,master,What is the decryption of the ciphertext ``UIZVQYI'' under the Vigen\`ere cipher using the key ``DEER''?,"[""``REVENGE''"", ""``REVENUE''"", ""``REVERSE''"", ""``REMORSE''""]",``REVENUE'',1
+5923,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement. The brute force attack \dots,"[""can be applicable after decades according to Moore's law."", 'can break a cipher with a $128$-bit key on your PC today.', 'has higher worst case complexity than average case complexity.', 'refers to a way of getting the secret key, exhaustively.']",can break a cipher with a $128$-bit key on your PC today.,1
+5925,0,Computer Science,master,Finding collisions on a set of N elements ...,"['requires the storage of size $ \\Omega(N).$', 'requires time $ O({N}^{\\frac{1}{3}}).$', 'can be done with the storage of size $O(1).$', 'is doable for $N=2^{256}$.']",can be done with the storage of size $O(1).$,2
+5926,0,Computer Science,master,WEP \dots,"['provides good confidentiality.', 'provides good message integrity.', 'provides good authentication.', 'is badly broken.']",is badly broken.,3
+5927,0,Computer Science,master,The DES key schedule\dots,"['\\dots is based on a Feistel scheme.', '\\dots takes as an input a key of 128 bits.', '\\dots generates 16 subkeys.', '\\dots in only used during the encryption phase, not during the decryption phase.']",\dots generates 16 subkeys.,2
+5929,0,Computer Science,master,To obtain a security of $2^{80}$ in a hash function against collisions one needs a hash output of size,"['$80$ bits.', '$40$ bits.', '$120$ bits.', '$160$ bits.']",$160$ bits.,3
+5930,0,Computer Science,master,Which assumption(s) is (are) required during the exchange of a key which will be used by a block cipher?,"['Nothing.', 'Authentication.', 'Authentication and integrity.', 'Confidentiality.']",Confidentiality.,3
+5931,0,Computer Science,master,How many generators do we have in a group of order $13$?,"['13.', '12.', '6.', '2.']",12.,1
+5933,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{asymmetric} primitives.,"['Digital Signatures', 'MACs', 'Stream Ciphers', 'Block Ciphers']",Digital Signatures,0
+5934,0,Computer Science,master,Let $a$ and $b$ be two positive integers used as input of the Euclid algorithm. What is the output of this algorithm?,"['$a^b$', '$\\gcd(a,b)$', '$a \\cdot b$', '$a/b$']","$\gcd(a,b)$",1
+5935,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following attacks needs no precomputation.,"['Exhaustive search.', 'Dictionary attack.', 'Meet-in-the-middle attack.', 'A time memory tradeoff.']",Exhaustive search.,0
+5936,0,Computer Science,master,"In RSA, we use CRT ...","['to speedup encryption.', 'to speedup decryption.', 'since it is necessary operation of the primitive.', 'to prove security.']",to speedup decryption.,1
+5937,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of these is \emph{not} a hard computational problem?,"['Factoring.', 'Extracting square roots.', 'Computing the Jacobi symbol.', 'Computing the discrete log.']",Computing the Jacobi symbol.,2
+5938,0,Computer Science,master,"Select the \textbf{most accurate} answer. For a hash function to be secure (\textbf{but still efficient}) against collision attacks in 2015, the output length should be\dots","['around 80 bits.', 'around 160 bits.', 'around 512 bits.', 'around 1024 bits.']",around 160 bits.,1
+5939,0,Computer Science,master,The decryption algorithm of the ElGamal cryptosystem in a group with an $s$-bit order requires a complexity of (\textbf{Tick the most accurate answer}),"['$\\mathcal{O}(s^2)$', '$\\mathcal{O}(s^3)$', '$\\mathcal{O}(s^4)$', '$\\mathcal{O}(s)$']",$\mathcal{O}(s^3)$,1
+5940,0,Computer Science,master,Choose the correct statement,"['perfect secrecy is when $H($ciphertext $|$ key$) = H($plaintext$)$', 'perfect secrecy is when $H($plaintext $|$ ciphertext$) = H($key$)$', 'perfect secrecy is when $H($ciphertext $|$ plaintext$) = H($plaintext$)$', 'perfect secrecy is when $H($plaintext $|$ ciphertext$) = H($plaintext$)$']",perfect secrecy is when $H($plaintext $|$ ciphertext$) = H($plaintext$)$,3
+5941,0,Computer Science,master,"During a Bluetooth pairing, we use an extra channel to transmit the PIN. Which assumptions are required on this extra channel?","['None.', 'Authenticity only.', 'Authenticity and integrity only.', 'Confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity.']","Confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity.",3
+5942,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion. Using double encryption leads to\dots,"['doubling the complexity of the Encryption algorithm.', 'doubling the complexity of the Decryption algorithm.', 'doubling the complexity of all the attacks against the cipher.', 'doubling the length of the key.']",doubling the complexity of all the attacks against the cipher.,2
+5943,0,Computer Science,master,Tonelli Algorithm is for ...,"['computing the discrete logarithm.', 'finding the inverse of an element in $\\mathbb{Z}$.', 'finding the square-root of an integer in $\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$.', 'solving the extended Euclidean algorithm $\\mathbb{Z}$.']",finding the square-root of an integer in $\mathbb{Z}_p^*$.,2
+5944,0,Computer Science,master,"In order to implement a public-key cryptosystem in a secure way, \ldots","['the public key must be sent on an authenticated and confidential channel.', 'it suffices to send the public key on an authenticated channel.', 'it suffices to send the public key on a confidential channel.', 'the public key can be transmitted on a fully insecure communication channel.']",it suffices to send the public key on an authenticated channel.,1
+5945,0,Computer Science,master,Which MAC construction is NOT based on the CBC mode?,"['HMAC', 'EMAC', 'OMAC', 'ISO/IEC 9797']",HMAC,0
+5946,0,Computer Science,master,"In the MILENAGE Protocol, the algorithm f9 (MAC) is based on ...","['KATAN.', 'KASUMI.', 'DES.', 'RC5.']",KASUMI.,1
+5947,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement,"['RC4, A5/1, E0 are stream ciphers', 'MD4, MD5, SHA0, SHA1 are hash functions', 'DES, AES are block ciphers', 'ECB, KDF, PRF are commitment schemes']","ECB, KDF, PRF are commitment schemes",3
+5948,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $(G,+), (H,\times)$ be two groups and $f:G\to H$ be an homomorphism. For $x_1,x_2 \in G$, we have:","['$f(x_1) + f(x_2)=f(x_1)\\times f(x_2)$', '$f(x_1 + x_2)=f(x_1)\\times f(x_2)$', '$f(x_1 + f(x_2))=f(x_1\\times f(x_2))$', '$f(x_1 \\times x_2)=f(x_1)+ f(x_2)$']",$f(x_1 + x_2)=f(x_1)\times f(x_2)$,1
+5949,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following terms represents a mode of operation which transforms a block cipher into a stream cipher?,"['3DES', 'CBC', 'ECB', 'CTR']",CTR,3
+5950,0,Computer Science,master,The Shannon theorem states that perfect secrecy implies...,"['$H(K)=H(X)$', '$H(Y)\\geq H(X)$', '$H(K)\\geq H(X)$', '$H(Y)\\leq H(X)$']",$H(K)\geq H(X)$,2
+5951,0,Computer Science,master,The Kasiski Test is useful to break\dots,"['\\dots the simple substitution cipher.', '\\dots the Vigen\\`ere Cipher.', '\\dots a Turing machine.', '\\dots Enigma.']",\dots the Vigen\`ere Cipher.,1
+5952,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement. The Shannon Encryption Model ...,"['requires a black-box encryption model.', 'assumes a known input distribution.', 'assumes the key is independent from the message.', 'requires the correctness property $\\Pr[C_K^{-1}(C_K(X))=X]=1$.']",requires a black-box encryption model.,0
+5953,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement. The UMTS improves the security of GSM using,"['authentication of the challenge.', 'integrity protection.', 'A6/1 for encryption.', 'protection against replay attacks.']",A6/1 for encryption.,2
+5954,0,Computer Science,master,How many different simple substitution ciphers do exist with respect to an alphabet of 26 characters?,"['$26!$', '$2^{26}$', '$26^2$', '26']",$26!$,0
+5957,0,Computer Science,master,Let $n$ be an integer. The extended Euclidean algorithm is typically used to\dots,"['\\dots perform the addition of two integers in $\\mathbf{Z}_n^*$.', '\\dots compute the inverse of an element in $\\mathbf{Z}_n^*$.', '\\dots compute the square of an element of $\\mathbf{Z}_n^*$.', '\\dots compute the order of $\\mathbf{Z}_n^*$.']",\dots compute the inverse of an element in $\mathbf{Z}_n^*$.,1
+5958,0,Computer Science,master,"If we need to create a channel that protects confidentiality and we have at our disposal a channel that protects integrity and authenticity, we need to use","['symmetric key encryption.', 'message authentication codes.', 'public key encryption.', 'digital signatures.']",public key encryption.,2
+5960,0,Computer Science,master,A \textit{Cryptographic Certificate} is the $\ldots$,"['signature of the user who certifies that a public key belongs to the authority.', 'signature of the user who certifies that a public key belongs to the user.', 'signature of the authority who certifies that a public key belongs to a specific user.', 'diploma which certifies that one has taken the Cryptography and Security Course.']",signature of the authority who certifies that a public key belongs to a specific user.,2
+5961,0,Computer Science,master,Which of following algorithms produces digest of 160 bits?,"['MD4', 'MD5', 'RC4', 'SHA-1']",SHA-1,3
+5962,0,Computer Science,master,"If you want to design a secure block cipher, which key size do you choose?","['24 bits', '48 bits', '60 bits', '80 bits']",80 bits,3
+5963,0,Computer Science,master,The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is based on arithmetics on\dots,"['$\\mathrm{GF}(256)$', '$\\mathbf{Z}_{2^8}^*$', '$\\mathbf{Q}\\setminus \\{0\\}$', '$\\mathbf{Z}_{2^8}$']",$\mathrm{GF}(256)$,0
+5964,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion. In \emph{all} finite Abelian groups $(G,+)$ \ldots","['the order of any element divides the order of the group.', 'all the elements are generators.', 'the operation $+$ is commutative.', 'the neutral element has order $1$.']",all the elements are generators.,1
+5965,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion. A hash function can have the following roles:,"['Domain extender.', 'Block cipher.', 'Commitment.', 'Pseudorandom generator.']",Block cipher.,1
+5966,0,Computer Science,master,The needed number of DES operations to attack DES is about ...,"['$2^{54}.$', '$2^{64}.$', '$2^{128}.$', '$2^{256}.$']",$2^{54}.$,0
+5967,0,Computer Science,master,Which algorithm can be typically used in order to generate a prime number?,"['The Left to Right Algorithm', 'The Extended Euclidean Algorithm', 'The Miller-Rabin Test', 'The Tonelli Algorithm']",The Miller-Rabin Test,2
+5968,0,Computer Science,master,"The more accurate complexity to decide whether or not an integer $a \in \mathbb{Z}_p^*$ is a quadratic residue, where $p$ is prime is ...","['$\\mathcal{O}(p^2)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\log{p})^2$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(p(\\log{p})^2)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(e^{\\sqrt {\\log{p} }})$.']",$\mathcal{O}(\log{p})^2$.,1
+5971,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \emph{correct} assertion. In RSA with public key $(e,N)$ and private key $(d,N)$ \ldots","['the key generation requires that $\\gcd(e,N) = 1$.', 'decryption does not work for some $y \\in \\mathbb{Z}_N$ for which $\\gcd(y,N) \\not= 1$.', 'if we know $\\phi(N)$, the ciphertext $y$ and the public key, we can decrypt $y$.', 'in order to decrypt we need to have $e^d \\equiv 1 \\pmod{N}$.']","if we know $\phi(N)$, the ciphertext $y$ and the public key, we can decrypt $y$.",2
+5972,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{correct} assertion.,"['The only way of finding a collision in a hash function while using (almost) no memory is exhaustive search.', ""Floyd's cycle finding algorithm returns the closest bike shop."", 'Exhaustive search is always a concern in cryptographic schemes.', '$\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$ is a field.']",Exhaustive search is always a concern in cryptographic schemes.,2
+5973,0,Computer Science,master,Consider a group $G$ with prime order. We can deduce that,"['all elements are generators.', 'all elements are generators except the neutral element.', 'half of the elements are generators.', '$G$ is a field.']",all elements are generators except the neutral element.,1
+5974,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{correct} assertion concerning WPA2,"['WPA2 uses RC4.', 'WPA2 uses AES.', 'WPA2 uses 64-bit keys.', 'WPA2 is badly broken.']",WPA2 uses AES.,1
+5975,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider a twelve-round Feistel scheme $\Psi(F^{k_1},F^{k_2},\dots,F^{k_{12}})$. Tick the \emph{minimal necessary} condition for $\Psi$ to be a permutation:","['$F^{k_i}$ are functions', '$F^{k_i}$ are injective functions', '$F^{k_i}$ are surjective functions', '$F^{k_i}$ are bijective functions']",$F^{k_i}$ are functions,0
+5976,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion. The laws of modern cryptography state that \dots,"['security should not rely on the secrecy of the cryptosystem itself.', 'the speed of CPUs doubles every 18 months.', 'in a network of $n$ users, $ \\mathcal{O}(n^2)$ secret keys are needed to build random point-to-point secure communications.', 'if there is a single security hole, the system can hide it.']","if there is a single security hole, the system can hide it.",3
+5977,0,Computer Science,master,The Miller-Rabin test \emph{cannot} output\dots,"[""``prime'' for a ``composite'' number."", ""``prime'' for a ``prime'' number."", ""``composite'' for a ``composite'' number."", ""``composite'' for a ``prime'' number.""]",``composite'' for a ``prime'' number.,3
+5978,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement regarding Kerckhoffs' principle.,"['The system must be practically, if not mathematically, indecipherable.', 'Besides keeping the key secret, the cryptosystem must also be kept secret.', 'It must be applicable to telegraphic correspondence.', 'Its key must be communicable and retainable without the help of written notes, and changeable or modifiable at the will of the correspondents.']","Besides keeping the key secret, the cryptosystem must also be kept secret.",1
+5980,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion. In ElGamal $\ldots$,"['the key recovery problem is equivalent to the Discrete Logarithm problem.', 'the key recovery problem is equivalent to the Computational Diffie Hellman problem.', 'the decryption problem reduces to the Diffie-Hellman problem.', 'the Diffie-Hellman problem reduces to the decryption problem.']",the key recovery problem is equivalent to the Computational Diffie Hellman problem.,1
+5981,0,Computer Science,master,Let $H$ be a hash function based on the Merkle-Damg{\aa}rd construction. The Merkle-Damg{\aa}rd theorem says that \dots,"['\\dots $H$ is collision-resistant when the compression function is collision-resistant.', '\\dots the compression function is collision-resistant when $H$ is collision-resistant.', '\\dots $H$ is collision-resistant.', '\\dots $H$ is not collision-resistant.']",\dots $H$ is collision-resistant when the compression function is collision-resistant.,0
+5982,0,Computer Science,master,Using the same key twice to encrypt two different messages with Vernam Cipher leads to \ldots,"['increasing the security of the secret key.', 'revealing the secret key.', 'revealing information about the messages.', 'making Shannon upset.']",revealing information about the messages.,2
+5983,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider a blockcipher $\mathsf{B}:\mathcal{K}\times\{0,1\}^n \rightarrow \{0,1\}^n$ with $|\mathcal{K}|=N$ for which we choose a secret key $K\in\mathcal{K}$ uniformly at random. Tick the \textit{correct} assertion.","['If $\\mathsf{B}$ is secure against known-plaintext decryption attack, then it is surely secure against ciphertext-only key recovery attack.', 'If $\\mathsf{B}$ is secure against known-plaintext decryption attack, then it is surely secure against chosen-ciphertext decryption attack.', 'It is possible to recover $K$ with precomputation: $O(N^{2/3})$, memory: $O(N^{2/3})$, time: $O(1)$.', 'It is possible to recover $K$ key with precomputation: $O({1})$, memory: $O(N)$, time: $O(1)$.']","If $\mathsf{B}$ is secure against known-plaintext decryption attack, then it is surely secure against ciphertext-only key recovery attack.",0
+5984,0,Computer Science,master,The $n^2$ problem ...,"[""is dealt with thanks to Moore's Law."", ""is a consequence of Murphy's Law."", 'is a direct consequence of the Kerchkoffs Principles.', 'appears when $n$ users need to communicate to each other using a symmetric cipher.']",appears when $n$ users need to communicate to each other using a symmetric cipher.,3
+5985,0,Computer Science,master,A passive adversary\dots,"['can only listen to the communications.', 'can play the man-in-the-middle.', 'can only alter messages.', 'can delete messages.']",can only listen to the communications.,0
+5986,0,Computer Science,master,Let $p$ a prime number. We always have \ldots,"['$\\varphi(p)=p$', '$\\varphi(p^2)=(p-1)^2$', '$\\varphi(p^2)=p\\cdot(p-1)$', '$\\varphi(p)=p+1$']",$\varphi(p^2)=p\cdot(p-1)$,2
+5987,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} statement regarding RSA Cryptosystem.,"['$(e,N,\\varphi(N))$ are the public parameters.', '$e$ is a valid public key if $\\gcd(e,N)=1$.', 'Encryption and decryption are performed with the same key.', '$ed \\equiv 1 \\pmod{\\varphi(N)}$.']",$ed \equiv 1 \pmod{\varphi(N)}$.,3
+5988,0,Computer Science,master,In a second-preimage attack \dots,"[""you are given a hash function $h$ and have to find two messages $m\\neq m'$ such that $h(m) = h(m')$."", 'you are given access to $\\text{MAC}_K$ as a blackbox and a tag $\\text{MAC}_K(m)$ for a message $m$ and you have to recover $m$.', ""you are given a hash function $h$ and a message $m$ and you have to find $m'\\neq m$ such that $h(m) = h(m')$."", ""you are given a hash function $h$ and $c :=h(h(m))$ for a message $m$ and you have to find $m'$ such that $h(h(m'))=c$.""]",you are given a hash function $h$ and a message $m$ and you have to find $m'\neq m$ such that $h(m) = h(m')$.,2
+5989,0,Computer Science,master,The Vernam cipher\dots,"['\\dots is perfectly secure (if used in a proper way).', '\\dots can be broken using an index of coincidence.', '\\dots is always less secure than DES.', '\\dots has a security which depends on the Moore law.']",\dots is perfectly secure (if used in a proper way).,0
+5990,0,Computer Science,master,Which cipher provides perfect secrecy? \dots,"['Vernam cipher.', 'Caesar cipher.', 'ROT13.', 'Spartan scytales.']",Vernam cipher.,0
+5991,0,Computer Science,master,Which protocol does \emph{not} use RC4.,"['WEP', 'WPA', 'WPA2', 'TLS']",WPA2,2
+5992,0,Computer Science,master,"We work in the multiplicative group $(\mathbb{Z}_{25}^*,\times)$. Which of the following elements does not belong to the subgroup $\langle 6 \rangle \subset \mathbb{Z}_{25}^*$ generated by $6$?","['11.', '23.', '16.', '1.']",23.,1
+5993,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is a mode of operation for blockciphers that requires a non-repeating IV (a nonce) to be secure?,"['ECB', 'CBC', 'TCS', 'CTR']",CTR,3
+5994,0,Computer Science,master,How many generators are there in $\mathbb{Z}_n$?,"['$1$', '$n-1$', '$n$', '$\\varphi (n)$']",$\varphi (n)$,3
+5995,0,Computer Science,master,Using salt for UNIX passwords \ldots,"['allows to speed up the verification for the server.', 'makes the protocol secure against computationally unbounded adversary.', 'allows to transmit the password over a non confidential channel without compromising the security.', 'helps preventing dictionary attacks.']",helps preventing dictionary attacks.,3
+5996,0,Computer Science,master,"Select the \emph{correct} statement. In DSA signature, i.e., DSS","['the public parameter is $N = pq$, for $p$ and $q$ primes, such that $p=aq + 1$.', 'public parameters are primes $p$ and $q$ such that $p=aq + 1$.', 'the public parameter is a random number $N$ such that $\\gcd(N, T) = 1$, where $T$ is defined by the DSS standard.', 'does not require any public parameter.']",public parameters are primes $p$ and $q$ such that $p=aq + 1$.,1
+5999,0,Computer Science,master,In WEP\dots,"['the integrity of messages is well protected.', 'the confidentiality of messages is well protected.', 'the messages are well authenticated.', 'there is no good privacy protection.']",there is no good privacy protection.,3
+6000,0,Computer Science,master,"One can find a collision in a hash function $h\colon \{0,1\}^* \rightarrow \{0,1\}^n$ with expected time complexity\dots","['$\\Theta(\\sqrt{n})$.', '$\\Theta(n)$.', '$\\Theta(2^n)$.', '$\\Theta(2^{n/2})$.']",$\Theta(2^{n/2})$.,3
+6001,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement regarding the Enigma machine.,"['It is an electro-mechanical encryption device used by German armies in World War 2.', 'Its specifications are secret.', 'Its secret parameters are: ordered permutations, an involution, and a number.', 'It was patented in 1918.']",Its specifications are secret.,1
+6002,0,Computer Science,master,"Select the most accurate answer. For an RSA key to have a good security level in 2015, the modulus should be of length\dots","['around 80 bits.', 'around 1300 bits.', 'around 160 bits.', 'around 512 bits.']",around 1300 bits.,1
+6003,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion.,"['Commitment schemes never use randomness.', 'A commitment scheme can be based on the hardness of the discrete logarithm problem.', 'A commitment scheme should be hiding and binding.', 'Perdersen Commitment uses two large primes.']",Commitment schemes never use randomness.,0
+6004,0,Computer Science,master,One of the following ciphers is a \emph{block} cipher. Which one?,"['AES', 'RC4', 'A5/1', 'MD5']",AES,0
+6005,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of these algorithms is \emph{not} defined for a MAC?,"['Generator', 'MAC', 'Check', 'Encrypt']",Encrypt,3
+6006,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement. UMTS uses,"['MILLENAGE for key establishment.', 'the block cipher KASUMI.', 'the block cipher AES.', 'the block cipher DES.']",the block cipher DES.,3
+6007,0,Computer Science,master,Compute $\phi(90)$.,"['$36$.', '$24$.', '$16$.', '$48$.']",$24$.,1
+6008,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $p$ and $q$ be two prime numbers and $n=pq$. Let $K_p=(e,n)$ and $K_s=(d,n)$ be the RSA public and private keys respectively. Recall that the encryption of a message $m$ is $c=m^e \bmod{n}$ and the decryption is $m=c^d \bmod{n}$. Which assertion is \emph{always true}?","['$ed=1 \\pmod{n}$', '$ed=1 \\pmod{\\varphi(n)}$', '$e=d \\pmod{n}$', '$e=d \\pmod{\\varphi(n)}$']",$ed=1 \pmod{\varphi(n)}$,1
+6009,0,Computer Science,master,Suppose there is a room with $n$ people and you want to generate a secret key for all pairs of participants. You need,"['$2^n$ keys.', '$n^2$ keys.', '$\\log_2(n-1)$ keys.', '$\\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$ keys.']",$\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$ keys.,3
+6010,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion.,"['A Feistel scheme is invertible even if the round functions are not injective.', 'A Feistel scheme is not invertible if the round functions are not surjective.', 'A Feistel scheme is an involution if the round functions are all identical.', 'The name of Feistel schemes goes back to the LUCIFER cipher.']",A Feistel scheme is not invertible if the round functions are not surjective.,1
+6011,0,Computer Science,master,The substitution cipher with random substitution table is,"['computationally infeasible to break since number of possible keys is $26! \\approx 2^{88.4}$', 'very easy to break since number of possible keys is only $26! \\approx 2^{88.4}$', 'very easy to break even though number of possible keys is $26! \\approx 2^{88.4}$', 'certified by NIST up to ""confidential"" level']",very easy to break even though number of possible keys is $26! \approx 2^{88.4}$,2
+6012,0,Computer Science,master,Select the non-associative operation.,"['$+$ (addition)', '$-$ (subtraction)', '$\\times$ (multiplication)', '$\\oplus$ (exclusive-or)']",$-$ (subtraction),1
+6013,0,Computer Science,master,Mark the \emph{incorrect} statement. A finite field is,"['always isomorphic to $\\mathsf{GF}(p^k)$, for some prime $p$ and integer $k$.', 'always isomorphic to $\\mathbb{Z}_p[x]/Q(x)$, for some prime $p$ and an irreducible polynomial $Q$.', 'always isomorphic to $\\mathbb{Z}_{p^k}$, for a prime $p$ and integer $k$.', 'unique up to an isomorphism.']","always isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}_{p^k}$, for a prime $p$ and integer $k$.",2
+6014,0,Computer Science,master,MD5 is,"['a secure block cipher', 'a broken block cipher', 'a secure hash function', 'a broken hash function']",a broken hash function,3
+6015,0,Computer Science,master,Let $N=3\cdot5\cdot13$. Then a quadratic residue in $\mathbb{Z}_N^*$ has,"['$2$ square roots.', '$3$ square roots.', '$6$ square roots.', '$8$ square roots.']",$8$ square roots.,3
+6016,0,Computer Science,master,Consider the exhaustive search of a uniformly distributed key in a set of size $N$. What is the complexity of the exhaustive search with time memory trade-off? (We assume that memory access is constant.),"['precomputation: $O(N^{2/3})$, memory: $O(N^{2/3})$, time: $O(N^{2/3})$.', 'precomputation: $O(N)$, memory: $O(N^{2/3})$, time: $O(N^{2/3})$.', 'precomputation: $O(1)$, memory: $O(N^{2/3})$, time: $O(N^{2/3})$.', 'precomputation: $O(N)$, memory: $O(1)$, time: $O(N^{2/3})$.']","precomputation: $O(N)$, memory: $O(N^{2/3})$, time: $O(N^{2/3})$.",1
+6017,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol. If a passive adversary can recover the secret keys of both participants for \textbf{only one} protocol session, when does this let the secrecy of previous sessions unaffected?","['If we use static Diffie-Hellman key exchange.', 'If we use semi-static Diffie-Hellman key exchange.', 'If we use ephemeral Diffie-Hellman key exchange.', 'This never affects previously exchanged keys.']",If we use ephemeral Diffie-Hellman key exchange.,2
+6018,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assertion regarding WEP and WPA2.,"['WPA2 seems to be more secure than WEP.', 'WPA2 seems to ensure confidentiality.', 'WPA2 uses AES.', 'WEP seems to ensure message integrity.']",WEP seems to ensure message integrity.,3
+6019,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{correct} assertion. In RSA with public key $(e,N)$ and private key $(d,N)$\dots","['$e \\equiv d^{-1}\\pmod{N}$', 'The plaintext $m$ can be \\textbf{any} element in $\\mathbb{Z}_N$.', 'Decryption works if $\\gcd(d,N) = 1$.', 'To encrypt a message $m$, we compute $m^e \\bmod(\\phi(N))$.']",The plaintext $m$ can be \textbf{any} element in $\mathbb{Z}_N$.,1
+6020,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion. The Vernam cipher is \textit{insecure} if \dots,"['the key is not distributed uniformly.', 'the secret key is used to encrypt more than one.', 'the key is shorter than the message.', 'the probability distribution of the messages is known.']",the probability distribution of the messages is known.,3
+6021,0,Computer Science,master,Plain RSA (with an $\ell$-bit modulus) \dots,"['is commonly used in practice.', 'decrypts in $O(\\ell^2)$ time.', 'encrypts in $O(\\ell)$ time.', 'has homomorphic properties.']",has homomorphic properties.,3
+6022,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $f_K:\{0,1\}^m\to\{0,1\}^\ell$ be a family of functions. Under which assumption can $f_K$ define a block cipher?","['$m > \\ell$.', '$m=\\ell-1$.', '$m=\\ell$.', '$m=\\ell/2$.']",$m=\ell$.,2
+6024,0,Computer Science,master,Pick the \emph{correct} statement.,"['A homomorphism is defined as a bijective isomorphism.', 'An isomorphism is defined as a bijective homomorphism.', 'An isomorphism is any homomorphism $h: X\\rightarrow X$.', 'A homomorphism is any non-bijective isomorphism.']",An isomorphism is defined as a bijective homomorphism.,1
