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Bromide in the Allegheny River System
Before April 2011, it was acceptable to discharge Marcellus brines into rivers. Therefore, brines were discharged to some PA rivers through publicly operated treatment works (POTW) and industrial waste plants (IWP). However, many larger rivers in PA are used for drinking water after treatment with chlorinated compounds. Brines from shale gas wells contain dissolved bromide at concentrations up to 2,000,000 ppb and bromide can react with the chlorinated disinfectants and with other natural compounds in the river to make brominated disinfection byproducts (BDB) which can be carcinogenic.
In 2010, the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority observed an increase in concentration of bromide-containing species in their water from the Allegheny River after they treated it for drinking . We will explore the bromide in the Allegheny River and where it comes from (Figure 1) using data published in the Shale Network public database of water quality. We use HydroClient to find these data: HydroClient was built by the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI), a non-profit funded by the National Science Foundation, as a tool to find water quality data from entities like Shale Network, along with bigger groups such as the US Geological Survey and NASA.
Students will be asked to think critically, analyze data, and synthesize information
Student will learn how disposed brine impacts surface water quality in Pennsylvania
The first thing we will do is get a file from HydroShare and upload it into HydroClient. This will allow us to see some of the sites in the Allegheny River system where waste is discharged, to track down bromide sources in the river.
Getting a File from HydroShare
· Open up Internet Explorer. To do this, type in “Internet Explorer” into the bar at the bottom left of the screen and click on it. It should open up after clicking.
· Type HydroShare.org into the browser and click on it – it should open up.
· Click Discover (located at the top of the page — you don’t have to sign in).
· Type Industrial Plants PA in the search box and click on the title Industrial Plants PA. You should see a page that contains an Abstract, Subject, and information on how to cite the data.
· Scroll down the page to the Content section.
· Click on the little file icon and click Download All Content as Zipped Bagit Archive.
· Wait a moment. An orange message should appear at the bottom of your screen asking if you want to open or save the folder. Click “Open”. A zip file folder should appear (depending on your browser). Click to “Open” the folder (do NOT click save), click on “Data”, click on “Contents”. You should then see the file “industrial plants”.
· Right click on the “industrial_plants” file and select “Copy”. Now, minimize all the windows until you can see your desktop: click on your desktop screen and paste the file on your desktop.
· Find the browser again and open up HydroClient by typing and clicking http://data.cuahsi.org/.
· Once it is open, click Layer Control.
· In the popup, Click Add GeoJSON.
· Click on Browse, and click on Desktop (right-side panel of the pop-up window) and navigate to the file you saved in the previous step by going to your Desktop. If you do not see the file, use the Search Desktop search box in the top right of the pop up and type “industrial_plants”, click on the drop-down option, and click Open. The markers should appear on the map as shown at right.
The red balloons identify possible waste sources into the Allegheny River system.The zoom buttons, located in the top left corner under the search box, allow you to adjust the map extent. The “+” sign allows you to zoom in and the “-” allows you to zoom out of the map. (Alternately, you can use the roller on the mouse to scroll in or out.) Increase the magnification and navigate to Pennsylvania and the Allegheny system. You can click on each red marker and a pop up will appear with information: IWP — Industrial Waste Plant, PP — Power Plant, SP — Steel plant, and POTW — Publicly Operated Treatment Works.
We will now navigate around the Allegheny River system and try to find bromide concentrations upriver and downriver from the different possible pollution sources. Use the instructions below to get concentrations. We suggest you use the schematic Allegheny River in Figure 1 (below) to help navigate, and write down the bromide concentrations for the sites you explore.If at any point you refresh your browser, you will need to add the layer of industrial waste plants back on to HydroClient.
Figure 1. SCHEMATIC ALLEGHENY RIVER SYSTEM MAP showing how the river flows north to south (vertical blue line), with many smaller tributaries (horizontal and diagonal blue lines). Also shown with big blue dots are some of the publicly operated treatment works (POTW), power plants (PP), and industrial waste plants (IWP). Some POTWs were allowed to treat and discharge Marcellus brines into the river before April 2011. IWPs and PPs also can discharge water + waste into the river. Steel plants (SPs) also use and discharge water with some contamination into the river and acid mine drainage (AMD) inputs also impact the river. (Neither SPs nor AMD are shown.) No known waste treatment plants are located above POTW-A. The map is not to scale: Freeport lies many river miles above the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority intake: along this reach of the river that is not shown, one SP, two PPs and 1 POTW are located. Sampling spots on the river are shown as black dots: data and locations were taken from States et al. (2013). The following plants were known to process and discharge Marcellus waste waters before the May 2011 ban: POTW-A, -B, -C. The following sites also treated such wastes before the ban and are thought to still treat such wastes from conventional oil and gas wells: IWP-A, -B, -C.
Site 1: Intake Waters at Pittsburgh Water Treatment Plant at the PWSA
The first stop will be the intake site for water from the Allegheny River for the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority (at the bottom of Figure 1). As you move through the sites, we suggest that you write down on Figure 1 the maximum and minimum bromide concentrations for each site. For example, the value in the Clarion river at the Route 58 Bridge is already on Figure 1.
The Pittsburgh Water Treatment Plant for the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority provides water and sewer service to more than 300,000 consumers throughout Pittsburgh.
· Use the Enter a location search box at the top left of the screen to zoom to a geographic area. Start typing “Pittsburgh Water Treatment Plant, Freeport Road, Pittsburgh, PA, United States” . and the dropdown list will popup. Use cursor to click the option on the dropdown list.
The map will zoom to the plant: the area of the map is shown at the bottom center with a green “thumbs up” notifying you the area is small enough to search for data. In this case, however, it will be helpful if the search encompasses a larger map area.
· Click on the zoom in (+ sign) or zoom out (negative sign) until you can view Sycamore Island and you have a green thumbs up. Sycamore is an island in the middle of the Allegheny River and is circled at right. Your map should look similar to the screenshot at right but each monitor may look slightly different.
Now you will define your search criteria in the right-side tool bar to find all the bromide data from January, 1900 to today in the area that your map is currently showing.
· Begin by clicking on the blue Select Date Range button and typing in “1/1/1900” to “5/18/2017” in the From and To boxes. then click Save.
· Click Select Keyword(s),to search only for Bromide.
o There are a lot of species in the database so you must find bromide. You’ll see the Common and Full List: click Full Listand use the Filter to type “bromide” into the window as shown at right.
o Click on the little plus sign next to Chemical as circled at right. Next, click on the plus sign next to Inorganic.
o Continue to click on the little plus sign under Inorganic>Major>Major, non-metals>Bromide. Make sure to click on the square next to Bromide so that a green check mark appears to show it is selected. To move forward, click Save.
· Next, use the Select Data Service(s)button. All the sources of data are shown, including Shale Network, EPA, and US Geological Survey. Use the Search box as shown at right to type “Shale Network.” Shale Network is a team of scientists based in Pennsylvania, led by Penn State, that has been publishing water quality data online in the area of shale gas development. Click on the row to highlight the Shale Network data service as shown below. (Don’t click on Shale Network tab).
· Click Close.
· Click Search Map to begin the search. After a few seconds one or more blue markers will pop up on the map as shown at right. If you hover over a blue marker, it has a number that indicates how many data series are available in the database for that location. If you zoom in, the blue markers show more precise locations, while if you zoom out the locations will be more generalized.
· To view only the data series that are located upstream of the Pittsburgh Water Treatment Plant on this map, click on the blue data marker circled at right and you will get a table describing the data at that location.
· Highlight the row of data by clicking anywhere on row as shown below.
· Now that you have highlighted the row, we will preview a plot of the data with the Data Series Viewer. To View the data: click Select Action, Save selection to workspace,and click on theWorkspace button in the top right corner of the table. In the Workspace, highlight the data by clicking on the row, click Select Tool,select Data Series Viewer,and click Launch Tool. The Data Series Viewer will open in a new window and will allow you to preview a plot of bromide concentration in the river (left axis) versus time (bottom axis). These data were reported by States et al. (2013).
· Look at the data in the graph or the table for the Allegheny River water intake to the PWSA. Estimate the highest and lowest values. The bromide concentrations are given in the DataValues column (column E) or you can read from the graph. (Write answer here or on Figure 1).
· Notice that the bromide concentrations are high in the summer when it doesn’t rain much and low in the fall and spring when concentrations are diluted by lots of rain.
We are now going to estimate bromide concentrations for other sites on the Allegheny River moving from north to south to fill out these concentrations on Figure 1. You can either follow all the instructions below, or you can navigate around the river on your own, looking for bromide concentrations, using all the steps just discussed, to fill out on Figure 1 and then go to “Questions to Think About”.
Site 2: The Most Northern Spot: Warren County, Allegheny River
We will now go to the most northern sampling spot on the river (top of Figure 1). Close the Data Series Viewer by finding the tiny x and clicking on it (don’t click the x for the entire browser!). In the Workspace, click the blue button labelled Search in the upper right to return to the map. DO NOT CLICK REFRESH. If you click refresh by accident, you probably will want to add the layer of industrial plants back on.
· We will go to Warren, PA well above all the industrial inputs to the river (see Figure 1). Enter a location: type ” Paws Along the River Human Society, Warren PA, United States”(This is just a landmark, we are not investigating the Humane Society.)
· Keep search criteria the same as Site 1 (Date Range:01/01/1900 to 5/18/2017, Keyword: Bromide, Data Service: Shale Network.) Click Search Map. Click on the blue data marker located in the stream to view the search results with the Site Name: Warren. Put your data in the Workspace and then look at it in the Data Series Viewer. Note that you will want to click on the PWSA data row to un-highlight it if it is still in your workspace. Otherwise, both datasets will be plotted in Data Viewer.
· Write down the range of values at Warren here and on Figure 1. How do the bromide concentrations at Warren compare to concentrations at the PWSA? What might this tell us?
Site 3: Moving South: Tionesta County, Allegheny River
We will now move to Tionesta (see Figure 1). Follow the previous directions on how to search for and preview data in the Data Series Viewer. Keep all search parameters, including the Date Range, Keyword, and Data Service the same.
· Location:Station Rd, Tionesta, PA, United States
· What are the concentrations of bromide at Tionesta and how do they compare to Warren? What does this tell us about natural bromide concentrations in the Allegheny River? Note that most natural stream samples in PA without human impacts are 10 ppb or lower but most analytical labs have a detection limit of 20 to 60 ppb bromide. The EPA recommendation for bromide is 60 ppb.
Site 4: Kennerdell, Venago County, Allegheny River
Location: Kennerdell, PA, United States
· Click Search Mapand then Show Search Results.
Click on the blue data marker shown at right and preview in the Data Series Viewer.
Write the range of values here and on Figure 1.
Site 5: Franklin, Venago County, Allegheny River
Location: Franklin, PA, United States
· Click Search Mapand then Show Search Results.
· Click on the blue data marker shown at right and preview in the Data Series Viewer.
· What do you think explains the bromide concentrations between Warren and Kennerdell?
Site 6: Crooked Creek near Stitt Hill Bridge, Armstrong County
Now we will proceed downstream to Crooked Creek before it flows into the Allegheny River.
· Location: Lumac Inc, Pennsylvania 66, Ford City, PA, United States
· Click on the blue data marker circled at right and preview in the Data Series Viewer.
· Look at the range of values at the Stitt Hill bridge on Crooked Creek and write values here and on Figure 1. What might explain the values you found in Crooked Creek? Note that IWP-B treated and released Marcellus brines before 2011: before dilution these waters can have bromide concentrations up to 2,000,000 ppb bromide.
Site 7: Kiski River Bridge, Leechburg
Now let’s look downstream where the Kiskiminetas (“Kiski”) River enters the Allegheny (see Figure 1).
· Location: Kiski Camp Drive, Leechburg, PA, United States
· Zoom out until map is similar to the one at right.Search Map.
· The most northern blue dot is Schenley (LDB) and the most southern is Kiski Railroad Bridge. Click Show Search Results to view both sites.
· Highlight both rows of data and navigate to the Data Series Viewer for each site and add concentrations to Figure 1.
· Look at the HydroClient map or at Figure 1 and investigate the surrounding area on the Kiski River. What might explain the values you found at Kiski Railroad Bridge?
· If you are interested, you might look at Figure 1 and use HydroClient to determine whether the bromide concentrations in the Kiski river above and below the POTW between Apollo and Leechburg bridges are different. This POTW accepted brines from Marcellus shale gas wells and discharged them to the river before 2011. Can you see an increase in bromide below the POTW? What about above and below the IWP on the same river? What does this mean about the source of bromide? If you have time, you might look above and below POTW-B on the Conemaugh river by comparing bromide concentrations at the Route 56 Bridge (Rte 56, Johnstown) and at the Johnstown railroad bridge (Daisytown, Pennsylvania). This POTW (municipal sewage treatment plant) received Marcellus wastewaters before April 2011. (Note that the POTW does not show up on the map as a red balloon.) Bromide is also used in coal to suppress mercury emissions. Do you see any evidence for high bromide downstream from PP-A or PP-B?
· You can also explore the IWP on Blacklick Creek, which flows into the Conemaugh river, which flows into the Kiski, which flows into the Allegheny River (see Figure 1).
Questions to Think About
· After investigating the sites and placing values on Figure 1: where does the bromide come from at the PWSA and how does it compare to background values (and what does background mean)?
· Which river do you think is responsible for most of the bromide? This cannot be determined simply by concentration because the concentration could be high but the flow rate (i.e. discharge) of the river could be low. Here is the relative discharge of the rivers: Kiski river (1505 to 7539 m 3 /minute) > Clarion River (668 to 3724 m 3 /minute) >> Crooked Creek. The “bromide load” of a river is the concentration multiplied by the discharge. Which river do you think might have the largest load (i.e. concentration multiplied by discharge) and be most responsible for the bromide at PWSA? What is upstream on that river?
· One conclusion from this study is that discharge of bromide-containing brine to the Allegheny is not a good idea. But what else should we be thinking about?
Floating Down the Allegheny River
There is just enough time left in the year to take one more ‘day’ trip before the water gets too cold. That’s all it takes, one day. One day to garner enough memories to last all year long and to begin planning for the next year. Once you do this one time, you will want to do it again and again.
Floating down the Allegheny River on rafts is the most relaxing yet exciting time you can imagine. There are rivers all over, what makes this one so special? The depth of the river. Over the years the water has cut deep into the mountains of Pennsylvania. The water does not run like the rapids of the Colorado River, it is nice and slow moving.
If you’ve ever traveled across I-80 through Pennsylvania, just past the Emlenton exit you will cross the river and see just how deep into the earth it really is.
Your starting point will be at Emlenton, PA there is a small park that allows ‘floaters’ or canoes to get into the water, and you can leave your vehicle parked there with no problem. There are a few small stores right at the park so if you’ve forgotten an item or two, you can easily pick them up.
Don’t forget your pick up car!
What you will need for your trip;
1. Rafts – The cheap kind you find at the local dollar store for around $5 will work just fine. You will need one for each person in your party, and one for your cooler. Keep in mind, the more the merrier!
2. Cooler – For drinks and food along the way, you will want to keep hydrated and keep your food dry.
3. Rope – To lash the rafts together. Why? This makes it more fun, so you can all stick together and get to see all sides of the river as you slowly spin around.
4. Water proof camera – So you can view all the sites along the way, and have pictures of them for your scrap book.
5. Baggies – The zip kind for your keys and wallets, so they don’t get wet.
6. Water shoes – If you have them, they are not necessary but handy for walking on the rocky bottom of this river. Flip-flops will work just fine.
That is about all you will need for the time of your life! Depending on how long you wish to spend in the water will be your pick up point. You should have a car parked at your pick up point as well, unless you have someone picking you up.
The first stop is Foxburg – That is about 2 miles down the river this should take you about 4 hours of floating. There is a little bait shop/store at the ramp area that you can park your pick up car. Just stop inside and let them know what you’re doing, they are more than happy to accommodate you.
Keep your eyes open
Unless you are taking little ones there should be no need for life preservers, the water never gets really deep, in this area. There is one point where it is quite shallow and unless you like having your butt hairs scraped off, you might want to walk your rafts through. There is a divide you will come up to, you can go around to the ‘deep’ side, we chose the shallow side.
You do not need paddles, the river runs smoothly, if you find a need to ‘paddle’, your arms will get you going along just fine. There are a few houses along they way and you might catch a glimpse of a human from time to time, just give them a wave. These folks are very friendly and will surely wave back at you.
There are a couple of sandy spots along the way should you want to stop and have a look around, just pull up your rafts and get out. Have lunch, relax and enjoy the view. You might see some wild life coming to the water to get a drink. If you’re too noisy, they will just leave you alone.
The rocks along the way will probably be the biggest you’ve ever seen in your life. Some as big as houses. You will go under I -80, make sure you wave at the Truckers, they will be the only ones to see you. There are several bridges along the way that you will go under as well, even and ‘old time’ train trestle.
It was as though someone designed this particular spot in the Allegheny River just for those who want to go floating.
If you choose to take the longer route into Parker, Pennsylvania (about 5 miles), there is a large parking lot in which to park your vehicle. The river opens up much wider at this point and is quite busy with boaters and such. Of course the water is much deeper in this area.
This trip can be made again and again once the rafts have been purchased, for just the cost of your food and gas to get there. Once you have made one trip down the Allegheny River you are going to be looking at other rivers which you can traverse.
