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The following is a Wikipedia article. If multiple languages are used, different dialects may be indicated using square brackets. The formatting of the content may contain imperfections, as we have done our best to preserve only the text.
Marinette & Oconto Conference
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The Marinette & Oconto Conference is a high school athletic conference in northeastern Wisconsin. Founded in 1927, the conference and its members are affiliated with the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association.
History
1927-1951
The Marinette & Oconto Conference was formed in 1927 by seven small high schools in Marinette and Oconto Counties in northeastern Wisconsin: Coleman, Crivitz, Lena, Marinette Normal, Our Lady of Lourdes, Peshtigo and Wausaukee. In 1929, the M&O lost Marinette Normal and Our Lady of Lourdes, with Niagara joining to bring the conference to six members. Peshtigo left the loop in 1931, with Gillett moving over from the Northeastern Wisconsin Conference in 1932 to take their place. The membership roster for the Marinette & Oconto Conference increased to nine in 1933 when Florence, Mountain and Suring entered the league. Peshtigo would return to the M&O in 1934, and Florence and Niagara left a year later, bringing the conference to eight schools. In 1938, Mountain and Wausaukee exited the conference, and along with Amberg and Pembine they formed the new Nicolet Conference. Bonduel spent a short stint in the conference during World War II, joining in 1941 and leaving two years later. After numerous changes in the conference's first two decades, the circuit entered a period of stability that would last until the 1950s.
1951-1999
In 1951, the four-member Granite Valley Conference merged with the six members of the Marinette & Oconto Conference: Amberg, Crivitz, Pembine and Wausaukee. Crivitz was previously a member of both conferences, and Wausaukee reentered the M&O after a thirteen-year absence. With the addition of Goodman, the Marinette & Oconto Conference became a ten-member group, but this arrangement would end up being short-lived. In 1954, Amberg, Goodman, Pembine and Wausaukee split off to reform the Granite Valley Conference, leaving the conference with six member schools. Wausaukee rejoined the Marinette & Oconto Conference for a third time in 1961 after displacement by the Granite Valley's dissolution in 1960. In 1968, Niagara left the Menominee Range Conference in the upper peninsula of Michigan to rejoin as the M&O's eighth member. The Marinette & Oconto Conference entered a three-decade period of stability after Niagara's return.
1999-present
In 1999, Marinette Central Catholic (formerly Our Lady of Lourdes) came back to the Marinette & Oconto Conference after the dissolution of the Fox Valley Christian Conference, a result of the merger between the Wisconsin Independent Schools Athletic Association and the WIAA that was finalized in 2000. The school became St. Thomas Aquinas Academy in 2005 after changing its enrollment model from high school to K-12. The Oneida Nation High School joined the M&O in 2015, its first conference membership in their twenty-year history. With Peshtigo's exit in 2017 to join the Packerland Conference, the Marinette & Oconto Conference became the nine-member league that currently exists.
List of conference members
Current members
Former members
Membership timeline
Membership map
List of state champions
Fall sports
Winter sports
Spring sports
References
External links
Marinette & Oconto Conference (official website)
Wisconsin high school sports conferences
Sports organizations established in 1927
1927 establishments in Wisconsin
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Kill Mode
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Kill Mode is a 2020 Dutch science fiction action film directed by Thijs Meuwese and starring Julia Batelaan, Dave Mantel and Ted Neeley. The film is a prequel to Meuwese's 2017 film Molly.
Cast
Julia Batelaan as Molly
Dave Mantel as David Oscar
Yasmin Blake as Alex
Cyriel Guds as Angel
Ted Neeley as The Old Man
Release
The film premiered at the Imagine Film Festival on September 6, 2020 after the festival was delayed due to the Corona-virus pandemic.
Reception
Critical Reception
Jim Morazzini of Voices From The Balcony gave the film a positive review and wrote, "Despite its modest resources, Kill Mode delivers plenty of intense action, starting with an explosive shootout that sets the tone for the rest of the film."
Ard Vijn of ScreenAnarchy had both positive and negative comments and wrote, "With Molly, you couldn't help but wonder "how the hell did they do that when there clearly was no budget?", while with Kill Mode, Thijs Meuwese successfully manages to convince you you're watching a regular action film. In all probability his stretching-a-penny-into-a-dollar skills would make Larry Cohen and Roger Corman applaud, but here unfortunately it also makes you stop wondering "how did they do this?" and because of that, the film loses a lot of the charm which Molly had in spades."
Accolades
Kill Mode won Best Film Pitch at the Imagine Film Festival in 2015 and was nominated for the Méliès d'Argent for best film in 2020.
References
External links
2020 science fiction films
2020 action films
Dutch science fiction films
2020s English-language films
Dutch action films
English-language Dutch films
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Miftah Maulana Habiburrohman
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Miftah Maulana Habiburrohman (born 5 August 1981), also known as Gus Miftah, is a preacher and the leader of the Ora Aji Islamic Boarding School in Sleman. He served as the Special Envoy to the President for Religious Harmony and the Development of Religious Facilities in 2024 before resigning.
Miftah studied at Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University but did not complete his studies. During his time in college, he was active in the (PMII), which is affiliated with Nahdlatul Ulama. In 2023, he completed his bachelor's degree in Islamic Religious Education at the Faculty of Islamic Studies, , Semarang.
As a preacher, Miftah preaches religious teachings to marginalized communities. He began to gain recognition when a video of him delivering a sermon at a nightclub in Bali went viral.
Paternal lineage
His father's name is M. Murodhi bin M. Boniran, and he is a descendant of Kyai Muhammad Ageng Besari, the founder of the in Ponorogo.
Dawah activities
Miftah admitted that the initial idea for preaching to marginalized communities appeared to him when he performed prayers at a small mosque near , a red-light district in Yogyakarta. In this area, he began holding regular religious studies attended by nightlife workers. Subsequently, he also preached at nightclubs and "plus-plus" salons.
Miftah found out that nightlife workers face difficulties in accessing religious education. When they wanted to attend religious studies outside, they often became the subject of gossip. On the other hand, there are no religious studies available at their workplaces.
His preaching activities among marginalized communities received support from Luthfi bin Yahya who is from Pekalongan.
Controversy
Remarks at the iced tea vendor
During a tabligh akbar event held at drh. Soepardi Field in Mungkid on 20 November 2024, Miftah made a joke that was deemed insulting. From the stage, he interacted with an iced tea vendor. He asked, "És téhmu jik okéh ra?" (Is your iced tea still plenty?). When the vendor nodded, he responded, "Masih? Ya kana didol, goblog!" (Still? Then go sell it, idiot!).
As a Special Envoy to the President, Miftah's behavior sparked widespread criticism from the public. On December 4, the Head of the Presidential Communications Office, Hasan Nasbi, stated that President Prabowo Subianto had reprimanded Miftah through Cabinet Secretary Teddy Indra Wijaya. Miftah visited the iced tea vendor's house on the same day to apologize.
A petition was made on change.org demanding the president remove Miftah from his position as Special Envoy to the President. By the morning of 6 December, 215,161 people had signed the petition. On the same day, Miftah released a statement announcing his resignation as Special Envoy to the President.
Filmography
Film
Description
N/A: Not Available
TV Show
Jalan Dakwah (BTV)
References
Indonesian Muslims
People from Sleman Regency
People from Yogyakarta
People from Lampung
Javanese people
1981 births
Living people
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2025 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team
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The 2025 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team will represent South Dakota State University during the 2025 NCAA Division I FCS football season, as a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC). They will be led by first-year head coach Dan Jackson who joins the program after working at Idaho as the team's defensive coordinator. He will be replacing former coach Jimmy Rogers who left the program to be the head coach at Washington State. Jackson will be assisted by first year offensive coordinator Eric Eidsness and defensive coordinator Brian Bergstrom. The Jacks will play home games at Dana J. Dykhouse Stadium in Brookings, South Dakota.
Offseason
Transfers
Outgoing
Incoming
Schedule
Roster
References
South Dakota State
South Dakota State Jackrabbits football seasons
South Dakota State Jackrabbits football
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Linda Garcia (disambiguation)
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Linda Garcia is an American environmental activist.
Linda Garcia may also refer to:
Linda Garcia (politician), American financial educator and politician for Texas
Linda Garcia Cubero (born 1958), former United States Air Force officer
Linda Garcia Benavides, American politician for New Mexico
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1980 NPSL First Division
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The 1980 National Professional Soccer League was the third season of the multi-racial South African National Professional Soccer League (NPSL). The league was a merger of the previous NPSL, which due to the country's apartheid policies were for black teams only, and the National Football League, for white teams only. It was won by Highlands Park.
The third professional league, the non-racial Federation Professional League, continued to function independently.
References
1980
1980 in South African sport
1979–80 in African association football leagues
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88: A Tactical Game of Armored Combat on the North African Front, 1940-1942
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88: A Tactical Game of Armored Combat on the North African Front, 1940-1942 is a board wargame published by Yaquinto Publications in 1980 that simulates the North African campaign between British and Axis forces during World War II. The game is the second in a series of three games with a focus on armored combat that all use versions of the same rules system.
Description
88 is a two-player board wargame in which one player controls Axis forces and the other player controls British forces.
Components
The game comes with an illustrated 40-page rulebook, 509 counters, and 50 data cards that describe all relevant combat information about every tank, vehicle, artillery unit and infantry unit in the game. The game is played on a six-piece geomorphic hex grid map scaled at per hex. Counters representing landscape can be added to the map to customize the map board.
Gameplay
The rules system was developed for this game's predecessor, Panzer, with the addition of special rules for the desert terrain and conditions. There are three levels of rules:
Armor Game: The simplest, using only armored vehicles and armor-piercing weapons
Advanced Game: Adds infantry, towed weapons, non-armored vehicles, and General Purpose fire
Optional Rules: Many optional rules are available in 28 categories, including morale, ammo limits, off-board artillery, and command control)
The game uses a simultaneous movement system, requiring both players to plot movement and as well as planning the direct fire that each tank, artillery gun or squad will make during the turn. Because of the simultaneous movement, critic Loren Bird noted the severe limits placed on the number of units used in any scenario, saying, "Unfortunately, a simove [simultaneous movement] approach limits the size of the games, so the use of battalions (as in Squad Leader) is beyond the game's scope, and rules out many of the larger miniatures battles."
During the movement plotting phase of each turn, players can also designate units to focus on opportunity fire "trip wires" — if an enemy unit crosses the trip wire, units focused on it may fire on the intruder.
After players have finished movement, the remainder of the turn is made up of two phases:
Direct fire: Both players conduct direct fire simultaneously.
Movement: All units programmed to move do so. (Opportunity fire happens in this phase should an enemy unit cross a designated "trip wire".)
In order to calculate whether a tank successfully hits another tank, the attacking player must gather data from the data cards of both tanks, and calculate distance and angle. (Rangefinder measuring sticks and angle gauges are included.) Terrain and movement also factor into the calculation. (Critic Eric Goldberg wrote, "Everything but the horoscope of the tank commander is factored into fire.") The calculations provide the attacking tank with an armor penetration strength, which is compared to the defending tank's protection rating. If the attacker's penetration strength is higher than protection rating, the shell hits, and the attacking player rolls a die to see where the target has been struck and what the result is.
Each turn represents 20-90 seconds of game time.
Scenarios
The game comes with four scenarios that critic Steve List called "rather loosely structured."
Publication history
In 1979, Yaquinto simultaneously introduced their first eight games at Gencon XII. One of those games was Panzer, a World War II tank combat game set on the Russian Front that had been designed by James M. Day. The following year, Yaquinto introduced a sequel, 88, that used the same rules system. It was also designed by Day, and featured cover art by Rodger B. MacGowan.
Later the same year, Yaquinto published a third game in the series, Armor, that was set in Western Europe.
Reception
In Issue 101 of Campaign, Steve List noted that "AP [armor-piercing] fire is fairly complex to resolve", and then described the nine-step process to determine a hit and damage. List thought the rules were "generally good, and though at times complicated, fairly easy to grasp." List did have issue with the morale rules that require a unit to move randomly if panicked, writing, "This headless chicken type of run-around is a throwback to the bad ol' days at SPI, and compares unfavourably to state of the art morale procedures, such as those in the Squad Leader game system." List also questioned the line-of-sight rules for units behind a dune or crest. Despite these problems, List concluded, "All in all, 88 is a very good tactical game on desert warfare. While slightly less detailed than Tobruk, it plays faster and is capable of portraying more varied combat situations ... it will probably remain the best game of its type on the market for quite some time."
Other recognition
A copy of 88 is held in the collection of the Strong National Museum of Play, donated by Darwin Bromley.
Other reviews and commentary
Fire & Movement #28
References
External links
Game page at Boardgamegeek website.
Board games introduced in 1980
Board wargames with artwork by Rodger B. MacGowan
North African theatre World War II board wargames
Wargames introduced in 1980
Yaquinto Publications games
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Stoyan Taslakov
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Stoyan Nikolov Taslakov (; born 25 March 1987) is a Bulgarian politician serving as a member of the National Assembly since 2021. He has served as chairman of the committee on diaspora policy since 2025.
References
1987 births
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
21st-century Bulgarian politicians
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Craig Childs
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Craig Leland Childs (born April 21, 1967) is an American author, naturalist, and wilderness explorer primarily known for his writings about the American Southwest.
Biography
Early life and education
Childs was born in Tempe, Arizona. His parents were James Childs, an insurance agent, and Sharon Carpenter (née Riegel), an artist who made furniture. They divorced when he was three years old, however, and Childs was primarily raised by his mother, whom he described as a "insatiable outdoor traveler." His father, whom Childs described as "a southern New Mexico intellectual redneck," had been a promising runner in his early years, but a torn Achilles tendon in his freshman year at college permanently ended his athletic ambitions.
Childs earned his Bachelor of Arts and graduated magna cum laude from the University of Colorado Boulder in 1990. He later earned his master's degree in desert studies from Prescott College.
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Childs spent his summers working as a river guide across Arizona, Utah, and Wyoming and spent his winters living in the mountains and desert. He spent seven years living out of his truck in this period.
Career
Childs's first book Stone Desert was written over the course of the winter of 1994 while he stayed in Canyonlands National Park. The book was initially published by John Fielder's Westcliff Publishers in 1995 when Childs was 28, for which he was paid an advance of $4,000. He has since written over a dozen books and essay collections, including The Secret Knowledge of Water (2000), House of Rain (2007), and Finders Keepers (2010). He is a regular commentator on NPR's Morning Edition and has contributed writings to the Los Angeles Times, Men's Journal, The New York Times, and Outside.
Childs has taught graduate writing courses at the University of Montana, the University of Alaska Anchorage, and the Mountainview MFA at Southern New Hampshire University.
In 2019, his voice was used as a narration in John D. Boswell's flowmotion documentary Timelapse of the Future.
Reception
Childs writing has been praised by literary critics for vividly chronicling the geography and history of the American Southwest. However, he has also been criticized by academics such as the archeologist Brian M. Fagan for misrepresenting or misunderstanding some of scientific data about which he writes.
Childs has received numerous accolades for his work, including the National Outdoor Book Award in 1998 and the Orion Book Award in 2013, and is a three-time recipient of the Sigurd Olson Environmental Institute's Sigurd F. Olson Nature Writing Award (2007, 2012, and 2018).
Personal life
Childs currently lives outside of Norwood, Colorado with his wife Daiva Chesonis. He was married to the artist and photographer Regan Choi, a fellow river guide he met in the early 1990s. The couple had two children, Aspen and Jade, before divorcing in 2015.
Bibliography
Stone Desert: A Naturalist's Exploration of Canyonlands National Park (1995)
Crossing Paths: Uncommon Encounters With Animals in the Wild (1997)
Grand Canyon: Time Below the Rim (1999)
The Secret Knowledge of Water (2000)
Soul of Nowhere (2002)
The Desert Cries: A Season of Flash Floods in a Dry Land (2002)
The Way Out: A True Story of Survival (2005)
House of Rain: Tracking a Vanished Civilization Across the American Southwest (2007)
The Animal Dialogues: Uncommon Encounters in the Wild (2007)
Finders Keepers: A Tale of Archaeological Plunder and Obsession (2010)
Apocalyptic Planet: Field Guide to the Future of the Earth (2012)
Atlas of a Lost World: Travels in Ice Age America (2018)
Virga & Bone: Essays from Dry Places (2019)
Tracing Time: Seasons of Rock Art on the Colorado Plateau (2022)
References
External links
Official website
Living people
1967 births
American male writers
American nature writers
American travel writers
21st-century American academics
21st-century American explorers
People from Tempe, Arizona
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Molly (2017 film)
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Molly is a 2017 Dutch science-fiction action film directed by Thijs Meuwese and Colinda Bongers and starring Julia Batelaan as the titular character Molly, a girl with supernatural abilities who travels alone in a post-apocalyptic wasteland. She soon finds herself hunted down by marauders who want her to compete in their fighting pit for their entertainment.
Cast
Julia Batelaan as Molly
Joost Bolt as Deacon
Annelies Appelhof as Kimmy
Emma de Paauw as Bailey
André Dongelmans as Fifth Wheel
Arnost Kraus as Earl
Tamara Brinkman as Margaret
Cyriel Guds as Simon
Shilton Chelius as The Truth
Release
The film premiered at the Imagine Film Festival on April 16, 2017 and was nominated for the Black Tulip award.
Reception
Molly received 83% on Rotten Tomatoes with critics specifically noting its visual style with its highly saturated colors and the final 30 minute set piece that consists of one uninterrupted long take.
While never escaping its indie origins to find cult success, it ended up on several best of the year lists, with Ed Travis putting it at number 6 for Cinapse’s top 15 action movies of 2018.
Ard Vijn of Screen Anarchy compared it to Tony Jaa’s Tom-Yum-Goong and wrote “When the film finally enters its "attack the fortress" phase, there is a shot so ambitious, so accomplished in its execution, that you can't help but wonder: how the hell did they do this?!”
Many critics also brought up its shoestring budget as either a positive or a negative, with Daniel XIII of HorrorFuel writing “Molly seems like it wants to go further with the crazy, but keeps it held back for the first two acts.” though he felt the final set piece made up for it.
A.W. Kautzer of The Movie Isle however, compared it to El Mariachi, saying: “Molly is the real deal. […] Something that will continually surprise you in the way that it brazenly pulls offset piece after set piece.”
References
External links
2017 science fiction films
2017 action films
Dutch science fiction films
2010s English-language films
Dutch action films
English-language Dutch films
2010s Dutch films
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Hakol Dvash
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Hakol Dvash (, Everything is Honey) is an Israeli comedy-drama TV series created by Yael Poliakov broadcast by Channel 2 in two seasons, 2007 and 2010. The series is around comical situations in Yael's family, where she and her father Yisrael Poliakov played themselves in the first season. In the first season the mother was played by Shosh Atari, in the second - by Yael's real-life mother, .
At the 2008 Awards of the Israeli Television Academy the series won all awards in the comedy category: best series, best actor (Yisrael Poliakov), best actress (Yael Poliakov), best directing (Oded Davidoff), and best screenwriting (Yael Poliakov, ).
After the first season, Yisrael and Shosh Atari died.
The third season was cancelled due to dropped ratings.
Notes
References
External links
Israeli comedy television series
Israeli drama television series
2007 Israeli television series debuts
Channel 2 (Israeli TV channel) original programming
2010 Israeli television series endings
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2025 Norwegian First Division (women)
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The 2025 Norwegian First Division is an ongoing Norwegian second-tier women's football league season. The season started on 22 March 2025 and is set to end on 18 October 2025, not including play-off matches.
Teams
In the 2024 Norwegian First Division, Hønefoss and Bodø/Glimt were promoted to the 2025 Toppserien, while Øvrevoll Hosle were relegated to the 2025 Norwegian Second Division.
Åsane and Arna-Bjørnar were relegated from the 2024 Toppserien, while Start, HamKam and Molde were promoted from the 2024 Norwegian Second Division, expanding the First Division to 12 teams.
TIL 2020 and Avaldsnes both completed mergers with Eliteserien clubs ahead of the season, becoming the women's teams of Tromsø and Haugesund respectively.
Stadiums and locations
Personnel and kits
League table
Positions by round
Results
Play-offs
Promotion play-offs
The 4th-placed team will face the 9th-placed team in the Toppserien over two legs in the Eliteserien play-offs for a spot in the top-flight next season.
Relegation play-offs
The 11th-placed team will take part in a two-legged play-off against the winners of the Second Division play-offs, to decide who will play in the First Division next season.
References
Norwegian First Division (women) seasons
2
Norway
Norway
Norway 2
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The Conjuror (Hone)
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The Conjuror is a 1775 oil painting by the Irish artist Nathaniel Hone the Elder. An allegory, it depicts a conjuror or alchemist casting a series of paintings by Old Masters into a fire and drawing a print from them. A bearded magician, he is seated with a young girl leaning against his knee. In the background is St Paul's Cathedral.
Hone submitted the work for the Royal Academy's Annual Exhibition for 1775. Although it was initially accepted by the committee, it attracted controversy when the Swiss artist Angelica Kauffman, one of the female founding members of the academy, protested that one of the naked figures shown dancing in the background was intended to be her.
Kauffman threatened to withdraw her paintings from the exhibition if Hone's was permitted. Hone tried to insist that the figure she was referring to was intended to be a man, but Kauffman was unmoved and the academy chose to reject the painting. Hone repainted the offending figures, turning them into fully-clothed roisterers, but also attempted to capitalise on the controversy by staging a one-man exhibition featuring The Conjuror and other works.
If the painting was intended to mock and attack anyone, it was the President of the Royal Academy Joshua Reynolds rather than Kauffman. The conjuror is clearly meant to be Reynolds, who is shown turning Old Masters into his own inferior work - a reference to Reynolds' tendency to borrow stylistically from great artists of the past. Hone had a long-standing resentment of Reynolds. Kauffman was a friend of Reynolds. It has alternatively been suggested that the little girl in the painting was intended to be Kauffman, with Reynolds leading her astray artistically by showing her how to steal from Old Masters.
The painting remained in Hone's studio until his death in 1784, and was sold for 92 guineas the following year. It is in the collection of the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin. A sketch, featuring the nude figures in the background, is in the Tate.
References
Bibliography
Gaze, Delia (ed.) Concise Dictionary of Women Artists. Taylor & Francis, 2013.
Hunter, Matthew C. Painting with Fire: Sir Joshua Reynolds, Photography, and the Temporally Evolving Chemical Object. University of Chicago Press, 2019.
McIntyre, Ian. Joshua Reynolds: The Life and Times of the First President of the Royal Academy. Penguin Books, 2004.
1775 paintings
Collection of the National Gallery of Ireland
London in art
Nude paintings of men
Nude paintings of women
Cultural depictions of Joshua Reynolds
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Ghiyaspur
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Ghiyaspur, an ancient village located in what is now known as Nizamuddin Basti in Delhi, India, has a rich historical significance. The area was named after Ghiyasuddin Balban, the ninth Sultan of Delhi Sultanate.
Ghiyaspur served as an important settlement during the medieval period, particularly due to its association with the revered Sufi saint, Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya.
History
In the 13th century, Nizamuddin Auliya settled in Ghiyaspur, transforming the village into a spiritual hub. His teachings emphasized love, humanity, and the importance of community, attracting followers from diverse backgrounds. The village gradually evolved, becoming a center for Sufi practices and a place of pilgrimage, particularly after the saint's death in 1325.
Over time, Ghiyaspur was renamed Nizamuddin Basti, reflecting its deep connection to the saint. The area is now home to the Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah, which is a mausoleum dedicated to Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya. This site continues to draw thousands of devotees and visitors, contributing to the vibrant cultural and spiritual life of the community.
Legacy
The legacy of Ghiyaspur, intertwined with the teachings of Nizamuddin Auliya, remains a significant aspect of Delhi's historical and cultural landscape.
It is considered as one of the oldest human settlements in Delhi and received two recognitions from UNESCO:
Award of excellence 2021 for cultural heritage conservation.
Recognition for sustainable development.
References
Villages in Delhi
Human settlement
Neighbourhoods in Delhi
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Surrender of Saint Barthélemy (1801)
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The surrender of Saint Barthélemy occurred from 19 to 21 March 1801, where the Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy surrendered to a British fleet during the Napoleonic Wars as a result of Sweden joining the Second League of Armed Neutrality against Britain. The British fleet arrived on 19 March, and after assembling a council of war, the Swedes decided to surrender, which occurred on 21 March.
Background
When Sweden joined the Second League of Armed Neutrality, and news of this reached London in 1801, Hendry Dundas issued secret orders to British commanders in the Leewards to seize Saint Thomas, Saint John, Saint Croix, and Saint Barthélemy along with all Swedish, Russian, and Danish goods found there.
Surrender
On 19 March, around 16 British ships arrived off the island. The Swedish Governor, Hans Henrik Anckarheim, sounded the alarm. He assembled a force of 53 men, taken from Gustavia, the countryside, and the island's garrison. Captain King and Brigadier-General Fuller came to the island, demanding to know whether or not the Governor would surrender the island. A Swedish council of war consisting of some officials and leading citizens of Gustavia agreed unanimously that the island should be surrendered, since it had no chance of resisting the British.
Since the carriages holding the cannons were rotting, the 18 soldiers taken from the garrison were sick, along with widespread discontent and a lack of loyalists on the island, the Governor was compelled to surrender, as he hoped it would spare the population.
Aftermath
On 21 March, the island formally surrendered to Lieutenant-General Frigge and Rear-Admiral John Duckworth, the commander of the British fleet. All the Swedes on the island were forced to swear allegiance to George III but were not required to fight Sweden in any future wars. Major Trolle, Fänrik Ögnelod, and Anckarheim were also held as prisoners of war by the British. Along with this, all of the ships in the harbor were seized.
Anckarheim requested that the Swedes be allowed to travel to and from the colony, which was granted only for a day until the British restricted freedom of movement, only applying it to those who became Swedish citizens prior to 1794. After the British occupied the island, Colonel Wilson became the new governor, with the administration being maintained with a council under Swedish law. The island was returned to Sweden on 10 July 1802.
See also
Saint-Barthélemy affair
References
Works cited
Battles involving Sweden
Battles involving the British Empire
Napoleonic Wars
Conflicts in 1801
History of Saint Barthélemy
Swedish colonial empire
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Iremide Adeoye
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Iremide Adeoye, also known as Fantasticks, is a Nigerian actor, media personality, and entertainer. He gained prominence for his roles as Lolu Adeleke in the series Wura and Young Israel in Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti.
Background
Iremide was born in Lagos, Nigeria. He coined the name Fantasticks as a reference to his drumming skills.
Career
Iremide debuted as Peter in No.1 in 2021. He later starred as Teenage Tunde in The Order Of Things and Segun in Tiger's Tail. He gained prominence for portraying Lolu Adeleke in Wura, and appeared as Idowu in the 2023 film The Origin: Madam Koi Koi released on Netflix.
He played Dimeji in Her Dark Past alongside Linda Ejiofor-Suleiman and Daniel Etim Effiong. He also played a lead role in the film Headless which screened on the 2024 Africa International Film Festival opening night. Alongside award-winning Nigerian actresses Kehinde Bankole and Joke Silva, he starred in the Bolanle-directed biopic Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti.
In early 2025, Iremide appeared as the lead in the Showmax comedy TV series Under the Influence.
He has modeled for several local Nigerian clothing brands, including Ashluxe.
Filmography
TV Series
Wura (2023-2025) as Lolu Adeleke
Under the Influence (2025-present) as Dami
Movies
The Origin: Madam Koi Koi (2023) as Idowu
Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (2024) as Young Israel
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Living people
21st-century Nigerian male actors
2002 births
Male actors from Lagos
University of Lagos alumni
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Skagit Island
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Skagit Island is a 21-acre islet located in the north Puget Sound of Washington state. Found south of Fidalgo island in the Skagit bay, the islet is home to Skagit Island Marine State Park with a basic trail system surrounding it.
References
Islands of Puget Sound
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M1147 Advanced Multi-Purpose
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The M1147 Advanced Multi-Purpose (AMP), also known as M1147 High Explosive Multi-Purpose with Tracer (HEMP-T), is a next-generation 120mm tank round developed by Northrop Grumman for the M1A2 Abrams main battle tank. Designed to consolidate the capabilities of four legacy rounds into a single munition, the AMP enhances logistical efficiency and combat flexibility. Equipped with a multi-mode programmable fuze, it can operate in point-detonate, point-detonate delay, and airburst modes, enabling it to engage a variety of targets, including anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) teams, light armor, bunkers, reinforced concrete walls, and massed infantry. The round integrates with the Abrams Fire Control System through an Ammunition Data Link (ADL), enabling precise programming of the desired mode of operation prior to firing.
Development history
The development of the XM1147 AMP can be traced back to the XM1069 Advanced Multi-Purpose round, an earlier initiative aimed at creating a versatile 120mm munition with a multi-mode fuze for the Abrams Main Battle Tank. The XM1069 concept emphasized consolidating multiple munitions into a single round, prioritizing operational flexibility and logistical efficiency.
In 2013, the U.S. Army began the development of the XM1147 AMP round, with specifications emphasizing abilities to engage ATGM teams, dismounted infantry, and breach reinforced concrete walls. The program aimed to consolidate the capabilities of four legacy rounds—M830 HEAT MP-T, M830A1 HEAT MP-T, M908 HE-OR-T, and M1028 Canister—into a single munition, simplifying logistics and improving battlefield flexibility. Development continued in 2015 under Orbital ATK, which later became Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems. A $16 million contract initiated the first phase of development, focusing on creating a round with enhanced mission versatility and a multi-mode programmable fuze. The XM1147 AMP did not achieve Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP) until December 2020.
Finally, on December 20, 2024, the U.S. Army approved the M1147 AMP for full-rate production, marking a significant milestone in the program's history. This decision followed extensive testing phases, including live-fire lethality evaluations and operational assessments.
Design, Uses, and Capabilities
The M1147 AMP is equipped with a high explosive (HE) warhead containing tungsten spheres to provide blast, armor penetration, and fragmentation effects, along with a multi-mode programmable fuze that allows tank crews to select one of three operational modes: point detonate, point detonate delay, or airburst. This design enables the round to engage a wide range of targets, including ATGM teams, light armor, bunkers, infantry, and obstacles. The AMP has a muzzle velocity of 1,150 meters per second when fired from the M256 main gun of the M1A2 and is effective at ranges exceeding 2,000 meters. It also features an insensitive munition design for enhanced soldier safety.
The AMP cartridge provides a range of capabilities that make it indispensable for modern armored warfare. It can defeat Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) teams at ranges from 50 meters to 2,000 meters, ensuring the tank can neutralize these threats effectively at extended distances. In addition, the AMP is highly effective in breaching Double Reinforced Concrete Walls (DRCW) up to 8 inches thick, capable of creating a 30" x 50" opening with no more than three rounds fired from 50 to 200 meters. The AMP also excels in targeting light armor, defeating such targets up to 2,000 meters away. When engaging bunkers, two rounds can be used to achieve effective results at ranges between 200 and 1,000 meters. The munition is also capable of eliminating massed infantry at ranges from 200 meters to 5,000 meters, making it a valuable asset in both close and long-range combat situations. Additionally, the AMP can be used for obstacle rubbling from 200 meters to 1,000 meters. With a firing temperature range of -32 °C to +63 °C (-25 °F to +145 °F) and a cartridge weight of , the AMP is designed to perform in a wide variety of environmental conditions, providing soldiers with a reliable and effective tool in diverse combat scenarios.
Operators
Current operators
United States Army
Future operators
Poland: Possible sale approved in 2022.
Romania: Possible sale approved in 2023.
Bahrain: Possible sale approved in 2024.
Israel: Possible sale approved in 2024.
See also
M1 Abrams
M256
120x570mm NATO
M829
M830
References
Ammunition
Tank ammunition
Projectiles
Explosive projectiles
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Jason Riddle
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Jason Daniel Riddle is an American United States Navy veteran and a former supporter of Donald Trump known for his participation in the January 6 United States Capitol attack, as well as subsequently refusing a pardon from President Donald Trump.
During the riot, Riddle entered the office of the Parliamentarian of the United States Senate, where he stole several items, including a bottle of wine, a book, and a football. He was later arrested and pleaded guilty to his charges, receiving a sentence of 90 days in prison and three years of probation. He was also ordered to pay more than $750 in restitution.
Despite his wishes, Riddle was pardoned, along with nearly every other participant in the Capitol riot, on the first day of the second presidency of Donald Trump. The following day, Riddle sent the United States Department of Justice an email rejecting his pardon.
Biography
Riddle was born in New Haven, Connecticut. He earned an associate degree from Naugatuck Valley Community College in 2014 and a bachelor's degree from Southern Connecticut State University in 2016.
Riddle served in the United States Navy from 2006 to 2010. He is a server at a restaurant in Concord, New Hampshire. Prior to the Capitol riot, he was a postal worker and former correctional officer.
January 6 United States Capitol attack
Riddle was a participant in the January 6 United States Capitol attack. According to Riddle, he arrived near the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C. around 12:05 p.m. with two friends via Uber. Riddle advanced to the United States Capitol, though both of his friends left to get food. As people begin breaching the Capitol, Riddle stopped on a small grassy patch to the left side of the front of the building, where he remained for approximately half an hour, taking pictures and making phone calls.
Upon seeing Trump flags inside the Capitol, Riddle entered along with numerous others, witnessing rioters destroy items including printers and computers. Riddle walked into the office of the Parliamentarian of the United States Senate, which he stayed in for almost four and a half minutes; during this time, he found an open bottle of wine and poured a glass to drink before being asked by a police officer to leave the office. He remained in the Capitol for around half an hour before leaving. Riddle also took a book belonging to the parliamentarian, which he subsequently sold for $40. Furthermore, Riddle stole a Fox News football from the office, though tossed it aside as he exited the Capitol.
In an interview with NBC10 Boston, Riddle stated that he "poured a glass of wine and watched it all unfold". He condemned the rioters committing violent acts, stating that "[t]hose psychopaths going around breaking things and hurting people can rot in hell". Riddle also provided photos and videos of himself and other people inside and outside of the Capitol to NBC10 Boston.