+6025,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} statement of the \textit{Fermat's Little Theorem.},"['For all prime $n$, for all $a \\in \\left\\{1,2, \\dots,n-1\\right\\}$ we have $a^{n-1}\\equiv 1 \\pmod{n}$.', 'For all $n$, for all $a \\in \\left\\{1,2, \\dots,n-1\\right\\}$ we have $a^{n-1}\\equiv 1 \\pmod{n}$.', 'For all prime $n$, for all $a \\in \\left\\{1,2, \\dots,n-1\\right\\}$ we have $a^{n-1}\\not\\equiv 1 \\pmod{n}$.', 'For all $n$, there exists $a \\in \\left\\{1,2, \\dots,n-1\\right\\}$ we have $a^{n-1}\\equiv 1 \\pmod{n}$.']","For all prime $n$, for all $a \in \left\{1,2, \dots,n-1\right\}$ we have $a^{n-1}\equiv 1 \pmod{n}$.",0
+6026,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $(G,+)$ be a group of order $n$. If $g$ is a generator of this group, then it has order\dots","['$n/2$', '$\\sqrt{n}$', '$n-1$', '$n$']",$n$,3
+6027,0,Computer Science,master,"Given a message $x$, find a different message $x'$ such that $h(x)=h(x')$ is the definition of ...","['First preimage attack.', 'Collision attack.', 'Second preimage attack.', 'Known message attack.']",Second preimage attack.,2
+6030,0,Computer Science,master,"For two $\ell$-bit numbers, the \textbf{tightest} complexity to compute their gcd is","['$\\mathcal{O}(2^{\\ell})$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\ell^3)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\ell^2)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\log{\\ell}^2)$.']",$\mathcal{O}(\ell^2)$.,2
+6031,0,Computer Science,master,The Kerckhoffs Principle states that ...,"['the security of a cryptosystem should be based on an NP-hard problem.', 'all ciphertexts appear with the same probability.', 'the adversary may know the description of a cryptosystem.', 'the cryptosystem should be public.']",the adversary may know the description of a cryptosystem.,2
+6032,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assertion. For $p$ prime, in $\mathbb{Z}_p^*$,","['the product of three quadratic residues is a quadratic residues.', 'the product of a quadratic residue and a non-quadratic residue is a non-quadratic residue.', 'the product of two non-quadratic residues is a quadratic residue.', 'the product of three non-quadratic residues is a quadratic residue.']",the product of three non-quadratic residues is a quadratic residue.,3
+6034,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following elements belong to $\mathbf{Z}_{35}^*$?,"['$12$.', '$20$.', '$14$.', '$15$.']",$12$.,0
+6035,0,Computer Science,master,The worst case complexity of an exaustive search against DES is\dots,"['$1$', '$\\frac{2^{64}}{2}$', '$2^{56}$', '$2^{64}$']",$2^{56}$,2
+6036,0,Computer Science,master,Consider the Vigen{\`e}re cipher. Choose the \textbf{true} statement.,"['Kasiski test cannot be applied to the Vigen{\\`e}re cipher.', 'The Vigen{\\`e}re cipher constructs a basis for the modern ciphers.', 'The index of coincidence is used to determine the length of the secret key of the Vigen{\\`e}re cipher.', 'The distance between the repeated patterns in the ciphertext is the exact length of the secret key.']",The index of coincidence is used to determine the length of the secret key of the Vigen{\`e}re cipher.,2
+6037,0,Computer Science,master,Select \emph{incorrect} statement.,"['The Extended Euclid algorithm has polynomial complexity.', 'The Extended Euclid algorithm can be used to compute inverses.', ""The Euclid algorithm can be used to compute gcd's."", 'The Extended Euclid algorithm can be used to compute square roots.']",The Extended Euclid algorithm can be used to compute square roots.,3
+6038,0,Computer Science,master,"When using the plain ElGamal cryptosystem over the group $\mathbb{Z}_p^*$ with a fixed $\ell$-bit prime $p$ and a fixed generator $g\in\mathbb{Z}_p^*$, the \textit{tightest} complexity of generating a new key-pair is\ldots","['$\\mathcal{O}(4{\\ell})$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\ell^3)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\ell^2)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\log{\\ell}^4)$.']",$\mathcal{O}(\ell^3)$.,1
+6039,0,Computer Science,master,"We represent $GF(2^8)$ as $\mathbb{Z}_2[X]/P(X)$ where $P(X) = X^8 + X^4+X^3+X+1$. Then, $(X^7+X^6)\times (X + 1)=$\dots","['$X^6+X^5+X^4+X^3+X$.', '$X^6 + X^4 + X^3 + X + 1$.', '$X^6$.', '$X^7+X^6+X^4+X^3+X+1$.']",$X^6 + X^4 + X^3 + X + 1$.,1
+6040,0,Computer Science,master,What is the strongest notion for the binding property of a commitment scheme?,"['no binding.', 'statistically binding.', 'perfectly binding.', 'computationally binding.']",perfectly binding.,2
+6041,0,Computer Science,master,CBC can deal with three types of IV. Tick the \emph{false} answer.,"['A random IV sent in clear.', 'A secret random IV which is sent encrypted.', 'A non secret constant IV.', 'A secret IV which is part of the key.']",A secret random IV which is sent encrypted.,1
+6042,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{wrong} assertion.,"['Factoring is believed to be a hard problem.', 'Factoring is easy if we know $\\varphi{(n)}$.', 'Computing square roots in $\\mathbb{Z}_n$ can be used to factor $n$.', 'Discrete logarithm problem is always hard on any group.']",Discrete logarithm problem is always hard on any group.,3
+6043,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement: hash functions can be used to construct,"['commitment schemes', 'key derivation functions', 'message authentication codes', 'public key cryptosystems']",public key cryptosystems,3
+6044,0,Computer Science,master,The CRT implies,"['$\\phi(mn)=\\phi(m)\\phi(n)$, for $gcd(m,n)=1$.', '$\\phi(mn)=\\phi(m)+\\phi(n)$, for $gcd(m,n)=1$.', '$\\phi(mn)=\\phi(m)^n$, for $m\\ne n$.', '$\\phi(mn)=\\phi(m)-n$, for $m > n$.']","$\phi(mn)=\phi(m)\phi(n)$, for $gcd(m,n)=1$.",0
+6045,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion about Diffie and Hellman.,"[""They wrote an article entitled ``\\emph{New directions in Cryptography}'' in 1976."", ""They introduced the notion of ``\\emph{trapdoor permutation}''."", 'They proposed a key agreement protocol.', 'They invented RSA.']",They invented RSA.,3
+6046,0,Computer Science,master,A hash function $h$ is collision-resistant if\dots,"['\\dots given $y$, it is hard to find $x$ such that $h(x)=y$', '\\dots given $x$, it is hard to find $y$ such that $h(x)=y$', ""\\dots given $x$, it is hard to find $x' \\ne x$ such that $h(x)=h(x')$"", ""\\dots it is hard to find $x,x'$ such that $x \\ne x'$ and $h(x) = h(x')$""]","\dots it is hard to find $x,x'$ such that $x \ne x'$ and $h(x) = h(x')$",3
+6047,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement. Bluetooth 2.0 Pairing is secure when ...,"['the PIN has a large entropy.', 'it is done only once.', 'it runs in a Faraday cage.', 'it is not used.']",it is done only once.,1
+6048,0,Computer Science,master,Bluetooth pairing v2.0 is based on\dots,"['bilinar mappings over elliptic curves.', 'a short authenticated string.', 'an ephemeral secret PIN code.', 'a secure token.']",an ephemeral secret PIN code.,2
+6049,0,Computer Science,master,The Kerckhoffs principle says that,"['the design of a cryptosystem has to be public to be secure.', 'the design of a cryptosystem has to be secure before being made public.', 'the security of a system should not rely on the secrecy of the cryptosystem.', 'a cryptosystem should have a public component (such as a key) to be secure.']",the security of a system should not rely on the secrecy of the cryptosystem.,2
+6051,0,Computer Science,master,A MAC forgery is\dots,"['a valid pair $(X,c)$ produced by the adversary.', 'a valid pair $(X,c)$ produced by the MAC issuer.', 'a valid pair $(X,c)$ produced by the MAC verifier.', 'a key recovery attack.']","a valid pair $(X,c)$ produced by the adversary.",0
+6052,0,Computer Science,master,What is the cardinality of the multiplicative group $\mathbb{Z}_{77}^*$?,"['60', '66', '70', '76']",60,0
+6053,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assertion.,"['Solving the discrete logarithm in the group $\\mathbb{Z}_N$ might help breaking the Rabin cryptosystem.', 'Solving the factoring problem might help breaking the Rabin cryptosystem.', 'Finding square roots in $\\mathbb{Z}_N$ might help breaking the Rabin cryptosystem.', 'To decrypt properly a Rabin ciphertext we usually assume that some redundancy was added to the plaintext.']",Solving the discrete logarithm in the group $\mathbb{Z}_N$ might help breaking the Rabin cryptosystem.,0
+6054,0,Computer Science,master,The encryption in GSM is done by ...,"['A3.', 'A8.', 'E0.', 'A5.']",A5.,3
+6055,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement. GSM anonymity is broken by ...,"['replaying an A3 challenge.', 'desynchronizing the mobile station and the network.', 'using A5/1.', 'sniffing the very first connection protocol.']",using A5/1.,2
+6056,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of these methods does \emph{not} tell us whether an integer is prime?,"['The Miller-Rabin test.', 'The Number Field Sieve algorithm.', ""Shor's Algorithm."", ""Tonelli's Algorithm.""]",Tonelli's Algorithm.,3
+6057,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{true} assertion related to the ElGamal signature scheme.,"['A signature of a given message is obtained in a deterministic way.', 'The generator $g$ generates a subgroup of prime order.', 'The signature verification procedure is probabilistic.', 'The main computational cost of the signature generation is due to one modular exponentiation.']",The main computational cost of the signature generation is due to one modular exponentiation.,3
+6058,0,Computer Science,master,Kerckhoffs principle says,"['both the key and the encryption algorithm should be secret to achieve perfect secrecy', 'the key should be secret to achieve perfect secrecy', 'the encryption algorithm should be secret to achieve perfect secrecy', 'the security should depend only on secrecy of the key']",the security should depend only on secrecy of the key,3
+6059,0,Computer Science,master,The Kerckhoff's principle is not followed when security requires that \dots,"['the security of a cryptosystem relies on the secrecy of the encryption algorithm.', ""the name of the cryptosystem's designer is kept secret."", 'the key of the cryptosystem is kept secret.', 'the cryptosystem is kept secret.']",the security of a cryptosystem relies on the secrecy of the encryption algorithm.,0
+6060,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \emph{correct} assertion about $\mathbf{Z}_{pq}^*$, where $p$ and $q$ are distinct prime numbers \ldots","['the order of $\\mathbf{Z}_{pq}^*$ is $p \\cdot q$.', 'an element $x$ belongs to $\\mathbf{Z}_{pq}^*$ if $gcd(x,\\phi(pq)) =1$.', 'the element $1$ is in $\\mathbf{Z}_{pq}^*$.', 'the element $0$ is in $\\mathbf{Z}_{pq}^*$.']",the element $1$ is in $\mathbf{Z}_{pq}^*$.,2
+6061,0,Computer Science,master,What is the inverse of 28 in $\mathbf{Z}_{77}$?,"['$0$', '$1$', '$36$', '$49$']",$49$,3
+6062,0,Computer Science,master,What is the time complexity to perfom a left-to-right multiplication of two $\ell$-bit integers?,"['$\\sqrt{\\ell}$.', '$\\ell $.', '$\\ell ^2$.', '$\\ell ^3$.']",$\ell ^2$.,2
+6063,0,Computer Science,master,The Factoring Problem is equivalent to ...,"['the Computing Square Roots Problem.', 'the RSA Decryption Problem.', 'the Discrete Logarithm Problem.', 'the Computing Generator Problem.']",the Computing Square Roots Problem.,0
+6064,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $X$ and $K$ be two independent random variables in a group $G$ with $n$ elements and where $K$ is uniformly distributed over $G$. Let $Y = X+K$. Then, for any $y\in G$, $\Pr[Y=y]=$\dots","['$1/n$.', '$\\Pr[X=y]$.', '$1/n^2$.', '$1/(n-1)$.']",$1/n$.,0
+6066,0,Computer Science,master,Which of these primitives can be surely considered insecure today?,"['Symmetric key encryption with an $82$ bit key.', 'RSA encryption scheme with a $1613$ bit modulus.', 'A signature scheme based on a random elliptic curve over a finite field $\\mathrm{GF}(q)$ of cardinality $q > 2^{200}$.', 'Diffie-Hellman key exchange over a prime-order subgroup of $\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$ that has order $\\approx 2^{200}$ with a prime $p$ of $512$ bits.']",Diffie-Hellman key exchange over a prime-order subgroup of $\mathbb{Z}_p^*$ that has order $\approx 2^{200}$ with a prime $p$ of $512$ bits.,3
+6067,0,Computer Science,master,"To protect our communications, we need $\ldots$","['the army.', 'cryptography.', 'to pray.', 'a rest.']",cryptography.,1
+6068,0,Computer Science,master,"If an adversary mounts a chosen plaintext attack, it means he can\dots","['do nothing except for just observing the encrypted messages on the channel.', 'ask the participants to decrypt any messages he wants.', 'ask the participants to encrypt any messages he wants.', 'gain access to plaintexts corresponding to some of the observed ciphertexts.']",ask the participants to encrypt any messages he wants.,2
+6069,0,Computer Science,master,A Carmichael number \ldots,"[""is a false positive (the output is ``pseudoprime'') of Fermat test."", ""is a false negative (the output is ``composite'') of Fermat test."", 'always corresponds to the order of a finite field.', 'is an exponent used in the RSA cryptosystem.']",is a false positive (the output is ``pseudoprime'') of Fermat test.,0
+6070,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement. The discrete logarithm,"['can be solved by a polynomial algorithm.', 'is an easy problem in the Abelian group $\\mathbb{Z}_p$.', 'is a hard problem in the multiplicative group $\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$.', 'can be solved easily on a quantum computer.']",can be solved by a polynomial algorithm.,0
+6071,0,Computer Science,master,Which protocol is used for encryption in GSM?,"['A3', 'A4', 'A5', 'A8']",A5,2
+6073,0,Computer Science,master,"In a challenge/response protocol,\dots","['the secret is sent in clear over the channel.', 'the response is derived using a pseudo-random function.', 'the response is a hash of the secret (i.e., $h(w)$ for a secret $w$).', 'the size of the challenge space can be 1.']",the response is derived using a pseudo-random function.,1
+6074,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of these is \emph{not} a MAC construction?,"['HMAC', 'OMAC', 'MD5', 'ISO/IEC 9797']",MD5,2
+6075,0,Computer Science,master,Choose the \emph{correct} statement,"['Elliptic curves form a field.', 'Elliptic curves form a ring.', 'Elliptic curves form an Abelian group.', 'Elliptic curves form an ideal.']",Elliptic curves form an Abelian group.,2
+6076,0,Computer Science,master,Which is NOT a mobile telephony protocol?,"['WPA', 'DECT', 'EDGE', 'CDMA']",WPA,0
+6077,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement. Enigma ...,"['was broken mainly because of design flaws in the patented documents.', 'was used by the German armies in World War 2.', ""relies on Kerchkoffs's Principle."", 'could be plugged into a radio transmitter.']",was broken mainly because of design flaws in the patented documents.,0
+6078,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion regarding the Diffie-Hellman key exchange,"['It is secure under a passive adversary.', 'It is secure when working in a subgroup of $\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$ of big prime order.', 'It is secure under an active Man-In-The-Middle attack.', 'It is not secure when working in $\\mathbb{Z}_n$ with $n$ having only small prime factors.']",It is secure under an active Man-In-The-Middle attack.,2
+6079,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following encryption schemes is deterministic?,"['RSA-OAEP', 'Plain ElGamal', 'Plain Rabin', 'PKCS\\#1.5']",Plain Rabin,2
+6080,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{false} statement. Let $p$ be a prime number, ...","['$\\forall x \\in \\mathbb{Z}_p$, $x \\neq 0 \\Longrightarrow x$ is a generator of $\\mathbb{Z}_p$.', '$\\forall x \\in \\mathbb{Z}_p^*$, $x \\neq 0 \\Longrightarrow x$ is a generator of $\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$.', '$\\forall x \\in \\mathbb{Z}_p^*$, $x$ is invertible.', '$\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$ is isomorphic to $\\mathbb{Z}_{p-1}$.']","$\forall x \in \mathbb{Z}_p^*$, $x \neq 0 \Longrightarrow x$ is a generator of $\mathbb{Z}_p^*$.",1
+6081,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} statement regarding $\mathsf{GF}(2^k)$.,"['Addition is performed as bitwise XOR.', 'Multiplication is performed modulo $2^k$.', 'It has order $\\varphi(2^k)$.', 'Its characteristic is $k$.']",Addition is performed as bitwise XOR.,0
+6082,0,Computer Science,master,The Kerckhoffs principle states that the security of a cryptosystem should rely on the secrecy of\dots,"['the key only', 'the algorithm only', 'the channel only', ""the participants' identity only""]",the key only,0
+6083,0,Computer Science,master,The Tonelli algorithm is,"['a factoring algorithm.', 'a primality testing algorithm.', 'an algorithm for finding square roots.', 'an algorithm for testing quadratic residuosity.']",an algorithm for finding square roots.,2
+6084,0,Computer Science,master,Consider the Vigen\`ere cipher. What is the ciphertext of ``crypto'' using the secret key ``ABC''.,"['PTOCRY', 'CSAPUQ', 'OTPYRC', 'CSAPTO']",CSAPUQ,1
+6085,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following cryptographic primitives have a security level that is significantly lower than 80 bits?,"['Symmetric key encryption with a secret key of 82 bits.', 'RSA signature scheme with a 1613-bit modulus.', 'ElGamal cryptosystem over a subgroup $H\\subset\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$ with a 1613-bit prime $p$ and $|H|\\approx 2^{70}$.', 'A hash function with the output of size 163 bits.']",ElGamal cryptosystem over a subgroup $H\subset\mathbb{Z}_p^*$ with a 1613-bit prime $p$ and $|H|\approx 2^{70}$.,2
+6087,0,Computer Science,master,"In a MAC forgery, the adversary tries to\dots","['recover the message $m$ given the tag \\textsf{MAC}_K(m).', 'decrypt a given message.', 'forge the secret key.', 'compute the MAC of a message whose MAC was never computed before.']",compute the MAC of a message whose MAC was never computed before.,3
+6088,0,Computer Science,master,What should the minimal length of the output of a hash function be to provide security against \emph{preimage attacks} of $2^{256}?$,"['$2^{256}$ bits.', '$2^{512}$ bits.', '$256$ bits.', '$512$ bits.']",$256$ bits.,2
+6089,0,Computer Science,master,How is data integrity ensured in WEP?,"['there is no integrity.', 'A3.', 'Michael.', 'HMAC.']",there is no integrity.,0
+6090,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{non-commutative} operation.,"['$+$ (addition) over $\\mathbb{Z}$', '$\\oplus$ (exclusive-or)', '$-$ (subtraction) over $\\mathbb{Z}$', '$\\times$ (multiplication) over $\\mathbb{Z}$']",$-$ (subtraction) over $\mathbb{Z}$,2
+6091,0,Computer Science,master,Let $H$ be a hash function. Collision resistance means that \dots,"['given $y$, it is hard to find $x$ such that $H(x)=y$', 'given $x$, it is hard to find $y$ such that $H(x)=y$', 'it is hard to find $x_1$ and $x_2\\neq x_1$ such that $H(x_1)=H(x_2)$', 'given $x_1$, it is hard to find $x_2\\neq x_1$ such that $H(x_1)=H(x_2)$']",it is hard to find $x_1$ and $x_2\neq x_1$ such that $H(x_1)=H(x_2)$,2
+6092,0,Computer Science,master,Select \emph{incorrect} statement. The exhaustive search,"['can be used to find a secret key of AES.', 'is a brute force attack.', 'is not applicable against perfectly secure cipher.', 'runs in time polynomial in the length of the key.']",runs in time polynomial in the length of the key.,3
+6093,0,Computer Science,master,Choose the \emph{incorrect} statement.,"['The key is always sent alongside the commitment.', 'Statisticaly hiding property is more desirable than computationally hiding.', 'A commitment scheme can be perfectly hiding.', 'A commitment scheme can be non-interactive.']",The key is always sent alongside the commitment.,0
+6094,0,Computer Science,master,What is the cardinality of the multiplicative group $\mathbb{Z}_{77}^*$?,"['70', '66', '60', '76']",60,2
+6095,0,Computer Science,master,The Vernam cipher \ldots,"['is always secure.', 'is secure only if we always use the same key.', 'is secure only if we always use a different key.', 'is always insecure.']",is secure only if we always use a different key.,2
+6096,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following provides forward secrecy.,"['Transferring keys in plain.', 'Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman.', 'Semi-static Diffie-Hellman.', 'Static Diffie-Hellman.']",Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman.,1
+6097,0,Computer Science,master,"In the group $\mathbb{Z}_{105}^*$, every quadratic residue has\ldots","['8 square roots.', '2 square roots.', '6 square roots.', '1 square root.']",8 square roots.,0
+6098,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{correct} assertion regarding the Diffie-Hellman key exchange over a group $G$.,"['It is never secure against a passive adversary.', 'It is not secure if you apply a key derivation function to the output of the exchange.', 'It is not secure when discrete logarithms in $G$ can be computed efficiently.', 'It is always secure if the order of $G$ is a prime number.']",It is not secure when discrete logarithms in $G$ can be computed efficiently.,2
+6099,0,Computer Science,master,A Carmichael number is,"['a prime number which cannot pass the Rabin-Miller test.', 'a composite number which often passes the Rabin-Miller test.', 'a prime number which cannot pass the Fermat test.', 'a composite number which often passes the Fermat test.']",a composite number which often passes the Fermat test.,3
+6100,0,Computer Science,master,We want to generate a $\ell$-bit prime. The complexity is roughly\dots,"['$\\ell^2$', '$\\ell^3$', '$\\ell^4$', '$\\ell^5$']",$\ell^4$,2
+6101,0,Computer Science,master,Which one is \emph{not} a block cipher?,"['DES', 'ECB', 'SAFER', 'IDEA']",ECB,1
+6102,0,Computer Science,master,The ElGamal cryptosystem is based on\dots,"['nothing.', 'the discrete logarithm problem.', 'the RSA problem.', 'the factorization problem.']",the discrete logarithm problem.,1
+6105,0,Computer Science,master,Let $E$ be an elliptic curve. Solving which of the following problems would help you to break Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) over $E$?,"['Let $P,R \\in E$. Given $P$ and $P+R$, compute $R$.', 'Let $P,Q \\in E$. Given $P$ and $Q$, compute the product between $P$ and $Q$, i.e., $P \\times Q$.', 'Let $P \\in E$ and $\\ell \\in \\mathbb{N}$. Given $P$ and $\\ell P$, compute $\\ell$.', 'Find a point which is not on the curve $E$.']","Let $P \in E$ and $\ell \in \mathbb{N}$. Given $P$ and $\ell P$, compute $\ell$.",2
+6106,0,Computer Science,master,You are given the task to select the size of the subgroup order for a discrete logarithm based scheme. Which value would you recommend taking in account both security and efficiency?,"['80 bits', '160 bits', '1024 bits', '2048 bits']",160 bits,1
+6107,0,Computer Science,master,What is the encryption of the word ``SECRECY'' under the Vigen\`ere cipher using the key ``ZAB''?,"[""``REDQEDX''"", ""``RDDQEDX''"", ""``REDQEKX''"", ""``REDUEDX''""]",``REDQEDX'',0
+6108,0,Computer Science,master,Visual Cryptography is a good illustration of\dots,"['\\dots DES.', '\\dots Enigma.', '\\dots the Simple Substitution cipher.', '\\dots the Vernam cipher.']",\dots the Vernam cipher.,3
+6109,0,Computer Science,master,A passive adversary can \ldots,"['do nothing.', 'only listen to communications.', 'only interfere with client or server communications.', 'only replace some communication messages by others.']",only listen to communications.,1
+6110,0,Computer Science,master,Let $n$ be a positive integer. The Fermat test most likely outputs ``prime'' \dots,"['only when $n$ is prime.', 'only when $n$ is non-prime.', 'when $n$ is prime or when $n$ is not a Carmichael number.', 'when $n$ is prime or when $n$ is a Carmichael number.']",when $n$ is prime or when $n$ is a Carmichael number.,3
+6111,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} statement regarding Modes of Operation in Block ciphers.,"['The CBC mode uses an IV value.', 'The ECB mode is a secure way to use block ciphers using a single key.', 'The CTR mode uses a counter which is new for every block.', 'The OFB mode transforms a block cipher into a stream cipher.']",The ECB mode is a secure way to use block ciphers using a single key.,1
+6112,0,Computer Science,master,"When designing a cryptosystem that follows the rules of modern cryptography, we \dots","['must hide the design and our own cryptanalysis very well.', 'must assume that the adversary will learn everything about the cryptosystem.', 'can assume that the adversaries are not smarter than the designers.', 'must publish the whole design and our own cryptanalysis.']",must assume that the adversary will learn everything about the cryptosystem.,1
+6113,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of these digital signature schemes is \emph{not} based on the Discrete Log problem?,"['DSA', 'ECDSA', 'Pointcheval-Vaudenay', 'PKCS\\#1v$1.5$']",PKCS\#1v$1.5$,3
+6115,0,Computer Science,master,What is the order of 11 in $\mathbb{Z}_{37}$?,"['1', '27', '36', '37']",37,3
+6116,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assertion.,"['One should use RSA-OAEP instead of plain RSA.', 'The ElGamal cryptosystem can be adapted to any group over which the discrete logarithm problem is hard.', 'Being able to factor large integers will help you break ECDSA.', 'To decrypt properly a Rabin ciphertext we usually assume that some redundancy was added to the plaintext.']",Being able to factor large integers will help you break ECDSA.,2
+6117,0,Computer Science,master,The result of $2^{2015} \bmod{9}$ is $\ldots$,"['2.', '5.', '4.', '7.']",5.,1
+6118,0,Computer Science,master,The Fermat test \emph{cannot} output\dots,"[""``prime'' for a ``composite'' number."", ""``prime'' for a ``prime'' number."", ""``composite'' for a ``composite'' number."", ""``composite'' for a ``prime'' number.""]",``composite'' for a ``prime'' number.,3
+6119,0,Computer Science,master,The complexities of the encryption and decryption in RSA with a modulus of $s$ bits are respectively within the order of magnitude \ldots,"['$s^3$ and $s^3$', '$s^4$ and $s^3$', '$s^3$ and $s^4$', '$s^4$ and $s^4$']",$s^3$ and $s^3$,0
+6120,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assumption.,"['Static Diffie-Hellman has forward secrecy.', 'If we run the static Diffie-Hellman protocol between Alice and Bob, the communications will always be the same.', 'Static Diffie-Hellman can be implemented over elliptic curves.', 'In ephemeral Diffie-Hellman, $g^x$ and $g^y$ are discarded at the end of the protocol.']",Static Diffie-Hellman has forward secrecy.,0
+6123,0,Computer Science,master,A simple substitution cipher can be broken \dots,"['by analysing the probability occurence of the language.', 'only by using a quantum computer.', 'by using the ENIGMA machine.', 'by using public-key cryptogaphy.']",by analysing the probability occurence of the language.,0
+6126,0,Computer Science,master,A digital signature scheme allows to obtain \ldots,"['a confidential channel from an authenticated one.', 'a confidential channel from a confidential one.', 'an authenticated channel from a confidential one.', 'an authenticated channel from an authenticated one.']",an authenticated channel from an authenticated one.,3
+6127,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of the following notions means that ``the information should make clear who the author of it is''?,"['authentication', 'steganograhy', 'privacy', 'confidentiality']",authentication,0
+6129,0,Computer Science,master,"In the AES MixColumns procedure, a byte represents \ldots","['a polynomial of degree less than 16 with coefficients in $\\mathbf{Z}_2$', 'a polynomial of degree less than 4 with coefficients in $\\mathbf{Z}_4$', 'a polynomial of degree less than 8 with coefficients in $\\mathbf{Z}_2$', 'an integer between 0 and 255.']",a polynomial of degree less than 8 with coefficients in $\mathbf{Z}_2$,2
+6130,0,Computer Science,master,Bluetooth uses \dots,"['E0 for encryption.', 'A5/1 for encryption.', 'AES for encryption.', 'RC4 for encryption.']",E0 for encryption.,0
+6131,0,Computer Science,master,Stream ciphers often use a nonce to \dots,"['simplify the key schedule.', 'reduce the size of the secret key.', 'avoid the reuse of the key stream.', 'improve the efficiency of the automaton.']",avoid the reuse of the key stream.,2