If you don’t get to make it this year, make sure you include it in your plans for next year. Mark ‘Floating down the Allegheny River’ on your calendar, the sites are something that you don’t want to miss!
Sweetsusieg (author) from Michigan on August 25, 2011:
On 268 there are at least 2 waterslides or like waterfalls that are across the road from the river between Parker to Foxburg and Foxburg to Emelenton. If your on the river it would be on the West side. River connects to the Allegheny in between Foxburg and Parker. Hope this helps!!
sarah on August 25, 2011:
does anyone know if there are natural waterslides around parker or emlenton that we can get to from the river?
Sweetsusieg (author) from Michigan on December 08, 2010:
Thanks!! We had an absolute blast on this trip! I would Love to do it again. But this time I’d like to start where we left off and go further to Parker.
Ways to Raft Down A River
Ways to Raft Down A River. The roots of modern river rafts date back to the post-World War II surplus equipment sold across the country. Before rubber, river runners were using wooden boats with poor agility and little room for cargo or passengers. They were heavy, easy to break, and time-consuming to repair. To avoid these issues, Goodrich Rubber Company manufactured one of the first rubber rafts for whitewater in 1938 for use on a documentary film trip. The resulting footage from the trip inspired more individuals to experiment, and once they became cheap and abundant after the war, rubber rafts became king and wooden boats generally fell out of style.
The diversity in boat types on the river has never been greater than it is today, with almost all of them being made of rubber. Because every boat provides a different experience and their names are not always intuitive, here is a basic guide to the main types of water crafts you may see on the river.
The luxury cruise liner of the river, oar rafts are designed to carry as much gear as possible while leaving space for passengers to ride comfortably onboard. For seating and gear storage, oar rafts have wooden or aluminum frames strapped onto them, with the oars attached in the middle. These boats are sometimes confused with paddle boats, as the guts of both are the same, but the utility and experience of each could not be more different. On a paddleboat, everyone is participating, while oar rafts are powered by a single person utilizing two 9-10 ft. long oars positioned off of either side of the boat, allowing the passengers to relax, lay back, and enjoy the ride. A typical oar raft can carry 5-6 people and upwards of 1500 pounds!
For slow, flat-water stretches, there is no more relaxing way to travel downstream than riding along on an oar boat. Sharing stories and conversations, reading books, taking naps, or simply marveling at the scenery, the experience of the calm float offers something that is lost in activity. Due to the heavy weight of gear, food, and passengers, oar boats are difficult to flip and generally the safest way downstream, making them the most popular boats for multi-day trips.
A paddleboat is what most people picture traveling on when they imagine “whitewater rafting”. These rafts have elevated tubes that make up the sides with smaller tubes running width-wise across the floor. These smaller tubes are called “thwarts” and they act as seats or footholds for passengers. Paddleboats hold between 6-8 people and everybody has their own paddle, with one person (usually a river guide) sitting in the back. The passengers are responsible for creating and maintaining momentum, with the captain in the back doing all the steering and voice commands.
Paddleboats are a great way for people to participate and stay active. With strong paddlers, these boats are very maneuverable and lots of fun in the whitewater. However it is often hard to find 6-8 people who are committed to paddling the entirety of a trip. They are not designed to carry any cargo, and because of how lightweight they are, it is much easier to flip over in a rapid. Also, paddling can be a tough workout, especially in flat water and fighting a headwind, which may scare away any willing participation. Ideal for day trips and active groups, paddle boats are rare for multi-day trips but may be available upon request. Read more about why we don’t bring paddle boats on all of our trips in this blog.
Affectionately known as “duckies” for the characteristic way they appear to waddle downstream while following bigger boats (mama ducks), inflatable kayaks are a great source of freedom and autonomy on the river. Great for beginner and experienced paddlers alike, duckies are fun, stable, and easy to use while providing good exercise and the opportunity to explore the river on your own. It is common to see duckies on all stretches of water, but are not typically used in larger whitewater on commercial trips. Most kayaks are designed for one adult, but tandem duckies have become more popular in recent years. Holiday will bring duckies on most trips, when appropriate.
Stand up Paddleboard (SUP)
The newest river craze is the stand up paddleboard, or SUP. Despite being inflatable, these can be stiff as a surfboard and surprisingly stable. Manufacturers make many different shapes and sizes of SUPs, with the river designs being wider and thicker to better fare in whitewater. Another fun option to explore the river with autonomy, SUPs offer a unique workout and challenge to those seeking an active experience. The flat water of Cataract, Ruby/Horsethief Canyons, and Desolation Canyon are the most common sections of river that Holiday will bring SUPs.
Originally from the suburbs near Cleveland, Ohio, Justin made his way to Utah after graduating from Ohio University with a degree in exploring and having fun… If not on the river or in the kitchen, you’ll find him wandering the mountains, drinking coffee, or writing down words he hopes will come across as sensical.
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You need to add organic waste in the right ratio to get perfect composting results. Compostable materials are divided into browns and greens and must be added carefully. This article discusses everything you need to know about composting ratio and how it affects the process.
Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio
Carbon and nitrogen are both needed for the creation of a perfect compost. Carbon provides energy for composting microorganisms and nitrogen is needed for protein production, growth, and reproduction. Carbon makes the compost light and soft. The brown materials are rich in carbon content, and green materials have a high proportion of nitrogen.
Many experts have defined the ideal ratio as a 30:1 carbon to nitrogen ratio. It does not mean that you have to add 30 brown parts for one green part. Each organic material has its ratio, and you need to add the materials keeping in mind those ratios. The 30:1 ratio is not fixed and varies 20:1 to 45:1.
The moisture content is another important factor for successful composting. Your pile should be moist and not wet, as extra water can make the process anaerobic and cause a foul smell. Lack of air and excess water can also reduce the composting speed. The water content should be around 50-60%. You can adjust the water content based on pile size, specific materials, and weather conditions. The best way to check the water content is to pinch a handful of compost if it gives 2-3 drops of water; the moisture content is enough for the pile. To mitigate the wet compost bin problem follow these instructions.
The oxygen content should be more than 5% in any condition. Aerobic composting needs a large amount of oxygen during all stages of composting. The best way to ensure enough oxygen supply is to turn the pile and keep the lid open for a while every day.
Waste Material Size
The size of the waste material you are adding also impacts the speed and quality of the composting process. It is recommended to always add carbon materials in shredded form and food scrapes in small pieces. Small particle size increases the surface area and helps the microorganisms to decompose organic waste quickly.
The two main stages of composting are the mesophilic stage and the thermophilic stage. The temperature range for these stages is 50-105°F and over 150°F, respectively. It is better if the temperature range stays between 110°-150° F. turning and rotating the compost pile helps in maintaining this temperature range.
An appropriate pH is needed for microorganisms to work on organic matter and decompose it. The ideal range is 6.5 to 8. Little variations in this range do not hurt the process, and it can tolerate a range of 5.5-9. pH range is maintained by the addition of correct amounts of brown and green matter.
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How a Memory Foam Mattress Is Made
Have you ever wondered how memory foam gets its unique ability to mold to your shape? This type of mattress doesn’t just give you a great night’s sleep. It also performs marvels of engineering.
Memory foam was first invented in the late 1960s and ’70s, when NASA scientists attempted to make a material that would protect airline passengers and crew during crashes. They also wanted to reduce the G-force pressure on astronauts’ bodies during reentry and takeoff.
While the foam never made it into a space shuttle, NASA realized it had come up with a truly remarkable material. It began to sell the foam, partnering with a third party to distribute it to businesses that made sports and medical equipment. By the 1980s, Fagerdala World Foams realized this material would be an excellent fit for the mattress industry. The first Tempur-Pedic® mattress came out in 1991, and soon, memory foam enjoyed a huge surge in popularity.
How Memory Foam Is Made
There are six major steps in memory foam creation:
- Reacting agents combine with isocyanates and polyols.
- A machine whips the mixture into a froth, then pours it into a mold, where it bubbles into foam.
- Gas or blowing agents are added to the foam, whose density varies based on the amount of air and polymer mixture.
- The foam cools and then is heated again, after which it is left out to cure for a few hours or a few days.
- The foam is washed, dried and inspected to ensure it meets standards.
- Finally, it is cut into pieces for use in memory foam mattress construction.
How Memory Foam Beds Are Made
Memory foam mattresses are made up of regular polyurethane as the base layer. The memory foam sits on top of this, along with any other padding layers the mattress may need. Manufacturers often use adhesive to fasten one layer to the next, though the type of adhesive used varies depending on who makes the bed.
Federal safety guidelines require the addition of a flame-resistant fabric barrier on top of the mattress, to protect against possible fire. Some manufacturers also put fire-resistant additives into the foam, too, for another layer of fire safety. Then they add a cover for an appearance that completes the look.
Memory foam beds have become popular among those who want better support and pressure relief while they sleep. The unique material used to make these beds may not have served the original purpose NASA envisioned, but it’s doing a lot of people good decades later as a mattress material.
Contact W.N. Shaw For Custom Release Agents
Now that you know how a memory foam mattress is made, you may also enjoy learning how a football is made. These are just two of the industries that employ W.N. SHAW & CO. to create custom molding release agents. Our flexible non-automotive polyurethane assists in making memory foam, arm rests for office furniture, foam toys with high resiliency and much more. We use the latest technology to offer affordable options. Contact us today to learn more about how we can assist your company.
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Main Article Content
Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy among women. Early detection of breast cancer is critical for reducing the disease's morbidity and mortality. Therefore, extreme cautions are required. And if it discovered late, it may have bad prognosis. Objective: The goal of this study was to establish whether university students were aware of breast cancer, its symptoms, and the risk factors associated with it, as well as the level of knowledge and awareness of BSE and mammography. METHODS: The current research employed a cross-sectional strategy.A questionnaire was self-administered to all the students. A total of 122 respondents completed the online survey that enrolled in various universities in Punjab. Results: The age of study participants was ranged between 21_30years.Most of them were aware if breast cancer.(73.8%) (90) of students know about brrast cancer through social media, being the most important source of information.Regardi g different aspect of study 78.7% (96) had the knowlegde of risk factor i.e Breast cancer occur mostly with increasing age.An adequate number if participants 77.9% (95) have the knowlegde of self examination. To educate people about breast cancer, we should host seminars. because raising awareness of cancer is essential for early identification and more proactive health-seeking. Despite the fact that breast cancer is relatively widespread in both developing and wealthy nations, broad public awareness is still low. No matter how old or young a woman is, breast care is a need.
Conclusion: According to this survey, majority of the participants have basic information about breast cancer and its risk factors. Many participants also know about breast self-examination as it is a simple, quick, non-invasive, and costfree technique for women to check their own breasts for any changes that could be an early indicator of breast cancer in the early stages, when the disease can be treated successfully, boosting the survival rate from breast cancer. any participants also have information about mammography and its advantages in detection of cancer. Hence students are aware of breast cancer.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Naqvi, A.A., et al., Developing a Research Instrument to Document Awareness, Knowledge, and Attitudes Regarding Breast Cancer and Early Detection Techniques for Pakistani Women: The Breast Cancer Inventory (BCI). Diseases, 2016. 4(4): p. 37.
- Hjorth, C.F., et al., Socioeconomic position and prognosis in premenopausal breast cancer: a population-based cohort study in Denmark. BMC Medicine, 2021. 19(1): p. 235.
- Karthik, L., et al., Protease inhibitors from marine actinobacteria as a potential source for antimalarial compound. PloS one, 2014. 9(3): p. e90972.
- Ullah, Z., et al., Breast Cancer Awareness and Associated Factors Amongst Women in Peshawar, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Breast Cancer: Basic and Clinical Research, 2021. 15: p. 11782234211025346.
- Rahman, S.A., et al., Awareness about Breast Cancer and Breast Self-Examination among Female Students at the University of Sharjah: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2019. 20(6): p. 1901-1908.
- Sharma, A., et al., A Qualitative Assessment of Breast Cancer Awareness in an Urban Indian City.
- Sarker, R., et al., Knowledge towards breast cancer, and breast self-examination practices and its barriers among university female students in Bangladesh: Findings from a cross-sectional study. medRxiv, 2021: p. 2021.10.20.21265262.
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Fit a function to data.
Data: input dataset
Preprocessor: preprocessing method(s)
Learner: curve fit learning algorithm
Model: trained model
Coefficients: fitted coefficients
The Curve Fit widget fits an arbitrary function to the input data. It only works for regression tasks. The widget uses scipy.curve_fit to find the optimal values of the parameters.
The widget works only on regression tasks and only numerical features can be used for fitting.
The learner/predictor name.
Introduce model parameters.
Input an expression in Python. The expression should consist of at least one fitting parameter.
Select a feature to include into the expression. Only numerical features are available.
Select a parameter. Only the introduced parameters are available.
Select a function.
Press Apply to commit changes. If Apply Automatically is ticked, changes are committed automatically.
Show help, produce a report, input/output info.
Curve fit uses default preprocessing when no other preprocessors are given. It executes them in the following order:
removes instances with unknown target values
removes empty columns
imputes missing values with mean values
To remove default preprocessing, connect an empty Preprocess widget to the learner.
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Measles is a highly contagious virus spread through coughing and sneezing that can live for up to two hours in the air. Symptoms of measles include fever, a red blotchy rash, red watery eyes and Koplik (white) spots in the mouth. Measles is prevented by vaccination. Children in Ontario receive two doses of measles-containing vaccine before the age of 7. Endemic measles has been eliminated in Canada; however, imported cases continue to occur.
To obtain or inquire about an immunization record, or for general immunization information, please contact your local public health unit.
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FAQ About Fashion
Couture and haute couture are not the same. While couture can be used to describe any garment that's handmade and one-of-a-kind, haute couture is a special designation created and approved by the French Ministry of Industry.
Nowadays, it is very easy to find information on any subject. Fashion is one of them. You can follow pages that share fashion content on Instagram, watch new runway shows, and participate in online trainings. In addition, if you search for fashion documentaries on channels such as Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Prime, you can find good documentaries.
You can read books about fashion, although it is not preferred nowadays. You can also follow fashion podcasts. Finally, you can follow fashion channels on Youtube and learn from them.
There are many books about fashion. Here are a few books that will help you understand fashion:
- Fashion: The Definitive History of Costume and Style
- Stylist: The Interpreters of Fashion
- Grace: A Memoir
- The Woman I Wanted to Be. Diane Von Furstenberg
- Dressed: A Century of Hollywood Costume Design
- Secrets of Stylists: An Insider's Guide to Styling the Stars
Being a fashion designer means you know everything about fashion. Doing a lot of research is a good step to start.
In the first place, you can learn about constructive topics such as sewing, draping, patternmaking. If you do not know how to sew an outfit, you can choose the wrong fabric, you can prepare designs that will not make sense in real life. That's why it's very important to learn basic things like sewing first.
Of course, drawing is also very important. At least, you should know enough drawings to explain what you want with sketch-type drawings.
Fabrics! Fabrics are one of the most important elements of the fashion world. There are many different types of fabrics. Each of them has a different usage area and way of use. Learning fabrics is another of the most important steps.
Even if you don't know everything, you should also know about the history of fashion. Thus, you will not fall into repetition and you can also get inspired. You will also understand how trends have changed over the years.
In order to learn all these, you can benefit from Youtube, the internet and all the information resources you can think of.
Also, be open to learning and start doing.
You don't need to go to school to be a fashion designer. Self-taught people can also become fashion designers. The important thing is to have your interest and to continue your interest by educating yourself.
Petite people can actually follow most trends and wear whatever they want. They can choose heels to look taller. In addition, high-waisted trousers make them look taller. However, it should be well thought out so that the body part does not look even smaller.
They may prefer monochromatic clothes. They may also prefer vertical striped clothes.
The scarf trend, which draws attention with its use in Gucci's models, appeared in many places in 2022 and continues to emerge. Although we often see scarves tied to the head, tying them around the neck or optionally tying them to trousers or bags is also an option. Although patterned scarves are generally preferred, sometimes single-colored scarves can be preferred for a different color block.
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Here’s another puzzle to get you thinking as we move into the weekend. David Hunt, PGCE Computer Science Subject Leader in the School of Education, has this time devised a word ladder themed computer coding style challenge.
A word ladder is a puzzle where you are trying to change one word into another, one letter at a time. The words you make at each stage must be valid entries in a dictionary.
For example, turning MAN into APE:-
MAN …. MAT …. OAT …. OPT …. APT …. APE
Can you change WORCS …. BOOKS …. LEARN
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The Technology Behind Bella Hadid’s Spray on Dress
During the 2022 Paris Fashion Week, Coperni’s finale featuring Bella Hadid surprised the crowd. The audience shock-factor came from the garment that Bella Hadid wore, which was a spray-on dress. Hadid walked slowly onto a platform in the middle of the runway. Here she was sprayed by two technicians with a white material. With a little cutting and folding, the material solidified into a white fabric. In less than 10 minutes, Bella Hadid was walking the runway in an elegant, asymmetrical off-the-shoulder dress.
So, what’s the story behind this elusive spray-on garment?
Who created the dress?
The dress technology was created by Fabrican Ltd, a London based company founded by Manel Torres in 2003. Fabrican stands for “fabric from a can.” When sprayed, this substance can instantaneously create various items of clothing. The brand has discovered a method to use liquid fibers in a solvent that evaporates to form a piece of clothing.
How does the technology work?