On January 22, 2021, Riddle's residence in Keene, New Hampshire, was searched by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Riddle agreed to an interview with FBI agents, in which he admitted to deleting some messages, photos, and videos of his trip to D.C. on his phone.
Riddle was arrested in Bedford, New Hampshire, on February 8, 2021. At the time of his arrest, Riddle stated that he was an "obsessor" of Trump's.
Riddle was charged with knowingly entering a restricted building, violent entry and disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds, and theft of government property. On April 20, 2021, Riddle pleaded not guilty to all charges. On November 18, 2021, he entered a plea agreement, pleading guilty to charges of theft of government property and parading, demonstrating, or picketing in a Capitol building, both misdemeanors. On April 4, 2022, Riddle was sentenced to 90 days in jail followed by three year of probation, including 60 hours of community service, and $754 in restitution. His lawyers had asked for 30 months of probation followed by community service.
After announcing his candidacy for New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district, Riddle wrote an article for The Keene Sentinel in which he apologized to New Hampshire residents for the Capitol attack being unsuccessful, stating: "I'm sorry our insurrection failed, hopefully it goes better next time."
Aftermath
In an interview with New Hampshire Public Radio, Riddle stated that he stopped supporting Donald Trump shortly after his release from prison, when Trump had been indicted for falsifying business records and encouraged his supporters to protest despite the events of January 6. On the first day of his second presidency, Trump pardoned Riddle, despite the veteran declining one. On January 23, 2025, Riddle sent the United States Department of Justice an email rejecting his pardon.
According to Riddle, he was struggling with alcoholism at the time of the Capitol riot, and part of his probation included mandatory alcoholic treatment. Riddle told ABC News: "I am guilty of the crimes I have committed and accept the consequences. It is thanks to those consequences I now have a happy and fruitful existence." He also expressed resentment toward Trump, stating: "I don't need to obsess over a narcissistic bully to feel better about myself. Trump can shove his pardon up his ass."
Although Riddle remains a Republican, he voted for Kamala Harris in the 2024 United States presidential election and donated to her campaign.
Political activity
Riddle was an unsuccessful candidate to represent New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives in 2022 and 2024. He placed ninth in the Republican primary on September 10, 2024, receiving 1.4% of the vote. In a Ballotpedia survey, Riddle described himself as a "recently released January 6th political prisoner" and identified Jesus as his only endorsement. Riddle stated that he intended to run against Democratic incumbent Annie Kuster, initially believing her to be a state representative. Upon being told that Kuster was a member of Congress, Riddle stated: "Oh, well, I guess I have to run for that then." Kuster ultimately did not run for re-election.
See also
Pamela Hemphill, another Capitol rioter who refused a pardon from Trump
List of cases of the January 6 United States Capitol attack
Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack
References
Further reading
External links
Profile from Ballotpedia
Living people
21st-century American military personnel
21st-century New Hampshire politicians
Convicted participants in the January 6 United States Capitol attack
People pardoned by Donald Trump
Criminals from New Hampshire
American male criminals
Military personnel from New Hampshire
New Hampshire Republicans
New Hampshire politicians convicted of crimes
Politicians from New Haven, Connecticut
Southern Connecticut State University alumni
People from Keene, New Hampshire
Criticism of Donald Trump
Year of birth missing (living people)
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List of Native American and First Nations law resources
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United States
General law resources and databases
Native American Rights Fund
National Indian Law Library
Indian Law Resource Center
Indian Law Research Guides
National Tribal Justice Resource Center
Native American Law Research Guide (Georgetown Law Library)
Tribal Law Gateway
Native American Constitution and Law Digitization Project
American Indian Law Center, Inc.
American Indian Policy Center
Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior
National Congress of American Indians
National American Indian Court Judges Association
National Native American Law Enforcement Association
Tribal Court Clearinghouse
Native American Law Center Resources (University of Washington)
Tribal Law and Policy Institute
American Indian Law Resources (Northwestern University)
Native American Law Resources (University of Oklahoma)
American Indian Law: A Beginner's Guide from the Library of Congress
Native American Law Guide: Federal Indian Law and Tribal Law materials (University of California at Los Angeles)
Law Library of Congress' Indians of North American Guide
Native American civil rights
National Congress of American Indians
Indian Law (Harvard Law Review) (multiple pages of cases)
Tribal Access to Justice Information
Institute for Native Justice
Tribal law materials by each individual tribe
Tribal Law Gateway
Indian Law and Order Commission
Tribal recognition
Native American Tribal Recognition
Tribal sovereignty
Tribal sovereignty in the United States
Indigenous self-government in Canada
Tribes are sovereign governments, not racial classifications
Tribes are governments, not racial classification,
Morton v. Mancari
Native American Tribal Enrollment
Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
Citizenship
Native American Citizenship
The Politics of Inclusion: Indigenous Peoples and U.S. Citizenship, by Rebecca Tsosie (UCLA Law Review)
Native American identity in the United States
Determining Native American and Indigenous Canadian identities (WP:IPNA essay)
Border crossing rights
Native American Citizenship and Borders
Land claims
Indian Claims Commission, entire 43 volume set of claims decisions from 1946 to 1978 can be found here, or downloadable here, or with access to ProQuest here.
Indian Trust settlements
Water and land rights
Native American Water & Land Rights
American Indian Territoriality: An Online Research Guide (downloadable PDF)
Indigenous land rights
Aboriginal title in the United States
Ritual object repatriation
Reading list on U.S.Tribe relations regarding ritual object repatriation
Sacred sites and places protection
Native American Sacred Places research
Native American Sacred Sites and the Federal Government
Challenges to Sacred Site Protection, by Rebecca Tsosie
Old Ground and New Directions at Sacred Sites on the Western Landscape by Kristen A. Carpenter
Arts and Crafts laws
Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990
Tribal Law and Order Act (2010)
Indigenous Intellectual Property
Indian arts and crafts laws
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
Peacemaking and conflict resolution
Indigenous Native American Peacemaking
Civil rights
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Native American civil rights
Repatriation and reburial of remains, artifacts and cultural property
Repatriation and reburial research resources (link also has good book resources)
Tribal education
Tribal Education law
Language and Diversity Program, Native Education Program (Southwest)
National Indian Education Association
Laws pertaining to Indian residential schools
Child welfare
Child welfare and children's rights
Identification
Indigenous identity, being, and belonging
Native American identity in the United States
Warren, Trump, and the Question of Native American Identity, (Harvard Law Review)
Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49 (1978)
Environment, environmental justice, climate change
General climate science reports
Tribal Climate Change Guide
Facing the Storm: Indian Tribes, Climate-Induced Weather Extremes, and the Future for Indian Country (report of the National Wildlife Federation)
Environmental Protection in Indian Country (EPA)
Tribal trademark law
Tribal Trademark Law
Washington Redskins trademark dispute
By states or regions
List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States
List of Alaska Native tribal entities
Alaska Federation of Natives
Alaska Native Justice Center
Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians
Montana Indian Law
Canada
General law resources and databases
Indigenous law/Indigenous legal traditions (University of Victoria)
Truth and reconciliation commission of Canada
Indigenous law and Aboriginal law (Toronto Metropolitan University)
Indigenous peoples and the law (University of Calgary)
Aboriginal law and Indigenous law (Queens University)
Border crossing rights
Native American Citizenship and Borders
Identification
A path through difficult conversations about Indigenous identity, Canadian Bar Association
The Population Boom of the Self-Identified Indigenous and our Dwindling Nationhood The Council of Canadians
See also
Canadian Aboriginal law
Native American reservation politics
Hawaiian sovereignty movement - not North America, but part of the United States
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
Indian country jurisdiction
References
Further reading
Anderson, Terry L., and Dominic P. Parker. 2024. “Culture, Sovereignty, and the Rule of Law: Lessons from Indian Country.” (required log in) Public Choice 199 (3/4): 405–19. doi:10.1007/s11127-022-01026-9.
Piano EE, Rouanet L. The calculus of american indian consent: the law and economics of tribal constitutions (required Wikipedia Library access). Public Choice. 2024;199(3/4):341-366. doi:10.1007/s11127-022-01007-y
Reilly, John. Bad Law : Rethinking Justice for a Postcolonial Canada (requires log in). Vol First edition. RMB | Rocky Mountain Books; 2019. Accessed January 24, 2025.
Serrurier, Alex H. 2024. “Indigeneity in the Classroom: Avenues for Native American Students to Challenge Anti-Critical Race Theory Laws.” (requires log in). Columbia Journal of Law & Social Problems 57 (3): 543–85.
Indigenous people of North America
Native American law
First Nations lawyers
Legal advocacy organizations based in Canada
Legal advocacy organizations in the United States
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Atractosteus atrox
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Atractosteus atrox (from atrox, Latin for 'savage'), the Green River atrox gar, is an extinct species of gar from the Early Eocene of western North America. It is known from many well-preserved specimens found in the famous Fossil Butte deposits of the Green River Formation in Wyoming, US, in addition to a possible vertebra from the Bridger Formation.
A close relative of the modern alligator gar (A. spatula), it is the largest fish known from the Green River deposits, with two specimens known to reach at least in length, making A. atrox the largest known prehistoric gar taxon. It is one of two Atractosteus species known from Fossil Butte alongside A. simplex, from which it can be differed by the characteristic ornamentation on its skull bones, in addition to its larger size. There is still significant variation within this species, and it is thus possible that it may represent multiple cryptic species.
The original type specimen is a single vertebra recovered from the Bridger Formation, which Leidy (1873) named A. atrox, a name he also used for the well-preserved Green River Formation gars. However, this vertebra cannot be confidently assigned to A. atrox and may belong to A. simplex instead; for this reason, Eastman (1900) fixed the name to a more complete Green River specimen instead, which was treated as the "effective type" specimen.
References
†
Prehistoric holostei
Ypresian life
Eocene fish of North America
Green River Formation
Fossils of Wyoming
Fossil taxa described in 1873
Taxa named by Joseph Leidy
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Jamini Sen
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Jamini Sen (20 June 1871 – 1932) was an Indian physician and the first female Fellow of the Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. She was one of the first women in the British Raj to enter the medical profession.
Early life and education
Sen was born on 20 June 1871 in Barisal (now in Bangladesh) into a Brahmo family. Her sister Kamini Roy was the first woman honours graduate in British India and a noted feminist. Sen attended Bethune College in Kolkata, earning a First Arts (FA) degree in 1890. She later enrolled in the Calcutta Medical College and graduated with a Licentiate of Medicine and Surgery in 1897.
Medical career
After completing her studies, Sen moved to Nepal in 1899, where she worked as the physician for the royal family and headed the Kathmandu Zenana Hospital for a decade.
In 1911, Sen received a scholarship from the Dufferin Fund to pursue further studies in the United Kingdom. She earned a medical license from the Rotunda Hospital in Dublin and, in 1912, became the first woman to be admitted as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. Later in her life Sen further trained in Berlin and at the London School of Tropical Medicine.
Later life
Upon returning to India, Sen joined the Women's Medical Service, working at Countess of Dufferin Fund funded hospitals in Agra, Shimla, Shikarpur, and Akola. Sen recounted how the numbers of Indian women seeking treatment increased in numbers due to their trust of a familiar person treating them. She later served as the head of the Baldeodas Maternity Home in Kolkata. Sen never married and died in 1932.
A portrait of Sen was unveiled by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow in 2024.
References
1871 births
1932 deaths
20th-century Indian medical doctors
Bethune College alumni
20th-century Indian women medical doctors
Scientists from Barisal
Medical doctors from Kolkata
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One to One: John & Yoko
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One to One: John & Yoko is a 2024 documentary film co-directed by Kevin Macdonald and Sam Rice-Edwards. The film follows the couple of years which John Lennon and Yoko Ono spent in a Greenwich Village apartment while also tracing developments in American politics like the presidency of Richard Nixon and opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. It is centered around Lennon and Ono's "One to One" benefit concert for the children at Willowbrook. Sean Ono Lennon, son of Lennon and Ono, oversaw audio mastering for the concert footage.
The film was announced on May 29, 2024. It later premiered at the Venice Film Festival on August 30, 2024 and was followed with showings at the Telluride Film Festival and the Sundance Film Festival with distribution by Mercury Studios. On January 21, 2025, Magnolia Pictures announced their acquisition of North American rights for the film, after which they announced an April 11 release date in IMAX theaters, as well as plans for streaming releases later in the year. In the United Kingdom, it would be released in IMAX on April 9, 2025 before also being released to regular cinemas on April 11. It would open in non-IMAX theaters in the United States on April 18, 2025.
Synopsis
The film is centered around concert footage and audio from Lennon and Ono's "One to One" benefit concert held at Madison Square Garden in August 1972 on behalf of children at the Willowbrook institution in Staten Island. The "One to One" benefit concerts were the only full concert performances by Lennon following the Beatles' split in 1970.
The film also follows the trajectory of their 18-month stay in a Greenwich Village apartment from 1971–1973.
Background
The project began when Macdonald was presented with remastered, restored, never-before-seen footage of the "One to One" benefit concert. Macdonald then considered the broader context of why the concert happened, probing further questions about Lennon and Ono's lives and careers.
Macdonald then sought to create a film around the benefit concert, as well as the couple's "political engagement" and their relationship to watching television.
The original release of this concert is the Live in New York City album and home video in 1986.
Composition
Between clips of the "One to One" benefit concert, the film additionally cuts together video and audio recordings from television, phone calls, and other contexts from the same time, highlighting historical events such as Lennon's failed "Free the People" tour and controversies around Ono's relationship to Lennon and The Beatles.
The film also uses "newly transferred and restored footage" from the years which Lennon and Ono spent in Greenwich Village "alongside previously unseen and unheard items from the couple’s personal archives, including phone calls and home movies". It additionally features a replica construction of Lennon and Ono's apartment.
Critical reception
The Guardian gave the film four out of five stars, stating that "I'm not convinced that the world needs another John Lennon film... But Macdonald and Rice-Edwards have managed to find and mine a rich source of material, tightly tucked away amid all the other wildcat wells." The reviewer called it "such a fun, fierce and full-blooded take" on a music documentary that "makes Lennon feel somehow vital again."
The Hollywood Reporter wrote that "Through its kaleidoscopic but very specific lens, the film illuminates a seismic generational shift." The reviewer observed the film's interrogation of optimism, political advocacy, and peace during the consequential historical events of the seventies.
Variety called the film "the most accomplished and arresting of these tightly angled Lennon profiles... The music gives the film shape and propulsion. But so does the way that Macdonald, keying off Lennon’s TV habit, presents images of the period as an ongoing channel-surfing montage." The reviewer called it a "must see."
Sean Ono Lennon stated: "Kevin's documentary brings completely fresh insight into my parents' lives during their Bank Street and early New York years, showing first hand their unwavering dedication to promoting peace and non-violence during a turbulent era of unrest, corruption and unnecessary war."
Box office
As of June 12, 2025, the film has made $832,203 worldwide.
References
External links
2024 films
2024 documentary films
British musical documentary films
2020s British films
IMAX documentary films
Films about John Lennon
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Nummulitidae
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Nummulitidae is a family of foraminifera in the order Rotaliida. It was described in 1827 by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville.
Genera
Assilina d'Orbigny, 1839
Cycloclypeus W.B. Carpenter, 1856
Heterocyclina Hottinger, 1977
Heterostegina d'Orbigny, 1826
Nummulites Lamarck, 1801
Operculina d'Orbigny, 1826
Operculinella Yabe, 1918
Planoperculina Hottinger, 1977
Planostegina Banner & Hodgkinson, 1991
References
Rotaliida
Rotaliida families
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Fatma Özcan
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Fatma Özcan is a Turkish-American computer scientist who works as a principal software engineer for Google, where her work concerns infrastructure such as MapReduce for the analysis of big data.
Education and career
özcan has an undergraduate degree from Middle East Technical University in Ankara. She completed her Ph.D. in 2001 at the University of Maryland, College Park, with the dissertation Improving the performance of heterogeneous databases and agents, supervised by V. S. Subrahmanian.
On completing her Ph.D., Özcan joined the IBM Research Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California, where her first project involved integrating XML with the IBM Db2 database, a feature that later became known as pureXML. She moved from IBM to Google in 2020.
Recognition
Özcan received the 2022 VLDB Women in Database Research Award of the Very Large Data Bases Endowment, given "for two decades of research in query languages and query processing, and her development of new technologies that have had significant impact on widely-used data management products". She was named as an ACM Fellow, in the 2024 class of fellows, "for contributions to the field of scalable data management systems".
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Turkish emigrants to the United States
Turkish computer scientists
American software engineers
American women computer scientists
Database researchers
Middle East Technical University alumni
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
IBM Research computer scientists
Google employees
2024 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
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Ernestine von Fricken
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Christiane Ernestine Franziska von Fricken (7 September 1816 – 13 November 1844) was an Austrian pianist who, for a while, was the fiancée of Robert Schumann.
Life
Ernestine von Fricken was born on 7 September 1816 in Neuberg, Bohemia, Austrian Empire (today Podhradí, Czech Republic). She was the illegitimate daughter of the unmarried Countess Caroline Ernestine Louise von Zedtwitz (1784–1861) with the wire manufacturer Erdmann Lindauer from GrünAsch near Asch. Her mother's sister, Charlotte Christiane Friederike of Zedtwitz, and her later husband, the landowner and k. k. Captain Ferdinand Ignaz Freiherr von Fricken (1787–1850) were childless themselves and adopted Ernestine. She was officially only adopted on 18 December 1834, when Fricken wanted to arrange the family relationship on the occasion of Ernestine's engagement. A corresponding note can be found as a supplement in the baptismal book.
Ernestine von Fricken became known above all for her relationship with Robert Schumann, whom she met through Friedrich Wieck in April 1834. In August 1834 she became secretly engaged to Schumann, and he dedicated his Allegro op. 8 for piano to her. In addition, his Carnaval op. 9 is a lasting memory of Ernestine von Fricken. In it he symbolizes her hometown Asch by the tone sequence A - Es(S)- C - H. In January 1836 Schumann broke off the engagement.
From the summer of 1836 she lived at Buldern Castle near Dülmen (Westphalia) with the family of Baron Klemen von Romberg. From 4 to 6 August 1837, she stayed in Leipzig and met Robert Schumann for the last time, also with Clara Wieck.
On 5 November 1838, she married the 24-year-old Count Wilhelm von Zedtwitz, lord of Asch-Schönbach, a son of Count Casimir Liebmann von Zedtwitz (1770–1822), in the Catholic Niklas Church in Asch. In the register she is not called Ernestine von Fricken, but after her biological mother as "Fräulein Ernestine Christiane Franziska Zedtwitz gebürtig zu Neuberg N. 28. Herrschaft Asch, Tochter der Fräulein Marianne Karoline Ernestine Louise Edlen von Zedtwitz aus Obertheil-Neuberg." The count died on 3 July 1839.
In 1841, Schumann dedicated three songs op. 31 after texts by Adelbert von Chamisso to 'Frau Gräfin Ernestine von Zedtwitz'.
In the later years of her relatively brief life, Ernestine performed benefit concerts. She was a capable pianist, and her repertoire included works by Chopin, Liszt, Schubert, Kalkbrenner and Hummel. Ernestine von Fricken died, at the age of 28, on 13 November 1844 of typhoid fever, in Asch.
Letters
Briefwechsel Robert und Clara Schumanns mit Korrespondenten in Österreich, Ungarn und Böhmen, (tr. "Correspondence of Robert and Clara Schumann with correspondents in Austria, Hungary and Bohemia") edited by Klaus Martin Kopitz, Michael Heinemann, Anselm Eber, Jelena Josic, Carlos Lozano Fernandez and Thomas Synofzik (= Schumann-Briefedition, Serie II, Band 27), Köln 2023, pp. 555–635
References
Further reading
Gustav Schilling, "Encyclopädie der gesammten musikalischen Wissenschaften, oder Universal-Lexicon der Tonkunst" (Encyclopedia of the entire musical sciences, or Universal Lexicon of Music), Volume 3, Stuttgart 1836, page 57
Adolph Kohut, "Friedrich Wieck. Ein Lebens- und Künstlerbild" (Friedrich Wieck. A Life and Artist Portrait), Dresden und Leipzig 1888, pages 93–105
Rudolph von Procházka, "Ernestine von Fricken, Schumanns erste Braut" (Ernestine von Fricken, Schumann's first bride), in: Neue Musikzeitung , Vol. 15 (1894), No. 22, p. 267 f. – Reprint in: Rudolph von Procházka, Arpeggios. Musical works from old and new days, Dresden 1897, pages 107 f.
Wilhelm Joseph von Wasielewski, "Robert Schumanns Herzenserlebnisse. Ein wichtiger Nachtrag zur Schumannbiographie" (Robert Schumann's Heartfelt Experiences. An Important Addendum to the Schumann Biography), in: Deutsche Revue, Vol. 22/1, 1897, pages 40–52 and pages 226–239 (with a letter from Ignaz von Fricken to his adopted daughter Ernestine dated August 23, 1834)
Victor Joss, "Robert Schumann’s Verhältnis zu Ernestine von Fricken" (Robert Schumann's relationship with Ernestine von Fricken), in: Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, Vol. 68, Nr. 23 5. June 1901, pages 312 f.
Ernst Rychnovsky, "Robert Schumann und Hauptmann Ferdinand Ignaz von Fricken" (Robert Schumann and Captain Ferdinand Ignaz von Fricken), in: Deutsche Arbeit. Monatschrift für das geistige Leben der Deutschen in Böhmen (German Work. Monthly Journal for the Intellectual Life of the Germans in Bohemia), Vol. 9, No. 9, June 1910, pp. 548–552
Karl Alberti, "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Stadt Asch und des Ascher Bezirkes", (Contributions to the History of the City of Asch and the Asch District), Volume 4, Asch 1940, pages 133–140
Werner Schwarz, "Robert Schumann und Böhmen. Aus unveröffentlichten Briefen und Aufzeichnungen von 1840 bis 1850", in: Musik des Ostens, (Robert Schumann and Bohemia. From unpublished letters and notes from 1840 to 1850, in: Music of the East), edited by Fritz Feldmann und Hubert Unverricht, Volume 8, Kassel: Bärenreiter 1982, pages 129–144
Paul Schwake, "Robert Schumanns "Braut" Ernestine von Fricken. Beziehungen über Gottfried August Ferie zu Ennigerloh", in: An Ems und Lippe. Heimatkalender für den Kreis Warendorf, (Robert Schumann's "bride" Ernestine von Fricken. Relationships via Gottfried August Ferie to Ennigerloh , in: An Ems und Lippe. Local calendar for the district of Warendorf), Vol. 3 (1989), pages 45–47
Albin Buchholz, "Eine "Virtuosin ersten Ranges auf dem Klaviere". Ernestine von Fricken – eine Persönlichkeit, die sich um das Musikleben des Vogtlandes verdient gemacht hat", in: Vogtländische Heimatblätter. Zeitschrift für Natur, Kultur und Heimatgeschichte, (A "virtuoso of the first rank on the piano". Ernestine von Fricken – a personality who has rendered outstanding services to the musical life of the Vogtland, in: Vogtländische Heimatblätter. Journal for nature, culture and local history), Vol. 2 (1997), pages 26–30
Volker Müller, "Robert Schumann und Bad Elster", in: Almanach für Musik I (Robert Schumann and Bad Elster, in: Almanac for Music I) (2011) , edited by Christoph Dohr, Köln: Dohr, 2011, pages 177–192,
Albin Buchholz, "Zwei Gedenktafeln für Ernestine von Fricken und Robert Schumann in Aš/Asch. Ein Beitrag zur 200. Wiederkehr des Geburtstages von Robert Schumann", (Two memorial plaques for Ernestine von Fricken and Robert Schumann in Aš/Asch. A contribution to the 200th anniversary of Robert Schumann 's birthday), in: Karlovy Vary Museum 20 (2012), pages 305–316
External links
Ernestine von Fricken: Dictionary article from the Sophie Drinker Institute
1816 births
1844 deaths
People from Cheb District
German Bohemian people
Robert Schumann
19th-century pianists
Austrian pianists
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Elliot Myles
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Elliot Jermaine Akinola Myles (born 20 January 2007) is a professional footballer who plays for club Norwich City as an attacking midfielder. A former youth international for England, he is currently a youth international for Wales.
Club career
A youth product of Norwich City since the age of 14, Myles signed an academy contract with the club on 7 July 2023. He signed his first professional contract with the club on 23 January 2024. He made his senior and professional debut with Norwich as a substitute in a 4–3 EFL Cup win over Stevenage on 13 August 2024.
International career
Myles is eligible to play for Wales, England, Ghana and Nigeria, and has played for England and Wales at youth level. In October 2021, Myles made his first international appearance with Wales U16s at the Victory Shield tournament. He made the squad for the Wales U17s at the 2024 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. In October 2024, he was called up to the Wales U19s for a set of friendlies.
External links
References
2007 births
Living people
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's youth international footballers
English men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
Norwich City F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football midfielders
Welsh people of English descent
Welsh people of Nigerian descent
Welsh people of Ghanaian descent
English people of Welsh descent
English people of Nigerian descent
English people of Ghanaian descent
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Saldutiškis Eldership
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The Saldutiškis Eldership () is an eldership of Lithuania, located in the Utena District Municipality. In 2021 its population was 703.
References
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Utena District Municipality
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Sudeikiai Eldership
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The Sudeikiai Eldership () is an eldership of Lithuania, located in the Utena District Municipality. In 2021 its population was 1213.
References
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Utena District Municipality
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Attacks on synagogues
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The synagogue has often been the site of antisemitic violence and the object of anti-Jewish rhetoric. In early Christian literature, the synagogue was regarded as the foe of the new faith. Violent attacks on synagogues featured prominently in the Nazi German effort to persecute the Jews of Europe. And the destruction of synagogues is also a feature of the activities of various terrorist and Islamist groups.
Overview
Nineteenth century
The 1834 Safed pogrom, involving the mass violence against Jews perpetrated by local Arabs and Druze, featured attacks on local synagogues and the desecration of synagogue ritual objects. Thirteen synagogues, along with an estimated 500 Torah scrolls, were destroyed in the course of the attack. Attacks on Jews hiding in synagogues also took place.
Twentieth century
In the twentieth century, a major event involving the destruction of synagogues was the Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, occurring on November 9–10, 1938. The event was a pogrom against Jews carried out in Nazi Germany by the Sturmabteilung (SA) and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces, with participation from the Hitler Youth and German civilians. A major feature of this event was the widespread destruction of over a thousand synagogues. Of the 93 synagogues and Jewish prayer houses in Vienna, the Stadttempel was the only one in the city to survive World War II, as it could not be destroyed without setting adjoining buildings on fire. All of the others were destroyed by the SA assisted by local authorities. Similar destruction occurred throughout Austria, carried out by the Austrian SA with synagogues destroyed in Eisenstadt, Linz, Salzburg, and resort towns. Other notable attacks on synagogues from this period include the 1941 Riga synagogue burnings, an event that took place during the first days of the Nazi German occupation of the city of Riga, the capital and largest city in the country of Latvia. Many Jews confined in the synagogues died in the fires. Many other anti-Semitic measures were launched at the same time, ultimately followed by the murder of the vast majority of the Jews of Latvia. That same year, in Paris, on the night of October 2–3, 1941, explosive devices were placed in front of six synagogues causing damage to them. The affected synagogues were Synagogue des Tournelles (in the Jewish Marais district), Synagogue de la rue Copernic (16th arrondissement of Paris), Synagogue Nazareth (3rd arrondissement of Paris), Synagogue de la rue Pavée (4th arrondissement of Paris), Montmartre Synagogue (18th arrondissement of Paris), and the Grand Synagogue of Paris (9th arrondissement of Paris).
Following the Second World War, notable attacks on synagogues include the 1949 Menarsha synagogue bombing that took place on August 5, 1949 in the Jewish quarter of Damascus, Syria. The grenade attack claimed the lives of 12 civilians and injured about 30. Most of the victims were children. A simultaneous attack was also carried out at the Great Synagogue in Aleppo. Other bombings from this period include the 1957-58 USA synagogue bombings. A series of violent attacks that took place between November 11, 1957, and October 14, 1958. In total, there were five bombings and three attempted bombings of synagogues, seven in the Southern United States and one in the Midwest United States. There were no deaths or injuries. These events took place during an increase in antisemitic activity in the United States, both nonviolent and violent, after U.S. Supreme Court established that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional with Brown v. Board of Education in May 1954. (See also, 1958 Atlanta synagogue bombing). That same decade saw the 1956 Shafrir synagogue shooting in Kfar Chabad, Israel. The attack which was carried out by Palestinian terrorists on April 11, 1956. Three Palestinian attackers who crossed into Israel from Egypt attacked the study hall of a synagogue while it was full of children and teenagers. Six people (five children and a youth worker) were killed.
Attacks on synagogues continued in the subsequent decades. In the case of the 1980 Paris synagogue bombing, which occurred on October 3, 1980, a bomb exploded outside Rue Copernic synagogue, a Reform synagogue, in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. The synagogue was full of approximately 320 worshippers. Four people were killed in the blast. According to investigators, the bomb had been set to detonate after prayers concluded and as worshippers were leaving the building. However, the service had started several minutes late and therefore there were few people in the vicinity of the bomb. The 1981 Vienna synagogue attack was a terror attack that occurred on August 29, 1981, in the Stadttempel of Vienna, Austria. The attackers were two Palestinian terrorists of the Abu Nidal Organization. The mass shooting and grenade attack killed two people and wounded 18 others attending a Bar mitzvah service. Two months later, the 1981 Antwerp synagogue bombing occurred on October 20, 1981, when a truck bomb exploded outside a Portuguese Jewish synagogue in the centre of Antwerp, Belgium, in the diamond district of Antwerp. The explosion took place shortly after 9:00 AM on a Tuesday morning, a few minutes before Simchat Torah religious services were to begin. Three people were killed and 106 wounded. The following year saw the Great Synagogue of Rome attacked by armed Palestinian terrorists on October 9, 1982. A 2-year-old toddler, Stefano Gaj Taché, was killed in the attack, while 37 civilians were injured. The attackers used a combination of hand grenades and sub-machine gun fire. This period also saw the 1986 Istanbul synagogue massacre, which occurred on September 6, 1986, at the Neve Shalom Synagogue in Istanbul's Beyoglu district, and resulted in 22 deaths. Reportedly, a pair of terrorists entered on the men's side of the mechitza and opened fire on the crowd with machine guns. They then doused the bodies of the dead and injured with gasoline, which they lit on fire.
The following decade saw the 1991 Sydney synagogue attacks, a series of events occurring between January 26 and March 28, 1991. Five synagogues in Sydney, Australia, were targeted by arsonists. Four synagogues were significantly damaged and one attack thwarted by a security guard. The attacks resulted in the permanent closure of one synagogue, the injury of the security guard. In 1999, the Sacramento synagogue firebombings, an attack on three California synagogues, occurred on June 18, 1999. The attackers were white supremacist brothers Benjamin Matthew Williams and James Tyler Williams who were later involved in other hate crimes and subsequently arrested for the murder of a gay couple.
Twenty-first century
Attacks on synagogues continued into the twenty-first century. The 2002 Lyon synagogue attack occurred on 30 March 2002, involving a group of masked men using two cars to conduct a vehicle-ramming attack in Lyon, France. After ramming the synagogue, the cars were set on fire. The attack caused severe damage to the synagogue. The Lyon attack was one of a series of pro-Palestinian attacks on French synagogues and other Jewish targets. The series of attacks included attacks on synagogues in Paris, Marseille and Strasbourg. The 2002 Djerba synagogue bombing was a terror attack on the El Ghriba synagogue in Djerba, Tunisia, carried out by Al-Qaeda. The attack occurred on 11 April 2002, involving a natural gas truck fitted with explosives which drove past security barriers at the ancient El Ghriba synagogue. The truck detonated at the front of the synagogue, killing 14 German tourists, three Tunisians, and two French nationals. More than 30 others were wounded. Following this, the 2009 Caracas synagogue attack occurred on 31 January 2009 at the Tiféret Israel Synagogue in Caracas, Venezuela's oldest synagogue. The attack occurred amid a rise in tensions prompted by the 2008–2009 Gaza War, after Venezuela severed diplomatic relations with Israel and Israel responded by expelling Venezuelan officials from the country. The attack involved a group of 15 attackers who broke into the synagogue and occupied the building for several hours. Security guards were tied up and gagged and the gang destroyed offices and the repository where the holy books were stored. They daubed the walls with antisemitic and anti-Israeli graffiti. They also stole a database that listed Jews who lived in Venezuela.
The following decade saw the 2014 Jerusalem synagogue attack, a terrorist attack on the Kehilat Bnei Torah synagogue in Jerusalem, occurring on 18 November 2014. Two Palestinian men attacked synagogue congregants with axes, knives, and a gun, killing four worshippers, injuring eight others including a Druze Israeli police officer who later died of his wounds.
Additionally, the same decade saw the 2017 Gothenburg Synagogue attack, the 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, the 2019 Poway synagogue shooting, and the 2019 Halle synagogue shooting. Attacks in the 2020s include the 2022 Colleyville synagogue hostage crisis, the 2023 Djerba synagogue shooting, and the 2024 Melbourne synagogue attack.
Gallery
References
Attacks on synagogues
Antisemitism
20th-century attacks on Jewish institutions
21st-century attacks on Jewish institutions
19th-century attacks on Jewish institutions
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Tauragnai Eldership
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The Tauragnai Eldership () is an eldership of Lithuania, located in the Utena District Municipality. In 2021 its population was 997.
References
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Utena District Municipality
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Utena Eldership
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The Utena Eldership () is an eldership of Lithuania, located in the Utena District Municipality. In 2021 its population was 1996.
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Utena District Municipality
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2026 Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier
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The 2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier will be a women's international cricket tournament that will be held in Q1 of 2026. It will be the seventh edition of the Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier and will serve as the final qualification tournament in which the top four teams will qualify for the 2026 Women's T20 World Cup.
