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The relationship between stock returns to profit to determine the extent of the response that occurs to as the Earnings Response Coefficient (ERC). Some studies reveal there are four factors that affect Earnings Response Coefficient (ERC), namely : beta, capital structure, persistence and growth. Reasons
Reasons for differential market response:
Beta: The more risk related to the firm's expected returns the lower will be the investor's reactions to a given amount of unexpected earnings. (Note: beta shows risk of a security so you can assume that a high beta means a high risk). Capital structure: ERC for a highly leveraged firm is lower than for a firm with little or no debt, Any good news passed on means that the debt holders get this benefit instead of the investors. (Thus it is important to disclose the nature & magnitude of financial instruments including off-balance sheet). Persistence: Source of increase in current earnings affects the ERC: If earnings are expected to persist into the future this will result in a higher ERC. If the component in the earnings is non-persistent (i.e. unusual, non recurring items) this will result in lower ERC. Accruals quality: The manager has considerable control over the amounts and timing of accruals. If the manager uses this control over accruals to influence the amount of reported net income, they are called discretionary accruals. Growth Opportunities: Suppose that current net income reveals unexpectedly high profitability for some of the firm's recent investment projects. | [
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This may indicate to the market that the firm will enjoy strong growth in the future, hence ERC will be high. The informativeness of price: Because prices lead earnings, and market prices aggregates all publicly known information about the firm, much of which the accounting system recognizes with a lag. Consequently, the more informative price is, the less the information content of current accounting earnings will be, other things equal, hence the lower the ERC. Use & Debate
ERCs are used primarily in research in accounting and finance. In particular, ERCs have been used in research in positive accounting, a branch of financial accounting research, as they theoretically describe how markets react to different information events. Research in Finance has used ERCs to study, among other things, how different investors react to information events. and
There is some debate concerning the true nature and strength of the ERC relationship. As demonstrated in the above model, the ERC is generally considered to be the slope coefficient of a linear equation between unexpected earnings and equity return. However, certain research results suggest that the relationship is nonlinear. and
See also
Capital asset pricing model
Post earnings announcement drift
Clean surplus accounting
References
Collins, D. W. and S. P. Kothari (1989), 'An Analysis of Intertemporal and Cross-Sectional Determinants of Earnings Response Coefficients', Journal of Accounting & Economics, Vol.11, No.2/3 (July), pp. 143–81. Chambers, Dennis J.; Freeman, Robert N.; Koch, Adam S (2005) The Effect of Risk on Price Responses to Unexpected Earnings. | [
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] |
Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, Vol. 20 Issue 4, p461-482
Kormendi, Roger & Lipe, Robert, 1987. "Earnings Innovations, Earnings Persistence, and Stock Returns," Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 60(3), pages 323-45. William R. Scott,"Financial Accounting Theory third edition." Al-Baidhani, A. M. (2018). Corporate Ownership & Control / Volume 15, Issue 4, Summer 2018, p 29-45.</ref>
Accounting research
Finance theories
Mathematical finance
Financial markets | [
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The American Name Society (ANS) is a non-profit organization founded in 1951 to promote onomastics, the study of names and naming practices, both in the United States and abroad. The organization investigates cultural insights, settlement history, and linguistic characteristics revealed in names. The ANS runs an annual conference for name scholars and enthusiasts, and it is the largest scholarly society dedicated to "the investigation of names and how they develop". Since 1952, the ANS has produced the journal Names, which publishes articles on names. The American Dialect Society was the parent organization of ANS. It has also been associated with the Modern Language Association. History
In the early 1950s, members of the American Dialect Society felt that there ought to be another organization focused on the function of proper nouns. On December 29, 1951, in Detroit, a group of academics voted to create the American Name Society, which would focus on onomastics and publish a quarterly journal with content written by society members. The founders appointed a Sponsoring Committee with 29 members and elected a president, Elsdon C. Smith. The first meeting was held on December 27, 1952, in Boston. The ANS has had a broad scope since its inception, and attracts specialists from a variety of fields. Names
In March 1953, the ANS began publishing Names, "a journal of onomastics." The first volume of Names, the journal published by ANS, was published in March 1953, edited by Erwin Gudde. | [
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George R. Stewart, a founding member of the ANS, described his vision for using Names to define the field of onomastics. Individuals who subscribe to and receive a print version of Names also receive membership to the ANS. As of January 2021, all current and archived issues of Names became available for free via the Open Access program at the University of Pittsburgh. Awards
Emerging Scholar award
The Emerging Scholar award recognizes names researchers in the early stages of their academic or professional careers. The awardee receives recognition at the annual meeting and mentoring by a senior onomastics scholar who will assist the awardee in preparing his/her paper for submission and possible publication in NAMES: A Journal of Onomastics. Best Article in Names: A Journal of Onomastics
The Best Article in Names: A Journal of Onomastics Award is given to only one article per year according to the significance of the article and its relevance to the science of onomastics. The award committee of three reviewers operates independently of the editors. Name of the Year
Since 2004, the ANS has declared a Name of the Year. Each year, the public can nominate a name by contacting the Name of the Year election coordinator with justification for the name's inclusion. ANS members can also nominate names at the annual meeting. Nominated names are judged on three criteria: linguistic innovation, potential to impact language use, and ability to capture national attention. Since 2008, the ANS has voted on the top personal name, place name, trade name, and fictional name at its annual conference. | [
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Related organizations
The American Name Society is allied with the Modern Language Association (MLA). Sister Societies
The American Name Society is a member of a group of sister societies that meet concurrently with the Linguistic Society of America:
American Dialect Society (ADS)
North American Association for the History of Language Sciences (NAAHoLS)
Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics (SPCL)
Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA)
The Association for Linguistic Evidence (TALE)
The North American Research Network in Historical Sociolinguistics (NARNiHS)
References
External links
Names: A Journal of Onomastics
Linguistic societies
American English
Learned societies of the United States
Onomastics
1952 establishments in the United States | [
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Kenneth R. Koedinger (born 1962 in Wisconsin) is a professor of human–computer interaction and psychology at Carnegie Mellon University. He is the founding and current director of the Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center. He is widely known for his role in the development of the Cognitive Tutor software. He is also widely published in cognitive psychology, intelligent tutoring systems, and educational data mining, and his research group has repeatedly won "Best Paper" awards at scientific conferences in those areas, such as the EDM2008 Best Paper, ITS2006 Best Paper, ITS2004 Best Paper, and ITS2000 Best Paper. Education
Koedinger received his bachelor's degree in Mathematics and Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, working with Richard Lehrer, and his M.S. in Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He then obtained his Ph.D. in Cognitive Psychology from Carnegie Mellon University. His doctoral advisor was John Robert Anderson. Career
Koedinger worked as a Research Scientist in the Human-Computer Interaction Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually, Koedinger became an Associate Professor and subsequently a Professor at Carnegie Mellon University. He has had many prestigious graduate students and post-doctoral fellows, in particular Neil Heffernan and Vincent Aleven. Research
Knowledge-Learning-Instruction Framework (KLI Framework)
Koedinger studied and developed the KLI framework of Learning Science. In 2012, Koedinger, along with his colleague Albert Corbett from the HCII and Charles Perfetti from the University of Pittsburgh, introduced the Knowledge-Learning-Instruction framework. The propositions within the KLI framework can help generate research questions within specific domains and instructional situations that, with further work, yield precise and falsifiable predictions. | [
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The KLI framework relates a set of observable and unobservable events: Learning Events, Instructional Events, Assessment Events and Knowledge Components. Instructional Events: Variations, typically planned, in the learning environment that are intended to produce learning. Instructional Events cause Learning Events. Learning Events: Changes in cognitive and brain states that can be inferred from data, but cannot be directly observed or directly controlled. Assessment Events: Involve student responses that are evaluated. Assessment Events are usually test items that can be directly observed, but they can also be embedded in the context of instruction. Knowledge Components: A description of a mental structure or process that a learner uses, alone or in combination with other knowledge components, to accomplish steps in a task or a problem. A knowledge component is also closely related to an assessment event, since it is an acquired unit of cognitive function or structure that can be inferred from performance on a set of related tasks. Cognitive Tutor
Koedinger has a huge contribution to the Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), and developed several cognitive tutor software to aid the traditional classroom learning. Among which the "Cognitive Tutor Algebra" is one of the precursors of the ITS. In 2006, Koedinger and Albert Corbett invented the Cognitive Tutor Algebra from their Cognitive Tutor research. It is intended to provide students with immediate step by step hints and feedback, which traditional classroom practice can not provide. | [
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In 2011, Koedinger, and his colleagues Ido Roll, Vincent Aleven and Bruce McLaren introduced the Help Tutor, an enhanced version of the Geometry Cognitive Tutor that is capable of giving immediate metacognitive feedback on students' help-seeking errors. As an enhanced version, the Help Tutor teaches help-seeking skills by giving metacognitive feedback on students' help-seeking errors in the context of learning a domain-specific problem-solving skill. The Help Tutor messages include only domain-independent metacognitive content for several reasons: to encourage students to focus more on the metacognitive feedback (and not be distracted by domain content), to help students generalize the help-seeking skills, and to make the Help Tutor reusable with different Cognitive Tutors. See also
Cognitive Tutor
Learning sciences
ACT-R
John Robert Anderson (psychologist)
References
External links
Koedinger's personal page at Carnegie Mellon
Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center (PSLC)
Authoring tool for intelligent tutoring systems
Cognitive scientists
Educational psychologists
American psychologists
Computational psychologists
1962 births
Living people
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Human-Computer Interaction Institute faculty | [
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A Protection Profile (PP) is a document used as part of the certification process according to ISO/IEC 15408 and the Common Criteria (CC). As the generic form of a Security Target (ST), it is typically created by a user or user community and provides an implementation independent specification of information assurance security requirements. A PP is a combination of threats, security objectives, assumptions, security functional requirements (SFRs), security assurance requirements (SARs) and rationales. A PP specifies generic security evaluation criteria to substantiate vendors' claims of a given family of information system products. Among others, it typically specifies the Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL), a number 1 through 7, indicating the depth and rigor of the security evaluation, usually in the form of supporting documentation and testing, that a product meets the security requirements specified in the PP. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Security Agency (NSA) have agreed to cooperate on the development of validated U.S. government PPs. Purpose
A PP states a security problem rigorously for a given collection of system or products, known as the Target of Evaluation (TOE) and to specify security requirements to address that problem without dictating how these requirements will be implemented. A PP may inherit requirements from one or more other PPs. In order to get a product evaluated and certified according to the CC, the product vendor has to define a Security Target (ST) which may comply with one or more PPs. | [
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In this way a PP may serve as a template for the product's ST. Problem areas
Although the EAL is easiest for laymen to compare, its simplicity is deceptive because this number is rather meaningless without an understanding the security implications of the PP(s) and ST used for the evaluation. Technically, comparing evaluated products requires assessing both the EAL and the functional requirements. Unfortunately, interpreting the security implications of the PP for the intended application requires very strong IT security expertise. Evaluating a product is one thing, but deciding if some product's CC evaluation is adequate for a particular application is quite another. It is not obvious what trusted agency possesses the depth in IT security expertise needed to evaluate systems applicability of Common Criteria evaluated products. The problem of applying evaluations is not new. This problem was addressed decades ago by a massive research project that defined software features that could protect information, evaluated their strength, and mapped security features needed for specific operating environment risks. The results were documented in the Rainbow Series. Rather than separating the EAL and functional requirements, the Orange Book followed a less advanced approach defining functional protection capabilities and appropriate assurance requirements as single category. Seven such categories were defined in this way. Further, the Yellow Book defined a matrix of security environments and assessed the risk of each. It then established precisely what security environment was valid for each of the Orange Book categories. This approach produced an unambiguous layman's cookbook for how to determine whether a product was usable in a particular application. | [
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] |
Loss of this application technology seems to have been an unintended consequence of the superseding of the Orange Book by the Common Criteria. Security devices with PPs
Validated U.S. government PP
Anti-Virus (Sunset Date: 2011.06.01)
Key Recovery
Certification Authorities
Tokens
DBMS
Firewalls
Operating System
IDS/h
Validated non-U.S. government PP
Smart Cards
Remote electronic voting systems
Trusted execution environment
External links
International Protection Profiles
NIAP Protection Profiles
Computer Security Act of 1987
References
Computer security procedures | [
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The Journal of Object Technology is an online scientific journal welcoming manuscripts describing theoretical, empirical, conceptual, and experimental results in the area of software and language engineering, including
programming paradigms
software language engineering
model-based and model-driven engineering
requirement engineering
software architecture
software validation & verification
software maintenance and evolution
software analytics
software development process and methodology
Each issue contains columns by regular columnists and peer-reviewed papers. Columnists include Dave Thomas, Won Kim, Bertrand Meyer and John McGregor. Its first issue appeared in May 2002, in response to the need for an international journal covering the object-oriented and component-based development field. From 1986 to 2001, the Journal of Object-Oriented Programming played much of that role, but after it was sold to a new owner in 2000, it was announced in the following year that it would cease publication at the end of the year. The launching of The Journal of Object Technology was largely a response to this event, as leaders from the community realized a flagship publication was needed. Since then the Journal evolved by broadening its audience. Platinum Open Access