The technology is at the forefront of material science innovation. The fabric is formed by using an aerosol can or spray gun to cross-link the fibers into a web, which then creates a fabric as it solidifies. This technology creates a non-woven fabric in the shape of what it is sprayed on. The texture of the material can be altered by changing the properties of the fibers in the spray. The fiber can be synthetic such as polyester or cotton, and it can also be made from recycled materials and fibers. The fiber mixture is then put into liquid suspension, and this liquid is placed in an aerosol can or spray gun.
Future uses of Fabrican
The Fabrican technologies allows the potential for an accelerated and non-traditional way of creating clothes. It also has many uses for repairing and readjusting clothing. The possibilities are endless; instead of having to bring a shirt to the tailor, you fix it with Fabrican instead. In addition, this fabric gives the consumer control over their clothing, and consumers can customize your clothes by adding pockets or patterns. They are even able to add UV protection or reflective material to their garments. It is also worth noting how these advancements in spray-on fabric could increase the efficiency of the clothing supply chain and decrease its carbon footprint.
Outside of fashion, Fabrican has many exciting uses with potential for products in healthcare, automotive, and hygiene industries. Specifically, the fabric’s sterile nature means it can be used in medical and hygiene settings, for example, hospital wipes, sponges, face-masks, or towels. Fabrican can even be used to make casts for broken bones. As far as the environmental side, there is increasing conversation about the potential use of Fabrican in cleaning up oil spills since the fabric actually absorbs oil.
We can see how the simple spray on dress ties to a complicated and intriguing new technology that may actually shift the way we think about clothing itself. But beyond fashion, while spraying Bella Hadid in fabric created an eye-catching moment, Fabrican’s technology could have a farther reaching impact at the intersection of fashion and other industries.
If you want to learn more about the technology of Fabrican check out the BBC series “The Imagineers”!
Featured Image: Bella Hadid courtesy of Julien de Rosa via Getty Images
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What is the Raspberry Pi?
The Raspberry Pi is a miniature computer that is ideal for handicrafts or home automation. Thanks to its controllable IO (input-output) pins, sensors and other hardware can be read out and controlled very easily. Because of this and its low price, it is also a very popular way to get started with (hardware-related) programming for beginners, children and those interested.
In the meantime, the Raspberry Pi has been sold millions of times and there is a ready-made solution for almost every application, or a way to achieve your dream project. This page deals with all topics related to the Raspberry Pi. This includes simple tutorials on the use of sensors, pure help on programming topics, to complex Raspberry Pi tutorial series in the field of home automation, robotics and many more. You can simply browse in the menu and on the page or leave a comment. Since new Raspberry Pi instructions and tutorials appear regularly, it is definitely worth activating the newsletter.
WiringPi is a library that is used by many applications on the Raspberry but is not available by default. Especially many examples from the Arduino (C ++ code) can be performed easily on the RaspberryPi. To do so, this valuable library was written.
After a long time, the first official display module for the Raspberry Pi was presented, one which uses the DSI connection. The 7″ display is up to date thanks to a 10 finger capacitive touch screen and 60 frames per second frame rate. It has the resolution of 800×480 pixels…
In this Tutorial I will show you how to use the library for multilined MAX7219 Matrices I wrote (improved and extended version of JonA1961’s MAX7219array https://github.com/JonA1961/MAX7219array )
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How Often to Water Succulents
You have a beautiful succulent in your home, and you want to know how often to water them. There are some simple tips to follow, but be sure to keep an eye out for signs that your succulent is thirsty. To keep your succulents healthy and happy. you must know how to water them.
Keep a record of your waterings
Keeping track of the proper watering for succulents can be a challenging task. The right amount of water will ensure a long and healthy life for your plant. Fortunately, there are a few steps you can take to ensure that your succulent is getting the water it needs.
One of the first things you should do is check the moisture of the soil. You can do this by using a moisture meter. If your succulent is indoors, it’s a good idea to get a small spout watering can. It’s also a good idea to avoid using high pressure streams of water as this can damage the roots of your succulent.
Another way to gauge the moisture of the soil is to stick a finger in it. If the dirt sticks, it’s likely that the moisture is too low. However, if the dirt dries out, it’s time to do some serious watering.
If your succulent is outdoor, it’s a good idea to check it every day. In addition, be sure to water it after natural rainfall or if the weather is dry. Succulents in full sunlight should receive a good soaking once a week or so.
To find out how often you should be watering your succulents, you can calculate the number of hours of sun that your plant receives each day. During warmer months, you may need to water your plant more frequently.
When you’re watering your succulent, make sure that you use room temperature water. Ideally, you’ll want to aim your stream of water directly onto the soil. Watering at the top of the plant will not get the roots the water they need.
The best way to tell if your succulent is getting enough water is to watch for signs of wilting. Leaves that are shriveled, papery or wilted are all signs of dehydration. Likewise, mealy bugs are a sign of overwatering.
A moisture meter is a great tool to help you keep track of your plant’s watering routine. Using one of these is a lot less hassle than trying to remember to water your succulents every day.
How to Water Succulents
If you’re trying to grow a succulent indoors, you’re going to need to find a way to water your plant. There are plenty of apps out there that make it easy to keep track of when you need to water.
The best way to determine how much water your succulent needs is to test the soil. Succulents like well-draining soil. This means that they don’t thrive in areas with excessive rainfall or too much humidity.
Succulents can survive on less water than most plants. However, they can also rot if they get too much. It’s a good idea to water your succulent in the morning, so it can soak up the moisture in the soil instead of soaking up the water from the tap.
You might want to consider using a moisture meter to tell you just how much water you need. They’re inexpensive, and can be used to measure the quantity of moisture in your succulent’s soil.
Another smart way to water your succulent is to use a “soak and dry” approach. By letting the soil sit for a day or two, you’ll give your succulent a deep drink without causing damage to its root system.
Succulents are not the easiest plants to care for. They require proper attention to detail in order to flourish. While they may have thick, fleshy leaves, you shouldn’t overwater them. Depending on where you live, your succulents might be able to survive for weeks without water.
When it comes to watering, you’ll be able to see a difference in your succulent’s health if you take the time to understand how to water it. Some succulents are adapted to drought conditions, while others need a little more help. Make sure to use distilled water when you’re watering your succulents.
A good way to remember when you need to water your succulent is to check out the watering signs. For example, if the bottom of your plant’s leaves have turned yellow, it might be time for a watering.
Succulents can survive for weeks without a drop of water, but if you don’t water your plant properly, you could be losing your prized plant to the elements.
Signs that a succulent is thirsty
Succulents have a unique way of storing water. They store it in the tissue and stem of the plant. When the plant’s internal moisture is used up, the leaves will soften. This is a normal process that occurs when the plant is thirsty.
However, overwatering a succulent can cause the cells in the succulent to die. This is not a problem that can be easily reversed. If the plant is overwatered, its leaves will look rotted, shriveled, and mushy.
It is best to water succulents when the soil is dry. The water should run through the pot, not splash. Avoid misting the plants, as the water can saturate the foliage and leave water stains on the leaves.
A succulent plant will tell you when it needs more water. Some signs that your succulent is thirsty include brown, yellow, and wilted leaves. Wrinkled or dehydrated leaves are also common. You can also check for burn marks or shriveling leaves.
Succulents require less water than other plants, but they still need a regular watering. Most succulents need weekly or biweekly watering in the summer and twice a week in the winter. In the summer, most succulents will bloom.
However, in the winter, the plants are dormant and will not need as much water. This is a good time to cut back on watering.
When a succulent is thirsty, its leaves will wrinkle. Overwatering can cause brown and yellow leaves. Watering a succulent can also lead to root rot. Root rot can be prevented by removing the soil and allowing the plant to breathe.
Succulents can be tricky to keep alive, but when you know what to look for, it can be a very rewarding hobby. If your succulent is a Kalanchoe, you can expect to see its leaves wilt after a week without water.
Succulents can survive months in a drought, but they can suffer from root rot if they are overwatered. Make sure to follow these guidelines when you water your succulents.
Remember to use distilled water for your succulents. Hard tap water can be harmful to them. Also, be sure to avoid misting your succulents, as the water can stain their leaves.
Dormancy of succulents varies from year to year
Dormancy in succulents is a natural part of their growth cycle. It helps conserve resources and energy while reducing metabolic processes. The dormancy period for a succulent can last for weeks or months.
The dormancy period is triggered by environmental changes. For example, when there is less rainfall in a particular area, dormancy is triggered. Plants also shut down during extreme weather conditions, such as a cold snap or a drought.
During dormancy, a succulent’s roots are drooping, leaves may turn yellow or brown, and new growth is slowing down. Generally, dormancy is a time when a plant is conserving energy, so it needs fewer nutrients and water.
Some succulents go dormant at different times of the year. This is called opportunistic dormancy, which allows plants to respond to the environment in a way that is beneficial for the plant.
Several factors contribute to dormancy, including the temperature of the environment and the amount of light it receives. Most common succulents, however, enter dormancy during the winter.
Winter dormant succulents should be kept indoors, as they need a bright, warm room to survive. They should be kept in a sunny spot in the house, and should be moved out if the temperature begins to drop. If there is no change in temperature, you can keep your succulents inside all year round.
Succulents from the Mediterranean don’t go dormant during the wet and dry seasons, so they don’t need dormancy-conserving care. However, you can still enjoy their gorgeous foliage year-round.
While many succulents go dormant in the winter, others do so in the summer. Some species of succulents, such as Sempervivums, can tolerate freezing temperatures, so you can grow them in your home even during the coldest winter months.
In addition to dormancy, there are other seasonal changes that affect a plant’s growth. These include the season, the soil, and the sunlight. Be careful to follow the plant’s needs to avoid overwatering or letting it dry out completely.
Regardless of the type of dormancy your succulent goes through, you can continue to care for it in order to keep it looking its best. Generally, succulents will return to active growth once the dormancy period ends.
A little thing like knowing how often you should water succulents can bring beauty to your home in place of frustration and disappointments.
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Students Use 3D Printer to Spread Holiday Cheer
December 2022: Students from classrooms at Lancaster-Lebanon IU13 and Lampeter-Strasburg High School learned about technology and problem-solving while spreading holiday cheer. As part of the Annual Holiday Giving Tree, the students created over 400 3D-printed ornaments and included them with presents being delivered to local families.
“The kids are going to be happy,” said Layne, a student at IU13 in Lebanon, when asked about the impact of their gifts.
The project was a joy and a challenge for the students, most of whom had previously never used a 3D printer. They learned to utilize their talents and TinkerCAD software to create and manipulate their designs, then worked together to set up the printer and troubleshoot problems.
“It took some effort, but it was fun,” said Joell, a student in the School-to-Work classroom at IU13. Though the project challenged him, it was worth it to see his design built before him in the printer.
“This was especially fun for me,” said Aaron, a student at Lampeter-Strasburg High School. “It was easy to learn. Once I got the hang of it, I could easily make more.”
Most of the students started with a template for designs such as snowflakes, presents, trees, stars, a penguin, and a polar bear, adding rings at the top for hanging on the tree. One student, however, took his skills a step further and built a snowman from scratch. He said it was difficult to get the sizing and placement correct, but he enjoyed the process and would do it again. His design was so efficient that he could make two ornaments in the same printer at a time.
Inspiration and ideas filled the room as the students worked on the project. From snowmen as earrings to painted 3D-printed trees to small gift tags—they were already thinking of ways to use their new skills for other projects in the future.
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The Bible & Theology Toward Christian Maturity
A Song of Witness
An Introduction to the Gospel of John
By Laura Sweat, Assistant Professor of New Testament and Winter Quarter Lectio Writer | Procession © 2014 John August Swanson / Eyekons
John August Swanson, "The Procession" (detail). Hand-printed serigraph on paper, 36" × 24", 2007.
Music is a powerful source of identity and connection. Even people with forms of memory loss often remember songs that they were taught at younger ages. Conversations about music — whether different kinds, particular songs, or individual artists — can produce intense memories, thoughts, and feelings. And the lyrics we sing often have the ability to change our thoughts and actions.
The early church certainly knew about the power of music. For example, Colossians 3:16 encourages believers to “sing psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs to God.” They also composed new pieces directly related to Jesus’ death and resurrection. While we no longer have the tunes available to us, we still have the lyrics. John 1:1–18 seems to have been one of these hymns.
Like the lyrics of a song, the first 18 verses of John 1, called the prologue, are easy to skim over without realizing what we are reading. However, the prologue introduces all of the major themes of John’s gospel: Jesus brings new life, Jesus reveals God and humanity, and Jesus provokes responses.
John 1:1 begins with a fairly obvious allusion to Genesis 1:1. In fact, one of the primary points of the Gospel of John is that Jesus reveals a God who brings life out of death. Just as God brought light out of darkness and ordered life out of chaos in Genesis, so also in John’s gospel Jesus is the light who shines in the darkness and the life that conquers death.
John succinctly says that Jesus reveals both God and humanity in one of the most profound verses of the prologue: “And the Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us, and we saw his glory, the glory as a unique one of the Father, full of grace and truth.” (1:14, author’s translation). While at times it may seem that Jesus is, in the words of scholar Ernst Käsemann, “God striding across the earth” in John, it is essential to look for the ways in which he is demonstrably “flesh,” too. It is the joining of the two, God and flesh, that is the gospel’s central focus.
John also makes another claim about the Word: He “made his dwelling (esken̄osen) among us.” This is an allusion to the way that God met the people of Israel in the Old Testament in the tabernacle (Exodus 35–40), known as a skene, or dwelling. As the Word made flesh, Jesus tabernacles among us, mediating God’s presence in our midst.
When the Word becomes flesh, he provokes both positive and negative responses. John the Baptist is the prologue’s example of a positive response. He offers testimony to Jesus, pointing away from himself and toward Jesus (who in turn often points away from himself and toward his Father; 1:15; 5:19–30).
Furthermore, John the Baptist sees clearly who Jesus is; he has beheld Jesus’ glory, just as “we” have (1:14). Testifying to Jesus and seeing him rightly are two of the best ways to respond to Jesus in this gospel. May we experience “grace upon grace” (1:16) as we seek to know the God revealed in and through Jesus in John’s gospel.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. In some areas the prevalence of hepatitis C is extremely high, as in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the Phillipines and Papua New Guinea. The prevalence of hepatitis C antibody in volunteer blood donors is generally estimated at between 0.4% and 1%.
HCV has been described as the "shadow epidemic" because of the insidious nature of the infection which is generally asymptomatic and persists for life in 85% of patients infected with the virus.
HCV has tremendous genetic diversity and this enables it to escape the surveillance of the immune system of infected individual thus leading to chronic infection. In the same light, there are difficulties in vaccine development.
HCV is largely transmitted parenterally, i.e. by blood and blood products. Therefore, HCV infections may be acquired via the following means:
The onset of infection is often unrecognised and the early course is generally indolent. The natural history of HCV infection is dependant upon on geography, alcohol use, viral characteristics ( different genetic types, viral load ), co-infection with other viruses and some as yet unidentified factors.
After exposure to the virus, detectable viral genetic material called HCV RNA is seen in the blood in 1 - 3 weeks. Nearly all patients show evidence of liver injury because blood tests for liver enzymes become elevated. However, only 25% patients manifest symptoms like lassitude, anorexia and some became jaundiced (yellowing of eyes and skin). Rapid progression to liver failure due to fulminant hepatitis is a rare occurrence.
The majority of patients (85%) fail to clear the virus within 6 months and develop chronic hepatitis C. These patients are relatively well in the first 2 decades after acquiring the infection. However in 20% of these carriers, there may be intermittent symptoms of fatigue and malaise.
Generally, symptoms only appear once advanced liver damage has occurred.
These signs and symptoms are features of liver cirrhosis ("hardening of the liver tissue") which results from persistence of the hepatitis C virus. These include ascites (swelling of the abdomen with fluid), jaundice, deterioration of mental state (hepatic encephalopathy), vomiting blood or passing out altered blood in the stools. Of course, there is the dreaded complication of liver cancer.
Generally, cirrhosis appears in at least 20% of patients within 20 years of infection. Cirrhosis can be accelerated by concomitant alcohol use.
Liver cancer develops after 30 years and occurs only in a background of liver cirrhosis.
It is interesting to note that hepatitis C has clinical manifestions beyond the liver. These are as a result of its effect on the immune system, and are called extrahepatic manifestions. The extrahepatic manifestions include:
Of interest is the fact that the origins of this virus is obscure, and had eluded identification for many years. A blood test for HCV identification was developed in 1990 and refined in 1992.
The various blood tests available for HCV diagnosis are based on detection of antibody against HCV (EIA or enzymeimmunoassay and Recombinant immunoblot assays ( RIBAs ). Positive results means previous exposure to the hepatitis C virus. There are tests which detect the genetic material of the virus directly (polymerase chain reaction or PCR method) and this is a much more accurate blood test than antibody based test. EIA is inexpensive, reproducible and has been automated. It is a useful screening test. It's main failing is that is may not always be specific enough and false positive results can occur. This means positive results even the individuals do not have the infection. In a low risk population like in Singapore, a negative EIA test is sufficient to rule out infection. However if EIA is positive, RIBA is used to confirm the diagnosis of HCV infection.
Another test done routinely is liver function tests. If these liver enzymes (ALT, AST) are elevated, it would indicate that there is liver inflammation. If this process is allowed to go unchecked, it will result in cirrhosis and liver cancer in the long run. Active liver disease caused by HCV requires further treatment to reduce the viral load.
