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README.md
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license: apache-2.0
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---
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#
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This repository contains an encoder model, part of the research presented in the paper
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This paper investigates the effectiveness of Masked Language Modeling (MLM) versus Causal Language Modeling (CLM) for pretraining text encoders to achieve high-quality text representations. It demonstrates that while MLM generally yields better performance, CLM-trained models are more data-efficient. The research further proposes a biphasic training strategy that sequentially applies CLM and then MLM, achieving optimal performance under a fixed computational budget.
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* **Paper:** [Should We Still Pretrain Encoders with Masked Language Modeling?](https://huggingface.co/papers/2507.00994)
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* **
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* **
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## Model
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## Usage
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You can use this model for feature extraction with the Hugging Face `transformers` library.
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First, install the `EuroBERT` package:
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```bash
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pip install git+https://github.com/Nicolas-BZRD/EuroBERT.git
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```
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Then, you can load and use the model as follows:
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```python
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel
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sum_mask = torch.clamp(input_mask_expanded.sum(1), min=1e-9)
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mean_pooled_embedding = sum_embeddings / sum_mask
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print(f"Shape of mean pooled embedding: {mean_pooled_embedding.shape}")
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```
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license: apache-2.0
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---
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# Overview
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This repository contains an encoder model, part of the research presented in the paper *Should We Still Pretrain Encoders with Masked Language Modeling?* (Gisserot-Boukhlef, et al.).
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* **Paper:** [Should We Still Pretrain Encoders with Masked Language Modeling?](https://huggingface.co/papers/2507.00994)
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* **Blog post:** [Link](https://huggingface.co/blog/Nicolas-BZRD/encoders-should-not-be-only-pre-trained-with-mlm)
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* **Project page:** [https://hf.co/MLMvsCLM](https://hf.co/MLMvsCLM)
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## Model Naming
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Model identifiers follow a consistent format that encodes key training details:
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* **Single-stage models**:
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`[model size]-[objective]-[number of steps]`.
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Example: `610m-clm-42k` denotes a 610M-parameter model trained with CLM for 42,000 steps.
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* **Two-stage models**:
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`[model size]-[objective #1]-[steps #1]-[objective #2]-[total steps]`.
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Example: `610m-clm-10k-mlm40-42k` indicates a 610M model trained first with CLM for 10k steps, then continued with MLM (40% masking ratio) for 32k more steps, totaling 42k steps.
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* **Continued pretraining from decayed checkpoints**:
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These use the dec prefix on the first training stage.
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Example: `610m-clm-dec42k-mlm40-64k refers` to a 610M model pretrained with CLM for 42k steps (with weight decay), then further trained with MLM (40% masking) for 22k additional steps, totaling 64k.
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* **Intermediate checkpoints**:
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To refer to a specific training step before the final checkpoint, append the step number at the end.
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Example: `610m-mlm40-42k-1000` corresponds to step 1,000 during the MLM training phase of a 610M model trained for 42k steps.
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## Usage
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You can use this model for feature extraction with the Hugging Face `transformers` library.
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```python
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel
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sum_mask = torch.clamp(input_mask_expanded.sum(1), min=1e-9)
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mean_pooled_embedding = sum_embeddings / sum_mask
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print(f"Shape of mean pooled embedding: {mean_pooled_embedding.shape}")
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```
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## Citation
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If you found this model useful, please consider citing our paper:
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```bibtex
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@misc{gisserotboukhlef2025pretrainencodersmaskedlanguage,
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title={Should We Still Pretrain Encoders with Masked Language Modeling?},
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author={Hippolyte Gisserot-Boukhlef and Nicolas Boizard and Manuel Faysse and Duarte M. Alves and Emmanuel Malherbe and André F. T. Martins and Céline Hudelot and Pierre Colombo},
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year={2025},
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eprint={2507.00994},
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archivePrefix={arXiv},
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primaryClass={cs.CL},
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url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.00994},
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}
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```
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