The Journal of Object Technology is open-access and completely free to both readers and authors (“platinum” model). This model has been adopted since the journal’s visionary creation in 2002 and applies to all contributions (available under the Creative Commons license). If you are interested in the Journal's view on Open Access and in understanding what are the pros and cons of the different Open Access models you can have a look at the following editorial Open Access: all you wanted to know and never dared to ask. | [
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Continuous Publication Scheme
The Journal of Object Technology uses a continuous publication scheme whereby regular papers, upon acceptance, are immediately added into a dynamic annual issue, with final DOI and other metadata. Indexing
The Journal of Object Technology is currently indexed by DBLP, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Search, SCIRUS, Scientific Commons, Index of IS Journals, and SCOPUS. The Journal of Object Technology is registered under ISSN 1660-1769. | [
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Masthead
Editor-in-Chief
Alfonso Pierantonio, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Italy
Deputy Editor-in-Chief
Mark van den Brand, Technical University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Benoit Combemale, University of Rennes, France
Special Theme Editor
Richard Paige, McMaster University, Canada
Founder
Bertrand Meyer, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Founding Editor Emeritus
Richard Wiener, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, USA
Steering Committee
Bertrand Meyer, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Oscar Nierstrasz, University of Bern, Switzerland
Richard Paige, McMaster University, Canada
Antonio Vallecillo, University of Malaga, Spain
Jan Vitek, Northeastern University, USA
Editorial Board
Antonia Bertolino, CNR ISTI, Italy
Tony Clark, Aston University, Italy
Juan de Lara, Universidad Autònoma de Madrid, Spain
Davide Di Ruscio, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Italy
Jürgen Dingel, Queen's University, Canada
Stéphane Ducasse, INRIA, France
Sebastien Erdweg, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
Görel Hedin, Lund University, Sweden
Zhenjian Hu, Peking University, China
Jörg Kienzle, McGill University, Canada
Jean-Marc Jézéquel, IRISA, France
Doug Lea, State University of New York at Oswego, USA
Gary Leavens, University of Central Florida, USA
Kim Mens, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
James Noble, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
David Naumann, Stevens Institute of Technology, USA
Houari Sahraoui, Université de Montréal, Canada
Michael Stal, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
Perdita Stevens, University of Edinburgh, UK
Antonio Vallecillo, University of Malaga, Spain
Daniel Varro, McGill University/BME, Canada/Hungary
Eelco Visser, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Jan Vitek, Northeastern University, USA
Philip Wadler, University of Edinburgh, UK
Manuel Wimmer, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Austria
Elena Zucca, University of Genoa, Italy
References
External links
Computer science journals
Object-oriented programming
Software engineering publications
Open access journals
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
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Windows Live Writer is a discontinued desktop blog-publishing application that was developed by Microsoft and distributed as part of the Windows Live suite of apps. The last major release of Windows Live Writer came out in 2012 (end-of-life), and the software was completely discontinued in January 2017. An open-source fork of Windows Live Writer was released as Open Live Writer on December 9, 2015. Functionality
The software featured WYSIWYG authoring, photo-publishing and map-publishing functionality, and was compatible with Windows Live Spaces, SharePoint blogs, Blogger, LiveJournal, TypePad, WordPress, Telligent Community, PBlogs.gr, JournalHome, the MetaWeblog API, the Movable Type API, Blogengine, Squarespace, and all blogs that supported Really Simple Discovery. Windows Live Writer introduced the Provider Customization API that enables both rich customization of Windows Live Writer's behavior as well as the opportunity to add new functionality to the product. Windows Live Spaces, WordPress, and TypePad had all taken advantage of this API to expose additional service-specific features within Windows Live Writer. Windows Live Writer was localized to 48 different languages. History
Windows Live Writer was based on Onfolio Writer, a product Microsoft obtained from the acquisition of Onfolio. On November 6, 2007, version 2008 was released. It includes inline spell checking, table editing, ability to add categories, page authoring for WordPress and TypePad, support for excerpts and extended entries, improved hyperlinking and image insertion, and a new "Paste Special" function. | [
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Also improved integration to SharePoint 2007 support, new APIs enabling custom extensions by weblog providers, automatic synchronization of local and online edits, integration with Windows Live Gallery, and support for "Blogger Labels". On December 15, 2008, Windows Live Writer version 2009 was released as part of the Windows Live Essentials suite. Released on September 30, 2010, Windows Live Writer 2011 introduced the new Ribbon user interface. On August 7, 2012, Windows Live Writer 2012 was released as part of the Windows Essentials 2012 suite. Version 2012 became the last major update to both the Windows Essentials suite and the Writer app. On January 10, 2017, Windows Essentials 2012 and all its apps, including Windows Live Writer, reached the end of support, meaning it would no longer receive new features, bug fixes, and security updates. The software itself is also no longer available for download from Microsoft. Fork
A free and open-source fork of Windows Live Writer, known as Open Live Writer, has been released on GitHub on December 9, 2015. The latest release of this fork was in 2017 and the last change on the source code was in 2019. It has since been abandoned. Gallery
References
External links
Windows-only freeware
Writer
Blog client software
Free software
Microsoft free software
Formerly proprietary software | [
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MARXAN is a family of software designed to aid systematic reserve design on conservation planning. With the use of stochastic optimisation routines (Simulated Annealing) Marxan generates spatial reserve systems that achieve particular biodiversity representation goals with reasonable optimality. Over the years, Marxan has grown from its standard two zone application to consider more complex challenges like incorporating connectivity, probabilities and multiple zones. Along the way, Marxan’s user community has also built plug-ins and interfaces to assist with planning projects. Computationally, Marxan provides solutions to a conservation version of the 0-1 knapsack problem, where the objects of interest are potential reserve sites with given biological attributes. The simulated annealing algorithm attempts to minimise the total cost of the reserve system, while achieving a set of conservation goals (typically that a certain percentage of each geographical/biological feature is represented by the reserve system). History
Marxan is a portmanteau acronym, fusing MARine, and SPEXAN, itself an acronym for SPatially EXplicit ANnealing. It was a product of Ian R. Ball's PhD thesis, while he was a student at the University of Adelaide in 2000, and was supervised and funded by Professor Hugh Possingham, the state of Queensland's (Australia) current Chief Scientist who holds a Federation Fellowship at the University of Queensland. It was an extension of the existing SPEXAN program. In 2018, the vision of “Democratizing Marxan” began. | [
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Through the Biodiversity and Protected Areas Management programme (BIOPAMA), funded by the European Union, the Joint Research Centre worked closely with The Nature Conservancy to prototype a web-based Marxan platform that improves accessibility to non-experts and supports our common vision of providing accessible tools for evidence-based conservation planning. This led to a partnership with Microsoft in 2020, which aims to scale Marxan’s infrastructure for global accessibility and empowering users with the tools and data they need to make smarter decisions for the planet. In late 2020 and early 2021 Microsoft's Azure Quantum team made several open source contributions to Marxan resulting in increased performance when running on multi-core machines and cloud environments. The resulting version 4 of Marxan is now available from marxansolutions.org. Applications
MARXAN is the most widely used systematic reserve planning software in the world, and has been used to create the marine reserve network on the Great Barrier Reef, in Queensland, Australia, the largest marine protected area in the world. It has been used for many other marine and terrestrial reserve planning applications. Channel Islands of California
Gulf of Mexico
Galapagos Islands
South Australia
British Columbia
Connecticut/New York
Central Coast of California
Baltic Sea
Beyond protected area network design, MARXAN has been applied to hundreds of conservation planning challenges, from designing optimal poaching patrols for game reserves and identifying where to conserve essential ecosystem services, to helping with transboundary ocean planning and understanding where transnational collaborations might best be prioritized to achieve conservation goals. While it would be almost impossible to list all of MARXAN's applications, here are a few examples beyond protected area network design. | [
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For software specific examples, see the Software section. Restoration activities in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil, in the Yucatan Peninsula in the Mexican Caribbean, in the Murray–Darling Basin in South Australia, and southwestern Alberta, Canada
Provision of ecosystem services in Central Coast ecoregion of California, United States, Telemark in southern Norway, and Vermont, United States
Understanding trade-offs between competing objectives in the Andes of Bolivia, and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Identifying management priorities in the Danube River Basin, Europe, and South Africa's grassland biome
Law enforcement activities in the Greater Virunga Landscape, in central Africa, and the Patos Lagoon estuary along the Brazilian coast
MARXAN has been used extensively by The Nature Conservancy, and is a major part of the systematic planning tools being used in the Global Marine Initiative. The World Wildlife Fund used MARXAN to define a Global set of Marine Protected Areas, the Roadmap to Recovery, which they used to petition the UN about the creation of open ocean marine reserve networks. The software has also been used in terrestrial applications, such as:
The North American Wildlands Project. Selecting priority areas for Global Mammal Assemblages. Planning the conservation of ecosystem services. The Great Sand Hills of Saskatchewan Regional Environmental Study
Software
Marxan
Marxan is the most widely used decision-support software for conservation planning globally, and has been used to build marine and terrestrial conservation systems covering approximately 5% of the Earth’s surface. Marxan supports the design of cost-efficient networks that meet conservation targets for biodiversity. | [
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Marxan with Zones
Marxan with Zones has the same functionality as Marxan but extends on the range of problems the software can solve and allows for the incorporation of multiple costs and zones into a systematic planning framework. Applications could be zoning for marine protected areas with various protection levels or landscapes that balance agriculture, biodiversity protection, and sustainable forestry zones. Marxan with Zones assigns each planning unit in a study region to a particular zone in order to meet a number of ecological, social and economic objectives at a minimum total cost. Some example locations where it has been used to inform decisions includes Raja Ampat, Indonesia, Tun Mustapha Park in Sabah, Malaysia, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, and Indonesian Borneo. Marxan with Connectivity
Marxan with Connectivity is an extension of the Marxan software family that allows for more sophisticated connectivity considerations in spatial planning. For example, sites may be connected through processes such as larval dispersal, animal migrations, and genetic flows which are desirable objectives in conservation plans. Marxan with Connectivity has been applied in freshwater, marine, terrestrial and land-sea systems to conserve sites that may be spatially distanced but ecologically connected. Some examples include planning for threatened loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Mediterranean, and accounting for river connectivity in the Guadiana River basin in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. It has been recently operationalized through ‘Marxan Connect’ - a new open source, open access Graphical User Interface (GUI) tool designed to assist conservation planners with the appropriate use of data on ecological connectivity in protected area network planning. | [
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Marxan with Probability
Marxan with Probability (MarProb) is Marxan with an additional objective function term that incorporates the probability of a site being destroyed at some point in the future. This function helps plan for persistence in protected area networks (see Game et al. 2008). Some examples where it has been used includes planning for Iberian herptile conservation while accounting for uncertainty in their predicted distributions due to climate change, and accounting for the inherent uncertainty associated with coral reef habitat maps in conservation planning, in the Kubulau District fisheries management area, Fiji. Companion Tools
Zonae Cogito
Zonae Cogito is a freely available software package that help manage and visualise Marxan projects. The interface streamlines and simplifies the development and evaluation of alternative planning scenarios, allows direct editing to input files, calibrates parameters, and helps users easily access important output files for evaluation. CLUZ
CLUZ (Conservation Land-Use Zoning software) is a QGIS plug-in that allows users to design protected area networks and other conservation landscapes and seascapes. It can be used for on-screen planning and also acts as a link for the Marxan conservation planning software. It was developed by Bob Smith and funded by the UK Government’s Darwin Initiative. Marxan toolboxes
Helpful tools developed by Trevor Wiens from Apropos Information Systems are available for both ArcGIS and QGIS users. Prioritizr
Systematic Conservation Prioritization in R – The prioritizr R package uses integer linear programming (ILP) techniques to provide a flexible interface for building and solving conservation planning problems. | [
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It supports a broad range of objectives, constraints, and penalties that can be used to custom-tailor conservation planning problems to the specific needs of a conservation planning exercise. Once built, conservation planning problems can be solved using a variety of commercial and open-source exact algorithm solvers. In contrast to the algorithms conventionally used to solve conservation problems, such as heuristics or simulated annealing, the exact algorithms used here are guaranteed to find optimal solutions. Furthermore, conservation problems can be constructed to optimize the spatial allocation of different management actions or zones, meaning that conservation practitioners can identify solutions that benefit multiple stakeholders. Finally, this package has the functionality to read input data formatted for the Marxan conservation planning program, and find much cheaper solutions in a much shorter period of time than Marxan. References
External links
Environmental conservation | [
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USS Alchiba (AKA-6) was an of the United States Navy, named after Alchiba, a star in the constellation Corvus. She served as a commissioned ship for 4 years and 7 months. Operational history
Laid down as Mormacdove under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 21) on 15 August 1938 at Chester, Pennsylvania, by the Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Hull 178; launched on 6 July 1939; sponsored by Miss Alice W. Clement; delivered 21 September 1939 to owner/operator Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc.; acquired by the Navy on 2 June 1941; renamed Alchiba the next day and simultaneously designated AK-23; converted by the Boston Navy Yard for naval service as a cargo ship; and placed in commission at Boston on 15 June 1941, Comdr. Allen P. Mullinix in command. 1941