It is necessary to extract a small sample of the liver by a process known as a liver biopsy for further examination in the laboratory. By studying the liver tissue, one is able to assess the degree of inflammation and damage to liver. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for assessment of the activity of chronic hepatitis C. When combined with liver function tests, one can assess the severity or activity of the disease and institute treatment if necessary.
Individuals who :
Similar to hepatitis B, hepatitis C can lead to chronic hepatitis (liver inflammation), cirrhosis ( "liver hardening "), liver failure and liver cancer.
Treatment is aimed at eradicating the virus and to prevent/delay complications.
Alpha-Interferon: The current recommended regime for treatment is alpha-interferon 3 million units 3 times per week for 12 months. Interferon is administered subcutaneously. It is believed to act by obstructing viral replication and also boosting the immune system to destroy the virus.
Flu like symptoms (fever, chills, malaise, headache, bone and muscle pain, rapid heart beat rate) are common in the initial part of treatment with interferon. Later side effects are fatigue, hair loss, suppression of white and red cell production, and psychiatric complications. Occasionally these patients may become irritable and depressed to the point of suicide.
Severe side effects occur in less than 2% of patients treated with interferon. These include thyroid problems, fits, heart and kidney failure, eye and lung problems, hearing impairment and infection. Rare deaths from liver failure or infection have occurred in some, especially those with cirrhosis.
The milder side effects of interferon may sometimes be ameliorated by administering interferon at night or taking paracetamol (Panadol). Occasionally a dose reduction or even discontinuation of treatment may be required in those with more severe side-effects.
Following the initiation of interferon alfa therapy, the patient is monitored clinically and by blood tests. Visits to the liver specialist should be weekly initially (first month), followed by 2 to 4 weekly. If patients do not respond after 3months of therapy with interferon alone, they should be considered for combination therapy of interferon and ribavarin. Ribavarin is an oral anti-viral agent which is believed to act through inhibition of some effector of tissue damage.
The main side effect of this drug is the breakdown of red blood cells ( haemolysis), resulting in anaemia (low red blood cell count).
The response to interferon alfa therapy is between 20 and 30 percent. The goal of therapy is reduction of liver inflammation and the eradication of hepatitis C virus.
Although there is a lack of data supporting cost-effectiveness, unlike in hepatitis B patients, patients with HCV cirrhosis should have a liver ultrasonography and serum alfa-fetoprotein level every 6 months for screening of liver cancer. Non-cirrhotic HCV carriers generally require 6 monthly alfa-fetoprotein levels and yearly ultrasonography of the liver.
Patients with raised liver enzymes and liver biopsy indicating active inflammation. The role for intervention is strengthened if the patient's blood shows the presence of viral RNA (HCV RNA).
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This summer, five Nicholas School students are traveling to southern Africa to survey for lion and lion prey species. Working with a group of researchers of out the Conservation Ecology Research Unit (CERU) at University of Pretoria in South Africa, we will be traveling to the Tete Province in Mozambique. The Tete Province is a remote area in northwestern Mozambique and is bordered by Malawi to the northeast, Zambia to the north and west, Zimbabwe to the southwest and the Zambezi River and Lake Cahora Bossa divide it through the middle.
The Tete Province is adjacent to several protected areas, most notably the Lower Zambezi National Park. Locals report lion incidents, but reports are few and contradictory. No one is sure whether the lions are a resident population or simply migrants from the surrounding protected areas. We will be filling in these gaps of knowledge this summer for lion and lion prey by assessing the amount, locations and type of human/lion conflict. We will also collect data on lion density, but this aspect will be limited by time constraints.
We will be in Africa from July 18 – August 25 and will be in the field from August 2 – August 20.
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Raising Hands in Du`a (Hadith No. 840)
Narrated Anas bin Malik
The Prophet never raised his hands for any invocation except for that of Istisqa’ and he used to raise them so much that the whiteness of his armpits became visible.
(Note: It may be that Anas did not see the Prophet raising his hands, but it is narrated that the Prophet used to raise his hands for invocations other than Istisqa.)
When to riase hands, and when not to raise hands?
It is important to note that du’aa’ is an act of worship, and every act of worship should only be done on the basis of evidence (daleel). The basic principle here is that the hands should be raised when making du’aa’, except when the du’aa’ is part of another act of worship, in which case raising the hands is regarded as an additional action (and should not be done). Examples of such acts of worship include salaah (prayer), khutbah (sermon), tawaaf (circumambulation of the Ka’bah), sa’ee (running between al-Safaa and Marwah), etc. Salaah includes du’aa’ at the beginning of the prayer, in rukoo’ (bowing), when standing up from rukoo’, in the two sajdahs (prostrations) and in the sitting between the two prostrations – but whoever raises his hands in these places is considered to have committed an act of bid’ah (reprehensible innovation). The same applies to raising the hands when making du’aa’ on the minbar, except in the case of istisqaa’ (praying for rain). And the same applies when making du’aa’ when doing tawaaf or sa’ee.
When there is evidence to show that it is permissible to raise the hands in certain situation, then there is no dispute. Any du’aa’ which has not been narrated in a report and which is not part of another act of worship is regarded as general du’aa’; in this case there is nothing wrong with raising the hands. It was narrated that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) spoke of a man who raised his hands to the sky and said, “O Lord, O Lord,” whilst his food was haraam, his drink was haraam, his clothing was haraam, he had been nourished with haraam, so how could his du’aa’ be answered?
And the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Allaah feels shy to let His slave raise his hands to Him and bring them back empty.” – and other ahaadeeth.
Raising Hands for Du`a in Witr:
Raising the hands in the Qunoot of al-Witr is legislated; because the Qunoot is from the same type as the Qunoot when new hardships occur for the Muslims, and this is indeed established by the Prophet –sallAllaahu alayhi wa sallam, that he –sallAllaahu alayhi wa sallam– raised his hands when he made Dua’ in the Qunoot when new hardships occur for the Muslims.
This was collected by al-Bayhaqi –Raheem’ullaah- with a authentic chain.
[Abdul Azeez bin Abdullaah Bin Baz]
[Taken from ‘Majmoo Fatawa wa Maqalaat Mutafariqa’ vol.30 p.51 ]
Wiping One’s Hands on Face after making Du`a:
..As for wiping the hands on the face after ending the Dua’ in the prayer, then this is not established with an authentic narration, nor an authentic statement, nor by analogy.
This is a Bida’, as for outside the prayer, then it is not authentic, and everything that is narrated regarding this is weak, some of it is more severe in its weakness than other narrations; I have researched it in ‘Da’eef Abi Dawood’ (262) and ‘al-Hadeeth as-Saheehah’ (597), this is why al-Izz bin Abdus-Salaam said in some of his Fatawa: ‘None does this except an ignorant person.’
So it is foremost that it should not be done, and restricting to what the Salaf –Radi Allaahu anhum– did, of raising the hands in the Dua’ without wiping the face in the prayer. And success lies with Allaah.’
[Muhammad Nasir-ud-Deen Al-Albaani]
[Taken from ‘the Original Sifat as-Salah’ vol 3 p.957-959]
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Hanuman is one of the most important personalities in ‘Ramayana’. Hanuman is known as a popular devotee of Lord Rama. His help made Rama find out Sita Devi easily and then defeat Ravana in the war. Hanuman is known as different names such as Anjaneya, Pavan Putra, Maruthi. The name ‘Anjaneya’ was derived from his mother’s name ‘Anjana’, a female Vanara. Its also believed that Hanuman is the incarnation of Lord Siva. So Hanuman is known as ‘Maharudhra’ too. Some believe that Hanuman is the son of ‘Vayu’, the God of wind, so having the name ‘Pavan Putra’.
Hanuman meets Lord Rama when he was wandering in the forest. Rama was expelled from his country for a period of 14 years. His wife Sita and brother Lakshmana were accompanying him. But on the way, Devi Sita was kidnapped by Ravana, the king of Lanka. After their meeting, Hanuman brought out an alliance between Sugriva and Lord Rama. Sugriva and his Vanaras, especially Hanuman helped Rama to defeat Ravana and regain Sita. After the Ramayana war, the time came for the departure of Rama to heaven. Then every follower of Rama, excluding Hanuman decided to depart with him. But Hanuman was requested to remain on earth as an immortal sign of perfect devotee of Rama. Hanuman’s version of Ramayana is known as Hanumadh Ramayana. After the war, Hanuman scripted this, when he was living in the Himalayas. But it was completely different from Valmiki’s Ramayana. Its believed that When Valmiki read ‘Hanumadh Ramayana’ he felt disappointed and Hanuman discarded it.
It is hanuman’s specialty, that even though he is god, he always wanted to be the servant of his master, Lord Rama. Doing Upasana for Hanuman is very special and auspicious and he will be protecting his devotees from all sufferings and helping for endurance in their life. It is believed that Lord Hanuman is still living with us in Kali-yuga and blessing all his devotees.
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Osteosarcoma, also called osteogenic sarcoma, is a rare cancer but the most common among the primary malignant bone tumors, excluding myeloma and lymphoma. It develops mainly in metaphyseal region of long tubular bones. The tumor has a predominance for the knee area. Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor of the Soft or Connective Tissue.
Osteogenic sarcoma may be localized at the end of the long bone. Most often it affects the proximal end of tibia or humerus, or the distal end of the femur. Osteosarcoma tends to affect regions around the knee in up to 60% of cases; 15% around the hip, 10% in the shoulder, and 8% in the jaw bone. The tumor is solid, hard, and irregular. It is often described as “fir tree” or “sunshine” on X-ray examinations due to the fact that small skeletal elements of the tumor radiating at right angles. These right angles form what is called a Codman triangle (previously referred to as Codman’s triangle). Because of the aggressiveness of the bone lesions, surrounding tissues are often infiltrated by the tumor.
Osteosarcoma incidence is estimated at 5 cases per million per year for the US population, with a slight ethnical variation between black, Hispanic and White: respectively 6.8, 6.5 and 4.6 cases per million people per year. Osteosarcoma is slightly more common in men than in women, about 5.4 cases per million per year and 4.0 cases per million per year respectively.
Osteosarcoma is the sixth most common cancer in children under 15 years. It affects 400 children under age 20 and 500 adults each year in the United States. Approximately 300 of the 900 people affected by osteogenic sarcoma die each year. A second peak incidence occurs in the elderly, usuallyassociated with an underlying bone pathology such as Paget’s disease.
Osteosarcoma Causes and Risk Factors
Osteosarcoma causes and factors are not known by medical scientists, making it more difficult for health professionals to effectively treat the disease. Several research groups are studying cancer stem cells and their potential relation to the development of the tumor, but there is no conclusive answer yet as for now.
It is, however, believed that radiation therapy for unrelated conditions can be a rare cause of osteosarcoma. Paget’s disease, involving a cancerous process seems to be a cause of the occurrence of certain osteosarcoma cases.
As it is the case of most cancers, living a healthy lifestyle (consuming healthy foods, living in healthy environment, exercise…) can reduce to develop the disease.
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- The vacuum is defined as the zero-point energy of empty space: how much energy-per-volume is left over after all physical quanta are removed.
- This value could have been zero, but isn't: it has a positive, non-zero value.
- If we live in a false, rather than true, vacuum, the vacuum could decay, with catastrophic consequences for the Universe.
One of the great existential worries that plagues the minds of theoretical physicists is that the vacuum of space might not be in its true vacuum state, but could instead reside in a false vacuum instead. If you were to remove everything you could imagine from a large region of space, including:
- external electric and magnetic fields,
- and any gravitational sources or spacetime curvature,
you would be left with purely empty space, or as close as we can come to a physical definition of “nothing.” You might expect that if you were to draw an imaginary box around this region of “nothing” and measured the total amount of energy inside, you would find that it was precisely zero. But that’s not what we find; we find that there actually is a positive, non-zero amount of energy inherent to space itself, even if we remove all the identifiable quantum and classical sources of matter and energy. What does this mean for the nature of the quantum vacuum, and in particular for the distinction between “true vacuum” and “false vacuum?” That’s what Eric Mars wants to know, asking:
“Could you please explain what false vacuum and true vacuum mean and its implications in the existence of the universe.”
It’s a great question, and it requires that we start with the idea — specifically for physics — of zero.
In mathematics, zero is simply a number, signifying the absence of either a positive or negative amount of any quantity. In physics, however, there is another way to define zero: the zero-point energy of a system, or the lowest possible energy state that it can achieve while still remaining the same system we were initially talking about. For any physical system we can dream up, there will be at least one configuration for that system that has the lowest total amount of energy in it. For any physical system you can imagine, there is always at least one lowest-energy configuration.
- If you have a collection of masses isolated from the remainder of the Universe, the lowest-energy configuration is a black hole.
- For a proton and an electron, the lowest-energy configuration is a hydrogen atom in the ground (n=1) state.
- And for the Universe itself, it is to have perfectly empty space in the absence of any internal or external fields or sources.
That lowest-energy configuration is known as the zero-point energy of a system. It would make sense — and for many of us, we would simply intuit that it’s so — if the zero-point energy of any system were defined as zero. But that is not quite how it works.
Take the hydrogen atom, for example: a single electron orbiting a single proton. If you think classically, you would imagine that the electron could orbit that proton at any radius at all, from a large one down to a small one. Just as a planet can orbit a star at any distance, based on their mutual masses and relative speeds, you would think that a negatively charged electron could orbit a positively charged proton at any distance as well, based simply on the speed of the orbit and the balance of kinetic and potential energy.
But this ignores an extraordinarily important property of nature: the fact that the Universe is fundamentally quantum mechanical, and that the only allowable energy levels for an electron orbiting a proton are quantized. As a result, there is a lowest possible energy state that a physical system such as this can have, and that does not correspond to the electron sitting at rest directly atop the proton (that is, the lowest imaginable energy state). Instead, there is a lowest-energy state that is physically allowable, which corresponds to the electron orbiting the proton in the n=1 energy state.
Even if you cool your system down to absolute zero, there will still be this finite, non-zero energy that your system will have.
This idea, of a zero-point energy to any quantum mechanical system, goes all the way back to Max Planck in 1911 and was extended to fields by Einstein and his collaborator, Otto Stern (the same Stern who formulated the infamous Stern-Gerlach experiment), and a paper they wrote back in 1913. If we fast-forward to today, more than 100 years later, we now understand that our Universe is governed by a combination of General Relativity, our law of gravitation, and quantum field theory, which describes the other three fundamental forces.
The idea of a zero-point energy to the fabric of space itself shows up in both General Relativity and quantum field theory, but it comes about in vastly different ways. In General Relativity, the curvature of space is what determines the future motion of matter and energy through the Universe, while the presence and distribution and motion of matter and energy in turn determines the curvature of space. Matter and energy tell spacetime how to curve, and that curved spacetime tells matter and energy how to move.
Why is this only “almost” true? Because, as anyone who has ever performed an indefinite integral (from calculus) will recall, you are free to add a constant to your answer: the dreaded “plus c.”
In General Relativity, this constant comes into play as a cosmological constant, and it can take on any positive or negative value that we like. When Einstein wanted to construct a static Universe, he threw in a positive constant to keep his toy model of the Universe — one where masses were evenly distributed infinitely throughout space — from collapsing; the cosmological constant would counteract gravitational attraction. There was no reason for this constant to have the positive, non-zero value that he assigned to it. He simply asserted it must be so, otherwise the Universe could not be static. With the discovery of the expanding Universe, the constant was no longer needed, and was discarded for more than 60 years.
On the other hand, there is quantum field theory, too. Quantum field theory encourages you to imagine all the ways that particles can interact with one another, including via the creation/annihilation of particle-antiparticle pairs as intermediate steps, radiative corrections, and any other sets of interactions that arn’t forbidden by the laws of quantum physics. It then goes a step farther, however, which most people may not recognize. It says that in addition to these interacting fields in the presence of matter and energy, there are “vacuum” contributions, which represent how quantum fields in the vacuum of space, with no particles present at all, behave.
Now, here’s where things get uncomfortable: we do not know how to calculate the zero-point energy of space from these quantum field theory methods, either. Each individual channel that we know how to calculate can contribute to this zero-point energy, and the way we find an individual contribution is to calculate what we call its vacuum expectation value. The problem is each such channel has an enormous vacuum expectation value: more than 100 orders of magnitude too large to be possible. Some channels have positive contributions and others have negative contributions.
Being unable to make a sensible calculation, we made an ignorant assumption: that all of the contributions would cancel out, summing to zero, and that the zero-point energy of space would, in fact, be precisely equal to zero.
Then, in the 1990s, something changed again. Observations of the Universe began to indicate that there was something causing the Universe’s expansion to accelerate, and that “thing,” whatever it is, was consistent not with any form of matter or radiation, but rather with a positive, non-zero amount of zero-point energy to the fabric of space itself. We had just measured the value of the vacuum energy inherent to space, and it was very small, but very importantly, greater than zero.
This opened up a slew of questions.
- Was this form of energy — what we now call dark energy — exactly a cosmological constant or not? (The answer is yes, at least, to the precision that we can measure it.)
- Did it remain constant throughout time, or did it strengthen or weaken? (The answer: it’s consistent with being a perfect constant.)
- Could we ever hope to calculate it based on what we know about quantum field theory? (The answer: we don’t know, but we are arguably no closer today than we were 20+ years ago.)
- And, worryingly, is the zero-point energy we are observing the true vacuum of space, or is it merely a false vacuum? (We don’t know.)