Qualification
Group stage
Group A
Points table
Group B
Points table
Knockout stage
Bracket
Semi-finals
Final
Final standings
References
International cricket competitions in 2025
Qualifier
2025 in women's cricket
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Užpaliai Eldership
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The Užpaliai Eldership () is an eldership of Lithuania, located in the Utena District Municipality. In 2021 its population was 1439.
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Utena District Municipality
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Caloplaca cerina
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Caloplaca cerina, also known as the gray-rimmed firedot lichen, is a species of lichen. It is part of the monophyletic Caloplaca cerina species group and is the type species of the genus Caloplaca.
Description
Caloplaca cerina has a crustose thallus, typically dark grey to white. It has a , although this is sometimes thin and difficult to note. However its appearance can be very variable; as a result, many specimens that have been identified as Caloplaca cerina are actually other species. One study that examined 3,000 specimens of Caloplaca cerina found that roughly 1,000 were other species.
Distribution
It is very common on tree bark, particularly on poplar and elm trees.
See also
List of Caloplaca species
References
cerina
Lichen species
Lichens described in 1789
Taxa named by Johann Hedwig
Lichens of Europe
Lichens of North America
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Pilviškiai Eldership
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The Pilviškiai Eldership () is an eldership of Lithuania, located in the Vilkaviškis District Municipality. In 2021 its population was 3375.
References
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Vilkaviškis District Municipality
lt:Pilviškių sseniūnija
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Šeimena Eldership
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The Šeimena Eldership () is an eldership of Lithuania, located in the Vilkaviškis District Municipality. In 2021 its population was 4766.
References
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Vilkaviškis District Municipality
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Salakas Eldership
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The Salakas Eldership () is an eldership of Lithuania, located in the Zarasai District Municipality. In 2021 its population was 782.
References
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Zarasai District Municipality
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David Barbu
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David Andrei Barbu (born 26 June 2006) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Liga I club Universitatea Craiova.
References
External links
2006 births
Living people
Footballers from Craiova
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's youth international footballers
Men's association football wingers
Liga I players
CS Universitatea Craiova players
21st-century Romanian sportsmen
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Suviekas Eldership
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The Suviekas Eldership () is an eldership of Lithuania, located in the Zarasai District Municipality. In 2021 its population was 527.
References
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Zarasai District Municipality
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Turmantas Eldership
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The Turmantas Eldership () is an eldership of Lithuania, located in the Zarasai District Municipality. In 2021 its population was 957.
References
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Zarasai District Municipality
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Vinia de Loitte
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Lavinia Florence de Loitte (15 March 1881 – 22 August 1962) was an Australian Gilbert and Sullivan singer, writer and philanthropist known throughout her career as Vinia de Loitte. She was also known by her title, Comtesse de Vilme-Hautmont.
Born in New South Wales, de Loitte inherited the matrilineal title, Comtesse de Vilme-Hautmont. After some experience performing in an amateur capacity, and despite family resistance, she joined the J. C. Williamson company and began playing roles in Edwardian musical comedy by 1904. In 1906, she married Howard Vernon, and the two toured New Zealand, where they sang opera to accompany the film Robbery Under Arms. For Williamson's, she performed in eleven of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, and she and her husband performed in Europe for several years, returning to Australia in 1914. She continued to perform professionally until 1927 and later taught singing.
In the 1920s, she began to write, including memoirs, a book about Gilbert and Sullivan productions in Australia and a cookery column. She also raised money for charities and to benefit singers over the years. In the late 1930s she hosted overseas motoring tours of Europe for the Australian Travel Service.
Early life
De Loitte was born at Snails Bay, Balmain, New South Wales, on 15 March 1881. Her mother, Florence Lavinia (née Herbert, but known as Adams) inherited the matrilineal title, Comtesse de Vilme-Hautmont, that had been conferred on a female ancestor who saved Louis XIV from a wolf's attack. Her father, William Henry De Loitte, was an accountant. She was a student of Randall Woodhouse, who was later a professor at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, and at age 14 she passed the intermediate level of the Trinity College Musical Examinations with honours. In 1901 she won first prize for a soprano solo at the Industrial Exhibition in Sydney.
Career
De Loitte began singing with the Sydney Liedertafel, and she gained valuable experience performing at Goulburn in an amateur capacity. Despite family resistance, she auditioned for J. C. Williamson and was offered a job with his company. Her first professional role was either as Nan in A Country Girl or as Fifi in The Belle of New York (1904), the latter for Williamson's. She spent a year on tour as understudy to Florence Young.
On 8 March 1906 de Loitte married Howard Vernon, and actor more than 30 years her senior, in Sorell, Tasmania. The couple owned a farm that grew vegetables but did not intend to give up the stage. In 1907 she and Vernon toured New Zealand, where they sang opera to accompany Charles MacMahon's film, Robbery Under Arms.
For Williamson's, she performed in many Gilbert and Sullivan operas: The Gondoliers, H.M.S. Pinafore, Iolanthe, The Mikado, Patience, The Pirates of Penzance, Princess Ida, Trial by Jury, Utopia, Limited and The Yeomen of the Guard. In 1909 De Loitte and Vernon gave musical entertainments at the Brussels exhibition. After several years in Britain and elsewhere in Europe, they returned to Melbourne in 1914. She retired from the sage in 1927 and later taught singing. In 1928 de Loitte was a foundation member of the Gilbert and Sullivan Society, established in Sydney, and performed at its first meeting in 1928.
In the late 1930s she hosted overseas motoring tours of Europe in association with the Australian Travel Service.
Writing
Following her husband's death in 1921, de Loitte edited his reminiscences, which were published in the Brisbane Courier in 1923 as "Howard Vernon's Life". In December 1929 she was reported as having finished a 38,000-word book about her husband's life.
In 1926 she wrote a series, "Gilbert and Sullivan: Some Recollections", for the Sydney Daily Telegraph. It was republished as "Gilbert and Sullivan, Recollections of Savoy Operas", in the Brisbane Courier. This led to her book, Gilbert and Sullivan Opera in Australia: being a short account of the stories of the operas and of their production and revivals in Australia. She regularly updated the book, which ran to at least 20 editions. The Brisbane Telegraph reported that 20,000 copies had been sold by mid-1936.
Towards the end of the 1920s she wrote a cookery column for the Evening News. Her book, One Dog to Another, was adapted for radio and serialised on 2GB in 1943.
Philanthropy
In 1928 she organised a benefit concert for her former teacher, Randall Woodhouse, at which many well-known singers of the time performed. During the Depression, she hired a hall in Sydney where she staged performances by unemployed actors and singers, with the cast changing each week.
In 1951 she organised concerts to raise money for charity.
Death
De Loitte died at Balmain on 22 August 1962. Her body was donated to the University of Sydney.
References
1881 births
1962 deaths
20th-century Australian women singers
Australian philanthropists
Australian women non-fiction writers
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AI/ML Development Platform
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"AI/ML development platforms—such as PyTorch and Hugging Face—are software ecosystems that support the development and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models." These platforms provide tools, frameworks, and infrastructure to streamline workflows for developers, data scientists, and researchers working on AI-driven solutions.
Overview
AI/ML development platforms serve as comprehensive environments for building AI systems, ranging from simple predictive models to complex large language models (LLMs). They abstract technical complexities (e.g., distributed computing, hyperparameter tuning) while offering modular components for customization. Key users include:
Developers: Building applications powered by AI/ML.
Data scientists: Experimenting with algorithms and data pipelines.
Researchers: Advancing state-of-the-art AI capabilities.
Key features
Modern AI/ML platforms typically include:
End-to-end workflow support:
Data preparation: Tools for cleaning, labeling, and augmenting datasets.
Model building: Libraries for designing neural networks (e.g., PyTorch, TensorFlow integrations).
Training & Optimization: Distributed training, hyperparameter tuning, and AutoML.
Deployment: Exporting models to production environments (APIs, edge devices, cloud services).
Scalability: Support for multi-GPU/TPU training and cloud-native infrastructure (e.g., Kubernetes).
Pre-built models & templates: Repositories of pre-trained models (e.g., Hugging Face’s Model Hub) for tasks like natural language processing (NLP), computer vision, or speech recognition.
Collaboration tools: Version control, experiment tracking (e.g., MLflow), and team project management.
Ethical AI tools: Bias detection, explainability frameworks (e.g., SHAP, LIME), and compliance with regulations like GDPR.
Examples of platforms
Applications
AI/ML development platforms underpin innovations in:
Health care: Drug discovery, medical imaging analysis.
Finance: Fraud detection, algorithmic trading.
Natural language processing (NLP): Chatbots, translation systems.
Autonomous systems: Self-driving cars, robotics.
Challenges
Computational costs: Training LLMs requires massive GPU/TPU resources.
Data privacy: Balancing model performance with GDPR/CCPA compliance.
Skill gaps: High barrier to entry for non-experts.
Bias and fairness: Mitigating skewed outcomes in sensitive applications.
Future trends
Democratization: Low-code/no-code platforms (e.g., Google AutoML, DataRobot).
Ethical AI integration: Tools for bias mitigation and transparency.
Federated learning: Training models on decentralized data.
Quantum machine learning''': Hybrid platforms leveraging quantum computing.
See also
Automated machine learning
Large language model
References
External links
MLflow Official Website – Open-source platform for the machine learning lifecycle.
Hugging Face – Community and tools for NLP models.
TensorFlow – Google's machine learning framework.
Google AI Research – Publications on AI/ML advancements.
Machine learning
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Speak (2025 film)
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Speak (stylized as Speak.) is a 2025 American documentary film directed by Jennifer Tiexiera and Guy Mossman. It follows five students who prepare for and participate in high school speech and debate competitions, specifically the 2024 National tournament in Des Moines, Iowa. The students' lives and speeches cover a range of topics from Anti-LGBTQ legislation to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
The film debuted at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2025 in the U.S. Documentary Competition.
Background
The project, involving Mossman at first, began development in 2020 through the COVID-19 pandemic. It was originally meant to be a series but soon pivoted to a feature film format later in 2021. By 2023, Tiexiera joined the production as Mossman's co-director:Jen and I wanted to make a film that transcended the 'competition doc' genre in a way that felt immersive and intimate in the lives of our teenage subjects outside of competition. We dreamt of making a film that cinematically evoked a sense of adolescent wonder, whim and complexity.
Critical reception
Of the five students highlighted, IndieWire wrote: "All heavy topics in their own way, each pulls at our hearts with great vigour, whether it be through tears or righteous anger." However, the reviewer noted that the film "doesn't possess the same kind of momentum that traditionally drives 'sport' docs in this vein" and found that certain aspects of competition weren't given as much attention.
The Hollywood Reporter found that it was a "pleasure" to follow the lives of the highlighted students as they navigated the trials and tribulations of debate: "By the time Speak stirringly gets to the final competition demonstrating that its subjects were well chosen, you'll be as proud of them as if they were your own children."
References
External links
2025 films
2025 documentary films
American documentary films
2020s American films
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Cologne hostage crisis
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On 28 July 1995, a hostage-taking occurred during a sight-seeing tour in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. A gunman held 22 passengers hostage on a parked tourist bus after killing the bus driver. The hostage situation lasted for seven hours. He injured a passenger as well as a police officer outside with gunshots, then fatally shot another hostage. The gunman was fatally shot when police stormed the bus.
Hijacking
Immediate bus tour and murder of bus driver
The bus was scheduled to drive two hours through Cologne's Innenstadt, starting from the square of Cologne Cathedral. Besides the bus driver and later hostage-taker, there were 25 passengers on board, the majority middle-aged or elderly, along with two children and two teenagers. After 40 minutes, while in the district Deutz, the bus stopped to let passengers take pictures of the Tanzbrunnen on a parking lot outside the Koelnmesse.
During the stop, 31-year-old passenger Leon Bor stood up and walked to the driver's seat, where he pulled out a gun and shouted "Russian mafia" and for ordered everyone to stay still. Two minutes later, at 10:42, he shot the bus driver, 26-year-old Raimund Geuer, in the head. Bor ordered the tour guide in the frontmost seat, 33-year-old Lisa Klein, to close all the blinds, which she did while attempting to dissuade Bor from continuing the hijacking in English. Bor then tasked another passenger with going to the luggage compartment outside and getting his bag, but this woman fled. Klein was sent out afterwards, with Bor teling her in English "Come back or I kill the children". Klein complied and was sent to the back of the bus after bringing him the luggage. At around the same time, a construction worker noticed the bus and called police due to the blacked out windows.
Police arrival and first escapes
At around 11:00, a police car arrived at the scene to investigate the construction worker's call. As a policeman approached the bus, he was shot in the stomach, causing life-threatening injuries. The other officer fled, but returned to recover his colleague with backup several minutes later. While Bor was busy unloading his bag and changing his blood-soaked clothes, Lisa Klein noticed that Bor's gunfire on police had broken the glass of the rear window, roughly two meters off the ground, and after quietly extending the hole, she jumped out. The remaining hostages consisted of ten Germans, four Americans, four Austrians, two Japanese, one Argentine, one Turk and one Israeli. Bor had redressed into a balaclava, black military fatigues and a green flak jacket, with silver cylinders attached around the waist, which he claimed were sticks of dynamite. To prevent more escapes, he gagged and tied up the other hostages with duct tape and cable ties, then ordered them to crouch in their seats. A 12-year-old boy attempted to flee through the front during this process, but he was caught and beaten by Bor.
A SEK unit of fifty officers arrived at the scene shortly after. The gunman opened communications with police via the built-in car phone of the bus. Bor, still claiming to be a member of the Russian mafia, made immediate requests for a Russian translator. Despite getting a clean view of the gunman during the phone talks, SEK decided against shooting the hostage taker from a distance. The officers had been informed that the gunman was wearing a striped shirt and jeans, due to which believed the masked man in military gear was a second assailant. Team leader Volker Lange thus reasoned that they would need to kill both gunmen at the same time to ensure the safety of hostages. This meant that they would not make use of their firearms until they could either confirm only one gunman or if they saw both in the windshield, the only area that wasn't obscured, for a clear shot. Bor had hung loose wiring around the front of the vehicle and threatened that he would blow up the bus if police attempted to come close, holding wires in his hands to mimic a detonator.
Inside the bus, Bor repeatedly threatened to shoot hostages, forced the passengers to take pictures of him with a polaroid camera he provided, as "souvenirs" he claimed, and talked incessantly about seemingly personal anecdotes, including about the prior year's Cave of the Patriarchs massacre and a trip to Paris. Hostages said that they had serious difficulty understanding Bor since he always yelled when speaking and constantly mixed basic German and English, evidently holding little fluency in either language, though he would sometimes talk to himself in Russian.
At around 15:15, a Russian language interpreter was brought to the scene, but no progress for release was made. Bor still insisted on speaking directly with police, demanding in English and German to talk "with government" and to "somebody big", later saying he wanted to contact with "the Russian leader" ("der russische Anführer").
Second escapes
At 15:20, while Bor was busy using the phone an 11-year-old boy managed to slip out of his bindings. Leaving his shoes, he attempted to sneak towards the broken window in the back, but was noticed by the gunman. As Bor took aim, 53-year-old Heinz Buchner, a tourist from Vienna, stood up and shouted "For God's sake, please not the child!" ("Um Gottes Willen, bitte nicht das Kind!"), distracting the gunman who instead shot Buchner in the right shoulder, critically injuring him in the lung. The boy managed to escape the bus unharmed.
By this point, the battery of the car phone ran out and due to the heat and poor ventilation, Bor then ordered Buchner to go outside to fetch water and a fully charged cell phone from police, threatening to kill Buchner's 55-year-old wife if he didn't return; she would later be recovered with light injuries from broken glass. Buchner hoisted himself through the rear window and for four minutes, he crawled towards police, occasionally stopping to catch his breath behind cars for cover. Police secured Buchner and brought him to Eduardus Hospital to treat his gunshot wound. At 16:40, Bor fired several stray shots into the street outside.
Second murder and end of hostage crisis
At approximately 17:25, Bor began individually questioning the hostages about their countries of origin. When a 64-year-old woman, a tourist from Baden-Württemberg, responded that she was German, the first to name this nationality, Bor shot her in the chest. He then took a picture of her corpse.
The killing spurred SEK into acting ("") and they verbally announced to Bor that they would bring him a cell phone to use at the front of the bus. Two officers approached and one broke the door open with his baton. At the same time, eight SEK officers entered through the rear window and opened fire on Bor, who had moved towards the exposed front of the bus. He was hit in the head by a rifle round from one of the snipers positioned on a nearby rooftop and in the torso by a sidearm from the SEK team leader. Fatally wounded, Bor collapsed to the ground and shot himself in the head before he could bleed out. His death by suicide went unnoticed due to the immediate situation until a post-mortem medical examination, which showed the fatal gunshot was inflicted at close range. The supposed explosives on his vest turned out to be silver-painted wooden rods.
The incident had been filmed by several film crews since the shooting of the police officer. WDR cameras captured the escape of the 11-year-old boy and Heinz Buchner, as well as the SEK unit breaching the back of the bus.
Perpetrator
Leon Bor () was born on 10 July 1964 in Russia as Leonid Borschevsky (; also Borichevski; ). He moved to Israel in 1989 and lived in Ramat Gan. Bor worked as a real estate agent in the Tel Aviv metro area and had defrauded several hundred thousands in Deutsche Mark through bounced checks. He served in the Israel Defense Forces for one month, but was discharged for mental problems, following an assault on a superior officer. Bor's former bunkmate in the army told Tagesthemen that he was not surprised of Bor's involvement in the hijacking, stating that he was nervous, irritable, and prone to violence. He received an Israeli passport for the name Leon Bor in 1993 and moved to the United States the same year.
Bor had travelled to Germany via the Netherlands, having boarded a train to Mainz in Amsterdam. He had arrived in Cologne the morning of the hijacking. The central train station was two minutes on foot from the pick-up location of the sight seeing bus.
Shortly after the hostage crisis, Avi Primor at the time the Israeli ambassador to Germany, claimed that Bor had previously committed several acts of mass murder in Israeli and similarly taken photos posing with the dead victims, asserting that Cologne police was withholding this information for the sake of the victims' families. German authorities denied having knowledge on any prior murders committed by Bor and later went on to state that they found no evidence for Primor's statements. The ambassador's office subsequently retracted the allegations.
Aftermath
Heinz Buchner was lauded as a hero for his selfless actions on the bus, though tabloid newspapers incorrectly claimed that Buchner had physically jumped into the bullet's path to save the child.
Among Bor's possessions, a parachute, an altimeter, a sextant, and a portable navigation system were found, leading investigators to believe that Bor intended to hijack a plane, either before settling with the sight-seeing bus or for use in a later part of the hijacking.
North Rhine-Westphalia Police were unable to come up with a motive. The hijacking's two fatalities were killed after Bor was certain they were German, which led media to suggest that Bor had anti-German sentiments. All witnesses stated that Bor seemed unpredictable, angry, and never stated what he wanted to achieve. On 29 July, still in recovery, Heinz Buchner told reporters that Bor was completely unreasonable, saying, "In hindsight, I can tell you with certainty that I'm right to say that he [Bor] was a complete madman, a rebel, a completely sick human being, a psychopath, who was not with any group, who simply performed these actions because he felt like killing. [...] He did not want money, he demanded nothing, he just wanted to kill".
State prosecutor Karl Uckermann called Bor a "political murderer" and that he dressed "like a professional terrorist". Police press speaker Winrich Granitzka said given the "professional, determined execution" of the crime, he would speculate that Bor was "either mentally ill or setting a political beacon". Granitzka specified that there was no way to truly determine the motive, though he was in agreement with the assessment of Uckermann, who described Bor as "an absolute sadist who enjoyed killing". Criminal psychologist Frank Stein wrote in his 2003 book Grundlagen der Polizeipsychologie that Bor's background and behaviour pointed towards him being a "mentally ill, psychopathic offender" and that the hijacking was committed solely to fulfill a power fantasy to feel a sense of control for previous "conflicts and failures in his life". The Global Terrorism Database entered the hostage-taking and murders into their statistics.
See also
Gladbeck hostage crisis
Egged bus 300 hostage crisis
1988 Negev bus hijacking
Bus 174 hijacking
Manila hostage crisis
Lutsk hostage crisis
References
Crime in Cologne
Hostage taking in Germany
1990s in Cologne
1995 crimes in Germany
July 1995 in Germany
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Living Intelligence
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Living Intelligence is the convergence of artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and advanced sensors.
Overview
The conceptual framework of Living Intelligence was introduced in 2024 with a report published by Amy Webb and Sam Jordan from Future Today Strategy Group. The report described it as a convergence of three technologies (artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and advanced sensors) for systems capable of sensing, learning, adapting, and evolving.
Living Intelligence relies on the interaction between AI systems (such as Large Action Models), sensor networks that collect and transmit data, and biological engineering applications which include generative biology.
Applications
Living Intelligence can be used in a variety of industries, including business and education. In education, it focuses on human cognition to personalize learning experiences. It can also assist in training AI models with empathy for applications of customer service and healthcare.
Notable early developments in Living Intelligence include DishBrain, a biological computer created by Cortical Labs using brain cells, and various applications of generative biology by companies like Ginkgo Bioworks and Google DeepMind's AlphaProteo project.
References
Artificial intelligence
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Louder, Please (album)
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Louder, Please is the debut studio album by the English singer Rose Gray, released on 17 January 2025 through PIAS Recordings. She co-wrote the album with a variety of collaborators and producers, including Alex Metric, Sega Bodega, Ryland Blackinton, Vaughn Oliver, and Shawn Wasabi. The album was preceded by the release of five singles between July and December 2024: "Free", "Angel of Satisfaction", "Switch", "Wet & Wild", and "Party People".
Background and production
Louder, Please was written over the course of two years before being produced, mixed, and mastered in the following six months.
Release and promotion
The lead single from the album, titled "Free", was released on 10 July 2024. It was followed by "Angel of Satisfaction" on 14 August. On 18 September, Gray announced the album's title, Louder, Please, and uploaded its third single "Switch". A fourth single was titled "Wet & Wild" and released on 7 November. "Party People" was released as the fifth and final single from the album on 31 December 2024. NME included Louder, Please on its list of the most anticipated releases of 2025. PIAS Recordings released the album on 17 January 2025.
Critical reception
Louder, Please received generally positive reviews from music critics.
On the review aggregator site Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score out of 100 to ratings from publications, Louder, Please holds a weighted mean of 77 based on 5 critics' reviews, indicating "generally favourable reviews". AnyDecentMusic? gave the album a score of 7.2 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus from 7 reviews.
In a review for Dork, Martyn Young wrote that the album "is a sonic journey for head, body and soul to soundtrack all your partying needs for 2025". Michael Cragg of The Guardian believed that hedonism is the main theme on the album and praised the "dance-pop anthems that pierce the heart". Rolling Stone UK included the album on a list of the best releases of the week; its staff said that Gray "cements her place as one of dance music's most exciting new voices", and that the album "could be one of the year's defining dance records". Sydney Brasil of Exclaim! wrote that Gray brings her "own flair to the dance floor" and perceived elements of jungle and house music. NME Rishi Shah praised the hooks and melodies, and said that the genres of Gray's previous EPs, house and rave-pop, "pierce even deeper into the underground" on Louder, Please. Aimee Philips of Clash finished her review saying that the album "captures the spirit of the dance floor with unflinching authenticity", although it "doesn’t reinvent the wheel".
Track listing
Credits adapted from Tidal.
Personnel
The credits shown below are adapted from Apple Music.
Rose Gray – vocals
Pat Alvarez – keyboards (1, 9), mixing engineer (1, 9, 10), recording engineer (1)
Dan Grech-Marguerat – mixing engineer (2, 8)
Chris Allen – mixing engineer (3, 7)
Joe Brown – keyboards, recording engineer (4)
Alex Metric – keyboards, recording engineer (5)
Rob Milton – keyboards, recording engineer (5)
Ewan Pearson Summer – mixing engineer (5)
Sega Bodega – keyboards (6)
Vaughn Oliver – keyboards, recording engineer (7)
Ryland Blackinton – keyboards, recording engineer (7)
Shawn Wasabi – keyboards (11)
References
2025 debut albums
PIAS Recordings albums
Dance-pop albums by English artists
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2024–25 in Uruguayan basketball
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The 2024–25 season is a competitive basketball season in Uruguay. It started at the end of June, with the end of the 2023–24 Liga Uruguaya de Básquetbol, and will be end, at the end of May, with the 2024–25 finals.
National teams
Uruguay men's national basketball team
Results and fixtures
Friendlies
2025 FIBA AmeriCup qualification
Group B
U–15
2024 FIBA U15 South American Championship
Group A
5th–8th place playoffs
3x3
Results and fixtures
2024 FIBA 3x3 AmeriCup
Pool A
Uruguay women's national basketball team
Results and fixtures
2024 South American Women's Basketball Championship
Group A
U–15
Results and fixtures
2024 FIBA U15 Women's South American Championship
Group B
5th–8th place playoffs
3x3
Results and fixtures
2024 FIBA 3x3 AmeriCup
Pool A
FIBA competitions
Liga Sudamericana de Baloncesto
Group A
Group B
Semi-finals
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Third-place match
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Final
Basketball Champions League Americas
Group C
Liga Sudamericana de Baloncesto Femenino
Group B
Semi-finals
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Final
Women's Basketball League Americas
Group A
League Competitions (Men's)
Liga Uruguaya de Básquetbol
Regular season
Play-offs
Source: FUBB</onlyinclude>
Finals
Liga de Ascenso
Regular season
Play-offs
Source: FUBB
Final
DTA
Regular season
Play-offs
Source: FUBB
Final
League Competitions (Women's)
Liga Femenina de Básquetbol
Regular season
Play-offs
Source: FUBB</onlyinclude>
Finals
Copa de Plata
Source: FUBB
Finals
Cup Competitions (Men's)
Torneo Litoral Norte
Source: FUBB</onlyinclude>
Final
OBL
Final Four
Source: FUBB</onlyinclude>
Final
External links
FUBB official website
References
Basketball
Basketball
Uruguay
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Atractosteus simplex
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Atractosteus simplex (from simplex, Latin for "simple", likely referring to the smooth scales), the simplex gar, is an extinct species of gar from the Early Eocene of western North America. It is known from many well-preserved specimens found in the famous Fossil Butte deposits of the Green River Formation in Wyoming, US.
It was a close relative of the modern alligator gar (A. spatula), and one of two Atractosteus species known from Fossil Butte alongside the even larger A. atrox. It can be differentiated from the sympatric A. atrox by its lower number of lateral line scales and vertebrae, and reaching only in length. It is the most abundant of the six gar species known from the Green River Formation, although even the 100-200 excavated specimens of this species are a minute percentage of the over 500,000 fossil fish specimens recovered from the formation.
A. simplex was a highly predatory fish, with one fossil specimen preserving a young Diplomystus in its jaws. Another specimen preserves coprolites in its mouth, representing the first instance of coprolites being found within a fossilized vertebrate's mouth. As gars are not known to engage in coprophagy, this is thought to likely represent an accidental ingestion or a consequence of taphonomy.
The original type specimen is a skull fragment and some vertebrae recovered from the Bridger Formation, which Leidy (1873) named A. simplex, a name he also used for the well-preserved Green River Formation gars. However, this vertebra cannot be confidently assigned to A. simplex and may belong to A. atrox or Lepisosteus bemisi instead; for this reason, Eastman (1900) fixed the name to a more complete Green River specimen instead, which was treated as the "effective type" specimen.
References
†
Prehistoric holostei
Ypresian life
Eocene fish of North America
Green River Formation
Fossils of Wyoming
Fossil taxa described in 1873
Taxa named by Joseph Leidy
Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera
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Luz (2025 film)
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Luz (, stylized as LUZ) is a 2025 film written, directed, edited and produced by Flora Lau. A Hong Kong-Chinese co-production, it is Lau's second feature film since Bends, starring Carina Lau and Chen Kun and premiered in Un Certain Regard at Festival de Cannes in 2013.
"The film is a fictional drama that explores contemporary lifestyle and psychology through themes of self-discovery, human connections, technology, and familial relationships. The film employs elements of magical realism, skilfully blurring the lines between the virtual and the real."
The screenplay was developed by Flora Lau and verified by Cinefondation of Festival de Cannes.
LUZ features acclaimed international casts, including Isabelle Huppert, Sandrine Pinna (張榕容), Guo Xiaodong (郭曉東), Huang Lu (黃璐), David Chiang (姜大衛), Deng Enxi (鄧恩熙).
Producers and Heads of Departments have earned a portfolio of the most iconic films - including Wong Kar-Wai's Days of Being Wild and The Grandmaster, Zhang Yimou's Hero, Ang Lee's Lust, Caution, Sebastian Lelio's A Fantastic Woman, Alejandro Landes' Monos, etc. - in the international film history with accolades in world's most prestigious occasions, including Oscars Academy Awards, BAFTA, Golden Globes, Festival de Cannes, Venice Film Festival, Berlin Film Festival, Taipei Golden Horse, Hong Kong Film Awards, and more.
Leading Cast, Isabelle Huppert, expressed in the interview by Film Comment that it is "a very original, fascinating film by Flora Lau. LUZ is done in a new way. It'll guide you to an unusual journey."
In a feature article on Flora Lau and LUZ by Caroline Tam of Hong Kong's Jessica Magazine, the director is called "a visionary filmmaker". Lau is described as "empowering the future: revitalizing Hong Kong cinema" as "the innovative story and unique narrative of LUZ showcases the unseen facets of Hong Kong culture waiting to be discovered..." Furthermore, "she is poised to pave the way for a resurgence in the industry, inspiring both audiences and aspiring filmmakers alike to explore and celebrate their identities." The journalist believes that "Lau's bold entry into the industry sparks hope that a new generation of filmmakers can reintroduce Hong Kong's rich cultural tapestry to a global audience."
World Premiere at Sundance 2025
The film debuted at the Sundance Film Festival on the festival's opening day of January 23, 2025 in the World Cinema Dramatic Competition category, which shortlists 10 International films every year, among the over 17,000 films from 150 countries submitted to the festival.
The Office of Director of Programming of Sundance Institute describes the film on the official website, "Though there's an immersive quality to LUZ, Lau deftly refuses a singular, escapist reading of VR's employment, opting instead to guide us towards technology's expansive complexity in its relation to art, family and healing."
"Writer-director Flora Lau receives an enthusiastic welcome from the audience as she is introduced and steps onto the stage at The Egyptian Theatre in Park City, Utah."
The film was introduced by Shari Frilot, Chief Curator, New Frontiers at Sundance Institute, who remarked LUZ as a "maverick film" by a "truly remarkable director who offers a fresh way of thinking and feeling about technology and how it can bring people together, rather than tearing us apart."
Despite being a frequent attendee at all world's top film festivals, LUZ is Isabelle Huppert's first film at Sundance. However, she was not able to attend the film's world premiere due to her performances in two stage plays that were touring in Italy and the United States. However, she surprised the audiences with a pre-recorded video, in which she expressed that she was very happy to have worked on the film with Flora Lau. She thinks that "the way she (Lau) guides us towards technology's complexity is really riveting, and in its relation to art, family, and healing." Isabelle ended the video with again praising Flora Lau as a "great director and wishing her and the film the best of luck."
"LUZ was a labor of love for everyone involved in the film’s journey. Lau shares that the process was eight years long due to many obstacles. “It took me quite a while to develop the script, and the game part was especially very difficult to figure out, and the production was across a few different countries.” At the premiere’s Q&A, she invites seven members of her film team to join her on stage, and we can see that she is surrounded by her film family, who were committed to the project from conception to completion."
Following the world premiere, the film had 6 other screenings in Park City and Salt Lake City at Sundance 2025. Screening tickets were sold out promptly upon the opening of ticket sales on the first day.
Synopsis
The film follows the lives of two people. Wei searches for his estranged daughter, Fa, throughout Chongqing, and Ren, a gallerist in Hong Kong, contends with her ailing stepmother, Sabine, who lives in Paris. The two meet in a virtual reality world with a quest to capture an elusive, mystic deer, which unexpected sparks a journey of discovery and connection.
Cast
Isabelle Huppert as Sabine, Ren's stepmother
Sandrine Pinna as Ren, a gallerist
as Wei, a karaoke bar worker
Huang Lu as Hong
David Chiang as Boss Qiu
Deng Enxi as Fa, Wei's daughter
Ren Yu as Ma, Wei's coworker
Zhang Yunyao as Gang, Painter ; also the painter of the film's feature deer painting
Mimi Xu as Mimi, Sabine's assistant ; also the film's Music Composer
Yvette Tang as Lan, Ren's boss ; also the film's Executive Producer and Producer
Kaori Ito as dancer ; also the film's choreographer
Aric Chen as A.I. Bartender
Wong Ping as A.I. Bartender 2
Production
At the world premiere, "Lau shares that the process was eight years long due to many obstacles. “It took me quite a while to develop the script, and the game part was especially very difficult to figure out, and the production was across a few different countries.” "
Writing
The screenplay was written by Flora Lau and verified by Cinéfondation of Festival de Cannes in 2015.
Filming
LUZ was shot in Mainland China, Hong Kong SAR, and France. Principal photography began in May 2018 in Chongqing. The director of photography was Benjamin Echazaretta, a reputable French-Chilean cinematographer, who had worked with other well-known directors with Oscar-nominated films. To ensure the core qualities of the film, gaffer and sound engineers from France followed the entire filming of LUZ in different countries.
Production & Costume Designs
Award-winning production designers Alfred Yau (邱偉明) from Hong Kong and Mila Preli from France and costume designers Miggy Cheng (鄭秀嫻) and Khadija Zeggaï contributed essential efforts to the film. There was an extended amount of elaborated sets and scenes shot in Chongqing that did not make it to the final version of the film. Besides costumes that were specially made by costume designer Miggy Cheng for the main characters, stylish pieces from various designer brands, including Loewe, Dries Van Noten, Lemaire, Shang Xia, Yohji Yamamoto, Comme des Garçons were used to outfit the characters. The ensembles worn by the casts in the VR world are from the Australian fashion brand, Song for the Mute, led by Melvin Tanaya and Lyna Ty.