Alchiba was assigned to the Naval Transportation Service and sailed to Charleston, South Carolina, for shakedown training. She then carried out training exercises along the East Coast through early October and sailed – via Quonset Point, Rhode Island – for Halifax, Nova Scotia, to take on cargo and personnel for transportation to Iceland. She departed Halifax on 22 October in convoy HX 156 and reached Reykjavík, Iceland, on 30 November. The vessel discharged cargo there before sailing back to the United States. She reached New York City on 26 December, and was briefly drydocked there for repairs. | [
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1942
The ship got underway on 11 January 1942, arrived at Charleston – via Norfolk, Virginia – on the 19th, took on supplies and equipment destined for the Pacific theater, and set sail on 27 January. She transited the Panama Canal on 2 February; joined the Base Force, Pacific Fleet; and continued on to the Society Islands. Alchiba reached Bora Bora on the 17th and began discharging her cargo. She departed that port on 14 March and shaped a course for Chile. She reached Antofagasta, Chile, on 29 March and took on a load of ingot and electrolytic copper. After transiting the Panama Canal on 8 April, the cargo ship arrived back in New York City on 19 April and unloaded her cargo. One week later, Alchiba moved to Charleston and underwent a period of repairs and alterations. She resumed duty late in May and sailed for Hampton Roads to take on cargo and personnel destined for service in the South Pacific. The ship then got underway on 10 June, transited the Panama Canal on the 17th, and reached Wellington, New Zealand, on 11 July. The vessel was assigned to Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet, and became a member of Transport Division C. For Operation Watchtower, Alchiba's Division served under Task Force 62 (South Pacific Amphibious Force), Task Group 62.1, Transport Group X-Ray. On 22 July, she sailed for Korp Island, Fiji Islands, to participate in amphibious landing exercises – the rehearsal for the first American assault landing in the Pacific theater. | [
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Upon completing this training, she embarked marines and filled her holds with ammunition, amphibious tractors, gasoline, and general supplies and got underway for operations in the Solomon Islands. The vessel arrived off Guadalcanal on 7 August, where she disembarked her troops, unloaded her cargo, and helped rescue survivors from the USS Astoria, sunk after the Battle of Savo Island. She left the Solomons on 9 August, bound for New Caledonia. After her arrival at Nouméa on the 13th, the ship loaded on more cargo and, nine days later, commenced a voyage which took her to Pago Pago, American Samoa; Tongatapu, Tonga Islands; and Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides. Alchiba returned to Guadalcanal on 18 September. After unloading cargo to support Marines struggling for that island, she sailed back to New Caledonia (7–10 October) for more supplies and returned to Guadalcanal on 1 November. During November the ship shuttled supplies and personnel between Guadalcanal and Tulagi. She was anchored off Lunga Point at 0616 on 28 November, when two torpedoes from Japanese Ko-hyoteki class midget submarine Ha-10 (launched from submarine ) exploded on the vessel's port side. At that time, her No. 2 hold was loaded with drums of aviation gasoline and ammunition, and the resulting explosion shot flames 150 feet in the air. The commanding officer, James Shepherd Freeman, ordered the ship to weigh anchor and run upon the beach. This action undoubtedly saved the ship. Hungry flames raged in the ship for over five days before weary fire fighting parties finally brought them under control. | [
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Captain Freeman was awarded the Navy Cross and executive officer Commander Howard R. Shaw the Silver Star for their leadership in saving this vessel. Salvage operations began soon thereafter. Most of her cargo was saved, and temporary repairs were in progress when Alchiba was torpedoed again on 7 December, this time by midget submarine Ha-38 (launched from ). An enemy submarine's conning tower had been spotted shortly before two torpedoes were fired. One passed close under the cargo ship's stern, but the other struck her No. 4 hold on the port side near the engine room. Although the hold cargo (500-pound bombs) had been unloaded earlier, the blast killed three men, including Everett M. Stuermer, MM2 wounded six others, and caused considerable structural damage. Once the fires and flooding were controlled, salvage operations resumed and enabled the ship to get underway for Tulagi on 27 December 1942. 1943
Alchiba remained at Tulagi through 18 January 1943. On that day, she was moved to Espiritu Santo for further repair work. While at that island, the ship was redesignated AKA-6 on 1 February. She left Espiritu Santo on 6 May, bound for the West Coast of the United States, and entered the Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, California, on 2 June. Her refurbishing there lasted until early August when she conducted sea trials off the California coast before sailing on 13 August for Port Hueneme, California, to take on cargo. Six days later, she headed for the South Pacific to continue her service providing logistics support for Allied fighting men. | [
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Alchiba left Espiritu Santo on 12 September. She made runs to New Caledonia and Guadalcanal and in mid-November, participated in the landings on Bougainville, as part of Transport Division C, III Amphibious Force. Alchiba returned to Espiritu Santo on 13 December. 1944
Alchiba continued her supply duties in the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia through late March 1944. In April, Alchiba was assigned to carry elements of the 25th RCT (Regimental Combat Team), 4th Marines, for the invasion of Saipan as part of Transport Division 20. However, during the rehearsal in mid-May she had to return to Pearl Harbor for major repairs, and her place was taken by AKA 19 (USS Thuban). On 25 May, the ship left Pearl Harbor for the West Coast of the United States. On 30 May, Alchiba entered the Moore Dry Dock Company, Oakland, California, to undergo extensive alterations and repairs. The work was completed late in August, and the cargo ship got underway for sea trials in San Francisco Bay. Engine trouble developed during these tests, and the ship returned to the yard on 1 September for further repairs. She took on cargo at the Hunters Point Navy Yard on the 22d and sailed once again for Espiritu Santo. While en route, the ship experienced more engine problems, but she reached her destination on 9 October and commenced repair work. This process continued until early November, when the vessel shaped a course back to San Francisco. | [
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She arrived at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, California, on the 29th and underwent extensive repairs to her main engine. 1945
On 24 February 1945, Alchiba commenced sea trials but was forced to return to Mare Island two days later for still more work. Two weeks later, the ship sailed to Morehaven(? ), California, to load cargo and got underway on 20 March for Pearl Harbor. During the run to Hawaii, the engines continued to give trouble, and Alchiba returned to San Francisco for further repairs, this time by the General Engineering & Drydock Corp. The cargo ship left the shipyard on 3 June; sailed to the Naval Supply Depot, Oakland, California; took on cargo there; and put to sea on the 15th, bound for Ulithi. While she was en route there, her destination was changed to Pearl Harbor because of still more engine trouble. Upon her arrival at Hawaii on the 24th, repair work was resumed. The ship sailed again on 8 July for Eniwetok, Marshall Islands; Ulithi, Caroline Islands; Guam, Mariana Islands; and Manila, Philippines. The end of World War II in mid-August found Alchiba in port at Ulithi unloading cargo. She remained on duty in the western Pacific through 26 October, when she was ordered back to the United States. Alchiba arrived at San Francisco on 19 November. Eight days later, she began a voyage to the East Coast, transited the Panama Canal on 10 December, and sailed for Norfolk where she arrived on the 18th. Preparations for her deactivation then began. | [
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Decommissioning and sale
The ship was decommissioned at Portsmouth, Virginia, on 14 January 1946; and her name was struck from the Navy List on 25 February 1946. She was transferred on 19 July 1946 to the Maritime Commission for disposal. She was sold in 1948 and refitted for merchant service in the Netherlands as Tjipanas, later renamed Tong Jit, and scrapped in 1973. Awards
Alchiba won three battle stars for her World War II service, and was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for her service at Guadalcanal from August through December 1942. Alchiba is the only cargo ship in the history of the U.S. Navy to receive the Presidential Unit Citation. As a Citation awardee, the Alchiba was entitled to fly the Presidential Unit Citation pennant beneath her ensign, and to be saluted by other warships whenever entering a military port. References
(1941)Ms ALCHIBA, former MS Moore Mc Dove, Yard no: 178, year built 1939; (1948 MS TJIPANAS, Dutch Royal Inter Ocean Lines. ), 1967 MS Tong Jit, 3/1973 scrapped Whampoa; with SUN_DOXFORD 815 LB4, Total piston stroke 2,41 m, 6000 HP. no: 33 from this list: http://users.telenet.be/doxford-matters/tekst/Doxford%20Engines%20built%20by%20SUN.pdf
External links
51 Years of AKAs
Type C2 ships
1939 ships
Arcturus-class attack cargo ships
Ships built by the Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Company
Type C2 ships of the United States Navy
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Maritime incidents in November 1942 | [
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The following tables list notable software packages that are nominal IDEs; standalone tools such as source code editors and GUI builders are not included. These IDEs are listed in alphabetical order of the supported language. ActionScript
Ada
Assembly
BASIC
C/C++
C#
Common Lisp
Component Pascal
D
Eiffel
Erlang
Go to this page: Source code editors for Erlang
Fortran
F#
Groovy
Haskell
Haxe
Go to this page: Comparison of IDE choices for Haxe programmers
Java
Java has strong IDE support, due not only to its historical and economic importance, but also due to a combination of reflection and static-typing making it well-suited for IDE support. Some of the leading Java IDEs (such as IntelliJ and Eclipse) are also the basis for leading IDEs in other programming languages (e.g. for Python, IntelliJ is rebranded as PyCharm, and Eclipse has the PyDev plugin.) JavaScript
Julia
Lua
Pascal, Object Pascal
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Racket
Ruby
Scala
Smalltalk
Tcl
Unclassified
IBM Rational Business Developer
Mule (software)
See also
List of GUI builders
List of assemblers
List of compilers
List of source code editors
Game Integrated Development Environments
References
Integrated development environments | [
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Information assurance (IA) is the practice of assuring information and managing risks related to the use, processing, storage, and transmission of information. Information assurance includes protection of the integrity, availability, authenticity, non-repudiation and confidentiality of user data. IA encompasses not only digital protections but also physical techniques. These protections apply to data in transit, both physical and electronic forms, as well as data at rest . IA is best thought of as a superset of information security (i.e. umbrella term), and as the business outcome of information risk management. Overview
Information assurance (IA) is the process of processing, storing, and transmitting the right information to the right people at the right time. IA relates to the business level and strategic risk management of information and related systems, rather than the creation and application of security controls. IA is used to benefit business through the use of information risk management, trust management, resilience, appropriate architecture, system safety, and security, which increases the utility of information to only their authorized users and reduces . Therefore, in addition to defending against malicious hackers and code (e.g., viruses), IA practitioners consider corporate governance issues such as privacy, regulatory and standards compliance, auditing, business continuity, and disaster recovery as they relate to information systems. Further, IA is an interdisciplinary field requiring expertise in business, accounting, user experience, fraud examination, forensic science, management science, systems engineering, security engineering, and criminology, in addition to computer science. | [
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Evolution
With the growth of telecommunication networks also comes the dependency on networks, which makes communities increasing vulnerable to cyber attacks that could interrupt, degrade or destroy vital services. Starting from the 1950's the role and use of information assurance has grown and evolved. In the beginning information assurance involved just the backing up of data. However once the volume of information increased, the act of information assurance began to become automated, reducing the use of operator intervention, allowing for the creation of instant backups. The last main development of information assurance is the implementation of distributed systems for the processing and storage of data through techniques like SANs and NAS as well as the use of cloud computing. These three main developments of information fall in line with the three generations of information technologies, the first used to prevent intrusions, the 2nd to detect intrusion and the 3rd for survivability. Information assurance is a collaborative effort of all sectors of life to allow a free and equal exchange of ideas. Pillars
Information assurance is built between five pillars: availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality and nonrepudiation. These pillars are taken into account to protect systems while still allowing them to efficiently provide services; However, these pillars do not act independently from one another, rather they interfere with the goal of the other pillars. These pillars of information assurance have slowly changed to become referred to as the pillars of Cyber Security. As an administrator it is important to emphasize the pillars that you want in order to achieve your desired result for their information system, balancing the aspects of service, and privacy. | [
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Authentication
Authentication refers to the verification of the validity of a transmission, originator, or process within an information system. Authentication provides the recipient confidence in the data senders validity as well as the validity of their message. There exists many ways to bolster authentication, mainly breaking down into three main ways, personally identifiable information such as a person's name, address telephone number, access to a key token, or known information, like passwords. Integrity
Integrity refers to the protection of information from unauthorized alteration. The goal of information integrity is to ensure data is accurate throughout its entire lifespan. User authentication is a critical enabler for information integrity. Information integrity is a function of the number of degrees-of-trust existing between the ends of an information exchange . One way information integrity risk is mitigated is through the use of redundant chip and software designs. A failure of authentication could pose a risk to information integrity as it would allow an unauthorized party to alter content. For example if a hospital has inadequate password policies, an unauthorized user could gain access to an information systems governing the delivery of medication to patients and risk altering the treatment course to the detriment of a particular patient. Availability
The pillar of availability refers to the preservation of data to be retrieved or modified from authorized individuals. Higher availability is preserved through an increase in storage system or channel reliability. Breaches in information availability can result from power outages, hardware failures, DDOS, etc. The goal of high availability is to preserve access to information. | [
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Availability of information can be bolstered by the use of backup power, spare data channels, off site capabilities and continuous signal. Confidentiality
Confidentiality is in essence the opposite of Integrity. Confidentiality is a security measure which protects against who is able to access the data, which is done by shielding who has access to the information. This is different from Integrity as integrity is shielding who can change the information. Confidentiality is often ensured with the use of cryptography and steganography of data. Confidentiality can be seen within the classification and information superiority with international operations such as NATO Information assurance confidentiality in the United States need to follow HIPAA and healthcare provider security policy information labeling and need-to-know regulations to ensure nondisclosure of information. Non-repudiation
Nonrepudiation is the integrity of the data to be true to its origin, which prevents possible denial that an action occurred. Increasing non-repudiation makes it more difficult to deny that the information comes from a certain source. In other words, it making it so that you can not dispute the source/ authenticity of data. Non-repudiation involves the reduction to data integrity while that data is in transit, usually through the use of a man-in-the-middle attack or phishing. Interactions of Pillars