Why would we worry about the last one? Because the most important property of the vacuum of space isn’t what the precise value of the zero-point energy is; rather, it’s vital to our Universe’s stability that the vacuum of space has a zero-point energy that doesn’t change. And just as a hydrogen atom in any excited state will have the capability of transitioning to a lower-energy state on its way down to the zero-point state, a Universe in a false vacuum will remain capable of transitioning to a true vacuum (or a lower-energy but still false vacuum) state.
You can think of this the same way you would think about starting a ball atop a mountain and allowing it to roll down — and down, and down, and down some more — until it finally came to rest. If your mountainside is smooth, you can imagine that you would easily roll all the way down into the lowest part of the valley beneath the mountain, where it would settle. That’s a true vacuum state: the lowest-energy state there is, where it’s not physically possible to transition to a lower-energy state. In a true vacuum, you’re already as low as you can go.
But if your mountainside is craggy, with pits, divots, moguls, and glacial lakes, you can imagine that your ball might come to rest somewhere other than the lowest possible point. Any other place it can remain for an indefinite period of time is not the true minimum but rather a false one. If we are talking about the vacuum state of the Universe, that means anything other than the lowest possible state is a false vacuum state.
Given that we have a positive, nonzero value for the cosmological constant in our Universe, it’s certainly possible that we live in a false vacuum state, and that the true vacuum, whatever it may be, exists at some other, lower-energy state.
Now, it might also not be the case; we may be in the true vacuum state. If so, there is no possibility of transitioning to a lower-energy state, and here we will remain for the remainder of our Universe’s existence.
But what if we live in a false vacuum state? Well, in a quantum Universe, no matter how large the distance is between a false and true minimum, how high the barrier is separating the false and true minimum, or how quickly or slowly the quantum mechanical wavefunction describing your state spreads out, there is always a finite, greater-than-zero probability of quantum tunneling from the higher-energy to the lower-energy state.
This is usually referred to as the vacuum catastrophe, because if we do quantum tunnel to a lower energy state, we have no reason to believe that the laws and/or constants that govern the Universe will remain unchanged. Wherever this vacuum decay occurs, things like atoms, planets, stars, and yes, human beings, will all be destroyed. This “bubble of destruction” will propagate outward at the speed of light, which means if it occurs, right now, anywhere within about 18 billion light-years of us, we will eventually be destroyed by it. This may even be suggested by our best measurements of the properties of the fundamental particles, which indicates that the electroweak force, one of the fundamental forces of nature, may be inherently metastable.
It’s a grim thought, especially because we would never see it coming. One day, we would simply awaken to this wave of destruction that comes upon us at the speed of light, and then we would all be gone. In some ways, it is the most painless way to go that we can imagine, but it is also one of the saddest. Our cosmic legacy — of all that ever was, is, or will be — would instantaneously come to an end. All of the work that 13.8 billion years of cosmic evolution has done to create a Universe teeming with the ingredients for life, and possibly countless realizations of it, would be forever wiped out.
And yet, it is possible that something similar to this has already occurred: with the end of cosmic inflation and the onset of the hot Big Bang. A transition from a presumably very, very high energy vacuum state to a much lower-energy one, albeit a fundamentally different type of transition from quantum tunneling, is what brought inflation to an end and filled our Universe with matter and radiation some 13.8 billion years ago. Nevertheless, the possibility that we live in a false vacuum should remind us of how fleeting and fragile, and dependent upon the stability of the laws of physics, everything in our Universe is. If we live in a false vacuum state, and we could, every moment of existence could be our last.
Send in your Ask Ethan questions to startswithabang at gmail dot com!
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Understanding Figurative Language (Part 2)
This is the second article addressing the matter of distinguishing between literal and figurative language. We explained the figure of metonymy last week. This week, we will see how that understanding of the figure will enhance our study of the Bible.
In the Bible, most especially in the Old Testament in regard to the cause of evil, sin, and suffering, we find numerous records where the subject of a sentence is said to be the cause of an event, when in reality, something else (another subject) is the cause. This is the figure of speech known as “metonymy of the subject,” in which one subject is put in place of another subject with which it stands in a definite relation.
A good illustration of how one subject is put for another is found in comparing the two seemingly contradictory biblical accounts of the death of King Saul. Remember that in the Old Testament, as we have noted, Go was perceived as the ultimate cause of both positive and negative circumstances, and as sovereign in the sense that he controlled everything that happened. In 1 Samuel 31.4-5, the word of God states that Saul died by committing suicide, falling upon his sword. Yet, 1 Chronicles 10.14 says that “the Lord put him to death” for disobeying the word of God and for enquiring of a familiar spirit.
How do we reconcile these apparently conflicting statements? We do so by recognizing that the latter statement is the figure of speech “metonymy of the subject.” The actual subject, Saul (as stated in 1 Samuel 31) is exchanged for another subject, God, with which it stands in definite relation. The relation between Saul and God is that it was God who gave Saul his commandments, and Saul disobeyed them. Thus God an, in one sense, be said to be the cause of Saul’s death. By breaking God’s laws, Saul broke himself against them.
By his own choice, Saul separated himself from Go and his blessings, and therefore faced the consequences of his actions without the benefit of God’s grace and mercy. Because of his own sin, Saul found himself in a hopeless predicament, and killed himself. Only in the sense that God’s word was the immovable object against which Saul rebelled could it be said that God “put him to death.” In concluding this chapter, we will see why God used this figurative language in the Old Testament.
Just as there is a relation between Saul and God such that “Saul” can be exchanged for “god” by metonymy of the subject, so there is a relation between Satan and God such that they can be exchanged by metonymy of the subject. This relation is explained later in this chapter.
For the most part, God’s ability to alleviate for people the effects of sin is directly proportional to their obedience to him. For instance, Romans 1.24,26 say that God “gave up” those who turned away from him in the same way Jesus gave up his life, as an act of will (John 19.20). There are situations in which God reaches a point at which he knows it is fruitless to continue to attempt to convince people who are no longer willing to change their behavior. God lets them go on the road to self-destruction, to learn by experience apart from his grace and mercy, much like the father did in Jesus’ parable about the prodigal son (Luke 15.11-32).
Why are people “permitted” to turn away? Because God highly values man’s freedom of will. If one wills to continue in his sinful disobedience, he will suffer the consequences of his unwillingness to listen to God. God is not in the business of forcing obedience, which then becomes meaninglessly mechanical. He does, however, honestly declare the consequences that can result from sin so that all people have a genuine choice. Without choice, there can be no true freedom. God’s desire is that his people be set free by knowledge, understanding, and wisdom so they can make informed choices. He is fundamentally an educator, not an autocratic puppeteer.
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"Give Us a King," by Zachary Helton
From 1 Samuel 8
When the prophet Samuel grew old, the body of elders of Israel came to him and said, “Appoint a king to lead us as all the other nations do.” This made Samuel upset, so he prayed to YHWH. YHWH, however, responded, “Give to the people whatever they ask for. They are not rejecting you, they reject me as their king. They’ve done this ever since the day I brought them up out of Egypt. They desert me and worship other gods, as they are doing to you. Listen to them carefully, but warn them solemnly and let them know what will happen if they have a king over them.” Samuel went back to those who had asked for a king and told them what YHWH had said. He told them, “This is the type of king who will rule over you: Your king will take your youths and make them serve as charioteers or with the cavalry, while others will be made to run in front of the chariots. Your king will appoint some of them as commanders of troops of 1,000 and of divisions of 100. Others will be forced to plow and harvest the royal fields. Still others will work making weapons of war and equipment for chariots. Your daughters will be taken as cooks, bakers and makers of perfume. Your king will take the best of your fields, your vineyards and your olive groves and give them to various governing officials and attendants. You will have to give parts of your crops and your vineyards for the king to use these funds in support of the eunuchs and slaves. The king will take your workers, your best cattle and donkeys and take them for personal use. Your king will take a tenth of your flocks… and you yourselves, who are now free people, will become like slaves. “On that day, people of Israel, you will cry out against the very king you chose, and on that day, it will be on your shoulders.” The people refused to listen to Samuel’s warning, and insisted, “No! We must have a king over us. Then we will be like other nations who have kings to lead us and to lead us in warfare and fight our battles.” After Samuel listened to what all the people had to say, he relayed it to YHWH. YHWH responded, “The choice is theirs. Give them a king.”
I had never been to Washington DC before, so when the Alliance of Baptists decided to hold their annual gathering there last year, I jumped on the chance to go. Did you there are nearly one hundred museums in DC? That’s not even mentioning the landmarks and the memorials. We saw all kinds of incredible things, but… there is this one image that has been coming back to me – one piece of art that I’ve thought of over and over.
The day we toured the US Capital Building, we were split up into groups of about a dozen. We were given headsets to listen to our soft-spoken tour guide as he led us through the sprawling campus. When we entered the capital’s rotunda, that iconic cast iron dome towering over the city, our tour guide instructed us to look up. Now, I’ve probably seen that dome hundreds of times in movies or on TV, but I’d never seen it from the inside. As we looked up through the oculus of the dome, we saw, 180 feet above our heads, an enormous fresco covering nearly 5,000 square feet. It was a religious piece, something I’d expect in the Vatican, but not in the heart of our nation’s capital.
It was a painting of a circle of celestial figures, 15 feet tall, holding a divine council. I saw the goddess of liberty and the goddess of victory. I saw several tableaus featuring gods of war, science, marine, commerce, mechanics, and agriculture… and sitting in the middle, adorned in purple robes, was George Washington.
“Painted in the mid 1800’s,” our tour guide quietly explained, “this piece took nearly eleven months to complete. As you can see, it depicts President Washington seated in his place among various heavenly figures. The title of the piece,” he informed us, “is The Apotheosis of Washington.”
I looked over at him and wondered if maybe I’d misunderstood. I don’t remember all that much from my one required semester of Greek, but theosis is not a word you forget. It means “to make someone into a god.” The title of this piece, in other words, was “Washington Raised to God-Hood.”
I stood there looking up in awe, my thou shalt not have any other gods before me alarm going off, and I realized the building we were standing in was, as much as anything else, a temple. Before we moved on, as I gave Washington one last look, I thought, This is now how a democracy treats a president. This is how a monarchy treats a king.
Now, I knew about Washington refusing a third term despite pressure to stay in office, helping set the precedent that the office is more important than the personality occupying it… but there were other things I didn’t know. Until that tour, I didn’t know that the earliest drafts of the president’s residence didn’t refer to it as “The White House,” but “The Palace.” I didn’t know that from the very early days of our founding, there was a push by some to crown George Washington as the King of the United States – a push from which Washington recoiled in horror.
In a nation founded on the principles of democracy and freedom, in a nation where the leaders work forand answer to the people… there is no room for a king. And yet, like Israel of old… there is something in us that cries out for a king just the same.
Thousands of years before the advent of the United States, the children of Israel, a loose confederation of tribes, were learning how to govern themselves. Having been set free from Egypt’s tyrannical monarchy, God set before them this radically new option. “I will be your God,” the voice told them from Sinai’s summit, “and you will be my people. I will dwell, not in some far-off place, but among you. I will speak, not through some priest, but to you.” And to that offer, the people said, “No.”
“What?” I can imagine Moses asking, baffled. “Why??”
“Because it’s too much!” Israel said. “It scares us! It intimidates us! You speak to God and we will listen to what you say God says. Be a mediator for us, as other nations have!”
“But... a mediator will obscure God’s presence!” I can imagine Moses protesting. “They’ll skew God’s words towards their own interest! They will abuse their priestly position! You, who are now free to commune with God, are giving up your own freedom! Mark my words, soon you will cry out against the priests and false prophets you have chosen, but on that day, it will be on your shoulders.”
But the words fell on deaf ears. So God said, “The choice is theirs. Give them a priest.”
And we know how it went from there.
Again, many years later, this story would play out again. Having established themselves in a region, God set before them this radically new option. “I will be your king,” God had said. “Every tribe, community, and individual will answer directly to me and live by our covenant. You will answer, not to some power-hungry monarch, but to my commandments, written on your heart.” And to that offer, the people said, “No.”
“What?” Samuel asking, baffled. “Why?”
“Because it’s too much!” Israel said again. “It scares us! It intimidates us! It would be much easier for you to just give us a king to rule over us, as other nations have! Give us someone who will just tell us what to think and what to do, someone who will bring order and unity!”
“But… a king will take your children and make servants of them!” Samuel protested. “They’ll take the best of your fields for their own use! They will abuse their power! You, who are now a free people, are giving up your own freedom! Mark my words, soon you will cry out against the very king you have chosen, but on that day, it will be on your shoulders.”
But the words fell on deaf ears. So God said, “The choice is theirs. Give them a king.”
And we know how it went from there.
The story plays out again and again and again. Freedom, you see, means responsibility… but there is something in us that fears that responsibility, is intimidated by it. There is something in us that would rather cry out for a king.
Eric Bridges, in a piece written for Baptist News Global, wrote, “It’s almost always unwise to compare modern nation states to [Ancient] Israel. Still, one parallel between ancient Israel and modern democracies is irresistible. The Israelites of Samuel’s time didn’t lose their freedom to outside forces, despite their constant conflict with invaders... They gave it up willingly, even eagerly. They wanted someone […] to tell them what to think and do, to bring order… A king would solve everything!” Except, of course, that’s not true. Moses knew that. Samuel knew that. Washington and the founders knew that. A king is not a shortcut, because there are no shortcuts. Freedom means doing our work.
If I’m honest, this story has hit me hard the past several days because I’ve recognized that, during this election season, this is exactly what I’ve been doing. I’m hiding and I’m crying out for a king. Deep down, I know that my call is to serve my neighbors. To have hard conversations with my neighbors. It’s to engage people who disagree with me about LGBTQ rights, about a woman’s right to choose, about racial reconciliation... I know my call is to listen well, to speak empathetically and honestly because that is how minds are changed. I know that my call is to think local, to get in touch with the culture of my own city and state and advocate for policies and leadership who will practice the kind of freedom I believe in here, where it’s achievable.
I know my call is to criticize the bad through the practice the better… but that is hard, and it is intimidating, and it is much easier to cry out for a king. It’s easier to cry out for someone to fight for me, to do the work for me. It’s easier to obsess over a presidential election as though if my champion won, everything would be okay, as though I wouldn’t still have to share this nation with the 50% of it who bitterly disagree with me, who will not be silenced and aren’t going anywhere.
So I cry out for a king in the false hope that if they win, I won’t have to do my work… and these stories we’ve read tell me that I’m probably not the only one.
Now, please don’t misunderstand me. The office of the president is important. It is important who holds that office, who commands the armed forces, who appoints the heads of federal agencies, who implements and enforces laws written by congress. This is not a “Jesus take the wheel,” “whoever wins God is still King”kind of sermon. It is the opposite. What I am saying is that whether your candidate wins, or your candidate loses, we are not electing a king. What I am saying is that we must never avoid the work that, at the end of the day, is ours and only ours to do. Claiming that “God is our King” does not release us of responsibility. It is a commitment to the service of love and justice.
I will admit to you that I have not followed this wisdom. I have, for far too long, acted to trade the work of my freedom for lure of simplicity. I’ve obsessed over one position, hoping for someone to fight the battles for me. I will admit to you that I do not know the names of our local representatives. I do not know the names of our city council people. I am not aware of what our mayor even does or what, if any, non-discrimination policies are in place in the town that we live in. I do not regularly read about these things or converse with leaders and citizens who disagree with me… and that is not acceptable. I have not be practicing “politics worthy of the gospel.” I have instead hidden behind the cry for a king… and again, I suspect I am not alone.
So, if, over the past week, you have found yourself feeling disproportionately helpless, relieved, or overwhelmed as I have, then may it be a sign. May it be a sign that we have lost sight of what is ours work to do – that we have lost sight of the power and freedom we truly have if we would only claim it. Because I am not helpless, and neither are you. It is important who sits in that office, but it far from most important fight. It is imperative that find the courage, together, to embody our values here… to allow God to work and heal through us here, on the ground level, starting with whatever is right in front of us in this season, wherever we are.
So, People of God, may we heed the warnings of Moses and Samuel.
May we heed the warnings of Washington and our founders.
May we be a people dissatisfied with kings, political parties, easy answers and shortcuts, unintimidated by the work that is ours to do.
May we be a community of prophets, animated by nothing less the Pentecost Spirit burning at our core.
May we recognize that within us that cries out for a king,
and may we say, “No.”
Invitation to Respond
On paper, or with someone in the room, reflect on one or more of these questions:
· Many of us believe that if our “king” prevails, then all will be well. Is this really true? How do you act when you believe that thought? What is the reality of it?
· How would you act if you did not have that thought? What sort of work would you be doing?
· Given what is in front of you in this season of your life, what is your work to do now?
Feel free to share your thoughts in the live chat, or to continue the conversation in the “Narthex” chat after the service.
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What is a GB? A GB (gigabyte) is a way of measuring how much data you have on an electronic device. 1GB is approximately 1,000MB (megabytes). The amount of GBs you have on your SIM plan determines how much mobile data you have available each month.
How much is 1GB of data in MB?
1 gigabyte (GB) is made up of 1024 megabytes. 1 megabyte (MB) is made up of 1024 kilobytes (KB). There are smaller units (bytes) but most internet data is measured in MB as it makes most sense.
Is 1GB equal to 1024 MB or 1000 MB?