Artworks
The film has included numerous artworks by world acclaimed artists, including Chinese painter Yan Pei-Ming, French photographer/director Antoine d'Agata, Chinese painter Gao Ludi, Hong Kong exciting animator Wong Ping and painters Afa Lee and Prodip Leung, and others. Both the real and the replica of the deer painting, "Twilight Forest", were painted by renowned Chinese painter Zhang Yunyao, who resides in Paris. The stylized opening credits shown in neon light graphics are works by Japanese artist based in France, Tom Kan.
Dance
Japanese dancer and choreographer Kaori Ito, who is known for her signature dance style and awarded the Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by France in 2015, participated in the film as the dancer collaborating with the character Sabine, played by Isabelle Huppert. Ito created the dance, "Rebirth", especially for the film and performed in it.
Music
The score, by French-Chinese composer and highly sought-after musician & DJ Mimi Xu, consisted of a wide range of genres, from classical music with piano and string instruments to electronic tracks with heavy beats. Songs used in the film have just as a vast variety—from "Group Exercise" by Chinese-American rapper Bohan Phoenix to "J'en déduis que je t'aime" by Charles Aznavour, a classic French ballade from the 60's. The great range of music was carefully composed and chosen to set the film's balance of classic and modern elements, style and values, in terms of the messages of the story, the visuals as well as Flora Lau's film language.
Post-Production
Animation and VFX were done in France by Noid and CGEV. They are very important elements to the film, as they collectively connect the real-world stories of LUZ. Director Flora Lau also wanted to create a unique style of the deer and the VR world that would blur the line of virtual and reality and yield a sense of fantasy in the characters' daily lives.
The complicated editing was done by Flora Lau with help from Fernando Epstein and Denis Bedlow. Color-grading was done by Marc Boucrot.
The post-production was completed in Paris in late 2019, and further fine-tuned in Hong Kong until 2025.
Themes and Interpretations
At the world premiere, Flora Lau explains that "‘Luz’ is the Latin word for light, but it’s not light that is coming from your light bulb. It’s organic, universal light that connects us all.” And, the words in the Chinese title "花明渡" mean "flower (花; huā), illumination (明; míng), and journey (渡; dù)". The first two words "花明" are borrowed from a famous ancient Chinese poem by Lu You from Song Dynasty.
Lots of metaphors, philosophies and ancient wisdom from the East and the West are embedded in the film. The deer, the willow tree, the neon signs on the rooftop... to name a few. Director Flora Lau intends the audiences to unfold more of the film's messages on their own from time to time, as they uncover more or progress to a different chapter in life, or when they revisit the film.
Critical Reception
Carlos Aguilar of Variety praised Luz for its "dazzling, otherworldly frames" of Chongqing's cityscape and its "mesmerizing imagery galore" in the virtual reality realm, and the narrative "poses mind-expanding questions" in addition to its "seductive stylization".
Beandera July of IndieWire described the film as an ambitious project that features "lush" visuals and a strong mise-en-scène, it ultimately feels "largely an intellectual exercise" that "pushes us to redefine reality... shaping something as genre-defying as virtual reality into a quiet, globe-trotting drama".
Elizabeth Weitzman of TheWrap reviewed the film with a headline remarking "Flora Lau Conjures a Gorgeous Drama of Technology and Isolation." The reviewer lauded Lau's visuals by calling the film "a visual marvel", and sense of mounting anticipation throughout the film "that is likely to send you out of the theatre in search of palpable reality: some grass to touch, maybe, or a hand to hold."
Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter also found the film to be an "ambitious experiment" that "jumps between locations and protagonists without much warning", ultimately appreciating its "powerful imagery" and immersive experience, that "(Director) Lau showcases her talent for building visual links between diverse spaces and places", making the film feel more like a "visual piece".
Brian Truitt of USA Today remarked that the film "does offer an immersive, neon-drenched digital world nicely fleshed out with relatable humanity."
Gabe Miller of The Industry interviewed Isabelle Huppert and reviewed the film, remarking "by the end of LUZ we understand something profound: the best virtual reality is the one we create in real life. Finding our own private realms and overlaying our emotional shape and resonance to it. That's where true connection can be found."
Kristy Puchko of Mashable described the film to be "pensive and poetic, this family drama is sure to find devotees enchanted by Lau's unique vision."
The Montage Review pointed out that "one particularly fascinating aspect of the film is the differing ways individuals express care for their family members", as "the film illustrates how the choices we make in expressing our individual life philosophies can inadvertently hurt those who do not share the same approaches or beliefs." It praises the film as "certainly a work that will leave your eyes marveling and your mind pondering."
Drew Burnett Gregory of Autostraddle also found the film to be "formally enchanting", highlighting the clever overlapping of the real world and the video game, which creates a sense of "heightened rapture" that captures the characters' sadness and longing, even if the dialogue sometimes lacks the same finesse as the film's visual style.
Anzhe Zhang of Slant Magazine observed a "lack of emotional details in the film’s character arcs, which both end in understated and abrupt ways" but lauded the film's use of virtual reality as a means of establishing connection and raising questions about "modern intimacy and alienation."
References
External links
2025 films
Films set in Chongqing
Films set in Hong Kong
2025 drama films
Hong Kong drama films
2020s Hong Kong films
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Pont-d'Ouche
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Pont-d'Ouche is a small village in the Côte-d'Or region of Burgundy-Franche-Comté. It is part of the commune of Thorey-sur-Ouche, 2 km to the south. Part of the hamlet's territory is attached to the commune of Aubaine.
Situated on the Saône side of the Burgundy canal, where it makes a 120° turn to head northwest, it was once an important port and is still well known to canal users.
Atmosphere
This is the point at which the Ouche shares its valley with the Burgundy Canal, all the way to Dijon. The D33 road follows the same route to Veuvey-sur-Ouche.
The nearest lock, no. 20, is known as the “Pont-d'Ouche lock” (formerly known as the “Telegraphe lock”). It is 700 m from the nearest lock towards the Saône and 1.1 km from the nearest towards the Yonne. A restaurant/bistro is serving local produce. Boats can fill up with water, empty their garbage into appropriate containers, and have electricity, showers, and toilets at their disposal. Barges moor at stone quays, some of which are reserved for them; smaller boats can use the floating pontoons.
The Pont d'Ouche viaduct overhangs the town by more than 25 m. It is 504 m long and carries the A6 freeway. It was inaugurated on October 29, 1970.
History
Very early in the 19th century, the commune was served by rail, located on the route of the Épinac railroad, built between 1829 and 1835, which ran from Épinac to the Burgundy Canal. Coal from Épinac-les-Mines was brought here by train and loaded onto barges.
In the 19th century, there was a tile factory close to the harbor basin. This factory had its private dock, opening onto the canal. Today, the dock is separated from the canal by a brick wall and is used by ducks, frogs, and other water dwellers.
Monuments
The three-arch canal bridge carries the Burgundy Canal over the Ouche.
Tourism
The village is part of the “Pouilly-en-Auxois-Dijon” hiking trail. The Burgundy Canal cycle route also passes through the village.
There are numerous hiking trails. The part of the Burgundy Canal that passes through the Ouche Valley has an excellent reputation for its wild, calm beauty — some place it in the top positions of the entire French waterway network. Today, Pont-d'Ouche has become a popular tourist port, with a few connoisseurs using it as a base for much of the summer.
Pont-d'Ouche is the arrival point for the tourist train Ouche Valley Railway, which departs from Bligny-sur-Ouche, 7 km away, and follows the route of the old Épinac railroad: built from 1829 to 1835, it ran from Épinac to the Burgundy canal on a 60 cm-wide track. This narrow-gauge steam train has been in operation since 1978 and was awarded the 2010 family tourism trophy.
Culture
In August 1973, Bertrand Blier filmed scenes for the movie Going Places in the lock keeper's house at Pont-d'Ouche.
See also
Ouche
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
References
Rivers of Côte-d'Or
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Bowart
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Bowart is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Walter Bowart (1939-2007), American journalist
Wolfe Bowart (born 1962), American mime artist, son of Walter
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List of African film festivals
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This page lists film festivals in Africa in addition to film festivals devoted to African film held outside the continent.
The largest film festival in Africa is the biennial Pan-African Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) held in Burkina Faso.
In the tables below, "mixed" in the Details column, indicates that the festival screens films of different formats and genres (feature and short films, fiction and documentaries).
Eswatini
Established in 1987, the Mogadishu Pan-African and Arab Film Festival (Mogpaafis) was one of the leading African festivals. On 22 September 2021, the first film screening in thirty years was held, featuring Somali films.
| Uganda humanrights film festival (UHRFF)
|Uganda humanrights film festiv (UHRFF)
|kampala and Entebbe
|2024
|mixed
|(en) Official[https://kakyoproject.org/film-screenings/
African film festivals outside the continent
Only festivals whose program includes a significant number of films from Africa and its diasporas are included here.
France
The rest of Europe
The rest of the world
Annexes
Bibliography
.
et (en)
Related articles
List of film festivals
List of film awards
References
External links
Annuaire des festivals en Afrique sur African Arts Festivals
Liste de festivals pays par pays sur cinematunisien.com
dressé par l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
Festivals du monde sur UniFrance
In The Mood For Film Festvials, un site entièrement consacré aux festivals de cinéma
(en) Film Festivals, un site exclusivement consacré aux festivals de films à travers le monde
(en) Liste des festivals de cinéma sur l'Internet Movie Database
Liste des festivals de cinéma sur AlloCiné
Africa-related lists
Lists of film festivals by continent
Film festivals in Africa
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Ionuț Cercel
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Ionuț Darius Cercel (born 14 November 2006) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a defender or a defensive midfielder for Liga I club FCSB.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
FCSB
Liga I: 2024–25
References
External links
2006 births
Living people
Footballers from Constanța
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's youth international footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Liga I players
FCV Farul Constanța players
FCSB players
21st-century Romanian sportsmen
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Out on Bond
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Out on Bond is the fourth solo extended play (EP) by the American rapper BabyTron. It was surprise-released by The Hip Hop Lab Records and Empire Distribution on February 24, 2023. After being arrested in Nebraska for drug possession, BabyTron was released on bond and began working on Out on Bond. It was recorded on the road and at his house with production handled by Certified Trapper, Damjonboi, Enrgy Beats, and Hokatiwi; the former also makes a guest appearance on the EP. Sonically, the EP is random and consists of unpredictable moments atop video game-esque production. Its cover artwork is an edited version of BabyTron's mug shot, with a fake mustache and hat added to resemble the video game character Mario. Out on Bond received a positive review from HipHopDX, who praised the EP for being a high-energy and concise release.
Background and composition
On February 8, 2023, BabyTron was arrested in Nebraska during a traffic stop for drug possession while on tour in support of his fourth studio album BIN Reaper 3: New Testament (2023). On February 15, Twitter users posted about his arrest, making his mug shot go viral on the platform. Some fans became worried about BabyTron's legal status and commented "Free BabyTron" during his Instagram Live video. After being released on bond later in February, he began recording Out on Bond while on the road and finished it at his home. Production was handled by Certified Trapper, Damjonboi, Enrgy Beats, and Hokatiwi.
Out on Bond is a 12-minute long extended play (EP) that contains five tracks. Its randomness in sound brings unpredictable moments for the listener. Peter A. Berry of HipHopDX highlighted the EP's "mischievous stanzas and technicolor flexes" and thought that its production sounds like it could be in a video game. Out on Bonds opening track is "Out on Bond", which begins with BabyTron mocking his fans who were worried about his legal status: "Stop saying free me, I was out the next day — that's a broke problem". The song's lyrics also contain humor-filled quips: "Worried if I'm locked up, make sure that your rent paid / All my mans around me fresh like next year we in 10th grade". Berry highlighted the lines that show BabyTron rhyming locations such as Bucharest and Budapest with lines like "too majestic" and "lose the credit" on the following track, "A2Z". He also described Certified Trapper's vocal performance on the third track, "Long Nights", as "lackluster". The penultimate track, "Ice Spice", is a reference to the American rapper of the same name. The final track, "Overthinking", consists of reflective lyricism.
Release and reception
Out on Bond was surprise-released on February 24, 2023, by The Hip Hop Lab Records and Empire Distribution. Its cover artwork features BabyTron's mug shot, edited with a fake hat and mustache resembling the video game character Mario. Its title is a reference to the fact that he was released on bond. Following its release, it received a positive review from HipHopDX. Berry praised the EP for being a high-energy and concise release; he felt that its brevity helped keep it fresh and avoid the monotony that can sometimes come with BabyTron's longer releases.
Track listing
References
2023 EPs
BabyTron albums
Empire Distribution EPs
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CS Hilal Temara
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Club Sportif Hilal Temara (), shortly known as Hilal Temara or HST, is a professional women's football club based in Temara. which competes in the Moroccan Women's Championship, the top division of Moroccan football.
History
After several attempts and narrow finishes, the club clinched the Second Division Championship in the 2022–23 season, earning promotion to the Elite Division. In their first season at the top level, the team finished 6th and remained in the first division despite a lack of financial support.
Players and Staff
Players
Current staff
References
External links
CS Hilal Temara at soccerway.com
CS Hilal Temara at kooora.com (in Arabic)
CS Hilal Temara at Sofascore
Association football clubs established in 2014
Women's football clubs in Morocco
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Noel Burrows (bowls)
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Noel Burrows (born 18 January, 1944) is a former English crown green bowls player.
Bowls career
Burrows achieved significant success in crown green bowls during the 1980s. His most notable achievement was winning the BCGBA Champion of Champions title (Known simply as the Champions Trophy at the time) in both 1978 and 1980. He also competed in various high-profile tournaments, including the Bowls Super Bowl and other national championships.
In the 1983 Embassy Champions final, Burrows was defeated by Stan Frith. He reached the semi-finals of the 1984 Super Bowl, competing against John Bell in a highly regarded match.
Burrows is remembered for his skill and dedication to crown green bowls. His contributions to the sport have inspired many players, and his name remains associated with one of the sport's most iconic tournaments. Burrows is listed as a life member of the Altrincham & South Manchester Bowling League. In 2010, at age 66, Burrows won the All-England Merit at the age of 66.
Burrows has won the BCGBA Senior Individual Merit on two times in both 1976 and 2010.
Burrows has won the Waterloo Handicap two times in both 1972 and 2004.
On 18 June 2023, Burrows won the Cheshire Veterans Merit for the 17th time, aged 79.
As of 10 February 2025, Burrows is still playing Bowls at a local Bowling Green in Westhoughton, Bolton. Images and details have been provided within a local Facebook group. On 3 April 2025, a friend of Burrows confirmed as to why Burrows had been inactive for months by stating that Burrows had suffered "a tragic bereavement".
Burrows is a "Life Member" of ALTRINCHAM & SOUTH MANCHESTER BOWLING LEAGUE.
Personal life
Outside of bowls, Burrows was the landlord of the 17th Century-Built Red Lion pub in Withington, Manchester, during the late 1970s and 1980s. The pub was well-known for its connection to bowls and became a hub for local players.
References
English male bowls players
Sportspeople from Manchester
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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Donnacha Ó Beacháin
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Donnacha Ó Beacháin is an Irish political scientist, university professor, and media commentator. He holds the position of Professor of Politics at Dublin City University, where he has been teaching since 2008, focusing on post-Soviet politics, unrecognised states, Irish politics, and foreign policy. His research spans all fifteen post-Soviet states and various protracted conflict zones, with ten years spent living and working in Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and Moldova. Ó Beacháin frequently contributes to both Irish and international media and actively participates in public debates, podcasts, and webinars.
Awards and recognition
In recognition of his achievements, Ó Beacháin has twice been awarded the accolade "Champion of European Research" by Ireland's National Support Network in award ceremonies hosted by President Michael D. Higgins and Minister for Education and Skills. In May 2022, he was awarded the President's Research Award by DCU for outstanding contributions to the humanities and social sciences.
He has organised several major academic events in Ireland devoted to conflict in the post-Soviet space, particularly Ukraine, bringing together speakers from Ukraine, Russia, Georgia and the EU as well as the former President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski who had written the foreword to one of Ó Beacháin's books. On 18 November 2022, Ó Beacháin introduced the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, to Ireland's university students via videolink and hosted a questions and answers session between the president and students. The event was live-streamed to other third-level institutions across Ireland.
Publications and events
Ó Beacháin is the author and editor of several books including From Partition to Brexit: The Irish Government and Northern Ireland, which was the 2019 recipient of the book of the year award from the Political Studies Association of Ireland. The book was described as 'brilliant, lucid and thought-provoking' by author and television presenter David McCullagh. Writing in History Ireland, the former Secretary-General of the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs Seán Donlon said that 'Ó Beacháin has broken new ground and provided a useful map for a generation of political scientists and historians'. In his review in the Irish Times Professor Diarmaid Ferriter, said the book exposed 'the true extent of the [Irish Government's] ambivalences and inconsistencies, using an impressive wealth of archival material in both Britain and Ireland unavailable to an earlier generation of researchers'. In the Irish Literary Supplement (Fall 2020) Professor Stephen Kelly described the book as "a masterly dissection", which "confirmed his place as one of Ireland's prominent scholars in the field of modern Irish history and politics".
In 2021 he produced From Whence I Came: The Kennedy Legacy, Ireland and America with Brian Murphy of the Technological University Dublin. Devoted to the life and legacy of former US President John F. Kennedy the book arises from the work of the Kennedy Summer School, which takes place annually in New Ross. Extracts from the book were published in the Irish Times, Irish Examiner, Irish News and Tuairisc.ie, and it received extensive coverage on radio and television. The book was launched by the Taoiseach Micheál Martin at an event organised by the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate which attracted more than 1000 attendees. The launch featured participation from Samantha Power, the former US Ambassador to the United Nations appointed by President Joe Biden to head USAID, Richard Neal, Chairman of the US House of Representatives Ways and Means Committee and Joe Kennedy III, former Massachusetts Congressman, currently serving as United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland.
Ó Beacháin's 2025 book, Unfinished Empire: Russian Imperialism in Ukraine and the Near Abroad, connects historical Russian imperialism and Vladimir Putin's actions in Ukraine, framing the invasion as a modern continuation of a longstanding expansionist agenda.
Selected books
Donnacha Ó Beacháin, Unfinished Empire: Russian Imperialism in Ukraine and the Near Abroad. Agenda Publishing (2025).
Donnacha Ó Beacháin and Brian Murphy (eds.): From Whence I Came: The Kennedy Legacy, Ireland and America, Merrion (2021).
Donnacha Ó Beacháin, From Partition to Brexit: The Irish Government and Northern Ireland. Manchester University Press (2019).
Donnacha Ó Beacháin and Mark O'Brien (eds.): Political Communication in the Republic of Ireland, Liverpool University Press (2014).
Donnacha Ó Beacháin, Vera Sheridan and Sabina Stan (eds.): Life in Post-Communist Eastern Europe after EU Membership: Happy Ever After?, Routledge, (2012).
Donnacha Ó Beacháin, Destiny of the Soldiers: Fianna Fáil, Irish Republicanism and the IRA, 1926-1973, Gill and Macmillan (2010).
Donnacha Ó Beacháin and Abel Polese (eds.): The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics: Successes and Failures, Routledge, (2010).
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Irish political scientists
Academics of Dublin City University
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20th (Service) Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (British Empire League Pioneers)
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The 20th (Service) Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (British Empire League Pioneers) ('20th KRRC' or 'XX KRRC') was an infantry pioneer unit recruited as part of 'Kitchener's Army' in World War I. It was raised in London in the summer of 1915 by the British Empire League. It served on the Western Front from March 1915 as the pioneer battalion of 3rd Division, seeing action at the Battles of the Somme and Ancre. Later it fought at Arras and Ypres, against the German spring offensive, and in the final Hundred Days Offensive, before taking part in the Allied occupation of the Rhineland.
Recruitment and training
On 6 August 1914, less than 48 hours after Britain's declaration of war, Parliament sanctioned an increase of 500,000 men for the Regular British Army. The newly appointed Secretary of State for War, Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, issued his famous call to arms: 'Your King and Country Need You', urging the first 100,000 volunteers to come forward. Men flooded into the recruiting offices and the 'first hundred thousand' were enlisted within days. This group of six divisions with supporting arms became known as Kitchener's First New Army, or 'K1'. The K2, K3 and K4 battalions, brigades and divisions followed soon afterwards. But the flood of volunteers overwhelmed the ability of the Army to absorb them, and the K5 units were largely raised by local initiative rather than at regimental depots, often from men from particular localities or backgrounds who wished to serve together: these were known as 'Pals battalions'. The 'Pals' phenomenon quickly spread across the country, as local recruiting committees offered complete units to the War Office (WO). One such organisation was the British Empire League (BEL), which advocated unity for the British Empire and had previously raised troops for service in the Second Boer War. From a headquarters (HQ) at Norfolk House, Laurence Pountney Hill, in the City of London, the League raised the 17th (Service) Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (British Empire League) in April 1915. It continued recruiting so that on 28 August it was able to form a second battalion as a pioneer unit, the 20th (Service) Battalion, [King's Royal Rifle Corps (2nd BEL Pioneers).
Pioneers were a new addition to the British Army in 1915. They were trained infantry soldiers, but their primary role was to carry out digging and construction at the direction of the Royal Engineers (RE). The men received additional pay and the battalion was equipped with the necessary tools and stores, with the extra transport to move them. The recruits to the new battalion began their drill in London's Green Park. On 10 September Temporary Major Eric Murray, originally an officer of the Royal Field Artillery, was transferred from the 17th KRRC (BEL) to command the new battalion with the rank of Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel, and on 22 October the temporary quartermaster of the 17th KRRC was transferred to become the adjutant of the 20th KRRC.
As recruits continued to come in, the battalion formed its four service companies and two depot companies by about September 1915. In February 1916 the service companies moved to Wellingborough in Northamptonshire, where they continued their training attached to 23rd Reserve Brigade. The battalion was now ordered to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front. On 27 March it left Wellingborough aboard three trains for Southampton Docks, where it embarked on the transports Rossetti and Marguerite. Having left harbour the ships had to return to anchor in the Solent due to bad weather in the English Channel, and the men from the Marguerite were sent ashore to a rest camp. After another failed attempt, the Rossetti finally reached Le Havre on 30 March and disembarked the first 10 officers, 212 other ranks (ORs) and the battalion transport. The remainder of the battalion (18 officers and 772 ORs) embarked on the King Edward that evening and arrived the following morning.
22nd (Reserve) Battalion
The depot companies of 20th KRRC became the 22nd (Reserve) Battalion, KRRC, and by October 1915 it was in the Andover area of Hampshire, as part of 24th Reserve Brigade. By February 1916 it was at Banbury in Oxfordshire with 26th Reserve Brigade. In June 1916 the brigade moved to Wimbledon Common where it spent the rest of the war training reinforcements for the service battalions of the KRRC. On 1 September 1916 the Training Reserve was established following the introduction of conscription, and 22nd (R) Bn KRRC became 110th Training Reserve Battalion, though the training staff retained their KRRC badges. The battalion was disbanded at Wimbledon on 2 March 1918.
Service
After landing at Le Havre, the two parties of the battalion entrained and were reunited at Poperinge on 1 April, where the commanding officer (CO) reported to 20th (Light) Division HQ. Over the following days the companies were in the battle zone, draining trenches and repairing parapets, digging new communication trenches, improving an underground sap leading to a machine gun position, turning a shell hole into an observation post, laying out barbed wire and similar work, resulting in its first few casualties. After two weeks the battalion marched out to J Camp where it resumed training, particularly in musketry, though at first 20th Division could only supply 230 rifles for over 980 ORs, and later 500 dummy cartridges. The battalion started building a rifle range to use when more ammunition arrived. It also undertook pioneer training led by an RE Field Company. The training continued until 19 May when the battalion went by road to join 3rd Division. For the remainder of the war it was to be 3rd Divisional pioneer battalion.
Somme
For the rest of May and June, while two companies remained in camp to continue training, the other two were loaned to 6th Division for sandbagging and repairing front line trenches, and then three companies worked on a new support line. By the beginning of July all four companies were at work. The BEF's 'Big Push', the Battle of the Somme, was launched on 1 July. On 2–3 July 20 KRRC entrained for the south, and then carried out a march in several stages to reach the Somme sector, where 3rd Division took over a section of the front line on 8 July. The next day the battalion began building roads and bridges behind the lines as 3rd Division prepared to attack the German '2nd Position' in the Battle of Bazentin Ridge. The infantry of 8th and 9th Brigades silently deployed on tapes laid in No man's land during the night of 13/14 July. One company of 20th KRRC was attached to 8th Bde and one-and-a-half to 9th Bde, while the rest of the battalion was with 76th Bde in reserve in the old German trenches south of Montauban. When the infantry of 8th Bde had captured the German support line they and the REs were to consolidate the position. and construct strongpoints. The company of 20th KRRC with 8th Bde had the task of fortifying a position known as the 'Rectangle' by making strongpoints at each corner and wiring in between; they had a carrying party from 8th Bn East Yorkshire Regiment to help them. Rather than a prolonged artillery bombardment as had preceded the First Day of the Somme, the Battle of Bazentin Ridge began at 03.20 on 14 July with an intense surprise bombardment of the enemy positions. After 5 minutes the creeping barrage lifted forwards and the leading infantry advanced through the pre-dawn mist and reached the German wire before a shot was fired. On 8th Bde's front the two belts of wire had not been adequately cut by the artillery and the advance was held up, but 9th Bde got into the enemy front trench and a party bombed their way along it to clear 8th Bde's front while 9th Bde went on to attack Bazentin-le-Grand. The British had captured the ridge in one bound, capturing and killing many of the enemy (many more fleeing Germans would have been killed but for the poor British musketry) and the work of consolidation began during the morning. 20th KRRC's party with 9th Bde was relieved about 16.00, while the other party bivouacked overnight at the Rectangle.
The pioneers continued improving the new positions over the following days. They were under heavy shellfire and at the Rectangle work could only be done after dark. The other two companies, which had been doing some road work in the rear, took over the consolidation on 18 July, but had to stop for a while on 20 July when enemy shellfire became intense. Bitter fighting in the area (the Battle of Delville Wood) continued, 3rd Division attacking again on 23 July. One company of 20th KRRC spent the previous night digging a new trench, suffering several casualties on the way up and being unable to complete it by dawn. Two other companies left camp at 02.00 and came under the orders of 9th Bde. After the partial success of the attack, the whole battalion was ordered up to wire the new line. On the night of 24/25 July two parties were sent up to complete the work, but had to 'stand to' with their rifles under the orders of the nearest infantry officer during en enemy counter-attack. The following evening 3rd Division was relieved and the battalion withdrew for rest and training.
On 4 August 20 KRRC was ordered by XIII Corps HQ to send up two companies (the Right Half-Battalion) to work on defences under the Corps' Commander, RE (CRE) while the Left Half-Battalion continued training. The companies were changed over during the nights of 10–13 August, and then parties from the camp came under the command of 3rd Division's CRE for wiring and constructing dugouts. This work was directed by 183rd Tunnelling Company, RE, while other parties worked on constructing a tramway. 3rd Division went back into the line on the night of 14/15 August, ready to attack on 16 August. Apart from the party working with 183rd Tunnelling Co, all of 20th KRRC's men were taken off their work and concentrated in order to follow the attack and consolidate the ground captured. Guillemont had still not fallen, but the British were now at close assaulting distance; indeed, 'Lonely Trench' was too close to be bombarded by artillery and Stokes mortars had to be used. Zero hour was at 17.40 and the methodical bombardment suddenly increased to intense fire for 3 minutes before the infantry went in. 2nd Battalion Suffolk Regiment of 76th Bde cleared its objectives, despite enfilade fire from Lonely Trench, but the rest of 76th Bde and 9th Bde were stopped by fire from Lonely Trench, on which the mortars had made little impression. 20th KRRC's working party with 9th Bde was sent back, while those with 76th Bde lay out all night, finding it impossible to do any work. Next morning they began digging in. 3rd Division made another unsuccessful attack on Lonely Trench on 18 August and was then relieved during the night of 19/20 August. 20th KRRC still had 6 officers and 235 ORs working on dugouts. They went out next day to dig a communication trench under heavy shellfire, and it was not until 21 August that 20th KRRC was able to concentrate and march out.
The battalion undertook a series of marches, arriving at Philosophe on 31 August before moving to Mazingarbe on 3 September. 3rd Division was now in the Loos sector. Here the battalion supplied working parties for the divisional REs. B Company worked with 1st Cheshire Field Company on trench mortar emplacements, while C and D Companies worked on dugouts with 56th Fd Co. Meanwhile, A Company worked with 253rd Tunnelling Company, which was digging 'listening saps' out under No man's land. For this specialist work 20th KRRC found 20 miners from among its ranks, while the infantry battalions supplied another 20. This work continued until 21 September, when 3rd Division was pulled out to move to a training area. 20th KRRC left Mazingarbe on 23 September and went into billets at Enguinegatte. The battalion's training included physical training, bayonet fighting and musketry in addition to pioneer work. At the conclusion of the training 3rd Division carried out a practice attack on 4 October, with one pioneer company attached to each brigade to consolidate two 'keeps' each, and B Company held in reserve. Next day the division began the march back to the Somme, where Fifth Army was beginning the final operations of that year's offensive.
Ancre
3rd Division took over the line on 'Redan Ridge' on 5 October, and 20th KRRC arrived on 9 October, establishing battalion HQ at Mailly-Maillet, later at Courcelles. The companies were set to work: A Company and half of B Company under 1st East Riding Fd Co on dugouts in the north divisional sector; C Company and half of B Company under 1st Cheshire Fd Co on dugouts for the southern brigade; D Company under 56th Fd Co on the RE supply dump, reserve dugouts and tramways. Later in the month the battalion spent most of its efforts in trying to clear and drain the communication and front line trenches from which 3rd Division would have to attack, and to repair the roads, employing between 200 and 2000 infantry each day in extra working parties. The lateral trench known as 'Rob Roy' behind and downhill from the frontline trench had become a stream. On 23 October Lt-Col Murray was wounded and the second-in-command, Maj R. Inglis took over; he was later promoted to Lt-Col. Preparations for the attack continued. The attackers would be advancing over the same ground in front of Beaumont-Hamel and Serre that had been disastrously attacked on the First day on the Somme, but it was thought that the German powers of resistance had been reduced by the months of fighting since then and that a surprise attack might succeed. If the division succeeded in capturing Serre, B and C Companies of 20th KRRC were to consolidate the village while the other companies dug communication trenches from the heads of four existing British tunnels up to the German front line. 3rd Division attacked at 05.45 on 13 November (the Battle of the Ancre). Although the advance began in good order, the leading waves were soon wading through waist-deep mud trying to find gaps in the German wire. Some of 8th Bde got as far as the German support line but could not hold on; isolated parties from 76th Bde even got to the German reserve line but were wiped out there. A heavy German barrage in No man's land prevented the support battalions from crossing and by 06.30 the attack was over, with efforts turning to rescuing the exhausted men and bringing them back to the British front line. The pioneers of 20th KRRC stood by all day to begin their work; a platoon of D Company kept the tramway in 'Railway Hollow' running to evacuate casualties, making frequent repairs to shell damage, but otherwise they were unused.
Over the following days the battalion worked to keep the communication trenches and tramway usable, while 3rd Division suffered a heavy bombardment. The battle ended on 18 November, but 20th KRRC remained in this area for the next two months under dreadful conditions, continuing to clear communication trenches and laying drains to empty the frontline and Rob Roy trenches during the winter weather. It also built a dense apron of barbed wire, the 'Yellow Line', to protect the British positions.
Arras
20th KRRC finally moved away from Courcelles and the front lines on 7 January 1917 when 3rd Division was relieved, The pioneers went back to Candas and worked on the engineer and ammunition dumps in the area. Then on 28 January 20th KRRC began to move north by a series of marches to Arras, where the BEF was preparing its next offensive. Here the pioneers worked on communication trenches and dugouts in front of the town, building artillery roads and erecting huts for the incoming troops. They also did some work in the Arras tunnels, constructing entrances and facilities such as latrines.
The Arras Offensive began with the First Battle of the Scarpe on 9 April. 3rd Division launched its attack from Arras itself (many of the troops having been sheltering in the tunnels). Zero was at 05.30, before dawn, and the three brigades attacked in succession, passing through each other to capture a series of objectives, including the village of Tilloy, culminating in a long advance towards the Wancourt–Feuchy line, only being stopped short of that line. The following day the advance to the Wancourt–Feuchy was aided by a snowstorm blowing in the enemy's faces, but German resistance stiffened thereafter and progress slowed, 3rd Division failing to take Guémappe. During the first days of the battle, 20th KRRC was engaged in building a lorry track along the Cambrai Road from the German front line to 'Estaminet Corner', and an artillery track (making a Corduroy road in places) to get guns south of Tilloy. Although the fighting died down on 14 April the battalion continued working on the vital Cambrai Road until 22 April, and then moved forward into the trenches south of Tilloy on 23–24 April while 3rd Division fought in the Second Battle of the Scarpe. The battalion moved up with 76th Bde, but was sent back because of the lack of progress in the attack, and it spent the next few days improving and wiring 'Shrapnel Trench' under shellfire while the Battle of Arleux was fought, and then digging a communication trench from Shrapnel Trench up to the new front line. On 1 May it marched up to begin digging a proper front line trench, but the enemy had moved closer and made that impossible; D Company did however join up some shellholes to make about of assembly trench for the next attack. That came on 3 May (the Third Battle of the Scarpe). 20th KRRC moved up into trenches near Tilloy the night before, but the Germans were already alerted and deluged 3rd Division with high explosive and gas shells before Zero next morning. The attack failed and again 20th KRRC stood by all day without being employed. Over the following days the pioneers dug a new fire trench (or erected breastworks in places where trenching was impossible). 3rd Division's last action during the Arras offensive was an evening attack on 13 May. While most of the battalion spent the day clearing an old German communication trench, D Company was assigned to the attack and was rested beforehand. 76th Brigade carried out a surprise attack on the enemy front line ('Devil's Trench') but failed to establish a footing and was driven back, and D Company was unable to do its assigned work. 20th KRRC left the battle area and went back to 'Talavera Camp' on 14/15 May, and then into Arras, where 3rd Division was withdrawn to be Corps Reserve. From 22 May the battalion was at Liencourt undertaking infantry training.