As stated earlier the pillars do not interact independently of one another, with some pillars impeding on the functioning of other pillars or in the opposite case where they boost other pillars. For example the increasing the availability of information works directly against the goals of three other pillars: integrity, authentication and confidentiality. Process
The information assurance process typically begins with the enumeration and classification of the information assets to be protected. | [
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Next, the IA practitioner will perform a risk assessment for those assets. Vulnerabilities in the information assets are determined in order to enumerate the threats capable of exploiting the assets. The assessment then considers both the probability and impact of a threat exploiting a vulnerability in an asset, with impact usually measured in terms of cost to the asset's stakeholders. The sum of the products of the threats' impact and the probability of their occurring is the total risk to the information asset. With the risk assessment complete, the IA practitioner then develops a risk management plan. This plan proposes countermeasures that involve mitigating, eliminating, accepting, or transferring the risks, and considers prevention, detection, and response to threats. A framework published by a standards organization, such as NIST RMF, Risk IT, CobiT, PCI DSS or ISO/IEC 27002, may guide development. Countermeasures may include technical tools such as firewalls and anti-virus software, policies and procedures requiring such controls as regular backups and configuration hardening, employee training in security awareness, or organizing personnel into dedicated computer emergency response team (CERT) or computer security incident response team (CSIRT). The cost and benefit of each countermeasure is carefully considered. Thus, the IA practitioner does not seek to eliminate all risks, were that possible, but to manage them in the most cost-effective way. After the risk management plan is implemented, it is tested and evaluated, often by means of formal audits. | [
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The IA process is an iterative one, in that the risk assessment and risk management plan are meant to be periodically revised and improved based on data gathered about their completeness and effectiveness. There do exist two meta-techniques with information assurance: audit and risk assessment. Business Risk Management
Business Risk Management breaks down into three main processes Risk Assessment, Risk Mitigation and Evaluation and assessment. Information Assurance is one of the methodologies which organizations use to implement business risk management. Through the use of information assurance policies like the "BRICK" frame work. Additionally, Business Risk Management also occurs to comply with federal and international laws regarding the release and security of information such as HIPAA Information assurance can be aligned with corporates strategies through training and awareness, senior management involvement and support, and intra-organizational communication allowing for greater internal control and business risk management. Many security executives in are firms are moving to a reliance on information assurance to protect intellectual property, protect against potential data leakage, and protect users against themselves. While the use of information assurance is good ensuring certain pillars like, confidentiality, Non-repudiation etc. because of their conflicting nature an increase in security often comes at the expense of speed. This being said, the use of information assurance in the business model improves reliable management decision making, customer trust, business continuity and good governance in both the public and private sector. Standards organizations and standards
There are a number of international and national bodies that issue standards on information assurance practices, policies, and procedures. | [
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In the UK, these include the Information Assurance Advisory Council and the Information Assurance Collaboration Group. See also
Asset (computing)
Countermeasure (computer)
Factor Analysis of Information Risk
Fair information practice
Information Assurance Vulnerability Alert
Information security
ISO/IEC 27001
ISO 9001
ISO 17799
IT risk
McCumber cube
Mission assurance
Risk
Risk IT
Risk management framework
Security controls
Threat
Vulnerability
References
Notes
Bibliography
Data Encryption; Scientists at Chang Gung University Target Data Encryption. (2011, May). Information Technology Newsweekly,149. Retrieved October 30, 2011, from ProQuest Computing. (Document ID: 2350804731). External links
Documentation
UK Government
HMG INFOSEC STANDARD NO. 2 Risk management and accreditation of information systems (2005)
IA References
Information Assurance XML Schema Markup Language
DoD Directive 8500.01 Information Assurance
DoD IA Policy Chart DoD IA Policy Chart
Archive of Information Assurance Archive of Information Assurance
Information assurance has also evolved due to social media
IT risk management | [
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The region now known as Seattle has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8,000 BCE. : 10,000 years ago). Archaeological excavations at West Point in Discovery Park, Magnolia confirm that the Seattle area has been inhabited by humans for at least 4,000 years and probably much longer. West Point was called Oka-dz-elt-cu, Per-co-dus-chule, or Pka-dzEltcu. The village of tohl-AHL-too ("herring house") had been inhabited at least since the 6th century CE, as had hah-AH-poos—"where there are horse clams"—at the then-mouth of the Duwamish River in what is now the Industrial District. The Lushootseed (Skagit-Nisqually)-speaking Salish Dkhw'Duw'Absh ("People of the Inside") and Xacuabš ("People of the Large Lake")—ancestors of today's Duwamish Tribe—occupied at least 17 villages in the mid-1850s and lived in some 93 permanent longhouses (khwaac'ál'al) along the lower Duwamish River, Elliott Bay, Salmon Bay, Portage Bay, Lake Washington, Lake Sammamish, and the Duwamish River tributaries, the Black and Cedar Rivers. Tens of people lived in each longhouse; forerunners of cohousing, they were cooperatives of extended families that were quite unlike the single or single family cabins of White American settlements. The villages were traditionally larger than they might have first appeared to White settlers, since Coast Salish people had, in recent decades before extensive White settlement (c. 1774–1864), experienced some 62% losses due to introduced diseases. | [
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For comparison, the catastrophic Spanish flu Pandemic of 1918–19 took an estimated 2.5%–5% mortality worldwide; about 28% of the U.S. population contracted the Spanish flu. Like many Northwest Coast natives, the Dkhw'Duw'Absh and Xacuabš relied heavily on fishing for their well-being and their livelihood: the Pacific Northwest fisheries were once one of the richest in the world, second only to the Grand Banks. Remnants of Dkhw'Duw'Absh fishing gear were found near the abundant tide pools of sbuh-KWAH-buks ("shaped like a bear's head", the West Seattle peninsula). The site is in what is now called Me-Kwa-Mooks Park, where dense trees provide habitat for many birds including screech owls. Me-Kwa-Mooks Park is about 1 mi. (1.6 km) west of Camp Long in the south of the Alki neighborhood of West Seattle, (map ). Up the hill, a 50-acre (20 hectare) stand of massive, old-growth Douglas fir and western red cedar—many towering more than 200 feet (61 m), their roots carpeted by sword ferns and salal—survived the clear cutting of Seattle. The fragment of forest in Schmitz Park (1908–1912) is a living reminder of what much of Seattle looked like before the City of Seattle. From the 1800s the Maritime Fur Trade opened access to European goods for rival northern tribes from Vancouver Island and the Georgia Strait). Having guns prompted their more effective raiding south, deep into recently named Puget Sound, in turn prompting social and organizational change. | [
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The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) established Fort Langley (1827), then Fort Nisqually (1833) near present-day Dupont, within easy range and prompting keen interest in trade. As a young man, Si'ahl (later called Chief Seattle) made himself both well-known and notorious around Fort Nisqually. Catholic missionaries began arriving in 1839, settlers in earnest from 1845. In 19th century maneuvering with European Great Powers, the United States assumed regional sovereignty in 1846. White settlements at sbuh-KWAH-buks (Alki) and what is now Pioneer Square in Downtown Seattle were established in 1851 and 1852. The latter settlement was right upon and between prominent villages on Elliott Bay and villages on the Duwamish River estuary. 1855–1920s
By the time Coast Salish began to realize the implications of the changes brought by Europeans at ever-increasing rates, the time was late. After just five years, lands were occupied; the harsh Treaty of Point Elliott was signed in 1855. There is question about the legitimacy of the treaty, from the lack of understanding of whether the Natives signing the treaty were legitimate representatives of their peoples and whether the written treaty accurately matched what they were told they were signing. Squalli-Absch ("People of the Grass Country", Nisqually) si'ab Lescay (Chief Leschi, 1808–1858) urged and led resistance, with Yakama Chief Kamiakim. Si'ahl warned his white friend and sub-Indian Agent 'Doc' Maynard, possibly saving some 30 white people in early Seattle by sending a messenger to warn of a raid by Lescay and Kamiakim's war party (1856). | [
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Note that Native Americans warred for complicated conceptions of prestige and for resources, and did not comprehend the European war for conquest or annihilation. The blockhouse was sturdy timber with breastworks and ravines, defended by 57 armed volunteers—at least six Marines—and overshadowed by the 150-man, 566 ton, 16 gun sloop-of-war Decatur and the bark Bronte, anchored and cannon zeroed (bearing and range laid in) at close range out on Elliott Bay. The Battle of Seattle (1856) ended more a skirmish, somewhat more farce than tragedy. Whites asserted that the Point Elliott Treaty required the Dwamish who were living in what became metropolitan Seattle to move onto reservations established for other tribes, most of whom (with the exception of the Dkhw'Suqw'Absh [Suquamish from c. 1855]) were long-time competitors if not rivals. The Duwamish tribe maintains that the terms of the treaty require a Duwamish reservation—explicitly blocked at local behest in 1866, in contravention of the superseding and precedent treaty. Some followed si'ab Si'ahl to the Suquamish reservation at Port Madison. Others moved to the Tulalip or Muckleshoot reservations. Many refused to move, or shuttled back and forth between reservations. Among losses due to introduced diseases, a smallpox epidemic broke out among the Northwest tribes in 1862 and killed roughly half the affected native populations. Documentation in archives and historical epidemiology demonstrates that governmental policies furthered the progress of this epidemic among the natives, and did little or nothing about the waves of other introduced epidemics. Mean population decline 1774–1874 was about 66%. | [
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The name "Seattle" for the city (c. 1853) is an Anglicization of si'áb Si'ahl, the Duwamish and Suquamish chief (si'áb, high status man). The name for the city is attributed to 'Doc' Maynard, a complex figure, who named the city after Chief Seattle, an enigmatic one. True names and images of people contain a measure of the sacred for many indigenous peoples, particularly for Coast Salish (in contrast to social names, true names are only revealed intimately). Social names are considered sacred personal property, exclusive to the particular family. Consequently, Si'ahl, the Duwamish, and Suquamish were initially not pleased with the naming of the city. Eventually an accommodation was developed, with Si'ahl being accorded due honor in both Native and White cultures, and Seattle, the city, incurred another social obligation to the Duwamish people. The trustees of the first incorporation of Seattle (January 1865) later passed an ordinance calling for the removal of Indians and providing for the punishment of those who might harbor them. A Duwamish reservation was blocked in 1866. The commitments made by the United States government in the Treaty of Point Elliott have not yet been met. Seattle waterfront at Washington Street c. 1890–1892, with Indian canoes moored at the boat launch. A steam launch and two small sailboats are seen, as well as a crowd on the pier. With the regional diaspora of the Treaty, some Duwamish retreated to the West Seattle peninsula, where they carried on—at least for a while—their traditional ways of life. | [
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What was apparently their last enclave in West Seattle was destroyed by arson in 1893 when a white man identified only as "Watson" set fire to eight makeshift homes on the banks of what is today the East Waterway. Nearly all other remaining longhouses were destroyed by non-native arson by 1910. The demographic shift had become exponential after 1880. In the 1900s, Native families came by canoe to the Seattle waterfront, where they camped on their way to work in the hops fields upriver. They were allowed to stay on Ballast Island, a bleak strip of land just offshore at what is now Alaskan Way, created by the ballast dumped from ships that took on cargoes of lumber or grain. Canvas tents were adopted in place of their native cattail mat shelters for traveling. Poverty was severe. Hops agriculture along the river valleys blossomed in the 1880s. Native men continued working in the lumber mills and in fishing; women sold shellfish, basketry, and made other adaptations. Many longtime residents of West Seattle tell stories about finding middens full of clam scrapers, arrowheads, and other artifacts in the 1920s and 1930s—archeological sites were not protected until 1906, and then only on public land. Two vista points looking across Elliott Bay toward the city are marked with Northwest Indian totem poles. Notes and references
Most of the following notes refer to sources listed in Bibliography for Duwamish (tribe), which also includes the sources referenced in Duwamish tribe, Cheshiahud (Lake John) and History of Seattle before white settlement. Bibliography
See Duwamish (tribe)—Bibliography. | [
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Duwamish
Duwamish
History of Seattle
Duwamish
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es:Duwamish
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The Official Matrix Exhibit was a walk-through exhibition experience at Warner Bros. Movie World on the Gold Coast, Australia. It allowed guests to immerse themselves in the world of the Matrix franchise and featured props and costumes from the movies. The attraction opened in September 2003, the year in which both The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions were released. It was closed on 1 April 2007 and replaced by a set of bumper cars and an arcade attraction later in the year. History
In early 2003, Warner Bros. Movie World closed the Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience. In September 2003, The Official Matrix Exhibit opened in its place. It remained operating until 1 April 2007. In September 2007, it was replaced with a set of bumper cars and an arcade attraction. Exhibit
Items displayed included replicas of weapons such as swords utilised during the film, as well as actual items used during filming, including scale models, miscellaneous crewmen's items, statues, costumes and control room sets. These are spliced with multimedia presentations including audio tracks of sound effects and music from the movies and video scenes. Set pieces include such items as the Keymaker's key room with plastic prop keys painted with metallic paint and the ectochairs used to "jack into" the Matrix, among others. See also
Simulated reality
The Matrix
References
The Matrix (franchise)
Animatronic attractions
2003 establishments in Australia
2007 disestablishments in Australia | [
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Dragon Lady Press was the publishing wing of the Toronto-based comic book store Dragon Lady Comics, operating from 1985 to 1988. The company was known for its reprints of classic newspaper comic strips in various forms. Its publications were distributed through the direct market throughout the United States and Canada. Titles published
Alley Oop Quarterly, 3 issues (Nov. 1987–Jan. 1988)
The Best of the Tribune Co., 4 issues (Sept. 1985–Apr. 1986) — continues in Thrilling Adventure Strips
Bravo for Adventure (Alex Toth), 1 issue (Jan. 1987)
Buz Sawyer Quarterly, 3 issues (Nov. 1986–Apr. 1987)
Classic Adventure Strips, 16 issues (Jan. 1985–Aug. 1987)
The Complete Max Collins/Rick Fletcher Dick Tracy, 3 issues (June 1986–Aug. 1987)
Dragon Lady Press Presents, 16 issues (Jan. 1986–Jan. 1988)
Dragon Lady Productions, 2 issues ([Aug.] 1985–[Oct.] 1985)
Johnny Hazard Quarterly, 10 issues (Aug. 1986-Aug. 1987)
Red Ryder
Science Fiction Classics, 1 issue (Nov. 1987)
Thrilling Adventure Strips, 16 issues (June 1986–Apr. 1987) — continues from The Best of the Tribune Co.