Currently the standard is 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1000 Megabytes (MB). But it wasn’t always like that. For a long time, 1 Kilobyte=1024 bytes, 1 Megabyte = 1024 kilobytes, 1 Gigabyte = 1024 megabytes, and so on. The reason being the fact that it easier to do binary math when working with powers of two.
How much exactly is 1 GB?
A gigabyte (GB) — pronounced with two hard Gs — is a unit of data storage capacity that is roughly equivalent to 1 billion bytes. In decimal notation (base 10), a gigabyte is exactly 1 billion bytes.
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Local family rushes to Europe to help Ukrainian refugees
Jake and Anya Knotts are currently in Poland, and their story is told by freshman Maia Knotts
March 9, 2022
Russia first dropped bombs on Ukraine early in the morning on February 24, 2022. Jake Knotts, Central Coast native and owner of local business Midstate Containers, flew into Poland later the same day. His wife, Anya Knotts, followed on March 1. Their fifteen-year-old daughter, Maia Knotts, remains at AGHS to tell their story and support from afar.
In the early hours of February 24th, 2022, the most destructive conflict and humanitarian crisis in Europe since World War II began. On February 21st, just a few days before, Russian President Vladimir Putin denounced Ukrainian sovereignty and announced his plans to invade the country. On February 24th, he officially declared war.
The bombs first started dropping seven o’clock Wednesday night, last week. So about a week ago, my dad booked a flight for one o’clock Thursday, the next day. He went back right away, like right away.”
— Maia Knotts
Since then, major cities and the regions of Ukraine closest to the Russian border have faced incessant attacks by Russian forces. Cities such as Kyiv, the capital, and major cities Kherson, Kharkiv, and Mariupol are experiencing almost constant shelling. As a result, millions of residents have been displaced, without food, water, electricity, shelter, and medical supplies. Critical locations around the country have been targeted by airstrikes, and it has been reported that over 400 missiles have been launched by the Russians in this invasion. While Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy remains strong and has denied offers to be evacuated from the country, Putin has continued to target him and encourage the Ukrainian forces to turn on their leader.
The Russians seized Chernobyl and took control of Europe’s largest power plant, Zaporizhzhia, by March 4th, 2022.
More than 2,000 civilians have been killed thus far, and after the shelling of an orphanage and kindergarten, Ukrainian officials declared Russia guilty of several war crimes. Citizens of all ages and abilities are enlisting to fight, and Molotov cocktails and other weapons have been distributed in large numbers across Kyiv and the country.
The United States and other major powers have responded by placing heavy sanctions on Russia, such as cutting off some of the largest Russian banks from the United States economy, thus crippling the Ruble to approximately 0.0081 of the United States dollar. The United States has been authorizing military assistance for Ukraine, and NATO has vowed to protect its members from potential advances from Russia. Additionally, the United States has announced a ban on Russian oil and energy imports, as of March 8th.
As the fighting rages on, Europe has faced its fastest and largest humanitarian crisis, seeing over one million refugees fleeing the country after just a week of siege. Comparable numbers are that of the Syrian refugee crisis when it took three months to evacuate one million people from Syria. Ukraine has seen the same numbers, and growing, in just six days. As of March 3rd, the United Nations reports that over 500,000 Ukrainian refugees have fled to Poland, over 130,000 to Hungary, almost 100,000 to Moldova, and scattered thousands throughout the other bordering nations. Camps have been set up to accommodate the influx of refugees in the more impacted countries. There have also been massively backed up highways leading out of Kyiv and Ukraine, and civilians have flooded the train stations in hope of escape.
AGHS freshman Maia Knotts has a deep connection to this humanitarian crisis currently rocking the world.
“I was born in Ukraine,” Knotts said. “I moved here in 2013 when I was being enrolled for first grade.”
“My dad was a missionary there and my mom was his translator, that’s how they met,” Knotts said with a smile.
“[My dad] lived there for 13 years, and my mom grew up there, she’s Ukrainian.”
“I grew up in Northern Ukraine… two hours above the capital, so right next to Belarus and the Russian border. It’s a small town called Chernihiv. It’s a really, really pretty town.”
Chernihiv, due to the location near the Russian border, is in territory that is close to and recently under Russian control. The town was attacked relentlessly by Russian missiles on March 3rd, leaving apartment buildings, hospitals, and residential areas in ruins. The reported death toll is 47 and counting.
“The first house I grew up in and the kindergarten that I went to [are in Chernihiv], it’s just kind of hard for me to imagine [them] being ruined,” Knotts said. “Like, the house I stayed in with my friends for a month over the summer was just bombed.”
The Knotts’s family connection to the country runs deep, with extended family and close friends remaining there after the move to California.
Knotts admitted being so far away from the country and the people can slightly distort the harsh reality of the issue, “I don’t think it’s fully sunk in yet,” she said.
She then noted that she’s “been really stressed about it… because both my parents are gone right now, and a lot of our friends are really struggling over there. A lot of their friends are dying, they’re in basements.”
Knotts’s father decided to return to his home country to discover more information on his friends and family and the state of the wreckage.
“The bombs first started dropping seven o’clock Wednesday night, last week. So about a week ago, my dad booked a flight for one o’clock Thursday, the next day. He went back right away, like right away. I didn’t even get to say bye to him, so that kind of sucks,” Knotts said.
Despite Knotts’s wish to give her father a proper send-off, it makes sense to her that he would leave for Europe as soon as possible.
“If a problem arises [my dad] is on it. He’s in Poland the day after the bombs drop… he’s done stuff like this before, in the past,” Knotts said.
Not only is Jake Knotts something of a heroic archetype, but worry for friends and extended family drove him and his wife back to Ukraine.
When talking about some of the reasons that her parents went back, Knotts said that “we were really worried about our friends, because we had a lot of friends near the Russian border.”
The areas near the Russian border in all parts of the country are objectively the most dangerous, as it is where the Russian troops are attacking and gaining control first.
“A lot of our friends and family, their friends and family, because they have friends and acquaintances who just gave birth, or people who are sick and can’t get to Poland, or people that don’t have any documentation at all.”
Knotts’s parents quickly got to work upon their arrival in Europe, working to first get family and friends to safety, then assisting other evacuations and humanitarian efforts.
“They’re going back and forth all across the Ukrainian borders. They go from Poland to Romania, to Hungary, to some parts of Northern Poland and Belarus,” Knotts said.
Knotts doesn’t seem particularly worried about the safety of her parents’ expeditions.
“In case anything nuclear happens, then I’m worried about it. Like, I’m not worried about anything happening to Poland, but something that might happen in Ukraine that affects Poland somehow,” she said.
She also stays in frequent contact with her family.
“My family is calling my dad once a day, and I’ve been texting my mom. My dad is pretty active on social media, so I don’t have a lot of questions.”
Jake Knotts’s Instagram page is public and is under @jakefrommidstate. He posts frequent updates of evacuation efforts on Instagram posts and stories, and videos of him speaking in both English and Ukrainian for his followers. He uses his Instagram as a place to document his efforts, reach out to those in need and those willing to help, and raise awareness about the current crisis.
“He’s gaining a lot of traction on social media because a lot of people are putting his videos on Instagram stories,” Knotts said.
Knotts also wanted to make it known that she doesn’t blame the Russian people as a whole for the destruction, but rather just Russian President Vladamir Putin.
“I have no hard feelings towards any Russians, though. I have a lot of friends that are Russians, so it’s kind of hard to see the Russians themselves being targeted when the main problem is Putin,” she said.
She also acknowledged her combination of appreciation and worry for those protesting against Putin’s regime and decisions in both Russia and all throughout the world.
“I appreciate the protesting and the support and knowing that there are people out there,” Knotts said, before talking about how she worried for the safety of the protesting Russians, knowing about how the protestors are placed in packed prisons or subjected to cruel methods of punishment.
In terms of what people from Arroyo Grande can do to help support the Knotts family and people of Ukraine, Knotts offered a few solutions.
“Donate what [you] can, and make [the issue] public and more publicized,” she said, due to the fact that California is so far away and less able to physically assist.
“My parents have a GoFundMe … and they’re using all their proceeds to get housing and clothes and food for our friends and their friends and all the refugees.”
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Mini-Lesson for Animal Behaviour
Mini-Lesson for Animal Behaviour
- Family Studies/Home Economics – Relationships
- Health/Personal Development – Mental Health/Stress/Suicide
- Problem-Solving/Conflict Resolution
- Human Growth and Development
- Healthy Relationships
Keywords/Topics: Mental Health, Behaviour, Therapy, Relationships, Instincts, Expectations, Society
Guiding Question: Under what circumstances should we be willing to change who we are and how we behave in order to meet the expectations of those around us?
Summary: Animal Behaviour is an animated short film that centres around a group therapy session attended by animals, who are attempting to overcome their natural instincts in order to better function within mainstream society. Educators should note that, while the film is humorous, the subject matter may trigger students who suffer from the mental illnesses and issues depicted in the film (addiction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, guilt issues, anger-management issues, and unhealthy relationships). The illnesses and issues are not specifically named but their typical behavioural characteristics are shown. It’s also important that educators establish a respectful classroom environment to avoid having students draw comparisons between the characters in the film and their classmates.
Before Watching: Consider whether you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with this statement: Sometimes we have to change who we truly are in order to be accepted by those around us. Once you’ve decided how you feel about this statement, find others in the class who chose the same response you did. Discuss why you selected that response. One student should be a note taker for the group. Select a spokesperson for your group, who will share the main points of your discussion with the rest of the class. When all groups have had their chance to speak, consider whether you’ve changed your mind about your response.
All the characters featured in this film are attempting to change things about themselves through group therapy. As you watch the short, it will become clear what it is that each character is trying to change. Thinking about the characters in this segment (Lorraine the leech, Cheryl the praying mantis, Todd the pig, Jeffrey the bird, Linda the cat, and Leonard the dog), rank them in order of who will have the most difficulty trying to change to who will have the least difficulty. After you’ve ranked the characters, talk with a partner/small group about where you placed the characters on your list and why. After discussing, write a paragraph that describes in detail which character you believe will have the most difficulty changing and why.
Write a journal entry from the point of view of the character you chose. The journal entry should touch on the daily struggles faced by the character and the strategies the character is using in an attempt to overcome these struggles. You may have to do some research on the particular illness you believe the character suffers from (addiction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, guilt issues, eating disorders, etc.).
Leonard seems to be able to keep everything under control until this segment, in which we see him resort to growling, barking, and ultimately playing fetch (instinctual behaviour for a dog). Thinking of the ways in which we behave and how we interact with others, are there things about ourselves that we cannot change? Consider that the animals used in this film all exhibit problematic behaviours that are actually instinctual. Do humans have similar instincts? Write a short response, then discuss what you wrote with a partner. After discussing, you and your partner will share your thoughts during a whole-class discussion.
Research suggests that our past experiences, the people in our lives, and our biology all play a role in determining who we are as people. How might a person be able to overcome these factors to become the person they want to be?
In this segment, we see Victor experience a change in his demeanour. When he first enters therapy, he believes his behaviour is normal for an ape and sees no reason to change. By the time the session is over, Victor is in tears and wants to change. What motivates Victor to want to change? What motivates us to make changes in our own behaviour? Create two lists. One will be a list of external factors (e.g., peer pressure) and the other a list of internal factors (e.g., improving your health). Write down at least three factors for each list. Once you have three factors on each list, circulate throughout the classroom, meeting with other students. You will give one of your factors to each student you meet, and they will give you one of their factors in return. You cannot exchange more than one factor with the same student. Exchange factors with at least five other students.
After examining both the internal and external factors that motivate us to make changes in our behaviour, which type do you believe to be the more powerful motivators? Are we more likely to change our behaviour when it benefits us, or are we more likely to make changes in order to meet the expectations of others? Which types of motivating factors do you believe will lead to more lasting change? Write a paragraph addressing these questions.
Chris Gallant has been an English Language Arts and Social Studies teacher at Allison Bernard Memorial High School for the past 13 years. He is dedicated to social justice issues and attempts to incorporate Mi’kmaw language and culture into his teaching at every opportunity. As a visual learner, Chris understands the importance of using film in the classroom.
Pour lire cet article en français, cliquez ici.
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Homebound instruction is designed to provide continuity of educational services between the classroom and home setting for students whose medical needs – physical and/or psychiatric – indicate that school attendance is not advisable. Additionally, homebound instruction may be used to supplement the classroom program for health-impaired children whose conditions may interfere with consistent school attendance, (e.g., students receiving dialysis, radiation or chemotherapy). The inability to attend school must be certified by a physician, licensed clinical psychologist or psychiatrist.
The goal of homebound instruction is to facilitate the student’s return to the current classroom setting as soon as medically indicated. Homebound instruction is temporary. Requests for homebound instruction extending beyond nine weeks must be substantiated by an updated statement from the student’s attending physician or psychologist.
Elementary school students who qualify for homebound instruction should receive a maximum of five hours of instruction per week. Secondary school students who qualify for homebound instruction are eligible to receive a maximum of ten hours of instruction per week depending on their academic load. If appropriate to the needs of the child, the number of instructional hours may vary.
A student must be enrolled in school in order to receive homebound services. A student receiving homebound instruction is carried on the daily register of the class in which he or she is enrolled.
The HCPS Office of Exceptional Education ensures that individuals employed as homebound teachers hold a Virginia teaching certificate or be determined eligible for one by the Virginia Department of Education’s Division of Teacher Education and Licensure. The homebound teacher works to maintain close contact with the school.
The student’s school also maintains close contact with the homebound teacher and provides the teacher with the appropriate materials and information to enable the student to keep up with his or her class.
The student’s parents work with the school and homebound teacher to provide a home environment that is conducive to learning and ensure that a responsible adult is present in the home when the homebound teacher is working with the student. The parents must also make every effort to keep homebound instruction appointments as scheduled.
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The Bill states that the Constitution of India is dynamic in nature, with the ability to adapt itself to the changing needs of the nation. Democracy and Federalism are the essential features of the Constitution and part of its basic structure.
"The Governor is established as the dejure head of the State and all executive acts are done in his name. However, the Governor is bound by the aid and advise of the elected State Government under article 163 of the Constitution. It cannot be said that the Governor, who is a ceremonial head of the State, cannot impede the lawful and constitutional functioning of the State Government," the Bill said.
"As the Constitutional Head of the State, the Governor owes a responsibility to the people of the State. It is trite in law that any constitutional authority must perform its duties within a reasonable time frame. However, in the recent past; we have seen several instances of Governors holding Bills passed by the State Legislatures for inordinate amount of time, without deciding one way or the other. In some cases, even when ex-facie the Bill has to be reserved for the consideration of the President, the Governors have taken a long time to do so," the Bill said.
It further said that the absence of a time-limit in article 200 gives the Governor unbridled power to delay the fate of a Bill. Thus, non-prescription of a time-limit is an impediment to the welfare of the people. Thus, the provision must be amended to balance the interest of the people and also provide sufficient time for the Governor to take an informed decision.
"It is therefore, proposed to amend article 200 of the Constitution to prescribe a time limit to the Governor for providing or withholding his assent to the Bill or reservation of such Bill for the consideration of the President of India," the Bill added.
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Hemorrhoid Banding in Indianapolis, IN
Ready to Consult a GI Physician?Find a Provider
What is hemorrhoid banding?
Hemorrhoids, or piles, are enlarged veins that develop in one's lower rectum or anus. A hemorrhoid could arise inside the rectum (internally) or on the anus (externally). A hemorrhoid most often appears anytime the walls of the veins in one's anus or rectum become so thin that the veins swell or protrude. In some instances, a blood clot may form inside the hemorrhoid (thrombosed hemorrhoid) and can be the source of concern.
If a hemorrhoid becomes too painful or is responsible for other health concerns, then it might require removal. A technique often performed to relieve internal hemorrhoids is hemorrhoid banding, known also as rubber band ligation. If you are looking for information on hemorrhoid banding in Indianapolis, IN we can help. At Indianapolis Gastroenterology and Hepatology, our physician-led team of GI specialists frequently treats hemorrhoids using hemorrhoid banding procedures.
How is hemorrhoid banding performed?
Hemorrhoid banding is a process by which the flow of blood to the hemorrhoid is discontinued by applying a rubber band at the base of it. Soon after, the hemorrhoid will grow smaller and then die. A scar will form in the hemorrhoid's place, which will prevent surrounding vessels from bulging or developing into additional hemorrhoids nearby.
Hemorrhoid banding is completed by placing an anoscope into the anus. The physician then secures the hemorrhoid and employs an instrument to position a band encircling the base of the hemorrhoid. Hemorrhoid banding is typically restricted to treating one or two hemorrhoids in a given treatment except in cases where the individual is given anesthesia.
What happens following a hemorrhoid banding procedure?
Depending on the individual, the recovery period and situation after hemorrhoid banding is likely to differ. Some people are able to resume regular activities nearly immediately after the procedure, though others require a couple of days of bed rest in order to recover. Pain is common for as many as 48 hours following hemorrhoid banding and bleeding could happen for up to 10 days after the procedure.
Our Indianapolis Gastroenterology and Hepatology GI team will provide detailed recovery instructions to follow once your hemorrhoid banding procedure is finished. To decrease the risk of bleeding, it is important to avoid taking aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/NSAIDs for a minimum of four days before or after the procedure. To mitigate pressure in the rectum, it is recommended that patients drink a great deal of fluids and consume a diet with high amounts of fiber to help promote smooth bowel movements.