On 2 June the battalion was taken by motor buses back to Tilloy, where it began working on the trenches around Monchy-le-Preux, captured during the recent fighting. It converted some into fire trenches facing the enemy, and dug new communication trenches. After further rest and training at Denier, the battalion moved into the devastated area left when the Germans retreated to the Hindenburg Line earlier in the year, and spent July and August wiring the new front and intermediate lines. In early September it moved to Bertincourt where it carried out drainage work, and then began training, with particular emphasis on musketry and bayonet fighting. It then moved by train and marching to the Ypres Salient, arriving on 22 September when 3rd Division entered the Flanders Offensive.
Ypres
While the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge was being fought, 20th KRRC was making tracks for infantry and tanks, and tank bridges across trenches. 3rd Division played a leading part in the next attack (the Battle of Polygon Wood), beginning on 26 September. 8th Brigade reached the outskirts of Zonnebeke, but 76th Bde was delayed by the impassable Zonnebeke stream and was stopped short of the objective. A second advance at 18.30 ran into a simultaneous German counter-attack and neither side advanced. During the day A Company built tracks to link the old front line to the new positions captured; two platoons spent the latter part of the day holding defensive positions under the command of 13th King's Regiment. B Company was sent up at 12.30 to build strongpoints for 8th Bde, and suffered numerous casualties. Similarly C Company went up at 14.00 to build strongpoints for 76th Bde, but could not begin work until 20.00, after the counter-attack was repulsed, when it linked up shell holes near Zonnebeke to make a new front line. D Company made a track suitable for horsedrawn limbers along the Ypres–Zonnebeke road, and also held defensive positions. Over the following days companies widened the Ypres–Zonnebeke track, made duckboard tracks across the morass of the Steenbeeke stream, and built more strongpoints. The battalion was pulled out on 2 October and sent to No 3 Camp at Winnezeele, where Maj Charles Roswell Martin took command of the battalion. Next day it moved to Buysscheure to refit and train under V Corps HQ. Although 3rd Division did not attack again at Ypres, 20th KRRC went back to 'Canal Bank' on 10 October to serve under 9th (Scottish) Division, building roads and tracks through the devastated battlefield of the First Battle of Passchendaele, for which it was warmly thanked by that formation's commander. When 9th (S) Division was relieved on 24 October, 20th KRRC remained at 'Dawson's Corner' under XVIII Corps building a light railway line from Canal Bank to the Poelcapelle–St Julien road.
Winter 1917–18
Finally, on 4 November, as the Battle of Passchendaele was drawing to a muddy close, 20th KRRC began a series of marches back to Third Army in the Arras area, rejoining 3rd Division at Beugnâtre on 10 November. For the rest of the month and into December it was engaged in draining and mending roads and communication trenches and wiring the support line. On 15 December the battalion moved to Mory, working on the defences here and at Hénin Hill, which would be crucial if, as expected, the Germans attacked this sector in the spring. A new defensive system was being introduced, with Forward, Battle and Rear Zones in place of continuous trench lines; 20th KRRC worked on the all-round defences of the 'keeps' and defended localities in 3rd Division's Battle Zone (the Rear Zone or 'Green Line' had hardly been started).
By early 1918 the BEF was suffering a manpower crisis. It was forced to reduce infantry brigades from four to three battalions, breaking up the surplus units to provide reinforcements to the others. It also took the opportunity to carry out other reorganisations, such as forming divisional machine gun battalions. Pioneer battalions were changed from four to three companies; this mirrored the three RE field companies, which were generally assigned one to each infantry brigade. 20th KRRC completed its reorganisation to the new establishment by 27 February, breaking up D Company and distributing the men among the others.
Spring Offensive
The Germans launched their long-anticipated Spring Offensive on 21 March 1918. 3rd Division was deployed with 4 battalions in the Forward Zone and the other 5, together with 20th KRRC's pioneers, in the front part of the Battle Zone. The left part of the line was covered by an inundation created by damming the Cojeul stream. In the event, the division's front was not included in the Germans' attack on the first day: the intense preliminary bombardment was directed at the gun positions and rear areas, and apart from some probing raids out of the thick mist, 3rd Division was undisturbed, though 34th Division to the right had been driven back. 20th KRRC remained at work digging new trenches at Henin. The battalion 'stood to' at 05.00 on 22 March, and the divisional area was subjected to very heavy shelling all day. At 11.00 the battalion was ordered to send two companies to support 9th Bde, which had been forced to swing back when 34th Division retreated. A and B Companies held 'Hind Support Trench' until 15.00 when they were ordered to retire when 9th Bde's flank guard swung back further, to the rear of the Battle Zone. By now stragglers from 34th Division were passing through their positions and German patrols could be seen away, close to the crest of Henin Hill. C Company and Battalion HQ fell back to Neuville-Vitasse, and that night went back further to join Brigade HQ in holding a reserve trench. All spare RE companies and pioneer battalions were being sent back to prepare a new defence line behind the Green Line, but 20th KRRC remained to help defend 3rd Division's threatened flank. A party went forward under the enemy's noses to recover equipment that had been left behind. At 10.30 on 23 March the battalion was sent to Wailly, which was under shellfire all day, some of the battalion equipment and transport being destroyed, though the Germans wasted much of their fire on the trenches that had been abandoned. Only on 24 March, when 8th Bde easily held its own, was the battalion pulled out of the combat zone to go back and join the parties digging new defences. 20th KRRC worked on the 'Purple Line' in front of Bellacourt until 28 March, when together with 3rd Division's RE companies it was ordered to man the defences they had just dug. The Germans were making one last attempt to break through Third Army to Arras (the Third Battle of Arras) but failed. During the night of 28/29 March 3rd Division was finally relieved and 20th KRRC went back to Sus-Saint-Léger to clean up and rest.
3rd Division was now sent north to First Army to take over what was regarded as a 'quiet' sector south-west of Béthune. 20th KRRC moved by motor buses to Bruay on 1 April, then three days later moved to Beuvry where parties worked on the Corps defence line while the rest of the battalion trained. However, the supposed quiet sector was now targeted by the Germans in the second phase of their offensive (the Battle of the Lys) beginning on 9 April. Next day 9th Bde of 3rd Division reinforced 55th (West Lancashire) Division, and together over the following days they held firm, facing north to prevent the Germans from expanding their breakthrough southwards. However, the two divisions continually had to extend their line to the west, the rest of 3rd Division taking up positions along the La Bassée Canal at Hinges. On 11 April 20th KRRC moved to Gonnehem and Chocques, where it worked on wire and strongpoints along the canal. With scratch forces thrown into gaps, the British managed to hold the stretched line throughout the critical days. After a last German attempt on 18 April the fighting died down in the La Bassée Canal sector, though it continued further north. For the rest of the month and the whole of May, 20th KRRC continued strengthening the line held after the battle, and constructing support lines behind it. In the event of another German breakthrough the battalion's role (together with G Special Company, RE) was to provide nucleus garrisons in the support lines who could guide the infantry falling back to the prepared strongpoints and machine gun positions. A practice manning of these defence lines was held on the night of 26/27 May. However, there was no further German attack in this sector.
3rd Division continued holding the La Bassée Canal sector through June, during which the battalion worked on the 'Aberdeen' and 'Gordon' Lines. On the night of 14/15 June the division made a surprise attack on a front to advance its line where the German wire was known to be weak. This penetrated to a depth of and over the following three nights 20th KRRC wired up the previous outpost line to convert it into the new main line of resistance ('Edinburgh Line') despite hostile shell and machine gun fire. Until 8 August the battalion continued wiring the positions between the La Bassée and Lawe canals and round the bridgehead at Hinges.
Hundred Days Offensive
The Allies launched their counter-offensive (the Hundred Days Offensive) with the Battle of Amiens on 8 August. 3rd Division. was withdrawn into reserve, ready to move south and join Third Army in the offensive. 20th KRRC left on 7 August for training, and then moved by rail to Grouches in the Somme country, where it continued training. On the night of 19/20 August it marched to Bienvillers. It was posted in 'Purple Reserve' trench when 3rd Division attacked in dense fog on the morning of 21 August (the Battle of Albert) and reached the railway line that marked the second objective. Over the next three days 20th KRRC repaired the roads and tracks leading forwards to the new positions, which 3rd Division advanced further on 23 August. On 28 August the battalion moved to Moyenneville where it continued road repairs while 3rd Division advanced in the Battle of Bapaume. At the end of this, on 2 September, the battalion moved forward to Saint-Léger, where it continued working on roads until 3rd Division went into reserve.
Third Army had now closed up to the Hindenburg Line once more. 20th KRRC, stationed at Courcelles from 10 September, worked on the roads needed to bring guns and supplies up to assault the line. Third Army launched the Battle of the Canal du Nord on 27 September, with 3rd Division successfully assaulting the Hindenburg Support line and taking Flesquières and Ribécourt. 20th KRRC followed, filling shell holes in the roads from Havrincourt to those villages, Battalion HQ moving up to Flesquières on 30 September and to Ribécourt on 1 October when 3rd Division attacked again. 20th KRRC cleared debris from the village of Marcoing and worked on the roads leading towards Cambrai. 3rd Division attacked on 8 October in the Battle of Cambrai and 20th KRRC continued following up, repairing roads as it went. It moved its HQ to Crevecourt on 13 October and Quiévy on 21 October as the pace of the Allied advance to the River Selle quickened.
The Battle of the Selle began on 17 October, and Third Army joined in on 23 October, 3rd Division advancing about against weak opposition. The following morning 20th KRRC moved its HQ into Solesmes on the far bank of the River Selle as the division continued to advance, the pioneers repairing the road behind it. By 25 October 3rd Division's patrols found that the enemy had disappeared from in front and the advance became a pursuit until the Germans were across the River Rhonelle. After a short pause, Third Army attacked across the Rhonelle on 4 November, with 3rd Division in support. The pursuit was then renewed with selected troops, 20th KRRC moving forwards to Ruesnes, near Le Quesnoy, on 6 November to continue road repairs, particularly on the Le Quesnoy–Bavay road. When the Armistice with Germany came into force on 11 November 3rd Division was in reserve, still billeted in the Le Quesnoy–Bavay area.
Rhine
3rd Division was chosen to form part of the Allied Occupation of the Rhineland. 20th KRRC started its march there on 15 November, crossed the German frontier on 11 December, and reached Düren on 19 December to begin its duties in the Cologne bridgehead.
20th KRRC left 3rd Division and transferred to 2nd Division in February 1919, ceasing to be pioneers and becoming a normal service battalion. The British occupation force was designated British Army of the Rhine in March, and 2nd Division was converted into the Light Division, with 20th KRRC brigaded with 13th and 18th KRRC in 1st Light Brigade. As men were progressively demobilised, the battalion was kept up to strength by absorbing 53rd (Service) Bn KRRC (a former Young Soldier training battalion from England) on 8 April. In November 1919 the Light Division was abolished and 1st Light Brigade became the Light Brigade in the Independent Division. These in turn were broken up in January–February and 20th (Service) Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (BEL) was disbanded on 9 February 1920.
Insignia
As well as the regimental cap badge and black metal 'KRR' title on the shoulder straps, all ranks of 20th KRRC wore the pioneer badge of crossed rifle and pickaxe on each collar, probably in black metal to match the Rifles' black badges and buttons. The companies of 20th KRRC were distinguished by coloured cloth covers on the shoulder straps: originally A Company blue, B green, C red and D yellow; after the introduction of the 3-company system these were A green, B red and C yellow. 3rd Division did not have a permanent scheme of identification marks for its battalions, but temporary signs were worn for the Somme, when 20th KRRC had a yellow square sewn on the haversack. 3rd Division's formation sign was a cross superimposed on a circle, in yellow. This does not appear to have been worn on uniforms, but may have been painted on transport vehicles.
Memorials
The battalion war diary gives little information on casualties, but the Commonwealth War Graves Commission records 276 men of 20th KRRC who died during the war. A number of these who have no known grave are commemorated on the Arras and Thiepval Memorials to the Missing.
The KRRC's World War I memorial, with sculpture by John Tweed, stands near the west door of Winchester Cathedral.
There is also a memorial on Wimbledon Common to the 19th, 22nd and 23rd Reserve Battalions of the King's Royal Rifle Corps who trained there in 1916–18 as part of 26th Reserve Brigade.
Notes
References
Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 1: The Regular British Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1934/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-38-X.
Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3a: New Army Divisions (9–26), London: HM Stationery Office, 1938/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X.
David Bilton, The Badges of Kitchener's Army, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2018, ISBN 978-1-47383-366-1.
Clive Dunn, The Fighting Pioneers: the Story of the 7th Durham Light Infantry, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2015, ISBN 978-1-47382-348-8.
Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1917, Vol II, Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele), London: HM Stationery Office, 1948/Uckfield: Imperial War Museum and Naval and Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-845747-23-7.
Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol I, The German March Offensive and its Preliminaries, London: Macmillan, 1935/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1995, ISBN 0-89839-219-5/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-725-1.
Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol II, March–April: Continuation of the German Offensives, London: Macmillan, 1937/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1995, ISBN 1-87042394-1/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-726-8.
Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol III, May–July: The German Diversion Offensives and the First Allied Counter-Offensive, London: Macmillan, 1939/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1994, ISBN 0-89839-211-X/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-727-5.
Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol IV, 8th August–26th September: The Franco-British Offensive, London: Macmillan, 1939/Uckfield: Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military, 2009, ISBN 978-1-845747-28-2.
Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds & Lt-Col R. Maxwell-Hyslop, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol V, 26th September–11th November, The Advance to Victory, London: HM Stationery Office, 1947/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1993, ISBN 1-870423-06-2/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2021, ISBN 978-1-78331-624-3.
Clive Elderton & Gary Gibbs, World War One British Army Corps and Divisional Signs, Wokingham: Military History Society, 2018.
Capt Cyril Falls, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1917, Vol I, The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battle of Arras, London: Macmillan, 1940/London: Imperial War Museum & Battery Press/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-722-0.
J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
Maj-Gen Sir Steuart Hare, The Annals of the King's Royal Rifle Corps, Vol V: The Great War, London:John Murray. 1932/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1-84342-456-7.
Mike Hibberd, Infantry Divisions, Identification Schemes 1917, Wokingham: Military History Society, 2016.
Jack Horsfall & Nigel Cave, Battleground Europe: Somme: Serre, London: Leo Cooper, 1996, ISBN 0-85052-508-X.
Brig E.A. James, British Regiments 1914–18, London: Samson Books, 1978, ISBN 0-906304-03-2/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-84342-197-9.
Capt Wilfred Miles, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1916, Vol II, 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme, London: Macmillan, 1938/Imperial War Museum & Battery Press, 1992, ISBN 0-89839-169-5/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84574-721-3.
Capt Wilfred Miles, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1916, Vol II, Appendices, London: Macmillan, 1938/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84574-847-0.
Mark Quinlan, Sculptors and Architects of Remembrance, Sandy, Bedfordshire: Authors Online, 2007, ISBN 978-0-755203-98-7.
Richard A. Rinaldi, The Original British Army of the Rhine, 2006.
Instructions Issued by The War Office During August, 1914, London: HM Stationery Office, 1916.
Instructions Issued by The War Office During September 1915, London: HM Stationery Office.
External sources
Chris Baker, The Long, Long Trail
Commonwealth War Graves Commission records
Imperial War Museum, War Memorials Register
War Memorials Online
King's Royal Rifle Corps
King's Royal Rifle Corps
King's Royal Rifle Corps
Military units and formations established in 1915
Military units and formations disestablished in 1920
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The following is a Wikipedia article. If multiple languages are used, different dialects may be indicated using square brackets. The formatting of the content may contain imperfections, as we have done our best to preserve only the text.
Findlay Curtis
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Findlay Curtis (born 1 October 2006) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Rangers.
Career
In July 2022, Curtis signed his first professional contract and was promoted to Rangers' under-18 team. His deal was extended in January 2023 to last until June 2024. On 1 May 2024 he scored a penalty kick to equalise as Rangers came from behind to win the Scottish Youth Cup against Aberdeen at Hampden Park. On 28 May 2024, Curtis signed a further extension until 2025.
Curtis was part of the Rangers B Team in the Scottish Challenge Cup. He scored twice in a 4–1 home win over Stenhousemuir on 22 October 2024, in the fourth round of the cup.
On 19 January 2025, Curtis made his first-team debut in the fourth round of the Scottish Cup, in a 5–0 win over Highland Football League club Fraserburgh. He came on as a substitute in the 62nd minute and assisted the last goal, completing Cyriel Dessers' hat-trick. Four days later he made his European debut in the UEFA Europa League league phase, again from the bench for the final half-hour of a 2–1 loss away to Manchester United; according to Ewan Paton of The National, he gave a good performance in "difficult circumstances".
On 29 January 2025, Curtis signed a contract extension of undisclosed length. Eighteen days later, he made his Scottish Premiership debut in the last minute of a 3–1 win away to Heart of Midlothian.
References
External links
2006 births
Living people
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Rangers F.C. players
Scottish Professional Football League players
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The following is a Wikipedia article. If multiple languages are used, different dialects may be indicated using square brackets. The formatting of the content may contain imperfections, as we have done our best to preserve only the text.
Károlyi Castle (Füzérradvány)
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Károlyi Castle is a 19th-century castle located in Füzérradvány, Sátoraljaújhely District, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, Hungary. The castle was built by Péter Réthey at the end of the 16th century. The castle and estate were given to László Károlyi by Leopold I in 1686. The Károlyi Castle, which dates back to the 16th century, was rebuilt in a romantic-eclectic style based on the plans of Miklós Ybl between 1860 and 1870, while its interior is in the Italian Renaissance style.
History
In 1614, the Füzérradvány estate was owned by Pál Nádasdy, but by 1620 it had passed to Péter Réthey. In a 1626 will, his widow bequeathed the Füzérradvány manor, built in the style of a castle, to their daughter, Zsófia Réthey, and her husband, Imre Mosdóssy, further obligating her to finish the construction of the Füzérradvány church. Zsófia Réthey, who lived in the castle with Ferenc Jékei Buly at the time. Between 1674 and 1680, Füzérradvány belonged to András Hartyáni as a royal gift, and to the treasury in 1680, but it continued to be used by the widow's second husband and his son, Mihály Várady. The castle and estate were donated by Leopold I to László Károlyi in 1686. In 1702, Károlyi's son, Baron Sándor Károlyi, acquired the Füzérradvány estate from the chamber for 5,000 HUF. In 1717, Sándor Károlyi mortgaged Füzérradvány, together with the castle and the villages, to Baron General Imre Dessewffy for 30 years for 5,000 HUF. From 1734, Dessewffy's son Ferenc Dessewffy, the Lord Lieutenant of Abaúj County, lived on the estate. In 1754, Count Ferenc Károlyi redeemed Füzérradvány.
In a 1717 description of the castle, it describes the building thoroughly, reflecting its uninhabited, doorless condition, which can be compared to what can be read from the line drawing taken in 1702. The castle was "L" shaped, with wings facing south and east, with a closed observation balcony at each of its three corners. In 1752, Count Ferenc Károlyi had a plan of the castle made, which returned to the Károlyi family in 1754, but was again leased to István Péchy.
During the ownership of Count Ede Károlyi, the late Renaissance castle built by Réthey was almost entirely demolished and rebuilt between 1846 until 1877. Count Ede the first Károlyi to choose Radvány as his permanent residence. An amateur designer, the Count asked Miklós Ybl, his family's preferred architect, to create the new, U-shaped castle with two wings connecting to it from the north.
The octagonal tower was designed by Count Ede Károlyi. According to Ervin Ybl's notes, his family constantly mocked Count Ede for the design, calling him a "stubborn" because of his tall, narrow, and rather disproportionate appearance. Between 1897 and 1902, Count László Károlyi had the southern residential wing of the castle rebuilt according to architect Albert Pio's plans, who also made plans in 1907. Between 1898 and 1913, Count László Károlyi and his wife, Countess Franciska Apponyi, purchased complete Renaissance fireplaces, door frames, and carvings primarily in Florence, from the art dealer Stefano Bardini, and in Paris, which were installed in the castle. They also purchased Renaissance and late Renaissance furniture and objects d'art, creating a museum-like interior.
Between 1936 and 1938, while owned by Count István Károlyi, the building was transformed into a luxury castle hotel based on the plans of György Lehoczky, who also designed the pavilions in the castle park. At that time, the upstairs rooms were divided into suites, and tennis, ski and golf courses, as well as beach and apartment houses were built in the park. The luxury hotel, surrounded by an impressive park, opened its doors to visitors in 1938 and, with an interruption, operated by the family until 1948.
Post World War II
After the nationalization in 1949, a hospital was set up at the castle, and, later, a sanatorium was located within its walls.
Between 2018 and 2021, within the framework of the National Castle Program, the complex renovation of the castle as a historic monument and its development into a tourist attraction was carried out as an investment by the NÖF National Heritage Protection Development Nonprofit Ltd.
Gallery
References
External links
Castles in Hungary
Museums in Hungary
Füzérradvány
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Lin Hsiang-ju
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Lin Hsiang-ju (; Born 1930 ) is a Chinese American biochemist and Author.
The youngest daughter of Lin Yutang, Lin Hsiang-ju was born in Shanghai and moved to the United States at the age of six with her family. Along with her sisters, Adet Lin and Lin Tai-yi, they published autobiographical work “Our Family” in 1939.
Lin received a degree in chemistry from Barnard College, Columbia University then graduated with a Master of Science and Doctor of Science in biochemistry from Harvard University. After graduation, she was a researcher at Columbia University working for Professor Erwin Chargaff, who was noted for his groundbreaking work on DNA.
For 25 years Dr. Lin was with the University of Hong Kong Department of Pathology, where she headed the Clinical Biochemistry Unit. In 1990, she moved to Texas to work at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, where she worked with Dr. F. Blaine Hollinger in the Dept. of Molecular Virology. Her research there ranged from cancer to AIDS and resulted in publications in several prominent Medical Journals including The Lancet and the American Journal of Epidemiology. She retired in 2000.
Lin was a superb cook and in 1960 she and her mother, Tsuifeng Lin, published a cookbook, "Secrets of Chinese Cooking"
and in 1969, the book “Chinese Gastronomy” for which her father wrote the foreword. Subsequently, she published a book on the culinary history of China in 2015 entitled “Slippery Noodles."
References
1930 births
American people of Chinese descent
American biochemists
Columbia University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Hong Kong
Baylor College of Medicine faculty
Living people
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Brit Awards 2025
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The Brit Awards 2025 was the 45th edition of the Brit Awards ceremony presented by British Phonographic Industry (BPI) to recognize the best in British and international music of 2024. The ceremony took place on Saturday 1 March 2025 at The O2 Arena in London. Jack Whitehall hosted the ceremony for the fifth time, returning as host after the 2021 ceremony.
For this year's ceremony, Charli XCX led the nominations with five, including British Album of the Year, Song of the Year and British Artist of the Year. Dua Lipa, the Last Dinner Party and Ezra Collective followed with four nominations each. The Beatles were nominated for Song of the Year for their "final song" "Now and Then", being their first nomination since 1983 where they were honoured with the Outstanding Contribution to Music award. Similarly, the Cure, who received three nominations including British Album of the Year for Songs of a Lost World (their first album in 16 years after 2008's 4:13 Dream), were nominated for an award for the first time since 1993.
Background
Trophy
The designer for this year's trophy was artist Gabriel Moses. The sculpture was inspired by Moses' Nigerian heritage as well as his upbringing in South London.
Brits Week 2025
In order to promote the awards ceremony and support the charity War Child, the BPI hosted a number of gigs as part of Brits Week. Artists performing as part of Brits Week included:
Cat Burns at Moth Club, London (17 February)
Joy Crookes at Islington Assembly Hall, London (18 February)
Rachel Chinouriri at Omeara, London (20 February)
Frank Turner at 93 Feet East, London (21 February)
Nova Twins at Omeara, London (24 February)
Kasabian with Blossoms at O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire, London (25 February)
Clean Bandit and Friends at The Palladium, London (28 February)
Tom Walker at King Tut's Wah Wah Hut, Glasgow (3 March)
Soft Play at Village Underground, London (4 March)
Rag'n'Bone Man at De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill (5 March)
Performers
Main ceremony
On 31 January 2025, the first batch of performers were announced. They included Little Mix member JADE, American singers Shaboozey and Teddy Swims, British singer Myles Smith and British group the Last Dinner Party. On 10 February, American singer Sabrina Carpenter was confirmed as a performer for the ceremony, as well as being announced as the recipient of the Brit Award for Global Success. On 17 February, the performer lineup was completed with the addition of Sam Fender and Lola Young. On 23 February, Shaboozey, via his Instagram Stories, announced that he would not be able to attend the ceremony due to "reasons beyond [his] control". On 26 February, just three days before the ceremony, Ezra Collective and Jorja Smith were announced to replace Shaboozey. A tribute montage was played during the show in memory of One Direction singer Liam Payne, who died in October 2024 aged 31.
Winners and nominees
The Rising Star shortlist was revealed on 26 November 2024. The complete list of nominees was announced on 23 January 2025. Winners appear first and are highlighted in bold.
Multiple nominations and awards
References
2025
March 2025 in the United Kingdom
2025 music awards
2025 in British music
2025 awards in the United Kingdom
2025 awards
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Executive Order 14176
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Executive Order 14176, titled "Declassification of Records Concerning the Assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.", is an executive order signed by Donald Trump on January 23, 2025, to declassify records about the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Martin Luther King Jr.
Background
President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963. His younger brother Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated, having been shot on June 5, 1968, and dying the day after. Civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968. These assassinations have attracted several conspiracy theories, which have been exacerbated by the fact that several documents have remained classified.
Earlier declassifications
A law signed during the presidency of George H. W. Bush ordered the declassification of all records relating to the assassination of President Kennedy in . When this time arrived during Donald Trump's first presidency, several documents were declassified; however, others remained classified. In 2021 President Joe Biden signed a presidential memorandum which created deadlines for more declassifications of documents about the assassination, which led to over 13,000 documents being released.
While Trump stated in his first presidency that he intended to declassify the remaining classified records, he later abstained from doing so due to appeals relating to national security reasons by the CIA and FBI. Subsequently, he later promised again during his 2024 presidential campaign to declassify the remaining documents.
Provisions
The executive order says that the Director of National Intelligence will, within 15 days, develop a plan to release the records concerning the assassination of JFK, and develop plans within 45 days for RFK and King.
Signing
Trump told his aide that the pen he used to sign the executive order is to be given to Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the son of RFK and nephew of JFK, and Trump's nominee for Secretary of Health and Human Services. Trump said "that's a big one" and "everything will be revealed" when referring to the executive order.
See also
List of executive orders in the second presidency of Donald Trump
President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992
Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act
References
External links
Full text of the executive order via whitehouse.gov
Full text of the executive order in the Federal Register
President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection at the National Archives
Executive orders of Donald Trump
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
Post–civil rights era in African-American history
Second presidency of Donald Trump
2025 in American law
January 2025 in the United States
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Phylloporis
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Phylloporis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Strigulaceae. It comprises seven species that are primarily found growing on leaves, with occasional occurrences on bark or on rocks.
Taxonomy
The genus Phylloporis was originally established by Frederic Clements in 1909, primarily to accommodate species with a foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) growth habit. Despite this, the genus was later merged into Strigula by some taxonomists due to shared anatomical characteristics, such as ascus type and internal anatomy. This broad generic concept was challenged by subsequent studies, which emphasised differences in thallus morphology and preference. These distinctions have led to the resurrection of Phylloporis as a separate genus, supported by molecular phylogenetics evidence presented by Jiang and colleagues in 2020.
Currently, Phylloporis is recognised as a basally diverging lineage among the foliicolous clades of Strigula sensu lato (in the loose sense). Its supracuticular (surface-dwelling) thallus, in contrast to the subcuticular growth seen in other clades, is thought to be an ancestral trait shared with genera such as Flavobathelium and Phyllobathelium. This supports the view that Phylloporis represents a distinct evolutionary lineage, distinct from Strigula.
Description
The vegetative body, or thallus, of Phylloporis lacks a protective outer layer () and is typically grey-green to grey in colour, forming a layer over its . This genus associates with the green algal genus Phycopeltis as its , which provides photosynthetic capabilities.
Phylloporis produces sexual structures known as perithecia, which are specialised, rounded to conical fruiting bodies. These black structures can either erupt through the surface of the thallus or remain prominent and covered by the thallus layer. The perithecia are (composed of a hard, blackened material) and ostiolate, meaning they have a small opening (ostiole) for spore release. Surrounding the perithecia is a hardened outer covering, the , which is also carbonised. The , or the layer of tissue beneath the involucrellum, has a net-like texture () and is dark brown to blackish.
Inside the perithecia, the —consisting of thread-like, unbranched paraphyses—is colourless (hyaline) and slightly flexible. These structures are extremely fine, measuring only 0.5–0.7 μm in width. The asci (spore sacs) are , meaning they have two functional layers that assist in spore release, and contain eight spores each. These asci are cylindrical, with a short stalk (pedicel) and a narrow ocular chamber at the tip, and they do not react to iodine staining (non-amyloid). The spores are to ellipsoid, hyaline, and divided into two cells (uniseptate). They feature smooth walls and a slight constriction at the central septum.
The genus also produces asexual reproductive structures, the pycnidia, which appear as small, black dots on the thallus. These structures often dominate thalli, which may produce only pycnidia. The spores produced in these structures, known as conidia, can be of two types: macroconidia and microconidia. Macroconidia are larger, ellipsoid to rod-shaped (bacillar), and uniseptate, often with gelatinous appendages. In contrast, microconidia are smaller, ellipsoid to spindle-shaped (fusiform), and lack septa. Both types of conidia are transparent (hyaline). No secondary metabolites or lichen-specific chemicals have been identified in Phylloporis.
Habitat and distribution
Phylloporis species are primarily found growing on leaves, with occasional occurrences on bark or rocks. They inhabit terrestrial environments ranging from lowland regions to montane zones within tropical and subtropical climates.
Species
, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept seven species of Phylloporis:
Phylloporis austropunctata
Phylloporis cinefaciens
Phylloporis hypothallina
Phylloporis palmae
Phylloporis phyllogena
Phylloporis radiata
Phylloporis vulgaris
References
Dothideomycetes
Dothideomycetes genera
Lichen genera
Taxa described in 1909
Taxa named by Frederic Clements
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Midtown Skyport
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Midtown Skyport was a seaplane base in New York City, located at Pier 79 on the East River near the foot of 31st Street in Manhattan. Opened in 1935, the Midtown Skyport only operated for a few years due to the construction of the East River Drive and the opening of a new seaplane base on the East River near 23rd Street. From 1936 to 1940, the seaplane base at 31st Street accommodated scheduled passenger service to Philadelphia operated by Keystone Airlines.
History
Background
In the 1930s, one of Mayor Fiorello La Guardia's efforts to promote aviation in New York City involved the construction of two city-owned seaplane bases, located on the East River at the ends of 31st Street and Wall Street, which were called the Midtown Skyport and Downtown Skyport, respectively. Their purpose was to facilitate the use of seaplanes by private owners, provide seaplane commuting services to suburban areas, and encourage airlines to provide direct service to Manhattan. An air taxi service was also planned between the seaplane bases in Manhattan and Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, which opened in 1930 as city's first municipal airport.
The foot of 31st Street had previously been used as a launching spot for amphibious aircraft into the East River. Loening Aeronautical Engineering Company had its factory on the block between First Avenue and the waterfront. The company had built a floating ramp for amphibians alongside the pier at the end of 31st Street—which it leased from the city—that enabled aircraft to taxi in and out of the water. Before this, aircraft from the factory were brought out to the pier and had to be hoisted into the river using a crane. The private ramp was also used by some aircraft transporting passengers to Manhattan. In 1927, aircraft manufacturer Grover Loening had supported the development of a municipal seaplane base near 23rd Street, pointing out that conditions in the East River were more suitable for waterborne aircraft compared to those in the Hudson River, and all that was needed was the addition of a by platform to the existing dock at 24th Street. Plans to use this site, which was being used as an anchorage for the New York Yacht Club, were considered by Mayor Jimmy Walker's Committee on Airports the following year.
Construction and opening
Each of the new seaplane bases on the East River had a floating ramp that was constructed at the Brooklyn Navy Yard using Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA) funds. The floating ramp included a diameter turntable that allowed planes to taxi from the water onto the partially submerged end of the turntable and be rotated 180 degrees so the rear of the plane moved out of the water, allowing passengers to quickly load and unload before the aircraft returned to the water for takeoff. The entire process could be done in less than 40 seconds. By using the turntable, seaplanes did not have spend extra time tying up to a dock or using a boat to transport passengers to and from the shore. The aquatic turntable was similar to one used at the seaplane terminal in Jersey City that opened in 1933 and was one of the first such turntables in the United States.
The Downtown Skyport opened in September 1934. Meanwhile, construction of the Midtown Skyport was approved by the Sinking Fund Commission on February 27, 1935, using $20,000 of funds from TERA. During construction of the new seaplane base at 31st Street, the project to develop the floating ramps for it and the Downtown Skyport was criticized for poor management as it was found to have cost nearly four times the original estimate. The project was examined by a Aldermanic committee investigating relief projects, with Lloyd Paul Stryker serving as counsel to the committee. The Midtown Skyport opened on May 8, 1935; the facility included a one-story terminal building with a porch on Pier 79.
The following month, more than 100 mayors attending the Conference on Seaport Cities received a demonstration of the use of the seaplane ramp and turntable from the deck of the while they were being taken on a tour of the harbor. By August 1935, the Midtown Skyport was being used by affluent workers commuting from Long Island. The new East River seaplane base at 31st Street—along with the other seaplane base at Wall Street, as well as Floyd Bennett Field and North Beach Airport—were included in a poster promoting New York City's municipal airports that was developed for the Federal Art Project sponsored by the Works Progress Administration.