Wash Tubbs Quarterly, 7 issues (Oct. 1986 - Nov. 1987)
References
External links
Comic book publishing companies of Canada
Defunct comics and manga publishing companies | [
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Sally Caves is the pen name of Sarah Higley, a science fiction writer and professor of English at the University of Rochester. She is best known for creating the Star Trek character Reginald Barclay. Star Trek
Caves wrote the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Hollow Pursuits", in which Reginald Barclay was introduced. She also co-authored the story of the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Babel". Teonaht
Caves is the creator of Teonaht, a notable constructed language. Bibliography
Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. "Fetch Felix". The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, July 1991
Ketamine, F&SF, March 1995
References
External links
Teonaht home page
Sarah Higley at the University of Rochester
20th-century American short story writers
American science fiction writers
American women short story writers
Constructed language creators
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Rochester faculty
American academics of English literature
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Writers from New York (state)
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
American women academics
21st-century American women | [
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The Simple Sensor Interface (SSI) protocol is a simple communications protocol designed for data transfer between computers or user terminals and smart sensors. The SSI protocol is an Application layer protocol as in the OSI model. The SSI protocol has been developed jointly by Nokia, Vaisala, Suunto, Ionific, Mermit and University of Oulu. Currently SSI is being developed within the Mimosa Project, part of the European Union Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development. The SSI protocol is used in point-to-point communications over UART and networking nanoIP applications. SSI also provides polling sensors and streaming sensor data. For RFID sensor tags SSI specifies memory map for sensor data. The criteria for SSI protocol development are:
general purpose
simple – minimal overhead
small footprint on the server (sensor) side
Sample implementation of the SSI protocol for MSP430 microcontrollers will be published as open source during August 2006 by Nokia. SSI message structure
An SSI message consists of a 2-byte header and an n-byte payload. The header consists of a one byte address (wildcard is '? ', 0x3F in ASCII) and a one byte message/command type. The different possible values for the message/command type are presented in SSI v1.2 command base. SSI v1.2 command base
The group of commands:
Q – query
A – query reply
C – sensor discovery
N – discovery reply
Z – reset
G – get sensor configuration
S – set sensor configuration
are used to find and configure sensor units utilizing the SSI-protocol. | [
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The group of commands:
R – request sensor data
V – data response
D – data response with status field
are used to read sensor data infrequently. For data streaming purposes defined commands are:
O – create sensor observer
Y – observer created
K – delete observer
U – observer finished
L – request sensor listener
J – sensor listener created. V – data response
M – data response with many data points
Point-to-point SSI
Point-to-point messaging with SSI can be done with SSI/UART. An SSI UART message consists of a 3-byte UART header, an SSI message as the payload and an optional Cyclic redundancy check checksum. The use of a checksum is defined by the SSI message/command type, with lower case commands indicating the use of CRC. The header consists of a start byte (0xFE), a 2-byte (total) length of the message and a 2-byte bitwise Negation length to help identify the frame start. Networking SSI
SSI networking in a variable environment is done using nanoIP. In a typical case using SSI, an individual message is not important, and so nanoUDP (simplified UDP defined by nanoIP) is used as the message format. If individual messages are important, nanoTCP can be used, as it provides flow control and retransmission at a cost of message size and increase in network traffic. A nanoUDP message consists of a 5-byte nanoUDP header, an n-byte message payload and an optional 2-byte CRC checksum. The header consists of one protocol byte, a 2-byte message length (total length, including header and CRC), a 1-byte source port and a 1-byte destination port number. | [
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] |
The destination port number should be 0x28 for SSI messages. Version history
0.1 March 14, 2003
0.2 April 29, 2003
0.3 May 20, 2003
0.4 October 2, 2003
0.5 December 5, 2003, not compatible with previous
0.6 November 3, 2004
0.7 December 22, 2004
0.8 January 14, 2005
1.0 April 11, 2005
1.1 October 27, 2005
1.2 May 27, 2006, not compatible with previous
External links
nanoIP
Network protocols
Application layer protocols | [
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The Abstract Rewriting Machine (ARM) is a virtual machine which implements term rewriting for minimal term rewriting systems. Minimal term rewriting systems are left-linear term rewriting systems in which each rule takes on one of six forms:
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Each of these six forms is mapped (in ARM) to one or a few processor instructions on most contemporary micro processors. Accordingly, minimal term rewriting is achieved at tens to hundreds of clock cycles per reduction step—millions of reduction steps per second. ARM implements general term rewriting, in that every single-sorted unconditional left-linear term rewriting system can be transformed (compiled) into a minimal term rewriting system that gives rise to the same normal form relation. An overview with references to this compilation process for innermost rewriting, as well as a detailed overview of ARM, can be found in "Within ARM's reach: compilation of left-linear rewrite systems via minimal rewrite systems". A description for lazy (non-innermost) rewriting can be found in "Lazy rewriting on eager machinery". A documented implementation of ARM (with the term rewriting language Epic) is available here. Note that site and software are no longer being actively maintained. References
Virtual machines
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Ultima Foods Inc. is a Canadian manufacturer and marketer of yogurt and fresh dairy products. Founded in 1993 (with predecessor operations dating to 1971), Ultima Foods is owned by Lactalis. In 2017, the company had 660 employees across the country and annual sales in excess of CA$300 million. The company launched the iögo brand of yogurt and fresh dairy products in Canada in mid-August 2012, and also owns and operates the Olympic brand of dairy products. Ultima Foods also continues to manufacture (but no longer directly sells) Yoplait-branded products in Canada . History
In 1971, the Quebec-based Coopérative agricole de Granby (renamed Agropur in 1979) obtained the Canadian licence to manufacture and market Yoplait products. In 1993, Agropur's yogurt manufacturing and marketing operations were combined with those of Agrifoods, a federal cooperative owned by 2,500 dairy producers in Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan, forming Ultima Foods. In 2004, Ultima Foods acquired Olympic Dairy, a manufacturer of premium natural cultured dairy, organic and soy products. For over 30 years, Olympic has produced over 140 different products in a variety of sizes and flavours. On May 8, 2012, Ultima and Yoplait announced they were restructuring their relationship. As of September 1, 2012, General Mills (the brand's longtime United States licensee, and since 2011 a 50% shareholder in the international Yoplait brand) has taken over as the Canadian licensee of the Yoplait brand. Ultima continues to produce Yoplait-branded products at its Granby, Quebec plant, but these products are now marketed and sold by General Mills. | [
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Simultaneously, Ultima Foods announced plans to begin producing and marketing its own brand of yogurt and fresh dairy products in Canada, starting in mid-August 2012, later revealed to be iögo (pronounced "yo-go"). The new product line is, according to Ultima, "entirely created and manufactured in Canada and [includes] a full and original line of products and flavours that suit the tastes of Canadian consumers." On August 31, 2017, Agropur and Agrifoods announced that they had concluded an agreement pursuant to which Agropur would become the sole owner of Ultima Foods, subject to regulatory approval. In December 2020, Agropur announced the sale of its yogurt activities in Canada to Lactalis (based in France). References
External links
Ultimayog.ca
Dairy products companies of France
Food and drink companies established in 1993 | [
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In an internal combustion engine, fuel starvation is the failure of the fuel system to supply sufficient fuel to allow the engine to run properly, for example due to blockage, vapor lock, contamination by water, malfunction of the fuel pump or incorrect operation, leading to loss of power or engine stoppage. There is still fuel in the tank(s), but it is unable to get to the engine(s) in sufficient quantity. By contrast, fuel exhaustion (also called fuel depletion) is an occurrence in which the vehicle in question becomes completely devoid of usable fuel, with results similar to those of fuel starvation. All engine-powered modes of transport can be affected by fuel starvation, although the problem is most serious for aircraft in flight. Ships are affected to the extent that without propulsion they cannot maneuver to avoid collisions or beaching. On aircraft, fuel starvation is often the result of incorrect fuel management, for example by selecting to feed the engine from an empty tank while fuel is present in another one. Fuel exhaustion and starvation incidents on aircraft
Many incidents have happened on aircraft where fuel exhaustion or starvation played a role. A partial list of these incidents follows:
On 19 June 1954, a Convair CV-240 aircraft operated by Swissair registered HB-IRW ran out of fuel over the English Channel near Folkestone. The aircraft ditched in the Channel, killing three passengers. Four crew members and two passengers were found alive after the crash. | [
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On 3 August 1954, a Lockheed Super Constellation of Air France registered F-BGNA was diverted to Boston after being unable to land at New York-Idlewild Airport due to bad weather. It ran out of fuel before reaching Boston and made a belly landing in a field. There were no fatalities. On 21 August 1963, a Tupolev Tu-124 operated by Aeroflot experienced a landing gear malfunction after taking off from Tallinn Airport. On finding that the nose gear could neither be retracted nor extended, the crew diverted the flight to Leningrad where they prepared for an emergency landing by circling the city burning off fuel. While circling the city the crew made repeated attempts to get the landing gear to lock down; they possibly became over-preoccupied with this and the aircraft ran out of fuel. The crew ditched the aircraft in the Neva River. There were no fatalities. On 17 November 1964, a Dutch F-104 Starfighter crashed into a mountain in Norway when it ran out of fuel following the death of its pilot. The pilot died due to malfunction of the oxygen mask. On 4 June 1967, A British Midland Canadair C-4 Argonaut registered G-ALHG suffered a double engine failure due to a fuel tank selector problem over Stockport, England. The aircraft crashed and 72 of the 84 on board died. ALM Flight 980 was a Douglas DC-9-33CF flying from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City to Princess Juliana International Airport in St. Maarten, in the Netherlands Antilles, on 2 May 1970. | [
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Multiple diversions due to severe weather conditions and several unsuccessful landing attempts depleted the aircraft's fuel to the point where the crew believed there was insufficient remaining to reach an alternative airport and decided to ditch the DC-9 in the Caribbean Sea. There were 23 fatalities among the 63 on board. On 20 October 1977, the band Lynyrd Skynyrd performed at the Greenville Memorial Auditorium in Greenville, South Carolina, and boarded a Convair CV-240 airplane to take them to Baton Rouge, where they were to perform at Louisiana State University. The plane ran out of fuel near the end of the flight and crashed, killing both pilots and four of the 24 passengers, including the band's lead singer Ronnie Van Zant. On 28 December 1978, United Airlines Flight 173, a Douglas DC-8-61 en route from Denver, Colorado, to Portland, Oregon, experienced a landing gear indicator light malfunction while preparing to land. The aircraft continued to circle in the vicinity of Portland while the crew investigated the problem, but it ran out of fuel and crash-landed in a sparsely populated area, killing 10 and seriously injuring 24 of the 181 on board. On 23 July 1983, due to a chain of events and mistakes Air Canada Flight 143, a Boeing 767-200, was fueled using pounds as the unit of measure instead of kilograms, resulting in only half the required amount of fuel being on board. The aircraft used up all available fuel and glided to Gimli Industrial Park Airport where the airliner landed safely. The aircraft (now decommissioned) became known as the "Gimli Glider." | [
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A Cessna 208A Caravan, used for skydiving operations at Jenkinsburg, Georgia, crashed following a loss of engine power just after taking off on 29 September 1985. The aircraft had been refuelled with contaminated fuel; all 17 occupants died. After a string of mistakes and omissions by the pilots, a Boeing 737-200 operating Varig Flight 254 on 3 September 1989 strayed hundreds of miles off-course, ran out of fuel, and crashed in Brazil's Amazon jungle killing 13 of the occupants. Due to the crew's mistake in flying the aircraft west (270°) instead of north-northeast (027°), the aircraft was not found until four survivors walked onto a farm two days later. On 25 January 1990, Avianca Flight 52 was in an extended holding pattern over John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City due to fog and congested traffic. The Boeing 707-320B was delayed many times before it was given clearance to land, using up almost all of their fuel. On their attempt to land, wind shear, combined with bad visibility caused them to miss the runway and execute a missed approach. However, before Flight 52 could execute another landing attempt, they ran out of fuel and crashed into Cove Neck, New York, killing 73 of 158. A McDonnell Douglas F/A-18A Hornet of the Royal Australian Air Force, serial number A21-41, was lost on 5 June 1991 after the pilot became incapacitated. The aircraft flew until it ran out of fuel and crashed in a remote part of Queensland. The wreckage was not found until more than three years later. | [
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The crew of Indian Airlines Flight 440, an Airbus A300B2-101, executed a missed approach procedure at Hyderabad-Begumpet Airport on 15 November 1993 due to poor visibility. During the missed approach a problem developed when the flaps would not retract fully. After some time trying to solve the flap problem and find somewhere to land near Hyderabad, the crew diverted the aircraft to Madras but because they had to fly slower due to the extended flaps the aircraft ran out of fuel. It landed in a paddy field near Tirupati; there were no fatalities among the 262 occupants but the aircraft was written off. On 23 November 1996, three men hijacked Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 on a short flight segment from Addis Ababa to Nairobi. The hijackers demanded that the aircraft should be flown to Australia despite the pilot telling them that there was insufficient fuel to do so. After three hours of flying along the African coast and across part of the Indian Ocean, the aircraft ran out of fuel and the engines failed. An emergency landing at Grande Comore Island failed when the aircraft landed on the water just off the local beach, killing 125 people including the three hijackers. On 25 October 1999, a Learjet 35 ran out of fuel and crashed in a field near Aberdeen, South Dakota. All 4 passengers (including golfer Payne Stewart) and the two crew members died. The crash was a result of the incapacitation of the crew due to hypoxia, caused by a loss of air pressure in the aircraft. | [
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Having departed from Orlando, Florida, on a routine flight that should have crossed the Gulf of Mexico to Dallas, Texas, the aircraft flew unmanned for over 1,500 miles before finally running out of fuel. On 12 July 2000, Hapag-Lloyd Flight 3378 had a landing gear problem when it failed to fully retract after takeoff. The pilots decided to continue to Munich but did not realise that their lower speed for much the same hourly fuel consumption (required because the landing gear was not up) meant that they had insufficient fuel to do so. Once the aircraft lost all fuel, the crew attempted an emergency landing at Vienna International Airport but the aircraft landed short of the runway. There were no fatalities. On 24 August 2001, Air Transat Flight 236 suffered a fuel leak while crossing the Atlantic Ocean and lost its fuel. The aircraft glided safely to an air base in the Azores. TAM Airlines Flight 3804, a Fokker 100, suffered fuel exhaustion on 30 August 2002 because of a leak. The aircraft made an emergency landing in a field with its gear up, killing a cow grazing in the field. No-one on board the aircraft was killed. On 13 August 2004, a Convair CV-580 freighter operating as Air Tahoma Flight 185 suffered fuel starvation due to crew mismanagement of the fuel tank system and crashed, killing one of the pilots. On 6 August 2005, Tuninter Flight 1153, an ATR 72 en route from Bari, Italy, to Djerba, Tunisia, ditched into the Mediterranean Sea about 18 miles from the city of Palermo. | [