+6132,0,Computer Science,master,Choose the \emph{correct} statement.,"['$\\mathbb{Z}_n$ is a field $\\Leftrightarrow$ $n$ is a composite number', '$\\mathbb{Z}_n$ is a field $\\Leftrightarrow$ $\\mathbb{Z}_n^* = \\mathbb{Z}_n$', '$\\mathbb{Z}_n$ is a field $\\Leftrightarrow$ $n$ is a prime', '$\\mathbb{Z}_n$ is a field $\\Leftrightarrow$ $\\mathbb{Z}_n^* = \\emptyset$']",$\mathbb{Z}_n$ is a field $\Leftrightarrow$ $n$ is a prime,2
+6133,0,Computer Science,master,The group $\mathbb{Z}_{60}^*$ has \ldots,"['16 elements.', '60 elements.', '59 elements.', '32 elements.']",16 elements.,0
+6134,0,Computer Science,master,"Which of the following integers has the square roots $\{2,3\}$ when taken modulo $5$ \textbf{and} the square roots $\{3,10\}$ when taken modulo $13$.","['$4$.', '$9$.', '$6$.', '$5$.']",$9$.,1
+6135,0,Computer Science,master,Pick the \emph{false} statement.,"['A ring is always commutative: $ab=ba$', 'A ring is always associative: $(ab)c=a(bc)$', 'A ring is always distributive: $a(b+c)=ab+ac$, $(a+b)c=ac+bc$', 'A ring is always Abelian: $a+b = b+a$']",A ring is always commutative: $ab=ba$,0
+6136,0,Computer Science,master,Moore's Law ...,"['is an empirical law.', 'says that the cost of computers doubles every 18 months.', 'will allow to break AES in 2015.', 'is a main reason for discarding MD5 hash function.']",is an empirical law.,0
+6137,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{false} assertion. The index of coincidence,"['is a probability.', 'can help breaking Vigen\\`ere cipher.', 'is different for a random string than for some text in English.', 'is the best known attack against the Vernam cipher.']",is the best known attack against the Vernam cipher.,3
+6139,0,Computer Science,master,Select the \emph{incorrect} statement. Pedersen Commitment is,"['unconditionally hiding.', 'computationally binding.', 'based on the hardness of the discrete logarithm problem.', 'based on DSA.']",based on DSA.,3
+6140,0,Computer Science,master,Select a protocol which differs from the rest.,"['Key exchange', 'Key agreement', 'Key establishment', 'Key transfer']",Key transfer,3
+6141,0,Computer Science,master,Select a correct statement,"['Morse alphabet is a cipher', 'Morse alphabet is a code', 'Morse alphabet preserves confidentiality', 'Morse alphabet preserves authenticity']",Morse alphabet is a code,1
+6143,0,Computer Science,master,Let $p$ be a prime number. What is the cardinality of $\mathbf{Z}_p$?,"['$p$', '$p-1$', '$\\varphi(p)$', '$\\varphi(p-1)$']",$p$,0
+6144,0,Computer Science,master,"Due to the birthday paradox, a collision search in a hash function with $n$-bit output has complexity\dots","['$2^{\\sqrt{n}}$', '$\\sqrt{2^n}$', '$2^n$', '$2^{n-1}$']",$\sqrt{2^n}$,1
+6145,0,Computer Science,master,"Using a block cipher, we can build \ldots","['only hash functions.', 'only MACs.', 'only hash functions and MACs.', 'hash functions, MACs, and stream ciphers.']","hash functions, MACs, and stream ciphers.",3
+6146,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{correct} assertion. Let $G$ be a cyclic multiplicative group of order $101$, let $g$ be a generator of $G$, and let $e_G$ be the neutral element of $G$.","['For any $a\\in G$, the order of $a$ divides the order of $g$.', 'There is no $a\\in G$ such that \\textsf{order}(a) = |G|.', 'There is an $a \\in G$ such that $a^{101} \\neq e_G$.', '$\\left\\{ e_G \\right\\}$ and $G$ are not the only subgroups of $G$.']","For any $a\in G$, the order of $a$ divides the order of $g$.",0
+6147,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of these Ciphers is perfectly secure?,"['Hieroglyphs', 'Caesar', 'Vigen\\`{e}re', 'Vernam']",Vernam,3
+6148,0,Computer Science,master,How many bit-strings of length $n$ are there?,"['$n$', '$n^2$', '$2^n$', '$\\log_2 n$']",$2^n$,2
+6149,0,Computer Science,master,S/Key is \ldots,"['an encryption scheme used in GSM.', 'a one-time password based protocol.', 'a secret key used in Bluetooth.', 'a secret key involved in Kerberos.']",a one-time password based protocol.,1
+6150,0,Computer Science,master,What is the length in bits of the input and output of a DES S-Box respectively?,"['6 and 6', '4 and 6', '6 and 4', '4 and 4']",6 and 4,2
+6151,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{minimal} assumption on the required channel to exchange the key of a Message Authentication Code (MAC):,"['nothing.', 'authentication and integrity only.', 'confidentiality only.', 'authentication, integrity, and confidentiality.']","authentication, integrity, and confidentiality.",3
+6153,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{true} assertion among the followings:,"['Visual cryptography is perfectly secure (at an unreasonable cost).', 'The Vernam cipher was invented by Kerckoff.', 'Just like coding theory, cryptography usually faces random noise.', 'Enigma has never been broken.']",Visual cryptography is perfectly secure (at an unreasonable cost).,0
+6154,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is well preserved by 2G?,"['Confidentiality', 'Message Integrity', 'Challenge freshness', 'Authentication of Mobile Station']",Authentication of Mobile Station,3
+6156,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider the following pairs of AES operations. In which, the order of the two operations does \emph{not} matter?","['SubBytes-ShiftRows', 'AddRoundKey-MixColumn', 'SubBytes-MixColumn', 'SubBytes-AddRoundKey']",SubBytes-ShiftRows,0
+6157,0,Computer Science,master,The collision resistance property of a hash function $H$ means that it is infeasible to\dots,"['find $Y$ such that $H(X)=Y$ for a given $X$.', 'find $X$ such that $H(X)=Y$ for a given $Y$.', ""find $X'$ such that $H(X')=H(X)$ and $X\\ne X'$ for a given $X$."", ""find $X,X'$ such that $H(X)=H(X')$ and $X\\ne X'$.""]","find $X,X'$ such that $H(X)=H(X')$ and $X\ne X'$.",3
+6158,0,Computer Science,master,"Compared to the plain RSA cryptosystem and for equivalent key sizes, the plain Elgamal cryptosystem has\dots","['a simpler key generation algorithm.', 'a simpler encryption algorithm.', 'a simpler decryption algorithm.', 'shorter ciphertexts.']",a simpler key generation algorithm.,0
+6159,0,Computer Science,master,Consider the exhaustive search of a uniformly distributed key in a set of size $N$. Think of the possible strategies and their complexities. Which of the following is \textbf{not} possible (We assume that memory access is constant.),"['Find the key with precomputation: $0$, memory: $O(1)$, time: $O(N)$.', 'Find the key with precomputation: $O(N)$, memory: $O(N)$, time: $O(1)$.', 'Find the key with precomputation: $O(N)$, memory: $O(N^{2/3})$, time: $O(N^{2/3})$.', 'Find the key with precomputation: $0$, memory: $O(N)$, time: $O(1)$.']","Find the key with precomputation: $0$, memory: $O(N)$, time: $O(1)$.",3
+6160,0,Computer Science,master,In order to have security of $2^{128}$ against key recovery attack for a (secure) symmetric key encryption scheme \ldots,"['we should use DES!', 'the shortest secret key that we can use is $128$ bits long.', 'the shortest secret key that we can use is $64$ bits long.', 'the longest secret key that we can use is $256$ bits long.']",the shortest secret key that we can use is $128$ bits long.,1
+6161,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assertion. To protect against online attacks in password recovery one can\dots,"['increase the delay between each password attempt.', 'block a user after 3 wrong attempts.', 'use high entropy passwords.', 'use a salt.']",use a salt.,3
+6162,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. $C(P_0,P_1)\ldots$","['$\\ldots\\displaystyle\\sim-\\log{\\sum_{x}\\sqrt{P_0(x)P_1(x)}}$', '$\\ldots=\\displaystyle\\sum_{x}\\left|P_1(x)-P_0(x)\\right|$', '$\\ldots\\displaystyle\\sim\\frac{\\mbox{SEI}(P_0,P_1)}{8\\mbox{ln}2}$', 'is the Chernoff information between $P_0$ ans $P_1$.']",$\ldots=\displaystyle\sum_{x}\left|P_1(x)-P_0(x)\right|$,1
+6163,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. The Advantage can be computed \ldots,"['\\ldots with a differential characteristic.', '\\ldots as a distance.', '\\ldots with a frequentist approach.', '\\ldots with a Bayesian approach.']",\ldots with a differential characteristic.,0
+6164,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} assertion.,"['It is asymptotically harder to do a collision than to do a preimage attack.', 'The probability that a random number is prime increases whith the increase of size length.', 'If $f(n)\\in O(g(n))$ then $f(n)\\in \\Theta(g(n))$.', 'If $f(n)\\in \\Theta(g(n))$ then $f(n)\\in O(g(n))$.']",If $f(n)\in \Theta(g(n))$ then $f(n)\in O(g(n))$.,3
+6166,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assertion. Using sequential composition,\dots","['one can make a protocol more Zero-Knowledge.', 'one can improve the soundness of a protocol.', 'one can improve the completeness of a protocol.', 'one has to repeat a protocol a given number of times using fresh random coins.']",one can make a protocol more Zero-Knowledge.,0
+6167,0,Computer Science,master,The Pohlig-Hellman algorithm can be used to \dots,"['solve the DH problem when the order of the group is smooth.', 'solve the RSA factorization problem when $p-1$ has smooth order.', 'find square roots in $\\mathbb{Z}_n$, where $n=pq$ for $p,q$ two large primes.', 'compute the CRT of two numbers.']",solve the DH problem when the order of the group is smooth.,0
+6168,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. Consider a function $f:\{0 \, 1\}^p \rightarrow \{0 \, 1\}^q$.","['$\\displaystyle\\sum_{b\\in\\{0,1\\}^q} \\mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)=1$, for all $a \\in \\{0,1\\}^p$.', '$\\mathsf{DP}^f$ cannot be computed from $\\mathsf{LP}^f$.', '$\\mathsf{LP}^f$ cannot be computed from $\\mathsf{DP}^f$.', 'For $B_i$ independent boolean variables, $\\mathsf{LP}(B_1 \\oplus \\ldots \\oplus B_n)$=$\\mathsf{LP}(B_1) + \\ldots + \\mathsf{LP}(B_n)$.']","$\displaystyle\sum_{b\in\{0,1\}^q} \mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)=1$, for all $a \in \{0,1\}^p$.",0
+6169,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} assertion.,"[""Luby-Rackoff's lemma bounds the advantage of distinguisher trying to discern a 3-round Feistel scheme from another Feistel scheme."", 'Decorrelation can express the best $d$-limited non-adaptive distinguisher between two random functions $F$ and $G$.', 'Decorrelation uses the $a$-norm to express the advantage gained by the best, limited non-adaptive distinguisher.', 'Decorrelation is in fact concerned only with expressing the advantage of adaptive distinguishers.']",Decorrelation can express the best $d$-limited non-adaptive distinguisher between two random functions $F$ and $G$.,1
+6170,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. In a zero-knowledge interactive proof of knowledge, \ldots","['for any ppt verifier, any simulator can produce a transcript which is indistinguishable from the original conversation.', 'the proof of knowledge denotes that the prover does not know why the statement is true.', 'for any ppt verifier, there is a simulator which produces a conversation indistinguishable from the original conversation.', 'the simulator is computationally unbounded.']","for any ppt verifier, there is a simulator which produces a conversation indistinguishable from the original conversation.",2
+6171,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. Let $X,Y$ be two random variables over the same probability space. Then,","['$X$ is always independent from $Y$.', '$E(XY)=E(X)\\times E(Y)$, if $X$ and $Y$ are independent.', '$\\Pr[X = x \\, \\text{and} \\, Y = y ] = \\Pr[X = x ] \\times \\Pr[Y = y]$.', '$X+Y$ does not make sense.']","$E(XY)=E(X)\times E(Y)$, if $X$ and $Y$ are independent.",1
+6172,0,Computer Science,master,The advantage of an algorithm $\mathcal{A}$ having to distinguish a distribution $P$ which is either $P_0$ or $P_1$ is given by,"['$\\Pr[\\mathcal{A} \\rightarrow 0 | P = P_0] - \\Pr[\\mathcal{A} \\rightarrow 1 | P = P_1]$.', '$\\Pr[\\mathcal{A} \\rightarrow 0 | P = P_0]$.', '$8 \\times \\mathsf{Dec}^n(|P_1-P_0|)$.', '$\\Pr[\\mathcal{A} \\rightarrow 1 | P = P_1] - \\Pr[\\mathcal{A} \\rightarrow 1 | P = P_0]$.']",$\Pr[\mathcal{A} \rightarrow 1 | P = P_1] - \Pr[\mathcal{A} \rightarrow 1 | P = P_0]$.,3
+6173,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion.,"['Black-box ZK (zero knowledge) is a stronger notion than (simple) ZK.', 'We can give a black-box ZK protocol deciding 3-COL (coloring graphs with 3 colours).', 'The NP language has no ZK proofs.', 'We can give a ZK protocol deciding ISO (graph isomorphisms).']",The NP language has no ZK proofs.,2
+6174,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. The advantage of a distinguisher of two distributions $P_0$ and $P_1$,"['is always the Euclidean distance between $P_0$ and $P_1$.', 'is $\\mathsf{Adv}_{\\mathcal{A}} (P_0 , P_1 ) = \\Pr[P = P_1|A \\rightarrow 1]-\\Pr[P = P_0| A \\rightarrow 1]$.', 'is $\\mathsf{Adv}_{\\mathcal{A}} (P_0 , P_1 ) = \\Pr[A \\rightarrow 0|P = P_1 ]-\\Pr[A \\rightarrow 1|P = P_0]$.', 'can touch the statistical distance $\\frac{1}{2}\\Sigma_{x}|P_0(x) - P_1(x)|$ between $P_0$ and $P_1$, when he makes only one query.']","can touch the statistical distance $\frac{1}{2}\Sigma_{x}|P_0(x) - P_1(x)|$ between $P_0$ and $P_1$, when he makes only one query.",3
+6175,0,Computer Science,master,The number of plaintext/ciphertext pairs required for a linear cryptanalysis is\dots,"['$\\approx \\mathsf{LP}$', '$\\approx \\frac{1}{\\mathsf{LP}}$', '$\\approx \\frac{1}{\\mathsf{LP}^2}$', '$\\approx \\log \\frac{1}{\\mathsf{LP}}$']",$\approx \frac{1}{\mathsf{LP}}$,1
+6176,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion. For a cipher $C$, decorrelation theory says that \ldots","['A decorrelation $0$ of order $1$ means perfect secrecy when used once.', '$\\mathsf{BestAdv}_n(C,C^\\ast)=\\frac{1}{2}\\mathsf{Dec}^n_{\\left|\\left|\\cdot\\right|\\right|_a}(C)$.', 'A decorrelation $0$ of order $1$ always protects against linear cryptanalysis.', '$\\mathsf{Dec}^n(C_1\\circ C_2) \\leq \\mathsf{Dec}^n(C_1) \\times \\mathsf{Dec}^n(C_2)$, for $C_1$ and $C_2$ two independent random permutations.']",A decorrelation $0$ of order $1$ always protects against linear cryptanalysis.,2
+6177,0,Computer Science,master,"Given a function $f:\left\{ 0,1 \right\}^p \rightarrow \left\{ 0,1 \right\}^q$, given $a\in\left\{ 0,1 \right\}^p$ and $b \in \left\{ 0,1 \right\}^q$, we define $DP^{f}(a,b) = \Pr_{X}[f(X \oplus a) = f(X) \oplus b]$. We have that $\ldots$","['$DP^f(0,b) = 1$ if and only if $b \\not= 0$.', '$DP^f(a,a) =1$.', '$\\sum_{a \\in \\{0,1\\}^p} \\sum_{b \\in \\{0,1\\}^q} DP^f(a,b)= 2^p $.', 'when $f$ is a permutation and $p=q$, $DP^f(a,0) = 1$.']","$\sum_{a \in \{0,1\}^p} \sum_{b \in \{0,1\}^q} DP^f(a,b)= 2^p $.",2
+6178,0,Computer Science,master,"In linear cryptanalysis,\dots","['one needs to do a chosen plaintext attack.', 'one studies how the differences in the input propagate in the cipher.', 'one chooses the deviant property with the smallest bias in order to optimize the attack.', 'one needs to have about $\\frac{1}{LP}$ pairs of plaintext-ciphertext in order to recover the correct key, where $LP$ is the linear probability of the cipher.']","one needs to have about $\frac{1}{LP}$ pairs of plaintext-ciphertext in order to recover the correct key, where $LP$ is the linear probability of the cipher.",3
+6179,0,Computer Science,master,The worst case complexity of an exaustive search (with memory) against DES is\dots,"['$1$', '$\\frac{2^{64}}{2}$', '$2^{56}$', '$2^{64}$']",$2^{56}$,2
+6180,0,Computer Science,master,Who invented linear cryptanalysis?,"['Mitsuru Matsui', 'Eli Biham', 'Serge Vaudenay', 'Adi Shamir']",Mitsuru Matsui,0
+6181,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assertion. A random oracle\dots,"['returns a value which is uniformly distributed and independent from the previous queries.', 'is replaced by a hash function in practice.', 'is a useful tool in theory.', 'has unpredictable outputs before queries are made.']",returns a value which is uniformly distributed and independent from the previous queries.,0
+6182,0,Computer Science,master,"For a blockcipher $B:\{0,1\}^k\times \{0,1\}^n \rightarrow \{0,1\}^n$ that has decorrelation $Dec^q_{\| \cdot \|_{\infty}}(B,C^*)=d$ (from a perfect cipher $C^*$), the best advantage of \textit{any} distinguisher that makes $q$ queries is \ldots","['bounded by $d/2$.', 'not related to $d$; we have to use the $a$-norm to get a more general result.', 'bounded by $d$.', 'bounded by $d-\\frac{1}{2}$.']",bounded by $d/2$.,0
+6185,0,Computer Science,master,I want to send a value to Bob without him knowing which value I sent and such that I cannot change my mind later when I reveal it in clear. I should use \dots,"['a stream cipher.', 'a PRNG.', 'a commitment scheme.', 'a digital signature.']",a commitment scheme.,2
+6188,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion.,"['$\\mathcal{NP} \\subseteq \\mathcal{PSPACE}$', '$\\mathcal{IP}\\ \\bigcap\\ \\mathcal{PSPACE} = \\emptyset$', '$\\mathcal{IP} = \\mathcal{PSPACE}$', '$\\mathcal{IP} \\supseteq \\mathcal{PSPACE}$']",$\mathcal{IP}\ \bigcap\ \mathcal{PSPACE} = \emptyset$,1
+6189,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. $x\in \mathbf{Z}_{n}$ is invertible iff \ldots,"['$\\varphi(n)= n-1$.', '$x$ is prime.', '$x$ is not prime.', '$gcd(x,n) = 1$.']","$gcd(x,n) = 1$.",3
+6190,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following circuits does not change an input difference.,"['A XOR to a constant gate.', 'An SBox.', 'A shift of all bits by one position to the right.', 'A non-linear circuit.']",A XOR to a constant gate.,0
+6191,0,Computer Science,master,Commitments should \ldots,"['resist forgery.', 'be binding and hiding.', 'allow a third party to open commitments.', 'resist preimage attacks.']",be binding and hiding.,1
+6192,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of these attacks is not a side channel attack?,"['sound analysis.', 'electromagnetic fields analysis.', 'differential fault analysis.', 'brute force attack.']",brute force attack.,3
+6193,0,Computer Science,master,Graph coloring is \ldots,"['\\ldots $NP$-hard with 1 color.', '\\ldots not interesting for cryptographers.', '\\ldots an $NP$-complete problem when limited to 3 colors.', '\\ldots always possible with 2 colors.']",\ldots an $NP$-complete problem when limited to 3 colors.,2
+6194,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion.,"['$d(f_0,f_1)=\\displaystyle\\sum_{x}\\sqrt{f_0(x)f_1(x)}$', 'Adv$_\\mathcal{A} \\leq d(f_0,f_1)$', '$d(P_0^{\\otimes q},P_1^{\\otimes q}) \\leq q \\cdot d(P_0,P_1)$', '$D(P_0\\| P_1)=\\displaystyle\\sum_{x\\in \\mbox{Supp}(P_0)}P_0(x)\\log{\\frac{P_0(x)}{P_1(x)}}$']","$d(f_0,f_1)=\displaystyle\sum_{x}\sqrt{f_0(x)f_1(x)}$",0
+6195,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} assertion.,"['We cannot prove P languages using an IPS (Interactive Proof System).', 'We cannot interactively prove NP languages, but we can prove co-NP languages.', 'Sequential composition of an IP (interactive proof) may improve the soundness threshold.', 'Iterative composition cannot help tunning the completeness threshold.']",Sequential composition of an IP (interactive proof) may improve the soundness threshold.,2
+6197,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{correct} assertion regarding $\Sigma$ protocols.,"['Using the extractor algorithm, an external user can recover the witness after two consecutive executions of the protocol.', 'The extractor has to extract the witness $w$ given an accepted view from a \\emph{honest} prover, i.e., given $(x,a,e,z)$ where $z = \\mathcal{P}(x,w,e;r_P)$ and $a = \\mathcal{P}(x,w;r_P)$.', 'The simulator simulates the behaviour of a honest verifier.', 'In the common reference string (CRS) model, we can construct commitments out of $\\Sigma$ protocols.']","In the common reference string (CRS) model, we can construct commitments out of $\Sigma$ protocols.",3
+6198,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion.,"['The ElGamal cryptosystem encompasses a probabilistic encryption method.', 'The ElGamal key recovery is equivalent to the discrete logarithm problem.', 'It has been showed that one can sometimes generate ElGamal signatures without knowing the secret key.', 'An existential forgery of the ElGamal signature is always easy, whereas a universal forgery is hard on average.']","An existential forgery of the ElGamal signature is always easy, whereas a universal forgery is hard on average.",3
+6199,0,Computer Science,master,"Which of the following RSA instances is secure for encrypting one message, that has the same size as the modulus, once? We assume that we have $N= pq$, where $p$ and $q$ are two different primes.","['$p$ and $q$ are of 1024 bits and the adversary knows a square root of $1$ in $\\mathbb{Z}_N^*$ that is different from $1$ and $-1$.', '$p$ and $q$ are of 1024 bits and the secret exponent $d$ is smaller than $2^{16}$.', '$p$ and $q$ are of 1024 bits and $e =3$.', '$p$ and $q$ are of 128 bits and the secret exponent $d> \\sqrt[4]{N}$.']",$p$ and $q$ are of 1024 bits and $e =3$.,2
+6201,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{correct} assertion. The maximum advantage of an \textbf{adaptive} distinguisher limited to $q$ queries between two random functions $F$ and $F^*$ is always\dots,"['$\\frac{1}{2}|||[F]^q - [F^*]^q |||_{\\infty}$.', '$\\frac{1}{2}|||[F]^q - [F^*]^q |||_{a}$.', '$1$ when $F = F^*$.', 'lower than the advantage of the best \\textbf{non-adaptive} distinguisher.']",$\frac{1}{2}|||[F]^q - [F^*]^q |||_{a}$.,1
+6202,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. A distinguisher can \ldots,"['\\ldots be a first step towards key recovery in block ciphers.', '\\ldots be assumed deterministic when it is computationally unbounded.', '\\ldots factorize big numbers.', '\\ldots differentiate the encryption of two known plaintexts.']",\ldots factorize big numbers.,2
+6203,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider any block cipher $C$ and a uniformly distributed random permutation $C^*$ on $\{0,1\}^\ell$. Then, for any $n \ge 1$ we always have\dots","['$[C^* \\circ C]^n = [C]^n$', '$[C^* \\circ C]^n = [C^*]^n$', '$[C^* \\circ C]^n = [C]^{2n}$', '$[C^* \\circ C]^n = [C]^n + [C^*]^n$']",$[C^* \circ C]^n = [C^*]^n$,1
+6204,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assertion. In linear cryptanalysis,\dots","['one does a known plaintext attack.', 'given a cipher $f$ and masks $a,b$, the greater $p:=\\Pr_X[a\\cdot X = b \\cdot f(X)]$ the better the attack will perform (ex: $p = 0.2$ vs $p= 0.4$).', 'the linear probability (LP) measures how far the probability of a deviant property is from $1/2$.', 'a deviant property is a relation between a linear combination of input bits and a linear combination of output bits.']","given a cipher $f$ and masks $a,b$, the greater $p:=\Pr_X[a\cdot X = b \cdot f(X)]$ the better the attack will perform (ex: $p = 0.2$ vs $p= 0.4$).",1
+6205,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion. Consider a device that is running a software implementation of the PKCS\#1v1.5 RSA cryptosystem.,"['Analysing the power consumption of the device during decryption may be used to help recover the secret key.', 'Inducing computational errors in the device during encryption may help recover the secret key.', 'Issues related to message formatting may be used to help recover the secret key.', 'Measuring the timing of the decryption computation may be used to help recover the secret key.']",Inducing computational errors in the device during encryption may help recover the secret key.,1
+6206,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $X$, $Y$, and $K$ be respectively the plaintext, ciphertext, and key distributions. $H$ denotes the Shannon entropy. The consequence of perfect secrecy is \dots","['$H(K) \\geq H(X)$', '$H(K) \\leq H(X)$', '$H(K,X) \\leq H(X)$', '$H(Y) \\leq H(X)$']",$H(K) \geq H(X)$,0
+6208,0,Computer Science,master,Which adversarial model corresponds to Differential Cryptanalysis?,"['Chosen Ciphertext Attack', 'Chosen Plaintext Attack', 'Known Ciphertext Attack', 'Known Plaintext Attack']",Chosen Plaintext Attack,1
+6212,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion when $x\rightarrow+\infty$.,"['$x^2+5x+2 = O(x^3)$.', '$x^n = O(n^x)$ for any constant $n > 1$.', '$x\\log(x) = O(x^2)$.', '$1/x = O(1/x^2)$']",$1/x = O(1/x^2)$,3
+6213,0,Computer Science,master,What is the Lagrange property? ($a\mid b$ means that $a$ is a factor of $b$),"['Group order $\\mid$ group exponent $\\mid$ element order.', 'Group order $\\mid$ element order $\\mid$ group exponent.', 'Element order $\\mid$ group exponent $\\mid$ group order.', 'Element order $\\mid$ group order $\\mid$ group exponent.']",Element order $\mid$ group exponent $\mid$ group order.,2
+6214,0,Computer Science,master,"Assume a perfect cipher over a message-block space of $\{0, 1\}^{\ell}$. Then,","['encrypting under a fixed key is synonymous to fixing a permutation in the symmetric group $S_{2^{\\ell}}$.', 'the key to be used is a uniformly distributed integer between $1$ and $2^\\ell$.', 'the key has to follow a uniform distribution if and only if the plaintext is uniformly distributed in its domain.', 'the cipher works as an one-time pad.']",encrypting under a fixed key is synonymous to fixing a permutation in the symmetric group $S_{2^{\ell}}$.,0
+6215,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. A first preimage attack on a hash function H is \ldots,"['\\ldots given $x$ find $y$ such that $H(x)=y$', ""\\ldots given $x$ find $x'\\neq x$ such that $H(x)=H(x')$"", '\\ldots given $y$ find $x$ such that $H(x)=y$', ""\\ldots find $x$ and $x'$ such that $x'\\neq x$ and $H(x)=H(x')$""]",\ldots given $y$ find $x$ such that $H(x)=y$,2
+6217,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the most accurate answer. Generating an $\ell$-bit prime number can be done in,"['$O(\\ell^2)$ time.', '$O(\\ell^4)$ time.', '$O(\\ell^3)$ time.', '$O(\\ell)$ time.']",$O(\ell^4)$ time.,1
+6220,0,Computer Science,master,The Diffie-Hellman Problem consists of computing \ldots,"['\\ldots $K=g^{xy}$, from $(g,X,Y)$ where $X=g^x$ and $Y=g^y$.', '\\ldots the least integer $x$ such that $y=g^x$ from $(g,y)$ with $y\\in \\langle g\\rangle$.', '\\ldots $x$ such that $x^2\\mod p = y$, from $(g,X,Y)$ where $X=g^x$ and $Y=g^y$.', '\\ldots $K=xy$, from $(g,X,Y)$ where $X=g^x$ and $Y=g^y$.']","\ldots $K=g^{xy}$, from $(g,X,Y)$ where $X=g^x$ and $Y=g^y$.",0
+6221,0,Computer Science,master,The best distinguisher\ldots,"['\\ldots requires too many samples.', '\\ldots can never be implemented.', '\\ldots is based on the likelihood ratio.', '\\ldots is based on exhaustive search.']",\ldots is based on the likelihood ratio.,2
+6222,0,Computer Science,master,"In an interactive proof system for a language $L$, having $\beta$-soundness means that\dots","['if we run the protocol with input $x\\not\\in L$, with a \\textbf{malicious prover}, and a \\textbf{honest verifier} the probability that the protocol succeeds is upper-bounded by $\\beta$.', 'if we run the protocol with input $x\\in L$, with a \\textbf{malicious prover}, and a \\textbf{honest verifier} the probability that the protocol succeeds is upper-bounded by $\\beta$.', 'if we run the protocol with input $x\\in L$, with a \\textbf{honest prover}, and a \\textbf{malicious verifier} the probability that the protocol succeeds is upper-bounded by $\\beta$.', 'if we run the protocol with input $x\\in L$, with a \\textbf{honest prover}, and a \\textbf{honest verifier} the probability that the protocol succeeds is upper-bounded by $\\beta$.']","if we run the protocol with input $x\not\in L$, with a \textbf{malicious prover}, and a \textbf{honest verifier} the probability that the protocol succeeds is upper-bounded by $\beta$.",0
+6224,0,Computer Science,master,"For any random variable $X$ with $E[X] = 0$, $E[2X^2 + 3X] = \dots$","['$2$.', '$4\\textsf{Var}(X)$.', '$0$.', '$2\\textsf{Var}(X)$.']",$2\textsf{Var}(X)$.,3
+6225,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is \textbf{not} a finite field.,"['The set of integers modulo $p$, where $p$ is a prime number.', '$Z_2[X]/(X^2+X+1)$.', 'The elliptic curve $E_{2,1}$ over $GF(7)$.', '$GF(p^n)$, where $p$ is a prime number and $n$ a positive integer.']","The elliptic curve $E_{2,1}$ over $GF(7)$.",2