In March 1936, the city began construction of a new seaplane base on the East River near 23rd Street. One of the objectives of the new seaplane base was to provide a faster airmail link between Floyd Bennett Field and Manhattan, as the Madison Square Post Office was located nearby and connected by pneumatic mail tubes to the General Post Office across from Pennsylvania Station. The city had originally planned to close both the Midtown Skyport and Downtown Skyport to consolidate all operations to the new seaplane base at 23rd Street, but ended up deciding to keep all three facilities in place.
On October 31, 1936, Keystone Airlines began providing passenger service to Philadelphia, operating between the Midtown Skyport and the Bainbridge Street Wharf on the Delaware River. The airline purchased two Sikorsky S-38s to operate the service, which had three daily round trips. Georgina Pope Yeatman was a passenger on the inaugural flight from Philadelphia to New York City, who was representing Philadelphia Mayor S. Davis Wilson. It was the first airline to provide intercity service from the seaplane base at 31st Street. Keystone Airlines operated service on the route until 1940.
In December 1936, the Twenty-third Street Association held a luncheon and passed a resolution calling for a hearing with the city asking why the seaplane base at 23rd Street had not been further advanced. A speaker at the luncheon from Keystone Airlines said that the present terminal at the Midtown Skyport was inadequate. Construction of the new seaplane base at 23rd Street resumed in 1938, by then the facility was being planned to serve as a replacement for the Midtown Skyport at 31st Street. The improvements were made using $500,000 of Works Progress Administration funds. A total of 535 aircraft used the Midtown Skyport during the 1938 season, which officially ran from May 9 to November 1.
Closure
The new seaplane base at 23rd Street, which became known as the New York Skyports Seaplane Base, opened in 1939. By 1941, the seaplane base at 31st Street had closed when the segment of the East River Drive between 23rd and 34th streets was completed. As part of the construction of the highway, a new bulkhead was built and landfill was added to extend the shoreline, covering the former site of Pier 79. Much of the landfill was brought to the United States as ships' ballast from the rubble of the city of Bristol in England during World War II. The turntable from the Midtown Skyport was moved to the new seaplane base at 23rd Street before the opening of the 1941 season.
The former site of the seaplane base at 31st Street was subsequently used as a parking lot and later as a waterfront esplanade with parking for The Water Club, a restaurant and event venue moored on barges in the river.
References
1935 establishments in New York City
Defunct airports in New York City
East River
Kips Bay, Manhattan
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1992 Bethune–Cookman Wildcats football team
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The 1992 Bethune–Cookman Wildcats football team represented Bethune–Cookman College (now known as Bethune–Cookman University) as a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) during the 1992 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Led by first-year head coach Sylvester Collins, the Wildcats compiled an overall record of 4–7, with a mark of 2–4 in conference play, and finished sixth in the MEAC.
Schedule
References
Bethune-Cookman
Bethune–Cookman Wildcats football seasons
Bethune-Cookman Wildcats football
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Mauro Couto
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Mauro Meireles Couto (born 15 November 2005) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Sporting CP B as a winger.
Career
Couto is a youth product of the academies of FC Cête, Penafiel, Dragon Force, Padroense and Paços de Ferreira. He made his senior and professional debut with Paços de Ferreira as a substitute in a 3–2 Primeira Liga loss to Casa Pia on 11 September 2022. On 31 January 2023, he signed his first professional contract with Paços de Ferreira until 2025. For the 2023–24 season he was loan to Sporting CP B, and he was formally signed to Sporting on 9 January 2024.
International career
Couto is a youth international for Portugal. In March 2023, he was first called up to the Portugal U18s for a set of friendlies.
References
External links
FPF Profile
2005 births
Living people
Footballers from Paredes, Portugal
Portuguese men's footballers
Portugal men's youth international footballers
F.C. Paços de Ferreira players
Sporting CP footballers
Sporting CP B players
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Liga 3 (Portugal) players
Men's association football wingers
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2024 AFC Championship Game
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The 2024 American Football Conference (AFC) Championship Game was a National Football League (NFL) game played on January 26, 2025, to determine the AFC champion for the 2024 NFL season. The game featured a showdown between the Buffalo Bills and Kansas City Chiefs, their second in an AFC Championship in the Josh Allen–Patrick Mahomes era.
The Chiefs entered the game slightly favored to win, due to being the AFC's top seed and having home field advantage at Arrowhead Stadium. However, the Bills defeated the Chiefs in the regular season, which was the Chiefs' first loss after starting with a 9–0 record to begin the season. Kansas City would go on to finish the regular season with a 15–2 record, while Buffalo would finish the season with a 13–4 record, capturing the #2 seed in the AFC.
The game took place at Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri. The Chiefs won 32–29, in a game that was marred by controversial calls primarily against the Bills. While the controversial calls in the game would receive backlash from fans and commentators alike, league commissioner Roger Goodell defended the league's position on the state of its officiating, calling the perception of the alleged favoritism of the Chiefs by the league's officials as a "ridiculous theory", but did state that the league would find ways to improve officiating to include the implementation of technology to assist the league's officials in future situations.
The Chiefs would go on to lose Super Bowl LIX to the Philadelphia Eagles.
Background
Since the emergence of Patrick Mahomes and Josh Allen as the leading quarterbacks for their respective teams, the Chiefs and Bills have developed one of the NFL's most intense and storied rivalries. Their history in the playoffs has been particularly dramatic:
2020: Chiefs defeated Bills in the AFC Championship, 38–24, at Arrowhead Stadium.
2021: Another playoff encounter in the Divisional Round, where the Chiefs edged out the Bills in overtime, 42–36, famously known as the "13 Seconds" game.
2023: Chiefs again bested Bills in the Divisional Round, 27–24, in Buffalo, highlighting the tight nature of their matchups.
The Chiefs have reached the AFC Championship Game for seven straight years. This streak rivals some of the longest in NFL history, including the New England Patriots' run from 2011 to 2018. Winning this game also gave the Chiefs the chance to secure a third consecutive Super Bowl victory, a feat never accomplished in NFL history.
The Chiefs finished the regular season with a 15–2 record, earning their ninth straight AFC West title and the AFC's #1 seed. The Bills finished with a 13–4 record to claim their fifth consecutive AFC East title and the AFC's #2 seed.
To advance to the AFC Championship Game, the #2 seed Buffalo Bills defeated the Denver Broncos, 31–7 in the Wild Card Round, and the Baltimore Ravens, 27–25, in the Divisional Round. The #1 seed Kansas City Chiefs, having a bye in the Wild Card Round as the top seed, defeated the Houston Texans, 23–14, in the Divisional Round.
The Bills have shown significant growth, with Josh Allen's development into an elite quarterback paralleling the team's rise.
This was the seventh playoff meeting in the history between the Bills and Chiefs, and the fourth in five seasons. The Chiefs lead the historical playoff series 5–2, including the 2021 AFC Divisional Game, where the Chiefs offense orchestrated a game-tying drive in the final 13 seconds of regulation. The most recent playoff meeting before this contest came in the 2023 AFC Divisional Game, which the Chiefs won 27–24 in Buffalo en route to winning Super Bowl LVIII after Bills kicker Tyler Bass missed a potential game-tying field goal wide right in the final two minutes of regulation, the last conference championship meeting was the 2020 AFC Championship game in which the Chiefs won 38–24. In the regular season, the Bills defeated the Chiefs 30–21 in Buffalo during Week 11.
This was the seventh straight AFC Championship Game appearance (and 8th overall) for the Chiefs. The eighth team to win back-to-back Super Bowls, they became the first back-to-back champion to reach the Super Bowl for a third straight appearance. This was the seventh overall AFC Championship Game appearance for the Bills, who have not won the conference since their four consecutive AFC Championship Game victories from 1990 to 1993.
Game summary
First half
The Chiefs started off the scoring via a Kareem Hunt 12-yard run on their first possession. On the next possession, Bills' kicker Tyler Bass connected on a 55-yard field goal, the longest postseason kick in the history of Arrowhead Stadium. With 57 seconds left in the first quarter, Patrick Mahomes fumbled on Buffalo's 23-yard line; it was Kansas City's first offensive turnover since Week 11, which coincidentally came against Buffalo. The Bills took the momentum and scored on their next possession at in the second quarter via a James Cook 6-yard run, his 20th total touchdown (regular season and playoffs) of the season. The Chiefs responded with an eleven-play drive on a Mahomes touchdown pass to rookie Xavier Worthy, taking the lead, 14–10. The Bills went three-and-out and a Nikko Remigio 41-yard punt return set up the Chiefs on the Bills 29-yard line. Then, Xavier Worthy caught a questionable jump ball catch on 3rd-and-5, taking the ball to Buffalo's 3-yard line. With 1:55 left in the half, Mahomes ran it in on a rollout to the right from Buffalo's 1-yard line to go up 21–10. On the Bills next possession, a Mack Hollins 34-yard pass from Josh Allen cut the lead to one score. The Bills tried to cut the lead to three points by attempting a two-point conversion, but receiver Curtis Samuel was stopped short of the goal line. The game went into halftime with Kansas City holding a 21–16 lead.
Second half
Kansas City's first drive out of halftime stalled on a Matt Milano sack of Mahomes on 3rd-and-11 on Buffalo's 37-yard line. Buffalo proceeded to take the ball down the field and scored on a James Cook 1-yard run on 4th-and-goal, taking the lead, 22–21. Bass made his extra point attempt, but Chiefs safety Justin Reid was called for offside, having come over the line of scrimmage before the ball was snapped in an attempt to block the kick. The Bills had the choice of declining the penalty, which would've resulted in a successful extra point, or accepting the penalty, which would allow them to attempt another two-point conversion, but from the one-yard line instead of the two-yard line due to the penalty. The Bills accepted the penalty, and their second two-point conversion attempt of the game, a quarterback sneak by Allen, was unsuccessful. On the ensuing possession, the Bills defense held the Chiefs to a punt, giving Buffalo the opportunity to possibly go up by two possessions. However, the drive ended with no score after the final two plays, and in particular Josh Allen's fourth-and-inches quarterback sneak, were controversially ruled short of the line to gain, turning the ball over to the Chiefs on Kansas City's 41-yard line with 13:01 left to play.
The Chiefs responded to it with a five-play, 59-yard touchdown drive capped off by a 10-yard Mahomes run, his second rushing touchdown of the game and third overall in the postseason; on the two-point conversion, Mahomes found Justin Watson at the back of the endzone to take the lead 29-22. The Bills then marched down the field on a nine-play, 70-yard touchdown drive, culminating in a four-yard touchdown pass from Allen to Samuel on 4th-and-goal, and after Bass made the extra point, the score was tied at 29 with 6:15 left in the game. The Chiefs' next drive stalled on Buffalo's 17-yard line, with the Bills holding them to a Harrison Butker field goal, giving the Chiefs a 32–29 lead with 3:33 left to play. The Bills got the ball back, and needed to either kick a field goal to tie the game or score a touchdown to take the lead in order to avoid a fourth consecutive playoff loss to the Chiefs. However, the Bills were only able to get one first down, a Josh Allen 13-yard scramble on 2nd-and-11 from the Buffalo 29-yard line. After the scramble, first and second down resulted in incompletions before Allen connected with Amari Cooper for five yards on 3rd-and-10, setting up a do-or-die 4th-and-5 for the Bills. On the play, Kansas City defensive coordinator Steve Spagnuolo chose to heavily blitz Allen, causing him to heave the ball to Dalton Kincaid. The ball was catchable, but Kincaid misread the pass and dropped it while sliding. Buffalo then used a timeout after each play the Chiefs ran in an effort to get the ball back, but Kansas City was able to get a first down and kneel out the clock to secure their berth in Super Bowl LIX.
In the game, star quarterbacks Josh Allen and Patrick Mahomes recorded similar statistics: Allen went 22–34 with 237 yards passing and two passing touchdowns, while Mahomes went 18–26 for 245 yards and one touchdown. On the ground, Allen went for 39 yards on 11 carries, while Mahomes had 43 yards on 11 carries with two scrambling touchdowns. In nine composite matchups between the Chiefs and Bills (regular season and playoffs), Mahomes's team now has outscored Allen's 245–240. In addition, with the AFC Championship Game win, Mahomes now has 17 postseason wins, breaking a tie with Joe Montana for the second-most wins by a quarterback in playoff history and trailing only Tom Brady and his 35 wins.
The broadcast on CBS drew an AFC Championship Game record viewing audience of 57.4 million viewers.
Box score
Aftermath
Chiefs' Super Bowl appearance
The win advanced the Chiefs to Super Bowl LIX against the NFC Champion Philadelphia Eagles, marking the third straight year that the Chiefs would win the AFC Championship. The Chiefs became the first team to win two consecutive Super Bowls and play in a Super Bowl the following season; the previous eight teams to win two consecutive Super Bowls failed to appear in the game the year after, with the only one to appear in three consecutive Super Bowl games being the 1971–73 Miami Dolphins, losing the first game before winning the next two.
The Chiefs would lose a lopsided affair to the Eagles, falling behind 40-6 in the fourth quarter before scoring two late touchdowns, making the game's final score 40-22. The loss denied the Chiefs of an unprecedented "three-peat" of Super Bowl victories. A substantial portion of the Buffalo metropolitan area boycotted the Super Bowl in protest, with television viewership falling 25% to a record low for the game there; this was not enough to make any measurable impact on overall national viewership, where a decision to stream the game for free on Tubi and count all Tubi streams as unique viewers overwhelmed any protest boycotts and pushed overall viewership numbers to a new record.
Controversial calls and responses
The controversial calls against the Bills were met with intense backlash, from both fans and media alike, where a petition was launched calling for a boycott of the NFL, in addition to that season's Super Bowl. The petitioner accused the NFL of favoritism of the Kansas City Chiefs, while also calling for the league to introduce “training and accountability mechanisms” for officials in response to said accusation.
During the second quarter, officials ruled that Chiefs wide receiver Xavier Worthy made a completed catch over Bills safety Cole Bishop. While the ruling on the field would stand following a challenge from Bills coach Sean McDermott, video replay had shown that the ball hit the ground. Some commentators also spotted that Bishop had a hand on the ball, resulting in a simultaneous possession. The official NFL rulebook states:
Early in the fourth quarter, CBS rules analyst Gene Steratore stated that he believed Josh Allen got the first down on a 4th down quarterback sneak "by about a third of the football", at the Chiefs' 40-yard line. This opinion was also echoed by announcer Jim Nantz. However, Allen was ruled short of a first down, resulting in a turnover on downs.
Rules analyst and former NFL Vice President of Officiating, Dean Blandino, told TMZ in an interview, that he believed that the officials had incorrectly ruled Allen short on his 4th down sneak:
An article from Sports Illustrated also noted the questionable ball spotting during Buffalo's offensive drives, accusing the officiating crew of moving the Bills behind the first down marker. In a video posted on social media, CBS announcers Jim Nantz and Tony Romo had called first downs for Buffalo in real-time, with the officials suddenly spotting the ball shorter than when the play had officially ended. On the Bills’ final possession of the game, Allen threw an incomplete pass to tight end Dalton Kincaid that was dropped. A flag had been immediately thrown to indicate defensive pass interference on the Chiefs, but the flag was immediately picked up by the officials, which was also another discussion point among fans.
According to Mike Florio of NBC Sports, referee Clete Blakeman did not talk to reporters following the conclusion of the game. As a result, a pool report was not submitted.
During his Super Bowl press conference in New Orleans, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell called the supposed “conspiracy theories” surrounding favoritism of the Chiefs as a “ridiculous theory”, but stated that he understood why fans could feel that way, citing passion for the game as a reason. Goodell defended the officiating crews in the league, calling them "an outstanding group of men and women dedicated to the game."
The NFL Referee Association’s executive director, Scott Green, also echoed Goodell's opinion, adding that officiating crews do not work the same team more than twice in the regular season. Green also added that it was "insulting and preposterous" to imply that the league's officials (consisting of 17 crews and 138 officials in total) were colluding to assist the Chiefs.
Personnel
Starting lineups
Officials
Officials adapted from official NFL game summary.
Referee: Clete Blakeman (#34)
Umpire: Terry Killens, Jr. (#77)
Down judge: Patrick Holt (#106)
Line judge: Jeff Seeman (#45)
Field judge: Anthony Flemming (#90)
Side judge: Don Willard (#58)
Back judge: Todd Prukop (#30)
Replay official: Chad Adams (#0)
See also
2021 AFC Divisional playoff game (Buffalo–Kansas City)
Bills–Chiefs rivalry
Bottlegate
Fail Mary
Music City Miracle
NOLA No-Call
References
External links
Buffalo Bills vs. Kansas City Chiefs FULL GAME | AFC Championship (via the NFL's official YouTube channel)
AFC Championship Games
Buffalo Bills
Kansas City Chiefs
NFL controversies
2020s in Kansas City, Missouri
AFC Championship Game
2025 in sports in Missouri
American football competitions in Kansas City, Missouri
NFL playoff games
Buffalo Bills postseason
AFC Championship
Kansas City Chiefs postseason
Kansas City Chiefs rivalries
Buffalo Bills rivalries
Patrick Mahomes
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The following is a Wikipedia article. If multiple languages are used, different dialects may be indicated using square brackets. The formatting of the content may contain imperfections, as we have done our best to preserve only the text.
Salon des indépendants
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The Salon des indépendants is an annual art exhibition in Paris, begun in 1884. Organised by the Société des artistes indépendants, it aims to show works by all artists claiming a certain independence in their art and was formed - like the Société - in reaction to artists refused by the juries of the Paris Salon and the dominance of academic art.
Principles
It has no jury or prizes, though it still has an admission commission. In the 1950s Fernand Léger specified that for him the Salon des Indépendants was "above all a salon of painters for painters, ... a salon for artistic display, ... its eternal renewal ... is its reason for existence. Here, there must always be a place for searchers and their concerns. ... The salon des indépendants is a salon of lovers, ... the Salon of Inventors. ... The middle classes who come to laugh at these palpitations never suspect that its a whole play which plays out there, with all its joys and its stories. If they were aware of it, because deep down they are good people, they would enter it with respect, as if it was a church"..
The Salon's founders also believed art could contribute to the common good, as expressed by one of its founders, Paul Signac - "Justice in sociology, harmony in art ; [they are the] same thing". It has been representative of the major art movements of the late 19th and 20th centuries - Pointillism, Nabism, Symbolism, Fauvism and Cubism. It attracted many artists from across Europe.
History and legal life of the Société
It was created in 1884 in Paris by artists wishing to exhibit their works freely and free from all juries. The Groupe des indépendants organised a first salon which had some public and critical success. The painter Albert Dubois-Pillet, also a captain in the Republican Guard, gained authority for a site, the "barquement B", rue des Tuileries, though it was disorganised.
Hundreds of artists took part, including Georges Seurat, Charles Angrand, Odilon Redon, Henri-Edmond Cross and Paul Signac, but also mediocre painters - as a 1939 article on it observed "As usual, turnips abounded there, as in all salons whatever colour they may be". Erratic cash management put an end to this first Salon, which had to be financially liquidated. Forty artists thus regrouped under the presidency of Odilon Redon, first meeting on 31 May in the salle Montesquieu at a Duval bouillon at 5 Rue Montesquieu. At that meeting they aimed to create a more viable salon. Among its founder members, Redon and were the first joint-presidents and other founder members were Seurat, Signac, Cross, Marie-Edmond Höner and Angrand.
The general assembly pronounced the salon's foundation on 4 June 1884 and it was constituted that 11 June by depositing its statutes before master Coursault, a notary in Montmorency. On 14 June its statutes were published in the Affiches Parisiennes and on 30 June the legal declaration on the Société's functioning was made at the Préfecture de police. A committee of eleven members was formed on 29 July, presided over by Alfred André Guinard, who signed its statutes, which the artistic press reported on, such as the Le Moniteur des arts of 3 October 1884.
It gained its legal status under the 1 July 1901 law of associations on 4 December 1903 and published its first Journal officiel the following day. It was recognised as a public utility on 30 March 1923.
Dates and locations
Its site and date varied year on year. The first exhibition preceded the official foundation of the Société, taking place as the "Groupe des artistes indépendants" from 15 May 1884 the "Salon des Tuileries", rue des Tuileries under the name - it included some painters such as Alfred Guinard who are now mostly forgotten. Very quickly after the Société's formation it opened a "Salon d'hiver" (winter salon) at the pavillon de la ville de Paris on avenue des Champs-Élysées from 10 December 1884, the first official exhibition - it included Georges Seurat's Bathers at Asnières, Paul Signac's Pont d'Austerlitz and Henri-Edmond Cross's In the jardin du Luxembourg.
The Salons then continued every year except 1885 and from 1914 to 1918. There were also other one-off exhibitions organised by the Société and from 1966 a thematic exhibition alongside the Salon. Since 19 November 2006 the Salon has been held alongside the Salon des artistes français, the Salon de la Société nationale des beaux-arts, the Salon Comparaisons (set up in 1950) and the Salon de dessin et peinture à l'eau (set up in 1953), with the five together known as "Art en capital" ("Art in the capital").
Main exhibition
in 1886 (21 August-21 September), rue des Tuileries, building B, near the pavillon de Flore
in 1887 (26 March-3 May), pavillon de la ville de Paris, Champs-Élysées
in 1888 (22 March-3 May), pavillon de la ville de Paris
in 1889 (3 September-4 October), hall of the Société d'horticulture, 84, rue Grenelle-Saint-GerMayn
in 1890 (20 March-27 April), pavillon de la ville de Paris
in 1891 (20 March-27 April), pavillon de la ville de Paris
in 1892 (19 March-27 April), pavillon de la ville de Paris
in 1893 (18 March-27 April), pavillon de la ville de Paris
in 1894 (7 April-27 May), palais des Arts libéraux, Champ-de-Mars
in 1895 (9 April-26 May), palais des Arts libéraux
in 1896 (1 avril-31 May), palais des Arts libéraux
in 1897 (3 April-31 May), palais des Arts libéraux
in 1898 (19 April-12 June), Palais de Glace, Champs-Élysées
in 1899 (21 October-26 November), Garde-meuble du Colisée, 5, rue du Colisée, Champs-Élysées
in 1900 (5-25 December), Garde-meuble du Colisée, 5, rue du Colisée
in 1901 (20 April-21 May), Les Grandes Serres de l'Alma, cours la Reine
in 1902 (29 March-5 May), Les Grandes Serres de l'Alma
in 1903 (20 March-25 April), Les Grandes Serres de l'Alma
in 1904 (21 February-24 March), Les Grandes Serres de l'Alma
in 1905 (24 March-30 April), Les Grandes Serres de l'Alma
in 1906 (20 March-30 April), Les Grandes Serres de l'Alma
in 1907 (24 March-30 April), Les Grandes Serres de l'Alma
in 1908 (20 March-2 May), Les Grandes Serres de l'Alma
in 1909 (25 March-2 May), Les Grandes Serres de l'Orangerie, jardin des Tuileries
in 1910 (18 March-1 May), Les Baraquements du cours la Reine, pont des Invalides
in 1911 (21 April-13 June), Les Baraquements du quai d'Orsay, pont de l'Alma
in 1912 (20 March-16 May), Les Baraquements du quai d'Orsay
in 1913 (19 March-18 May), Les Baraquements du quai d'Orsay
in 1914 (1 mars-30 April), Les Baraquements du Champ de Mars, avenue de la Bourdonnais, near the École militaire
in 1920 (28 January-28 February), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées, avenue Victor-Emmanuel III
in 1921 (23 January-28 February), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1922 (28 January-28 February), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1923 (10 February-10 March), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1924 (9 February-12 March), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1926 (20 March-2 May), Palais de Bois, 93, avenue de la Grande-Armée, Porte Mayllot
in 1927 (21 January-27 February), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1928 (20 January-29 February), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1929 (18 January-28 February), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1930 (17 January-2 March), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1931 (23 January-1 March), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1932 (22 January-28 February), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1933 (20 January-26 February), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1934 (2 February-11 March), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1935 (28 January-3 March), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1936 (7 February-8 March), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1937 (5 March-4 April), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1938 (4 March-3 April), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1939 (17 March-10 April), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1940 (1 March-25 March) palais de Chaillot, place du Trocadéro
in 1941 (14 March-6 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris, avenue de Tokyo
in 1942 (6 March-6 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1943 (14 March-11 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1944 (3 March-2 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1945 (2 March-2 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1946 (1 March-30 March), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1939 (17 March-10 April), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1940 (1 March-25 March) palais de Chaillot, place du Trocadéro
in 1941 (14 March-6 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1942 (6 March-6 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1943 (14 March-11 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1944 (3 March-2 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1945 (2 March-2 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1946 (1 March-30 March) avenue Victor-Emmanuel III
in 1939 (17 March-10 April), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1940 (1 March-25 March) palais de Chaillot
in 1941 (14 March-6 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1942 (6 March-6 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1943 (14 March-11 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1944 (3 March-2 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1945 (2 March-2 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1946 (1 March-30 March), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris, avenue de New York
in 1947 (28 February-30 March), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1948 (4 March-4 April), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1949 (22 April-15 May), musée des beaux arts de la ville de Paris
in 1950 (8 April-30 April), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1951 (31 March-22 April), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1952 (23 April-18 May), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1953 (17 April-10 May), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1954 (14 April-9 May), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1955 (15 April-8 May), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1956 (19 April-13 May), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1957 (31 May-23 June), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1958 (18 April-11 May), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1959 (17 April-10 May), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1960 (22 April-15 May), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1961 (21 April-14 May), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1962 (12 April-6 May), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1963 (10 April-8 May), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1964 (10 April-3 May), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1965 (23 April-16 May), Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
Associated exhibitions - Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées
in 1966 (29 March-17 May); « Les Indépendants à la Belle Époque »
in 1967 (23 March-16 April); « Les Indépendants de 1902 à 1905 »
in 1968 (23 March-16 April); « Les Indépendants de 1905 à 1909 »
in 1969 (28 March-20 April); « Les Indépendants in 1910 »
in 1970 (26 March-19 April); « Les Indépendants de 1911 à 1914 »
in 1971 (16 April-9 May); « De Pont-Aven aux Nabis, 1883-1903 »
in 1972 (6 April-26 April); « Fauves et Cubistes »
in 1973 (23 March-10 April); « L'Art in 1912-1919 »
in 1974 (21 March-8 April); « Portes ouvertes aux jeunes »
in 1975 (7 March-27 March); « La Femme peintre et sculpteur au Xxe siecle »
in 1976 (11 March-4 April); « L'Art égyptien contemporain »
in 1977 (10 March-3 April); « Horizon-Jeunesse / Perspectives israéliennes »
in 1978 (16 March-9 April); « Le 70e anniversaire du cubisme »
in 1979 (8 February-5 March); « L'Or des années folles »
in 1980 (13 March-13 April); « L'Amérique aux indépendants »
in 1981 (5 March-5 April); « Les Grands décorateurs »
in 1982 (14 April-2 May); « Le Génie des naïfs »
in 1983 (8 March-27 March); « Montmartre, les ateliers du génie »
in 1984 (8 April-2 May); « Un siècle, 100 chefs-d'œuvre »
in 1985 (6 June-26 July); « De la Bible à nos jours »
in 1986 (5 April-27 April); « La Femme, corps et âme »
in 1987 (11 April-3 May); « Comment peindre la Joconde en évitant les craquelures »
in 1988 (13 April-1 May); « Les Artistes témoins de Paris »
in 1989 (3 February-12 February); « La Conquête de la liberté artistique »
in 1990 (10 May-22 May); « Van Gogh aux Indépendants »
in 1991 (7 November-24 November); « Rétrospective Paul Delvaux »
in 1992 (19 November-29 November); « Rétrospective Fernando Botero »
in 1993 (5 November-21 November); « Le Triomphe du trompe-l'œil »
Associated exhibitions - espace Eiffel-Branly
in 1994 (2 December-21 December; « Du chemin de fer à Eurotunnel »
in 1995 (26 October-5 November; « Le Trésor des indépendants »
in 1996 (13 December-22 December; « Fleuves au long cours »
in 1997 (24 October-2 November; « La Fin du siècle »
in 1998 (23 October-1 November; « Le sport dans l'art »
in 1999 (22 October-31 October; « Peintres et sculpteurs contemporains »
2000 (20 October-29 October; « La Joconde change de siècle »
One-off exhibitions
1926 : « Trente ans d'Art Indépendant », retrospective, 20 February – 21 March, Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées, avenue Alexandre III
1934 : « Exposition du cinquantenaire »
1938 : « Exposition de la Société des artistes indépendants néerlandais »
1939 : « Centenaire de Paul Cézanne »
1983-1984 : « Montmartre, les ateliers du génie ». Au Japon : Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Kita Kyü Shü, Miyazaki
1984 : « Exposition du Centenaire », marking the Societe's centenary
1989-1990 : « Comment peindre la Joconde ». Au Japon : Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Aomori, Niigata
Exhibitors and members
References
Bibliography (in French)
Arthur Cravan, « L'Exposition des Indépendants », revue Maintenant, no. 4, 1914
Jean Monneret, Catalogue raisonné des artistes indépendants, Paris, éditions Éric Koehler, 1999
Jean Monneret, Catalogue raisonné du Salon des Indépendants 1884-2000 : les Indépendants dans l'histoire de l'art, Paris, 2000
Dominique Lobstein (preface by Serge Lemoine), Dictionnaire des Indépendants, Dijon, L'Échelle de Jacob, 2003
Pierre Sanchez (preface by Emmanuel Bréon), Dictionnaire des Indépendants : répertoire des exposants et liste des œuvres présentées : 1920-1950, Dijon, L'Échelle de Jacob, 2008
; rééd. Paris, Gallimard, 1997
External links
Official site
Salon des artistes français
Art en Capital
Culture of France
1884 establishments in France
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Nokukhanya Bhengu
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Nokukhanya Bhengu (3 March 1904–16 December 1996) was a South African teacher, farmer, women’s leader and anti-apartheid activist. She was married to Albert Luthuli, who was president of the African National Congress (ANC) between 1952 and 1967.
Early life and education
Bhengu was born in March 1904 at the Umngeni American Board Congregationalist Mission, near Durban, in the British Colony of Natal. Her parents were Maphitha Bhengu, son of Ndlokolo Bhengu (the chief of the Ngcolosi people), and his wife Nozincwadi Ngidi from Mzinyathi, making Bhengu a member of the royal family of the Ngcolosi. In a letter to the editor of Ilanga in 1957, she called out her royal paternal ancestors: "intombi kaMaphitha, oyisokanqangi lika Ndlokolo kaNkungu kaMepho kaNgwane kaLamula."
Her family were amakholwa (African Christian) and she had five older siblings. Her sister Nomhlatuze Bhengu was one of the first black nurses trained at McCord’s Hospital and was employed at Grey’s Hospital in Pietermaritzburg. Behngu's mother died in 1914 and when her father remarried, she went to live with her elder brother.
She began her education at the Ohlange Institute, Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal, then studied at the Inanda Seminary School, an American Board Mission school for girls. One of her teachers at the Inanda Seminary recommended her to Adams College, Amanzimtoti, for a teachers training course. After completing her teacher training, in 1922 Bhengu began to teach at Mpushini, Eshowe, near Pietermaritzburg. When educator and social worker Sibusisiwe Violet Makhanya left her teaching position at Adams College in 1923, the administration invited Bhengu to replace her. Whilst teaching, Bhengu also worked at the Adams Hostel for Girls.
Marriage
In 1925, Bhengu met Albert John Luthuli, then a fellow teacher at Adams College, who taught Zulu history, Zulu music and literature. On 19 January 1927, after discussions between their families, they married and Bhengu moved to live with his family in Groutville. They had seven children, three sons and four daughters, including the politician and medical doctor Albertina Luthuli, and Bhengu was known for raising her children with an expectation that they all did the same tasks regardless of their gender.
Bhengu had to leave her job after her marriage as Adams College did not allow married women to teach. As black people could not purchase land near Adams College, she lived in Groutville about eighty miles away, while her husband remained at his teaching post and sent money home to support his family. Bhengu supplemented this income by growing and selling vegetables, sugar cane and fruit. When World War II caused rice shortages she taught women how to produce rice.
In 1933, Bhengu's husband was asked to succeed his uncle, Martin Luthuli, as chief of the Umvoti River Reserve. After deliberating for two years, he accepted, and was able to move to live permanently in Groutville with Bhengu and their family. He commenced his duties in 1936. Both Bhengu and Luthuli rejected corruption, and when fraud caused issues at the local post office, Bhengu set up a post office in the Luthuli home and delivered letters on foot. Local women in Groutville often spoke to Bhengu for advice on farming, raising their children and relating to their mother-in-law according to Zulu custom.
Activism
In the 1930s, Bhengu launched a Groutville branch of the women's cooperative the Daughters of Africa (DOA) and she was a member of a Congregational mothers’ union group.
Bhengu became active in the anti-apartheid movement and joined the ANC, later reflecting that "I have always treasured the decision I made to throw in my lot with you all in the African National Congress who wish to see Africa become free." In 1946, her husband was elected to the Natives Representative Council (NRC), an advisory body to the government, through a by-election. He was elected president general of the ANC in 1952, supported by the ANC Youth League (ANCYL), and with Nelson Mandela elected as his deputy. As her husband rose in political organisations, Bhengu founded the Cato Manor Women’s Society and became a supporter of the Women's Enfranchisement Association of the Union (WEA), founded by Charlotte Maxeke and Emily Hobhouse. She exchanged letters with equal rights activists across the globe, such as the American philanthropist Mary Louise Hooper, who was her friend and correspondent for decades.