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Sixteen of the 39 people on board died. The accident resulted from fuel exhaustion due to the installation of a fuel quantity indicator for an ATR 42 in the ATR 72; the incorrect indicator was over-reading by over 2,000 kg, leading the crew to believe they had enough fuel for the flight. On 14 August 2005, fighter jets intercepted Helios Airways Flight 522 after the Helios flight failed to respond to air traffic controllers in Greece. The pilots of the fighter jets reported that they observed no pilots in control of the aircraft until shortly before the aircraft ran out of fuel, when a flight attendant named Andreas Prodromou managed to reach the cockpit and attempted to control the aircraft. By the time Prodromou sat at the controls, the plane had exhausted its fuel and then crashed into a hill near Marathon, Greece, killing all on board. Fuel exhaustion was the final link in the accident chain, but as a consequence of cabin depressurization which had disabled the flight crew. On 26 June 2007, a Skippers Aviation Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia on a charter flight was executing a go-around at Jundee Airstrip in Western Australia. During the go-around the crew experienced difficulties in controlling the aircraft, with the aircraft descending to 50 feet above the ground and the bank angle reaching 40 degrees. After regaining control, the crew realised that the left engine had stopped. The cause of the engine stoppage was fuel starvation. On 17 January 2008, ice crystals in the fuel lines of British Airways Flight 38 melted and refroze within the fuel-oil heat exchangers of the Rolls-Royce Trent 800 engines. | [
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The ensuing fuel starvation critically reduced engine power on short final into London Heathrow Airport, and the Boeing 777-236 landed just short of the runway. All 152 passengers and crew on board survived, but the aircraft was written off, the first hull loss recorded for the Boeing 777. On 28 November 2016, LaMia Flight 2933 an Avro RJ85 heading to José María Córdova International Airport had been starved of fuel due to time constraints, missing a refueling point in the city of Cobija. The passengers aboard the aircraft were mainly the news media and a football team that was going to compete in the 2016 Copa Sudamericana Finals. The aircraft crashed 10 nautical miles south of the runway, killing 71 of the 77 people on board. Abandoned in-flight aircraft
A number of aircraft have been abandoned by their crew (both intentionally and sometimes accidentally) when the aircraft has continued on its own until fuel exhaustion caused it to crash:
Some time between midnight and dawn on 5 April 1943, the crew of a Consolidated B-24D Liberator named Lady Be Good lost over the Sahara Desert abandoned their aircraft as it was running out of fuel. The aircraft was found in 1959, with the bodies of most of the crew located in 1960. One crew member's body has never been found. On 22 October 1987, the pilot of British Aerospace Harrier GR5 serial number ZD325 was accidentally ejected from his aircraft over Wiltshire, England; the aircraft continued on its own until fuel exhaustion caused it to crash into the Irish Sea. The pilot was killed. | [
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On 4 July 1989, the pilot of a Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23, presuming he had engine problems, ejected from his aircraft. The aircraft continued on its own, flying out of the former East Germany into the West German Air Defence Zone and was then escorted by United States Air Force F-15s until it ran out of fuel and crashed into a house in Belgium, killing the occupant of the house. See also
List of airline flights that required gliding
References
External links
Fuel Starvation in General Aviation
Motor vehicle maintenance
Aviation safety | [
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An engine test stand is a facility used to develop, characterize and test engines. The facility, often offered as a product to automotive OEMs, allows engine operation in different operating regimes and offers measurement of several physical variables associated with the engine operation. A sophisticated engine test stand houses several sensors (or transducers), data acquisition features and actuators to control the engine state. The sensors would measure several physical variables of interest which typically include:
crankshaft torque and angular velocity
intake air and fuel consumption rates, often detected using volumetric and/or gravimetric measurement methods
air-fuel ratio for the intake mixture, often detected using an exhaust gas oxygen sensor
environment pollutant concentrations in the exhaust gas such as carbon monoxide, different configurations of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter
temperatures and gas pressures at several locations on the engine body such as engine oil temperature, spark plug temperature, exhaust gas temperature, intake manifold pressure
atmospheric conditions such as temperature, pressure, and humidity
Information gathered through the sensors is often processed and logged through data acquisition systems. Actuators allow for attaining a desired engine state (often characterized as a unique combination of engine torque and speed). For gasoline engines, the actuators may include an intake throttle actuator, a loading device for the engine such as an induction motor. The engine test stands are often custom-packaged considering requirements of the OEM customer. | [
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They often include microcontroller-based feedback control systems with following features:
closed-loop desired speed operation (useful towards characterization of steady-state or transient engine performance)
closed-loop desired torque operation (useful towards emulation of in-vehicle, on-road scenarios, thereby enabling an alternate way of characterization of steady-state or transient engine performance)
Engine test stand applications
Research and Development of engines, typically at an OEM laboratory
Tuning of in-use engines, typically at service centers or for racing applications
End of production line at an OEM factory. The changing of the engines to be tested takes place automatically, and fluid, electrical and exhaust gas lines are connected to the test stand and engine and disconnected from them by means of docking systems. When the engine docks in the test stand the mechanical drive shaft is automatically connected to it. Engine testing for research and development
Research and Development (R&D) activities on engines at automobile OEMs have necessitated sophisticated engine test stands. Automobile OEMs are usually interested in developing engines that meet the following threefold objectives:
to provide high fuel efficiency
to improve drivability and durability
to be in compliance to relevant emission legislation
Consequently, an R&D engine test stands allow for a full-fledged engine development exercise through measurement, control and record of several relevant engine variables. | [
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Typical tests include ones that:
determine fuel efficiency and drivability: torque-speed performance test under steady-state and transient conditions
determine durability: ageing tests, oil and lubrication tests
determine compliance to relevant emission legislations: volumetric and mass emission tests over stated emission test cycles
gain further knowledge about the engine itself: engine mapping exercise or development of multidimensional input-output maps among different engine variables. e.g. a map from intake manifold pressure and engine speed to intake air flow rate. Magnifying LDV sensors in engine testing
Laser technology adds useful tools to improve engine design during engine testing. Lasers sensors using laser Doppler velocimetry with magnifying LDV sensors can record the movements of gas particles during the entire 2-stroke, 4-stroke or rotary combustion cycle. These spark plug velocimeter (SPV) sensors can be inserted into the spark plug hole of the combustion chamber of the engine. The sensors can be adjusted to all depth levels of the pistons movement - typically ranging from 0 - 50mm. The magnifying LDV sensors will record the velocity and direction of the movement of gas particles. Engine design can then be optimised with the recorded data and the visualisation of the combustion cycle. The flow and direction of the gas particles can be improved by changing shape and sizes of the chamber, valves, spark plug, injectors and pistons resulting in improved combustion and performance and in reduced emissions. Engine heads with two spark plug holes per cylinder can be used to record the velocity and direction of the movement of gas particles in an engine running under live, firing conditions. | [
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] |
SPVs can also be added to the intake and the exhaust to record flow of particles in these areas to further improve engine design. Magnifying LDV sensors have been used in even more extreme situations to measure particle flow in rocket engines. See also
Air flow meter
Driveshaft
Driving cycle
Dynamometer
Electromagnetic brake Article about eddy current dynos
Emission standard
Emission test cycle
Engine cart
Iron bird (aviation)
Rocket engine test facility
Testbed aircraft
References
Engine Testing 5th edition A.Martyr, D. Rogers
Laser technology in engine testing and development see:
Endoscopic 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) flow field measurements in IC engines
Optical access and diagnostic techniques for internal combustion engine development
First imaging Fourier-transform spectral measurements of detonation in an internal combustion engine
Holographic Particle Image Velocimetry and its Application in Engine Development
Flow field measurements in an optically accessible, direct-injection spray-guided internal combustion engine using high-speed PIV
Engine Test Stands
Christopher I. Moir, Miniature laser doppler velocimetry systems (Proceedings Paper), SPIE Proceedings Vol. 7356, 2009. Engines
Engine technology
Mechanical tests
Test equipment | [
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The Code is an English-language Finnish documentary about Linux from 2001, featuring some of the most influential people of the free software movement. Featured advocates
Free and Open-source advocates or programmers in the film:
Linus Torvalds
Richard Stallman
Alan Cox
Eric S. Raymond
Robert "Bob" Young
Jon "maddog" Hall
Theodore Y. "Ted" Ts'o
David S. Miller
Miguel de Icaza
Ari Lemmke
Eric Allman
Andrew Leonard
Larry Augustin
Martti Tienari
Sun Yu-Fang
Liang Changtai
Jay Salzenberg
See also
Revolution OS: A 2001 documentary that traces the twenty-year history of GNU, Linux, open source, and the free software movement. External links
Official homepage (Archived)
Finnish documentary films
Linux
2001 films
English-language films
Documentary films about free software
2001 documentary films
Finnish films | [
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The Net was a TV series made by the BBC and shown from 1994 to 1998. It ran for four series, beginning with a premiere episode broadcast on BBC2 on 13 April 1994, produced by Stephen Arkell, edited by John Wyver, and with reportage by Rajan Datar and Susan Rae, a discussion of audio design for games by Thomas Dolby, and a 5-minute segment with IT expert Davey Winder explaining how to dial into Internet services of the time like Compuserve and CIX. The focus of the programme was primarily the Internet explosion of the time, though it also dealt with other emerging technologies and series one had a computer games review section. The series was responsible for one of the BBC's earliest efforts at establishing an online presence, when the BBC Networking Club established a web page and a BBS named "Auntie" later in 1994. Following viewer complaints, the games review was dropped for series two, which began on 15 May 1995. It was felt that games reviews were already well catered for by other programmes, such as Channel 4's GamesMaster and that they did not really fit into The Net. References
BBC Television shows
BBC television documentaries | [
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Hans Kronberger CBE, FRS (28 July 1920 – 29 September 1970) was a British physicist. During his career with the UK Atomic Energy Authority he made important contributions to the development of the British thermonuclear bomb and nuclear power engineering, especially in the field of isotope separation. Early life
Hans Kronberger was born of Jewish parents in Linz, Austria, where his father was a leather merchant. Kronberger attended the Akademische Gymnasium in Linz, matriculating in Mathematics, Latin, Greek and German; he was a brilliant scholar. After the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, Kronberger fled to Britain, arriving at Victoria Station with £10 and his school reports. He set about gaining entry to a university and was accepted at King's College, Newcastle, then a college of Durham University to read mechanical engineering. Following the fall of France, in May 1940 Kronberger was classified as a "friendly enemy alien" and interned on the Isle of Man. In July 1940, Kronberger, along with some 2500 refugees, was deported to Australia on board HMT Dunera; during the voyage he and others were subjected to ill treatment. In Australia, he was interned first at a camp in Hay, New South Wales, then from May 1941 at Tatura in Victoria. He was released and returned to Britain in 1942. He was tutored by refugee scientists at the camps
and it was mainly due to this experience that he changed his course to physics on resuming his studies at Newcastle. He graduated in 1944 with the Stroud Prize in Physics. | [
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Career
In 1944 he moved to Birmingham University, joining Francis Simon's team in the Tube Alloys Project, the British programme to develop an atomic bomb. His PhD on isotope separation was completed in 1948. He then moved to the newly formed Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, where he continued to work on the separation of the isotopes of uranium, initially by gaseous diffusion and then using high speed centrifuges. In 1951 he moved to Capenhurst, where a large scale diffusion plant was being constructed. In two years, he was promoted to head of the Capenhurst laboratories, and then in 1958 he succeeded Leonard Rotherham as director of research and development of the industrial group of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. In 1952, Britain committed itself to the development of a thermonuclear weapon. Kronberger's work on the separation of lithium isotopes was essential to the construction of the first warheads, which were tested at Christmas Island in 1957. A series of promotions within the UKAEA followed; he became Scientist in Chief of the Reactor Group in 1962 and the Member for Reactor Development of the UKAEA in 1969. Some of his work remains classified to this day, but there are many tributes to his inspiring leadership. He became involved with the promotion of peaceful uses of atomic energy and was a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Atomic Energy Agency. He contributed to feasibility studies on desalination of sea water and lectured on hydrostatic extrusion. Personal life
The Jewish population of Linz was expelled in July 1938. | [
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Kronberger's mother was killed at Schloss Hartheim and his sister was gassed at Auschwitz. His father survived imprisonment in the concentration camp at Theresienstadt. Kronberger became a naturalised British citizen in 1946. In 1951 he married Joan Hanson, a scientific assistant at Harwell, a widow with a young son, Paul; together they had two daughters, Zoë and Sarah. Joan was diagnosed with a brain tumour in 1952 and died in 1962. Kronberger was a talented pianist, and also a skilled mountaineer and skier. References
1920 births
1970 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
British civil servants
Jewish scientists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Jewish emigrants from Austria to the United Kingdom after the Anschluss
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of King's College, Newcastle | [
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The Chubb illusion is an optical illusion or error in visual perception in which the apparent contrast of an object varies substantially to most viewers depending on its relative contrast to the field on which it is displayed. These visual illusions are of particular interest to researchers because they may provide valuable insights in regard to the workings of human visual systems. An object of low-contrast visual texture surrounded by a field of uniform visual texture appears to have higher contrast than when presented on a field of high-contrast texture. This illusion was observed by Charles Chubb and colleagues and published in 1989. An empirical explanation of the Chubb illusion was published by Lotto and Purves in 2001. Discovery
Chubb and his colleagues researched this illusion by showing various combinations of foreground objects and background fields to human test subjects and asking them to rate the sharpness of the visual contrast in each foreground object. They found that subjects viewing a patch of random visual texture embedded in a surrounding background field were likely to report different perceptions of visual contrast for the central target patch depending on the relative contrast of the background field. Furthermore, the apparent brightness/ dullness of a texture patch varied as the background varied. E.g. bright points of texture patch appeared duller in a high-contrast background, whereas dark points appeared lighter in an even background. This apparent variance in perception is influenced when it is viewed by different observers and when the background and central target patch are placed on “non-overlapping spatial frequency bands”, as explained by Chubb et al. This tendency was found statistically significant. | [