+6226,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statements has been proved.,"['$\\textrm{IP} \\subseteq \\textrm{NP}$', '$\\textrm{IP} = \\textrm{PSPACE}$', '$\\textrm{P} \\neq \\textrm{NP}$', '$\\textrm{SAT} \\in \\textrm{P}$']",$\textrm{IP} = \textrm{PSPACE}$,1
+6227,0,Computer Science,master,Consider the language $L_{\text{best}}=\{\text{``Advanced crypto is great!''}^i \mid i \in \mathbb{N}\}$. Tick an assertion.,"['$L_{\\text{best}} \\in \\mathcal{P}$.', 'Every $x\\in L_{\\text{best}}$ has a logical value equal to $\\mathsf{True}$. The bigger $|x|$, the more true it is.', 'Only Chuck Norris can recognize $L_{\\text{best}}$ in constant time. But he can recognize any language in constant time.', ""$L_{\\text{best}}$ is a very very good language. We have never seen any more bester language. It's huge.""]",$L_{\text{best}} \in \mathcal{P}$.,0
+6228,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. Assume that $C$ is an arbitrary random permutation.,"['$\\mathsf{BestAdv}_n(C,C^\\ast)=\\mathsf{Dec}^n_{\\left|\\left|\\left|\\cdot\\right|\\right|\\right|_a}(C)$', '$\\mathsf{BestAdv}_n^{n.a.}(C,C^\\ast)=\\frac{1}{2}\\mathsf{Dec}^n_{\\left|\\left|\\left|\\cdot\\right|\\right|\\right|_a}(C)$', '$E(\\mathsf{LP}^{C}(a,b)) < \\frac{1}{2}$', '$\\mathsf{BestAdv}_n^{n.a.}(C,C^\\ast)=\\frac{1}{2}\\mathsf{Dec}^n_{\\left|\\left|\\left|\\cdot\\right|\\right|\\right|_\\infty}(C)$']","$\mathsf{BestAdv}_n^{n.a.}(C,C^\ast)=\frac{1}{2}\mathsf{Dec}^n_{\left|\left|\left|\cdot\right|\right|\right|_\infty}(C)$",3
+6230,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{correct} assertion. A sigma protocol \ldots,"['cannot be constructed for languages in the class $\\mathcal{P}$.', 'has a special zero knowledge property that holds only against honest verifiers.', 'has a special soundness property that holds only against honest provers.', 'for a language $L\\in \\mathcal{NP}$ requires the existence of an extractor $E$ that computes the witness $w = E(x)$ for any $x\\in L$ in time that is polynomial in $|x|$.']",has a special zero knowledge property that holds only against honest verifiers.,1
+6231,0,Computer Science,master,A proof system is computational-zero-knowledge if \dots,"['for any PPT verifier and for any simulator $S$, $S$ produces an output which is hard to distinguish from the view of the protocol.', 'there exists a PPT simulator $S$ such that for any \\emph{honest} verifier, $S$ produces an output which is hard to distinguish from the view of the verifier.', 'for any PPT verifier, there exists a PPT simulator that produces an output which is hard to distinguish from the view of the protocol.', 'for any \\emph{honest} verifier and for any simulator $S$, $S$ produces an output which is hard to distinguish from the view of the protocol.']","for any PPT verifier, there exists a PPT simulator that produces an output which is hard to distinguish from the view of the protocol.",2
+6232,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. Assume that $C$ is a random permutation.,"['BestAdv$_n(C,C^\\ast)=\\frac{1}{2}Dec^n_{\\left|\\left|\\left|\\cdot\\right|\\right|\\right|_a}(C)$', 'BestAdv$_n^{n.a.}(C,C^\\ast)=\\frac{1}{2}Dec^n_{\\left|\\left|\\left|\\cdot\\right|\\right|\\right|_\\infty}(C)$', '$E(LP^{C}(a,b))\\leq 1$', '$Dec^n(C\\circ C)\\leq Dec^n(C)^2$.']",$Dec^n(C\circ C)\leq Dec^n(C)^2$.,3
+6233,0,Computer Science,master,Standard encryption threats do not include:,"['Known-plaintext attacks.', 'Chosen-plaintext attacks.', 'Universal forgeries.', 'Key-recovery attacks.']",Universal forgeries.,2
+6236,0,Computer Science,master,"If we define the completeness probability of a protocol by $\alpha$ and its soundness probability by $\beta$, what is the best scenario?","['$\\alpha=0$ and $\\beta=0$', '$\\alpha=0$ and $\\beta=1$', '$\\alpha=1$ and $\\beta=0$', '$\\alpha=1$ and $\\beta=1$']",$\alpha=1$ and $\beta=0$,2
+6237,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. In Linear Cryptanalysis, the corresponding mask circuit of \ldots","['\\ldots a XOR gate ($X\\oplus Y = Z$) is $a\\cdot Z=(a\\cdot X)\\oplus (a\\cdot Y)$', '\\ldots a XOR to constant gate ($Y=X\\oplus K$) is $a\\cdot Y = (a\\cdot X)\\oplus (a\\cdot K)$', '\\ldots a linear circuit ($Y=M\\times X$) is $a\\cdot Y = (M\\times a)\\cdot X$', '\\ldots a duplicate gate ($X=Y=Z$) is $(a\\oplus b)\\cdot X=(a\\cdot Y)\\oplus (b\\cdot Z)$']",\ldots a linear circuit ($Y=M\times X$) is $a\cdot Y = (M\times a)\cdot X$,2
+6238,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. In a zero-knowledge interactive proof for $L$, \ldots","['for any ppt verifier, there is a simulator which for any $x \\in L$ produces a conversation indistinguishable from the original conversation.', 'for any ppt verifier, for some $x \\in L$, any simulated conversation is indistinguishable from the original conversation.', 'the simulator imitates the verifier.', 'the simulator is computationaly unbounded.']","for any ppt verifier, there is a simulator which for any $x \in L$ produces a conversation indistinguishable from the original conversation.",0
+6240,0,Computer Science,master,What is the Squared Euclidean Imbalance?,"['$\\displaystyle P_0(x)\\sum_x(P_1(x)-P_0(x))^2$', '$\\displaystyle\\frac{1}{P_0(x)}\\sum_x(P_1(x)-P_0(x))^2$', '$\\displaystyle\\sum_x\\frac{(P_1(x)-P_0(x))^2}{P_0(x)}$', '$\\displaystyle\\sum_x\\left(\\frac{P_1(x)}{P_0(x)}-1\\right)^2$']",$\displaystyle\sum_x\frac{(P_1(x)-P_0(x))^2}{P_0(x)}$,2
+6242,0,Computer Science,master,The difference between an interactive proof of knowledge and an interactive proof system relies in \ldots,"['\\ldots the completeness property.', '\\ldots the soundness property.', '\\ldots the termination property.', '\\ldots the names of the participants.']",\ldots the soundness property.,1
+6243,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. A cipher with a good decorrelation of order 2 protects against \ldots,"['\\ldots non-adaptive distinguishers limited to two queries.', '\\ldots unbounded attacks.', '\\ldots differential cryptanalysis.', '\\ldots linear cryptanalysis.']",\ldots unbounded attacks.,1
+6246,0,Computer Science,master,"For any function $f:\{0,1\}^p\rightarrow \{0,1\}^q$ and for any $a\in\{0,1\}^p$, we have\ldots","['$\\Sigma _{b\\in \\{0,1\\}^q}\\mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)=1$', '$\\Sigma _{b\\in \\{0,1\\}^q}\\mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)=0$', '$\\Sigma _{b\\in \\{0,1\\}^q}\\mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)=\\frac{1}{2}$', '$\\Sigma _{b\\in \\{0,1\\}^q}\\mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}$']","$\Sigma _{b\in \{0,1\}^q}\mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)=1$",0
+6248,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assertion regarding plain Rabin, i.e., Rabin without any redundancy.","['The Rabin Key Recovery Problem relies on the discrete logarithm problem.', 'Plain Rabin suffers from a chosen ciphertext key recovery attack.', 'The decryption of plain Rabin is ambiguous.', 'The Rabin Decryption Problem is equivalent to the factoring problem.']",The Rabin Key Recovery Problem relies on the discrete logarithm problem.,0
+6252,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{\emph{incorrect}} assertion. In an interactive proof system for a language $L$, having zero-knowledge implies that $\ldots$","['$\\exists$ ppt $\\mathcal{S}$ such that, for any $\\mathbf{x \\in L}$, $\\mathcal{S}(x,r)$ produces an output indistinguishable from the view of a \\textbf{honest verifier} interacting with a \\textbf{honest prover}.', '$\\exists$ ppt $\\mathcal{S}$ such that, for any $\\mathbf{x \\in L}$, $\\mathcal{S}(x,r)$ produces an output indistinguishable from the view of a \\textbf{malicious verifier} interacting with a \\textbf{honest prover}.', '$\\exists$ ppt $\\mathcal{S}$ such that, for any $\\mathbf{x \\not\\in L}$, $\\mathcal{S}(x,r)$ produces an output indistinguishable from the view of a \\textbf{honest verifier} interacting with a \\textbf{malicious prover}.', 'the prover proves the membership of $x$ to $L$ without revealing any secret to the verifier.']","$\exists$ ppt $\mathcal{S}$ such that, for any $\mathbf{x \not\in L}$, $\mathcal{S}(x,r)$ produces an output indistinguishable from the view of a \textbf{honest verifier} interacting with a \textbf{malicious prover}.",2
+6253,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. SAT, the set of all satisfiable Boolean terms $r$, \ldots","['\\ldots is in $\\mathcal{NP}$', '\\ldots is in $\\mathcal{P}$', '\\ldots is not in $\\mathcal{IP}$', '\\ldots is not $\\mathcal{NP}$-complete']",\ldots is in $\mathcal{NP}$,0
+6256,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion. A cipher $C$ perfectly decorrelated at order 2 implies\dots,"['perfect secrecy when used twice.', 'security against differential cryptanalysis.', 'security against linear cryptanalysis.', 'security against exhaustive search.']",security against exhaustive search.,3
+6257,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. A distinguisher \ldots,"['\\ldots can break PRNG.', '\\ldots is an algorithm calling an oracle.', '\\ldots recovers the secret key of a stream cipher.', '\\ldots can differentiate the encryption of two known plaintexts.']",\ldots recovers the secret key of a stream cipher.,2
+6258,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion regarding the security of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange over a subgroup $\langle g \rangle \subset \mathbb{Z}_p^*$.,"['$\\langle g \\rangle$ should have prime order.', 'We must ensure that $X\\in \\langle g \\rangle$ for every received $X$.', 'The binary representation of the output of the key exchange is a uniformly distributed bitstring.', 'We must ensure that $X\\neq1$ for every received $X$.']",The binary representation of the output of the key exchange is a uniformly distributed bitstring.,2
+6261,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion. A distinguisher \dots,"['can be used to break a PRNG.', 'is an algorithm calling an oracle.', 'can prove the security of a block cipher.', 'can show a weakness in a design.']",can prove the security of a block cipher.,2
+6262,0,Computer Science,master,What has been proven so far?,"['$\\mathcal{NP} = \\mathcal{P}$', '$\\mathcal{NP}\\neq \\mathcal{P}$', '$\\mathcal{NP}\\subseteq \\mathcal{P}$', '$\\mathcal{NP}\\supseteq \\mathcal{P}$']",$\mathcal{NP}\supseteq \mathcal{P}$,3
+6264,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. In Differential Cryptanalysis, the corresponding differential circuit of \ldots","['\\ldots a linear circuit ($Y=M\\times X$) is $\\Delta X=a\\Rightarrow \\Delta Y=^tM\\times a$', '\\ldots a duplicate gate ($X=Y=Z$) is $\\Delta X=a\\Rightarrow \\Delta Y = \\Delta Z = a$', '\\ldots a XOR gate ($X\\oplus Y = Z$) is $(\\Delta X=a,\\ \\Delta Y=b)\\Rightarrow \\Delta Z = a\\oplus b$', '\\ldots a XOR to constant gate ($Y=X\\oplus K$) is $\\Delta X = a \\Rightarrow \\Delta Y = a$']",\ldots a linear circuit ($Y=M\times X$) is $\Delta X=a\Rightarrow \Delta Y=^tM\times a$,0
+6265,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion. The security of the DH protocol requires \dots,"['that the DL problem is hard.', 'that the factoring problem is hard.', 'that we use groups of prime order.', 'a KDF function.']",that the factoring problem is hard.,1
+6267,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $C_1$, $C_2$ and $C^*$ be three independent random permutations over a set $A$, $C^*$ being uniformaly distributed. Tick the \textbf{false} assertion.","['$[C_2\\circ C_1]^n=[C_1]^n\\circ [C_2]^n$', '$[C^*]^n\\times [C_2]^n=[C^*]^n$', '$[C_1]^n\\times [C^*]^n=[C^*]^n$', '$[C^*]^n$ is neutral for $x$']",$[C^*]^n$ is neutral for $x$,3
+6268,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{correct} assertion. Linear cryptanalysis \ldots,"['was invented long before the Caesar cipher.', 'is a chosen plaintext key recovery attack.', 'requires $\\frac{1}{DP}$ pairs of plaintext-ciphertext.', 'breaks DES with $2^{43}$ known plaintexts.']",breaks DES with $2^{43}$ known plaintexts.,3
+6269,0,Computer Science,master,"Assume a perfect cipher over a message-block space of a message block space $\{0, 1\}^{\ell}$. Then,","['the key to be used is a uniformly distributed integer between $1$ and $2^\\ell !$.', 'the key to be used is a uniformly distributed integer between $1$ and $2^\\ell$.', 'the key to be used is a uniformly distributed integer between $1$ and $2^{\\ell-1} !$.', 'the key to be used is a uniformly distributed integer between $1$ and $\\ell!$.']",the key to be used is a uniformly distributed integer between $1$ and $2^\ell !$.,0
+6270,0,Computer Science,master,Let $p>2$ be a prime. Then \dots,"['for any $x \\in \\mathbb{Z}_p^*$, we have $x^p \\bmod{p} = 1$.', 'the set of quadratic residues modulo $p$ form a field.', 'the set of quadratic residues modulo $p$ is of order $(p-1)/2$.', '$\\phi(p^2) = (p-1)^2$.']",the set of quadratic residues modulo $p$ is of order $(p-1)/2$.,2
+6272,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. A Universal Forgery is \ldots,"['\\ldots a forgery where the adversary is able to forge a valid MAC/signature for an arbitrary message.', '\\ldots a forgery where the adversary is able to forge a valid MAC/signature for a new message.', '\\ldots a forgery where the adversary has to recover the secret key.', '\\ldots a forgery where the adversary plays chess.']",\ldots a forgery where the adversary is able to forge a valid MAC/signature for an arbitrary message.,0
+6273,0,Computer Science,master,Which assertion has not been proven?,"['SAT $\\in P$.', 'SAT is $NP$-complete.', 'SAT $\\in NP$.', 'SAT $\\in IP$.']",SAT $\in P$.,0
+6274,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion. In hypothesis testing \ldots,"['the statistical distance between $P_0$ and $P_1$ gives an upper bound on the advantage of all distinguishers using a single sample.', 'a distinguisher needs $\\frac{1}{C(P_0,P_1)}$ samples in order to be able to distinguish between $P_0$ and $P_1$.', 'a distinguisher can use a deviant property of a cipher $C$, that holds with high probability, in order to distinguish between $C$ and $C^{*}$.', 'a distinguisher with a single sample obtains always a better advantage than one that has access to $2$ samples.']",a distinguisher with a single sample obtains always a better advantage than one that has access to $2$ samples.,3
+6275,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} statement:,"['By enriching a $\\Sigma$-protocol with commitment we can have a zero-knowledge (ZK) protocol.', 'In random oracle model (ROM) a $\\Sigma$-protocol cannot be zero-knowledge.', 'From $\\Sigma$-protocols we can construct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs (NIZK).', 'In common reference string (CRS) setup, we can construct commitment schemes from a $\\Sigma$-protocol.']",In random oracle model (ROM) a $\Sigma$-protocol cannot be zero-knowledge.,1
+6276,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} assertion.,"['A black-box zero-knowledge simulator uses the verifier only as an oracle.', 'Proofs of membership require the notion of extraction.', 'In proofs of knowledge, the prover has input $x$ only and, in the same time, he is polynomially bounded.', 'All IPS (Interactive Proof Systems) require the notion of ppt. simulation of a run between a possibly dishonest verifier and a honest prover.']",A black-box zero-knowledge simulator uses the verifier only as an oracle.,0
+6277,0,Computer Science,master,"Assume we work with $64$-bit block cipher. In differential cryptanalysis, for which of the following circuits is the output difference going to be different from the input difference?","['a NOT gate', 'a XOR to a constant gate', 'a circuit which rotates by $64$ positions to the left', 'a linear circuit']",a linear circuit,3
+6279,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider the cipher defined using the key $K\in \{0,1\}^{64} $ by $$\begin{array}{llll} C : & \{0,1\}^{64} & \rightarrow & \{0,1\}^{64} \\ & x & \mapsto & C(x)=x \oplus K \\ \end{array} $$ Let $x=1\dots 11$, the value $\mathsf{LP}^{C_K}(x,x)$ is equal to","['$0$', '$1/4$', '$1/2$', '$1$']",$0$,0
+6281,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assertion. Let $H:\left\{ 0,1 \right\}^*\rightarrow\left\{ 0,1 \right\}^n$ be a hash function.","['We can use $H$ to design a commitment scheme.', 'We can use $H$ to design a key derivation function.', 'Finding $x,y\\in\\left\\{ 0,1 \\right\\}^*$ such that $x\\neq y$ and $h(x) = h(y)$ can be done in $O(2^{n/2})$ time.', 'Given $x\\in\\left\\{ 0,1 \\right\\}^*$, finding a $y \\in \\left\\{ 0,1 \\right\\}^*$ such that $x\\neq y$ and $h(x) = h(y)$ can be done in $O(2^{n/2})$ time.']","Given $x\in\left\{ 0,1 \right\}^*$, finding a $y \in \left\{ 0,1 \right\}^*$ such that $x\neq y$ and $h(x) = h(y)$ can be done in $O(2^{n/2})$ time.",3
+6285,0,Computer Science,master,In which group is the discrete logarithm problem believed to be hard?,"['In a subgroup of $\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$ with large prime order.', 'In $\\mathbb{Z}_n$, where $n= pq$ for two large primes $p$ and $q$.', 'In a group $G$ of smooth order.', 'In $\\mathbb{Z}_2^p$, for a large prime $p$.']",In a subgroup of $\mathbb{Z}_p^*$ with large prime order.,0
+6286,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider two distributions $P_0,P_1$ with the same supports and a distinguisher $\mathcal{A}$ that makes $q$ queries. Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion.","['When $q=1$, $\\mathsf{Adv}(\\mathcal{A})\\leq d(P_0,P_1)$ where $d$ is the statistical distance.', 'When $q>1$, $\\mathsf{Adv}(\\mathcal{A})\\leq \\frac{d(P_0,P_1)}{q}$ where $d$ is the statistical distance.', ""When $q=1$, the strategy ``return 1 $\\Leftrightarrow \\frac{P_0(x)}{P_1(x)}\\leq 1$'' achieves the best advantage."", 'To achieve good advantage, we need to have $q\\approx 1/C(P_0,P_1)$ where $C$ is the Chernoff information.']","When $q>1$, $\mathsf{Adv}(\mathcal{A})\leq \frac{d(P_0,P_1)}{q}$ where $d$ is the statistical distance.",1
+6287,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \emph{true} assertion. In the ElGamal cryptosystem, \ldots","['the decryption problem is equivalent to the Decisional Diffie-Hellman problem.', 'the key recovery problem is equivalent to the Discrete Logarithm problem.', 'the encryption is a deterministic algorithm.', 'the decryption problem is equivalent to the key recovery problem.']",the key recovery problem is equivalent to the Discrete Logarithm problem.,1
+6288,0,Computer Science,master,What is the complexity of prime number generation for a prime of length $\ell$?,"['$\\mathbf{O}\\left(\\frac{1}{\\ell^4}\\right)$', '$\\mathbf{O}(\\ell^4)$', '$\\Theta\\left(\\frac{1}{\\ell^4}\\right)$', '$\\Theta(\\ell^4)$']",$\mathbf{O}(\ell^4)$,1
+6289,0,Computer Science,master,"In ElGamal signature scheme, if we avoid checking that $0 \leq r < p$ then \ldots","['\\ldots a universal forgery attack is possible.', '\\ldots an existential forgery attack is avoided.', '\\ldots we can recover the secret key.', '\\ldots we need to put a stamp on the message.']",\ldots a universal forgery attack is possible.,0
+6290,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. MAC is \ldots,"['\\ldots a computer.', '\\ldots the name of a dish with chili.', '\\ldots a Message Authentication Code.', '\\ldots the encryption of KEY with the Ceasar cipher.']",\ldots a Message Authentication Code.,2
+6291,0,Computer Science,master,"For $K$ a field, $a,b\in K$ with $4a^3+27b^2 \neq 0$, $E_{a,b}(K)$ is","['a field.', 'a group.', 'a ring.', 'a ciphertext.']",a group.,1
+6292,0,Computer Science,master,A differential cryptanalysis is \dots,"['a known plaintext attack.', 'a chosen plaintext attack.', 'a known ciphertext attack.', 'a chosen ciphertext attack.']",a chosen plaintext attack.,1
+6293,0,Computer Science,master,The number of plaintext/ciphertext pairs required for a differential cryptanalysis is\dots,"['$\\approx DP$', '$\\approx \\frac{1}{DP}$', '$\\approx \\frac{1}{DP^2}$', '$\\approx \\log \\frac{1}{DP}$']",$\approx \frac{1}{DP}$,1
+6295,0,Computer Science,master,In which case is the DDH problem believed to be hard?,"['In $\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$.', 'In $\\mathbb{Z}_n$, where $n = pq$ for two large primes $p$ and $q$.', 'Given an oracle that returns the least significant bit of $g^{xy}$.', 'In a large subgroup of prime order of a regular elliptic curve.']",In a large subgroup of prime order of a regular elliptic curve.,3
+6296,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion. The perfect cipher over $\left\{ 0,1 \right\}^\ell$ is \dots","['uniformly distributed.', '$C^*\\;$.', 'using a key space of size $2^\\ell!$.', 'practical.']",practical.,3
+6297,0,Computer Science,master,Suppose that you can prove the security of your digital signature scheme against the following attacks. In which case is your scheme going to be the \textbf{most} secure?,"['Existential forgery under chosen message attack.', 'Universal forgery under chosen message attack.', 'Existential forgery under known message attack.', 'Universal forgery under known message attack.']",Existential forgery under chosen message attack.,0
+6298,0,Computer Science,master,"Given the distribution $P_0$ of a normal coin, i.e. $P_0(0)=P_0(1)=\frac{1}{2}$, and distribution $P_1$ of a biased coin, where $P_1(0)=\frac{1}{3}$ and $P_1(1) = \frac{2}{3}$ , the maximal advantage of a distinguisher using a single sample is\dots","['$\\frac{1}{6}$.', '$3$.', '$\\frac{1}{3}$.', '$0$.']",$\frac{1}{6}$.,0
+6299,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion. Given an RSA public key $(e,N)$, we \textit{can} efficiently compute square roots in $\mathbb{Z}_{N}^*$ if we have an efficient algorithm that \ldots","['factors $N$.', 'recovers the corresponding secret key $d$.', 'computes $\\varphi(N)$, the order of $\\mathbb{Z}_N^*$.', 'given a $y\\in \\mathbb{Z}_N$ computes an $x$ such that $x^e \\equiv y \\pmod{N}$.']",given a $y\in \mathbb{Z}_N$ computes an $x$ such that $x^e \equiv y \pmod{N}$.,3
+6300,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. The advantage of a distinguisher... \ldots,"['\\ldots never depends on the number of samples tested.', '\\ldots can be expressed using the statistical distance between two functions.', '\\ldots can be expressed using type I and type II errors.', '\\ldots can be expressed in function of pre-assigned costs per error type.']",\ldots never depends on the number of samples tested.,0
+6303,0,Computer Science,master,To how many plaintexts we expect to decrypt a ciphertext in the Rabin cryptosystem when we don't use redundancy?,"['4.', '2.', '1.', '8.']",4.,0
+6306,0,Computer Science,master,"For an interactive proof system, the difference between perfect, statistical and computational zero-knowledge is based on \ldots","['\\ldots the distinguishability between some distributions.', '\\ldots the percentage of recoverable information from a transcript with a honest verifier.', '\\ldots the number of times the protocol is run between the prover and the verifier.', '\\ldots whether the inputs are taken in $\\mathcal{P}$, $\\mathcal{NP}$ or $\\mathcal{IP}$.']",\ldots the distinguishability between some distributions.,0
+6307,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of these is not believed to be a hard problem?,"['$\\mathbf{NP}$-hard problems.', 'Factoring problem.', 'Discrete logarithm problem.', 'Computing the CRT.']",Computing the CRT.,3
+6308,0,Computer Science,master,What is the name of the encryption threat that corresponds to \emph{force the sender to encrypt some messages selected by the adversary}?,"['Chosen Ciphertext Attack', 'Chosen Plaintext Attack', 'Known Ciphertext Attack', 'Known Plaintext Attack']",Chosen Plaintext Attack,1
+6314,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. Let $a,b,c \in \mathbb{Z}$, with $a$ and $b$ not both zero. The equation $ax+by=c$ can be solved in $\mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{Z}$","['if and only if $c$ is not prime.', 'if and only if $a$ and $b$ are coprime.', 'using the extended Euclid algorithm.', 'using square root with factorization.']",using the extended Euclid algorithm.,2
+6317,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $C$ be a perfect cipher with $\ell$-bit blocks. Then, \dots","['for $x_1 \\neq x_2$, $\\Pr[C(x_1) = y_1, C(x_2)=y_2] = \\frac{1}{2^{2\\ell}}$.', 'the size of the key space of $C$ should be at least $(2^{\\ell}!)$.', 'given pairwise independent inputs to $C$, the corresponding outputs are independent and uniformly distributed.', '$C$ has an order $3$ decorrelation matrix which is equal to the order $3$ decorrelation matrix of a random function.']",the size of the key space of $C$ should be at least $(2^{\ell}!)$.,1
+6320,0,Computer Science,master,The exponent of the group $\mathbb{Z}_9^*$ is,"['6.', '9.', '8.', '3.']",6.,0
+6322,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} statement. When $x\rightarrow+\infty$ \ldots,"['$x^3 + 2x + 5 = \\mathcal{O}(x^3)$.', '$\\frac{1}{x^2} = \\mathcal{O}(\\frac{1}{x})$.', '$2^{\\frac{x}{\\log x}} = \\mathcal{O}(2^x)$.', '$n^x = \\mathcal{O}(x^n)$ for any constant $n>1$.']",$n^x = \mathcal{O}(x^n)$ for any constant $n>1$.,3
+6324,0,Computer Science,master,"In order to avoid the Bleichenbacher attack in ElGamal signatures, \ldots","['\\ldots authors should put their name in the message.', '\\ldots groups of prime order should be used.', '\\ldots groups of even order should be used.', '\\ldots groups with exponential number of elements should be used.']",\ldots groups of prime order should be used.,1
+6325,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. $\Sigma$-protocols are \ldots,"['\\ldots interactive proof systems.', '\\ldots interactive proof of knowledge.', '\\ldots 3-move protocols', '\\ldots zero-knowledge proof of knowledge.']",\ldots zero-knowledge proof of knowledge.,3
+6327,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assumption. A language $L$ is in NP if\dots,"['$x \\in L$ can be decided in polynomial time.', '$x \\in L$ can be decided in polynomial time given a witness $w$.', '$L$ is NP-hard.', '$L$ (Turing-)reduces to a language $L_2$ with $L_2$ in $P$, i.e., if there is a polynomial deterministic Turing machine which recognizes $L$ when plugged to an oracle recognizing $L_2$.']",$L$ is NP-hard.,2
+6328,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} statement for \emph{independent} random variables $X$ and $Y$.,"['$Var(XY) = Var(X)Var(Y)$.', '$E[XY] = E[X]E[Y]$.', '$\\Pr[X=x\\text{ and } Y = y] = \\Pr[X=x]\\Pr[Y=y]$.', '$E[X+Y] = E[X] + E[Y]$.']",$Var(XY) = Var(X)Var(Y)$.,0
+6329,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. Decorrelation \ldots,"['\\ldots formalises security of ciphers when an attack is limited to a fixed number $d$ of samples.', '\\ldots can express the best $d$-limited non-adaptive distinguisher between two random functions $F$ and $G$.', '\\ldots uses the infinity norm to express the advantage gained by the best, limited adaptive distinguisher.', '\\ldots uses the infinity norm to express the advantage gained by the best, limited non-adaptive distinguisher.']","\ldots uses the infinity norm to express the advantage gained by the best, limited adaptive distinguisher.",2
+6331,0,Computer Science,master,In which of the following groups is the decisional Diffie-Hellman problem (DDH) believed to be hard?,"['In $\\mathbb{Z}_p$, with a large prime $p$.', ""In large subgroup of smooth order of a ``regular'' elliptic curve."", 'In a large subgroup of prime order of $\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$, such that $p$ is a large prime.', 'In $\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$, with a large prime $p$.']","In a large subgroup of prime order of $\mathbb{Z}_p^*$, such that $p$ is a large prime.",2
+6332,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. Decorrelation\ldots,"['\\ldots can measure how close a block cipher is to a uniform random permutation.', '\\ldots can serve as a tool to prove security.', '\\ldots can be used to construct perfect ciphers.', '\\ldots is defined from distance notions between matrices.']",\ldots can be used to construct perfect ciphers.,2