In 1953, Bhengu's husband was banned for a year by the government, prohibiting him from attending any political or public gatherings and from entering any major South African cities. It was the first of four banning orders that Luthuli would receive as president general of the ANC. He was arrested in 1956, charged with treason. Bhengu served as his representative during this period, couriered messages from him to other banned ANC members, and managed local and international knowledge of his legal status. Bhengu also campaigned in her own right and members of her local ANC Lower Tugela Branch elected her as their delegate to the Forty-Third Annual Conference of the ANC, held in Bloemfontein during December 1955. She addressed the conference, encouraged delegates to "make Africa, often called a "Dark Continent", a continent of light," and called for South Africa to have "freedom in a civilized world." She also continued to farm and was the primary breadwinner for the family.
When King Cyprian Bhekuzulu of the royal family in Durban announced his support for apartheid passes in the mid 1950s, she and nine other representative women of the African National Congress Women's League (ANCWL) travelled to rural Nongoma to meet with him and urge him to oppose the pass laws. When passes became required by black women in 1956, she again campaigned, later explaining that "we women were fighting against the denigration of our humanity. We had seen what happened to our menfolk who had to carry passes and we did not want the same to happen to us."
In 1960, Bhengu joined politician and activist Mewa Ramgobin in participating in a five-day fast, in the Gandhian tradition, in protest of the Sharpeville massacre and subsequent banning of anti-apartheid organisations by the state, including the ANC. She is known to have "prayed that day for those who suffer on our behalf."
In 1961, Bhengu's husband was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. They both travelled to Norway and he acknowledged his wife in his acceptance speech, delivered at the Great Hall of Oslo University, stating that she richly deserved to share the honour of receiving the prize with him. They used the Nobel prize money to purchase farms in Switzerland which provided shelter for ANC members needing to escape from South Africa. Bhengu would spend time there every year looking after the crops, property and guests.
Later life
Bhengu's husband died in 1967, after being struck by a goods train. Nelson Mandela wrote to her in condolence from prison. Luthuli's funeral was arranged in collaboration with the ANC, fashioned a local and global movement against apartheid, and was televised in the United States. Photographs of Bhengu grieving at her husband's funeral were included in Carol Lazar's 1993 book Women of South Africa: Their Fight for Freedom.
After her husbands death, Bhengu managed his image and historical legacy both nationally and internationally. She organised the archiving of his papers, performed the official unveiling of his tombstone and supported the establishment of Luthuli Memorial Foundation (LMF), serving as one of the trustees with Zami Conco, Mary Louise Hooper and Massabalala Yengwa. Bhengu also remained active in campaigning and civic life, and in 1971 she opened the October convention of the revived Natal Indian Congress, writing later in the 1970s in support of the Congress which was published in their newsletter.
She was awarded an Organisation of African Unity award in 1974, and attended numerous international events, such as the Soweto Day 1977 in London and the United Church Board for World Ministries in America, as a special guest. In 1981, she opened the inaugural meeting of the Natal Organisation of Women, and publicly spoke out against the renewal of the ban on Robert Sobukwe. She also objected to the proposed removal and resettlement of the Groutville community.
Even when she became wheelchair bound, Bhengu was still active in the anti-apartheid movement, taking part in a Mass Democratic Movement march in Stanger (KwaDukuza) in 1989. She was also part of the welcome when Nelson Mandela was released from jail. He invited her onto stage during the 1990 rally in King's Park station and said to the crowd of 150,000 people "I have a present for you. I have here with me the Mother of the Nation, Nokukhanya Luthuli. I want you to receive her by shouting loudly and saying "Nokukhanya!" three times." The crowd clapped their hands, raised their voices and shouted in unison, "Nokukhanya!", "Nokukhanya!", "Nokukhanya!"
Shortly before Bhengu's death, in 1996, the first black American consul general, Pamela Bridgewater, travelled to visit her in South Africa.
Death and legacy
Bhengu died in December 1996, days after the new democratic constitution of South Africa was signed into law. She was buried at the Congregational Church in Groutville beside her husband. President Mandela spoke at her funeral, describing her as "Mother of the Nation par excellence." The Luthuli family home is now a living museum.
She was the subject in a 1989 praise poem Praise to Our Mothers by Gcina Mhlophe, and has also been included in poems by Thoko Remigia Makhanya and Sue Williams.
When President Thabo Mbeki addressed the South African National Conference on Racism in 2000, he shared a direct quote from Bhengu, from shortly before she died: "this simple but profoundly humanist and African wish: My wish before I die, is to see blacks and whites living harmoniously in a united South Africa."
References
External links
Praise to Our Mothers by Gcina Mhlophe via On The Issues magazine
1904 births
1996 deaths
Zulu people
South African anti-apartheid activists
South African women's rights activists
Members of the African National Congress
South African Christians
South African Congregationalists
South African women educators
South African women activists
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The following is a Wikipedia article. If multiple languages are used, different dialects may be indicated using square brackets. The formatting of the content may contain imperfections, as we have done our best to preserve only the text.
Nicole Buenfil
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Nicole Buenfil Renoult (born 7 June 1995) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Liga MX Femenil side León.
In 2018, she started her career in Atlas. In 2021, she was transferred to Santos Laguna. In 2022, she joined to Atlético San Luis. In 2025, she joined to León .
References
External links
1999 births
Living people
Mexican women's footballers
Footballers from Jalisco
Liga MX Femenil players
Mexico women's youth international footballers
Women's association football players not categorized by position
21st-century Mexican sportswomen
Women's association football goalkeepers
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The following is a Wikipedia article. If multiple languages are used, different dialects may be indicated using square brackets. The formatting of the content may contain imperfections, as we have done our best to preserve only the text.
Fares Nechat Djabri
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Fares Nechat Djabri (born 25 May 2001) is an Algerian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for JS Kabylie.
Club career
Fares Nechat Djabri was born in Bouira, Kabylia, Algeria. In March 2021, he was promoted to the senior team of JS Kabylie. He is under contract with JSK, until the end of the 2027–28 season.
International career
Fares Nechat Djabri played for the Algeria U23 football team at the 2022 Maurice Revello Tournament.
Honours
JS Kabylie
Algerian League Cup: 2020–21
CAF Confederation Cup runner-up: 2020–21
References
External links
Living people
2001 births
People from Bouïra
Sportspeople from Bouïra Province
Men's association football fullbacks
Algerian men's footballers
21st-century Algerian sportsmen
Algeria men's youth international footballers
Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 players
JS Kabylie players
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1992 Morgan State Bears football team
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The 1992 Morgan State Bears football team represented Morgan State University as a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) during the 1992 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Led by second-year head coach Ricky Diggs, the Bears compiled an overall record of 2–9, with a mark of 0–6 in conference play, and finished seventh in the MEAC.
Schedule
References
Morgan State
Morgan State Bears football seasons
Morgan State Bears football
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Ablaq Palace
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The Ablaq Palace () was an important palace located in the Citadel of Cairo, Egypt. It was built in the early 14th century by the Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad. The palace continued to be used afterwards but was eventually neglected and finally demolished by Muhammad Ali, the ruler of Egypt in the 19th century, in order to make way for a new mosque and other renovations.
History
The Ablaq Palace was located inside the Citadel of Cairo, which was begun by the Ayyubid sultan Salah ad-Din (Saladin) and expanded under his successors Al-'Adil and Al-Kamil. The citadel's structures were almost continuously developed, restored, or rebuilt during the Mamluk period (1250–1517). The Bahri Mamluk sultans were especially active, transforming the Southern Enclosure of the Citadel, which contained the private palaces of the sultans, into the site of important monumental structures which also had ceremonial or administrative functions. Al-Zahir Baybars, al-Mansur Qalawun, al-Ashraf Khalil and al-Nasir Muhammad each built or rebuilt the audience hall (throne hall), the main mosque, the palaces, or other structures. Al-Nasir Muhammad's constructions were especially significant in the long-term and among them was the Great Iwan and the Ablaq Palace. The latter was built in 1313–1314.
In the early 19th century the new ruler of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, renovated the entire Citadel and built his own structures, while also seeking to erase symbols of the Mamluk legacy that he wanted to replace. Many of the former Mamluk structures, including the Great Iwan and the Ablaq Palace of al-Nasir Muhammad, were demolished in 1825 to make way for the Muhammad Ali Mosque and its renovated surroundings.
Description
The palace's name derived from the red-and-black ablaq masonry that marked its exterior. It may have been partly inspired by the palace of the same name that Sultan Baybars had built in Damascus in 1264 and in which al-Nasir resided when he visited that city. The palace was used for regular receptions and private ceremonies. It was connected to the nearby Great Iwan by a private passage or corridor which led to the sultan's entrance in the back wall of that building. The walls of the palace itself formed a part of the new outer boundary of the Citadel's enclosure: it was located on an escarpment overlooking the city below, and the escarpment, along with the foundation walls of the palace, acted as the effective outer wall of the Citadel at its western corner. Because of this, al-Nasir was able to build a loggia on the side of the palace from which he could freely observe the activities in the stables and in the maydan (hippodrome) at the foot of the Citadel below, as well as a private door and staircase which gave him direct access between the palace and the hippodrome.
The interior layout of the palace consisted of a large qa'a (reception hall) courtyard with two unequal iwans (vaulted chambers open on one side) facing each other and a central dome in the middle. The larger iwan, on the northwestern side, gave access to the outside loggia with views of the city, while the southeastern one gave access to the private passage to the Great Iwan. This also served as the throne room of the palace complex. From here one could access three "inner palaces" with the same layout but located on different levels, with the last two reached by stairs. These palace sections were lined up in a row and all faced in the same direction, apparently so that every qa'a had a similar view of the city from its northwestern iwan. From these inner palaces the Sultan could also access the buildings of his harem (where his wives and concubines lived) in the southeastern part of the Citadel. According to historical chronicles, the palace complex was richly decorated with marble floors, marble and gold paneling (dadoes), windows of coloured glass from Cyprus, Arabic inscriptions, colorful mosaics with mother-of-pearl that featured floral patterns, and gilded ceilings painted in lapis lazuli blue.
The location where the palace once stood has not been identified beyond doubt. Creswell suggested that a set of massive stone corbels at the foot of the walls northwest of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali would have once supported the upper levels of the palace. More recently, Nasser Rabbat argued that a much more likely site is the partly ruined terrace just below the mosque's southwestern corner (inaccessible but partly visible to visitors today), which shelters a vast space of vaulted halls. These halls would likely have been the lower levels of the palace, acting as a substructure supporting the main palace above. If this is correct, then a part of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali today would likely overlap with the former location of the palace.
References
Mamluk architecture in Cairo
Buildings and structures in Cairo
Demolished buildings and structures in Egypt
Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century
Buildings and structures demolished in 1825
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Almanzor (disambiguation)
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Almanzor was a Muslim Arab Andalusi military leader and statesman.
Almanzor or Al-Mansur (the Arabic name) may also refer to:
Al-Mansur (disambiguation), other persons with the same Arabic name
Almanzor (horse), French racehorse
Pico Almanzor (Almanzor Peak), mountain, Spain
Almanzor, wizard in Almanzor's Rings, 1977 Soviet children's film
Almanzor Hutchinson, American farmer and politician
José Almanzor, Mexican archer
256796 Almanzor, minor planet
See also
Almansor
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Glenn M. Schwartz
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Glenn M. Schwartz is an American archaeologist specializing in the archaeology of ancient Syria and Iraq. He is known for directing excavations at sites such as Umm el-Marra and Kurd Qaburstan and his contributions to the study of early urbanism, state formation, and collapse in the ancient Near East.
His work has resulted in an international reputation, particularly for discoveries at Umm el-Marra, such as elite burials provisioned with gold, silver, and lapis lazuli artifacts, now-extinct royal equids, and evidence of the world's oldest alphabetic script.
Schwartz is the Whiting Professor of Archaeology in the Department of Near Eastern Studies at the Johns Hopkins University.
Early life and education
Schwartz is from the Mount Washington area of Baltimore, MD, and earned his B.A. in Archaeology from Yale University, graduating magna cum laude in 1976. He continued at Yale to complete an M.A. and M.Phil. in Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations in 1980, and a Ph.D. in 1982, supervised by Harvey Weiss. His dissertation focused on ceramic periodization at the archaeological site of Tell Leilan in Syria.
Career
Since 1987, Schwartz has held appointments at the Johns Hopkins University, including Chair of the Department of Near Eastern Studies from 2012 to 2018. He has also held guest appointments at international institutions, such as the École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris and the Free University of Berlin.
He has directed several prominent archaeological projects:
Kurd Qaburstan, Iraq (2013–2022), the investigation of a second millennium BC urban center, identified with ancient Qabra.
Umm el-Marra, Syria (1994–2010), exploring mortuary practices and spatial organization of a Bronze Age urban complex, identified with ancient Tuba.
Tell al-Raqa’i, Syria (1986–1993), focusing on urban-rural dynamics in the third millenium BC.
Research contributions
Schwartz’s early investigations focused on the excavation of Tell al-Raqa’i, a small, rural settlement dating to the third millennium BC, to explore the dynamics of rural-urban relationships in ancient Syrian communities. Emphasizing the importance of viewing these societies as existing along a continuum between urban and rural, the research highlighted the economic, political, and cultural integration of rural communities with those of local urban centers, as well as their involvement in broader regional networks.
His next project shifted focus to investigate Umm el-Marra, a medium sized Bronze Age city located on the Jabbul Plain of Northern Syria. The research advanced the understanding of Early Bronze Age urbanism in Syria by focusing on a medium-sized city, offering a counterpoint to research at the largest contemporary cities such as Ebla, Mari, and Tell Brak. One of the more spectacular discoveries, the elite mortuary complex, provided rare and detailed evidence for the burial practices of one of Syria’s earliest urban societies. Situated at the heart of the community, the complex contained human remains buried alongside luxury goods made of gold, silver, and lapis lazuli, as well as the elaborately arranged burials of both mundane and high-prestige animals. The kunga, a donkey-wild ass hybrid well-known from historical sources, was among the animals buried alongside elite individuals. The overall findings are unparalleled in third-millennium BC Syrian archaeology and illuminate the roles of ancestor veneration, social memory, and animal symbolism in shaping early urban communities.
When work at Umm el-Marra was interrupted in 2010 due to regional instability, Schwartz initiated a new project at Kurd Qaburstan, a 100-ha walled urban site dating to the second millennium BCE located on the Erbil Plain in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Research conducted from 2013 to 2022 significantly advanced the understanding of Bronze Age urbanism in northern Mesopotamia. Excavations revealed evidence of a compact Late Bronze Age occupation on the high mound as well as substantial Middle Bronze Age remains. Key discoveries from the Middle Bronze Age include monumental architecture, a temple in the lower town, and a monumental high mound building featuring mudbrick walls preserved up to 1.5 meters high. Geophysical surveys identified a densely occupied urban layout, including a city wall with towers at regular intervals, demonstrating that Kurd Qaburstan's lower town was densely occupied.
Selected publications
Schwartz is the author and editor of numerous influential books and journal articles in the fields of Archaeology and Anthropology, including:
The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies, co-written with Peter Akkermans (2003).
Sacred Killing: The Archaeology of Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East (2012), edited with Anne Porter.
Rural Archaeology in Early Urban Northern Mesopotamia: Excavations at Tell al-Raqa’i, by Glenn Schwartz, with other contributors, winner of the 2017 ASOR G. Ernest Wright award.
Animals and Ancestors: Ritual and Economy in the Ancient Near East (2022), by Glenn Schwartz, with other contributors, winner of the 2024 ASOR G. Ernest Wright award.
Awards and honors
In addition to awards for his publications, Schwartz has received numerous grants and fellowships from organizations such as the National Science Foundation and the National Geographic Society.
In 2022, he was the recipient of P. E. MacAllister Field Archaeology Award, a lifetime achievement award given by the American Society of Overseas Research (ASOR) honoring archaeologists who make exceptional contributions to the field.
References
Living people
Yale University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
American archaeologists
American academics
People from Baltimore
Johns Hopkins University faculty
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Peach Blossom Takes the Ferry
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Peach Blossom Takes the Ferry (Chinese: 桃花過渡; pinyin: Táohuā guòdù; Teochew: to5 hue1 gue3 dou7) is a well-known act in the Teochew opera "The Tale of Su Liu Niang" (蘇六娘). The same act also appears in Nanguan music, Cheguzhen performance and Hakka opera.
Origin
It is believed that the act "Peach Blossom Takes the Ferry" was originally part of the Teochew opera "The Tale of Su Liu Niang". However, it was also disputed that this act or the storyline was not found in the operatic performance of the Tale in Ming Dynasty. Some argued that the storyline was taken from a folk song “Girl Takes the Ferry” (少女過渡) and was adapted and incorporated into the Tale.
The Plot
The act tells the story of Peach Blossom (the beloved maid of Su Liu Niang) taking a ferry across the river and her interactions with an old ferryman. The act is usually performed by a Dan role (Miss Peach Blossom) and a Chou role (the Ferryman). In the act, the two sing ballads, perform simple dance moves, crack jokes and make witty and humorous exchanges in between songs and moves. In the old days when farming was a main form of economic activity, the act not only was popular village theaters but also a highlighted performance in rural rituals and worshipping activities (神功戲).
In most performances, the act has lyrics for each of the twelve lunar months.，The two actors take turns to describe the scenery of the lunar month. The ferryman keeps trying to make fun of Peach Blossom in words, and Peach Blossom continues to fight back. In some Teochew opera, the song is only sung until May. This play was originally derived from the folk tune "Lantern Song" (燈籠歌)(also known as "Red Lantern Song" (燈紅歌).
The act was also widely used in contemporary works. Singers, such as Liu Fuzhu (劉福助) and Jody Chiang covered the tune of the act in their songs. Sound artist Heng Chunxi (恆春兮) interspersed the tune and used it as background music in his works.
In the Teochew version of the act, after singing "Lantern Song", the actors will then sing "Earthworm Song" (蚯蚓歌). The lyric of the song is about some common objects people see or use in their daily lives. In the act, the ferryman starts off the song with earthworms and questions Peach Blossom why earthworms can make sound. Peach Blossom then explains that earthworms live and grow in soil, therefore it can make sounds. The ferryman then asks why mud crabs (in Teochew 田蟹) which also live and grow in soil cannot make sounds. Peach Blossom answers this question by citing the unique feature on a mud crab's tummy which preventing it from making a sound. Based on Peach Blossom's answer, the ferryman raises another question and asks her to explain why the object he mentioned can or cannot make a sound. The song goes on and on in a series of fast-paced questions and answers. In the end, the ferryman accidentally says that the gong (銅鑼) is made of iron and thus loses the contest.
In Quanzhou, there is also a folk song called "Peach Blossom Takes the Ferry". The song tells the story of Su Liu Niang and describes the scenes of the four seasons. It has nothing to do with the "Lantern Song" and "Earthworm Song" as appear in the Teochew version of the act.
Derivative Culture
The song of "Peach Blossom takes the Ferry" is slow and long, so in Teochew, Fujian and Taiwan to describe those who are lazy at work, there is a saying that “Eat like Wu Song punching the tiger, talk about money like fighting Lu Bu three times, work like Peach Blossom taking the ferry” (食飯，武松拍虎；提錢，三戰呂布；做工課，桃花過渡), or “Eat like Wu Song punching the tiger, work like Peach Blossom taking the ferry” (食若武松打虎，做若桃花過渡).
References
Taiwanese songs
Articles containing Min Nan Chinese-language text
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2025 World Athletics Relays
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The 2025 World Athletics Relays was held at the Guangdong Olympic Stadium in Guangzhou, China on 10 and 11 May 2025. It was the 7th edition of the World Athletics Relays and the first time the event was held in China.
The 2025 edition was the first edition to feature a mixed 4 × 100 metres relay.
Overview
Initially, Guangzhou was awarded to host the 2023 World Athletics Relays, which would be held on 13 and 14 May 2023. On 31 October 2022, it was announced that the championships would be postponed to 2025 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The event will serve as a qualifying event for the 2025 World Athletics Championships, with the top 14 teams in each event (except the mixed 4 x 100 metres) securing qualification to the World Championships.
Schedule
All times are local (UTC+8).
Medal table
Medalists
Qualification system
On 10 November 2024, World Athletics announced the qualification system for the championships. The top 16 teams in each event at the 2024 Summer Olympic Games qualify for entry to the championships. The host country China will enter with one team in each event, regardless of any entry conditions. The remaining teams (up to 32 in total per event) will be determined through the top lists in the qualification period (1 January 2024 to 13 April 2025).
Participating nations
734 athletes from 43 federations are entered to the championships.
References
External links
World Athletics Relays
World Athletics Relays
World Athletics Relays
World Athletics Relays
World Athletics Relays
Sport in Guangzhou
World Athletics Relays
World Athletics Relays
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Port Erroll Lifeboat Station
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Port Erroll Lifeboat Station was located at Port Erroll harbour, which sits at the mouth of the Water of Cruden, near Cruden Bay, a village approximately south-west of Peterhead, in the county of Aberdeenshire, on the east coast of Scotland.
A lifeboat was first placed at Port Erroll in 1877 by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI).
After 44 years service, with a brief closure in 1914, Port Erroll Lifeboat Station was closed permanently in 1921.
History
Following application by the Earl of Erroll, his son Lord Kilmarnock, and other local residents, and with reference to the subsequent visit and report by the Assistant-Inspector of Life-boats, Cpt. Jones, RN, it was decided at a meeting of the RNLI committee of management on 6 January 1876, to establish a lifeboat station at Cruden Bay, "..where it is thought the boat is likely to render good service occasionally to the crews of vessels in distress off that part of the coast and to the fishermen of the place, this being a rising fishing port."
A 33-foot self-righting 'Pulling and Sailing' (P&S) lifeboat, one with sails and (10) oars, was sent to Port Erroll harbour. The cost of the lifeboat was defrayed by the anonymous gift of £500, sent via the London branch of the Bank of New South Wales at Whanganui, New Zealand from a resident donor, "A Scot Abroad", who wished to provide a lifeboat for the Scottish coast, and for it to be named Peep o'Day.
At a ceremony on 30 October 1877, in front of a large number of spectators, prayers were said by Rev. Robert Ross, before the lifeboat was handed to the care of the local lifeboat committee. Lady Kilmarnock then duly named the lifeboat Peep o'Day, before it was launched into the harbour for a demonstration to the assembled crowd.
At 09:00 on the 26 August 1881, the lifeboat Peep o'Day was launched into a strong easterly gale, to help a fishing boat. The boat was encountering difficulties entering the Port Erroll Harbour, and was towed into port by the lifeboat. During the course of the day, seven further vessels were give similar assistance.
Peep o'Day served at Port Erroll for 11 years, until she was replaced by the Frances Camilla Howard (ON 149). The new 34-foot lifeboat was the gift of Miss Dixon of Cheltenham, and named in memory of the late Mrs. Atherton Howard, herself a donor of two lifeboats.
On 24 February 1892, the Port Erroll lifeboat Frances Camilla Howard (ON 149) would attend the French schooner Perle of Dunkirk three times, launching first at 20:30, after the vessel was driven ashore at Cruden Bay. Some men tried to get ashore by jumping into the sea, tied to a rope, but all were drowned. 11 men were brought ashore by the lifeboat, but after initial communication difficulties, the lifeboat crew then realised there was someone still aboard. An ill boy was then rescued. The lifeboat then went out a third time to cut the rope, allowing the drowned men to be dragged ashore.
The Frances Camilla Howard (ON 149) was launched at 23:00 on the 16 September 1898 to the aid of the steamship Milwaukee of Liverpool, which stranded on Cruden Scars. The lifeboat stood by until 05:30, when 21 men were taken on board the lifeboat, and landed at Port Erroll at 06:30. With the exception of the Master and chief officer, the remaining 20 crew were brought ashore by a tug and a fishing boat.
Port Erroll would receive their third and last lifeboat in 1904. The John Fortune (ON 523) was a larger 38-foot Watson class (P&S) lifeboat, and along with all equipment, was funded from the legacy of the late Dr. John Fortune of Edinburgh.
On 16 November 1913, following an exercise session, the lifeboat was being winched back in to the lifeboat house, when the winch was let go. The lifeboat ran back down the slipway, causing the winch handles to spin violently. One flew off, and struck Charles Summers on the head, rendering him unconscious. He was taken immediately to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, but died soon afterwards.
Following the visit and report of the Deputy Chief Inspector of Lifeboats, at a meeting of the RNLI committee of management on Thursday 12 March 1914, it was resolved that Port Erroll lifeboat station was to be closed.
For reasons unknown, Port Erroll Lifeboat Station was reopened in 1915. The John Fortune (ON 523) was returned to service, staying on station until 1921, when the station was closed once more.
The station building still stands, thought to now be toilet facilities for the harbour. The lifeboat on station at the time of closure, John Fortune (ON 523), was transferred to the relief fleet, before being sold from service in 1923. It was last reported as a yacht, and was lost in 1975.
Roll of honour
In memory of those lost whilst serving Port Erroll lifeboat.
Struck by a flying winch handle whilst recovering the lifeboat after exercise, and died shortly afterwards in hospital, 16 November 1913.
Charles Spurgeon Summers (52)
Port Erroll lifeboats
Station Closed in 1921
See also
List of RNLI stations
List of former RNLI stations
Royal National Lifeboat Institution lifeboats
Notes
References
External links
Peterhead RNLI Lifeboat Station
Aberdeenshire
Lifeboat stations in Scotland
1877 establishments in Scotland
1921 disestablishments in Scotland
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Clara Badia
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Clara Badia Bogner (born 5 February 1998) is a Spanish field and indoor hockey player from Catalonia.
Personal life
Clara Badia was born and raised in Terrassa.
Field hockey
Domestic league
Badia currently plays in the German Bundesliga and Euro Hockey League for Mannheimer.
She has also previously represented Atlètic Terrassa the Liga Iberdrola.
Under–21
Badia captained the history making Spanish U–21 team in 2019 that won gold at the EuroHockey U–21 Championship in Valencia.
Red Sticks
In 2022, Badia made her senior international debut for Las Redsticks. She made her first appearance in an FIH Pro League match against the Netherlands. She also made her major tournament debut later that year, winning a silver medal at the FIH Nations Cup in Valencia.
Badia has been a reserve at both the 2023–24 FIH Nations Cup in Terrassa and the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.
She is a member of the 2025 national squad.
References
External links
1998 births
Living people
Spanish female field hockey players
20th-century Spanish sportswomen
Field hockey players from Terrassa
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Of Dogs and Men
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Of Dogs and Men () is a 2024 Israeli docudrama directed by Dani Rosenberg. It centres on the aftermath of the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel.
It is an international co-production with Italy's public broadcaster, RAI. It premiered at the 81st Venice International Film Festival on 5 September 2024.
Plot summary
Dar (Avinoam), a 16-year-old girl returns to Kibbutz Nir Oz following the devastating Nir Oz attack. She searched in vain for her beloved dog, Shula, who went missing during the attack. Dar begins to have dreams where Shula befriends a Palestinian boy in the Gaza strip. Dar also deals with the tragic reality that her mother was abducted on October 7 and is believed to be a hostage in the Gaza strip. In her conversations with soldiers, forensic pathologists, volunteers and a kindergarten teacher she learns more about the horror of the attack on the kibbutz.
Cast
Ori Avinoam as Dar, a 16-year-old girl
Yamit Avital as a Kindergarten teacher
Nora Lifshitz as a dog rescuer
Swell Ariel Or as diary voice of Dar's mother
Production
Filming took place at Kibbutz Nir Oz only weeks after the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel. The kibbutz was the scene of the Nir Oz attack on October 7, where an estimated 180 out of 400 residents were killed or taken as hostages to the Gaza Strip. Kibbutz survivors were also filmed for the project and speak directly to the camera. The dialogue in the film is mostly improvised and there was no set construction.
Release
It premiered at the 81st Venice International Film Festival on 5 September 2024 in the Orizzonti section. Artists For Palestine Italia launched an unsuccessful petition campaign to pull Israeli films, including Of Dogs and Men and Amos Gitai's Why War, from the festival. Producer, Alexander Rodnyansky criticised the petition as "misguided and shortsighted". Rodnyansky added that the film did not have prior screenings and that "No one who signed the petition has watched the film, Of Dogs And Men is anything but a piece of war propaganda or a call for vengeance." He thanked the festival's director, Alberto Barbera who, "instead of shying away from controversial and even explosive issues, chose to embrace them and make the festival a place where all points of view are represented and respected." Barbera told Deadline Hollywood: "The films that were asked to be withdrawn by the 300 filmmakers are not anti-Palestinian films in any way, quite the opposite…"
It was also part of the lineup of the New York Jewish Film Festival, where it was screened on 23 January 2025.
It will also screen at the Woodstock Film Festival on 17 October 2025.
Reception
Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter praised the film as "thoughtful and quietly powerful." He praised Rosenberg's approach for respecting "the victims instead of exploiting their memories." Likewise, Ilaria Bellantoni of Italy's weekly news magazine Panorama described the film as "achingly beautiful."
Jonathan Romney of Screen Daily gave the film a mixed review: "Rosenberg is to be lauded for approaching this material with emotional restraint. But the film’s gentle drift and its tendency to art cinema lyricism, delicate music included, mutes its effect considerably, even risks aestheticising the trauma."
References
External links
2024 films
Israeli drama films
Docudrama films
2020s Hebrew-language films
Films about post-traumatic stress disorder
Films based on actual events
Films set in Israel
Films about terrorism
Films about dogs
Films about pets
Israeli–Palestinian conflict films
October 7 attacks
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John Walters (Royal Navy officer)
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Rear Admiral John William Townshend Walters (23 April 1926 – 7 May 2008) was a Royal Navy flag officer and naval judge who served as Chief Naval Judge Advocate and Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel and Logistics).
Early life and family
John William Townshend Walters was born on 23 April 1926 in Guildford, Surrey to William Bernard Townshend Walters, a Crown Agent, and Lilian Martha Hartridge. He was educated at The John Fisher School in Purley, followed by Britannia Royal Naval College Dartmouth during its wartime relocation to Eaton Hall, Cheshire.
Naval career
Walters graduated from Dartmouth in 1944 and served as a junior officer on HMS King George V during the Second World War, being present at the Surrender of Japan. Between 1946 and 1949, Walters served on HMS London, and in 1949 saw action in the Chinese Civil War as part of London's intervention in the HMS Amethyst Incident, during which 13 sailors were killed.
Between 1951 and 1953, Walters served on the staff of Lord Mountbatten in Malta. In 1956, he was called to the bar at Middle Temple. His legal career culminated in his service as Chief Naval Judge Advocate between 1972 and 1975.
Walters presided as Judge Advocate over the most recent mutiny trial in the Royal Navy, involving a group of sailors aboard HMS Iveston refusing duty and striking a petty officer in 1970. Five of the crew were tried by court martial at Rosyth and convicted
Between 1980 and 1981, John Walters was part of the British delegation to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. This was followed by his appointment the same year as Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (personnel and logistics), where he played a key role in the Falklands War by orchestrating the requisition of the ocean liner Queen Elizabeth 2. Walters retired from the Royal Navy in 1984, and was appointed CB the same year.
Retirement
After retirement, John Walters served as chairman on industrial tribunals in the Brighton, Reading and Southampton circuits. He died on 7 May 2008 in Liphook, Hampshire.
References
1926 births
2008 deaths
Royal Navy rear admirals
People educated at The John Fisher School
Graduates of Britannia Royal Naval College
Military personnel from Guildford
Companions of the Order of the Bath
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Silkstone Hall
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Silkstone Hall is a historic building in Hinderwell, a village in North Yorkshire, in England.
The house was constructed for the artist Henry Silkstone Hopwood, to a design by Edgar Wood. It was completed in 1902, and was originally named "The Croft". After Hopwood's death in 1914, the building was occupied by the local Inspector of Mines. The building's architect was long forgotten, but was identified by the Edgar Wood Research Project in the 2010s, and as a result the house was grade II listed in 2015. Historic England describe it as an "exemplary example of Arts and Crafts architecture using local materials and vernacular forms".
The house was designed by Edgar Wood in Arts and Crafts style. It is in sandstone with pantile roofs, stone coped gables and kneelers. There are three storeys including attics, and a compact plan, and all the fronts are asymmetric. Most of the windows are mullioned, and here are bay windows. At the entrance to the drive is a gateway, and at the northwest is a pedestrian entrance, both with wrought iron gates in Art Nouveau style. The gate piers have wrought iron finials. Inside, there is an entrance hall leading to a central staircase. The northern first floor bedroom is believed to have originally been an artist's studio, and retains a fireplace which is likely to be original.
See also
Listed buildings in Hinderwell
References
Houses in North Yorkshire
Grade II listed buildings in North Yorkshire
Hinderwell
Houses completed in 1902
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R. S. Wilson
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Robert Stretton Wilson (24 March 1831 – 4 February 1904) was an English veterinary surgeon, antique collector and activist for vegetarianism. A noted eccentric, Wilson built a miniature model of hell in his grounds at Tuxford Hall.
Life
Wilson was born in 1831 in Derby. He was educated at Edinburgh University, qualified in 1852 as a member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons and practiced in Ollerton. He resided at Ollerton Hall for 20 years and was a churchwarden for a considerable period. He retired in 1873 and moved to Tuxford Hall. He was one of the first members of Tuxford Parish Council.
Soon after he settled at Tuxford Hall; Wilson spent time collecting and studying antiquities. His collection included ancient pottery, oil paintings, carved oak furniture and stone figures including a life-size Benedictine monk. At the entrance of Tuxford Hall was a statue of Saint Peter which was alleged to be the oldest in the world. There was also a stone coffin and statue of the mitred Abbot of York.
Tuxford Hall was described as a well built mansion that was "packed from basement to ceiling with treasures of art, archaeological remains and valuable curios from all corners of the world". The Hall featured many valuables such as Lord Nelson's sword, the hat worn by Wellington on the field of Waterloo and Lord Byron's bed and table from Newstead. Wilson's bedroom contained oak figures and a portrait of John Hitchinson. He also had a bedroom that featured King John's four-poster bed from Newark Castle and a wax figure of Barry O'Meara, physician to the Napoleon.
In the grounds, Wilson had built a small chapel where he delivered lessons and readings every Sunday throughout the year. The chapel contained photographs of Lord Salisbury, Sir Alfred Milner and other politicians. The Hall was always open for visitors.