A nonsurgical approach to hemorrhoid treatment
Hemorrhoid banding in Indianapolis, IN is a nonsurgical practice routinely provided by a board-certified gastroenterologist. Our gastroenterologists perform this routine procedure at Indianapolis Gastroenterology and Hepatology and can boast of having helped thousands of people experience a reprieve from the symptoms of hemorrhoids. If you or a loved one deal with the discomfort caused by hemorrhoids, we urge you to connect with Indianapolis Gastroenterology and Hepatology to receive more information on hemorrhoid banding or to connect with a GI specialist.
Dr. Vincent was smart, clear & succinct. He calmed me by answering my concerns & questions.
Staff were friendly, knowledgeable, helpful, and comforting.
The staff are professional and friendly. It's a very comfortable environment. Dr.Brown took his time and listened to my questions and concerns. My only complaint with Indy Gastro is the length of time it takes for nurses to return calls when you are having a problem.
One of the best Doctors I have ever seen! Love Dr Troiano!
Dr. Vincent and his team made an uncomfortable procedure more than tolerable! They took excellent care of me and I would recommend them to anyone!
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According to the diameter of the cemented carbide drill, the drill with an outer diameter of less than 4mm adopts a straight edge shape, and the cutting edge is a straight line; the design of the outer peripheral rake angle is negative, which can ensure the rigidity of the tool, the strength of the edge, and the low cutting resistance even if the diameter is small. These are two blade shapes. Carbide drills with an outer diameter of more than 4mm have a corrugated edge shape and a wide cutting flute design for better chip discharge.
When manufacturing cemented carbide tools, the main cutting tip has certain burrs. If it is not removed, there will be a gap on the tip of the tool, which will aggravate wear during cutting and seriously affect the life of the tool. Through passivation of the main cutting edge, the tool tip forms an r-shaped arc, which reduces the probability of falling blocks and improves the surface quality of the hole.
The tool tip passivation treatment is to make the tip of the carbide drill into a small arc r to disperse the cutting resistance, eliminate the small serrations on the tip and ligament, and improve the rigidity of the tip. At present, the commonly used passivation methods include nylon brush passivation method, passivation machine strengthening method, suspension passivation method, and the more commonly used grinding machine passivation method.
Install 18 carbide drill bits on the passivation machine at a time, add diamond grinding to its lower barrel, then insert the carbide drill into the diamond grinding, rotate, and passivate the carbide tip evenly after a few minutes . The amount of passivation is closely related to time. By strictly controlling the passivation time, the amount of passivation can be ensured, and the life of cemented carbide drills can be controlled and improved.
In order to prevent the main cutting edge of the China carbide drill bits from being too sharp, the main cutting edge needs to be negatively chamfered. Depending on the material to be machined, the minor chamfer of the main cutting edge is slightly different. The negative chamfer value of steel parts is 0.06-0.08mm, cast iron is 0.08-0.10mm, stainless steel is 0.02-0.03mm, and aluminum alloy is 0.01-0.015mm. The amount of negative chamfer passivation is directly measured with a dual-lens five-axis measuring instrument.
The coating treatment of the carbide drill bit has a great influence, the wear resistance after coating is increased, the surface quality of the hole is improved, the chip breaking and chip removal effect can be well improved, and the service life is increased by 5-10 times.
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Chemistry or chemical processes is used by everyone everyday in one way or the other. When preparing your morning tea or coffee you are extracting taste substances from tea leaves or coffee beans. When taking a shower you are using surface active molecules in the soap or shampoo to become clean. When walking or cycling to school you need to convert your breakfast into energy for your muscles to work efficiently. And so it continues for the duration of the day. Not even when you are asleep it is possible to avoid chemical reactions since your dreams are created by molecules known as signal substances so that your brain is activated.
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LISE SCHIFFER, LCSW
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|Posted on February 22, 2012 at 11:16 PM||comments (705)|
There are many misconceptions about depression and most people don't realize that it is a serious medical issue. Feelings of hopelessness, despair, anxiety, and inappropriate guilt and shame can and do contribute to substance abuse, overeating, oversleeping, and sometimes suicidal thoughts and actions. Sometimes people are told to "snap out of it" but that is no more possible than "snapping out of" cancer. Whether triggered by an event or by one's own biochemistry, depression involves changes in the brain's neurotransmitter system. If you have ever had your mood altered by a drug, you know that how you feel is not simply a state of mind. When the brain's chemistry is malfunctioning, it can have a profound effect on how you feel and experience life. But there is good news. Depression is highly treatable. Studies show that a combination of antidepressant medication and psychotherapy is the best prescription.
One very common misconception about depression is that it feels like mere sadness. Sadness is only a part of it. It is very difficult to describe the pain of depression; I always say it's like trying to describe blue to a blind person. If you've never experienced the monster that is depression, there is really no way for you to grasp its horrors. One of the things that makes depression so insidious is that it distorts one's self-perception and causes the belief that the sufferer is morally flawed or weak or bad. What other medical illness does that?
If you are depressed, please have compassion for yourself. Get help. If you love someone who is depressed, the most helpful thing is to acknowledge their pain, reassure them they're not to blame, and DO NOT try to "cheer them up"; you will only make them feel worse.
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When an individual is sick, they will realize it tough to develop a craving. However, it’s necessary to receive nourishment and keep hydrated, particularly when feeling unwell. And think what to eat when sick?
Different types of food will combat differing kinds of wellness. An individual with an inflammatory disease may benefit from foods that may not facilitate somebody who feels sickening.In this article, we offer a list of foods to eat and avoid for individuals with common sicknesses.The very last thing you would like to do when you have a nasty cold or the stomach flu is to eat, but not replenishing and staying hydrated may be a huge no-no for your recovery.
Best foods to eat when sick
There are many foods to eat when sick or you can say many natural home remedies that may be so helpful in get rid of sick conditions.
Citrus fruits and berries
Citrus fruits are best foods to eat when sick, like oranges, lemons, and grapefruits, contain high levels of flavonoids and vitamin C. These decrease inflammation and boost immunity, which can facilitate to fight a fever.
Some studies recommend that a flavonoid known as quercetin that is additionally found in berries could facilitate to treat picornavirus infections. This virus is to blame for the bulk of common colds. Frozen, slushy fruit juices will usually facilitate to appease a sore throat.
When experiencing cold and respiratory disease symptoms, it’s vital to remain hydrated. Flavored teas are refreshing, and inhaling their steam will facilitate to clear mucous secretion from the sinuses. Adding ground turmeric to a cup of hot water could facilitate to relieve an inflammatory disease. Research suggests that turmeric has each anti-inflammatory and antiseptic property.
Tea leaves are best foods to eat when sick, swarming in natural plant compounds, like polyphenols, flavonoids, and cateschins. These stimulate the immune system. Catechins, specifically, could shield against certain kinds of flu virus.
Some individuals suggest drinking Echinacea tea to shorten the length of cold and respiratory illness symptoms. However, this result has yet to be tried by research.
As we know garlic is considered best foods to eat when sick.It has been used as a healthful herb for hundreds of years and has incontestable antibacterial drug, antiviral and anti-fungal effects.it also can stimulate the immune system.
Few high-quality human studies have explored the results of garlic on the common cold or flu; however some have found promising results. One study found that individuals who took garlic got sick less usually. Overall, the garlic cluster spent concerning 70th fewer days sick than the placebo group.
In another study, individuals taking garlic not only got sick less usually, however they got higher 3.5 days faster than the placebo cluster, on average. Additionally, many studies showed that aged garlic extract supplements will enhance immune perform and reduce the severity of colds and therefore the flu.
Adding garlic to soup or broth will each add flavor and create them even more practical at fighting off cold or flu symptoms.
Honey is of the best home remedy to get rid from sickness in body. A sore throat can be caused by a bacterial infection. Honey is wealthy in antimicrobials that facilitate to clear these forms of infection.
Honey is considered best foods to eat when sick, might also be effective in treating children’s coughs, although it shouldn’t be given to infants below twelve months mature. Honey seemed to be more effective than diphenhydramine and salbutamol that are medicine usually utilized in cough medicines. Honey additionally created similar results as dextromethorphan, another common ingredient.
The results were restricted; however, as most studies within the review solely looked at 1-night acute coughs.
A person will create ginger tea by adding 1–2 teaspoons of fresh ginger to a cup of hot water. Steep the ginger for five minutes before straining the mixture and sweetening it with a bit honey. Crystallized ginger ought to be consumed carefully; because of its high sugar content. As ginger is best foods to eat when sick. Avoid effervescent ginger ale, as this could more irritate indigestion. Use fresh ginger in cooking, brew some ginger tea or obtain some ginger ale from the shop to induce these advantages. Simply check that that no matter you’re using contains real ginger or ginger extract, not simply ginger flavor.
Indigestion happens when the stomach lining becomes inflamed. Compounds known as tannins that are present in coconut water might facilitate decrease this inflammation.
Coconut water is best foods to eat when sick, additionally high in minerals like sodium and potassium. They’ll facilitate the body to rehydrate quickly when looseness of the bowels or vomit.
One study found that coconut water could give a similar level of hydration as a sports drink. It’s additionally a lot of healthful, containing no value-added sugar. However, it’s value noting that this study solely enclosed twelve participants.
The avocado is an uncommon fruit as a result of its low in carbs however high in fat. In specific, it’s high in healthy monounsaturated fat, a similar sort of fat found in vegetable oil.
Avocados are best foods to eat when sick, a great supply of fiber, vitamins and minerals.Avocados are a good food once sick as a result of the supply calories, vitamins and minerals that your body wants. They’re additionally soft, comparatively bland and simple to eat.
Because of the healthy fats avocados contain, particularly oleic acid, they assist to decrease inflammation whereas additionally taking part in a task in immune performs.
Salmon is one in all the foremost effective protein sources to eat once sick.
It is soft, easy to eat and filled with the high-quality super molecule your body needs. Salmon is particularly made in omega-3 fatty acids that have strong medication effects.
Salmon is considered best foods to eat when sick,and to boot an honest offer of the numerous vitamins and minerals, along with vitamin D, that several people are lacking in. vitamin plays a task in immune performs.
Bananas are an excellent food to eat once you’re sick.They’re simple to chew and bland in flavor, however additionally give a good quantity of calories and nutrients. For these reasons, they’re a part of the BRAT diet (bananas, rice, applesauce, toast) that’s usually suggested for nausea.Bananas are considered best foods to eat when sick.Another huge good thing about bananas is that the soluble fiber they contain. If you’ve got diarrhea, bananas are one among the most effective foods you’ll be able to eat as a result of the fiber can facilitate relieve diarrhea.
In fact, some hospitals use banana flakes to treat patients with diarrhea.
Leafy green vegetables are filled with fiber and nutrients that you just want whereas sick. They additionally contain helpful plant compounds. Dark green vegetables best foods to eat when sick, also are loaded with helpful plant compounds. These act as antioxidants to shield cells from harm and facilitate fight inflammation.
Leafy greens have additionally been used for their antibacterial drug properties. Leafy green vegetables like spinach, romaine lettuce and kale are packed filled with vitamins, minerals and fiber. They’re particularly great sources of vitamin A, vitamin C, and k.
Oatmeal may be a great supply of nutrients and simple to eat. It will stimulate your immunity system, improve glucose level and reduce inflammation within the digestive system. Oatmeal best foods to eat when sick,and has another powerful health advantages, as well as stimulating the immune system and rising glucose control. Additionally contains some protein.
One rat study additionally showed that beta-glycan, a kind of fiber found in oats, helped decrease inflammation within the gut. This might facilitate relieve symptoms like internal organ cramping, bloating and diarrhea.
Drinking broth could be a delicious and wholesome way to keep hydrated, and it additionally acts as a natural medicinal drug when hot. They’re filled with flavor and may contain calories, vitamins and minerals like magnesium, calcium, folic acid and phosphorous. Drinking broth could be a great way to remain hydrated, and therefore the rich flavors will assist you feel happy. This is often particularly helpful if your abdomen is unsettled and you’re unable to stay down solid foods. If you’re creating broth from scratch, it should have even additional advantages — as well as a higher calorie, super molecule and nutrient content.
Many people rave concerning the advantages of bone broth and claim it’s several healing properties, though currently there aren’t any studies on its edges
Yogurt is best foods to eat when sick, simple to eat and a best supply of calories, protein, vitamins and minerals. Some yogurts additionally contain probiotics, which may assist you get sick less usually and obtain better faster. Yogurt is a wonderful food to eat once sick. Some yogurts additionally contain helpful probiotics. Some individuals have reported that dairy intake thickens mucous secretion. However, many studies show that dairy intake causes no change in cough, congestion or mucous secretion production, even among people who are sick. One study found that kids taking probiotics felt higher an average of 2 days quicker, and their symptoms were regarding 55th less severe.
Chicken soup best foods to eat when sick and could be a best source of fluids, calories, protein, vitamins and minerals. It additionally a natural medication and will block cells that cause coughing and a stuffy nose. It’s an easy-to-eat supply of vitamins, minerals, calories and macromolecule that are nutrients your body wants in larger quantities whereas you’re sick. Your body will would like even additional fluids if you have got a fever. Another reason for this impact is that chicken contains the amino acid cysteine. N-acetyl-cysteine, a type of amino acid, breaks apart mucous secretion and has anti-viral, anti-inflammatory drug and antioxidant effects. Chicken sup’s ability to inhibit these cells may part justify why it’s therefore effective against some cold and flu symptoms.
Foods to avoid
Some foods should be avoided in sickness that may negative effect in human body and cause many problems, they are given below;
Caffeine will cause dehydration that makes congestion worse. However, some caffeinated drinks, like tea and low, contain immune-boosting antioxidants, and that they are also useful moderately. Caffeine acts as a muscle stimulant that may cause abdomen cramps and increase gut movements.
Alcohol will dehydrate and trigger an inflammatory response, which can irritate cold and contagion symptoms. Caffeine and alcohol will together cause dehydration, depleting the water required to soften stools.
Greasy foods contain high levels of fats that are tough to digest and may irritate the abdomen, worsening nausea and may lead to many severe problems in body.
Dietary changes will give some relief when a personal feels sick. Someone should try and follow the suggested diet for his or her symptoms whereas avoiding foods that may worsen them. But is very important to remember that prevention is best than a cure. Staying hydrated and ingestion a healthful diet wealthy in nutrients can facilitate to deflect several of the ailments listed on top of. But some foods have advantages that go beyond simply providing your body with nutrients.
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Out of all the cities that you can visit in the UK with kids, why visit Leicester? Leicester is such an interesting city with a rich history and diversity that it isn’t hard to understand why it is such a well-known location. There are so many ways that Leicester is unique. In fact, in this article, you will find twelve facts about Leicester for kids.
#1 Leicester has the Biggest Diwali Festival Outside of India
Outside of India, Leicester has the biggest Diwali festival in the World due to the large Indian population in the city.
Diwali is known as the “Festival of Lights” and is usually celebrated over five days between October and November, the dates changing each year.
It usually begins two weeks before Diwali, when lights are switched on along the Golden Mile (A section of Belgrave Road between Abbey Park Road and Loughborough Road).
The festival also includes live music, food markets and dancing.
#2 Leicester is the Home of Walkers Crisps
Walkers is possibly the most well-known crisp brand in the UK, but did you know it originated in Leicester?
Henry Walker created it in 1948, and the factory is still found in Leicester itself!
The factory in Leicester produces over 11 million bags of crisps a day. Can you believe that that means they use roughly 800 tons of potatoes?
#3 Leicester is the Home of Red Leicester and Stilton Cheese
One of these interesting facts about Leicester is that it is the home of two famous kinds of cheese, Red Leicester and Stilton.
Most people could guess the link between Red Leicester and the city it was named after, but Stilton can come as a bit of a surprise.
Like with Walkers, Stilton is still produced in Leicester and is only allowed to be made in this location due to its protected status.
#4 Leicester Market is the Biggest Outdoor Market in Europe
Leicester has the biggest covered outdoor market, not just in Western Europe, but the whole of Europe!
In the city centre, near the Clock Tower, you will find a market with over 300 stalls roughly 800 years old.
The produce sold at these stalls varies from food and fresh flowers to clothing and electronics.
#5 Leicester is One of England’s Oldest Cities
A fact hinted at by the wide range of historical tourist attractions, such as Abbey Pumping Station and Leicester Guildhall, available in Leicester is one of England’s oldest cities.
Its history actually dates back about 2,000 years, when the Romans encountered an Iron Age settlement!
Leicester, one of the oldest cities in England, could also have influenced experts who believe that the city was the birthplace of modern English, which came from Anglo-Saxons and Vikings trying to communicate with each other.
#6 Leicester had the First Local Radio
It is normal now to have local radio stations playing. However, did you know that the first local radio station was actually in Leicester?
BBC Radio Leicester was the first broadcast in 1967, with the Lord Mayor of Leicester as a guest.
As you can probably guess, the first local radio jingle originated in Leicester on this station as well.
#7 Leicester has Ties to King Richard III
One of the most famous people in Leicester is Richard III, King of England.
His last days were in Leicester; the night before the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, the last Plantagenet King stayed in Leicester.
He was found buried under a car park in the city, because his body was bought back there after his death on the battlefield. Now, his resting place is in Leicester Cathedral, attracting many visitors.
#8 Leicester has the Biggest Comedy Festival in the UK
Having begun in 1994, Leicester Comedy Festival has become the largest comedy festival in the UK, even larger than the well-known Edinburgh Fringe Festival.