+6333,0,Computer Science,master,"The differential probability of a function $f:\{0,1\}^p\rightarrow \{0,1\}^q$ is, given $a\in\{0,1\}^p$ and $b\in\{0,1\}^q$, defined by \dots","['$\\mathrm{DP}^f(a,b)=\\Pr_{X\\in _U \\{0,1\\}^p} [f(X\\oplus a)=f(X\\oplus b)] $.', '$\\mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)=\\Pr_{X\\in _U \\{0,1\\}^p} [f(X)\\oplus a=f(X)\\oplus b] $.', '$\\mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)=\\Pr_{X\\in _U \\{0,1\\}^p} [f(X\\oplus b)=f(X)\\oplus a] $.', '$\\mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)=\\Pr_{X\\in _U \\{0,1\\}^p} [f(X\\oplus a)=f(X)\\oplus b] $.']","$\mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)=\Pr_{X\in _U \{0,1\}^p} [f(X\oplus a)=f(X)\oplus b] $.",3
+6335,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion. Given $p$ prime:,"['the cardinality of $\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$ is $p-1$.', 'the group of quadratic residues modulo $p$ is of order $\\frac{p-1}{2}$.', 'for any $x \\in \\mathbb{Z}_p$, $x^{p-1} \\equiv 1 \\pmod{p}$.', '$\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$ is a cyclic group.']","for any $x \in \mathbb{Z}_p$, $x^{p-1} \equiv 1 \pmod{p}$.",2
+6336,0,Computer Science,master,"In ElGamal signature scheme and over the random choice of the public parameters in the random oracle model (provided that the DLP is hard), existential forgery is \ldots","['\\ldots impossible.', '\\ldots hard on average.', '\\ldots easy on average.', '\\ldots easy.']",\ldots hard on average.,1
+6337,0,Computer Science,master,The maximal advantage of a \textbf{non adaptive} distinguisher limited to $q$ queries between two random functions $F$ and $F^*$ is\dots,"['$\\frac{1}{2}|||[F]^q - [F^*]^q |||_{\\infty}$.', '$\\frac{1}{2}|||[F]^q - [F^*]^q |||_{a}$.', 'always $1$ for computationally unbounded distinguishers.', 'always better that the advantage of the best \\textbf{adaptive} distinguisher.']",$\frac{1}{2}|||[F]^q - [F^*]^q |||_{\infty}$.,0
+6338,0,Computer Science,master,"In differential cryptanalysis,\dots","['for a function $f:\\left\\{ 0,1 \\right\\}^p \\rightarrow \\left\\{ 0,1 \\right\\}^q$, for \\emph{any} $a\\in\\left\\{ 0,1 \\right\\}^p$ and $b \\in \\left\\{ 0,1 \\right\\}^q$, $2^p \\textsf{DP}^f(a,b) =0 \\bmod{2}$.', 'one does a known plaintext attack.', 'one studies how differences in the key impact the cipher.', 'the best differential probability of a cipher is equal to the best linear probability of this cipher, i.e., for a cipher $C$, $\\max_{a\\neq 0,b}(\\textsf{DP}^C(a,b))=\\max_{a\\neq 0,b}(\\textsf{LP}^C(a,b))$.']","for a function $f:\left\{ 0,1 \right\}^p \rightarrow \left\{ 0,1 \right\}^q$, for \emph{any} $a\in\left\{ 0,1 \right\}^p$ and $b \in \left\{ 0,1 \right\}^q$, $2^p \textsf{DP}^f(a,b) =0 \bmod{2}$.",0
+6339,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} statement.,"['The Decisional Diffie-Hellman problem is easy over $\\mathbb{Z}_n$.', 'The Discrete Logarithm problem is believed to be hard over a large subgroup of prime order of a ``regular"" elliptic curve.', 'The Decisional Diffie-Hellman problem is believed to be hard for $\\mathbb{Z}_p^*$, for $p$ prime.', 'The Discrete Logarithm problem is easy for groups of smooth order.']","The Decisional Diffie-Hellman problem is believed to be hard for $\mathbb{Z}_p^*$, for $p$ prime.",2
+6342,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following primitives \textit{cannot} be instantiated with a cryptographic hash function?,"['A pseudo-random number generator.', 'A commitment scheme.', 'A public key encryption scheme.', 'A key-derivation function.']",A public key encryption scheme.,2
+6344,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. Assume that $p$ and $q$ are integers and that $a\in\{0,1\}^p$.","['$\\forall b\\in\\{0,1\\}^q, DP^f(a,b)=\\displaystyle\\Pr_{X\\in_U\\{0,1\\}^p}[f(X\\oplus a)\\oplus f(X)\\oplus b=0]$', '$\\forall x,b\\in\\{0,1\\}^p, \\Pr[f(x\\oplus a)\\oplus f(x)\\oplus b=0]=E(DP^f(a,b))$', '$DP^f(a,0)=1\\Longleftrightarrow a=0$', '$\\displaystyle\\sum_{b\\in\\{0,1\\}^q} 2^p\\cdot DP^f(a,b)=1$']","$\forall b\in\{0,1\}^q, DP^f(a,b)=\displaystyle\Pr_{X\in_U\{0,1\}^p}[f(X\oplus a)\oplus f(X)\oplus b=0]$",0
+6346,0,Computer Science,master,In plain ElGamal Encryption scheme \ldots,"['\\ldots only a confidential channel is needed.', '\\ldots only an authenticated channel is needed.', '\\ldots only an integer channel is needed', '\\ldots only an authenticated and integer channel is needed.']",\ldots only an authenticated and integer channel is needed.,3
+6348,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{true} assertion.,"['In an universal forgery the adversary has stronger objectives than in an existential forgery.', 'In a MAC forgery under known message attack the adversary is able to request the authentication of several messages.', 'In an existential forgery the adversary is able to forge a valid MAC for an arbitrary message.', 'A MAC provides authentication, integrity and confidentiality.']",In an universal forgery the adversary has stronger objectives than in an existential forgery.,0
+6349,0,Computer Science,master,In Plain Rabin \ldots,"['\\ldots 2 square roots are outputted from the decryption algorithm.', '\\ldots the encryption is probabilistic.', '\\ldots the decryption might be ambiguous.', '\\ldots redundancy is added to the plaintext.']",\ldots the decryption might be ambiguous.,2
+6352,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. Let $X$ be a random variable defined by the visible face showing up when throwing a dice. Its expected value $E(X)$ is:,"['3.5', '3', '1', '4']",1,2
+6354,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. A character $\chi$ is \ldots,"['\\ldots used for spectral analysis.', '\\ldots an element of the dual group.', '\\ldots always a group isomorphism.', '\\ldots always a group homomorphism.']",\ldots always a group isomorphism.,2
+6356,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider an arbitrary cipher $C$ and a uniformly distributed random permutation $C^*$ on $\{0,1\}^n$. Tick the \textbf{false} assertion.","['$\\mathsf{Dec}^1(C)=0$ implies $C=C^*$.', '$\\mathsf{Dec}^1(C)=0$ implies $[C]^1=[C^*]^1$.', '$\\mathsf{Dec}^1(C)=0$ implies that $C$ is perfectly decorrelated at order 1.', '$\\mathsf{Dec}^1(C)=0$ implies that all coefficients in $[C]^1$ are equal to $\\frac{1}{2^n}$.']",$\mathsf{Dec}^1(C)=0$ implies $C=C^*$.,0
+6357,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion. Let $P, V$ be an interactive system for a language $L\in \mathcal{NP}$.","['The proof system is $\\beta$-sound if $\\Pr[\\text{Out}_{V}(P^* \\xleftrightarrow{x} V) = \\text{accept}] \\leq \\beta$ for any $P^*$ and any $x \\notin L$.', 'The soundness of the proof system can always be tuned close to $0$ by sequential composition.', 'It is impossible for the proof system to be sound and zero knowledge at the same time.', 'Both the verifier $V$ and the prover $P$ run in time that is polynomial in $|x|$, if we assume that $P$ gets the witness $w$ as an extra input.']",It is impossible for the proof system to be sound and zero knowledge at the same time.,2
+6358,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the assertion related to an open problem.,"['$NP\\subseteq IP$.', '$P\\subseteq IP$.', '$PSPACE=IP$.', '$NP = \\text{co-}NP$.']",$NP = \text{co-}NP$.,3
+6359,0,Computer Science,master,"The linear probability of a function $f:\{0,1\}^p\rightarrow \{0,1\}^q$ is, given $a\in\{0,1\}^p$ and $b\in\{0,1\}^q$, defined by \dots","['$\\mathsf{LP}^f(a,b)=(2.\\Pr_{X\\in _U \\{0,1\\}^p} [a\\cdot X=b\\cdot f(X)] -1)^2$.', '$\\mathsf{LP}^f(a,b)=(2.\\Pr_{X\\in _U \\{0,1\\}^p} [a\\cdot X=f(b\\cdot X)] -1)^2$.', '$\\mathsf{LP}^f(a,b)=(2.\\Pr_{X\\in _U \\{0,1\\}^p} [a\\oplus X=b\\oplus f(X)] -1)^2$.', '$\\mathsf{LP}^f(a,b)=(2.\\Pr_{X\\in _U \\{0,1\\}^p} [a\\cdot X=f(b\\oplus X)] -1)^2$.']","$\mathsf{LP}^f(a,b)=(2.\Pr_{X\in _U \{0,1\}^p} [a\cdot X=b\cdot f(X)] -1)^2$.",0
+6361,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. A $\Sigma$ protocol is \ldots,"['\\ldots a signature scheme.', '\\ldots a 3 move protocol.', '\\ldots an interactive proof of knowledge.', '\\ldots honest verifier zero-knowledge.']",\ldots a signature scheme.,0
+6362,0,Computer Science,master,"What is $\lambda (91)$, i.e. the exponent of $\mathbb{Z}_{91}^*$?","['90', '12', '72', '6']",12,1
+6363,0,Computer Science,master,Let $X$ be a plaintext and $Y$ its ciphertext. Which statement is \textbf{not} equivalent to the others?,"['the encyption scheme provides perfect secrecy', 'only a quantum computer can retrieve $X$ given $Y$', '$X$ and $Y$ are statistically independent random variables', 'the conditionnal entropy of $X$ given $Y$ is equal to the entropy of $X$']",only a quantum computer can retrieve $X$ given $Y$,1
+6366,0,Computer Science,master,A cipher $C$ perfectly decorrelated at order 1 implies\dots,"['perfect secrecy when used once.', 'security against differential cryptanalysis.', 'security against linear cryptanalysis.', 'immunity to exhaustive search.']",perfect secrecy when used once.,0
+6367,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{\emph{incorrect}} assertion. A $\Sigma$-protocol \dots,"['has special soundness.', 'is zero-knowledge.', 'is a 3-move interaction.', 'has the verifier polynomially bounded.']",is zero-knowledge.,1
+6368,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} statement. The following statements have been proven:,"['$\\textrm{SAT} \\in \\textrm{PSPACE} \\cap \\textrm{P}$', '$\\textrm{P} \\subseteq \\textrm{NP} \\subseteq \\textrm{IP}$', '$\\textrm{P} \\subseteq \\textrm{IP} \\cap \\textrm{NP}$', '$\\textrm{co-NP} \\subseteq \\textrm{PSPACE}$']",$\textrm{SAT} \in \textrm{PSPACE} \cap \textrm{P}$,0
+6369,0,Computer Science,master,The statistical distance between two distributions is \dots,"['unrelated to the advantage of a distinguisher.', 'a lower bound on the advantage of \\emph{all} distinguishers (with a unique sample).', 'an upper bound on the advantage of \\emph{all} distinguishers (with a unique sample).', 'an upper bound on the advantage of all distinguishers making statistics on the obtained samples.']",an upper bound on the advantage of \emph{all} distinguishers (with a unique sample).,2
+6370,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} statement:,"['Zero-knowledge interactive proofs are interactive proofs.', 'Black-box zero-knowledge interactive proofs are zero-knowledge interactive proofs.', '$\\Sigma$-protocols are zero-knowledge interactive proofs.', '$\\Sigma$-protocols are interactive proofs of knowledge.']",$\Sigma$-protocols are zero-knowledge interactive proofs.,2
+6371,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following Diffie-Hellman instance is believed to be secure?,"['Diffie-Hellman in a subgroup of $\\left\\{ 0,\\dots,n \\right\\}$ (with the addition) of prime order $q$ with $q$ a $200$-bit prime and $n$ a $2048$-bit integer.', 'Diffie-Hellman over a subgroup of a good Elliptic curve over $Z_p$ of prime order $q$, with $q$ a $200$-bit prime and $p$ a $2048$-bit prime.', 'Diffie-Hellman over a subgroup of $Z_p^*$ of order $q$, with $q$ a $30$-bit prime and $p$ a $2048$-bit prime.', 'Diffie-Hellman over a subgroup of $Z_p^*$ of order $q=2^{128}(127)^{40}$, with $p$ a $2048$-bit prime.']","Diffie-Hellman over a subgroup of a good Elliptic curve over $Z_p$ of prime order $q$, with $q$ a $200$-bit prime and $p$ a $2048$-bit prime.",1
+6372,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{\emph{correct}} assertion. A random oracle $\ldots$,"['returns the same answer when queried with two different values.', 'is instantiated with a hash function in practice.', 'has predictable output before any query is made.', 'answers with random values that are always independent of the previous queries.']",is instantiated with a hash function in practice.,1
+6373,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider an Sbox $S:\{0,1\}^m \rightarrow \{0,1\}^m$. We have that \ldots","['$\\mathsf{DP}^S(0,b)=1$ if and only if $S$ is a permutation.', '$\\sum_{b\\in \\{0,1\\}^m} \\mathsf{DP}^S(a,b)$ is even.', '$\\sum_{b\\in \\{0,1\\}^m \\backslash \\{0\\}} \\mathsf{DP}^S(0,b)= 0$', '$\\mathsf{DP}^S(0,b)=1$ if and only if $m$ is odd.']","$\sum_{b\in \{0,1\}^m \backslash \{0\}} \mathsf{DP}^S(0,b)= 0$",2
+6374,0,Computer Science,master,Which adversarial model corresponds to Linear Cryptanalysis?,"['Chosen Ciphertext Attack', 'Chosen Plaintext Attack', 'Known Ciphertext Attack', 'Known Plaintext Attack']",Known Plaintext Attack,3
+6375,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. In RSA \ldots,"['\\ldots decryption is known to be equivalent to factoring.', '\\ldots key recovery is provably not equivalent to factoring).', '\\ldots decryption is probabilistic.', '\\ldots public key transmission needs authenticated and integer channel.']",\ldots public key transmission needs authenticated and integer channel.,3
+6376,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider the cipher defined by $$\begin{array}{llll} C : & \{0,1\}^{4} & \rightarrow & \{0,1\}^{4} \\ & x & \mapsto & C(x)=x \oplus 0110 \\ \end{array} $$ The value $LP^C(1,1)$ is equal to","['$0$', '$1/4$', '$1/2$', '$1$']",$1$,3
+6377,0,Computer Science,master,"The advantage of a distingusher of two distributions $P_0$ and $P_1$, which takes independent variables from $P$ is:","['$Adv_{\\mathcal{A}} (P_0 , P_1 ) = Pr[A \\rightarrow 1|P = P_1 ]-Pr[A \\rightarrow 1|P = P_0]$.', '$Adv_{\\mathcal{A}} (P_0 , P_1 ) = Pr[P = P_1|A \\rightarrow 1]-Pr[P = P_0| A \\rightarrow 1]$.', '$Adv_{\\mathcal{A}} (P_0 , P_1 ) = Pr[A \\rightarrow 1|P = P_1 ]-Pr[A \\rightarrow 0|P = P_0]$.', '$Adv_{\\mathcal{A}} (P_0 , P_1 ) = Pr[A \\rightarrow 0|P = P_1 ]-Pr[A \\rightarrow 1|P = P_0]$.']","$Adv_{\mathcal{A}} (P_0 , P_1 ) = Pr[A \rightarrow 1|P = P_1 ]-Pr[A \rightarrow 1|P = P_0]$.",0
+6381,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $n=pq$ be a RSA modulus and let $(e,d)$ be a RSA public/private key. Tick the \emph{correct} assertion.","['Finding a multiple of $\\lambda(n)$ is equivalent to decrypt a ciphertext.', '$ed$ is a multiple of $\\phi(n)$.', 'The two roots of the equation $X^2 - (n-\\phi(n)+1)X+n$ in $\\mathbb{Z}$ are $p$ and $q$.', '$e$ is the inverse of $d$ mod $n$.']",The two roots of the equation $X^2 - (n-\phi(n)+1)X+n$ in $\mathbb{Z}$ are $p$ and $q$.,2
+6382,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{true} assertion. A distinguishing attack against a block cipher\dots,"['is a probabilistic attack.', 'succeeds with probability $1$.', 'outputs the secret key.', 'succeeds with probability $0$.']",is a probabilistic attack.,0
+6383,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. Assume that $p$ is prime.,"['$QR(p)$ is of order $\\frac{p-1}{4}$', '$\\mathbf{Z}_{p}^*$ has only one generator.', '$\\mathbf{Z}_{p}^*$ has $\\varphi(\\varphi(p))$ generators.', 'All elements of $\\mathbf{Z}_{p}$ are invertible.']",$\mathbf{Z}_{p}^*$ has $\varphi(\varphi(p))$ generators.,2
+6384,0,Computer Science,master,"Given two distributions $P_0$ and $P_1$ over a discrete set $Z$, the maximal advantage of a distinguisher using a single sample is\dots","['$\\frac{1}{2}\\sum_{x\\in Z} | P_0(x) - P_1(x)|$.', '$1 - \\prod_{x\\in Z}(P_0(x)-P_1(x))^2$.', '$1$ if $P_0 = P_1$ and $0$ otherwise.', 'always $1$ for computationally unbounded adversaries.']",$\frac{1}{2}\sum_{x\in Z} | P_0(x) - P_1(x)|$.,0
+6387,0,Computer Science,master,DES uses a key of size\dots,"['$48$ bits', '$56$ bits', '$64$ bits', '$128$ bits']",$56$ bits,1
+6388,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textit{correct} assertion. Given an alphabet $Z$, if a language $L \subset Z^*$ belongs to the class $\mathsf{co}\operatorname{-}\mathcal{NP}$ then \ldots","['there is a predicate $R$ such that $\\forall x\\in L$ there is a $w\\in Z^*$ which satisfies $R(x,w)$, and such that $R(x,w)$ can be computed in time that is polynomial in $|x|$.', 'there is always an algorithm $\\mathcal{A}$ that, given an $x\\in Z^*$, determines if $x\\in L$ in time that is polynomial in $|x|$.', 'the language $\\bar{L}=\\{x \\in Z^* \\mid x\\notin L\\}$ belongs to the class $\\mathcal{NP}$.', 'necessarily, $L \\notin \\mathcal{P}$.']",the language $\bar{L}=\{x \in Z^* \mid x\notin L\}$ belongs to the class $\mathcal{NP}$.,2
+6389,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. Let $n >1 $ be a composite integer, the product of two primes. Then,","['$\\phi(n)$ divides $\\lambda(n)$.', '$\\lambda(n)$ divides the order of any element $a$ in $\\mathbb{Z}_n$.', '$\\mathbb{Z}^{*}_n$ with the multiplication is a cyclic group.', '$a^{\\lambda(n)} \\mod n=1$, for all $a \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{*}_n$.']","$a^{\lambda(n)} \mod n=1$, for all $a \in \mathbb{Z}^{*}_n$.",3
+6391,0,Computer Science,master,"In a zero-knowledge interactive proof, the prover wants to prove :","['nothing.', 'a statement without interaction.', ""something he doesn't know."", 'a statement without revealing anything else besides that the statement holds.']",a statement without revealing anything else besides that the statement holds.,3
+6392,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $C$ be a permutation over $\left\{ 0,1 \right\}^p$. Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion:","['$\\text{DP}^C(a,0) = 1$ for some $a \\neq 0$.', '$\\text{DP}^C(0,b) = 0$ for some $b \\neq 0$.', '$\\sum_{b \\in \\left\\{ 0,1 \\right\\}^p}\\text{DP}^C(a,b) = 1$ for any $a\\in \\left\\{ 0,1 \\right\\}^p$.', '$2^p \\text{DP}^C(a,b) \\bmod 2 = 0$, for any $a,b\\in \\left\\{ 0,1 \\right\\}^p$.']","$\text{DP}^C(a,0) = 1$ for some $a \neq 0$.",0
+6393,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. Assume an arbitrary $f:\{0,1\}^p \rightarrow \{0,1\}^q$, where $p$ and $q$ are integers.","['$\\mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)=\\displaystyle\\Pr_{X\\in_U\\{0,1\\}^p}[f(X\\oplus a)\\oplus f(X)\\oplus b=1]$, for all $a \\in \\{0,1\\}^p$, $b \\in \\{0,1\\}^q$.', '$\\Pr[f(x\\oplus a)\\oplus f(x)\\oplus b=0]=E(\\mathsf{DP}^f(a,b))$, for all $a, x \\in \\{0,1\\}^p$, $b \\in \\{0,1\\}^q$.', '$2^p\\mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)$ is odd, for all $a \\in \\{0,1\\}^p, b \\in \\{0,1\\}^q$.', '$\\displaystyle\\sum_{b\\in\\{0,1\\}^q} \\mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)=1$, for all $a \\in \\{0,1\\}^p$.']","$\displaystyle\sum_{b\in\{0,1\}^q} \mathsf{DP}^f(a,b)=1$, for all $a \in \{0,1\}^p$.",3
+6394,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. In order to have zero-knowledge from $\Sigma$-protocols, we need to add the use of \ldots","['\\ldots an ephemeral key $h$ and a Pedersen commitment.', '\\ldots a common reference string.', '\\ldots hash functions.', '\\ldots none of the above is necessary, zero-knowledge is already contained in $\\Sigma$-protocols.']","\ldots none of the above is necessary, zero-knowledge is already contained in $\Sigma$-protocols.",3
+6395,0,Computer Science,master,What is the desired functionality of Symetric Encryption for a key $K$ and a message $M$?,"['Dec$_{M}($Enc$_{M}(K))=K$', 'Enc$_{M}($Dec$_{M}(K))=K$', 'Enc$_{K}($Dec$_{K}(M))=M$', 'Dec$_{K}($Enc$_{K}(M))=M$']",Dec$_{K}($Enc$_{K}(M))=M$,3
+6396,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $H$ be a hash function $H: \{0,1\}^* \rightarrow \{0,1\}^n$. In order to provide a complexity of at least $2^{128}$ against generic attacks, we should pick $n$ to be","['128.', '256.', '196.', '80.']",256.,1
+6399,0,Computer Science,master,A collision-resistant hash function $h$ is a hash function where it is \emph{infeasible} to find\dots,"['a digest $d$ such that, given a message $m$, $h(m)=d$.', 'a message $m$ such that, given a digest $d$, $h(m)=d$.', 'a message $m$ such that, given $m_0$, $h(m)=h(m_0)$.', 'two different messages $m_1$, $m_2$ such that $h(m_1)=h(m_2)$.']","two different messages $m_1$, $m_2$ such that $h(m_1)=h(m_2)$.",3
+6403,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. Assume that $N$ is a RSA modulus.,"['Finding a multipe of $\\lambda(N)$ is equivalent to factor $N$.', 'Finding an $e$ such that $gcd(e,\\varphi(N))=1$ is equivalent to factor $N$.', '$ed$ is a multiple of $\\lambda(N)$.', 'Sovling $X^2-(N-\\varphi(N)+1)X+N=0$ (in $\\mathbf{Z}$) outputs $e$ and $d$.']",Finding a multipe of $\lambda(N)$ is equivalent to factor $N$.,0
+6404,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion. A perfect cipher over $n$ bit blocks \ldots,"['implements a random permutation of $\\{0,1\\}^n$ when used with a random key.', 'is easy to implement in the real life for $n=128$.', 'has a key space of size $2^n!$.', 'produces a uniform distribution if we are limited to a single query.']",is easy to implement in the real life for $n=128$.,1
+6406,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. Vernam is perfectly secure when \ldots,"['\\ldots the key is at least as long as the message', '\\ldots a key is never used twice', '\\ldots the key is a random prime number', '\\ldots the key source is truly random']",\ldots the key is a random prime number,2
+6408,0,Computer Science,master,Let $s$ be a security parameter and $n$ be a constant. Which of the following functions is negligible?,"['$1/2$.', '$1/s$.', '$1/e^s$.', '$1/s^n$.']",$1/e^s$.,2
+6409,0,Computer Science,master,A Feistel scheme is used in\dots,"['DES', 'AES', 'FOX', 'CS-Cipher']",DES,0
+6410,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. Assume that $C$ is a random permutation.,"['$\\mathsf{BestAdv}_n(C,C^\\ast)=\\frac{1}{2}\\mathsf{Dec}^n_{\\left|\\left|\\left|\\cdot\\right|\\right|\\right|_a}(C)$', '$\\mathsf{BestAdv}_n^{n.a.}(C,C^\\ast)=\\frac{1}{2}\\mathsf{Dec}^n_{\\left|\\left|\\left|\\cdot\\right|\\right|\\right|_a}(C)$', '$E(\\mathsf{LP}^{C}(a,b))\\leq 1$', '$\\mathsf{BestAdv}_n^{n.a.}(C,C^\\ast)=\\frac{1}{2}\\mathsf{Dec}^n_{\\left|\\left|\\left|\\cdot\\right|\\right|\\right|_\\infty}(C)$']","$\mathsf{BestAdv}_n^{n.a.}(C,C^\ast)=\frac{1}{2}\mathsf{Dec}^n_{\left|\left|\left|\cdot\right|\right|\right|_a}(C)$",1
+6411,0,Computer Science,master,Which adversarial model makes sense for PRNGs.,"['Indistinguishability.', 'Known message attack.', 'Existential forgery.', 'Perfectly binding.']",Indistinguishability.,0
+6412,0,Computer Science,master,Consider the linear mask $\alpha := \mathsf{0xf0}$ and the input $X := \mathsf{0xe2}$. We have $\alpha \cdot X = $ \dots,"['$\\mathsf{0}$', '$\\mathsf{1}$', '$\\mathsf{0xe0}$', '$\\mathsf{0xf2}$']",$\mathsf{1}$,1
+6413,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. The SEI of the distribution $P$ of support $G$ \ldots,"['is equal to \\# $G\\cdot\\displaystyle\\sum_{x\\in G}\\left(P(x)-\\frac{1}{\\sharp G}\\right)^2$', 'is the advantage of the best distinguisher between $P$ and the uniform distribution.', 'denotes the Squared Euclidean Imbalance.', 'is positive.']",is the advantage of the best distinguisher between $P$ and the uniform distribution.,1
+6416,0,Computer Science,master,"Let $X$, $Y$, and $K$ be respectively the plaintext, ciphertext, and key distributions. $H$ denotes the Shannon entropy. Considering that the cipher achieves \emph{perfect secrecy}, tick the \textbf{false} assertion:","['$X$ and $Y$ are statistically independent', '$H(X,Y)=H(X)$', 'VAUDENAY can be the result of the encryption of ALPACINO using the Vernam cipher.', '$H(X|Y)=H(X)$']","$H(X,Y)=H(X)$",1
+6418,0,Computer Science,master,The random oracle model consists of replacing a hash function by \ldots,"['\\ldots a random oracle.', '\\ldots a counter.', '\\ldots a block cipher.', '\\ldots a stateless gnome tossing a coin.']",\ldots a random oracle.,0
+6419,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion,"['ElGamal encryption is a non-deterministic encryption scheme.', 'The security of ElGamal is based on the factorization problem.', 'An ElGamal ciphertext is longer than the associated plaintext.', 'ElGamal encryption involves some randomness.']",The security of ElGamal is based on the factorization problem.,1
+6423,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. Let $X$ be a random variable that is equal to zero with probability 1/2 and to 1 with probability 1/2. Since the variance of $X$ is $V(X)=E((X-E(X))^2)= E(X^2)-(E(X))^2$, here $V(X)$ is:","['1/4', '1/2', '1/3', '1/8']",1/4,0
+6424,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{correct} assertion. Assume that $C$ is an arbitrary random permutation.,"['$\\mathsf{BestAdv}_n(C,C^\\ast)=\\mathsf{Dec}^n_{\\left|\\left|\\left|\\cdot\\right|\\right|\\right|_\\infty}(C)$', '$\\mathsf{BestAdv}_n(C,C^\\ast)=\\mathsf{Dec}^{n/2}_{\\left|\\left|\\left|\\cdot\\right|\\right|\\right|_\\infty}(C)$', '$E(\\mathsf{DP}^{C}(a,b)) < \\frac{1}{2}$', '$\\mathsf{BestAdv}_n(C,C^\\ast)=\\frac{1}{2}\\mathsf{Dec}^n_{\\left|\\left|\\cdot\\right|\\right|_a}(C)$']","$\mathsf{BestAdv}_n(C,C^\ast)=\frac{1}{2}\mathsf{Dec}^n_{\left|\left|\cdot\right|\right|_a}(C)$",3
+6426,0,Computer Science,master,"Consider the cipher defined by $$\begin{array}{llll} C : & \{0,1\}^{4} & \rightarrow & \{0,1\}^{4} \\ & x & \mapsto & C(x)=x \oplus 0110 \\ \end{array} $$ Let $a\in\{0,1\}^{4}$, the value $DP^C(a,a)$ is equal to","['$0$', '$1/4$', '$1$', '$a$']",$1$,2
+6428,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{incorrect} assertion. One can strengthen a $\Sigma$-protocol into a Zero-Knowledge Proof of Knowledge protocol using\dots,"['a simulator.', 'a random oracle.', 'a common reference string.', 'a trapdoor commitment.']",a simulator.,0
+6429,0,Computer Science,master,Which class of languages includes some which cannot be proven by a polynomial-size non-interactive proof?,"['$\\mathcal{P}$', '$\\mathcal{IP}$', '$\\mathcal{NP}$', '$\\mathcal{NP}\\ \\bigcap\\ $co-$\\mathcal{NP}$']",$\mathcal{IP}$,1
+6431,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{true} assertion. In an interactive proof,","['\\ldots the completeness property does not depend on the random coins of the prover.', '\\ldots the completeness property does not depend on the random coins of the verifier.', '\\ldots the soundness property refers to the case where the verifier is corrupted.', '\\ldots the complexity of the verifier is polynomial in the size of the input.']",\ldots the complexity of the verifier is polynomial in the size of the input.,3
+6433,0,Computer Science,master,Graph coloring consist of coloring all vertices \ldots,"['\\ldots with a unique color.', '\\ldots with a different color when they are linked with an edge.', '\\ldots with a random color.', '\\ldots with a maximum number of colors.']",\ldots with a different color when they are linked with an edge.,1
+6435,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion regarding Rabin without redundancy.,"['It is vulnerable to chosen ciphertext attacks.', 'The key recovery problem is equivalent to the decryption problem.', 'It is provably as secure as the discrete logarithm problem in $\\mathbb{Z}_N^*$.', 'It is provably as secure as the factorization problem.']",It is provably as secure as the discrete logarithm problem in $\mathbb{Z}_N^*$.,2
+6438,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{incorrect} assertion. A cipher with an order three decorrelation which is low \dots,"['resists to differential attacks.', 'resists to linear attacks.', 'has no good distinguisher that uses three queries.', 'resists to any polynomially-bounded adversary.']",resists to any polynomially-bounded adversary.,3
+6439,0,Computer Science,master,How many necessary and sufficient queries do we need to distinguish the distribution $P$ from the uniform distribution $U$ with significant advantage?,"['$d(P,U)^{-1}$', '$\\infty$', '$\\Theta(SEI(P)^{-1})$', '$\\Theta(C(P,U))$']",$\Theta(SEI(P)^{-1})$,2
+6440,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. In an interactive proof system \ldots,"['\\ldots completeness is the probability that the honestly followed protocol completes.', '\\ldots soundness is the probability that a malicious prover convinces a verifier on a false statement.', '\\ldots prover and verifier are considered as interactive machines.', '\\ldots the interaction between the verifier and the prover never terminates.']",\ldots the interaction between the verifier and the prover never terminates.,3
+6441,0,Computer Science,master,What adversarial model does not make sense for a message authentication code (MAC)?,"['key recovery.', 'universal forgery.', 'existential forgery.', 'decryption.']",decryption.,3
+6444,0,Computer Science,master,"For which of the following primitives, there is no notion of security against a distinguisher?","['A digital signature scheme.', 'A public key encryption scheme.', 'A symmetric encryption scheme.', 'A pseudo-random function (PRF).']",A digital signature scheme.,0