Vegetarianism
Wilson became a vegetarian in 1881. From 1889 to 1895 he attended Vegetarian Society meetings and in 1899 operated a vegetarian shop at Tuxford Hall for local tourists.
Miniature hell
Wilson disagreed with orthodox ideas of eternal punishment, believing punishment was temporal. He questioned, "how is it possible to believe that a merciful God would keep his creatures in fire and brimstone".
In his grounds at Tuxford Hall, Wilson built a miniature model of hell. At the entrance was a large figure of Satan, heavily chained and holding a skull in his hands. The hell consisted of a pit of small figures whom Wilson considered to represent evil such as drunkards, hypocrites and liars. The figures included "The Chattering Charwoman", "The Woman with a Proud Look and Lying Tongue", "The President of the Primrose League", "Priestcraft", "The Person with a Hard Heart", "The Tobacco Devil", "A Curate Sent to Hell for Disobeying his Bishop", "A Religious Lawyer" and others of a similar character. There was also a bottled newspaper as it did not agree with Wilson's political views. In 1903, a bust of Paul Kruger was added to the pit.
In December 1904, the stone figures were sold in auction for 50 shillings. The "Devil in Chains" was knocked down and sold for 30 shillings.
After the auction, local villagers were alleged to have commented, "Hooray! We've got hell away from Tuxford at last".
Personal life
Wilson was a strict teetotaller and non-smoker. He married Eliza Moody at St Werburgh's Church, Derby in 1854. Eliza died at Tuxford Hall in 1882, aged 49.
Wilson died of heart failure in February 1904. He was buried at Ollerton Cemetery.
References
1831 births
1904 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Antiques dealers
English vegetarianism activists
English veterinarians
People from Derby
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Franck Rivollier
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Franck Rivollier (born 20 April 2001) is a French professional footballer who plays as a Hapoel Petah Tikva for Liga Leumit club Forward.
Career
On 5 August 2021 Rivollier loaned for Championnat National club Stade Briochin. On 17 August 2019 made his debut to the 1-1 draw against GSI Pontivy. On 1 September 2022, he signed for Belgian Division 3 club Olympic Charleroi. On 17 July 2023, he signed for Liga Leumit club Hapoel Afula. For Afula scored 11 goals in 34 appearances. On 19 July 2025 returned to Liga Leumit and signed for Hapoel Petah Tikva.
References
External links
2001 births
Living people
French men's footballers
Footballers from Saint-Étienne
Stade Briochin players
Olympic Charleroi players
Hapoel Afula F.C. players
FC Spartak Varna players
Hapoel Petah Tikva F.C. players
Championnat National players
Liga Leumit players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
French people of Cameroonian descent
French expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
French expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
French expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Men's association football forwards
21st-century French sportsmen
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Stalk (TV series)
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Stalk is a French television series.
Cast
Théo Fernandez as Lucas ("Lux")
as Alma
as Alex
Clément Sibony as Herzig
as Charlie
Riadh Belaïche as Justin
Nicolas Cazalé as Bilal
References
External links
French television series
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Orion Garo
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Orion Garo (born 30 March 1980) is an Albanian basketball former basketball player.
Career
He made his debut in the Albanian League at a very young age, playing one season at Teuta and two at Partizani Tirana. From 1998 to 2000 he played for the Italian Petritoli Basket before embarking on a journey in the NCAA with St. Bonaventure Bonnies and Dakota State Trojans.
In 2004 he returned to Partizani Tirana. He later played for ENAD and Aalborg Vikings. From 2007 until 2012 he played for Tirana. Garo ended his career in 2013 at his hometown club Teuta.
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Durrës
Albanian men's basketball players
Albanian expatriate basketball people in Italy
Albanian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
St. Bonaventure Bonnies men's basketball players
BC Teuta Durrës players
KB Partizani Tirana players
KB Tirana players
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Bons
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Bons or BONS may refer to:
Places
Les Bons, Andorra; a village
Bons-en-Chablais, a commune in Chablais, Haute-Savoie department, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, France; formerly a village of Chablais province, Savoie duchy
Bons, Bons-Tassilly commune, Calvados department, Normandy region, France; a village
Bons, Chazey-Bons commune, Ain department, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, France; a parish
Other uses
Hélène Bons (1903–1999), French athlete
Blue Origin New Shepard (BO-NS), a suborbital space tourist rocket
See also
Bon (disambiguation), for the singular of Bons or BONs
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Hipswell Hall
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Hipswell Hall is a historic building in Hipswell, a village in North Yorkshire, in England.
The building dates from the late 15th century, but it is likely that John Wycliffe was born in an earlier building on the site. It was constructed for the Fulthorpe family, in a similar style to South Cowton Castle but more elegant. In 1559, it passed to the Wandesford family, and in 1596 they enlarged the hall. In about 1840, much of the building was demolished, leaving only the west range. It became used as a farmhouse. In about 1917 a flat-roofed extension was added, reusing some old materials. The building was grade I listed in 1969.
The house is constructed of stone, partly roughcast, with quoins, an embattled parapet, and a stone slate roof. It has two storeys, and projecting from the front is a three-storey tower porch. The porch contains a doorway with a chamfered surround and a lintel with a triangular soffit. Above this is a mullioned window in each floor and a plain parapet. To the left of the porch is a mullioned window in the ground floor and a mullioned and transomed window in the upper floor. To the right is a five-sided two-storey bay window with cinquefoil heads and an embattled parapet with the arms of the Fulthorpes. Between the floors is a traceried panel with a cross moline. The interior has been heavily altered, but an early plaster ceiling with an armorial shield survives in the ground floor bay window.
See also
Grade I listed buildings in North Yorkshire (district)
Listed buildings in Hipswell
References
Country houses in North Yorkshire
Grade I listed houses in North Yorkshire
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Garrott
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Garrott may refer to:
Given name
Garrott Kuzzy (born 1982), American cross-country skier
Surname
Idamae Garrott (1916-1999), American politician in Maryland
Isham Warren Garrott (c. 1816-1863), Confederate States colonel
James H. Garrott (1897-1991), American architect in Los Angeles
Other
Garrott House, historic house of Batesville, Alabama
See also
Garot, Korean traditional clothing
Garrote, rope used to strangle a person
Garrett (disambiguation)
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Tsvyatko Radoinov
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Tsvyatko Kolev Radoinov (Bulgarian: Цвятко Колев Радойнов; 10 February 1895 – 26 June 1942) was a Bulgarian communist activist and military commander who was a leading member of the Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II.
Biography
Born in to a poor peasant family, Radoinov joined the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists) while he was still a student. In 1914, after graduating from the Kazanlak Pedagogical College, Tsvyatko was drafted into the army, where he conducted anti-war propaganda. After the war he began working as a rural taught but was soon dismissed for his communist activities.
Radoinov who participated in the September Uprising fled to the Soviet Union through Turkey and was sentenced to death in absentia. During his early residence in the USSR, Radoinov worked in an agricultural commune (later collective farm) names after Dimitar Blagoev in Poltava. In 1926, Radoinov the Frunze Military Academy, which he graduated from in 1929. He enlisted in the Red Army and became a teacher at the academy. During the Spanish Civil War, Colonel Radoinov held the position of military adviser to the Republican Army. As part of the International Brigades, he took part in the defense of Madrid and the Battle of Guadalajara.
By decision of the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party, Radoinov was sent to Bulgaria to organize a partisan resistance movement. He alongside other Bulgarian communist émigrés reached Bulgaria with a Soviet submarine. In the same year, Radoinov became a member of the Central Committee of the BCP and headed the Central Military Commission under the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Workers' Party (BWP, the legal wing of the BCP). In April 1942, Radoinov was arrested after his whereabouts were exposed by Nikola Geshev's agents in the party. He was tried alongside 27 other Bulgarian communists, who had been sent to Bulgaria with the help of Soviet intelligence in the so-called "Trial of the Parachutists and Submariners". On June 25, Radoinov, along with 18 out of 27 defendants, was sentenced to death; the following day, the convicted were shot at the shooting range of the Reserve Officers' School in Sofia.
References
1895 births
1942 deaths
Bulgarian anti-fascists
Prisoners sentenced to death by Bulgaria
Bulgarian emigrants to the Soviet Union
Bulgarian resistance members
Bulgarian Communist Party politicians
People sentenced to death in absentia
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DJ Ahmet
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DJ Ahmet is a 2025 drama film directed and written by Georgi M. Unkovski. It follows the life of a 15-year-old boy, acted by Arif Jakup, in a rural village in North Macedonia.
A collaboration between North Macedonia, the Czech Republic, Serbia, and Croatia, the film debuted at the Sundance Film Festival in the World Cinema Dramatic Competition category on January 23, 2025. Following Unkovski's 2019 short film and 2020 Sundance entry, Sticker, DJ Ahmet took five years to create with numerous difficulties in funding and production.
On December 11, 2024, Films Boutique announced that it had acquired international rights for DJ Ahmet.
Synopsis
The film is centered around the life of 15-year-old boy, Ahmet, who falls in love for the first time, desires to be a DJ, and contends with the conservatism of his rural village in North Macedonia.
Cast
Arif Jakup
Agush Agushev
Dora Akan Zlatanova
Aksel Mehmet
Selpin Kerim
Atila Klince
Production
DJ Ahmet took five years to make, initially being turned down shortly before the COVID-19 pandemic. Financing took place from 2021 to 2023. Most of the film's production was then completed in the two years leading up to its Sundance Film Festival premiere. Principal photography took 36 days near the end of 2023; filming took place in the villages of Kodzalia, Ali Koç, and Skopje. Post-production followed for a year.
The film's budget was 978,000 euros. It was supported by the North Macedonia Film Agency, Eurimages, the Croatian Audiovisual Centre, Film Center Serbia, the Czech Film Fund, and the South Eastern Europe Cinema Network.
Critical reception
The Hollywood Reporter lauded the "solid naturalistic performances" of the film's cast, with particular attention to Jakup, and stated it "has a slick, crowd-pleasing quality that could entice streamers or select distributors. The film playfully critiques certain Muslim customs, but never in a demeaning way, while providing a heartwarming coming-of-age narrative that’s a tad predictable."
ScreenAnarchy lauded Unkovski as a "smart director" and said that the film "is both wildly exotic and completely down to earth, tied to a specific culture yet dealing with universally recognizable problems. It's an auspicious debut."
In a review for Variety, Carlos Aguilar praised the film as a "revelation" that "seamlessly straddles the line between laugh-out-loud crowd-pleaser and art-house gem with affecting gravitas". He highlighted Unkovski’s perceptive writing, which contrasts youth plugged into the modern world with the weight of tradition, and called Jakup’s lead performance "quietly soulful". Visually, Aguilar noted the film’s "striking visuals and vibrant color".
Release
DJ Ahmet premiered at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2025. It will also show at the 72nd Sydney Film Festival
References
External links
2025 drama films
2025 films
Macedonian drama films
Czech drama films
Serbian drama films
Croatian drama films
Macedonian-language films
2020s Turkish-language films
English-language Czech films
Sundance Film Festival award–winning films
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Baku Business University
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Baku Business University, established in 1993, is a private higher education institution located in Baku, Azerbaijan.
History
Baku Business University (BBU) was established in 1993. It was officially registered under Decision No. 7/3 dated March 13, 1993, by the State Higher Expert Commission under the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan and initially operated with the status of an institute.
Education
Baku Business University offers undergraduate and graduate programs across 18 specializations, managed by two faculties and eight departments. The university aims to prepare professionals in economics, management, and business fields, with a faculty of 126 academic staff members.
The academic curriculum is designed to foster the personal and professional development of students, with core courses comprising 80% of the training schedule. Practical training and research internships are conducted at partner institutions and laboratories, utilizing interactive methods aligned with international standards.
The university provides education at both bachelor's and master's levels, with options for full-time and part-time study. As of recent data, the institution enrolls 2,310 full-time and 184 part-time students.
Campus
Baku Business University is located in the Yasamal district of Baku, between the 20 Yanvar and İnşaatçılar metro stations. The campus includes various facilities, such as a walking garden, a science park, a square, a sports stadium, and recreational areas.
Library
The university library houses a wide range of books, periodicals, audiovisual materials, and digital resources to support the academic and research needs of students and faculty.
Dining
The university has three cafeterias that serve the needs of students and staff.
Recreation
The campus features recreational facilities, including a square, a stadium, playgrounds, and green spaces designed for relaxation and leisure.
Faculties
School of Business and Management
Source:
Management
Marketing
Economics
International Trade and Logistics
Industrial Organization and Management
Business Administration
State and Municipal Management
Information Technology
Translation (English)
Social Work (full-time and part-time)
School of Economy and Management
Finance
Accounting
World Economy
Translation (English)
Social Work
Reference list
1993 establishments in Azerbaijan
Private universities and colleges
Universities and colleges established in 1993
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Bhavin J. Shastri
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Bhavin J. Shastri (born 1981) is a Canadian academic, specializing in nanophotonics, photonic integrated circuits, and neuromorphic computing. He holds the Canada Research Chair in neuromorphic photonic computing and is a faculty member in Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy at Queen's University at Kingston.
Shastri is a Member of the College of the Royal Society of Canada and holds a cross-appointment in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Queen's University. He also serves as the co-director of NUCLEUS, a pan-Canadian photonic computing program funded by NSERC CREATE.
Early life and education
Bhavin J. Shastri was born in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1981. He attended McGill University, where he earned a B.Eng. with distinction in electrical engineering in 2005, followed by an M.Eng. in 2007, and a Ph.D. in 2012, all specializing in photonics.
Career
From 2014 to 2016, Shastri was a Banting Postdoctoral Fellow and from 2012 to 2014 he was an NSERC Postdoctoral Fellow at Princeton University, where he worked under the guidance of Paul Prucnal. He then served as an Associate Research Scholar at Princeton from May 2016 to June 2018 and continues to serve as a Visiting Research Collaborator since July 2018.
In December 2020, Shastri became a faculty affiliate at the Vector Institute.
In 2024, Shastri was appointed as the scientific co-director of the NUCLEUS CREATE Program under NSERC. He was also appointed to the Canada Research Chair in Neuromorphic Photonic Computing, in the same year.
In September 2024, Shastri was inducted into the Royal Society of Canada.
Research
Shastri is recognized as a pioneer in the field of neuromorphic photonics, a term he co-coined.
Shastri's research investigates computation using photonics rather than electronics. His work examines how photonic systems can enable neuromorphic and quantum neural network computing. Photonic computers may offer improvements in speed and energy efficiency compared to electronic systems, potentially addressing challenges in combinatorial optimization and artificial intelligence, among other applications.
In 2024, Shastri and his team developed an optical neural network (ONN) that isolates specific transmissions and identifies signals in real time with a processing delay of less than 15 picoseconds. The ONN also operates at significantly lower power consumption than comparable electronic systems. In the same year, Shastri and his collaborators demonstrated a photonic tensor core capable of performing over 120 billion operations per second and supporting in situ neural network training with weight updates at 60 GHz.
Selected publications
Books
P. R. Prucnal and B. J. Shastri, Neuromorphic Photonics, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, Florida (2017).
Selected awards and recognition
2020: IUPAP Young Scientist Prize in Optics
2022: SPIE Early Career Achievement Award
2022: iCANX Young Scientist Award
2024: Science News (SN) 10 Scientist to Watch
2024: Member of the College, the Royal Society of Canada
2024: Canada Research Chair in Neuromorphic Photonic Computing
2025: Sloan Research Fellowship
References
Living people
1981 births
Canadian academics
Academic staff of Queen's University at Kingston
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Jeff Lindor
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Jeff Lindor (born February 7, 1986) is a Haitian-American entrepreneur and community leader. He is the founder and CEO of the Gentlemen’s Factory Inc., a membership-based organization dedicated to empowering men of color.
Early life and education
Jeff Lindor was born in Haiti in 1986. In 1989, he immigrated to the United States with his parents and two sisters, settling in Coney Island, Brooklyn. Lindor earned a Bachelor’s degree in History from the City University of New York and a Master’s degree in Urban Policy Analysis and Management from The New School.
Career
Lindor began his professional career as a Personal Banker at JP Morgan Chase, where he gained experience in finance and business strategy. He later served as a Marketing Executive at EmblemHealth, where he led campaigns for the rollout of the Affordable Care Act, improving access to healthcare for underserved communities. During this time, he also oversaw the establishment of over a dozen community health facilities.
In the public sector, Lindor worked at the New York City Department of Correction, advising the Commissioner, the Mayor of New York City, and legislators on Rikers Island reform initiatives. His efforts contributed to the first phase of the island's closure, increased funding for work-release programs, and the passage of New York’s Raise the Age legislation.
Gentlemen's Factory
In 2014, Lindor founded the Gentlemen’s Factory, a membership community providing co-working spaces, think tanks, grooming stations, and incubators for men of color. With locations across New York City, the organization focuses on combating the isolation experienced by Black and Brown men and fostering personal and professional development.
Gentlemen’s Factory has become a hub for career advancement, entrepreneurship, and networking, connecting members to investors and resources. Under Lindor's leadership, the organization has partnered with the New York City Mayor’s Office for Criminal Justice to train justice-involved individuals for careers in technology and clean energy.
Community Involvement and Philanthropy
Lindor is an angel investor, supporting Black-owned startups, and actively raises funds for political candidates aligned with empowering Black and Brown communities.He also serves on the boards of the NYC Tech Alliance, Kingsborough Community College, the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce, and the New York City Housing Authority.
Personal life
Lindor lives in Brooklyn, New York, with his two children.
References
American people of Haitian descent
1983 births
Living people
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Álvaro Urbano
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Álvaro Urbano (born in Madrid, 1983) is a Spanish contemporary artist living and working in Berlin. His art is mainly known for his work with installation and sculpture.
Urbano is also a teacher in the École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Since 2019 he holds a joint professorship with Petrit Halilaj.
Life
Álvaro Urbano grew up in Madrid, Spain. He studied interior architecture at the ETSAM. Later he moved to New York where he started to experiment with performance art. In 2009 he moved to Berlin and started to study fine arts in the Institut für Raumexperimente of the Universtät der Künste, in a class that was taught by Olafur Eliasson. Álvaro Urbano continues to work in Berlin today. In 2019 he started to teach in the École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris.
Work
Urbano's work is characterized by the creation of installations. He uses theatrical and cinematic techniques to affect the public's perception, often collaborating with lighting designers, scenographers and sound engineers to develop immersive environments. Within these spaces Urbano displays hyper-realistic sculptures that simulate plants of different types and everyday objects.
Many of the recent projects by Urbano take inspiration in forgotten or destroyed architectural spaces. For his solo exhibition El despertar, presented in 2020 at La Casa Encendida, Madrid, Urbano recreated the Pabellón de los hexágonos. This was presented by Spain at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair and it was designed by the architects José Antonio Corrales and Ramón Vázquez Molezún. The exhibition explored the possible intersections between modernist architecture and fascism, and more specifically with the Franco regime in Spain.
In 2023, Álvaro Urbano presented an exhibition in two parts in the Mexican outposts of the Spanish gallery Travesía Cuatro, in Guadalajara and Mexico City. For this project Urbano aimed to create a fictional encounter between the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca and the Mexican architect Luis Barragán. Urbano created realistic replicas of plants that can be found in Barragan's gardens and in Lorca's writings. The pairing of plants across the space suggested a possible conversation between the artists when Barragán visited the Alhambra in 1924. Urbano explained the intention of the project as follows: "my objective was to transform the two characters into botanical sculptures, and that they could have a dialogue between each other".
Urbano presented his solo exhibition TABLEAU VIVANT in SculptureCenter, Queens New York, in 2024. This project revolved around the figure of Scott Burton, a relevant figure of the New York art scene of the 70's and 80's. His legacy is mostly overlooked and many of his public sculptures are being removed or have fallen into disarray in recent times. Urbano managed to access the recently dismantled Atrium Furnishment sculptural group that was exhibited within the lobby of the AXA Equitable Center building in Manhattan. After renovations, the disassembled piece was stored in upstate New York without a clear future. Urbano managed to loan it with assistance from Jeremy Johnston, who was in charge of the rescue and posterior storage and cataloguing of the artwork. Atrium Furnishment was presented in a new arrangement within SculptureCenter along with different botanical sculptures from Urbano that are representative of the flora that can be found in The Ramble, a famous cruising spot in Central Park. Urbano intended to present this exhibition as an homage to Burton, who died from complications due to AIDS in 1989, and to bring attention to the conservation of his legacy.
Collaborative work with Petrit Halilaj
Álvaro Urbano creates collaborative works with his partner, the Kosovar artist Petrit Halilaj. They have presented exhibitions jointly in institutions such as Ocean Space, Venice (2023); the Biennale of Sydney (2024); MACBA, Barcelona (2024); among others. They started to collaborate in 2012 when they published the fanzine Kush te tu ta?, one of the first publications in the Balkans dealing with queer topics.
Urbano and Halilaj often create animal alter-egos for their projects. For their residency at MAK Center in Los Angeles (2017) the artists wore raccoon costumes to roam across the streets of the city. In 2023 and 2024, Halilaj and Urbano presented their performance Lunar Ensamble for Uprising Seas, first in Venice and later in Barcelona. The project involved a large group of metal sculptures representing different marine animals which also functioned as musical instruments. The artists dressed up as seagulls and accompanied the musicians throughout the exhibition space. In the 24th edition of the Biennale of Sydney (2024) Halilaj and Urbano dressed up as foxes wearing hyper-realistic costumes and performed within the White Bay Power Station and in different public areas of Sydney.
Selection of solo exhibitions
Tableau Vivant, SculptureCenter, New York, USA (2024)
La eterna adolescencia, Tenerife Espacio de las Artes, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain (2023)
Granada Granada, Travesía Cuatro, Guadalajara and Mexico City, Mexico (2023)
The Great Rings of Saturn, Storefront for Art and Architecture, New York, USA (2021)
El despertar, La Casa Encendida, Madrid, Spain (2020)
Awards and recognitions
Villa Romana Prize, Florence, Italy (2014)
Villa Empain, Boghossian Foundation, Brussels, Belgium (2016)
MAK Residency, Los Angeles, USA (2016–2017)
References
21st-century Spanish artists
Technical University of Madrid alumni
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
Artists from Madrid
1983 births
Living people
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Rimando
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Rimando may refer to:
Surname
George Rimando (born 1953), Filipino Roman Catholic bishop
Nick Rimando (born 1979), American soccer player
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Böhlen (oil tanker)
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Böhlen or Boehlen was an East German oil tanker that sank during a storm off the Île de Sein on 14 October 1976, causing the death of 25 crew members and an oil slick on the coast of mainland Finistère and the Île de Sein. Three other people died in the operations to pump and clean up the oil from the Böhlen.
Launched at Leningrad in 1961, the Böhlens sister ships were Port Briac and Port Maria, and she sailed under the East German flag. Her sinking came less than nine months after that of the Olympic Bravery, less than away, and marked the beginning of a series of similar disasters in Brittany, with those of the in 1978, Gino in 1979, and Tanio in 1980.
Shipwreck
On 14 October 1976, the Böhlen was en route from Maracaibo (Venezuela) to Rostock (East Germany) with a cargo of 9,800 tonnes of crude oil. The ship ran into a storm with winds gusting to , causing a swell of , and struck rocks below the surface.
At 5:33 p.m., the crew called for assistance, reporting heavy water ingress at 48° 10 N, 05° W. The crew quickly left the ship, but the lifeboats broke along the hull: 25 of the 36 crew members on board lost their lives, and the ship sank rapidly, even before help arrived.
At 7:30 p.m., two patrol aircraft spotted three lifeboats. At 10:50 pm, the Fort Ponchartrain, a cargo ship that had diverted, rescued three sailors from the first canoe. At 1:30 a.m. on 15 October 5 more people were rescued by the Pacific, a German tugboat. At 7:30 a.m., another person was rescued by a Super Frelon helicopter, and at 8:30 a.m., two others were rescued by Patience, a boat belonging to an Île de Sein resident. The shipwreck's heavy toll was partly due to poor communications: as the Île de Sein fishermen had not been warned of the sinking, they intervened only when they saw an empty rowboat adrift. Seven Senan fishing boats brought two survivors and the bodies of eight people - two women and six men - to the island. "We'd seen oiled birds before, but not yet human beings..." declared a Sena sailor in the local newspaper Mouez Enez Sun.
The wreck of the Böhlen is located at coordinates 48° 11 N, 05° 11 W, some west northwest of the Île de Sein. Many sources put the date of the sinking as 15 October, when the oil reached the coast, but the wreck appears to have occurred on 14 October 1976.
Oil spill
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The extent of the oil spill is difficult to estimate. Some 2,000 tons of oil were collected by hand from the shoreline, while several thousand more were dispersed in the ocean.
Progression of the oil slicks
At 8:30 a.m. on 15 October, the first oil slicks reached the Île de Sein. The pollution then reached the coasts of Cap Sizun, the Bay of Douarnenez, and the Bay of Audierne, and spread, to a lesser extent, from Porstall in the north to the tip of Penmarch in the south, and more noticeably to Crozon and Le Conquet, thus affecting the entire western side of the Finistère department.
Three days after the shipwreck, Alain Leroy, mayor of the Île de Sein, spoke out in the newspaper Ouest-France against the use of dispersants deemed harmful.
In addition to the fuel oil released directly when the ship sank, the wreck seemed to release oil continuously over the following weeks, and the pollution spread over time despite efforts to remove it. On 14 November 1976 (one month after the wreck), divers from the vessel Le Pélican estimated that oil was leaking from the wreck at a rate of 10 tons a day.
Ecosystem damage
The damage to the marine ecosystem of Finistère was considerable. In October 1976, a care center for oiled birds was opened in Brest. It took in razorbills, common guillemots, gannets, gulls, etc. 268 birds were taken in between October 1976 and June 1977, 74% of them alcids. The curve of bird arrivals at the care center shows a sharp peak in the month following the sinking of Böhlen, then a plateau until June 1977, corresponding to the release of oil into the ocean, which was continuous until that date. In April 1977, 30 puffins were found dead on the Blancs-Sablons beach in Le Conquet. No overall count of birds found dead has been undertaken. In proportion to the quantity of oil released, the loss of birdlife caused by the sinking of Böhlen was greater than that of .
The rest of the marine fauna was also heavily impacted. Crustaceans such as crabs and lobsters, fish, and flora are vulnerable to oil. Photosynthesis becomes impossible due to the impact of oil on algae, which withers, leaving the seawater lacking oxygen for other organisms.
Pumping operations
The decision was taken to seal several breaches in the wreck's hull. Under pressure from fishermen and the tourist trade, it was decided to pump out the oil still in the tanks, using the specialized drilling vessel Pétrel, operated by Comex. The novel solution involved sucking out the oil after injecting seawater at into the tanks, to increase fluidity. Operations began in May 1977 and were completed by the end of August 1977. The location of the wreck at a depth of and weather conditions complicated the project. Two divers died during the pumping operations, which removed 2,500 tons of oil from the wreck's tanks, out of the 9,800 tons contained before the sinking. The pumped oil was burnt directly on the ship Pétrel, causing atmospheric pollution. The cost of plugging and pumping operations is estimated at 143 million francs: 43 million for plugging and 100 million for pumping. The remainder of the pollution costs (clean-up, compensation for fishermen) is covered half by the French Navy, and half by the ship's insurance.
Waste collection and treatment
On 30 April 1977, 40 tons of oil collected on the shores of the Île de Sein were buried south of Quimper, at a place called Toulven, polluting the groundwater used by local farmers. The oil was then dug up and burned. On 2 May 1977, 120 tons of oil were spilled in former blockhouses in Plogoff, near Pointe du Raz.
On the Crozon peninsula, 85 m³ of Böhlen oil are stored in Morgat, in Portzic, in Postolonnec, as well as at the Kerloc'h landfill in Camaret-sur-Mer.
See also
List of oil spills
References
Further reading
External links
1961 ships
Ships of Germany
Ships built in Saint Petersburg
Oil tankers
Oil spills in Europe
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The following is a Wikipedia article. If multiple languages are used, different dialects may be indicated using square brackets. The formatting of the content may contain imperfections, as we have done our best to preserve only the text.
Matilda Wallace
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Matilda Wallace (November 1838 - 21 January 1898 ), was a 19th century pioneer Australian pastoralist. Born in High Ham, Somerset, England to Sarah and George Hill, she emigrated to Australia aboard the North, a 1,238-ton sailing ship, departing Liverpool on October 31, 1858, joining members of her family in Coromandel Valley, in the Colony of South Australia. She was a twenty-year old (dairy maid) sponsored by brother, Robert Hill. Wallace and her husband Abraham were for many years frontier sheep and cattle farmers, which she documented in a memoir.
Sheep and cattle farming
In 1863, Matilda and her husband, Abraham Wallace, departed from Mount Gambier with a wagon, two horses, bedding, and provisions to search for land in Queensland. Their journey led them to Mount Murchison, 16 kilometres from Wilcannia on the Darling River, where they briefly opened a store. Due to governmental entry restrictions for livestock into Queensland, they returned to Adelaide. A year later, they returned to the Barrier region of the Colony of New South Wales with two men, 25 horses, 1,400 sheep, and supplies for 18 months. They intended to settle at the frontier of white settlement. In early January 1864, they squatted on land in New South Wales to the north east of Boolcoomatta. They entered a nomadic phase, moving throughout the Fowlers Gap area to meet their livestock's need for water and feed. Despite the arid climate, wool production proved economically viable.
The Wallaces were some of the earliest settlers in the region, with a pastoral run, Sturts Meadows, located approximately 110 kilometres north of Broken Hill. The property was formally leased in September 1869 and the prior occupant, squatter George Raines, displaced.
The main water source at Sturts Meadows was the intermittent Caloola Creek, thus the Wallaces had to frequently relocate during droughts, seeking water at locations such as Cobham Lake returning after it rained. Matilda managed the property independently during her husband's frequent absences, relying on Aboriginal people and others such as the teenage Blore brothers, Fred and George, for assistance. Frederick Blore and family had migrated from England in 1851 and were among the first to move to the Barrier Region. Matilda tells of her stay on the opposite side of the lake to where the Cobham Lake Hotel was later built by George Blore. There is still evidence of where she was at the site, including a well formed spherical underground tank. The lake was also home to the Malayngapa people. In her memoir, Matilda noted the serious threat dingoes posed to the sheep she shepherded. They target the outliers from the flock, chase, panic and kill them.
The carrying capacity of Sturts Meadows was about one sheep per 50 acres (20 ha).The vegetation is mainly saltbush (Atriplex semibaccata) and bluebush (Mariana sp.) with scattered mulga (Acacia aneura) and belah (Casuarina cristata), river red gums (Eucalpytus camaldulensis) along ephemeral creeks and a variety of low growing grasses. The
climate is typical of an arid region with fairly mild winters and hot summers and low and variable
rainfall, averaging about 10 inches (250mm) per annum.
Wallace gave birth to a daughter, Mary Ann Sarah Wallace, on January 28, 1871, at Menindee. Pregnant again, she travelled to Adelaide late in 1872 for family support, giving birth to Alfred Abey Tom Whitfield Wallace, on January 24, 1873. Both children were baptized at Holy Trinity Church, the first Anglican Church in Adelaide. After her son died, she began writing her memoir, "Twelve Years' Life in Australia, from 1859 to 1871", which was typeset and posthumously deposited in the Adelaide Public Library.
Abraham Wallace secured a lease for a cattle-run in the Northern Territory, establishing Elsey Station in 1881.
After retiring in 1884, Wallace re-joined his wife and bought a substantial home at Reynella, The Braes, designed by the eminent Adelaide architect, Sir Charles S Kingston, and built in 1868. Shortly after, he died by his own hand after an accident.Abraham had died intestate and Matilda was appointed administratrix. Matilda was left to oversee two properties, Elsey River Station and Sturts Meadows, each having a resident manager. The Elsey property was sold several years after Abraham's death but Matilda still owned property in NSW in 1891.
In 1892, Matilda sold her home and moved to a rented cottage at Port Adelaide to be closer to family. Following a period of illness, starting in 1896, she moved in with her daughter, living at Largs Bay, South Australia, where she passed away on January 21, 1898, at the age of 60. She was buried in St. Jude's Cemetery, Brighton, with her husband and granddaughter in Section A, Grave No106. Probate for her substantial estate was granted in Melbourne on 15 August 1898.
Matilda is a recognised Barrier region pioneer settler. A silhouette statue stands near Sturts Meadows Station and a Matilda Wallace Barrier Ranges Lookout is located at Lat: -31.386975 Lng: 141.611988.
Memoir
In 1922, A. T. Saunders, with the help of John Lewis who had met Matilda at Mingary, South Australia in 1867, identified her as the author of an anonymous memoir previously posthumously deposited in the Adelaide Public Library. Mr Lewis also paid a tribute to the wonderful pluck
of the woman. It is a big thing to say, but it is questionable whether the annals of the Australian bush reveal a more courageous character among the women pioneers, than was Mrs Abraham Wallace. Her self-told story is indeed an inspiration. Her memoir recounts her experiences since arriving in Australia and was retold and later reprinted in the Mt Gambier South Eastern Times in 1927. Her biographical account has been included in various collections and cited in publications. The original booklet is held at the Holdfast Bay History Centre, Brighton SA together with local history relating to Abraham and Matilda. Although Matilda attended school only until the age of eleven, her memoir is articulate. She wrote: Five days after we had a delightful thunderstorm and rain, which I may say saved our lives, for the extreme heat and privations were telling on us and our animals. The rain filled all the water holes, but was not sufficient to make the feed grow, though it freshened up the dry bushes. She is recognised in the Pioneer Women's Room of the Milparinka Courthouse and History Centre and a photograph archived in the South Australian library collection. A studio photograph of Matilda, her daughter Annie and husband Abraham was taken by Townsend Duryea, Adelaide, about 1877.
References
1838 births
1898 deaths
English people
English emigrants to colonial Australia
19th-century English biographers
Australian pastoralists
19th-century Australian farmers
People from South Somerset (district)
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