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Theories point to a perceptual tool to catalyse contrast adaptation (slow, seconds) to contrast gain control (fast,≈100ms) at an early cortical or pre-cortical ‘neural locus’. Chubb contrast effect
The Chubb illusion is similar to another visual illusion, the contrast effect. The contrast effect is an illusion in which the perceived brightness or luminance of an identical central visual target form on a larger uniform background varies to the test subject depending on the ratio of the central form's luminance to that of its background. This illusion, simultaneous contrast, is illustrated in Figure 2. In it, the central target is brighter. I.e., the ratio of the top central rectangle’s luminance (A) to its background field's luminance is greater than one. In the bottom rectangle (B), the background field is brighter. That is, the ratio is less than one. Although the two central target patches are equally bright (identical in luminance) the one on a dark background appears lighter and the one on a lighter background appears darker. Lateral inhibition
Lateral inhibition is one proposal to explain the contrast illusion or simultaneous contrast. Its advocates theorize that neurons strongly stimulated by the background of B suppress the less strongly stimulated neurons of the interior rectangle. In A, they theorize, there is no such inhibition. However, the fact that both A and B appear of "uniform lightness across their expanse" suggests that the process of lateral inhibition is more complex. Chubb et al. | [
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assert that the principle of lateral inhibition rests on the assumption that the determining factor of perceived lightness is the ratio, at the rectangle edge, of rectangle luminance to background luminance. However, the lateral inhibition account is not consistent with phenomena such as the Benary cross and White's illusion as well as transparency and assimilation effects. As such, it is an ad hoc explanation of unclear theoretical interest. The Chubb illusion illustrates an error in contrast rather than luminance. The zero-luminance background of Figure 2 (A) becomes a zero-contrast field in the analogous portion of Figure 1, while the high-luminance field of Figure 2 (B) becomes a high-contrast texture field. Observers empirically perceive the texture disk of the leftmost portion of Figure 1 as having higher contrast than the disk on the right, even though the two are the same. After conducting experiments on contrast and lightness induction, interocular induction and induction between spatial frequency bands, they show that lateral inhibitory effect is monocular and adapted only for spatial frequency. Chubb et al. support "a model in which the output gain of such a band-selective neuron is normalized relative to the average response amplitude of nearby neurons with the same frequency tuning." Imperfect transmittance
Visual perceptions are dependent on the interaction of the human visual system with any bi-stable or multi-stable stimuli and the frequency of its occurrence. The lighting of objects at a point, the reflectance of those objects and the transmittance of media between the object and observer is central to determining the primary factors that affect our visual perception. | [
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It is due to this that a low contrast image is perceived to be of a higher contrast when placed in front of a grey background. The grey background is more ambiguous than the high contrast background. Lotto and Purves (2001) demonstrated that the Chubb illusion can be explained "by the degree to which imperfect transmittance is likely to have affected the light that reaches the eye." Indeed, these observations suggest a wholly empirical explanation of the Chubb illusion. Chubb effect estimates that when an object is viewed through an imperfectly transmitting medium, it increases or decreases the apparent brightness or dullness of the target patch, even when luminance ratios and spatial frequencies remain the same. Lotto and Purves (2001) doubted that illusory perceptions of brightness were explained as consequences of lateral inhibition. If that were the case, the perceived difference in brightness of target elements, illustrated in Figure 3 (A), would be largely unaffected by the surrounding field in Figure 3 (C), which exhibits lower spatial contrast than the target, which matches the observations. Despite this, they asserted, "this reasoning is undermined by the fact that the apparent contrast by the target pattern in Figure 3 (D) is mostly unaffected by the surround of Figure 3 (F)." Therefore, they chose to examine the Chubb illusion in 'wholly empirical' terms, as mainly a consequence of past experience, or in this case, the influence of transmittance on ambiguous stimuli. The common denominator of the Lotto and Purves observations is the explanatory power of imperfect transmittance. | [
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Imperfect transmittance causes observers to experience a reduced difference in spectral contrast or luminance from object surfaces. This is because imperfections in the transmission medium produce, such as atmospheric effects distort transmittance. For instance, transmittance varies when viewing objects from a distance, in smog or fog, or through fabric, glass or water. These conditions greatly effect the amount of light that reaches the eye. This hypothesis was tested by altering the probable contributions of imperfect transmittance by manipulating motion, luminance and colour information. In some cases, the relative luminance of two target surfaces can be reduced, as Lotto and Purves demonstrate, from a ratio of 8:3 to approximately 7:5. If perception is generated empirically, then "the extent that a stimulus is consistent with imperfect transmittance...will be incorporated into the perception of the target." Appropriate behavioural response depends on the evaluation of the relative contributions of illumination, reflectance and transmittance to the visual stimuli. Visual perceptions of contrast are affected by the effects of imperfect transmittance rather than the luminance of the object. The Chubb stimulus illustrated in Figure 1 (B) is consistent with transmittance distortions for two reasons: the patterned elements of the background are continuous with the patterned elements of the target and the luminances of the target elements accord with the values that would arise if the background pattern were viewed through an imperfectly transmitting medium. The transmittance explanation of the Chubb illusion asserts that changing the stimulus in Figure 1 (B) in a way that makes it less consistent with viewing through an imperfect medium should decrease, or reverse, the illusion. | [
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Trials confirm this hypothesis. This explanation throws into doubt the hypothesis that implies that altering luminance, motion, or spectral distribution of the field surrounding the target would not alter perception. The empirical findings also contradict the hypothesis that 'illusions of brightness' caused by contour junctions in the stimulus explain the Chubb illusion, as proposed by Anderson (1997). Chubb illusions in predicting schizophrenia
Visual illusions can be categorised into physiological/pathological, perceptual and ambiguous (bistable/multistable). A deviation from the natural perception of objects (stimulus) encourages evaluation of the theories of perception. Visual perception in schizophrenia is distinguished by reduced contextual adjustments and a more accurate perception of the stimulus in tasks involving ‘spatial contextual effects’. According to Eunice et al., “contextual illusions arise from vision’s adaptive propensity to emphasize relative differences among features rather than their absolute characteristics.” While the presence of a high-contrast background reduces the apparent contrast of smaller foreground features in healthy individuals, schizophrenic patients are more accurate in perceiving the contrast between the background and foreground. In order to test this, Keane et al. measured the performance of 15 participants with chronic schizophrenia, 13 psychiatric participants- including individuals with personality and bipolar disorders and 20 non-psychiatric healthy individuals. They were presented with a small isolated target patch or a small patch with a high contrast background, followed by a remote reference patch. The individuals were then asked to note which patch they thought was higher in contrast based on their observations. | [
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The schizophrenic group’s immunity to contrast illusion was exceptional, with 12 out of 15 accurate judgements while healthy participants showed severe misperceptions of the centre stimuli. This shows that individuals with schizophrenia are able to perceive ‘absolute characteristics’ of ‘individual features’ more accurately. While contextual modulations with regard to luminance, size and orientation were similar between groups, weak contextual modulations correlate with worse symptoms and social functioning. Visual defects in schizophrenia can lead to cognitive and social problems. Findings of enhanced performance help us ascertain the latent visual abnormalities. Indeed, there has been a rapid growth in the use of contextual visual tasks (Chubb illusions) in clinical testing and NIH-supported studies of schizophrenia. (Gold et al., 2012). Old age
There is a reduction of the cortical inhibitory function within the ageing visual system, both in humans and animals. This reduction in inhibition accounts for a reduced orientation and direction tuning of aged visual neurons. L.R. Betts et al. (2005) demonstrated that older people were able to distinguish the motion of high-contrast stimuli quicker than younger adults, and that inhibition was responsible for differences in spatial suppression. Karas and McKendrick (2009) used the Chubb illusion to test whether high contrast backgrounds affected the visual perceptions of older participants lesser than the younger participants owing to reduced inhibition. The stimuli used for the experiments were based on the parameters used by Dakin, Carlin and Hemsley (2005), who used the Chubb illusion to check for reduced inhibition in schizophrenics. | [
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Their study however, showed that contrast sensitivity did not really decline with ageing as the older participants showed a greater discrepancy in perceived contrast of the target with regard to the background than the younger participants. See also
Contrast effect
Checker shadow illusion
Spatial frequency
References
External links
An Empirical Explanation: Chubb Illusion, from Dale Purves Lab. Contrast gain control
Perception
Optical illusions | [
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PT Smartfren Telecom Tbk, commonly known as Smartfren (stylized as smartfren. ), formerly known as PT Mobile 8 Telecom Tbk, is an Indonesia-based wireless network operator headquartered in Central Jakarta. It is owned by Indonesian conglomerate Sinar Mas under the company PT Sinar Mas Komunikasi Teknologi. Smartfren operates exclusively using a 4G LTE network after shifting away from CDMA technologies in 2014. As of 2018, Smartfren has 10.1 million active subscribers, making them the fifth-largest wireless carrier in the country. Smartfren provides wireless voice (via VoLTE) and data services in Indonesia, which it claims is available in over 200 cities. In 2015, the company launched their LTE-Advanced network, becoming the first in the country to do so. Andromax
Smartfren has partnered with some China-based smartphone manufacturers such as Hisense, Haier and ZTE to produce smart devices under the Smartfren Andromax brand. These phones operate on either CDMA 2000 1x or LTE on the newer models. They use the following naming scheme:
C and G models denote lower-end smartphone models
I and T models denote lower to midrange models
U, V and Z models denote mid to high-end smartphones. More recently they have also launched the E, Q and R models which has LTE capability; and the E2 and R2 models which supports VoLTE. Slogans
As Smart Telecom
Smart, Hebat, Hemat (2006-2011)
As Mobile-8 Telecom
Fren
Kartu Selularku (2003-2006)
Seluler Pilihan Cerdas (2006-2008)
Murah, Tidak Repot. (2008-2009)
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] |
(2009-2011)
Esia
Untung Pakai Esia
Hepi
Pasti Lebih Untung (2008-2010)
As Smartfren
Live Smart (2011-2018)
4G Go For It (2015-2018, After Smartfren Launch Andromax 4G LTE)
Hebat, Hemat, Cepat (2018-present)
Juaranya Internet Unlimited (2018-present)
References
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Common Hybrid Interface Protocol System (CHIPS) is the definition of a computer network that consists of a mixture of common serial data protocols such as RS-232 and RS-485, or can be even PC keyboard interface communication. CHIPS may also consist of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi for wireless communication can be installed on all major hardware platforms. There are several CHIPS projects and products available today where such systems are i.e. MISOLIMA DOLLx8 and Olivetti's "Mael Gateasy". As new bus systems are gaining market shares, there will always be needs for CHIPS to enable serial network protocols to be integrated into one single connection point. By using CHIPS, it will be possible to control I/O data from different sources and systems without having the need to install several serial interface cards and drivers. CHIPS users will, in most cases, be able to work with several serial data transceiver sources at the same time. Such serial data might originate from PC Keyboards, CANbus, RS and wireless communication where all data connects into one or several CHIPS units that communicate over the mixed serial data protocols. Due to some mixed baud rates between the connected systems, the compatibility with CHIPS means that some devices will have reduced transfer rates, but CHIPS are primary designed for Lab-, office-, home-, factory- and building automation also used in Internet of Things. References
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Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures (BICA) was a DARPA project administered by the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO). BICA began in 2005 and is designed to create the next generation of cognitive architecture models of human artificial intelligence. Its first phase (Design) ran from September 2005 to around October 2006, and was intended to generate new ideas for biological architectures that could be used to create embodied computational architectures of human intelligence. The second phase (Implementation) of BICA was set to begin in the spring of 2007, and would have involved the actual construction of new intelligent agents that live and behave in a virtual environment. However, this phase was canceled by DARPA, reportedly because it was seen as being too ambitious. Now BICA is a transdisciplinary study that aims to design, characterise and implement human-level cognitive architectures. There is also BICA Society, a scientific nonprofit organization formed to promote and facilitate this study. On their website, they have an extensive comparison table of various cognitive architectures. References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20090823030345/http://www.darpa.mil/ipto/solicitations/open/05-18_PIP.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20090826165317/http://www.darpa.mil/ipto/programs/bica/bica.asp
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Electronic billing or electronic bill payment and presentment, is when a seller such as company, organization, or group sends its bills or invoices over the internet, and customers pay the bills electronically. This replaces the traditional method where invoices were sent in paper form and payments were done by manual means such as sending cheques. There are a number of advantages to electronic billing that include the faster presentation of invoices and reductions in costs in handling paper document. However to take full advantage of electronic billing both seller and buyer need to have in place computer systems able to handle electronic billing and have access to financial institutions that can do electronic payments. History
The development of electronic billing and payments started in the late 20th century, and whilst its exact origins are unclear, it is generally agreed that development of electronic billing coincided with the rise of the Information Age. It went hand in hand with the development of internet banking, introduction of accounting software and widespread use of email. In the United States, the Council for Electronic Billing and Payment of the National Automated Clearing House Association (NACHA) is credited with broadly promoting and communicating various forms of electronic billing in the early 2000s. NACHA promoted activities and initiatives that facilitated the adoption of electronic payments in the areas of Internet commerce, electronic bill payment and presentment, financial electronic data interchange (EDI), international payments, electronic checks, electronic benefits transfer (EBT) and student lending. Certain electronic billing applications also provide the ability to electronically settle payment for goods or services. | [
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Types of electronic billing
Biller-direct – where consumers make payments directly to one biller that issues bills that they receive at the website of the firm that issued the bill. An example would be of a public utility company offering this payment service to its consumers. A market has emerged for outsourced billing providers who specialize in electronic billing processes and technology for companies that need to send bills directly to their customers. Bank-aggregator – where a payment is made at an aggregator or consolidator site, usually from a consumer's bank's website. This model allows the consumer to make payments to multiple billers that are pre-registered to receive payments. Examples are OneVu in the UK and eBill in Switzerland. Parties involved