+6445,0,Computer Science,master,Consider public-key/asymmetric cryptography. Tick the \textbf{false} assertion.,"['An adversary may have access to an oracle for decryption.', 'An adversary against the decisional Diffie-Hellman Problem (DDHP) is successful if his advantage in negligible in the security parameter.', 'The hardness of the decisional Diffie-Hellman Problem (DDHP) is with respect to adversaries that work in polynomial time in the the security parameter.', 'An adversary can be a deterministic algorithm.']",An adversary against the decisional Diffie-Hellman Problem (DDHP) is successful if his advantage in negligible in the security parameter.,1
+6446,0,Computer Science,master,Which one of these ciphers does achieve perfect secrecy?,"['RSA', 'Vernam', 'DES', 'FOX']",Vernam,1
+6447,0,Computer Science,master,Which of the following problems has not been shown equivalent to the others?,"['The RSA Key Recovery Problem.', 'The RSA Decryption Problem.', 'The RSA Factorization Problem.', 'The RSA Order Problem.']",The RSA Decryption Problem.,1
+6448,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. In an interactive proof,","['\\ldots the completeness property does depend on the random coins of the prover.', '\\ldots the complexity of a dishonest prover is kept within polynomial bounds.', '\\ldots the soundness property places a threshold on the acceptance of illegitimate proofs.', '\\ldots the complexity of the verifier is polynomial in the size of the input.']",\ldots the complexity of a dishonest prover is kept within polynomial bounds.,1
+6449,0,Computer Science,master,A proof system is perfect-black-box zero-knowledge if \dots,"['for any PPT verifier $V$, there exists a PPT simulator $S$, such that $S$ produces an output which is hard to distinguish from the view of the verifier.', 'for any PPT simulator $S$ and for any PPT verifier $V$, $S^{V}$ produces an output which has the same distribution as the view of the verifier.', 'there exists a PPT simulator $S$ such that for any PPT verifier $V$, $S^{V}$ produces an output which has the same distribution as the view of the verifier.', 'there exists a PPT verifier $V$ such that for any PPT simulator $S$, $S$ produces an output which has the same distribution as the view of the verifier.']","there exists a PPT simulator $S$ such that for any PPT verifier $V$, $S^{V}$ produces an output which has the same distribution as the view of the verifier.",2
+6450,0,Computer Science,master,"We assume that the factorization of $n$ is known. The complexity to find a square root modulo $n$, where $\ell$ is the bitlength of $n$ is (\emph{choose the most accurate answer}):","['$\\mathcal{O}(\\ell^4)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\log \\ell)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\ell)$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\ell^3)$.']",$\mathcal{O}(\ell^3)$.,3
+6452,0,Computer Science,master,What adversarial model does not make sense for a hash function?,"['collision attack.', 'universal forgery.', 'second preimage attack.', 'first preimage attack.']",universal forgery.,1
+6453,0,Computer Science,master,Suppose that you can prove the security of your symmetric encryption scheme against the following attacks. In which case is your scheme going to be the \textbf{most} secure?,"['Key recovery under known plaintext attack.', 'Key recovery under chosen ciphertext attack.', 'Decryption under known plaintext attack.', 'Decryption under chosen ciphertext attack.']",Decryption under chosen ciphertext attack.,3
+6455,0,Computer Science,master,"For a $n$-bit block cipher with $k$-bit key, given a plaintext-ciphertext pair, a key exhaustive search has an average number of trials of \dots","['$2^n$', '$2^k$', '$\\frac{2^n+1}{2}$', '$\\frac{2^k+1}{2}$']",$\frac{2^k+1}{2}$,3
+6456,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{false} assertion. For a Vernam cipher...,"['SUPERMAN can be the result of the encryption of the plaintext ENCRYPT', 'CRYPTO can be used as a key to encrypt the plaintext PLAIN', 'SERGE can be the ciphertext corresponding to the plaintext VAUDENAY', 'The key IAMAKEY can be used to encrypt any message of size up to 7 characters']",SERGE can be the ciphertext corresponding to the plaintext VAUDENAY,2
+6457,0,Computer Science,master,"Tick the \textit{incorrect} assertion. For two independent random variables $X,Y$ with the range in real numbers, we have that \ldots","['$\\phantom{\\mathrm{ar}}\\mathrm{E}[X+Y]=\\phantom{\\mathrm{ar}}\\mathrm{E}[X]+\\mathrm{E}[Y]$', '$\\phantom{\\mathrm{ar}}\\mathrm{E}[X \\mkern4.5mu \\cdot \\mkern4.5mu Y]=\\phantom{\\mathrm{ar}}\\mathrm{E}[X] \\mkern4.5mu \\cdot \\mkern4.5mu \\mathrm{E}[Y]$', '$\\mathrm{Var}[X+Y]=\\mathrm{Var}[X]+\\mathrm{Var}[Y]$', '$\\mathrm{Var}[X \\mkern4.5mu \\cdot \\mkern4.5mu Y]=\\mathrm{Var}[X] \\mkern4.5mu \\cdot \\mkern4.5mu \\mathrm{Var}[Y]$']",$\mathrm{Var}[X \mkern4.5mu \cdot \mkern4.5mu Y]=\mathrm{Var}[X] \mkern4.5mu \cdot \mkern4.5mu \mathrm{Var}[Y]$,3
+6462,0,Computer Science,master,"Assume we are in a group $G$ of order $n = p_1^{\alpha_1} p_2^{\alpha_2}$, where $p_1$ and $p_2$ are two distinct primes and $\alpha_1, \alpha_2 \in \mathbb{N}$. The complexity of applying the Pohlig-Hellman algorithm for computing the discrete logarithm in $G$ is \ldots (\emph{choose the most accurate answer}):","['$\\mathcal{O}(\\alpha_1 p_1^{\\alpha_1 -1} + \\alpha_2 p_2^{\\alpha_2 -1})$.', '$\\mathcal{O}(\\sqrt{p_1}^{\\alpha_1} + \\sqrt{p_2}^{\\alpha_2})$.', '$\\mathcal{O}( \\alpha_1 \\sqrt{p_1} + \\alpha_2 \\sqrt{p_2})$.', '$\\mathcal{O}( \\alpha_1 \\log{p_1} + \\alpha_2 \\log{p_2})$.']",$\mathcal{O}( \alpha_1 \sqrt{p_1} + \alpha_2 \sqrt{p_2})$.,2
+6463,0,Computer Science,master,The Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol \ldots,"['\\ldots was invented by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman.', '\\ldots can be broken with a factoring oracle.', '\\ldots resists to active adversaries.', '\\ldots resists to passive adversaries.']",\ldots resists to passive adversaries.,3
+6464,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \textbf{\emph{incorrect}} assertion.,"['$P\\subseteq NP$.', '$NP\\subseteq IP$.', '$PSPACE\\subseteq IP$.', '$NP\\mbox{-hard} \\subset P$.']",$NP\mbox{-hard} \subset P$.,3
+6466,0,Computer Science,master,Tick the \emph{correct} statement. $\Sigma$-protocols \ldots,"['are defined for any language in \\textrm{PSPACE}.', 'have a polynomially unbounded extractor that can yield a witness.', 'respect the property of zero-knowledge for any verifier.', 'consist of protocols between a prover and a verifier, where the verifier is polynomially bounded.']","consist of protocols between a prover and a verifier, where the verifier is polynomially bounded.",3
+6468,0,Computer Science,master,Iterative composition ($\sim$ repeating the same protocol with different fresh random coins) \ldots,"['\\ldots is a loss of time.', '\\ldots does not bring any added security.', '\\ldots can improve the completeness and soundness probability.', '\\ldots is done to test if the verifier can predict the future.']",\ldots can improve the completeness and soundness probability.,2
+6574,4,Computer Science,master,"What makes \texttt{C++} inherently NOT type safe (i.e., unsafe casts may cause an
+    object of type X be interpreted as type Y even though types X and Y are not
+    related)?","['The absence of type information (and checks) for non-polymorphic objects at runtime.', 'The use of function pointers makes static analysis intractable.', 'Class and struct are indistinguishable at run-time due to their memory layout.', 'The polymorphic inheritance between interface and classes.']",The absence of type information (and checks) for non-polymorphic objects at runtime.,0
+6576,4,Computer Science,master,"Current software is complex and often relies on external dependencies.
+    What are the security implications?","['During the requirement phase of the secure development\n            lifecycle, a developer must list all the required dependencies.', 'It is necessary to extensively security test every executable\n            on a system before putting it in production.', 'As most third party software is open source, it is safe by\n            default since many people reviewed it.', 'Closed source code is more secure than open source code as it\n            prohibits other people from finding security bugs.']","During the requirement phase of the secure development
+            lifecycle, a developer must list all the required dependencies.",0
+6579,4,Computer Science,master,Which of the following hold true for cross-site scripting (XSS)?,"['XSS is a form of code injection that gives the attacker\n            arbitrary code execution.', 'Reflected XSS requires that the server stores the injected\n            code but the user does not need to click on any special link.', 'Client-side XSS is a unique problem of GMail.', 'XSS can only be used to leak private data of a user.']","XSS is a form of code injection that gives the attacker
+            arbitrary code execution.",0
+6582,4,Computer Science,master,Does AddressSanitizer prevent \textbf{all} use-after-free bugs?,"['No, because quarantining free’d memory chunks forever prevents\n            legit memory reuse and could potentially lead to out-of-memory\n            situations.', ""No, because UAF detection is not part of ASan's feature set."", 'Yes, because free’d memory chunks are poisoned.', 'Yes, because free’d memory is unmapped and accesses therefore\n            cause segmentation faults.']","No, because quarantining free’d memory chunks forever prevents
+            legit memory reuse and could potentially lead to out-of-memory
+            situations.",0
+6584,4,Computer Science,master,"Which of the below security policies are violated by the following code
+    snippet?
+
+    \begin{lstlisting}[language=C,style=c]
+char *foo(int b) {
+    char c = (char)(b & 0xff);
+    return &c;
+}
+
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+    char buf[100] = {0};
+    int x = 0x539; // 1337
+    int y = (int)(*foo(x));
+    putc(buf[y]);
+    return 0;
+}
+    \end{lstlisting}","['Temporal memory safety', 'Spatial memory safety', 'Type safety', 'None of the other answers']",Temporal memory safety,0
+6587,4,Computer Science,master,Which of the following measures will always improve fuzzing executions per second?,"['Reducing overheads imposed by the fuzzing framework.', 'Performing structure-aware input generation.', 'Providing dictionaries for input generation.', 'Collecting code coverage as feedback.']",Reducing overheads imposed by the fuzzing framework.,0
+6595,4,Computer Science,master,"Which of AddressSanitizer (ASan), MemorySanitizer (MemSan),
+    UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer (UBSan) or ThreadSanitizer (TSan) can detect
+    bugs (if any) in the following code snippet?
+
+    \begin{lstlisting}[language=C,style=c]
+int factorial(int x) {
+    // Calculate and return the factorial of a number
+    int result = 1;
+    for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
+        result *= i;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+    printf(""%d\n"", factorial(32));
+    return 0;
+}
+    \end{lstlisting}","['UBSan', 'ASan', 'MemSan', 'TSan', 'There is at least one bug in the snippet, but none of the\n            mentioned sanitizers can detect it.', 'There are no bugs in the snippet.']",UBSan,0
+6596,4,Computer Science,master,"Which of AddressSanitizer (ASan), MemorySanitizer (MemSan),
+    UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer (UBSan) or ThreadSanitizer (TSan) can detect
+    bugs (if any) in the following code snippet?
+
+    \begin{lstlisting}[language=C,style=c]
+int sum_up_to(int x) {}
+    // Return sum of integers up to x
+    int result = x;
+    for (int i = x; i >= 0; i--) {
+        if (INT_MAX - i <= result) {
+            break;
+        }
+        result += i;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+    \end{lstlisting}","['There is at least one bug in the snippet, but none of the\n            mentioned sanitizers can detect it.', 'ASan', 'MemSan', 'UBSan', 'TSan', 'There are no bugs in the snippet.']","There is at least one bug in the snippet, but none of the
+            mentioned sanitizers can detect it.",0
+6597,4,Computer Science,master,"Which of AddressSanitizer (ASan), MemorySanitizer (MemSan),
+    UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer (UBSan) or ThreadSanitizer (TSan) can detect
+    bugs (if any) in the following code snippet?
+
+    \begin{lstlisting}[language=C,style=c]
+int sum_array(int *arr, size_t len) {
+    // Return sum of array elements
+    int result = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i <= len; i++) {
+        result += arr[i];
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+    \end{lstlisting}","['ASan', 'MemSan', 'UBSan', 'TSan', 'There is at least one bug in the snippet, but none of the\n            mentioned sanitizers can detect it.', 'There are no bugs in the snippet.']",ASan,0
+6598,4,Computer Science,master,"Which of AddressSanitizer (ASan), MemorySanitizer (MemSan),
+    UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer (UBSan) or ThreadSanitizer (TSan) can detect
+    bugs (if any) in the following code snippet?
+
+    \begin{lstlisting}[language=C,style=c]
+int min_array(int *arr, size_t len) {
+    // Return the minimum value in an array
+    int result;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        if (arr[i] < result) {
+            result = arr[i];
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+    \end{lstlisting}","['MemSan', 'ASan', 'UBSan', 'TSan', 'There is at least one bug in the snippet, but none of the\n            mentioned sanitizers can detect it.', 'There are no bugs in the snippet.']",MemSan,0
+6599,4,Computer Science,master,"In x86-64 Linux, the canary is \textbf{always} different for every?","['Thread', 'Function', 'Process', 'Namespace']",Thread,0
+6602,4,Computer Science,master,"Does the following code snippet contain bugs? If so, which line(s)?
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=C,style=c]
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (argc != 2) { return -1; }
+    int len = strlen(argv[1]);
+    for (int i; i < len; ++i) {
+        printf(""%c"", argv[1][i]);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+\end{lstlisting}","['Line 4 has a bug / vuln', 'There is no bug / vuln in the code snippet', 'Line 1 has a bug / vuln', 'Line 2 has a bug / vuln', 'Line 3 has a bug / vuln', 'Line 5 has a bug / vuln', 'Line 6 has a bug / vuln', 'Line 7 has a bug / vuln', 'Line 8 has a bug / vuln']",Line 4 has a bug / vuln,0
+6604,4,Computer Science,master,"Is Java as a programming language considered memory safe? Why?
+(note: excluding Java Native Interface, the use of \texttt{sun.misc.unsafe}, or bugs in the JVM)","['Yes, because the JVM guarantees spatial and temporal memory safety at all times.', ""Yes, because you can't access objects by reference in Java."", 'No, there are Java programs vulnerable to use after free.', 'No, there are Java programs vulnerable to type confusion.']","Yes, because the JVM guarantees spatial and temporal memory safety at all times.",0
+6608,4,Computer Science,master,"You share an apartment with friends.
+Kitchen, living room, balcony, and bath room are shared resources among all parties.
+Which policy/policies violate(s) the principle of least privilege?","['Different bedrooms do not have a different key.', 'There is no lock on the fridge.', 'To access the kitchen you have to go through the living room.', ""Nobody has access to the neighbor's basement.""]",Different bedrooms do not have a different key.,0
+6609,4,Computer Science,master,What is the CIA triad named after?,"['The acronym for Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability', ""A certain US-based secret service who created a set of security standards in the late '80s"", 'The acronym for Confidentiality, Integrity, Accountability']","The acronym for Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability",0
+6615,4,Computer Science,master,Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about CFI?,"['When producing valid target sets, missing a legitimate target is unacceptable.', 'CFI’s checks of the valid target set are insufficient to protect every forward edge control-flow transfer', 'Keeping the overhead of producing valid target sets as low as possible is crucial for a CFI mechanism.', 'CFI prevents attackers from exploiting memory corruptions.']","When producing valid target sets, missing a legitimate target is unacceptable.",0
+6619,4,Computer Science,master,ASLR needs support from:,"['the OS kernel, loader, and compiler', 'the loader, compiler, and programming language', 'the compiler, the hardware, and the programming language', 'the programming language, the loader, and the OS kernel', 'the hardware, the compiler, and the loader', 'the easter bunny']","the OS kernel, loader, and compiler",0
+6620,4,Computer Science,master,ASLR stands for,"['Address Space Layout Randomization', 'Address Structure Layout Randomization', 'Augmented Security Layer Randomization', 'Address Space Linker Randomization', 'Automatic Structure Layout Randomization']",Address Space Layout Randomization,0
+6622,4,Computer Science,master,"When a test fails, it means that:","['either the program under test or the test itself has a bug, or both.', 'the program under test has a bug.', 'the test is incorrect.', 'that both the program and the test have a bug.']","either the program under test or the test itself has a bug, or both.",0
+6624,4,Computer Science,master,"Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about different types of
+    coverage for coverage-guided fuzzing?","['If you cover all edges, you also cover all blocks', 'Full line/statement coverage means that every possible\n                  control flow through the target has been covered', 'Full data flow coverage is easier to obtain than full edge coverage', 'Full edge coverage is equivalent to full path coverage\n                  because every possible basic block transition has been covered']","If you cover all edges, you also cover all blocks",0
+6625,4,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is/are typical AddressSanitizer use cases?,"['Out-of-bounds violations visibility increase during fuzzing', 'Use-after-free mitigation in production', 'Uninitialized variable detection during unit tests', 'NULL-pointer dereference detection during fuzzing']",Out-of-bounds violations visibility increase during fuzzing,0
+6631,4,Computer Science,master,Which of the following is/are true about fuzzing libraries?,"[""Fuzzing libraries is harder than standalone executables as no\n               single ``binary'' is available for a complex API."", 'To fuzz effectively, every argument of every function must be\n                  fuzzed independently.', 'Every function of a library is part of the API that needs to be fuzzed.', ""FuzzGen's A\\textsuperscript{2}DG contains the control but not\n                  the data dependencies of the API calls.""]","Fuzzing libraries is harder than standalone executables as no
+               single ``binary'' is available for a complex API.",0
+6632,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the Diffie-Hellman secret-key-exchange algorithm performed in the cyclic group $(\mathbb{Z}/11\mathbb{Z}^\star, \cdot)$. Let $g=2$ be the chosen group generator. Suppose that Alice's secret number is $a=5$ and Bob's is $b=3$. Which common key $k$ does the algorithm lead to? Check the correct answer.","['$10$', '$7$', '$8$', '$9$']",$10$,0
+6633,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"If we compute $\gcd(70,51)$ via Euclid’s extended algorithms, we produce a sequence of $(u, v)$ pairs, the last of which satisfies $\gcd(70,51)=70	imes u + 51	imes v$. Check the correct sequence.","['$(1,0)$, $(0,1)$, $(1,-2)$, $(-2,3)$, $(3,-8)$, $(-8,11)$.', '$(1,0)$, $(0,1)$, $(1,-2)$, $(-2,5)$, $(5,-8)$, $(-8,11)$.']","$(1,0)$, $(0,1)$, $(1,-2)$, $(-2,3)$, $(3,-8)$, $(-8,11)$.",0
+6634,5,Computer Science,bachelor,How many integers $n$ between $1$ and $2021$ satisfy $10^n \equiv 1 \mod 11$? Check the correct answer.,"['1010', '183', '505', '990']",1010,0
+6635,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider a communication system consisting of a binary block code, an error channel, and a minimum-distance decoder. Check the correct statement about the minimum-distance decoder.","['It minimizes the error probability if the channel is a binary symmetric channel with crossover (flip) probability smaller than 1/2.', 'It always minimizes the error probability.', 'It minimizes the error probability if the channel is a binary symmetric channel.', 'None of the others can be stated with certainty due to missing information.']",It minimizes the error probability if the channel is a binary symmetric channel with crossover (flip) probability smaller than 1/2.,0
+6636,5,Computer Science,bachelor,Check the correct statement concerning a standard-array-based decoder.,"['For the same input, the decoder output depends on the choice of the coset leader.', 'The syndrome of a specific coset depends on the choice of the coset leader.', 'All the other statements are incorrect.']","For the same input, the decoder output depends on the choice of the coset leader.",0
+6637,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"What is the minimum distance of a linear block code over $\mathbb{F}_{7}$ that has $$H = \left(egin{array}{cccccc}1&0&0&0&3&6\0&1&0&0&6&6\0&0&1&0&6&3\end{array}
ight)$$ as the parity check matrix? Check the correct answer.","['1', '0', '2', '3', '4', '5']",1,0
+6638,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $E$ be a subspace of $\mathbb{F}_7^4$ which consists of elements $\Vec{x} = (x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4)$ satisfying,egin{align*}x_1 &+ 6x_2 + 3x_3 + 4x_4 = 0\3x_1 &+ 6x_2 + x_3 + 3x_4 = 0\5x_1 &+ 2x_2 + x_3 + 3x_4 = 0\end{align*} What is the dimension of $E$? Check the correct answer.","['1', '0', '2', '3', '4']",1,0
+6639,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"How many $x \in \mathbb{Z} / 23\mathbb{Z}$ satisfy the  equation $0 = 1 - x + x^2 - x^3 + .... - x^{21} + x^{22} - x^{23}$, when all operations are with respect to the field $(\mathbb{Z} / 23 \mathbb{Z}, + , \cdot)$? Check the correct answer.","['1', '0', '22', '23', '2']",1,0
+6640,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider a $(7,4)$ Reed-Solomon code $\mathcal{C}$ over $\mathbb{F}_q$. Let $\vec{x}
+eq \vec{y}$ be two different information vectors. The corresponding codewords $c(\vec{x})$ and $c(\vec{y})$ match in at most:","['3 places.', '0 places.', '2 places.', 'None of the others is correct.']",3 places.,0
+6641,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"You are given an i.i.d source with symbols taking value in the alphabet $\mathcal{A}=\{a,b,c,d\}$ and probabilities $\{1/8,1/8,1/4,1/2\}$. Consider making blocks of length $n$ and constructing a Huffman code that assigns a binary codeword to each block of $n$ symbols. Choose the correct statement regarding the average codeword length per source symbol.","['It is the same for all $n$.', 'It strictly decreases as $n$ increases.', 'None of the others.', 'In going from $n$ to $n+1$, for some $n$ it stays constant and for some it strictly decreases.']",It is the same for all $n$.,0
+6642,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let ${\cal C}_1=\{00,01,100,101, 110, 111\}$  and ${\cal C}_2=\{00,01,100,101, 111\}$ be two source codes  (We exclude the possibility of source symbols of zero probability.) Check the correct statement.","['${\\cal C}_1$ can be a Huffman code but not ${\\cal C}_2$.', 'Both codes can be Huffman codes.', ' ${\\cal C}_2$ can be a Huffman code but not ${\\cal C}_1$.', 'Neither ${\\cal C}_1$ nor ${\\cal C}_2$ can be a Huffman code.']",${\cal C}_1$ can be a Huffman code but not ${\cal C}_2$.,0
+6643,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $0\leq\alpha\leq1$ be an unknown constant. Let $X$ be a random variable taking values in $\mathcal{X}=\{0,1,2\}$ with probability $p_X(0) = p_X(1) = \alpha$ and $p_X(2) = 1-2\alpha$. Let $Y$ be a random variable defined as follows egin{equation*}Y = egin{cases}1, &	ext{if }X=2\0, &	ext{if } X
+eq 2\end{cases}.\end{equation*} You also know that $H(X|Y) = rac{1}{2}$. Choose the correct value of $\alpha$.","['$\x0crac{1}{4}$', '$\x0crac{1}{2}$', '$1$', '$\x0crac{1}{8}$']",$rac{1}{4}$,0
+6644,5,Computer Science,bachelor,A bag contains the letters of LETSPLAY. Someone picks at random 4 letters from the  bag without revealing the outcome to you. Subsequently you pick one letter at random among the remaining 4 letters. What is the entropy (in bits) of the random variable that models your choice? Check the correct answer.,"['$\x0crac{11}{4}$', '$2$', '$\\log_2(7)$', '$\\log_2(8)$']",$rac{11}{4}$,0
+6645,5,Computer Science,bachelor,Which of the following congruence classes has a multiplicative inverse?,"['$[3^{10} 2^5 14]_{19}$', '$[126]_{147}$', '$[60]_{15}$']",$[3^{10} 2^5 14]_{19}$,0
+6646,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Is $(\mathbb{Z} / 8\mathbb{Z}^*, \cdot)$ isomorphic to $(\mathbb{Z} / k\mathbb{Z}, +)$ for some $k$?","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6647,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Is $(\mathbb{Z} / 9\mathbb{Z}, +)$ isomorphic to $((\mathbb{Z} / 3\mathbb{Z})^2, +)$?","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6648,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Is $(\mathbb{Z} / 6\mathbb{Z}, +) 	imes (\mathbb{Z} / 3\mathbb{Z}, +)$ isomorphic to $((\mathbb{Z} / 2\mathbb{Z})^2, +) 	imes (\mathbb{Z} / 2\mathbb{Z}, +)$?","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6649,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider an RSA encryption scheme with parameters $m=55$, $e=3$ and $k=\phi(m)$. Which of the following is true?","['This RSA scheme can uniquely encrypt more than $50$ different messages.', 'The encryption of $t = 18$ is $c = 4$.']",This RSA scheme can uniquely encrypt more than $50$ different messages.,0
+6650,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider a $(k+1,k)$ block code that to a binary sequence $x_1,\dots,x_k$ associates the codeword $x_1,\dots,x_k,x_{k+1}$, where $x_{k+1}= x_1+\ldots+x_k$ mod $2$. This code can detect all the errors of odd weight.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6651,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"A generator matrix $G$ of binary $(6,3)$ linear code maps the information vectors $m_1 = (1,0,1)$ and $m_2=(1,1,1)$ into the codewords $c_1 = (1,1,0,0,0,1)$ and $c_2=(1,0,0,0,1,0)$ respectively. Which of the following is true?","['The second row of $G$ is $(0,1,0,0,1,1)$.', '$G$ is in systematic form.', '$d_{\\min} = 3$.']","The second row of $G$ is $(0,1,0,0,1,1)$.",0
+6652,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider an $(n,k)$ RS code. If you delete up to $n-k$ columns of the generator matrix, the result is still an RS code (for some choice of parameters).","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6653,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider a source $S$ with some distribution $P_S$ over the alphabet $\mathcal{A} = \{a, b, c, d, e, f\}$. Bob designs a uniquely decodable code $\Gamma$ over a code alphabet $\mathcal{D}$ of size $D$ with following codeword lengths. egin{center}egin{tabular}{ |c|c|c|c|c|c|c| } \hline& $a$ & $b$ & $c$ & $d$ & $e$ & $f$ \ \hline$|\Gamma(\cdot)|$ & 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 3 & 3 \ \hline\end{tabular}\end{center} Which of the following is true?","['The average codeword length of the code is necessarily greater than or equal to $H_D(S)$.', '$\\Gamma$ can be a binary code, i.e., $D$ can be $2$.', 'There exists a distribution $P_S$ such that the average codeword length of $\\Gamma(\\cdot)$ is equal to $H_D(S)$.']",The average codeword length of the code is necessarily greater than or equal to $H_D(S)$.,0
+6654,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $X_1, X_2$ be two  independent random variables taking values over $\{0,1\}$ such that $P(X_1=0)=P(X_2=0)=1/2$. Let $Y= X_1+X_2$ mod $2$. Which of the following is true?","['$H(Y,X_1) = H(Y) + H(X_1)$.', 'If I change the distribution of  $X_1$ I can obtain a new random variable $\\hat{X}_1$ such that $H(\\hat{X}_1) >H(X_2)$.', '$H(X_1,X_2,Y) = H(X_1) +H(X_2)+H(Y)$.']","$H(Y,X_1) = H(Y) + H(X_1)$.",0