In 2022, the festival included over 60 venues!
As well as being the largest comedy festival in the UK, it is also the one that has been running the longest
#9 Leicester is the Home of the Package Holiday
Thomas Cook, now a household name, has a statue in Leicester outside the train station because of his input into the city’s history.
It was he who organised the first package holiday in 1841, which involved a train trip from Leicester to Loughborough.
#10 The River Soar Used to be Pink
A fun fact about Leicester is that the river running through the city used to be pink!
The River Soar’s water was dyed pink due to the waste that polluted it from the Leicester textile factories. To this day, Leicester is still home to one of the largest textile companies in England, although they are no longer polluting the river.
It has since been restored by the Environmental Agency so that it is once more suitable habitat for wildlife.
#11 Leicester is the Birthplace of Sue Townsend
Another famous person linked to Leicester is Sue Townsend.
The author who created Adrian Mole, a character who began as a teenager and then grew through the series, was born and raised in Leicester, leaving behind a legacy for the arts in her hometown.
Part of that legacy involved the renaming of the Phoenix Arts Centre, which became the Sue Townsend Theatre because it is where she was “Writer in Residence” and wrote her first award-winning play.
#12 The University of Leicester Discovered DNA Fingerprinting
This is possibly one of the most interesting facts about Leicester; it was at the University of Leicester that DNA fingerprinting was born.
The process is now regularly used by police when solving crimes and medical professionals when investigating and identifying genetic diseases. Still, it was discovered in a lab at the University of Leicester.
The technique was found in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys, a professor, and was used to identify the skeleton of Richard III.
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Hickey, seventeen miles southwest of Carthage in southwestern Panola County, was established in the early 1890s. A post office opened there in 1895 with Jacup Y. Hickey, after whom the community was named, as postmaster. By 1900 the settlement had a general store, a gristmill, and a cotton gin. The Hickey post office closed in 1906, and the mail was sent to Clayton. After 1910 Hickey was no longer shown on maps.
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Midwest flooding is felt around the world
“The Mississippi Delta was shining like a national guitar;
I am following the river down the highway…
Through the cradle of the Civil War.”
—“Graceland” as performed by Paul Simon
Recently I crossed the Mississippi River by car at Vicksburg. The river was nearly topping its banks.
We stopped at the Mississippi Welcome Center, stood in the misty, morning air, high above the river, sipped our complimentary coffee and read the Civil War historical marker commemorating Grant's siege of Vicksburg. That Americans had lived underground for months right below our feet to avoid cannon fire from other Americans on the river's opposite side in 1863 was difficult to comprehend. The volume of swirling, angry water below us racing southward was equally difficult to fathom.
The Missouri River, the longest in North America, has flooded recently, causing historic damage. Levees have broken throughout the Midwest. Estimates of crop loss in Nebraska approached a billion dollars some weeks ago. The Missouri empties into the Mississippi near St. Louis, so high water upriver causes more extensive flooding further south. Record snowfall has also impacted the Illinois and Ohio Rivers. A rainy spring will bring more flooding.
The economic ramifications of flooding are difficult to calibrate, but significant nonetheless. First, there is damage to crops and livestock. At this writing, I-29 in Iowa remains closed. Trains must utilize alternate routes. Rural roads are impassable. Bridges are damaged. Many farmers plant in spring and depend on overland transportation and barge shipments traveling upriver to deliver fertilizer. All of these connections are being disrupted. Crops and livestock must be transported to market eventually, so the route disruptions hurt farmers coming and going.
Some neighborhoods will be abandoned, as floodwaters ruin residential areas. Many businesses will close. The financial fallout is similar to a natural disaster like a hurricane or tornado, but with a much, much wider geographic scope and with national and global economic impact. During the Great Flood of 1927 an area the size of Scotland was flooded as the Mississippi overflowed its banks. Six states and 27,000 square miles were inundated. The Flood Control Act of 1928 soon followed, legislation that heightened and lengthened levees along the river.
The American Midwest is the largest contiguous body of farmland in the world, and it’s connected to oceans and the Gulf of Mexico by a massive system of rivers and manmade waterways. Because of it, we largely take food security for granted, something many nations cannot do. The crops and livestock grown there satisfy domestic and global food needs. When Omaha, Nebraska sneezes, Paris, France catches a cold.
The impact on food prices, jobs and the economy remain to be seen, as does the extent of the flood damage to one of our most productive regions.
Margaret R. McDowell is the founder of Arbor Wealth Management LLC (850.608.6121 – www.arborwealth.net), a fiduciary, “fee-only” registered investment advisory firm near Destin. This column should not be considered personalized investment advice and provides no assurance that any specific strategy or investment will be suitable or profitable for an investor.
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The Dragon tree is often planted as a special interest feature plant in ornamental landscapes and gardens in many parts of the Inland Empire. Over time it will grow into a medium size tree with a stout succulent trunk up to 25 ft. tall. As plants mature, they develop broad crowns comprised of many branches extending outward to form a bold canopy shape. Gray-green foliage is comprised of 2 ft. long sword-shaped leaves; creamy-white flowers occur in large spikes above the foliage and are followed by bright orange berries.
Native to Mediterranean climates on the Canary Islands, the dragon tree is one of the most unusual plants for ornamental landscapes. It is highly adapted to warm and sunny climate exposures and easily adapts to annual summer drought. It shows sensitivity to cold temperatures below 25°F and should be planted in warm microclimate areas. Young plants are often grown in containers and raised planters to display their character as their trunks mature.
Like other succulent-type plants, the dragon tree grows best in well-drained soils with infrequent summer watering. It takes many years to achieve tall and large specimen stature, but it is well worth the effort as few plants provide such unique character.
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Silica aerogels are kind of porous material. They are made by replacing the liquid component by gas inside a gel. The product is a solid with an extremely low density and thermal conductivity. Aerogels have a myriad of applications. For instance, an aerogel can be a very effective thermal insulator.
The process of manufacturing aerogels generally involves freezing the pre-existing material and allowing that to develop into a gel. The liquid component freezes to form various morphologies based on a range of variables. When this process is finished, pre-formed molecules of the solid precursor are pushed to the pores the growing crystals.
The DLR research team is working to improve the process for silcia-based Aerogels. The research is focused on improving the chemical composition, the drying procedure, and the formation of nanostructures. The method is also targeted to make the aerogels resistant to high temperatures, such as 600degrees C. It also aims to improve the handling capability of the materials by adding glass fibers or polymeric felts. The most important applications of these materials are in furnaces, exhausts, and motors.
Silica-based Aerogels are thin and porous, and have an average porosity of 95. They exhibit exceptional thermal insulating properties. They are frequently employed for thermal insulation, and are mixed with other ceramic phases in order to increase the thermal performance of these materials.
High porosity silica aerogels are porous compounds made of silica. They have a high surface area and are able to function in the capacity of gas filters, absorbing the effects of desiccation as well as Encapsulation media. These materials are also used for the transport and storage of liquids. The lightweight of these materials makes them particularly useful for delivery systems of drugs. Apart from the numerous uses, high porosity Silica aerogels are also used in the production of small electrochemical double-layer supercapacitors.
One of the major characteristics of high porosity silica aerogels is their superior mechanical strength. A majority of empty shells are fragile, which is why it is vital to increase the binding of the skeleton to increase durability for thermal insulation. Fiber content can help strengthen the skeleton, increasing the strength of the material as well as their thermal insulation capabilities. In one test an example of this material showed a 143% increase in Young's modulus. The inner porous structure was also examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) which proved that fiber contents bind well to the skeleton.
Silica aerogels exhibit hydrophobic nature . They have significant active sites at the surface. This property could make them an anticorrosive agent. They also display good thermal stability and clarity. Their porous volumes and surface areas vary according to pH. This study demonstrates that silica gels with the pH of 5 show the best physical and chemical stability, as well as the greatest surface.
Initially, silica gels were employed as host matrices used for therapeutic and pharmaceutical compounds. Since the 1960s scientists began to study silica aerogels in the hope of their use as host matrices. Two methods were used to make silica based aerogels. dissolving cellulose in an appropriate solvent, or dissolving a variety of types of nanocellulose within water suspension. The aerogels were later subjected to a series of solvent exchange steps. A significant shrinkage was observed during the preparation procedure.
Silica aerogel offers an amazing range of thermal insulation properties and is starting to gain traction in the market. It is being investigated for use in transparent windows which are some of the most susceptible to thermal stress in building. Walls, with their large area, usually have a lower loss of heat than windows as well, and silica aerogel is a good choice to assist in reducing the stress.
A preliminary study of the thermal insulation properties of silica aerogel was carried out within a swirling-flame-combustor that replicated a typical environment. A silica aerogel blanket was installed in the combustor . It was the air was circulated by three different amounts.
The brittleness for silica-based aerogels is dependent on the size of their pores and the volume. The AC values decrease with decreasing macroporous volume. Additionally the distribution of pore size (pore Size Distribution Curve) decreases in relation to the amount of the TMOS content.
The density and the aging conditions of silica-based aerogels alter its mechanical qualities. Silica aerogels of low density are compressible but high-density silica-based aerogels are viscoelastic and have a high brittleness.
The ultraflexibility of silica aerogels is improved by different methods. A common approach would be increasing applied stress. This increases the crack length which can lead to increased KI.
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Niobium carbide (NBC and Nb2C) is a very hard refractory ceramic material, widely used in refractory high temperature materials and cemented carbide additives.…
Chile's government is considering phasing in a proposed ban on glacial mining to limit projects high in the Andes by some big copper companies. Chile's constitutional assembly has approved a proposal to ban mining in glaciers, protected areas, and ar…
Molybdenum Telluride MoTe2 Powder CAS 12058-20-7 introduce:About Molybdenum Telluride MoTe2 Powder:Molybdenum telluride (MoTe2) is a gray hexagonal powdered solid, which has a variety of forms, among which MoTe2 and Mo3Te4 are stable in air, decompos…
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Everyone has heard of composting, but how many people actually know how it works? In essence, composting is the process of breaking down organic matter into a soil-like substance. This can be done in as little as four weeks if done correctly, but there are a few things you need to know before starting. Keep reading to learn more about how long composting takes and what you need to get started!
How Long Does It Take To Break Compost Down?
This is a difficult question to answer because it depends on so many variables, including the size of your compost pile, the ingredients you are using, the temperature, and how often you turn the pile. In general, though, most compost piles will be finished in anywhere from two weeks to six months.
If you’re new to composting, the best way to get started is to simply start collecting your kitchen scraps in a bin or bucket. Once you have enough material, you can begin building your compost pile. If you’re not sure what to do next, there are many resources available online and in library books that can give you step-by-step instructions.
When your compost piles are finished, you’ll know because the material will be dark and crumbly and will smell like soil. You can then use it as a natural fertilizer for your plants.
Unfinished compost will also be darker in color and have a more crumbly texture than finished compost, which should be light brown or grayish in color and have a smooth, almost powdery texture.
If you find that your compost pile is not finishing, there are a few things you can do to speed up the process. One is to turn the pile more frequently, which will help aerate the material and speed up decomposition.
You can also add more green materials to the pile, which will provide nitrogen and help break down the other ingredients more quickly. Finally, if your compost pile is getting too dry, you can add water to it to help keep everything moist and speed up decomposition.
One way to speed up the composting process is to add finished compost or potting soil or compost soil to your compost pile. This will introduce beneficial microbes that will help break down organic matter more quickly. You can also add compost accelerators, which are commercial products that contain bacteria and other microorganisms that help speed up the composting process.
Can You Make Compost In 2 Weeks?
Most people think of composting as a slow process that takes months or even years to produce results. However, it is possible to make compost in a matter of weeks, if you know how to do it.
The key is to create the right conditions for decomposition to occur. This means establishing a good balance of carbon and nitrogen-rich materials, as well as ensuring that the compost has enough oxygen.7
One way to speed up the process is to chop the ingredients into small pieces, which will help them to break down more quickly.
Another is to use a compost activator, which can help to encourage the growth of beneficial bacteria. With a little effort, you can have usable compost in just a few weeks.
What Will Make Compost Break Down Faster?
Composting is a great way to recycle organic waste and create a nutrient-rich soil amendment. However, sometimes compost can take months to break down fully. If you’re looking to speed up the process, there are a few things you can do.
One is to chop up your organic waste into small pieces before adding it to the compost bin. This will help the material to break down more quickly. Another is to add some green waste to your compost.
Green waste, such as grass clippings or kitchen scraps, contains high levels of nitrogen, which helps the microorganisms that break down compost to thrive.
Finally, be sure to aerate your compost regularly. This will help oxygenate the materials and encourage bacterial growth. By following these tips, you can get your compost bin cooking in no time!
Tips For Speeding Up Composting:
Speeding up the composting process doesn’t have to be difficult. There are a few simple things you can do to compost material more quickly. First, make sure your compost heap or compost tumbler is in a sunny spot.
The sun will help to break down organic matter more quickly. Second, chop up your compostable material into small pieces before adding it to the compost heap or compost tumbler.
Smaller pieces will decompose more quickly than larger ones. Finally, consider adding a compost accelerator to your compost heap or compost tumbler.
Compost accelerators are products that contain bacteria and fungi that help speed up the composting process. By following these simple tips, you can enjoy compost that is ready to use in no time!
Troubleshooting Common Composting Problems:
If you’re new to composting, it’s normal to have some questions or encounter some problems along the way. Here are solutions to some common issues:
Food Scraps Not Decomposing:
If your food scraps seem to be taking forever to decompose, make sure they’re properly chopped up into small pieces. Also, check that your compost pile has the right ratio of green (nitrogen-rich) to brown (carbon-rich) materials. If it’s too heavy on the green side, add more brown materials like dead leaves or hay. This will help the food waste compost quickly.
A little bit of odor is normal with any organic material, but a really stinky compost pile is usually a sign of too much green material or not enough air. Make sure your compost pile has the right ratio of green to brown materials, and turn it regularly to aerate.
Compost Pile Not Heating Up:
If your compost pile isn’t heating up, it may not have the right ratio of green to brown materials. It also needs a good amount of moisture – not too wet, but not too dry. Add more green material or water if needed. Finally, make sure the pile is big enough. A smaller pile won’t generate enough heat to properly decompose.
There are a few reasons why your compost might be taking its sweet time to break down. It could be that the organic materials are too coarse, there’s not enough surface area for bacteria to work on, or the pile isn’t getting enough oxygen. Make sure to chop up your material into small pieces, and turn the pile regularly to aerate. You can also add a little bit of water if it seems too dry.
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Online Training Classes Tutorial
Limited Time Offers Only
Angular JS Complete Course, Learn to build robust Applications with the popular AngularJS framework.
Angularjs is a web-application framework that is maintained by Google and a community of corporations and individuals to simplify the challenges in the development of single page applications. The simplification aims to make the development as well as testing easier. It is best explained as what HTML would have been for the case of web-apps instead of web pages.
Angularjs was developed in 2009 by Misko Hevery at Brat Tech LLC for use as a software behind JSON storage service. It was later released as an open-source library.
Angularjs is extraordinarily helpful for creating static documents, lets the user extend HTML syntax for the app which results in an environment that is easy and quick to develop, expressive and readable. It is fully extensible and is compatible with other libraries.
Angularjs framework first reads the HTML page with embedded tag attributes. These attributes are treated as directives to bind together the input and output and thereafter result in a model that is represented by standard JS variables, the values of which can be set manually, by code and/or reclaimed by static or dynamic JSON resources.
To separate DOM manoeuvring from application logic.
To ensure that the client side and server side of a web app remain separate ensuring development to progress in parallel and reuse of both sided
To provide a framework for the entire process of building an app, all the way from designing of a user interface, through the writing of the business code till testing of the app.
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No cause for alarm, though…
A new study has shown that some of the photons which bombard your skin as you suntan on the beach originate from stars in other galaxies or from the disks of gas and dust being gobbled up by supermassive black holes at the cores of galaxies.
But although some 10 billion of these photons which end their billions of years of intergalactic journey on your skin every second, there’s no cause for immediate worry.
For these make up 10 trillionths of the one sextillion (1021 or 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000) photons – mostly from the sun – which hit your skin every second as you tan on the beach.
The international team, led by Prof. Simon Driver of the University of Western Australia and the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), inspected and compared data obtained by a number of Earth and space-based telescopes.
In the study published in the Astrophysical Journal, researchers, including astronomers from the Arizona State University and the Cardiff University, Wales, measured the light coming from the intergalactic space from a wide spectrum of radiation ranging from damaging wavelengths at scales of fractions of a micron (one thousandths of a millimeter) to harmless ones at millimeter scales.
According to the researchers, about 10 billion of these photons come to a stop on our skin each second day or night if we are out in the open.
But any harm from these extragalactic photons are ruled out by researchers. “While 10 billion photons a second might sound like a lot we would have to bask in it for trillions of years before it caused any long-lasting damage” Prof. Driver reassures.
Prof. Rogier Windhorst of the Arizona State University, also dismisses any ground for concern, pointing out that the universe also provides an “inbuilt protection” as about half the energetic UV radiation is converted into less damaging wavelengths by dust grains encountered on the long journey.
The source galaxies also provide us with natural suntan lotion with a solar protection factor of two, he adds.
- 1. “Ten trillionths of your suntan comes from beyond our galaxy”, International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, 11 August 2016
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