Billers, bankers, aggregators and consolidators can play various roles in the overall process. Once roles are defined, it is easier to identify which model is most appropriate for the client's strategy. Billers may also implement more than one model in order to best serve their clients. Because the industry is continuously changing and redefining, the options and opportunities will continue to expand. Biller payment provider (BPP) – An agent of the biller that accepts remittance information on behalf of the Biller. Biller service provider (BSP) – An agent of the biller that provides the service for the Biller. Consolidator – A biller service provider that consolidates bills from multiple Billers or other bill service providers (BSPs) and delivers them for presentment to the customer service provider (CSP). | [
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Customer service provider (CSP) – An agent of the customer that provides an interface directly to customers, businesses or others for bill presentment. CSP enrolls customers, enables presentment and provides customer care, among other functions. Slow development due to legacy systems
In developed countries existing legacy banking systems and rules has slowed down the development of electronic billing. For example, in the United States financial institutions typically formally prohibit the use of their consumer electronic bill payment systems for payments to certain agencies such as: collection agencies, or recipients of court-ordered payments like child support or alimony. Any organizations or individuals outside of the United States are also usually excluded. Payments to government agencies for utilities such as water are usually permitted. Electronic bill pay systems fall into two categories, "pay-anyone" services and restricted biller list services. In a pay-anyone service, the provider will facilitate a payment to the payee regardless of whether they have an electronic connection with that payee or not. If they cannot deliver the payment to the payee electronically, they will print and mail a paper check on the payer's behalf. The largest providers of electronic bill pay services can deliver about 80% of their payments electronically, so 20% of payments facilitated by the large pay-anyone services are still made by mailing a paper check to the biller. This is the primary reason why some billers in a pay-anyone service require as much as a 5-day lead time for the payment to reach the payee. | [
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Restricted biller list payment services allow you to pay any biller that is in the provider's network, and in these services where the provider has an electronic relationship with the biller, the payments will be delivered electronically. See also
Electronic invoicing
Electronic receipt
Legal Electronic Data Exchange Standard
References
Accounting software
Business software
Payment systems | [
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Dayton Wire Wheels are a brand of wheels made for cars and trucks. The company was founded in 1916 and was used by the Wright Brothers, Henry Ford, and Charles Lindbergh. External links
Official website
Auto parts suppliers of the United States
Wheel manufacturers
Companies based in Dayton, Ohio
Manufacturing companies based in Ohio
American brands | [
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Haim Harari (Hebrew: חיים הררי; born 18 November 1940) is an Israeli theoretical physicist who has made contributions in particle physics, science education, and other fields. He was the President of the Weizmann Institute of Science from 1988 to 2001. Biography
Haim Harari was born in Jerusalem in Mandatory Palestine. His family has lived in the area which is now Israel for five generations. His parents were Knesset member Yizhar Harari and Dina Neumann. Harari received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Physics from Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Academic career
In 1967, after completing his Ph.D, he became the youngest professor ever at the Weizmann Institute. He has been the founder and first chairman of the Board (1999-2015) of the Davidson Institute of Science Education at the Weizmann Institute and he is currently Chair of the Management Committee of the Weizmann Global Endowment Management Trust in New York. In 1979 he was elected as Chairman of the Planning and Budgeting Committee (PBC) of the Council of Higher Education, serving two terms until 1985. During his tenure as chairman of the PBC, he established the Israel Inter-University Computation Center (IUCC) and laid the foundations for the university computer network in Israel. He was the President, from 1988 to 2001, of the Weizmann Institute of Science. During his presidency, the Weizmann Institute, entirely dedicated to basic research, became one of the leading royalty earning academic research organizations in the world. | [
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Harari has made major contributions to three different fields: particle physics research on the international scene, science education in the Israeli school system and science administration and policy making. Harari coined the name of the top and bottom quarks, predicted in 1973 by Kobayashi and Maskawa, and made the first complete statement of the standard six quarks and six leptons model of particle physics (at the Stanford 1975 Lepton-Photon Conference). He also proposed the Rishon Model, a model for a substructure of quarks and leptons, currently believed to be the most fundamental particles in nature. There is no experimental evidence yet for such substructure. He is the co-founder (1974) of Perach, a national tutoring and mentoring project in which over 20,000 Israeli undergraduates receive a tuition fellowship in return for devoting four hours per week to a child from an underprivileged socioeconomic background. He also initiated and established in Tel Aviv (1988) a science teaching center "HEMDA", in which high school students perform all their physics studies in advanced laboratories and with highly qualified teachers, instead of pursuing the same in their own schools. Harari has been chairman of both projects, since their founding, until recently. | [
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Awards and recognition
Membership in the Israel Academy of Sciences (1978);
Membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2010);
Rothschild Prize in Physics (1976);
Fellow of the American Physical Society (1986);
Israel Prize, in the exact sciences (1989);
The EMET Prize for Art, Science and Culture in Education (2004);
Commander Cross of the Order of Merit presented by the President of Germany;
Cross of Honor, Science and Art, First Class presented by Austria;
Golden cross of honor for service to the land of Lower Austria (2011);
Harnack Medal from the Max Planck Institute (2001), acknowledging his contribution to co-operation between the Max Planck Society and the Weizmann Institute. "Higher Education Prize" by the Israeli Council for Higher Education (2021)
In 2004 Harari gave a speech entitled "A View from the Eye of the Storm" offering insights into the problems of the Middle East. He eventually turned it into a book of the same name. Published works
A View from the Eye of the Storm: Terror and Reason in the Middle East, HarperCollins, 2005. | [
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] |
See also
List of Israel Prize recipients
Harari
References
External links
Haim Harari's homepage at the Weizmann Institute of Science
Davidson Institute of Science Education
Book: A View from the Eye of the Storm - Terror and Reason in the Middle East
1940 births
Living people
Israeli physicists
Weizmann Institute of Science faculty
Israel Prize in exact science recipients
Israel Prize in exact science recipients who were physicists
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Israeli Jews
Presidents of Weizmann Institute of Science
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Theoretical physicists
Jewish physicists
Presidents of universities in Israel
Fellows of the American Physical Society | [
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Wax or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees is the first independent feature film by American filmmaker and artist David Blair. It was also the first film on the Internet. Synopsis
Blair performs in the film, which additionally features a cameo by William Burroughs. As an anti-war statement, Wax provided an early critique of the Gulf War and current-day drone warfare. A combination of innovative digital animation, found footage, and live action, Wax’s visual form is a unique representation of the technologies and politics that it critiques, which still reverberate today. Production
Wax or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees and Waxweb have been supported by substantial grants, co-production, and international sales. Grants for this project include three awards from the New York State Council for the Arts, National Endowment for the Arts, New York Foundation for the Arts, American Film Institute, Jerome Foundation, and Checkerboard Foundation. Reception
Released in 1991, Wax was a cult hit, playing cinemas in 26 U.S. cities and had additional theatrical play in Japan and Australia. Wax was a co-production with ZDF, German Television, and opened theatrically to rave reviews at the Public Theater in New York. Wax was included in a number of 10 Best Film lists that year. | [
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Legacy
As the first film streamed across the Internet in 1993, the New York Times declaring Wax or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees an “historic event.” That same year, the hypermedia version of the film, Waxweb, was one of the first sites on the World Wide Web, and thus has been repeatedly cited as a milestone of Internet Art. Waxweb has been presented in museums worldwide. Wax or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees was an early example of digital cinema, was one of the first independent films to be edited on a digital non-linear system, the Montage Picture Processor, and transferred from video to film for theatrical presentation. See also
Waxweb
Internet art
History of the Internet
References
External links
Watch Wax or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees
Watch Wax at Waxweb online
Review: A Moral and Political Film under the Visual Overload
1991 films
American avant-garde and experimental films
American films
Cyberpunk films
American independent films
Internet films
1990s science fiction films
English-language films
William S. Burroughs
1990s avant-garde and experimental films
Collage film | [
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Engineering science and mechanics (ESM) is a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary engineering program and/or academic department. It is available at various American universities, including Pennsylvania State University, University of Virginia, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and University of Alabama. Programs
A Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, Master of Engineering, or Ph.D. degree in engineering science, engineering mechanics, or engineering science and mechanics is awarded upon completion of the respective program. Areas of specialization include aerodynamics, biomechanics, bionanotechnology, biosensors and bioelectronics, composite materials, continuum mechanics, data mining, electromagnetics of complex materials, electronic materials and devices, experimental mechanics, fluid mechanics, laser-assisted micromanufacturing, metamaterials, microfabrication, microfluidic systems, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS), nanotechnology, neural engineering, non-destructive testing or evaluation, nonlinear dynamics, optoelectronics, photonics and plasmonics, quantum mechanics, solar-energy-harvesting materials, solid mechanics, solid-state physics, structural health monitoring, and thin films and nanostructured materials. History
In 1972, the department of engineering mechanics at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University changed its name and undergraduate program to engineering science and mechanics. In 1974, the department of engineering mechanics at the Pennsylvania State University merged with engineering science program and the department was renamed to engineering science and mechanics. Engineering science and mechanics is a graduate program in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The department of aerospace engineering and mechanics at the University of Alabama offers graduate degrees in engineering science and mechanics. | [
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] |
Academic departments and programs
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University. Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Graduate Programs in Engineering Science and Mechanics, Georgia Institute of Technology. Graduate Programs in Engineering Science and Mechanics, University of Alabama. See also
Applied physics
Applied mechanics
Engineering physics
References
External links
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Pennsylvania State University
Society of Engineering Science Inc.
__notoc__
Engineering disciplines
Engineering education | [
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In computer science, the double dabble algorithm is used to convert binary numbers into binary-coded decimal (BCD) notation. It is also known as the shift-and-add-3 algorithm, and can be implemented using a small number of gates in computer hardware, but at the expense of high latency. Algorithm
The algorithm operates as follows:
Suppose the original number to be converted is stored in a register that is n bits wide. Reserve a scratch space wide enough to hold both the original number and its BCD representation; bits will be enough. It takes a maximum of 4 bits in binary to store each decimal digit. Then partition the scratch space into BCD digits (on the left) and the original register (on the right). For example, if the original number to be converted is eight bits wide, the scratch space would be partitioned as follows:
100s Tens Ones Original
0010 0100 0011 11110011
The diagram above shows the binary representation of 24310 in the original register, and the BCD representation of 243 on the left. The scratch space is initialized to all zeros, and then the value to be converted is copied into the "original register" space on the right. 0000 0000 0000 11110011
The algorithm then iterates n times. On each iteration, any BCD digit which is at least 5 (0101 in binary) is incremented by 3 (0011); then the entire scratch space is left-shifted one bit. The increment ensures that a value of 5, incremented and left-shifted, becomes 16 (10000), thus correctly "carrying" into the next BCD digit. | [
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] |
Essentially, the algorithm operates by doubling the BCD value on the left each iteration and adding either one or zero according to the original bit pattern. Shifting left accomplishes both tasks simultaneously. If any digit is five or above, three is added to ensure the value "carries" in base 10. The double-dabble algorithm, performed on the value 24310, looks like this:
0000 0000 0000 11110011 Initialization
0000 0000 0001 11100110 Shift
0000 0000 0011 11001100 Shift
0000 0000 0111 10011000 Shift
0000 0000 1010 10011000 Add 3 to ONES, since it was 7
0000 0001 0101 00110000 Shift
0000 0001 1000 00110000 Add 3 to ONES, since it was 5
0000 0011 0000 01100000 Shift
0000 0110 0000 11000000 Shift
0000 1001 0000 11000000 Add 3 to TENS, since it was 6
0001 0010 0001 10000000 Shift
0010 0100 0011 00000000 Shift
2 4 3
BCD
Now eight shifts have been performed, so the algorithm terminates. The BCD digits to the left of the "original register" space display the BCD encoding of the original value 243. Another example for the double dabble algorithm value 6524410. | [
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104 103 102 101 100 Original binary
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1111111011011100 Initialization
0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1111110110111000 Shift left (1st)
0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111101101110000 Shift left (2nd)
0000 0000 0000 0000 0111 1111011011100000 Shift left (3rd)
0000 0000 0000 0000 1010 1111011011100000 Add 3 to 100, since it was 7
0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1110110111000000 Shift left (4th)
0000 0000 0000 0001 1000 1110110111000000 Add 3 to 100, since it was 5
0000 0000 0000 0011 0001 1101101110000000 Shift left (5th)
0000 0000 0000 0110 0011 1011011100000000 Shift left (6th)
0000 0000 0000 1001 0011 1011011100000000 Add 3 to 101, since it was 6
0000 0000 0001 0010 0111 0110111000000000 Shift left (7th)
0000 0000 0001 0010 1010 0110111000000000 Add 3 to 100, since it was 7
0000 0000 0010 0101 0100 1101110000000000 Shift left (8th)
0000 0000 0010 1000 0100 1101110000000000 Add 3 to 101, since it was 5
0000 0000 0101 0000 1001 1011100000000000 Shift left (9th)
0000 0000 1000 0000 1001 1011100000000000 Add 3 to 102, since it was 5
0000 0000 1000 0000 1100 1011100000000000 Add 3 to 100, since it was 9
0000 0001 0000 0001 1001 0111000000000000 Shift left (10th)
0000 0001 0000 0001 1100 0111000000000000 Add 3 to 100, since it was 9
0000 0010 0000 0011 1000 1110000000000000 Shift left (11th)
0000 0010 0000 0011 1011 1110000000000000 Add 3 to 100, since it was 8
0000 0100 0000 0111 0111 1100000000000000 Shift left (12th)
0000 0100 0000 1010 0111 1100000000000000 Add 3 to 101, since it was 7
0000 0100 0000 1010 1010 1100000000000000 Add 3 to 100, since it was 7
0000 1000 0001 0101 0101 1000000000000000 Shift left (13th)
0000 1011 0001 0101 0101 1000000000000000 Add 3 to 103, since it was 8
0000 1011 0001 1000 0101 1000000000000000 Add 3 to 101, since it was 5
0000 1011 0001 1000 1000 1000000000000000 Add 3 to 100, since it was 5
0001 0110 0011 0001 0001 0000000000000000 Shift left (14th)
0001 1001 0011 0001 0001 0000000000000000 Add 3 to 103, since it was 6
0011 0010 0110 0010 0010 0000000000000000 Shift left (15th)
0011 0010 1001 0010 0010 0000000000000000 Add 3 to 102, since it was 6
0110 0101 0010 0100 0100 0000000000000000 Shift left (16th)
6 5 2 4 4
BCD
Sixteen shifts have been performed, so the algorithm terminates. | [
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