+6655,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the following loaded dice with $6$ faces: $P(S_1=6)=5/6$ and $P(S_1 = x)=1/30$ for $x\in\{1,2,3,4,5\}$. Suppose we throw it indefinitely. Hence, we have a source $S=S_1 S_2 S_3\ldots$. Then, $H(S_n) = H(S_{n-1})$.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6656,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the following loaded dice with $6$ faces: $P(S_1=6)=5/6$ and $P(S_1 = x)=1/30$ for $x\in\{1,2,3,4,5\}$. Suppose we throw it indefinitely. Hence, we have a source $S=S_1 S_2 S_3\ldots$. Then, $H(S_n,S_{n+1}) = H(S_n) + H(S_{n+1})$.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6657,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the following loaded dice with $6$ faces: $P(S_1=6)=5/6$ and $P(S_1 = x)=1/30$ for $x\in\{1,2,3,4,5\}$. Suppose we throw it indefinitely. Hence, we have a source $S=S_1 S_2 S_3\ldots$. Then, $H(S_1,\ldots,S_n) = \sum_{i=1}^n H(S_i|S_1\ldots S_{i-1})$.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6658,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the following loaded dice with $6$ faces: $P(S_1=6)=5/6$ and $P(S_1 = x)=1/30$ for $x\in\{1,2,3,4,5\}$. Suppose we throw it indefinitely. Hence, we have a source $S=S_1 S_2 S_3\ldots$. Then, the source is stationary.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6659,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the following loaded dice with $6$ faces: $P(S_1=6)=5/6$ and $P(S_1 = x)=1/30$ for $x\in\{1,2,3,4,5\}$. Suppose we throw it indefinitely. Hence, we have a source $S=S_1 S_2 S_3\ldots$. Then, the source is regular.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6660,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the following loaded dice with $6$ faces: $P(S_1=6)=5/6$ and $P(S_1 = x)=1/30$ for $x\in\{1,2,3,4,5\}$. Suppose we throw it indefinitely. Hence, we have a source $S=S_1 S_2 S_3\ldots$. Then, $H(S_n|S_{n-1}) 
+eq H(S_n)$.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6661,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the following loaded dice with $6$ faces: $P(S_1=6)=5/6$ and $P(S_1 = x)=1/30$ for $x\in\{1,2,3,4,5\}$. Suppose we throw it indefinitely. Hence, we have a source $S=S_1 S_2 S_3\ldots$. Then, $\lim_{n	o\infty}H(S_n) = \log_2(6)$.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6662,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the group $(\mathbb{Z} / 23 \mathbb{Z}^*, \cdot)$. Find how many elements of the group are generators of the group. (Hint: $5$ is a generator of the group.)","['$10$', '$22$', '$11$', '$2$']",$10$,0
+6663,5,Computer Science,bachelor,Find $[3^{288294}]_{35}$.,"['$29$', '$11$', '$9$', '$33$']",$29$,0
+6664,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"In RSA, we set $p = 7, q = 11, e = 13$. The public key is $(m, e) = (77, 13)$. The ciphertext we receive is $c = 14$. What is the message that was sent? (Hint: You may solve faster using Chinese remainder theorem.).","['$t=42$', '$t=14$', '$t=63$', '$t=7$']",$t=42$,0
+6665,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Can a commutative group have two different identity elements, $e_1, e_2$?","['No.', 'Yes, but only if they are inverses of each other.', 'Yes, but only if $e_1^2 = e_2^2$.', 'Yes, product groups always have two different identity elements.']",No.,0
+6666,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider an RSA encryption where the public key is published as $(m, e) = (35, 11)$. Which one of the following numbers is a valid decoding exponent?","['$11$', '$7$', '$5$', '$17$']",$11$,0
+6667,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider an RSA encryption where the public key is published as $(m, e) = (55, 17)$. Which one of the following numbers is a valid decoding exponent?","['$53$', '$23$', '$43$', '$83$']",$53$,0
+6668,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $K = (K_1, K_2,..., K_n)$, where each $K_i$ is independently chosen from $\{0, 1\}$ with uniform probability. Let $K'=(K'_1, K'_2, ..., K'_n)$ such that, for each $i$, $K'_i \in \{0, 1\}$ and $K'_{i} = \sum_{j = 1}^i K_j \  	ext{mod} \ 2.$ True or false: Using $K$ as the key one can achieve perfect secrecy if the message is $n$ bits.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6669,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $K = (K_1, K_2,..., K_n)$, where each $K_i$ is $0$ or $1$ with probability $1/2$. Let $K'=(K'_1, K'_2, ..., K'_n)$ such that, for each $i$, $K'_i \in {0, 1}$ and $K'_{i} = \sum_{j = 1}^i K_j 	ext{mod} 8.$ True or false: Using $K'$ as the key one can achieve perfect secrecy if the message is $n$ bits.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6670,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider a message $T$ and a key $K$ chosen independently from $T$. True or false: If $H(T) \leq H(K)$, then there exists a perfectly secret encryption scheme using $K$.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6671,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider a message $T$ and a key $K$ chosen independently from $T$. True or false: If there exists a perfectly secret encryption scheme using $K$, then $H(T) \leq H(K)$.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6672,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a binary $(n,k)$ linear code with minimum distance $d_{\min} = 4$. Let $\mathcal{C}'$ be the code obtained by adding a parity-check bit $x_{n+1}=x_1 \oplus x_2 \oplus \cdots \oplus x_n$ at the end of each codeword of $\mathcal{C}$. Let $d_{\min}'$ be the minimum distance of $\mathcal{C}'$. Which of the following is true?","[""$d_{\\min}' = 4$"", ""$d_{\\min}' = 5$"", ""$d_{\\min}' = 6$"", ""$d_{\\min}'$ can take different values depending on the code $\\mathcal{C}$.""]",$d_{\min}' = 4$,0
+6673,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a $(n,k)$ Reed-Solomon code on $\mathbb{F}_q$. Let $\mathcal{C}'$ be the $(2n,k)$ code such that each codeword of $\mathcal{C}'$ is a codeword of $\mathcal{C}$ repeated twice, i.e., if $(x_1,\dots,x_n) \in\mathcal{C}$, then $(x_1,\dots,x_n,x_1,\dots,x_n)\in\mathcal{C'}$. What is the minimum distance of $\mathcal{C}'$?","['$2n-2k+2$', '$2n-k+1$', '$2n-2k+1$', '$2n-k+2$']",$2n-2k+2$,0
+6674,5,Computer Science,bachelor,Let $\mathcal{C}_1$ and $\mathcal{C}_2$ be two linear codes in $\mathbb{F}_q^n$. Let $\mathcal{C}_a = \mathcal{C}_1 \cap \mathcal{C}_2$ be the code formed by the codewords that $\mathcal{C}_1$ and $\mathcal{C}_2$ have in common. True or false: $\mathcal{C}_a$ is necessarily a linear code.,"['True', 'False']",True,0
+6675,5,Computer Science,bachelor,Let $\mathcal{C}_1$ and $\mathcal{C}_2$ be two linear codes in $\mathbb{F}_q^n$. Let $\mathcal{C}_b = \mathcal{C}_1 \cup \mathcal{C}_2$ be the code formed by all the codewords of $\mathcal{C}_1$ and all the codewords of $\mathcal{C}_2$. True or false: $\mathcal{C}_b$ is necessarily a linear code.,"['True', 'False']",False,1
+6676,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a binary $(6,3)$ linear code containing the codewords $\mathbf{x}_1 = 011011$, $\mathbf{x}_2 = 101101$ and $\mathbf{x}_3 = 111000$. True or false: The codewords $\mathbf{x}_1,\mathbf{x}_2$ and $\mathbf{x}_3$ uniquely determine $\mathcal{C}$.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6677,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a binary $(6,3)$ linear code containing the codewords $\mathbf{x}_1 = 011011$, $\mathbf{x}_2 = 101101$ and $\mathbf{x}_3 = 111000$. True or false: The rate of the code is $R = rac{1}{2}$.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6678,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a binary $(6,3)$ linear code containing the codewords $\mathbf{x}_1 = 011011$, $\mathbf{x}_2 = 101101$ and $\mathbf{x}_3 = 111000$. True or false: The minimum distance of the code is $d_{\min} = 3$.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6679,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a binary $(6,3)$ linear code containing the codewords $\mathbf{x}_1 = 011011$, $\mathbf{x}_2 = 101101$ and $\mathbf{x}_3 = 111000$. True or false: A generator matrix for the code is        egin{equation*}  G = egin{pmatrix}   1 &0 &0 &0 &1 &1 \      0 &1 &0 &0 &0 &1 \     0 &0 &1 &0 &1 &1   \end{pmatrix}     \end{equation*}","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6680,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal{C}$ be the $(6,3)$ linear code on $\mathbb{F}_3$ whose parity-check matrix is  egin{equation*}      H = egin{pmatrix}   2 &0 &1 &1 &1 &0 \     1 &2 &0 &0 &1 &1 \     0 &0 &0 &1 &1 &1    \end{pmatrix}. \end{equation*} True or false: The sequence $\mathbf{y} = 111000$ is a codeword of $\mathcal{C}$.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6681,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal{C}$ be the $(6,3)$ linear code on $\mathbb{F}_3$ whose parity-check matrix is  egin{equation*}      H = egin{pmatrix}   2 &0 &1 &1 &1 &0 \     1 &2 &0 &0 &1 &1 \     0 &0 &0 &1 &1 &1    \end{pmatrix}. \end{equation*} True or false: The minimum distance of $\mathcal{C}$ is $d_{\min} = 2$.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6682,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal{C}$ be the $(6,3)$ linear code on $\mathbb{F}_3$ whose parity-check matrix is  egin{equation*}      H = egin{pmatrix}   2 &0 &1 &1 &1 &0 \     1 &2 &0 &0 &1 &1 \     0 &0 &0 &1 &1 &1    \end{pmatrix}. \end{equation*} True or false: The matrix      egin{equation*}     	ilde{H} = egin{pmatrix}     1 &0 &2 &2 &2 &0 \      2 &1 &0 &0 &2 &2 \      0 &0 &0 &2 &2 &2      \end{pmatrix}      \end{equation*} is also a valid parity-check matrix for $\mathcal{C}$.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6683,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a binary $(5,2)$ linear code with generator matrix  egin{equation*}    G = egin{pmatrix}     1 &0 &1 &0 &1 \      0 &1 &0 &1 &1      \end{pmatrix}      \end{equation*}  and consider a minimum-distance decoder obtained by choosing the coset leaders of the standard array of $\mathcal{C}$ so that the error probability is minimized under a binary symmetric channel with bit-flip probability $\epsilon < rac{1}{2}$. True or false: The decoder can correct all errors of weight 1.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6684,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a binary $(5,2)$ linear code with generator matrix  egin{equation*}    G = egin{pmatrix}     1 &0 &1 &0 &1 \      0 &1 &0 &1 &1      \end{pmatrix}      \end{equation*}  and consider a minimum-distance decoder obtained by choosing the coset leaders of the standard array of $\mathcal{C}$ so that the error probability is minimized under a binary symmetric channel with bit-flip probability $\epsilon < rac{1}{2}$. True or false: The decoder can correct some errors of weight 2.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6685,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a binary $(5,2)$ linear code with generator matrix  egin{equation*}    G = egin{pmatrix}     1 &0 &1 &0 &1 \      0 &1 &0 &1 &1      \end{pmatrix}      \end{equation*}  and consider a minimum-distance decoder obtained by choosing the coset leaders of the standard array of $\mathcal{C}$ so that the error probability is minimized under a binary symmetric channel with bit-flip probability $\epsilon < rac{1}{2}$. True or false: The word $00100$ must be one of the coset leaders.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6686,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a binary $(5,2)$ linear code with generator matrix  egin{equation*}    G = egin{pmatrix}     1 &0 &1 &0 &1 \      0 &1 &0 &1 &1      \end{pmatrix}      \end{equation*}  and consider a minimum-distance decoder obtained by choosing the coset leaders of the standard array of $\mathcal{C}$ so that the error probability is minimized under a binary symmetric channel with bit-flip probability $\epsilon < rac{1}{2}$. True or false: The word $00101$ is certainly not one of the coset leaders.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6687,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $b$ be the maximum number of linearly independent columns of a parity check matrix $H$ of a linear code. True or false: Then, the minimum distance of the code is $b+1$.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6688,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the following sources $S_1,S_2,S_3,S_4$ all defined on a $5$-letter alphabet $\mathcal{S}=\{a,b,c,d,e\}$ and whose probability distributions are the following egin{itemize}   \item $P_{S_1}=(0.172,0.343,0.175,0.2,0.11)$;   \item $P_{S_2}=(0.025,0.075,0.15,0.375,0.375)$;    \item $P_{S_3}=(0.125,0.0625,0.25,0.0625,0.125,0.125,0.25)$;    \item $P_{S_4}=(0.1,0.125,0.225,0.275,0.275)$.\end{itemize} For which of these sources is the Shannon-Fano Encoding $\Gamma_{SF}$ optimal?","['The source $S_1$.', 'The source $S_2$.', 'The source $S_3$.', 'The source $S_4$.', 'None of the above.', 'All of the above.']",The source $S_3$.,2
+6689,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the following mysterious binary encoding:egin{center}    egin{tabular}{c|c}     symbol & encoding \     \hline      $a$ & $??0$\      $b$ & $??0$\      $c$ & $??0$\      $d$ & $??0$ \end{tabular} \end{center} where with '$?$' we mean that we do not know which bit is assigned as the first two symbols of the encoding of any of the source symbols $a,b,c,d$. What can you infer on this encoding assuming that the code-words are all different?","['The encoding is uniquely-decodable.', 'The encoding is uniquely-decodable but not prefix-free.', 'We do not possess enough information to say something about the code.', ""It does not satisfy Kraft's Inequality.""]",The encoding is uniquely-decodable.,0
+6690,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Suppose that you possess a $D$-ary encoding $\Gamma$ for the source $S$ that does not satisfy Kraft's Inequality. Specifically, in this problem, we assume that our encoding satisfies $\sum_{i=1}^n D^{-l_i} = k+1 $ with $k>0$. What can you infer on the average code-word length $L(S,\Gamma)$?","['$L(S,\\Gamma) \\geq H_D(S)-\\log_D(e^k)$.', '$L(S,\\Gamma) \\geq k H_D(S)$.', '$L(S,\\Gamma) \\geq \x0crac{H_D(S)}{k}$.', ""The code would not be uniquely-decodable and thus we can't infer anything on its expected length.""]","$L(S,\Gamma) \geq H_D(S)-\log_D(e^k)$.",0
+6691,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $X$ be a random variable distributed over the alphabet $\mathcal{X}=\{0,1,\ldots,n\}$. Assume also that there exist $x_1,x_2\in\mathcal{X}$ such that $p_X(x_1)
+eq p_X(x_2)$ (	extit{i.e.}, $X$ is not uniformly distributed over $\mathcal{X}$). Let $Y=2^X$ and $Z=\lfloor X/2 
floor$.  True or false: $H(Y)=H(X)$","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6692,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $X$ be a random variable distributed over the alphabet $\mathcal{X}=\{0,1,\ldots,n\}$. Assume also that there exist $x_1,x_2\in\mathcal{X}$ such that $p_X(x_1)
+eq p_X(x_2)$ (	extit{i.e.}, $X$ is not uniformly distributed over $\mathcal{X}$). Let $Y=2^X$ and $Z=\lfloor X/2 
floor$.  True or false: $H(Z)=H(Y)$","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6693,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $X$ be a random variable distributed over the alphabet $\mathcal{X}=\{0,1,\ldots,n\}$. Assume also that there exist $x_1,x_2\in\mathcal{X}$ such that $p_X(x_1)
+eq p_X(x_2)$ (	extit{i.e.}, $X$ is not uniformly distributed over $\mathcal{X}$). Let $Y=2^X$ and $Z=\lfloor X/2 
floor$.  True or false: $H(Y)\geq \log_2(n+1)$","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6694,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $X$ be a random variable distributed over the alphabet $\mathcal{X}=\{0,1,\ldots,n\}$. Assume also that there exist $x_1,x_2\in\mathcal{X}$ such that $p_X(x_1)
+eq p_X(x_2)$ (	extit{i.e.}, $X$ is not uniformly distributed over $\mathcal{X}$). Let $Y=2^X$ and $Z=\lfloor X/2 
floor$.  True or false: $H(Y|X)=H(Z|X)$","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6695,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $X$ be a random variable distributed over the alphabet $\mathcal{X}=\{0,1,\ldots,n\}$. Assume also that there exist $x_1,x_2\in\mathcal{X}$ such that $p_X(x_1)
+eq p_X(x_2)$ (	extit{i.e.}, $X$ is not uniformly distributed over $\mathcal{X}$). Let $Y=2^X$ and $Z=\lfloor X/2 
floor$.  True or false: $H(X,Z)>H(X)$","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6696,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"	 Consider a source $S$ with some distribution $P_S$ over the alphabet $\mathcal{A} = \{a, b, c, d, e, f\}$. Consider the following encoding $\Gamma$ over a code alphabet $\mathcal{D}$ of size $D$ with the following codeword lengths:		egin{center}			egin{tabular}{ |c|c|c|c|c|c|c| } 				\hline				& $a$ & $b$ & $c$ & $d$ & $e$ & $f$ \ 				\hline				$l(\Gamma(\cdot))$ & 1 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 4 \ 				\hline			\end{tabular}		\end{center}  True or false: If $D=2$ there exists a uniquely-decodable code with the same lengths of $\Gamma$.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6697,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"	 Consider a source $S$ with some distribution $P_S$ over the alphabet $\mathcal{A} = \{a, b, c, d, e, f\}$. Consider the following encoding $\Gamma$ over a code alphabet $\mathcal{D}$ of size $D$ with the following codeword lengths:		egin{center}			egin{tabular}{ |c|c|c|c|c|c|c| } 				\hline				& $a$ & $b$ & $c$ & $d$ & $e$ & $f$ \ 				\hline				$l(\Gamma(\cdot))$ & 1 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 4 \ 				\hline			\end{tabular}		\end{center}  True or false: If $D=4$ then $\Gamma$ is necessarily uniquely-decodable.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6698,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"	 Consider a source $S$ with some distribution $P_S$ over the alphabet $\mathcal{A} = \{a, b, c, d, e, f\}$. Consider the following encoding $\Gamma$ over a code alphabet $\mathcal{D}$ of size $D$ with the following codeword lengths:		egin{center}			egin{tabular}{ |c|c|c|c|c|c|c| } 				\hline				& $a$ & $b$ & $c$ & $d$ & $e$ & $f$ \ 				\hline				$l(\Gamma(\cdot))$ & 1 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 4 \ 				\hline			\end{tabular}		\end{center}  True or false: If $D=4$ then $\Gamma$ is necessarily prefix-free.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6699,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"	 Consider a source $S$ with some distribution $P_S$ over the alphabet $\mathcal{A} = \{a, b, c, d, e, f\}$. Consider the following encoding $\Gamma$ over a code alphabet $\mathcal{D}$ of size $D$ with the following codeword lengths:		egin{center}			egin{tabular}{ |c|c|c|c|c|c|c| } 				\hline				& $a$ & $b$ & $c$ & $d$ & $e$ & $f$ \ 				\hline				$l(\Gamma(\cdot))$ & 1 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 4 \ 				\hline			\end{tabular}		\end{center}  True or false: If $D=3$ then $\Gamma$ is 	extbf{not} uniquely-decodable ","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6700,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the following sequence of random variables $S_1,\ldots,S_n,\ldots$ Assume that the limit $H^\star(\mathcal{S})=k$ exists and is finite. Suppose that there exists $\hat{n}>0$ such that for all $i\geq \hat{n}$ one has that the marginal distributions of $S_{i+1}$ and $S_i$ satisfy $p_{S_{i+1}}=p_{S_i}$. Denote with $\mathcal{Y}_{\hat{n}}$ the alphabet of the source $S_{\hat{n}}$. True or false: Can one use this information to infer that the following holds: $|\mathcal{Y}_{\hat{n}}| \geq 2^k $?","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6701,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $S_{0},S_{1},S_{2},\dots$ be an infinite sequence produced by a source $\mathcal{S}$. All $S_{n}$ take values in $\{0,1\}$, and $S_{n+1}$ depends only on $S_n$, that is,   $p_{S_{n+1} | S_0, \dots, S_n}(s_{n+1} | s_0, \dots, s_n) = p_{S_{n+1} | S_n}(s_{n+1} | s_n)$.   The probability $p_{S_{n+1}|S_{n}}$ is schematically represented in the graph below:     egin{center}    	ikzset{      state/.style = {        draw,        circle,        minimum size = 20pt,        font = ontsize{12}{12}\selectfont,      }    }    egin{tikzpicture}[> = latex]      
+ode[state] (a) {$0$};      
+ode[state, right of = a] (b) {$1$};      \path[->] (a) edge[bend left, above] node {$1/2$} (b);      \path[->] (a) edge[loop left] node {$rac{1}{2}$} ();      \path[->] (b) edge[bend left, below] node {$1/4$} (a);      \path[->] (b) edge[loop right] node {$rac{3}{4}$} ();    \end{tikzpicture}  \end{center}  For instance, the edge from $0$ to $1$ means that $p_{S_{n+1}|S_{n}}(1|0) = rac{1}{2}$. We also have that $p_{S_0}(0)=1$. True or false: For every $n\geq 0$, $\mathbb{P}(S_n=0) = rac13 4^{-n} (2 + 4^n) $.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6702,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $S_{0},S_{1},S_{2},\dots$ be an infinite sequence produced by a source $\mathcal{S}$. All $S_{n}$ take values in $\{0,1\}$, and $S_{n+1}$ depends only on $S_n$, that is,   $p_{S_{n+1} | S_0, \dots, S_n}(s_{n+1} | s_0, \dots, s_n) = p_{S_{n+1} | S_n}(s_{n+1} | s_n)$.   The probability $p_{S_{n+1}|S_{n}}$ is schematically represented in the graph below:     egin{center}    	ikzset{      state/.style = {        draw,        circle,        minimum size = 20pt,        font = ontsize{12}{12}\selectfont,      }    }    egin{tikzpicture}[> = latex]      
+ode[state] (a) {$0$};      
+ode[state, right of = a] (b) {$1$};      \path[->] (a) edge[bend left, above] node {$1/2$} (b);      \path[->] (a) edge[loop left] node {$rac{1}{2}$} ();      \path[->] (b) edge[bend left, below] node {$1/4$} (a);      \path[->] (b) edge[loop right] node {$rac{3}{4}$} ();    \end{tikzpicture}  \end{center}  For instance, the edge from $0$ to $1$ means that $p_{S_{n+1}|S_{n}}(1|0) = rac{1}{2}$. We also have that $p_{S_0}(0)=1$. True or false: For every $n\geq 0$, $H(S_n|S_0,\ldots,S_{n-1})
+eq H(S_n|S_{n-1}) $.","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6703,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $S_{0},S_{1},S_{2},\dots$ be an infinite sequence produced by a source $\mathcal{S}$. All $S_{n}$ take values in $\{0,1\}$, and $S_{n+1}$ depends only on $S_n$, that is,   $p_{S_{n+1} | S_0, \dots, S_n}(s_{n+1} | s_0, \dots, s_n) = p_{S_{n+1} | S_n}(s_{n+1} | s_n)$.   The probability $p_{S_{n+1}|S_{n}}$ is schematically represented in the graph below:     egin{center}    	ikzset{      state/.style = {        draw,        circle,        minimum size = 20pt,        font = ontsize{12}{12}\selectfont,      }    }    egin{tikzpicture}[> = latex]      
+ode[state] (a) {$0$};      
+ode[state, right of = a] (b) {$1$};      \path[->] (a) edge[bend left, above] node {$1/2$} (b);      \path[->] (a) edge[loop left] node {$rac{1}{2}$} ();      \path[->] (b) edge[bend left, below] node {$1/4$} (a);      \path[->] (b) edge[loop right] node {$rac{3}{4}$} ();    \end{tikzpicture}  \end{center}  For instance, the edge from $0$ to $1$ means that $p_{S_{n+1}|S_{n}}(1|0) = rac{1}{2}$. We also have that $p_{S_0}(0)=1$. True or false: $H^\star(\mathcal{S})$ is finite.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6704,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $S_{0},S_{1},S_{2},\dots$ be an infinite sequence produced by a source $\mathcal{S}$. All $S_{n}$ take values in $\{0,1\}$, and $S_{n+1}$ depends only on $S_n$, that is,   $p_{S_{n+1} | S_0, \dots, S_n}(s_{n+1} | s_0, \dots, s_n) = p_{S_{n+1} | S_n}(s_{n+1} | s_n)$.   The probability $p_{S_{n+1}|S_{n}}$ is schematically represented in the graph below:     egin{center}    	ikzset{      state/.style = {        draw,        circle,        minimum size = 20pt,        font = ontsize{12}{12}\selectfont,      }    }    egin{tikzpicture}[> = latex]      
+ode[state] (a) {$0$};      
+ode[state, right of = a] (b) {$1$};      \path[->] (a) edge[bend left, above] node {$1/2$} (b);      \path[->] (a) edge[loop left] node {$rac{1}{2}$} ();      \path[->] (b) edge[bend left, below] node {$1/4$} (a);      \path[->] (b) edge[loop right] node {$rac{3}{4}$} ();    \end{tikzpicture}  \end{center}  For instance, the edge from $0$ to $1$ means that $p_{S_{n+1}|S_{n}}(1|0) = rac{1}{2}$. We also have that $p_{S_0}(0)=1$. True or false: $H(\mathcal{S})= h(1/3)$, where $h$ is the binary entropy.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6705,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $S_{0},S_{1},S_{2},\dots$ be an infinite sequence produced by a source $\mathcal{S}$. All $S_{n}$ take values in $\{0,1\}$, and $S_{n+1}$ depends only on $S_n$, that is,   $p_{S_{n+1} | S_0, \dots, S_n}(s_{n+1} | s_0, \dots, s_n) = p_{S_{n+1} | S_n}(s_{n+1} | s_n)$.   The probability $p_{S_{n+1}|S_{n}}$ is schematically represented in the graph below:     egin{center}    	ikzset{      state/.style = {        draw,        circle,        minimum size = 20pt,        font = ontsize{12}{12}\selectfont,      }    }    egin{tikzpicture}[> = latex]      
+ode[state] (a) {$0$};      
+ode[state, right of = a] (b) {$1$};      \path[->] (a) edge[bend left, above] node {$1/2$} (b);      \path[->] (a) edge[loop left] node {$rac{1}{2}$} ();      \path[->] (b) edge[bend left, below] node {$1/4$} (a);      \path[->] (b) edge[loop right] node {$rac{3}{4}$} ();    \end{tikzpicture}  \end{center}  For instance, the edge from $0$ to $1$ means that $p_{S_{n+1}|S_{n}}(1|0) = rac{1}{2}$. We also have that $p_{S_0}(0)=1$. True or false: The source is regular.","['True', 'False']",True,0
+6706,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Suppose we have a source $S$. Consider a Huffman encoding $\Gamma$ for $S$ constructed like we have seen in class. Suppose that $L(S,\Gamma)=1.5$. True or false: Can the following sub-tree be part of the Huffman tree corresponding to the Huffman code $\Gamma$? \		Remember: the numbers depicted represent the sum of the probabilities of the symbols corresponding to the leaves of the tree. For instance, $0.2$ denotes the fact that the probabilities of the symbols in the leaves of the corresponding sub-tree sum to $0.2$. 		egin{center}		    	ikzset {  leaf_prob/.style = {    fill = black!75,    circle,    minimum size = 4pt,    inner sep = 0pt  },  leaf_f/.style = {    draw,    circle,    minimum size = 1.2em,    inner sep = 0pt  },  leaf_f_prob/.style = {    inner sep = 0pt,    font=ontsize{7}{7}\selectfont  },  pf/.style = {    color = blue!50!black,    font = ontsize{7}{7}\selectfont,  },} egin{tikzpicture}  \def\leafFDistance{0.75cm};  \def\leafFProbDistance{0.1cm};  \def\levelDistance{0.75cm};  \draw node[leaf_f, draw = none ] (b) {};  \draw node[leaf_f, draw=none, right = \leafFDistance of b] (c) { };  \draw node[leaf_f, draw=none, right = \leafFDistance of c] (d) { };  \draw node[leaf_f, draw=none, right = \leafFDistance of d] (e) {};  \path (b) -- (c) node[leaf_prob, midway, yshift=(2*\levelDistance)] (lbc) {};  \path (c) -- (d) node[leaf_prob, midway, yshift=(3*\levelDistance)] (lcd) {};  \path (d) -- (e) node[leaf_prob, midway, yshift=(4*\levelDistance)] (lde) {};  \draw[dashed] (b) -- (lbc) -- (c);  \draw[] (lbc) -- (lcd);  \draw[dashed] (lcd) -- (d);  \draw[] (lcd) -- (lde);  \draw[dashed]  (lde) -- (e);  
+ode[pf, yshift = 5pt, xshift = -5pt] at (lbc) {$0.2$};  
+ode[pf, yshift = 5pt, xshift = -5pt] at (lcd) {$0.4$};  
+ode[pf, yshift = 5pt, xshift = -5pt] at (lde) {$1$};\end{tikzpicture} \end{center}","['True', 'False']",False,1
+6707,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Find all solutions of $24x + [9]_{45} = [13]_{45}$ in the range $[0,44]$. How many different solutions are there?","['$0$', '$1$', '$2$', '$3$']",$0$,0
+6708,5,Computer Science,bachelor,Find $[5263^{79359}]_{15}$.,"['$7$', '$12$', '$8$', '$13$']",$7$,0
+6709,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Passing on secrets: Alice has posted her RSA credentials as $(m,e)$, with $m$ the modulus and $e$ the encoding exponent. As required by RSA, she keeps her decoding exponent $d$ preciously secret. Bob has a message $t_1$, RSA-encrypts it using $(m,e_1)$ and passes the resulting cryptogram $c_1$ on to Carlos. Carlos has a message $t_2$, RSA-encrypts it using $(m,e_2)$ to obtain the cryptogram $c_2$. Then, Carlos multiplies the two cryptograms, $(c_1\cdot c_2) \mod m,$ and passes this to Alice. Alice applies her regular RSA decryption to $(c_1\cdot c_2) \mod m.$ Under what condition is the result of this decryption exactly equal to the product $(t_1\cdot t_2) \mod m$?","['If $e_1=e_2=e$.', 'If $e_1+e_2=e$.', ""If for some integer $\\ell,$ we have $e_1 e_2 d=\\ell \\phi(m)+1,$ where $\\phi(\\cdot)$ denotes Euler's totient function."", 'If $d$ is prime and $(e_1+e_2) \\mod m=1$.']",If $e_1=e_2=e$.,0
+6710,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"A colleague challenges you to create a $(n-1,k,d_{min})$ code $\mathcal C'$ from a $(n,k,d_{min})$ code $\mathcal C$ as follows: given a generator matrix $G$ that generates $\mathcal C$, drop one column from $G$. Then, generate the new code with this truncated $k 	imes (n-1)$ generator matrix. The catch is that your colleague only gives you a set $\mathcal S=\{\vec s_1,\vec s_2, \vec s_3\}$ of $3$ columns of $G$ that you are allowed to drop, where $\vec s_1$ is the all-zeros vector, $\vec s_2$ is the all-ones vector, and $\vec s_3$ is a canonical basis vector. From the length of the columns $s_i$ you can infer $k$. You do not know $n$, neither do you know anything about the $n-3$ columns of $G$ that are not in $\mathcal S$. However, your colleague tells you that $G$ is in systematic form, i.e., $G=[I ~~ P]$ for some unknown $P$, and that all of the elements in $\mathcal S$ are columns of $P$. Which of the following options in $\mathcal S$ would you choose as the column of $G$ to drop?","['$\\vec s_1$ (the all-zeros vector).', '$\\vec s_2$ (the all-ones vector)', '$\\vec s_3$ (one of the canonical basis vectors).', 'It is impossible to guarantee that dropping a column from $\\mathcal S$ will not decrease the minimum distance.']",$\vec s_1$ (the all-zeros vector).,0
+6711,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal C$ be a $(n,k)$ linear block code over $\mathbb F_2$ of block length $n$ such that $n$ is even and minimum distance $d_{min}=3$. We construct a new code $\mathcal C'$ by appending onto each codeword $\vec x \in \mathcal C$ three parity bits as follows: $x_{n+1}=x_1 \oplus x_3 \oplus x_5 \oplus \ldots \oplus x_{n-1}$, $x_{n+2}=x_2 \oplus x_4 \oplus x_6 \oplus \ldots \oplus x_{n}$, $x_{n+3}=x_1 \oplus x_2 \oplus x_3 \oplus \ldots \oplus x_{n}$. Denote the minimum distance of this new linear block code by $d'_{min}$. Which of the following is true?","[""We cannot tell with certainty what $d'_{min}$ is; it depends on $\\mathcal C$."", ""$d'_{min}=3$"", ""$d'_{min}=4$"", ""$d'_{min}=5$""]",We cannot tell with certainty what $d'_{min}$ is; it depends on $\mathcal C$.,0
+6712,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal C_1$ be a $(n_1,k)$ linear block code over $\mathbb F_p$ with $p$ prime and $|\mathcal C_1| = 27$. Let $\mathcal C_2$ be a $(n_2,k)$ linear block code over $\mathbb F_2$ of the same dimension $k$. Which of the following is true?","['$|\\mathcal C_2| = 8$', '$|\\mathcal C_2| = 16$', '$|\\mathcal C_2| = 27$', '$|\\mathcal C_2| = 21$']",$|\mathcal C_2| = 8$,0
+6713,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $X_1,X_2,\dots$ be i.i.d. binary random variables with $p_{X_i}(1) =rac{1}{4}$ for every $i\geq 1$. Let $Y_1$ be a uniform binary random variable, and let $Y_i = Y_{i-1} \oplus X_{i-1}$ for every $i\geq 2$, where $\oplus$ denotes the modulo-2 sum. For any given $n\geq 1$, what is the value of $H(Y_1,Y_2,\dots,Y_n)$? [Hint: what is the value of $H(Y_i|Y_1,\dots,Y_{i-1})$?]","['$\\left(2-\x0crac{3}{4}\\log 3\right) n + \x0crac{3}{4}\\log 3 - 1$.', '$n$.', '$\\left(2-\x0crac{3}{4}\\log 3\right) n + 1$.', '$\\left(3 - \x0crac{3}{4}\\log 3\right) n +\x0crac{3}{4}\\log 3 -2$.']","$\left(2-rac{3}{4}\log 3
ight) n + rac{3}{4}\log 3 - 1$.",0
+6714,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"A binary prefix-free code $\Gamma$ is made of four codewords. The first three codewords have codeword lengths $\ell_1 = 2$, $\ell_2 = 3$ and $\ell_3 = 3$. What is the minimum possible length for the fourth codeword?","['$1$.', '$2$.', '$3$.', '$4$.']",$1$.,0
+6715,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $n \geq 2$ be a positive integer, and $M$ a uniformly distributed binary message of length $2n$. Let $P_K(M)$ denote the one-time pad encryption of $M$ with key $K$. Let $K_1$ be a uniformly distributed binary key length $n$. Let $K_2$ be the complement of $K_1$. Let $K_3$ be the reverse of $K_1$. Let $K_i||K_j$ denote the concatenation of the two keys. True or false: Encryption with the key $K_4 = ( K_1|| K_1 ) $, $P_{K_4}(M)$ provides perfect secrecy.","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6716,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $n \geq 2$ be a positive integer, and $M$ a uniformly distributed binary message of length $2n$. Let $P_K(M)$ denote the one-time pad encryption of $M$ with key $K$. Let $K_1$ be a uniformly distributed binary key length $n$. Let $K_2$ be the complement of $K_1$. Let $K_3$ be the reverse of $K_1$. Let $K_i||K_j$ denote the concatenation of the two keys. True or false: Encryption with the key $K_5 = ( K_1|| K_2 ) $, $P_{K_5}(M)$ provides perfect secrecy.","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6717,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $n \geq 2$ be a positive integer, and $M$ a uniformly distributed binary message of length $2n$. Let $P_K(M)$ denote the one-time pad encryption of $M$ with key $K$. Let $K_1$ be a uniformly distributed binary key length $n$. Let $K_2$ be the complement of $K_1$. Let $K_3$ be the reverse of $K_1$. Let $K_i||K_j$ denote the concatenation of the two keys. True or false: Encryption with the key $K_6 = ( K_1|| K_3 ) $, $P_{K_6}(M)$ provides perfect secrecy.","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6718,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $n \geq 2$ be a positive integer, and $M$ a uniformly distributed binary message of length $2n$. Let $P_K(M)$ denote the one-time pad encryption of $M$ with key $K$. Let $K_1$ be a uniformly distributed binary key length $n$. Let $K_2$ be the complement of $K_1$. Let $K_3$ be the reverse of $K_1$. Let $K_i||K_j$ denote the concatenation of the two keys. Let $K_7$ be a key that is either equal to $K_2$ or $K_3$ with uniform probability. True or false: Encryption with the key $K_8 = ( K_1|| K_7 ) $, $P_{K_8}(M)$ provides perfect secrecy.","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6719,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider an RSA encryption where the $(p, q)$ are determined as $(53, 61)$. True or false: $(e,d) = (123, 79)$ are valid encoding/decoding exponents.","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6720,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider an RSA encryption where the $(p, q)$ are determined as $(53, 61)$. True or false: $(e,d) = (7, 223)$ are valid encoding/decoding exponents.","['False', 'True']",True,1
+6721,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider an RSA encryption where the $(p, q)$ are determined as $(53, 61)$. True or false: $(e,d) = (319, 23)$ are valid encoding/decoding exponents.","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6722,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $G$ be a set and $*$ a commutative operation on pairs of elements from $G.$ Suppose there exists an element $e\in G$ such that $a*e=e*a=a$ for all $a \in G.$ Also, suppose there exist elements $b,c,d \in G$ such that $b*c=d*c.$. True or false: $(G,*)$ is a group if and only if $b=d.$","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6723,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $G$ be a set and $*$ a commutative operation on pairs of elements from $G.$ Suppose there exists an element $e\in G$ such that $a*e=e*a=a$ for all $a \in G.$ Also, suppose there exist elements $b,c,d \in G$ such that $b*c=d*c.$. True or false: If $b
+ot=d,$ then $(G,*)$ cannot be a group.","['False', 'True']",True,1
+6724,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $G_1, G_2$, be valid generator matrices of dimensions $\mathbb F^{k_i 	imes n_i}$, all over the same field $\mathbb F$. Recall that ``valid'' means that for all $i$, $k_i \leq n_i$ and $	ext{rank}(G_i) = k_i$. True or false:  Assuming $n_1 = n_2$ and $k_1 + k_2 \leq n_1$, the matrix $\left( egin{array}{cc} G_1 \ \hline G_2 \end{array} 
ight)$ is also a valid generator matrix.","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6725,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $G_1, G_2, G_3$, be valid generator matrices of dimensions $\mathbb F^{k_i 	imes n_i}$, all over the same field $\mathbb F$. Recall that ``valid'' means that for all $i$, $k_i \leq n_i$ and $	ext{rank}(G_i) = k_i$. True or false:  Assuming $k_1 = k_2 + k_3$, the matrix $egin{pmatrix} G_1 &\vline &egin{matrix} G_2 &\vline &0\ \cline{1-3} 0 &\vline &G_3 \end{matrix} \end{pmatrix}$ is also a valid generator matrix.","['False', 'True']",True,1
+6726,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $G$, be a valid generator matrix of dimensions $\mathbb F^{k 	imes n}$. Recall that ``valid'' means that $k \leq n$ and $	ext{rank}(G) = k$. Let $D_1 \in \mathbb F^{k 	imes k}$ and $D_2 \in \mathbb F^{n 	imes n}$ be diagonal matrices with non-zero diagonal elements. True or false: $D_1 \cdot G \cdot D_2$ is also a valid generator matrix.","['False', 'True']",True,1
+6727,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $G_1, G_2$, be valid generator matrices of dimensions $\mathbb F^{k_i 	imes n_i}$, all over the same field $\mathbb F$. Recall that ``valid'' means that for all $i$, $k_i \leq n_i$ and $	ext{rank}(G_i) = k_i$. True or false:  Assuming $k_1 = k_2$ and $n_1=n_2$, the matrix $G_{7} + G_{8}$ is also a valid generator matrix.","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6728,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal C_1$ be a linear code over $\mathbb F_3^n$, and let $\mathcal C_2$ be a linear code over $\mathbb F_2^n$. True or false: $\mathcal C_1 \cup \mathcal C_2$ is necessarily a linear code over $\mathbb F_3^n$.","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6729,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathcal C_1$ be a linear code over $\mathbb F_3^n$, and let $\mathcal C_2$ be a linear code over $\mathbb F_2^n$. True or false: $\mathcal C_1 \cap \mathcal C_2$ is necessarily a linear code over $\mathbb F_3^n$.","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6730,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let  $$G= egin{pmatrix} 1 &1 &1 &0 &1 &0\ 0 &1 &1 &1 &0 &0\ 0 &1 &1 &0 &0 &0\ 0 &1 &1 &1 &0 &1 \end{pmatrix}$$ be the generator matrix of a $(6,4)$ linear code $\mathcal C$ over $\mathbb F_2$. True or false: $G$ admits a systematic form (i.e., it can be put into systematic form via elementary row operations).","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6731,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let  $$G= egin{pmatrix} 1 &1 &1 &0 &1 &0\ 0 &1 &1 &1 &0 &0\ 0 &1 &1 &0 &0 &0\ 0 &1 &1 &1 &0 &1 \end{pmatrix}$$ be the generator matrix of a $(6,4)$ linear code $\mathcal C$ over $\mathbb F_2$. True or false: $d_{min}=2$.","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6732,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let  $$G= egin{pmatrix} 1 &1 &1 &0 &1 &0\ 0 &1 &1 &1 &0 &0\ 0 &1 &1 &0 &0 &0\ 0 &1 &1 &1 &0 &1 \end{pmatrix}$$ be the generator matrix of a $(6,4)$ linear code $\mathcal C$ over $\mathbb F_2$. True or false: If one substitutes the last row of $G$ by $(1,0,0,1,1,1)$, the thereby obtained matrix generates the same code $\mathcal C$.","['False', 'True']",True,1
+6733,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let  $$G= egin{pmatrix} 1 &1 &1 &0 &1 &0\ 0 &1 &1 &1 &0 &0\ 0 &1 &1 &0 &0 &0\ 0 &1 &1 &1 &0 &1 \end{pmatrix}$$ be the generator matrix of a $(6,4)$ linear code $\mathcal C$ over $\mathbb F_2$. True or false: Performing an arbitrary column permutation on $G$ yields a generator matrix of a linear code with the same parameters $n,k,d_{min}$.","['False', 'True']",True,1
+6734,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathbb F$ be a field of cardinality $q$ and let $0<k<n\leq q$ be unspecified integers. As seen in the lecture, we generate a $(n,k,d_{min})$ Reed-Solomon code with the following mapping: $$\mathbb F^k 
ightarrow \mathbb F^n ~~,~~ \vec u \mapsto \vec c =(P_{\vec u}(a_1),P_{\vec u}(a_2),\ldots,P_{\vec u}(a_n))$$ for $a_i \in \mathbb F$ all distinct and $P$ a polynomial of degree $k-1$ with coefficient vector $\vec u\in\mathbb F^k$.  Now, we construct a $(n,k',d'_{min})$ code $\mathcal C'$ similarly to the above one by assigning $a_1\leftarrow a_2$ while leaving $n,P$ and $a_2,\ldots,a_n$ unchanged. As before, the code is generated by evaluating $P_{\vec u}(a_2,a_2,a_3,\dots,a_n)$ over all possible coefficients vectors $\vec u \in \mathbb F^k$. This is by definition not an RS code, however it is still a well-defined linear block code. True or false: We know for certain that $k'=k-1$.","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6735,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $\mathbb F$ be a field of cardinality $q$ and let $0<k<n\leq q$ be unspecified integers. As seen in the lecture, we generate a $(n,k,d_{min})$ Reed-Solomon code with the following mapping: $$\mathbb F^k 
ightarrow \mathbb F^n ~~,~~ \vec u \mapsto \vec c =(P_{\vec u}(a_1),P_{\vec u}(a_2),\ldots,P_{\vec u}(a_n))$$ for $a_i \in \mathbb F$ all distinct and $P$ a polynomial of degree $k-1$ with coefficient vector $\vec u\in\mathbb F^k$.  Now, we construct a $(n,k',d'_{min})$ code $\mathcal C'$ similarly to the above one by assigning $a_1\leftarrow a_2$ while leaving $n,P$ and $a_2,\ldots,a_n$ unchanged. As before, the code is generated by evaluating $P_{\vec u}(a_2,a_2,a_3,\dots,a_n)$ over all possible coefficients vectors $\vec u \in \mathbb F^k$. This is by definition not an RS code, however it is still a well-defined linear block code. True or false: We know for certain that $d'_{min}=d_{min}-1$.","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6736,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the source $S_1, S_2, \dots$ such that $S_1$ is uniformly distributed on $\mathbb{Z}/10\mathbb{Z}^*$, and for every $n\geq 1$, $S_{n+1}$ is distributed uniformly on $\mathbb{Z}/(S_n+1)\mathbb{Z}^*$. Let $H(\mathcal{S}) = \lim_{n	o\infty} H(S_n)$. True or false: The source is stationary.","['False', 'True']",False,0
+6737,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the source $S_1, S_2, \dots$ such that $S_1$ is uniformly distributed on $\mathbb{Z}/10\mathbb{Z}^*$, and for every $n\geq 1$, $S_{n+1}$ is distributed uniformly on $\mathbb{Z}/(S_n+1)\mathbb{Z}^*$. Let $H(\mathcal{S}) = \lim_{n	o\infty} H(S_n)$. True or false: $H(\mathcal{S}) = 0$.","['False', 'True']",True,1
+6738,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $S_1$ be a random variable taking values in $\{a,b\}$ with probability $p_{S_1}(a) = rac{1}{4}$ and $p_{S_1}(b) = rac{3}{4}$. Let $S_2$ be a random variable, independent of $S_1$, taking values in $\{c,d\}$ with probability $p_{S_2}(c) = q$ and $p_{S_2}(d) = 1-q$, for some $q\in[0,1]$. Let $\Gamma_H$ be the binary Huffman code for the sequence $S = S_1 S_2$, and let $L(S,\Gamma_H)$ be the average codeword-length of $\Gamma_H$. True or false: $1\leq L(S, \Gamma_H) \leq 2$ for all $q\in[0,1]$.","['False', 'True']",True,1
+6739,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $S_1$ be a random variable taking values in $\{a,b\}$ with probability $p_{S_1}(a) = rac{1}{4}$ and $p_{S_1}(b) = rac{3}{4}$. Let $S_2$ be a random variable, independent of $S_1$, taking values in $\{c,d\}$ with probability $p_{S_2}(c) = q$ and $p_{S_2}(d) = 1-q$, for some $q\in[0,1]$. Let $\Gamma_H$ be the binary Huffman code for the sequence $S = S_1 S_2$, and let $L(S,\Gamma_H)$ be the average codeword-length of $\Gamma_H$. True or false: $\mathrm{length}(\Gamma_H(bc)) = 3$ for all $q<rac{1}{4}$.","['False', 'True']",True,1
+6740,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $S$ be a random variable taking values in $\{a,b,c,d,e\}$ with the following probabilities. $$egin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline & a & b & c & d & e \ \hline p_S(\cdot) & 1/3 & 1/3 & 1/9 & 1/9 & 1/9\ \hline \end{array}$$ Let $\Gamma_D$ be the $D$-ary Huffman code for $S$. Let $L(S,\Gamma_D)$ be the average codeword-length of $\Gamma_D$, and let $H_D(S)$ be the $D$-ary entropy of $S$. True or false: If $D=3$, then $L(S,\Gamma_D) = H_D(S)$.","['False', 'True']",True,1
+6741,5,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let $S$ be a random variable taking values in $\{a,b,c,d,e\}$ with the following probabilities. $$egin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline & a & b & c & d & e \ \hline p_S(\cdot) & 1/3 & 1/3 & 1/9 & 1/9 & 1/9\ \hline \end{array}$$ Let $\Gamma_D$ be the $D$-ary Huffman code for $S$. Let $L(S,\Gamma_D)$ be the average codeword-length of $\Gamma_D$, and let $H_D(S)$ be the $D$-ary entropy of $S$. True or false: $L(S,\Gamma_D) > H_D(S)$ for every $D>3$.","['False', 'True']",True,1
+6742,5,Computer Science,bachelor,Let $E$ and $F$ be two events. Suppose that they satisfy $p(E|F)=p(E) > 0.$ True or false: Then we must have $p(F|E)=p(F).$,"['False', 'True']",True,1
+6815,9,Computer Science,bachelor,Let P be the statement ∀x(x>-3 -> x>3). Determine for which domain P evaluates to true: ,"['-3<x<3', 'x>-3', 'x>3', 'None of the other options']",x>3,2
+6816,9,Computer Science,bachelor,Let P(x) is “x is an elephant” and F(x) is “x flies” and the domain consists of all animals. Translate the following statement into English: ∃!x(P(x) ∧ F(x)),"['There exists only one elephant that can fly', 'There is an animal that flies if it’s an elephant', 'All elephants fly', 'Some elephants can flyv', 'None of the other options']",There exists only one elephant that can fly,0
+6817,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"Which of the following is equivalent to ¬(∀x ∃y ∃!z P(x, y, z) )","['∃x ∀y ∃z ¬P(x, y, z)', '∃x ∀y ∀z ¬P(x, y, z)', '∃x ∀y ∀z (¬P(x, y, z) ∨∃z’(P(x,y,z’)∧z’≠z))', 'None of the other options']","∃x ∀y ∀z (¬P(x, y, z) ∨∃z’(P(x,y,z’)∧z’≠z))",2
+6818,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let p(x,y) be the statement “x visits y”, where the domain of x consists of all the humans in the world and the domain of y consists of all the places in the world. Use quantifiers to express the following statement: There is a place in the world that has never been visited by humans.","['∃y ∀x ¬p(x,y)', '∀y ∃x ¬p(x,y)', '∀y ∀x ¬p(x,y)', '¬(∀y ∃x ¬p(x,y))']","∃y ∀x ¬p(x,y)",0
+6819,9,Computer Science,bachelor,Which of the following arguments is correct? ,"['All students in this class understand math. Alice is a student in this class. Therefore, Alice doesn’t understand math.', 'Every physics major takes calculus. Mathilde is taking calculus. Therefore, Mathilde is a physics major.', 'All cats like milk. My pet is not a cat. Therefore, my pet does not like milk.', 'Everyone who eats vegetables every day is healthy. Linda is not healthy. Therefore, Linda does not eat vegetables every day.']","Everyone who eats vegetables every day is healthy. Linda is not healthy. Therefore, Linda does not eat vegetables every day.",3
+6821,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"Suppose we have the following function \(f: [0, 2] 	o [-\pi, \pi] \).
+\[f(x) =
+egin{cases}
+    x^2 &	ext{ for } 0\leq x < 1\
+    2-(x-2)^2 &	ext{ for } 1 \leq x \leq 2
+\end{cases}
+\]","['\\(f\\) is not injective and not surjective.', '\\(f\\) is injective but not surjective.', '\\(f\\) is surjective but not injective.', '\\(f\\) is bijective.']",\(f\) is injective but not surjective.,1
+6822,9,Computer Science,bachelor,Which of the following is the powerset of \(A= \{\{\emptyset\}\}\):,"['\\( \\emptyset \\)', '\\(  \\{\\emptyset\\} \\)', '\\( \\{\\{\\emptyset\\}, \\emptyset\\} \\)', '\\( \\{\\{\\{\\emptyset\\}\\}, \\emptyset\\} \\)']","\( \{\{\{\emptyset\}\}, \emptyset\} \)",3
+6824,9,Computer Science,bachelor,The solution of the recurrence relation \(a_n = a_{n-1} + 2a_{n-2}\) and initial conditions \(a_0=1\) and \(a_1=2\) is:,"['\\(   a_n = 2^n  \\)', '\\(   a_n = n + 1   \\)', '\\(   a_n = n^2 + 1   \\)', '\\(   a_n = 2n^2-n+1   \\)']",\(   a_n = 2^n  \),0
+6826,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"The Fibonacci numbers are a famous sequence throughout nature and history, often called the ”golden ratio”. They consist of each proceeding number as the sum of the two that come before it: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 ... and so on. How can we describe this sequence of numbers ?","['It can be described as an arithmetic sequence.', 'It can be described as a geometric sequence.', 'None of the other options are correct', 'It can be described as a recurrence relation.']",It can be described as a recurrence relation.,3
+6827,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"A friend asked you to prove the following statement true or false: if a and b are rational numbers, a^b must be irrational. Examining the case where a is 1 and b is 2, what kind of proof are you using ?","['Proof by contradiction', 'Proof by counterexample', 'Exhaustive proof', 'Proof by cases', 'Existence proof']",Proof by counterexample,1
+6829,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"If A is an uncountable set and B is an uncountable set, A − B cannot be :","['countably infinite', 'uncountable', 'the null set', 'none of the other options']",none of the other options,3
+6831,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"Consider the list : 5, 12, 7, 8, 41
+
+In which sorting algorithm(s) do you directly compare 5 and 41 ?
+
+We are considering the version of insertion sort seen in the slides of the lecture: we compare \( a_j \) to \( a_{j-1} \), then \( a_{j-2} \) etc ...
+
+","['Bubble sort', 'Insertion sort', 'They are directly compared in both algorithms', 'They are not compared in any of the algorithms']",They are not compared in any of the algorithms,3
+6832,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"You need to quickly find if a person's name is in a list: that contains both integers and strings such as:
+
+list := [""Adam Smith"", ""Kurt Gödel"", 499, 999.95, ""Bertrand Arthur William Russell"", 19.99, ...]
+
+
+What strategy can you use?","['Insertion sort the list, then use binary search.', 'Bubble sort the list, then use binary search.', 'Use binary search.', 'Use linear search.']",Use linear search.,3
+6834,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let \( f : A 
ightarrow B \) be a function from A to B such that \(f (a) = |a| \).
+f is a bijection if:","['\\( A=  [0, 1] \\) and  \\(B=  [-1, 0] \\)', '\\( A=  [-1, 0] \\) and  \\(B=  [-1, 0] \\)', '\\( A=  [-1, 0] \\) and  \\(B=  [0, 1] \\)', '\\( A=  [-1, 1] \\) and  \\(B=  [-1, 1] \\)']","\( A=  [-1, 0] \) and  \(B=  [-1, 0] \)",1
+6835,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let A = {4, 8} be the set containing integers 4 and 8. What is the total number of possible relations from A to A ?","['4', '32', '8', '16']",16,3
+6836,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let \(f(x) = 3 x \left(\log_2(x) 
ight)^2 + x^2 \). Select the correct statement:","['\\(f(x)\\) is \\(O\\left(3 x \\left(\\log_2(x) \right)^2  \right)  \\) but not \\(\\Omega\\left(3 x \\left(\\log_2(x) \right)^2  \right)  \\)', 'None of the other statements are correct', '\\(f(x)\\) is \\(\\Theta \\left(3 x \\left(\\log_2(x) \right)^2 \right)  \\)', '\\(f(x)\\) is \\(\\Omega\\left(3 x \\left(\\log_2(x) \right)^2  \right)  \\) but not \\(O\\left(3 x \\left(\\log_2(x) \right)^2  \right)  \\)']","\(f(x)\) is \(\Omega\left(3 x \left(\log_2(x) 
ight)^2  
ight)  \) but not \(O\left(3 x \left(\log_2(x) 
ight)^2  
ight)  \)",3
+6837,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"Arrange the functions  \(f_1(n) =  \sqrt{n} \log_2 (n),\; f_2(n) = 2^{2 n \log_2 (n)},\; f_3(n) = n!,\; f_4(n) = (\log_2 (n))^{22} \) in increasing growth order:","['\\(f_4, f_3,  f_1, f_2\\)', '\\(f_1, f_4, f_3, f_2\\)', '\\(f_1, f_4, f_2, f_3\\)', '\\(f_4, f_1, f_2, f_3\\)', '\\(f_4, f_1,  f_3, f_2\\)']","\(f_4, f_1,  f_3, f_2\)",4
+6838,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let \( P(n) \) be a proposition for a positive integer \( n \) (positive integers do not include 0).
+
+You have managed to prove that \( orall k > 2, \left[ P(k-2) \wedge P(k-1) \wedge P(k)
ight] 
ightarrow P(k+1) \).
+
+You would like to prove that \( P(n) \) is true for all positive integers. What is left for you to do ?","['None of the other statement are correct.', 'Show that \\( P(1) \\) and \\( P(2) \\)  are true, then use strong induction to conclude that \\( P(n) \\) is true for all positive integers.', 'Show that \\( P(1) \\) and \\( P(2) \\) are true, then use induction to conclude that \\( P(n) \\) is true for all positive integers.', 'Show that \\( P(1) \\), \\( P(2) \\) and \\( P(3) \\) are true, then use strong induction to conclude that \\( P(n) \\) is true for all positive integers.']","Show that \( P(1) \), \( P(2) \) and \( P(3) \) are true, then use strong induction to conclude that \( P(n) \) is true for all positive integers.",3
+6840,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"We consider a month of 30 days. I have \(n\) chocolates and each day, I can either: not eat chocolate or eat exactly one chocolate. All chocolates needs to be eaten by the end of the month. What is the smallest number of chocolates needed to guarantee that I will eat chocolate 5 days in a row during the month?","['27', '25', '24', '26']",25,1
+6842,9,Computer Science,bachelor,What is the value of \(f(4)\) where \(f\) is defined as \(f(0) = f(1) = 1\) and \(f(n) = 2f(n - 1) + 3f(n - 2)\) for integers \(n \geq 2\)?,"['41', '45', '39', '43']",41,0
+6843,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"Which of the following are true regarding the lengths of integers in some base \(b\) (i.e., the number of digits base \(b\)) in different bases, given \(N = (FFFF)_{16}\)?","['\\((N)_2\\) is of length 16', '\\((N)_{10}\\) is of length 40', '\\((N)_4\\) is of length 12', '\\((N)_4\\) is of length 4']",\((N)_2\) is of length 16,0
+6844,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"Let \(S\) be the subset of \(\mathbb{Z}\) defined as follows:
+
+    \(3 \in S\)
+
+    \(x \in S 
ightarrow (x + 1 \in S \land x^2 \in S)\)
+
+Which of the following statement is true?
+","['By applying the recursive step twice from the basis step, the resulting set is of size 9.', '\\( 5 \not\\in S \\)', '\\(S\\) is countably infinite.', 'By applying the recursive step three times from the basis step, the resulting set is of size 11.']",\(S\) is countably infinite.,2
+6845,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"In a lottery, a bucket of 10 numbered red balls and a bucket of 5 numbered green balls are used. Three red balls and two green balls are drawn (without replacement).
+What is the probability to win the lottery? (The order in which balls are drawn does not matter). ","['$$\x0crac{1}{14400}$$', '$$\x0crac{1}{7200}$$', '$$\x0crac{1}{1200}$$', '$$\x0crac{1}{1900}$$']",$$rac{1}{1200}$$,2
+6847,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"Take the recurrence relation $$a_n = -3a_{n-1} + 4a_{n-2}$$ with initial conditions $$a_0 = 1$$, $$a_1=3$$ and transform it in the form $$a_n = lpha_1r_1^n + lpha_2r_2^n$$. Which statement is true?","['$$\x07lpha_1 = \x0crac{4}{5}$$ and $$\x07lpha_2 = \x0crac{1}{5}$$', '$$\x07lpha_1 = -4$$ and $$\x07lpha_2=1$$', '$$\x07lpha_1 = \x0crac{7}{5}$$ and $$\x07lpha_2 = \x0crac{-2}{5}$$', '$$\x07lpha_1 = \x0crac{13}{5}$$ and $$\x07lpha_2 = \x0crac{-7}{5}$$']",$$lpha_1 = rac{7}{5}$$ and $$lpha_2 = rac{-2}{5}$$,2
+6850,9,Computer Science,bachelor,"A vending machine dispensing books of stamps accepts only $1 bills, $2 bills and $5 bills.
+
+Find a recurrence relation for the number of ways to deposit $$n$$ dollars in the vending machine, where the order in which the coins and bills are deposited matters.","['$$a_{n} = a_{n-1} + a_{n-2} + a_{n-5}$$', '$$a_{n+1} = a_{n-1} + a_{n-2} + a_{n-5}$$', '$$a_{n+1} = a_{n-1} + 2a_{n-2} + 5a_{n-5}$$', '$$a_{n} = a_{n-1} + 2a_{n-2} + 5a_{n-5}$$']",$$a_{n} = a_{n-1} + a_{n-2} + a_{n-5}$$,0